Daftar Pustaka

Aghamir SM, Alizadeh F, Meysamie A, et al, 2019. Sterile water versus isotonic
saline solution as irrigation fluid in percutaneous nephrolithotomy. Urol J. 
Fall;6(4):249-53.
Atici S, Zeren S, Ariboğan A, 2001. Hormonal and hemodynamic changes during
percutaneous nephrolithotomy. Int Urol Nephrol.;32(3):311-4.a
Burrows PK, Hollander JE, Wolfson AB, et al., 2016. Design and challenges of a
randomized clinical trial of medical expulsive therapy (tamsulosin) for
urolithiasis in the emergency department. Contemp Clin Trials. 2017
Jan;52:91-94. doi: 10.1016/j.cct.11.010.
Ecke TH, Barski D, Weingart G, et al., 2017. Presentation of a method at the
Exploration Stage according to IDEAL: Percutaneous nephrolithotomy
(PCNL) under local infiltrative anesthesia is a feasible and effective method –
retrospective analysis of 439 patients. Int. J. Med. Sci., Vol. 14
Ganpule AP, Vijayakumar M, Malpani A, et al., 2016. Percutaneous nephrolithotomy
(PCNL) a critical review. International Journal of Surgery 36, 660-664
Guzelburc V , Balasar M, Colakogullari M, et al., 2016. Comparison of absorbed
irrigation fluid volumes during retrograde intrarenal surgery and percutaneous
nephrolithotomy for the treatment of kidney stones larger than 2 cm.
SpringerPlus 5:1707
Hossain TMS, Asaduzzaman M, Uddin MN, et al., 2013. Percutaneous
nephrolithotomy-a versatile technique for both simple and complex renal
stone. Bangladesh Med Res Counc Bull; 39: 99-103

Hosseini MM, Hassanpour A, Manaheji F, et al., 2014. Percutaneous

nephrolithotomy: is distilled water as safe as saline for irrigation?. Urol J. Jul
8;11(3):1551-6.
Kallidonis P, Panagopoulos V, Kyriazis I, et al., 2016. Complications of percutaneous
nephrolithotomy: classification, management, and prevention. Wolters Kluwer
Health vol. 26, no.1

Khoshrang H, Falahatkar S, Ilat S, et al., 2012 . Comparative study of

hemodynamics electrolyte and metabolic changes during prone and complete
supine percutaneous nephrolithotomy. Nephrourol Mon. Fall;4(4):622-8. doi:
10.5812/numonthly.4099
Kukreja RA, Desai MR, Sabnis RB, et al., 2002. Fluid Absorption During
Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy: Does It Matter? Journal of Endourology
vol.16 no.4
Malik I, Wadhwa R, et al., 2016. Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy: Current Clinical
Opinions and Anesthesiologists Perspective. Hindawi Publishing Corporation
Anesthesiology Research and Practice, Article ID 9036872

Mathew J, Varacallo M, 2019. Physiology, Blood Plasma. StatPearls [Internet].

Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; Jan 20.
Mikawlrawng K, Kumar S, and Vandana R, 2014 . “Current scenario of urolithiasis
and the use of medicinal plants as antiurolithiatic agents in Manipur (North
East India): a review,” International Journal of Herbal Medicine, vol. 2, no. 1,
pp. 1–12
Moe OW, 2006. Kidney stones: pathophysiology and medical management. Lancet.
Jan 28;367(9507):333-44. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(06)68071-9

Mohta M, Bhagchandani T, Tyagi A, et al., 2008. Haemodynamic, electrolyte and

metabolic changes during percutaneous nephrolithotomy. Int Urol
Nephrol.;40(2):477-82.
Pan T, Liu B, Wei S, et al., 2015. Flank-suspended versus prone percutaneous
nephrolithotomy: changes of haemodynamics, arterial blood gases and
subjective feelings. Urologia. Apr-Jun;82(2):102-5. doi: 10.5301/uro.5000108
Purkait B, Kumar M, Bansal A, et al., 2016. Is normal saline the best irrigation fluid
to be used during percutaneous nephrolithotomy in renal failure patient? A
prospective randomized controlled trial. Turk J Urol. Dec;42(4):267-271.
Reddy SVK , Shaik AB, et al., 2016. Outcome and complications of percutaneous
nephrolithotomy as primary versus secondary procedure for renal calculi. Int
Braz J Urol. 2016; 42: 262-9
Saxena D, Sapra D, Dixit A, et al., 2019. Effects of fluid absorption following
percutaneous nephrolithotomy: Changes in blood cell indices and electrolytes.
Urol Ann. Apr-Jun;11(2):163-167. doi: 10.4103/UA.UA_117_18.
Sekar GA, 2018. Evaluation of electrolyte and metabolic changes in percutaneous
nephrolithotomy using normal saline as irrigation solution – A prospective
study. Institute of anaesthesiology and critical care Madras Medical College,
Chennai
Shrimanker I, Bhattarai S, 2019. Electrolytes. StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island
(FL): StatPearls Publishing; May 3.
Sutherland JW, Parks JH, Coe FL, 1985. Recurrence after a single renal stone in a
community practice. Miner Electrolyte Metab.;11(4):267-9.
Xu C, Feng S, Lin C, et al., 2018. Reducing postoperative morbidity of mini-invasive
percutaneous nephrolithotomy: Would it help if blood vessels are left
unharmed during puncture? A CONSORT-prospective randomized trial.
Medicine (Baltimore).Nov;97(47):e13314. doi:
10.1097/MD.0000000000013314.