G

TOOTH DEVELOPMENT
AND GROWTH
 Stages of Tooth Development
• Dental lamina
• Bud
• Cap
• Bell
• l
Appositional
 MORPHOLOGICAL STAGES OF TOOTH
DEVELOPMENT
1. Dental lamina stage: Characterized by thickening of
the oral epithelium adjacent to CT ectomesenchyme.
2. Bud stage: Characterized by proliferation of the dental
lamina to form the bud with condensation of
ectomesenchyme
3. Cap stage: Characterized by differential proliferation
of the of the bud to form a cap. This stage has 3 areas,
namely, enamel organ, dental papilla, and dental sac
4. Bell stage: At this stage the specialized cells appear
 DENTAL
LAMINA STAGE
 DENTAL LAMINA STAGE
•6th to 7th weeks
•Initiation stage of
tooth development of
deciduous teeth.
•Ectoderm lining the Origin
Thickening

stomodeum gives rise Will give rise to

to the thickened oral

epithelium
•Note the underlying
neural-crest derived
 DENTAL LAMINA STAGE
•This development of
dental lamina from the
oral epithelium.
•The consequent stages
depend on what will
happen here in terms of
the interactions between
the dental lamina and
the ectomesenchyme.
 Maxillary Process

Stomodeum

Dental lamina

Developing Tongue Mandibular process

ABNORMALITIES IN THE NUMBER OF TEETH
 COMPLETE ANODONTIA

?
Characterized by

and other defects related to the

•IMPLANTATION
development of ectodermal structures.
•TRANSPLANTATION
 HYPODONTIA
• Lack of development of one or more teeth

Hypodontia/ missed primary laterals Hypodontia/ missed permanent laterals

 OLIGODONTIA
• Lack of development of 6 or more teeth
PSEUDOANODONTIA

FALSE ANODONTIA
 SUPERNUMERARY TOOTH
•Mal-eruption of midline
tuberculate supernumerary and 2
supplemental premolars.
HYPERDONTIA
HYPERDONTIA
HYPERDONTIA
HYPERDONTIA
 ABNORMALITIES IN THE NUMBER OF TEETH
• HYPERDONTIA
are extra teeth found in the dental
arches.
more than the normal or regular
number.

• Supernumerary teeth
or the
buds and may occur in

• Typically, the supernumerary tooth

.
 The is called the
, which is located between the maxillary central
incisors at or near the midline. The mesiodens can erupt or
remain embedded or impacted.
 ABNORMALITIES IN THE NUMBER OF TEETH
• HYPERDONTIA

are extra teeth found in the dental arches.

more than the normal or regular number.

• Supernumerary teeth
or the buds and may
occur in

• Typically, the supernumerary tooth

.
 The is called the , which is
located between the maxillary central incisors at or near the midline. The
mesiodens can erupt or remain embedded or impacted.
 Bud Stage
• 8th week
• Proliferation of dental
lamina into the
ectomesenchyme in the form
of buds.
• The tooth buds of deciduous
teeth develop as 10
maxillary and 10
mandibular swellings at
2-BUD STAGE

EPITHELIAL
PROLIFRATION

MESENCHYMAL
CONDENSATION
 Cap Stage
• 9th to 10th weeks
• Enamel Organ
Tooth bud forms a cap shape with
deep central depression
Derivatives: Enamel
• Dental Papilla
Condensed mass of mesenchyme
within the concavity of enamel
organ
Derivatives: Dentin, Pulp
• Dental Sac
Condensed mass of mesenchyme
surrounding the enamel organ
 3-CAP STAGE
TOOTH
GERM

1-DENTAL
ORGAN

2- DENTAL
PAPILLA
3-
DENTAL
SAC
Bell Stage
Cell layers
BELLRoleSTAGE
OEE protective barrier
Stellate reticulum Room for hard tissue
Stratum intermedium Supports the production of enamel matrix

IEE Differentiate to ameloblasts

Outer cells of dental pap Will differentiate into odontoblasts

Inner cells of dental pap Will differentiate into pulp

Dental sac Will differentiate into Cementum, PDL, and
alveolar bone
 FUNCTIONS
OF THE ENAMEL ORGAN
1- OUTER ENAMEL EPITHELIUM.
. Active transport of materials specially, after hard dental
tissues formation.
2- STELLATE RETICULUM.
a- Act as a buffer against physical forces that may distort
the configurations of the developing amelodentinal junction
giving rise to gross morphological changes.
b- It permit a limited flow of nutritional elements from the
3- STRUTUM INTERMEDIUM. The function of this layer is
not understood:
a- It is believed to control fluid diffusion into and out of the
ameloblasts.
b- It provides the enamel organ with alkaline phosphatase
enzyme needed for mineralization.
c- These cells plus the inner dental epithelium are considered as
a single functional unit responsible for enamel formation.

4- INNER ENAMEL EPITHELIUM.

 c- Arranged in a pattern to determine the future morphology
of the amelodentinal junction and the crown.
d- It lays down enamel matrix and helps in its mineralization.
e- It shares in the root formation.
f- It secretes primary enamel cuticle, after the full thickness
of enamel is deposited, to protect the enamel of the unerupted
tooth aginest resorpton and preventing precepitation of
cementum.
g- It shares in the formation of the reduced enamel
FUNCTIONS OF THE DENTAL
PAPILLA AND DENTAL SAC

The Dental Papilla Gives Rise To Dentin

And Dental Pulp.
The Dental Sac Gives Rise
The
Cementum, Periodontal Ligament And
Alveolar Bone Proper.
 FUNCTIONS OF THE DENTAL
LAMINA
1- Initiation Of The Entire Deciduous Dentition ( 2 MIU).
2- Initiation Of The Permanent Successors
( 5 MIU. For Central Incisors, 10 M. Of Age For Second
Premolars).
3- Initiation Of The Permanent Molars
( First Molar 4 MIU., Second Molar 1 Year, Third Molar
4 Years)
 Origin ectoderm directly
Epithelium
Dental lamina stage Thickening
Will give rise to enamel organ

O Ectomesenchyme Origin ectoderm indirectly-neural crest

D Initiation
Bud stage Will give rise to dental papilla and dental sac
O
N Epithelium Proliferation and invagination towards mesench—20 buds at different times
T Enamel organ OEE, Stellate reticulum and IEE
O Cap stage Ectomesenchyme Concentration of mesenchyme at tip
G Dental papilla Ectomesenchyme-within concavity
E
Dental sac Ectomesenchyme –externally
N Enamel organ
OEE,
E Bell stage Stellate reticulum
S Stratum intermedium
IEE---becomes ameloblasts
I
S Dental papilla
Ectomesenchyme----peripheral UMCs—odontoblasts—dentin (coronal)
Central UMCs-----fibroblasts--pulp
Dental sac
Ectomesenchyme –--UMCs---cementoblasts---Cementum
Apposition IEE—elongates—become preameloblasts—stimulate—peripheral UMCs—differentiate---odontoblasts
UMC----fibroblasts---PDL
Odontoblasts forms dentin—stimulates—preameloblasts—to ameloblasts—form
UMCs----osteoblasts---alveolar bone enamel
Cervical loop
 DENTAL ORGAN: Cap,
Outer enamel epithelium
becoming Bell stage

Stellate reticulum

Stratum intermedium

Inner enamel epithelium

Cap determines: position,
type, & size of tooth
Ameloblasts will induce peripheral TOOTH GERM:
UMCs of dental papilla to
next steps
differentiate to odontoblasts DENTAL LAMINA
upper part degenerates
lower forms 2nd bud

DENTAL PAPILLA
UMCs
Inner & outer dental epithelia
join to form cervical loop DENTAL SAC/FOLLICLE
Reciprocal induction
STEP 1 Elongation of IEE to become
ELONGATION OF IEE PRE-AMELOBLASTS
will induce
PERPHERAL UMCs of DP to
become ODONTOBLASTS
Reciprocal induction
STEP 2
PERIPHERAL UMCs BECOME ODONTOBLASTS

Peripheral UMCs of
papilla cells diff to
Odontoblasts
DENTAL Recruitment site
PAPILLA

DENTAL SAC
Ingrowing pulp vessels
Reciprocal induction
STEP 3
DENTIN WILL BE FORMED FIRST
DENTIN WILL INDUCE IEE (pre-ameloblasts) to become FULL DIFF AMELOBLASTS
Fully diff ameloblasts

Dentin formed by
odontoblasts
Odontoblasts

Cervical loop
moving apically
to define extent
DENTAL SAC of crown
Ingrowing pulp vessels
Reciprocal induction
STEP 4 cusp enamel
AMELOGENESIS BEGINS formed by
Ameloblasts lay down partially ameloblasts
calcified organic matrix
Reciprocal induction
STEP 1 Elongation of IEE to become
ELONGATION OF IEE PRE-AMELOBLASTS
will induce
PERPHERAL UMCs of DP to
become ODONTOBLASTS
Reciprocal induction
STEP 2
PERIPHERAL UMCs BECOME ODONTOBLASTS

Peripheral UMCs of
papilla cells diff to
Odontoblasts
DENTAL Recruitment site
PAPILLA

DENTAL SAC
Ingrowing pulp vessels
Reciprocal induction
STEP 3
DENTIN WILL BE FORMED FIRST
DENTIN WILL INDUCE IEE (pre-ameloblasts) to become FULL DIFF AMELOBLASTS
Fully diff ameloblasts

Dentin formed by
odontoblasts
Odontoblasts

Cervical loop
moving apically
to define extent
DENTAL SAC of crown
Ingrowing pulp vessels
Reciprocal induction
STEP 4 cusp enamel
AMELOGENESIS BEGINS formed by
Ameloblasts lay down partially ameloblasts
calcified organic matrix
Dentine is formed first. It will signal to TOOTH GERM: steps
IEE cells to become ameloblasts
DENTAL LAMINA
Inner dental epith upper degenerates
Stellate reticulum” lower forms 2nd bud
cusp Dentine
formed by
DENTAL Odontoblasts
Stratum
PAPILLA intermedium
becoming
pulp Cervical loop
moving apically
to define extent
DENTAL SAC of crown
Ingrowing pulp vessels
TOOTH GERM: all crown-forming elements present
Ameloblasts Capillaries now close to
synthesizing ameloblasts
Stellate
cusp enamel formed
reticulum
Dentine by ameloblasts

DENTAL Cervical loop

PAPILLA moving apically
becoming to define extent
pulp of crown
DENTAL SAC
still quiescent
2nd
 CHANGES IN DENTAL/ENAMEL ORGAN I
Ameloblasts Capillaries

Stellate Starting at the cusp

reticulum the dental organ
reduces to 2 layers:
active ameloblasts &
a narrow layer of
compacted outer
epithelium, stellate-
reticulum cells &
stratum intermedium

Stratum intermedium Cervical loop moving apically to

define extent of crown & pinches in
CHANGES IN DENTAL/ cusp enamel
ENAMEL ORGAN II formed by
RER ameloblasts
Dentine

PULP
from Dental
Papilla
remaining
Stellate reticulum DENTAL
PAPILLA
Cervical loop: still becoming
pulp &
inner & outer odontoblasts
epithelium DENTAL SAC
still quiescent
 FUNCTIONS
OF THE ENAMEL ORGAN
1- OUTER ENAMEL EPITHELIUM.
. Active transport of materials specially, after hard dental
tissues formation.
2- STELLATE RETICULUM.
a- Act as a buffer against physical forces that may distort
the configurations of the developing amelodentinal junction
giving rise to gross morphological changes.
b- It permit a limited flow of nutritional elements from the
3- STRUTUM INTERMEDIUM. The function of this layer is
not understood:
a- It is believed to control fluid diffusion into and out of the
ameloblasts.
b- It provides the enamel organ with alkaline phosphatase
enzyme needed for mineralization.
c- These cells plus the inner dental epithelium are considered as
a single functional unit responsible for enamel formation.

4- INNER ENAMEL EPITHELIUM.

 c- Arranged in a pattern to determine the future morphology
of the amelodentinal junction and the crown.
d- It lays down enamel matrix and helps in its mineralization.
e- It shares in the root formation.
f- It secretes primary enamel cuticle, after the full thickness
of enamel is deposited, to protect the enamel of the unerupted
tooth aginest resorpton and preventing precepitation of
cementum.
g- It shares in the formation of the reduced enamel
FUNCTIONS OF THE DENTAL
PAPILLA AND DENTAL SAC

The Dental Papilla Gives Rise To Dentin

And Dental Pulp.
The Dental Sac Gives Rise
The
Cementum, Periodontal Ligament And
Alveolar Bone Proper.
 FUNCTIONS OF THE DENTAL
LAMINA
1- Initiation Of The Entire Deciduous Dentition ( 2 MIU).
2- Initiation Of The Permanent Successors
( 5 MIU. For Central Incisors, 10 M. Of Age For Second
Premolars).
3- Initiation Of The Permanent Molars
( First Molar 4 MIU., Second Molar 1 Year, Third Molar
4 Years)
EPITHELIAL PD
E
AB
DIAPHRAGM D
SI
Histological structure

SR
OB

DP ODE
DF
SINGLE ROOT
FORMATION

image

ASG
SINGLE ROOT
FORMATION

Hertwig’s
Epithelial root sheath
diaphragm