Spatial planning is concerned with “the problem of coordination or integration of the

spatial dimension of sectoral policies through a territorially-based strategy”

-spatial planning is to promote a more rational arrangement of activities and to reconcile

competing policy goals.

-spatial planning is concerned with identifying long- or medium-term objectives and

strategies for territories, dealing with land use and physical development as a distinct

sector of government activity, and coordinating sectoral policies such as transport,

agriculture and environment.

-Spatial planning is critical for delivering economic, social and environmental benefits (see Box 1) by

creating more stable and predictable conditions for investment and development, by securing

community benefits from development, and by promoting prudent use of land and natural resources for

development.

-Spatial planning is thus an important lever for promoting sustainable development and improving

quality of life.

Economic benefits:

• Providing more stability and confidence for investment;

• Identifying land in appropriate locations to meet the need for economic development;

• Ensuring that land for development is well placed in relation to the transport network

and the labour force;

• Promoting environmental quality in both urban and rural areas, which can then create

more favourable conditions for investment and development;

• Identifying development that meets the needs of local communities;

• Promoting regeneration and renewal;

• Making decisions in a more efficient and consistent way.

Social benefits:

• Considering the needs of the local communities in policy development;

• Improving accessibility when considering the location of new development;

• Supporting the provision of local facilities where they are lacking;

• Promoting the re-use of vacant and derelict land, particularly where it has a negative

impact on quality of life and economic development potential; and

• Aiding the creation and maintenance of pleasant, healthy and safe environments.

Environmental benefits:

• Promoting regeneration and the appropriate use of land, buildings and infrastructure;

• Promoting the use of previously developed (“brownfield”) land and minimizing

development on “greenfield” land;

• Conserving important environmental, historic and cultural assets;

• Addressing potential environmental risks (e.g. flooding, air quality);

• Protecting and enhancing areas for recreation and natural heritage;

• Promoting access to developments by all modes of transport (e.g. walking, cycling

and public transport), not just by car;

• Encouraging energy efficiency in the layout and design of development

Reasons for spatial planning

1. To provide vision and consistent direction, as well as a strategic assessment not only

of what is desirable, but what is possible in various contexts.

2. To protect the rights of people. Once people gain access to land, in effect they obtain

certain rights and obligations. It is necessary to manage change in such a way that

those rights and obligations are respected. 3. To protect natural systems. Natural

systems have their own operational requirements which must be respected if long-term

sustainable human development is to be achieved and if large-scale environment

degradation is to be avoided or at least minimized;

4. To make efficient use of resources. Resources, such as land, water, energy, finance,

building materials, skills, etc. are in short supply. Those that are available must, in all

contexts, be used wisely to ensure that maximum benefit is obtained from them.

5. To achieve a higher quality of service delivery by all spheres of government.

6. To coordinate actions and investments to ensure maximum positive impact from the

investment of resources, it is necessary to coordinate actions and investments in time

and space. This coordination is of two kinds: the coordination of different forms of public

authority actions and investments, and a greater coordination between public and

private actions;

7. To set priorities. To enable significant inroads to be made into meeting the

developmental needs of the country in a fair way, it is necessary to provide a rational

basis for prioritization, and to manage and direct resources to where they are needed

most. 8. To avoid duplication of effort by different departments and spheres of

government.
Planning elements of state spatial and regional planning
The guiding principles for spatial development developed on the basis of analyses are
given concrete form and implemented in the spatial structure plans at the state and
regional levels (cf. chapter II.1.3). Section 7 of the Federal Spatial Planning Act provides
a non-exclusive list of planning elements by means of which objectives are to be set in
spatial structure plans. Section 7 contains provisions on the desired settlement
structure, open space structure, and infrastructure routes. Among the most important of
these elements are:
spatial categories,
central place systems,
axes,
functions,
guideline values.

Spatial categories
Spatial categories (spatial order categories, area types) are areas defined in terms of
specific criteria in which comparable structures exist and where similar goals are
pursued. The most important spatial categories include:
conurbations/agglomerations,
regulatory areas,
structurally weak areas,
rural areas.211

Conurbations or agglomerations have a higher population density and a high ratio of

developed area to total area. This classification serves primarily to safeguard housing
and workplaces.212
Together with surrounding, peripheral areas, agglomerations form regulatory areas
(Ordnungsräume). They are defined on the basis of intensive commuting relations
between agglomerations and peripheral areas. Since these areas are subject to strong
development pressure, regulatory measures play an important role, the aim being to
concentrate future settlement along axes. The areas between axes are to be preserved
for important recreational functions.213
Areas where living conditions as a whole are well below the national average or where a
decline is expected are termed structurally weak areas. Policy makers have a particular
responsibility in these areas to do justice to the constitutional requirement of
establishing equivalent living conditions. 214
Areas outside regulatory areas are referred to as rural areas. They often face a whole
range of development problems. This is particularly the case with peripheral, structurally
weak areas in Germany.215
Central place systems
The central-place system aims to provide the population with area-wide infrastructural
amenities. State and regional planning assign local authorities to categories in the
central-place system. The service function includes public and private services and the
employment situation,216 and is performed by so-called central places at different levels.
basic centres, low-order or small centres supply the basic daily needs of the population
in the immediate area,
middle-order centres are central places that meet more demanding needs of the
population in the intermediate area;
high-order centres are central places that meet demanding, specialised needs of the
population in the extended catchment area.217

In order to distinguish the supply functions of the different categories of central place,
spatial and state spatial planning have developed catalogues of facilities and amenities.
They provide the framework for public planning and guidance for public and private
investment.

Axes
This planning element is constituted by a concentration of transport and supply
infrastructure routes and/or by a varyingly close succession of development centres.
The distinction between supra-local transport or communication axes and local
settlement axes has been largely accepted among experts. 218
Supra-local axes or communication axes serve the far-reaching exchange of goods,
services and people. They connect agglomerations with peripheral areas and are
intended to provide locational advantages for the areas they traverse. They are also
expected to stimulate development.
Settlement axes provide for the linear concentration of settlements in coordination with
public transport systems. They contribute to settlement structure and the preservation of
open spaces, especially in regulatory areas.219

Functions
Comprehensive spatial planning and state spatial planning assign specific tasks to local
authorities and sub-areas. A basic distinction is made between territory-related or
regional functions and municipality-related functions. Regional functions can overlap
and be prioritised.

They include:
nature conservation and landscape management,
agriculture,
forestry,
water management,
clean air and climate,
tourism, leisure, and recreation,
raw materials

Municipality-related functions can be classified as main or subsidiary functions. They

include:
central place functions,
commerce and industry,
services,
housing,
agriculture,
tourism and recreation.

Guideline values
These planning elements are standards for predicted or envisaged development in a
planning area. They are primarily concerned with the development of population,
employment, housing construction, settlement areas, industrial land, and infrastructural
endowment. They may be set as benchmarks allowing a certain latitude, target
projections, or binding targets for a given period. They are intended to provide a uniform
basis for all public planning and measures.

There are no statutory rules on how these provisions are to be presented graphically in
state and regional plans. Some states have adopted secondary legislation on the use of
planning notation. The more specific the planning level, the greater is the density of
regulation and the more tools there are for steering spatial development.

CLUP AND CDP

The Comprehensive Land Use Plan (CLUP) and the CDP are distinct and separate. The
term “comprehensive” in the CLUP is understood in its geographical, territorial sense,
while the term “comprehensive” in the CDP has to be understood in the sense of “multi-
sectoral” development. Yet, the two plans are intimately related.

The CLUP can well be regarded as the plan for the long-term management of the local
territory. As the skeletal-circulatory framework of the territory’s physical development, it
identifies areas where development can and cannot be located and directs public and
private investments accordingly.

The CDP, on the other hand, is the action plan utilized by every local administration to
develop and implement priority sectoral and cross-sectoral programs and projects in the
proper locations to put flesh on the skeleton as it were, gradually and incrementally,
until the desired shape or form of development is eventually attained over the long term.
This is consistent with the definition of planning as “public control of the pattern of
development”.

A common concern often raised by local planners is how to keep the long-term plan
from being thrown away with every change in administration. The answer to this
concern lies precisely in having a separate CLUP from a CDP. It is the “people’s plan”.
The CLUP, once enacted into a zoning ordinance (Section 20, c), becomes a law. It
remains in effect even after the incumbent officials have been replaced. Being a law, the
CLUP-turned Zoning Ordinance cannot be simply “thrown away” without going through
the proper legislative procedures for repealing or amending an ordinance. The truth of
the matter is, the long-term CLUP, once in place, can no longer be claimed by, nor
attributed to a particular administration. Rather, the CLUP belongs to the people.

The Executive and Legislative Agenda (ELA) on the other hand is a planning document,
covering a 3-year period corresponding to the term of local elective officials that is
mutually developed and agreed upon by both the executive and legislative departments
of an LGU. The ELA is not meant to replace or duplicate existing planning systems in
LGUs. Rather, it adds greater value to the CLUP and the CDP by moving them forward
to getting implemented and monitored. It is the CDP-based ELA that is associated with
a particular administration. The ELA should contain the priority PPAs and legislations
 set forth in the CDP and in line with their platform of government. As shown in Figure III,
output and outcomes should be expected by the end of the ‘life’ of the CLUP and CDP.
Intermediate outcomes can be expected from the ELA as it is coinciding with the term of
the officials as opposed to the 6-year and 9-year CDP and CLUP respectively.

Sectoral development:
 When the development occurs or started along with the changes in
the structural levels of social, economic, and institutional, it is known as
sectoral development.
 Under this development, different schemes or
programs are approached and applied to a variety of sectors such
as agriculture, transport, communication, infrastructure, irrigation, etc.
 Such type of development can remove or reduce all weakness sub-
national territory and citizens get a better environment as well as the nation
can grow faster and become stronger.

The primary sector is sometimes known as the extraction sector – because it

involves taking raw materials. These can be renewable resources, such as fish,
wool and wind power. Or it can be the use of non-renewable resources, such as
oil extraction, mining for coal.
 Farming
 Fishing
 Coal mining
 Forestry and logging,
 Oil extraction,
 Diamond mining.

Secondary sector
The secondary sector makes and distributes finished goods.

 Manufacturing – e.,g producing cars from aluminium.

 Construction – building homes, factories
 Utilities – providing goods like electricity, gas and telephones to
households
The manufacturing industry takes raw materials and combines them to produce a
higher value added finished product. For example, raw sheep wool can be spun
to form a better quality wool. This wool can then be threaded and knitted to
produce a jumper that can be worn.
Initially, the manufacturing industry was based on labour-intensive ‘cottage
industry’ e.g. hand spinning. However, the development of improved technology,
such as spinning machines, enabled the growth of larger factories. Benefiting
from economies of scale, they were able to reduce the cost of production and
increase labour productivity. The higher labour productivity also enabled higher
wages and more income to spend on goods and services.

Service / tertiary sector

The service sector includes

 Retail
 Financial services – Insurance, investment
 Leisure and hospitality
 Communication
 IT
 Transportation
The service sector is concerned with the intangible aspect of offering services to
consumers and business. It involves retail of manufactured goods. It also
provides services, such as insurance and banking. In the twentieth century, the
service sector has grown due to improved labour productivity and higher
disposable income. More disposable income enables more spending on ‘luxury’
service items, such as tourism and restaurants.

1.  the CDP includes all the five (5) development sectors and sub – sectors, namely: • 1. Social
• 2. Economic • 3. Infrastructure • 4. Environment & Natural Resources • 5. Institutional
2. 13. of the Comprehensive Development Plan 1. Social • i. Education • ii. Health and Nutrition
• iii. Social Welfare and Development • iv. Shelter • v. Public Order and Safety • vi. Sports,
Recreation, Arts and Culture
3. 14. of the Comprehensive Development Plan 2. Economic • i. Primary a) Agricultural Crops
b) Livestock c) Fisheries (Inland, marine, brackish) d) Forestry • ii. Secondary a) Mining and
quarrying b) Manufacturing c) Construction d) Electricity, water, gas, utilities • iii. Tertiary a)
Wholesale and retail trade b) Transportation and communication c) Finance, insurance and
related services
4. 15. of the Comprehensive Development Plan 3. Infrastructure • i. Economic Support a)
Irrigation systems b) Power generation (mini-hydro) c) Roads, bridges, ports d) Flood control
and drainage e) Waterworks and sewerage systems f) Telecommunications • ii. Social
Support a) Hospitals b) Schools c) Public socialized housing d) Facilities for the aged, infirm,
disadvantaged sectors • iii. Public Administrative Support a) Government buildings b) Jails c)
Freedom parks and Public assembly areas
5. 16. of the Comprehensive Development Plan 4. Environment and Natural Resources • i.
Lands a) Lands of the Public domain b) Private and alienable and disposable lands c)
Ancestral domain • ii. Forest Lands • iii. Protection forests • iv. Production forests • v. Mineral
 Lands a) Metallic mineral lands b) Non-metallic mineral lands • vi. Parks, wildlife and other
reservations • vii. Water resources a) Freshwater (ground, surface) b) Marine waters • viii. Air
Quality • ix. Waste Management a) Solid waste b) Liquid waste c) Toxic and hazardous
6. 17. of the Comprehensive Development Plan 5. Institutional • i. Organization and
Management • ii. Fiscal Management • iii. Legislative Output • iv. LGU-Civil Society
Organizations – Private Sector Linkages
7. 18. Approval andAdoption of the Comprehensive Development Plan • The comprehensive
development plan is approved and adopted by the Sanggunian in a manner stipulated in
their internal rules and procedures.
8. 19. Comprehensive Development Planning Cycle
9. 20. Comprehensive Land Use Plan CLUP Comprehensive Development Plan CDP
10. 21. • The Comprehensive Land Use Plan (CLUP) and the CDP are distinct and separate.
The term “comprehensive” in the CLUP is understood in its geographical, territorial sense,
while the term “comprehensive” in the CDP has to be understood in the sense of “multi-
sectoral” development. Yet, the two plans are intimately related. • The CDP, on the other
hand, is the action plan utilized by every local administration to develop and implement
priority sectoral and cross-sectoral programs and projects in the proper locations to put flesh
on the skeleton as it were, gradually and incrementally, until the desired shape or form of
development is eventually attained over the long term.
Housing and development
1. To uplift the conditions of the unprivileged and homeless citizens in urban areas
and in resettlement areas by making available to them decent housing at
affordable cost, basic services and employment opportunities. 2. To provide for
the rational use and development of urban land in order to bring about the
following: a. Equitable utilization of residential lands in urban and urbanizable
lands b. Optimization of the use and productivity of land and urban resources. c.
Development of urban areas conducive to commercial and industrial activities. d.
Reduction in urban dysfunctions. e. Access to land & housing by the
underprivileged and homeless. 3. To adopt workable policies to regulate & direct
urban growth and expansion towards a dispersed urban net and more balanced
urban-rural interdependence. 4. To provide for an equitable land tenure system
that shall guarantee security of tenure to program beneficiaries. 5. To encourage
more effective people's participation in the urban development process. 6. To
improve the capability of local government units

 WHAT IS THEORY OF HOUSING? ▪ A theory about (housing) architecture aims to say something
about what (housing) architecture is ▪ In itself (as typologies, as spatial and aesthetic
configurations etc.,) ▪ In relation to other societal fields ▪ ’Internal’ theories ▪ Historic ▪ Texts
which have been decisive for the professional and theoretical debate throughout history