ASME Hpvcv-2019 ARTICLE 24, SE-2297 STANDARD GUIDE FOR USE OF UV-A AND VISIBLE LIGHT SOURCES AND METERS USED IN THE LIQUID PENETRANT AND MAGNETIC PARTICLE METHODS ay SE-2297 (Cdentical wth ASTM Specification £2297-15)ARTICLE 24, 8-297 Standard Guide for ASME BPVCV-2019 Use of UV-A and Visible Light Sources and Meters used in the Liquid Penetrant and Magnet 1, Scope L1 This guide describes the use of UV-A/Visible light sources and meters used forthe examination of materials by the liquid penetrant and magnetic particle processes. This guide may be used to help support the needs for appropriate light intensities and light measurement. 1,2 This guide also provides a reference: 1.2.1 To assist in the selection of light sources and meters that meet the applicable specifications or standards. 1.2.2 For use in the preparation of intemal documentation dealing with liquid penetrant or magnetic particle examination cof materials and pars 1.3 The values stated in ST units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical ‘conversions to inch-pound units that are provided for informa- tion only and are not considered standard 14 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- priate safety and health practices and determine the applica bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. 2. Referenced Documents 2.1 ASTM Standard: 165 Practice for Liquid Penetrant Examination for General Industry 709 Guide for Magnetic Particle Testing 208 Practice for Fluorescent Liquid Penetrant Testing Using the Lipophilic Post-Emulsiication Process 1209 Practice for Fluorescent Liquid Penetrant Testing ‘Using the Water-Washable Process ep ASuewmorahe Particle Methods E1210 Practice for Fluorescent Liquid Penetrant Testing Using the Hydrophilic Post-Emulsification Process E1219 Practice for Fluorescent Liquid Penetrant Testing Using the Solvent-Removable Process E1220 Practice for Visible Penetrant Testing Using Solvent- Removable Process E1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations E1417 Practice for Liquid Penetrant Testing E1418 Practice for Visible Penetrant ‘Testing Using the ‘Water-Washable Process E1444 Practice for Magnetic Particle Testing 3022 Practice For Measurement of Emission Characteris- ties and Requirements for LED UV-A Lamps Used in Fluorescent Penetrant and Magnetic Particle Testing 3. Terminology 3.1 The definitions that appear in B1316, relating to UV-A, radiation and visible light used in liquid penetrant and mag- netic particle examinations, shall apply to the terms used inthis guide 3.2 Definitions 321 high-intensity UV-A source—a light source that pro- duces UV-A isradiance greater than 10 000 »W/em? (100 W/m?) at 38.1 em (15 in) 3.22 illuminance—the amount of visible light, weighted by the luminosity function to correlate with human perception, incident on a surface, per unit area. Typically reported in units of lux (x), lumens per square metre (Im/m*) oF footcandle (i). 3.23 irradiance—the power of electromagnetic radiation incident on a surface, per unit area, Typically reported in units of watts per square metre (Wim) or microwatts per square centimetre (uWlem 3.24 radiometer—an instrument incorporating @ sensor and optical filters to measure the itradiance of light over a defined range of wavelengths 4. Summary of Guide 4.1 This guide describes the properties of UV-A and visible light sources used for liquid penetrant and magnetic particle examination. This guide also describes the properties of radiometers and light meters used to determine if adequate 700ASME Hpvcv-2019 light levels (UV-A or visible, or both) are present while ‘conducting aliquid penetrant or magnetic particle examination, 5. Significance and Use 5.1 UV-A and visible light sources are used to provide adequate light levels for liquid penetrant and magnetic particle examination, Radiometers and light meters are used to verity hat specified light levels are available, 522 Fluorescence is produced by irradiating the fluorescent dyesipigments with UV.A radiation. The fluorescent dyex! pigments absorb the energy fom the UV-A radiation and re-emit light energy in the visible spectrum. This enerzy teansler allows fluorescence to be observed by the human eye. 5.3 UV-A light sources may emit visible light above 400 nm (400 A), which may reduce the visibly of fuorescent indica- tions, High intensity UV-A light sources may cause UV fade, causing fluorescent indications to disappear. 6. Equipment 6.1 Ultraviolet (UV)/Visible Light Spectrum 6.1.1 UV light sources emit radiation in the ultraviolet section of the electromagnetic spectrum, between 180 nm (2800 A) to 400 nm (4000 A), Ultraviolet radiation is part of the electromagnetic radiation spectrum between the violeVlue color of the visible spectrum and the weak X-ray spectrum, (See Fig. 1) 16.1.2. The UV-A range is considered (o be between 320 nm (3200 A) and 400 nm (4000 A). 6.1.3 The UV-B range (medium UV) is considered to be between 280 nm (2800 A) and 320 nm (3200 A), 6.14 The UV.C range (short UV) is considered to be ‘between 180 nm (1800 A) and 280 nm (2800 A) ‘6.5 The visible spectrum is considered to be between 400 nm (4000 A) and 760 nm (7600 A). 62 Mercury Vapor UV-A Sources ARTICLE 24, 58-2297 6.2.1 Most UV-A. sources utilize a lamp containing « smezoury-gas plasina that emits radiation specific to the mercury sxomic transition spectrum, There are several discrete clement emission lines of the mercury spectrum in the ultraviolet section ofthe electromagnetic spectrum. The irradiance output is dependent on the gas pressure and the amount of mercury content. Higher values of gas pressure and mercury content result ip significant increase in its UV emission. Inradiance ‘output is also dependent on the input voltage and the age of tae lamp bulb. As the bulb ages, mercury diffuses into the enclosing glass, causing the emission to decrease 6.2.2 Mercury vapor UV-A sources used for NDT must have appropriate fillers, either internal or external the light source, te pass UV-A (6.1.2) and minimize visible light (6.1.5) output that is detrimental to the fluorescent inspection process. These UV-A pass filters should also block haemaful UV-B (6.1.3) and UVC (6.1.4) radiation, 6.2.3 Mercury vapor bulbs used for fuorescent NDT are generally low- or medium-pressure vapor sources. 62.3.1 Low-pressure bulbs (luminescent tubes) are costed with a special phosphor in order to maximize the UV-A output, Typically, low-pressure lamps ate used in wash stations or for general UV-A lighting in the inspection room, 6.2.3.2 Medium-pressure bulbs do not have phosphor coat: ings but operate at higher electical power levels, resulting in significantly higher UV-A output, 6.2.4 Medium-pressure lamps are typically used for Nuores- cent examination. A well designed medium pressure UV-A. lamp with @ suitable UV-A pass fiter should emit less than 0.25 % to 1 % ofits total intensity outside of the UV-A range. A typical lamp is based on the American National Standards Institute's Specification H 44 GS-R100, is a 100 watt mercury: vapor bulb in the Par 38 configuration, and normally uses a THE ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION SPECTRUM Tuite | cosmcrars / camarars / xenrs / UTA |B] ivrraren /Racio waves fF—we Jo W-B-+}— WA 4 sun Lack GERMICIOAL a ae — — nt tons SHORT WAVE = —rzpTIM” | WAVE wave |__wooos, uGHT ee aes Es eae FIG, 1 The Electromagneti 701 ep ASuewmorahe le Radiation SpectrumARTICLE 24, 8-297 Kopp 1041 or Kopp 1071 UV filter. Other lamps using the same bulb but with an alternate UV-A pass filter with similar transmission characteristics, or bulbs based on the Philips HPW 125-watt bulb will not differ greatly in UV-A output, but may produce more visible light in the blue/violet part of the spectrum. ‘Nom the Pips HPW 125-wat bul has bees rested from we in the mspection sation by many aerospace compan. 63 UVA Borescope, Fiberscope, Video-image-scope and Special UV.A Light Source Systems 6.3.1 Borescopes, fiberscopes and video-image-scopes are thin rigid or flexible tubular optical telescopes. They are non destructive inspection quality control instruments for the visual detection of surface discontinuities in small bores, castings, pipe interiors, and on internal components of complex machin- ery. 6.3.2 The conventional optical glass fiber used as a light guide in borescopes, fiberscopes and video image scopes may be a poor transmitter of UV-A radiation. These fibers transmit White light in the 450 to 760 nm (4500 to 7600 A) range, but do not effectively transmit light in the 350 to 380 nm (3500 to 3800 A) range 6.3.3 Taree non traditional light guide materials for im- proved UV-A transmission in borescopes fiberscopes or video- Jmage-scopes, ae liguid ight guides, silica or quartz fibers, or special new glass fibers 633.1 Silica or quartz fibers are good tansmitters of UV-A energy. but ate brite and cannot be bent into 2 tight radius without breaking, nor can they accommodate the punishing stresses of repeated scope articulation. 6.3.3.2 Liquid ight guides are very effective transmitters of UV-A, but have minimum diameter limitations at 2.5 mm and also exhibit problems with collapsing, kinking or loss of fuids. 6.3.3.3 A special glass fiber configuration afers the best UV performance plus durability. Special glass fiber light bundles combine high UV output with the necessary flexibility and durability required in these scopes. 64 UWA Pencil Lamps 64.1 The pencil lamp is one of the smallest sources of UV-A radiation. Is gencrally lamp costed with conversion phosphors that absorb the 254 nm 2540 A) kine of energy and convert this energy into a band peaking at 365 nm (3650 A). The lamp may be encased ina tubular glass filter that absorbs visible ight while transmitting maxitaum ultraviolet intensity. The pencil imp is useful for fluorescent analysis and bore- scopic inspection in inaccessible locations. Nort 2-—Peneil Lamps produce low levels of UNA radiation 6.4.2 As with all metal vapor discharge lamps, the output of 1 quartz pencil lamp slowly decreases throughout its life. The factual useful life will primarily be dependent upon dust and ep ASuewmorahe ASME BPVCV-2019 ‘other contaminants cllecting on the lamp and is reflecting and transmissive elements. UV-A intensity loss also occurs as the lamp ages 65 High Intensity UVA Light Sources 65.1 Metal Halide UV-A Sources: The high intensity flood fixture normally uses «high watlage metal halide bulb, This Imp wil also contain some type of specially coated parabolic feflector. The high intensity ofthis lamp will produce a great deal of hea, so some type of cooling fan must be used 652 Micro-Discharge Lamp UV.A Sources: The MDL lamp uses a 35 watt metal halide bulb and therefore produces ‘ery litle heat, Normally a cooling fan isnot required {65.3 Xenon Bulb UV-A Sources: These lamps use a high- pressure ae bulb containing xenon gas ora mixture of mercury Yaper and xenon ges. 1654 High Intensity UV-A sources have broad emission specirs, which may include more than one peak within the UV-A tange (6.12), For use in fluorescent NDT, these lamps must have appropriate filters, ether internal or extemal to the light source, to pass UV-A (6.1.2) and minimize visible light (6.15) output that is detrimental to the fuocescent inspection process. These UV-A filters should also block harmful UV-B (6.1.3) and UV-C (6.14) radiation Warning —UV.A light sources may emit visible light above 400 nm (4000 A), which may reduce the visibility of huores- cent indications. High intensity UV-A sources may cause UV fade, causing fuorescent indications to disappeae. 58 Light Emiting Diode (LED) UV-A Sources 6.6.1 UV-A sources wilizing a single UV-ALED or an array of UV-A LEDs need to have emission characteristics that are comparable t© those of other UV-A sources, For specie requirement, refer to Practice £3022. ‘Warning—Many UV-A LED lamps available atthe retail level or purchased over the counter do. not have emission characteristics that are acceptable for use in fluorescent liquid peneirant or magnetic particle examinations. See Practice 3022 Nor 3—Gaie £709 and Practices B16, E1208, £1208, B1210, 11219, E1ai7, an BIA4 provide UV-A igh equtement for Hore st ape patel an foreseen pens inspection pocestes Seo Seo he forbconng E07 andar, Price fr Magnet Patel Teng fer General indus 67 Visible Light Sources 67.1 Visible light sources produce radiation in the 400 nm (4000 A) to 760 nm (7600 A) region in the electromagnetic spectrum. They have various intensities and different color responses that are easily observed by the human eye. The visible energy spectrum is easily absorbed by the eye's photoreceptors. (6.1.2 These photoreceptors are of two types, cones and rods 6.12.1 Rods are highly sensitive to low intensities of light and contain only a single photopigment and is unable to 702ep Ae wr ASME Hpvcv-2019 discriminate color, The eye response under low intensity lighting is referred to as scotopic and uses rod photoreceptors. 6.7.2.2 Cone photoreceptors sespond to higher light inten- sities and are referred to as photopic. The cones are composed of three different photopigments that are able to discriminate colors. [Nore 4 Guide E709 and Practices E165, 1220, £1617, E1418, and E1444 provide vshle light requirements for maguetic particle and penetrant examination. See also the forthcoming EO? standard, Practice for Magnetic Patel Testing for General Indy. 68 Radiometers and Light Meters 68.1 UV.A Radiometer: 68.1.1 Radiant energy is @ physical quantity that can be ‘measured directly in the laboratory by several ypes of optical radiation detectors; such as thermopiles, bolometezs, pyroelec~ tic instraments, and radiometric meters. All UV measuring devices are selective, and their sensitivily depends upon the wavelength of the radiation being measured. 68.12 The most practical measurement tool suitable for NDT fluorescent inspection is the radiometer. There are (wo (ypes of radiometers, one with a digital and one with an analog. response, The radiometer must have a filter system to limit the ‘meter response to the UV-A range (6.1.2) with either a top-hat curve or a maximum response at 365 nm (3650 A). 68.1.3 The digital meter is usually the meter of choice because of its ease of use, Another advantage is thatthe digital ‘meter can measure high and low intensities of UV-A radiation without using screens or a mask to restrict the amount of UV-A. radiation impinging on the sensor 68.14 Digital meters generslly have a sensor approxi- ‘mately 1 em®, and contain specific optical components that define the spectral range and convert the radiation into clectti- cal current, The current is then processed by the instrument's solid-state electronics and displayed digitally. 68.2 Visible Light Meters: 68.2.1 Just like UV-A meters, there are rwo types of visible light meters, digital and analog, Visible light metere use photodiodes to measure illuminance. Because photodiodes ‘may be sensitive to both visible light and UV, visible light ‘meters for use in Ouorescent NDT must have fillers to limit the ameter response to the visible spectrum (6.1.5) Warning—Many meters available at the retail level or parchased over the counter do not have the proper filters to ‘measure only visible light from 400 am (4000 A) to 760 nm (71600 A) according to 6.1.5 68.22 Unlike UV-A radiometers, visible light meters can provide illuminance readings in different units. Typical units ate lux (Lx) or foot-candles (fe). 1 foot candle equals 10.76 lux. Meter response in foot candles is generally used for NDT. inspections in the United States. 68.23 Photodiodes, photometers, or visible light meters axe pot considered adequate for directly measuring the visible temission of UV-A lamps. 7. UV-A/Visible Light Measurement 7.1 UV.A Light Measurement 7.1.1 UV-A sources ate evaluated by messuring the emis- sion in the UV-A range (6.1.2) ata specific distance, Messure- 703 ARTICLE 24, 58-2297 rent distance is typically 38.1 em (15 in.) from the face of the UV-A pass filler or front of the source to the surface of the sensor of the radiometer. 7.1.2 This measurement is performed for two reasons. The fist isto develop a history on the UV-A source and the second is to ensure that the light output is in compliance with the specification in use, 7.1.3 If the distance is controlled, then the itradiation of the lamp can be observed and the degradation of the source can be recorded to ensure thatthe bulb (if used) is replaced in a timely rannet. Thete ate many types of fixtures that may be used to control the measured distance. The measurement should be taken from the face ofthe lamp (Kroat of fiter/source) tothe top surface of the sensor, With the distance controlled, irradiation fan be accurately measured. Many specifications define the required distance and light irradiation. A minimum of 1000 Wem? at 38.1 cm (15 in.) is typically specified Nor $—Tucs on the UWA lanp and allow it to warm up before measuring light intensities, 7.2 Visible Light Contamination 7.2.1 Most specifications wil ist the maximum visible lig contamination allowable inthe inspection area with few or no {guidelines defining where the measurement should be taken, Since visible light contamination may interfere with UV-A. inspection, the concern is not how much visible light isin the inspection area, but how much visible light is atthe viewing surface ofthe part or inthe inspector's eyes. Itis recommended that the visible light contamination measurement be taken at the viewing surface. If visible light from a hole, seam, or other source impinges upon the inspector's eyes, itis recommended thatthe light be elisinated or reduced as much as possible Nowe 6—Visble light contamination ean come from walls, eelibgs, lable ops, orig, ispector' clothing, computers, o ight rom outside the booth. (Any clotting that wall Guoresee can eause white Heht contamination} 73 Visible Light Measurement 7.3.1 Inthe case of visible light, most sources are either on or off. These is very little degradation, so the measurement is ‘made to ensure that enough light is available to perform a good visual inspection. As discussed above, a visible light meter that measures the visible range of the electromagnetic spectrum should be used. The measurement should be taken from the front of the bulb tothe top surface of the sensor. This distance may be fixed, or a minimum light intensity atthe part surface ray be requited for performing a visible light inspection, Nor Line voltage variations will aus deenee inthe measured light intensity, Tubular orexcent wie light intensity may ade with age nd ure 8. Safety Considerations for the Use of UV-A Irradi 8.1 UV.A Exposure B.L.1 There have been a number of studies undertaken to provide a threshold limit for UV-A exposure. These studies however, have produced at times contradictory results, with no absolute values, For more information on threshold limit value studies, consult: The American Conference of Governmental Industial Hygienists (ACGIH); ASNT Handbook, Volume 6ARTICLE 24, 8-297 Magnetic Particle Testing; or the Chemical & News, August 4, 2003 edition, page 25. gineering [Nore &Phototensiive individuals ot individuals exposed to photo- sensitizing agents, such a8 special medication may have adverse health tilects when exposed to UV-A radiation 8.2 Safety Considerations for UV-A Lamps 8.2.1 Although UV-A radiation is known to be relatively safe compared to UV-B or UV-C radiation, all operators and supervisors should be aware of certain safety precautions. Personnel using UV-A sources should avoid looking directly at the light with unshielded eyes. This could cause ocular Auorescence and consequently lower the user's ability to detect an indication. The filter on the UV-A source nrust always be in good condition and free from cracks, since radiation at wave- ep ASuewmorahe ASME BPVCV-2019 lengths below 320 nm (3200 A) is harmful andthe visible ight emitted will be detrimental to the inspection. It is recom- mended by most UV-A lamp manufacturers that users wear non-photochromatic eyewear (goggles or glasses) when per forming inspections. The eyewear should be made of clear ‘optical material (ot tinted) and possess UV-blocking eapabili- ties. Ibis also recommended by UV-A light manufacturers that users wear long-sleeve clothing, gloves and a hat to minimize Aieet exposure of radiation tothe skin, 9. Keywords 9.1 electromagnetic spectrum; UV-A exposure limits; UV-A. light; UV-A measurement; UV-A radiometers; UV-A sources; visible light contamination; visible light measurement; visible light meters; visible light sources 704ASME Hpvcv-2019 ARTICLE 24, SE-2022 STANDARD PRACTICE FOR MEASUREMENT OF EMISSION CHARACTERISTICS AND REQUIREMENTS FOR LED UV-A LAMPS USED IN FLUORESCENT PENETRANT AND MAGNETIC PARTICLE TESTING SE-3022 Aly fe (dential with ASTM Speafcation £3022-15}ARTICLE 24, SE-3022 Standard Practice for ASME BPVCV-2019 Measurement of Emission Characteristics and Requirements for LED UV-A Lamps Used in Fluorescent Penetrant and Magnetic Particle Testing 1. Scope 11 This practice covers the procedures for testing the performance of ultraviolet A (UV-A). light emitting diode (LED) lamps used in fluorescent penetrant and fluorescent magnetic particle testing (see Guides E709 and E2297, and Practices B16S/E165M, £1208, 21209, E1210, E1219, B1417/ E1417M and E1444). This specification also includes report- ing and performance requirements for UV-A LED lamps. 1.2 ‘These tests are intended to be performed only by the manufacturer (o certify performance of specific lamp models housing, filter, diodes, electronic circuit design, optical elements, cooling system, and power supply combination) and also ingludes limited acceptance tests for individual lamps deliveréd to the user. This test procedure is not intended to be ilized by the end use 1.3 This practice is only applicable for UV-A LED lamps: used in the examination process. This practice is not applicable to mercury vapor, gas-discharge, are or luminescent (fluores- cent) lamps or light guides (for example, borescope light 1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded, as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard. 15 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the ep ASuewmorahe responsibilty of the user of this standard to establish appro: priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. 2. Referenced Documents 2.1 ASTM Standards: E165/B165M Practice for Liquid Penetrant Examination for General Industry 709 Guide for Magnetic Particle Testing 1208 Practice for Fluorescent Liquid Penetrant Testing Using the Lipophilic Post-Emulsification Process E1209 Practice for Fluorescent Liquid Penetrant Testing Using the Water-Washable Process E1210 Practice for Fluorescent Liquid Penetrant Testing Using the Hydrophilic Post-Emulsitication Process E1219 Practice for Fluorescent Liquid Penetrant ‘Testing Using the Solvent-Removable Process 1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations E1348 Test Method for Transmittance and Color by Spec- wophotometry Using Hemispherical Geometry B1417/B1417M Practice for Liquid Penetrant Testing E1444 Practice for Magnetic Particle Testing E2297 Guide for Use of UV-A and Visible Light Sources and ‘Meters used in the Liquid Penetrant and Magnetic Particle Methods 2.2 Other Standards ANSVISO/IEC 17025 General Requirements for the Com- ppetence of Testing and Calibration Laboratories ANSUNCSL 2540.3. Requirements for the Calibration of ‘Measuring and Test Equipment 3. ‘Terminology 3.1. Definitions—General terms pertaining to ultraviolet A (UV-A) radiation and visible light used in liquid penetrant and 706coy A tt ASME HPVCV-2019 ‘magnetic examination are defined in Terminology B1S16 and shall apply to the tems used in this practice 3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard 32.1 batlerrpowered hand-held lamp, n—larap powered by a battery used in either stationary or porable applications where line power is not available or convenient. 32.11 Discussion—These lamps may also have the option to be line-powered (that is, aerating current power supply) Smaller lamps, olten refered to as “Mashlights” of “orches” axe used for portable examination of focused zones and often have a single LED. 3.22 current ripple, n—unwanted residual periodic varia tion (pikes or surges) ofthe constant curent that drives the LED at a constant power level 3.22.1 DiscussionRipple is éve to incomplete suppres- son of DC (peak to peak) varisnce resulting from the power supply, stability of regulation circuitry, citcuit design, and quality ofthe electronic components 3.2.3. excitation irradiance, n—itadiance calculated in the range of 347 nm and 382 nm. This corresponds tothe range of wavelength that ellectively excite Muorescent penctant dyes (Ge greater than 80% of relative peak excitation). 3.24 irradiance, E, n—radiant ux (power) per unit axea incident on & given surface. Typically measured in units of ricro-walts per square centimeter (uW/em') 3.2.5 lamp model, n—A lamp with specific design, Any change to the lamp design requites a change in model designation and complete qualification of the new model. 3.2.6 light-emiting diode, LED, n—solid state electronic evices consisting of & semiconductor or semiconductor ele- ‘ments that emit radiation or light when powered by a current, 3.2.6.1 Discussion LEDs emit a relatively natrow band- width spectrum when a specific current flows through the chip, ‘The emitted wavelengths are determined by the semiconductor ‘material and the doping. The intensity and wavelength can change depending on the current, age, and chip temperature. 3.2.7 line-powered lamp, n—corded hand-held or overhead, lamps that are line-powered and typicelly used for stationary inspections within @ controlled production environment, 3.2.7.1 Discussion—These lamps are used for examination ‘of both small and large inspection zones and consist of an LED. array. Overhead lamps are used in a stationary inspection booth to flood the inspection area with UV-A radiation, Handheld lamps aze used to flood smaller regions with UV-A radiation and can also be used in portable applications where line power is available 3.2.8 minimum working distance, n—the distance from the inspection surface where the lamp beam profile begins to exhibit non-uniformity, 3.2.9 transmittance, ratio of the radiant flux transmitted ough a body to that incident upon it 4, Significance and Use 4.1 UVEA lamps are used in Guorescent peneirant and ‘magnetic particle examination processes to excite fluorophores (4yes or pigments) to maximize the contrast and detection of 707 ARTICLE 24, SE-3022 discontinuities. The fluorescent dyes/pigments absorb energy fiom the UV-A radiation and re-emit visible light when reverting to its ground state, This excitation energy conversion allows fluorescence to be observed by the buman eye 42. The emitted spectra of UV-A lamps can greatly affect, the elliiency of dyelpigmentfhorescent excitation 43 Some high-intensity UV-A lamps ean produce irradiance greater than 10 000 uWiem® at 15 in. (381 mm). All highe intensity UV-A light sources can cause fluorescent dye fade and increase exposure ofthe inspector's unprotected eyes and Skin to high levels of damaging raciation 44 UV-A lamps can emit unwanted visible light and harm fal UV radiation sf not properly iltred. Visible ight contami nation above 400 am can interfere wit the inspection process and mst be conttolled to minimize reflected plare and maxie mize the contrat of the indication. UV-B and UV-C contami st also be eliminated to prevent exposure to harmful radiation, 45 Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) and Pulse Firing (PF) of UV-A LED circuits are not permitted Noms [The abiiy of exsing UV.A radiometers and specoradion toc to scouasly measure the iraiance of pute width modulated or Pied fied TEDs andthe elect of pled rng on ication etetaity I not well understood 5, Classifications 5.1 LED UV-A lamps used for nondestructive testing shal be of the following types: S.LL Type A—Line-powered lamps (LED aztays for hand held and overhead applications) (3.2.8 and 3.2.6) S12 Type B—Batlery powered hand-held lamps (LED ar- rays for staionary and portable applications) (3.2.1) 5.13 Type CBattery powered, handheld lamps (single LED flashlight or torch for special applications) (3.2.1, Dis- cussion) 6. Apparatus 6.1 UV.A Radiometer, designed for measuring the irradiance of cleciomagnetic radiation. UVA radiometers ue a filler and Sensor system to produce a bell-shaped (i.e. Gaussian) response fs: 365 nm (3550 A) or top-het responsivity centered. near 5365 am (3650 A). 365 nm (3550 A) is the peak wavelength ‘where most pencizant fluorescent dyes exhibit the grestest fluorescence. Ultraviolet radiometers shall be calibrated in accordance with ANSVISO/EC 17025, ANSUNCSL 2540.3, fr equivalent. Radiometer shall be digital and provide a resolution of atleast § pWlem, The sensor front end apertre Width or diameter shall not be greater than 0.5 in. (12.7 mm), Noms 2— Photomers of vnle igh meters ae not considered equate for sewing the ashe eaeion of UWA lai which fencrlly have mavelengis inthe 400m to 450 ot ange. 6.2 Spectroradiometer, designed to measure the spectral iaradiance and absolute itradiance of electwomagnetic emission sources, Measurement of spectral iadiance requires that such instruments be coupled (o an integrating sphere or cosine cortector. This specttoradiometer shall have a resolution of at least 0.5 nm and a minimum signal-to-noise ratio of 50:1. Thecoy A tt ARTICLE 24, SE-3022 system shall be capable of measuring absolute spectral iradi- ance over a minimum range of 300 to 400 nm, 6.2.1 The system shall be calibrated using emission source reference standards 63 Spectrophotomerer, designed to measure transmittance or color coordinates of transmitting specimens. The sysiem shall be able to perform a measurement of regular spectral ‘transmittance over a minimum range of 300 to $00 nm. 17. ‘Test Requirements 7.1 Lamp models used for nondestructive testi shall be tested in accordance with the requitements of Table 1 7.2. LEDs of UV-A Lamps shall be continuously powered with the LED drive cuent exhibiting minimum tipple (see 7.6.5). The projected beam shall also not exhibit any perceiv- able variability in projected beam intensity (ie. stobing flicker, et.) (see 7.4.6), 7.3 Maximum Irradiance—Fixture the UV-A lamp 15 0.25 in (81 + 6 mm) above the surface of a flat, level workbench with the projected beam orthogonal to the work- bench surface, The lamp face shall be parallel to the bench within 0.25 in, (=6 mm). Ensure that battery-powered lamps (Types B and C) are fully charged. Tur on the lamp and allow to slabilize for 5 min. Place a UV-A radiometer, conforming to 6.1, on the workbench. Adjust the lamp position such that the filter ofthe lamp is 15.0 + 0.25 in. (381 “12.7 mm) from the radiometer sensor. Scan the radiometer across the projected beam in two orthogonal directions to locate the point of ‘maximum irradiance. Record the maximum irradiance value 74 Beam Irvadiance Profile—Aifx the UV-A lamp above the surface of a flal, workbench with the projected beam orthogonal to the workbench surface 7.4.1 Type A lamps shall be supplied with altemating current (ac) power supply at the manufacturer's rated power TABLE 1 UV-A LED Lamp Test Requirements by Lamp Model 78 Temperature Sasi ‘18 ian sous Temperate 1.848 Longest Wavelangih at Hal Maximuen ‘Tat mus Hous Tenpraure ul wath alt Maxirun (EM) Longest Wavelength at Hal Maka {ET Tyeal Baty Discharge Tie and Discharge Plt 708 ASME BPVCV-2019 requirement. Power conditioning shall be used to ensure & stable power supply free of voltage spikes, ripples, or surges from the power supply network. 7.42 Type B and C lamps shall be powered using @ constant voltage power direct current (DC) supply that provides con- stant DC power at the rated, fully charged battery voltage =05V. 7.43 The UV-A lamp shall be tuned on and allowed to stabilize for a minimum of 30 min before taking measure- ments 7.44 Place the UV-A radiometer on the workbench. Adjust tne lamp pesition suc that the face of the lamp is 15.0 = 0.25 in. (BI = 6 mm) from the radiometer sensor. Sean the radiometer across the projected beam in two orthogonal dlectons to locate the point of maximum imradiance, Record this location asthe zero point. Using a0.5-in. (12.7-mm) grid, translate the radiometer across the projected beam in 0.5-in (12:7-mm) increments to generate a two-dimensional (2-D) plot of the beam profile (radiance versus position) Position the radiometer using either an x-y scanner or by manually scanning. When manually scanning, use a sheet with 0.5-in. (L27-cm) or finer squares and record the irradiance value in the center of each square, The beam imradiance profile shall extend to the point at which the irradiance drops below 200 uW em? 7.4.5 Generate and report the 2-D plot of the bear irradi- ance profil (se Fig. 1). Map the range of irradiance from 200 to 1000 Wem, >1000 to $000 Wiem?, >5000 to 10.000 Wiem?, >10 000 pW ems* Report the minimum beam diam- eter at 1000 and 200 Wem’ [Nowe 5 The defined ranges ate minimams, Additional ranges are permite 7.4.6 During the observations of 7.4.1 through 7.45, note any oulput power vatitions indicated by perceived changes in projected beam intensity licker, or strobing. Any variations in ‘observed beam intensity, flicker, or strobing are unacceptable, 75 Minimum Working Distance—Atfix the lamp approxi ‘mately 36 in, (900 mm) above a fat, level workbench covered ‘with plain white paper. The projected beam shall be orthogonal to the covered workbench surface. 7.5.1 Measurements shall be performed in a darkened envi- ronment with ess than 2 fe (21.5 hix) of ambient light and 3 stable temperature at 77 = S°F Q5 =3°C). 7.5.2 Ensure that battery-powered lamps are fully charged ‘The UV-A lamp shall be tured on and allowed to stabilize for ‘4 minimum of 30 min before taking measurements 115.3 Observe the beam pattern produced on the paper Lower the lamp wail the beam pattern exhibits visible non- uniformity or reduction in intensity between the individual beams generated by each LED element or by irregularities in the lamp’s optical path (Fig. 2). Measure the distance from the lamp face to workbench surface, Record this measurement as the minimum working distance 1.6 Temperature Stability—Emission Spectrum, Excitation Irradiance, Current Ripple Testing shall be performed in wo steps, at ambient temperature conditions and atthe maximum ‘operating temperature reported by the manufacturer.ASME Hpvcv-2019 ARTICLE 24, SE-3022 ~ Blue <200 n Wem? = Green 200 ~ 1000 y Wem? Yellow >1000 ~ 5000 Wem? ~ Red >5000 ~ 10 000 j Wem? = White >10 000 u Wem? Inradiance Profile Uniform Beam 3-LED Array - Away from Inspection Surface (Beam Profile may be rectangular, circular or triangular) Non-Uniform Beam 3-LED Array - Near Inspection Surface ‘Arrow indicate regions of reduced irradiation, (a) between individual LED beams and (b) due to individual LED beam profiles FIG, 2 Example of Univorm and Non-Unitorm Projected Beams for Determining Minimum Working Distance 7.6.1 For ambient temperature testing conducted in 7.6.2 (a) Emission spectrum (7.6.4.1 through 7.6.4.8), perform the following measurements (b) Excitation irradiance (7.6.49), 709 ep ASuewmorahecoy A ta ARTICLE 24, SE-3022 (c) Maximum lamp housing temperature, and (a) Current ripple (7.6). For elevated temperature tests conducted in 7.6.3 perform the following measurements: (a) Emission spectrum (7.6.4.1 through 7.6.48) (b) Excitation iradiance (7.6.4.9), and (c) Current ripple (7.6) 7.6.2 Ambient Temperature Test—At lamp switch-on, per form the measurements defined by 7.6.4, Repeat the measure- ments every 30 min until the peak wavelength vaties by no moze than =I nm and the excitation irradiance does not vary more than 5% over three consecutive measurements. Once stabilized, measure the current ripple (7.6.5). 7.63 Elevated Temperature Test—Affx the lamp in an environmental chamber. Adjust the lamp and spectroradiom- ler postion such that the filter of the lamp is 15.0 * 0.25 in (G81 = 6 mm) from the sensor aperture ofthe spectroradiom- er. Adjust the lamp position such thatthe beam is centered on the sensor aperture. If the lamp uses a transformer or other power supply, those components shall also be placed in the environmental chamber. The change in temperature within the chamber shall not affect the accuracy of the measurements 7.6.3.1 Set the chamber temperature to the maximum mans facturer's specified operating temperature ofthe lamp. At lamp switch on, perform the measurements defined by 7.6.4. Repest the measurements every 30 min until the peak wavelength varies by no more than “1 nm and the excitation izradiance does not vary more than 5% over three consecutive measure- ‘ments. Once stabilized, measure the current ripple (7.6.5). 7.6.4 Emission Spectrum Measurement 7.6.4.1 Measurements shall be performed under datk labo- ratory conditions with a stable temperature, 7.6.4.2 A spectroradiometer conforming to 6.2 shall be used to collect data ASME BPVCV-2019 7.6.43 Power conditioning shall be used for both the spectroradiometer and Type A lamps to ensure a stable power supply free from voltage spikes, ripple, or surges from the power supply network 7.644 Type B and C lamps may be powered using a constant voltage power DC supply that provides constant DC. power atthe rated, fully charged battery voltage #0. V, 7.64.5 Adjust the lamp position such that the filter of the lamp is 15.0 + 0.25 in. (381 + 6 mm) from the spectroradi- fomeler sensor aperture and the beam maximum irradiance is ‘centered on the sensor aperture, 7.64.8 Measure and plot the emission spectrum between 300 and 400 nm (minimum range). 7.6.4.7 Determine the peak wavelength (ie, wavelength ‘with maximum special iradiance). See Fig. 3 7.6.4.8 Calculate the width of the plotted spectrum at 50% ‘of maximum spectral irradiance, Report this asthe full-width- half maximum (FWHM) in nanometers. Also determine the longest wavelength at SO% of maximum spectral radiance (ie: half maximum). See Fig. 3 7.6.49 Calculate the excitation irradiance in pWlem’, us- ing citation radiance = f°"WN() dd © where INQ) = spectral iadince (Wien? nm) and aa > Pom (aaximon interval) 7.65 Current Ripple Stability of the LED Current 1.65.1 Purpose of the Measurement—The LED drive cur rent shall be sable and continuous and not result in pulsing oF fickering during operation Nim 4 igh requeney cuen isiabihly (kb to MI range) 8 "08 Wavelongth (nm) FIG, 8 Determination of Peak Wavelength, FWHM, and Longest Wavelength at Half Maximum (HM) nocoy A tt ASME HPVCV-2019 lypiclly caused by switching of che sepulated cteit, whereas low fequency instability (pe, lee than 0 He range) is often the esa of extemal invenees sich line current vanston or everent regulation eutry 7.65.2 Measurement of the LED Current—The measure ‘ment ofthe variation of LED drive cutrent shall be performed for every LED-cicuit in a system without any changes to the (() The signal-to-noise ratio of the measured signal shal be at Jeast 200¢1 (2) The physical vertical resolution of the measuring sys- tem (voltage scale) shall be at least 20 times greater than the ratio of the maximum allowed peak-to-peak-variation, (3) The physical horizontal resolution of the measuring system (for the bandwidthtime scale) shall be atleast 10 times the maximum switching frequency of the circuitry 14 Tpical Battery Discharge Time (Type B and Type C Lamps): 77.1 Affix the UV-A lamp 15 in. (81 mm) above a flat workbench with the projected beam orthogonal to the work- bench susface. The battery shall be fully charged before starting measurements, 7.7.2 Place a UV-A radiometer, conforming to the require- rents of 6.1, on the workbench, Adjust tae lamp position such that the face of the lamp is 15.0 > 0.25 in, (381 ~ 6 mm) from. the radiometer sensor. 7.73 Scan the radiometer across the projected beam to lacate the point of maximum irradiance, Plot the elapsed time versus measured inradiance (see Fig. 4). 7.7.4 The typical battery discharge time is the total elapsed time from lamp turn-on to the time at which the lamp inradiance falls below 1000 uWiem?. Report the battery ¢ype, typical battery discharge time and discharge (Gime versus irradiance) plot 78 Filter Transmittance (Regular Spectral Transmiteance)Filters shall be requited on all UV-A lamps ARTICLE 24, SE-3022 used for fluorescent penetrant and magnetic particle inspection to reduce visible light and UV-B and UV-C emission. The spectral transmission propertis of th filter shall be measured between 300 and 800 iim using a spectrophotometer providing ‘a resolution of 0.5 nm and 0.01 % of relative peak transmit- tance throughout the measurement range (see Practice E1348) A quart tungsten halogen irradiance standard (ie. tungsten coiled-coil filament enclosed in a quartz envelope) shall be ‘used as the radiation source, Report the spectral transmittance curve and the nominal wansmittance at 365am, 380.am, 400 nm, 420 nm, 425 nm, 550 nm and 670 nm, An example of atypical spectral transmission curve for a UV-A lamp filter is showa in Fig. 5. Also measure and report the minimum filter thickness, 8. Acceptance Test 8.1 The following tests shall be performed on each lamp delivered to the customer (Table 2) TABLE 2 Acceptance Test Requirements for Each UV-A LED Lamp Te Test Reauiero 8.1.1 Maximum irradiance (ambient conditions only) (7.3). 8.1.2 Emission spectrum (ambient conditions only) (7.64) at the stabilization time determined by 7.62, 8.1.3 Peak wavelength (7.6.4.7) at the stabilization time determined by 7.6.2 8.14 FWHM (7.648) (Fig. 3), and 8.1.5 Longest wavelength at half maximum (7.648) (Fig. 3). c eee een | Ee is = mm = Bes a, FIG. 4 Examples of radiance Change Over Time Due to Battery Depletion micoy A tt ARTICLE 24, SE-3022 ASME BPVCV-2019 “ea IMA T_T J 30 ro se ea FIG, 6 Regular Spectral Transmittance for a Typleal UV-A Lamp Filter 9, Performance Requirements 9.1 UV-A lamps tested in accordance with this specification shall meet the minimum performance requirements defined in Table 3, 10, Report 10.1 The manufacturer shall provide a certification of con- formance that the lamp model meets the requirements of this standard. The certification shall be provided with each lamp supplied to the customer and shall include the results of the following lamp model tess. 10.1.1 Maximum irradiance (7.3), 10.12 Beam irradiance profile plot (7.4), ‘TABLE 2 UV-A LED Lamy 10.13 Minimum working distance (7.5), 10.1.4 Ambient temperature testing (switch-on and at stabi- lization) 10.144. Maximum lamp housing temperature at stabil tion (7.6. 10.142 Emission spectrum (7.6.4.6), 10.1.4.3 Peak wavelength (7.6.4.7) (ig. 3), 10.144 FWHM (7.648) (Fig. 3), 10.1.4.5 Longest wavelength at half maximum (7.6.48) ig. 3) 10.1.4.6 Excitation irradiance (7.6.49), and 10.147 Current ripple (at stabilization only) (7.6.5) Performance Requirements egarenar Tipe Tees Tipe oan adiaee ria 7A onde tars Pica SSR zt nny Tmo mm) r= 1000 len? at=to00 ilien®——ati000 len lemales direnion)——famalast denser) (eal dimension) eam Inaiance Profle (74) Overhead Lampe Report Moimun Working Dias 75) Roper oun Housing Temperate a Alot Condon (78.1) 0 8 Peak Wavelength — Site On, Ambit, and Elevated Tapers (7.64.7) Fan (78.48) Longest Wavelength at Hat Mati (8.48) Curent Pips — Abie and ElevaedTermparaue (785) ‘ye! Sater Discharge Tine (77) raremetnes 78) =i peatsepest m2coy A tt ASME HPVCV-2019 10.15 Elevated Temperature Conditions (at stabilization only) 10.15.1 Emission spectrum (7.6.4.6), 10.152 Peak wavelength (7.6.4.7) (Fig. 3) 10.153 FWHM (7.648) (Fig. 3), 10.154 Longest wavelength at half maximum (7.6.48) ig. 3), 10.155 Excitation iradiance (7.6.49), 10.156 Current ripple (at stabilization only) (7.6.5), and 10.157 Maximum operating temperature meeting the re- quirements of Table 3; 10.16 Battery type, typical battery discharge time, and discharge plot for Types B and € (7.7), and m3 ARTICLE 24, SE-3022 10.1.7 Filter transmittance at 365 nm, 380 nm, 400 nm, 420 nm, 425 nm, 450 nm, 550 nm and 670 nm. Filter thickness (78). 10.2 The manufacturer shall provide with each lamp sup- plied to the customer a certification of conformance that the elivered lamp meets the technical requirements of Table 3 as tested in accordance with Section 8 LL. Keywords 11.1 fluorescent magnetic particle inspection; fluorescent penetrant inspection; itradiance; spectroradiometer; transmit- tance