UE-304, Reinforced Concrete Design (Week 02) LECTURE (3) - Properties of Reinforced Concrete PROPERTIES OF REINFORCED CONCRETE FACTORS AFFECTING STRENGTH OF CONCRETE In general, concrete consists of coarse and fine aggregate, cement, water, and—in many cases— different types of admixture. The materials are mixed together until a cement paste is developed, filling most of the voids in the aggregates and producing a uniform dense concrete. The plastic concrete is then placed in a mold and left to set, harden, and develop adequate strength. The strength of concrete depends upon many factors and may vary within wide limits with the same production method. The main factors that affect the strength of concrete are,ouunine pareneueeeanins seer ne oe _ 1, Water-Cement Ratio - The water—cement ratio is one of the most important factors affecting the strength of concrete. * For complete hydration of a given amount of cement, a water-cement ratio (by weight) equal to 0.25 is =A water-cement ratio of about 0.35 or higher is needed for the concrete to be reasonably workable without additives. This ratio corresponds to 4 gal of water per sack of cement (94 Ib) or (17.8 Ib per 50 kg of cement). Based on this cement ratio, a concrete strength of about 6000 psi may be achieved. = A water—cement ratio of 0.5 and 0.7 may produce a concrete strength of about 5000 and. 3000 psi, respectively.2. Properties and Proportions of Concrete Constituents Concrete is a mixture of cement, a; ite, and water. An increase in the cement content in the mix and the use of well-graded saocame increase the strength of concrete. Special admixtures are usually added to the mix to produce the desired quality and strength of concrete. Different Types of Cement * Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) ... Portland Pozzolana Cement (PPC) ... Rapid Hardening Cement. ... Extra Rapid Hardening Cement. ... Low Heat Cement. ... Sulfates Resisting Cement. ... Quick Setting Cement. .. Biast Furnace Siag Cement.3. Method of Mixing and Curing — The use of mechanical concrete mixers and the proper time of mixing both have favorable effects on strength of concrete. Also, the use of vibrators produces dense concrete with a minimum percentage of voids. A void ratio of $% may reduce the concrete strength by about 30%. The curing conditions exercise an important influence on the strength of concrete, Both moisture and temperature have a direct effect on the hydration of cement. The longer the period of moist storage, the greater the strength. If the curing temperature is higher than the initial temperature of casting, the resulting 28-day strength of concrete is reached earlier than 28 days.4. Age of Concrete The strength of concrete increases appreciably with age, and hydration of cement continues for months. In practice, the strength of concrete is determined from cylinders or cubes tested at the age of 7 and 28 days. As a practical assumption, concrete at 28 days is 1.5 times as strong as at 7 days: The range varies between 1.3 and 1.7. The British Code of Practice accepts concrete if the strength at 7 days is not less than two-thirds of the required 28-day strength. For a normal portland cement, the increase of strength with time, relative to 28-day strength, may be assumed as follows: eee Age Tdays t4days 28days Smonths Gmonths tyear_ 2years_ Syears Strength ratio 0.67 0.86 1.0 17 123 127 tak 3S5. Loading Conditions The compressive strength of concrete is estimated by testing a cylinder or cube to failure in a few minutes. Under sustained loads for years, the compressive strength of concrete is reduced by about 30%. Under | day sustained loading, concrete may lose about! 10% of its compressive strength. Sustained loads and creep effect as well as dynamic and impact effect, if they occur on the structure, should be considered in the design of reinforced concrete members. 6. Shape and Dimensions of Tested Specimen The common sizes of concrete specimens used to predict the compressive strength are either 6 = 12-in. (150 * 300-mm) or 4 x 8-in. (100 x 200-mm) cylinders or 6-in. (150-mm) cubes. ‘When a given concrete is tested in compression by means of cylinders of like shape but of different sizes, the larger specimens give lower strength indexes. Table 2.1 gives the relative strength for various sizes of cylinders as a percentage of the strength of the standard cylinder. The heights of all cylinders are twice the diameters. | { iTable 2.1 Effect of Size of Compression Specimen on Strength of Concrete Size of Cylinder in. mm Relative Comprossive Strength 2x4 50 x 100 1.09 3x6 15 x 150 1.06 6x 12 150 x 300 1.004, 8x16 200 x 400 0.96 12x 24 300 x 600 091 18 x 36 450 x 900 0.86 24x 48 600 x 1200 0.84 36x 72 900 x 1800 0.82 Sometimes concrete cylinders of nonstandard shape are tested. The greater the ratio of specimen indicated by the compression test. To compute the height to diameter, the lower the strength equivalent strength of the standard shape, the results must be multiplied by a correction factor. Approximate values of the correction factor are given in Table 2.2, extracted from ASTM C 42/C 42 M. The relative strengths of a cylinder ‘and a cube for different compressive strengths are shown in Table 2.3.Sometimes concrete cylinders of nonstandard shape are tested. The greater the ratio of specimen height to diameter, the lower the strength indicated by the compression test. To compute the equivalent strength of the standard shape, the results must be multiplied by a correction factor. Approximate values of the correction factor are given in Table 2.2, extracted from ASTM C 42/C 42 M, The relative strengths of a cylinder and a cube for different compressive strengths are shown in Table 2.3, Table 2.2 Strength Correction Factor for Cylinders of Ditferent Height-Diameter Ratios Ratio 20 #175 #150 1.25 110 1.00 075 0.50 Strength correction factor 100 098 096 093 090 087 070 050 Strength relative to standard cylinder 400 102 104) 1.06 LIT 4.18 1432.00 Table 2.3. Relative Strength of Cylinder versus Cube [6} Compressive strength (pst) 1000 2200 2900 3500 3800 4900 5300 5900 6400 7300 (Nimm*) 7.0 15.5 20.0 245 27.0 245 37.0 415 45.0 S15 ‘Strength ratio of cylinder to cube 0.77 0.76 O81 0.87 0.91 093 0.94 0.95 0.96 0.96COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH =! In designing structural members, it is assumed that the concrete resists compressive stresses and not tensile stresses; therefore, compressive strength is the criterion of quality concrete. The other concrete stresses can be taken as a percentage of the compressive strength, which can be easily and accurately determined from tests. Specimens used to determine compressive strength may be cylindrical, cubical, or prismatic. Test specimens in the form of a 6-in. (150-mm) or 8-in. (200-mm) cube are used in Great Britain, Germany, and other parts of Europe. Prism specimens are used in France, Russia, and other countries and are usually 70x70*350mm or 100 x 100 = 500 mm. They are cast with their longer sides horizontal and are tested, like cubes, in a position normal to the position of cast.Before testing, the specimens are moist cured and then tested at the age of 28 days by gradually applying a static load until rupture occurs. The rupture of the concrete specimen may be caused by the applied tensile stress (failure in cohesion), the applied shearing stress (sliding failure), the compressive stress (crushing failure), or combinations of these stresses. The failure of the concrete specimen can be in one of three as shown in Fig. 2.1. First, under axial compression, the specimen may fail, Fig. 2.1a. Resistance to failure is due to both cohesion and internal friction. | The second type of failure (Fig. 2.15) results in the the specimen into columnar pieces by what is known as splitting, or columnar, fracture. This failure occurs when the strength of concrete is high, and lateral expansion at the end bearing surfaces is relatively unrestrained.o - = 7. PLATTS SOE SE SESE The second type of failure (Fig. 2.15) results in the separation of the specimen into columnar pieces by what is known as splitting, or columnar, fracture. This failure occurs when the strength of concrete is high, and lateral expansion at the end bearing surfaces is relatively unrestrained. The third type of failure (Fig. 2.1c) is seen when a combination of shear and splitting failure occurs. | x : e) «b) ) Figure 2.1 Modes of failure of standard concrete cylinders.STRESS-STRAIN CURVES OF CONCRETE. The performance of a reinforced concrete member under load depends, to a great extent, on the stress-strain relationship of concrete and steel and on the type of stress applied to the member, Stress-strain curves for concrete are obtained by testing a concrete cylinder to rupture at the age of 28 days and recording the strains at different load increments. Figure 2.2 shows typical stress-strain curves for cones Afferent strengths. All curves consist of an initial relatively straight elastic portion, i stress ata strain of about 0.002; then rupture occurs at a strain of about te having a compressive strength between 3000 and 6000 psi (21 and 42N/mm?) d. High-strength concrete I with a compressive strength greater than 6000 psi (6000 to 15,000 psi) is becoming an important building material for the design of concrete structures.TENSILE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE | Concrete is a brittle material, and it cannot resist the high tensile stresses that are important : when considering cracking, shear, and torsional problems. The low tensile capacity can be } attributed to the high stress concentrations in concrete under load, so that a very high stress is reached in some portions of the specimen, causing microscopic cracks, while the other parts of the specimen are subjected to low stress. Direct tension tests are not reliable for predicting the tensile strength of concrete, due to minor misalignment and stress concentrations in the gripping devices. An indirect tension test in the form of splitting a 6 * 12-in. (150 = 300-mm) cylinder was suggested by the Brazilian Fernando Cameiro. The test is usually called the splitting fest. In this test. the concrete cylinder is placed with its axis horizontal in a compression testing machine.