CHAPTER THREE Least Work Theorem Method Dr.

Mohammed Al-lami

CHAPTER THREE
Analysis of Statically Indeterminate Structures
By the Least Work Theorem (Castigliano's Second Theorem)

Castigliano's First Theorem

"The first partial derivative of the total strain energy of the structure with respect to
one of the applied action gives the displacement along that action"
𝜕𝑊
∆𝑝 =
𝜕𝑃

P1 P2 B

A ∆1 ∆2
𝑙
𝑀2 𝑑𝑥
𝑊=∫
2𝐸𝐼
0
𝑙 𝑖 𝜕𝑀
𝜕𝑊 𝜕 𝑀2 𝑑𝑥 𝑀 𝑑𝑥
𝜕𝑃1
= ∆1 = ∫ =∫
𝜕𝑃1 𝜕𝑃1 2𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼
0 0
𝑙 𝑖 𝜕𝑀
𝜕𝑊 𝜕 𝑀 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑀 𝑑𝑥
𝜕𝑃2
= ∆2 = ∫ =∫
𝜕𝑃2 𝜕𝑃2 2𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼
0 0

Example 1

Calculate the displacement at B of the beam in the FIG. EI constant.

w/unit unit

A B

WL2/2 L ΔB

Wl Q=0

SOLUTION
CHAPTER THREE Least Work Theorem Method Dr. Mohammed Al-lami

𝑤𝑥 2
𝑀=− − 𝑄𝑥
2
𝑙 𝜕𝑀
𝜕𝑊 𝑀 𝑑𝑥 1 𝐿 𝑤𝑥 2
𝜕𝑄
= ∆𝐵 = ∫ = ∫ (− − 𝑄𝑥) (−𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝜕𝑄 𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼 0 2
0
𝐿
1 𝑤𝑥 4 𝑄𝑥 2 𝑊𝐿4
= [ + ] 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑄 = 0 ∴ ∆𝐵 =
𝐸𝐼 0 8 2 8𝐸𝐼
Example 2

Determine the horizontal displacement of joint B of the truss shown in the figure.
Assume E = 200 x 103 and A = ( ) x 10-3 m2 constant.

C 64 kN

2.4 m

(4) D (4)

(6.4) (6.4) 3.6 m

Q=0

A B

4.5 m 4.5 m

SOLUTION

member N (kN) 𝐿 𝜕𝑁 𝜕𝑁
(𝑚−1 ) 𝑁 𝐿
𝐴 𝜕𝑄 𝜕𝑄
(𝑄 = 0)
𝐴
AD (86.158 + 3.195Q) 0.9 x 103 3.20 247.78 x 103
AC - (22.13 + 2.492Q) 1.875 x 103 -2.492 103.40 x 103
DB (86.158 + 3.195Q) 1.875 x 103 3.195 247.78 x 103
CB - (112.13 + 2.492Q) 1.875 x 103 -2.492 523.88 x 103
CD - (107.63 + 3.991Q) 1.875 x 103 3.991 429.58 x 103
∑ 1552.77 x 103

𝜕𝑁
𝑁
𝐿 1552 × 103
𝜕𝑄
∆𝐻𝐵 = ∑ = = 2.76 𝑚𝑚
𝐸𝐴 200 × 103
Analysis of Statically Indeterminate Structures By the
CHAPTER THREE Least Work Theorem Method Dr. Mohammed Al-lami

Least Work Method (Castiglianos's Second theorem):

"The redundant must have such value that the total strain energy of the structure is a
minimum".
𝑙
𝑀2 𝑑𝑥
𝑊=∫ for beams and frames
2𝐸𝐼
0
𝑁 2𝐿
𝑊=∑ for trusses
2𝐸𝐴
𝑙 𝜕𝑀
𝜕𝑊 𝑀 𝑑𝑥
𝜕𝑋1
=∫ =0 (1)
𝜕𝑋1 𝐸𝐼
0
𝑙 𝜕𝑀
𝜕𝑊 𝑀 𝑑𝑥
𝜕𝑋2
=∫ =0 (2)
𝜕𝑋2 𝐸𝐼
0
𝑙 𝜕𝑀
𝜕𝑊 𝑀 𝑑𝑥
𝜕𝑋3
=∫ =0 (3)
𝜕𝑋3 𝐸𝐼
0
To
𝑙 𝜕𝑀
𝜕𝑊 𝑀 𝑑𝑥
𝜕𝑋𝑛
=∫ =0 (𝑛)
𝜕𝑋𝑛 𝐸𝐼
0
Example 3

Analyze the beam in the FIG. by the least work method. Assume EI constant.

w/unit unit length

A B

WL2/2 L

Wl RB

SOLUTION

Choose RB as the redundant

𝑤𝑥 2
𝑀 = 𝑅𝐵 𝑥 −
2
CHAPTER THREE Least Work Theorem Method Dr. Mohammed Al-lami

𝑙 𝜕𝑀
𝜕𝑊 𝑀 𝑑𝑥
𝜕𝑅𝐵
=∫ =0
𝜕𝑅𝐵 𝐸𝐼
0
𝐿
1 𝑤𝑥 2
= ∫ (𝑅𝐵 𝑥 − ) (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 0
𝐸𝐼 0 2
𝐿
1 𝑅𝐵 𝑥 3 𝑤𝑥 4 3
∴ [ − ]=0 and 𝑅𝐵 = 𝑤𝐿
𝐸𝐼 0 3 8 8

Example 4
Analyze the beam in the FIG. by the least work method. Assume EI constant.

120 kN

A D B C

RA RB RC

3m 3m 4m

SOLUTION
Choose RB as the redundant
From:
∑ 𝑀𝐴 = 0 𝑅𝐴 = 84 − 0.4𝑅𝐵
∑ 𝐹𝑌 = 0 𝑅𝐶 = 36 − 0.6𝑅𝐵

member origin limit M 𝜕𝑀

𝜕𝑅𝐵
AD A 0-3 (84 − 0.4𝑅𝐵 )𝑥 - 0.4 x
DB A 3-6 360 − (36 + 0.4𝑅𝐵 )𝑥 - 0.4 x
CB C 0-4 (36 − 0.6𝑅𝐵 )𝑥 - 0.6 x

𝑙 𝜕𝑀
𝜕𝑊 𝑀 𝑑𝑥
𝜕𝑅𝐵
=∫ =0
𝜕𝑅𝐵 𝐸𝐼
0
CHAPTER THREE Least Work Theorem Method Dr. Mohammed Al-lami

3 6
1
= [∫ ( (84 − 0.4𝑅𝐵 ) 0.4x)𝑑𝑥 + ∫ (360 − (36 + 0.4𝑅𝐵 )𝑥)(− 0.4x)𝑑𝑥
)𝑥 (−
𝐸𝐼 0 3
6
+ ∫ ((36 − 0.6𝑅𝐵 )𝑥 )(− 0.6 x)𝑑𝑥 ] = 0
0
∴ 𝑅𝐵 = 93.75 𝑘𝑁 𝑈𝑝𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑑

Example 5

Analyze the frame in the FIG. by the least work method. Assume EI constant.
40 kN⁄m

C D

20 m 5m

R1 A R3 B

MB R4

R2

SOLUTION

Choose R1 and R2 as the redundant reactions.

member origin limit M 𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑀

𝜕𝑅1 𝜕𝑅2
AC A 0-5 - R1 x -x -
CB C 0 - 12 −5𝑅1 + 𝑅2 𝑥 − 20𝑥 2 -5 x
DB B 0-5 𝑅1 (𝑥 − 5) + 20𝑅2 x-5 20
− 8000
𝑙 𝜕𝑀
𝜕𝑊 𝑀 𝑑𝑥
𝜕𝑅1
=∫ =0
𝜕𝑅1 𝐸𝐼
0
5 20
1
= [∫ (− R1 x)(− x)𝑑𝑥 + ∫ (−5𝑅1 + 𝑅2 𝑥 − 20𝑥 2 )(−5)𝑑𝑥
𝐸𝐼 0 0
5
+ ∫ (𝑅1 (𝑥 − 5) + 20𝑅2 − 8000)(x − 5)𝑑𝑥] = 0
0
583.3𝑅1 − 1250𝑅2 + 366666.67 = 0 (1)
CHAPTER THREE Least Work Theorem Method Dr. Mohammed Al-lami

𝑙 𝜕𝑀
𝜕𝑊 𝑀 𝑑𝑥
𝜕𝑅2
=∫ =0
𝜕𝑅2 𝐸𝐼
0
5 20
1
= [∫ (− R1 x)(− )𝑑𝑥 + ∫ (−5𝑅1 + 𝑅2 𝑥 − 20𝑥 2 )(x)𝑑𝑥
𝐸𝐼 0 0
5
+ ∫ (𝑅1 (𝑥 − 5) + 20𝑅2 − 8000)(20)𝑑𝑥] = 0
0

−1250𝑅1 + 4666.67𝑅2 − 1600000 = 0 (2)

Solving equations (1) & (2) gives:

R1 = 249.1 kN R2 = 409.6 kN R3 = 249.1 kN R4 = 390.4 kN

MB = 191.8 kN.m

Example 6

Analyze the truss in the FIG. by the least work method. Assume EA constant.

B C 96 kN

4m

R2 A D R4

R1 3m R3

SOLUTION

Structural classification:
Externally: r = 4 n = r – 3 = 4 – 3 = 1 statically indeterminate to first degree
Internally: j = 4 b = 5 m = 2j – 3 =5 n = b – m = 5 – 5 = 0 statically
determinate
Totally the truss is statically indeterminate to first degree.
Select R2 to be the redundant. From:
∑ Fx = 0 R4 = 96 – R2
∑ MD = 0 R1 = R4 = 128 kN
CHAPTER THREE Least Work Theorem Method Dr. Mohammed Al-lami

𝜕𝑁
𝜕𝑊 𝑁 𝐿
𝜕𝑅2
=∑ =0
𝜕𝑅2 𝐸𝐴
∑ − 2711.59 + 45.24R2
= =0 ∴ 𝑅2 = 59.94 𝑘𝑁
𝐸𝐴

member L (m) N 𝜕𝑁 𝜕𝑁 N (kN)

𝑁 𝐿
𝜕𝑅2 𝜕𝑅2
AB 4 128 − 1.34𝑅2 −1.34 - 686.08 +7.18R2 47.68
BC 3 96 − 𝑅2 -1 - 689.51 +3.00R2 36.06
CD 4 −1.34𝑅2 −1.34 7.18R2 - 89.4.31
BD 5 −(160 − 1.67𝑅2 ) 1.67 - 1336 +13.94R2 - 59.90
AC 5 1.67𝑅2 1.67 13.94R2 100.1
∑ - 2711.59 + 45.24R2

Problems

Analyze all structures in page 24, 25. 26, 30 and 31 by the least work method.