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-50
-20 -100 0 100
θ (degrees)
-30
FIT a. x‐z plane
FEM 0
-40 EL
4 5 6 7
-10
Frequancy (GHz)
Electric field (dB)
a. Return loss
-20 ER
100
-30
Rin
FIT
Inpt impedance(Ω )
-40
50 FEM
-50
Xin -100 0 100
0 θ (degrees)
b. y‐z plane
FIT
Fig. 3 The radiation characteristics of the single
FEM element DRA in different planes at f=5.8 GHz.
-50
4 5 6 7
Frequancy (GHz) 2.2 Pair‐Unit Array Element
Although a simple probe excitation is used for circular
b. Input impedance polarization, this method has the disadvantage of
Fig. 2 The return loss and the input impedance versus
providing a narrow bandwidth. On the other hand, an
frequency for the single DRA element.
EDRA pair‐unit composed of a two elements is well
known to have an extremely broad bandwidth [18].
G
5
FIT F1=F2 e‐jπ/2
4
FEM
Axial ratio(dB)
G F1 y
F2
3
2
1 x
b. Top view
0 Fig. 5. The circularly polarized elliptical EDRA pair‐
4 5 6 7 unit array.
Frequancy (GHz)
a. Axial ratio To achieve the condition of matching; the S11, S22, and Zin
15 are computed for the pair‐ unit and plotted in Fig. 6.
Matching is found to be acceptable for the elements from
FIT 5.44 GHz to 6.15 GHz. The radiation patterns are
FEM computed in plane φ=0, and plane φ=90o as in Fig. 7. A
10 narrow main beam is achieved in the y‐z plane with low
Gain(dB)
Fig. 4 The axial ratio and antenna gain of the single -20
Port 1
element DRA.
Figure 5 illustrates the arrangement of the EDRA in pair‐
-30 FIT
unit geometry. Each element of this pair‐ unit is fed FEM
uniformly in power from orthogonal feed points F1 and -40
F2, and they are out of phase by ‐90o from each other 4 5 6 7
with ‐90o rotation angle of the elements. The distance G Frequancy (GHz)
between the centers of the elements is 35.172 mm which is
a. Return loss
about 0.68λo at resonance, i.e. 5.8 GHz. This is to allow for
narrowing the main lobe in the composite array pattern.
Also, the rotation of the orientation by 90° has been done 100
to achieve orthognality of the fields in the two elements. Port
d 1
Port
d 2
Inpt impedance(Ω )
This ortogonality of the fields directions as well as with
the 90° phase shift between the fields will end up 50 d
producing a circularly polarized radiation.
z
0
G
FIT
-50
4 5 6 7
Frequancy (GHz)
b. Input impedance
Fig. 6. The characteristics of the pair‐ unit EDRA with a
x
single feed and supporting arms.
2G
y
a. 3‐D view
0 15
EL
FIT
-10 FEM
Electric field (dB)
10
Gain(dB)
-20
-30 ER 5
-40 FIT
FEM
-50 0
-100 0 100 4 5 6 7
θ (degrees) Frequancy (GHz)
b. Gain
a. x‐z plane
Fig. 8. The axial ratio and the antenna gain of the pair‐
0 unite elliptical EDRA with a single feed and supporting
EL
arms.
-10
Electric field (dB)
2.3 2×2 Dielectric Resonator Antenna Elements in a sub‐array
-20
The geometry of such four elements in such 2×2 sub‐array
-30 ER
is used to improve the gain of the reader antenna. The
arrangement of the 2×2 EDRA elements in a sub‐array is
-40 FIT shown in Fig. 9. The phase shift and the orientation
FEM rotation have been done to get circular polarization as
-50 explained before. The technique of sequentially feeding
-100 0 100
pairs of single‐fed EDRA elements was used to improve
θ (degrees)
the circular polarization bandwidth of the pair‐unit [18,
b. y‐z plane
19]. Each element is fed uniformly in power from
Fig. 7. The radiation characteristics of the pair‐ units
orthogonal feed points F1 and F2. The elements in one
elliptical EDRA with a single feed and supporting arms
diagonal are 90o out of phase and also rotated 90o in
in different planes.
orientation relative to the elements in the other diagonal
as shown in Fig. 10. The distance between the geometrical
The axial ratio versus frequency for the pair‐ unit at φ= centers of the elements is G to reduce the mutual
θ=0 is shown in Fig. 8a. This configuration shows coupling between the array elements. The return losses,
improved bandwidth of 2.45 GHz for AR< 3 dB compared S11, S22, S33, S44 and the input impedance for the sub‐array
with 0.15 GHz for the single element. The AR is 0.76 dB at are illustrated in Fig. 11 respectively. The impedance
frequency f=5.8 GHz. The antenna gain variation over the matching bandwidth still preserved from 5.4 GHz to 6.22
frequency band at φ= θ=0 for the pair‐unit is shown in GHz for all the array elements.
Fig. 8b.The pair‐unit improves the antenna gain to reach
9.69 dB at frequency f=5.8 GHz z
5
FIT
4 2G 2G
Axial ratio(dB)
3
2
1
0
4 5 6 7 x y
Frequancy (GHz) a. 3‐ D view
a. Axial ratio
G
sub‐array provides an extremely broadband axial ratio
F1=F2 e-jπ/2 bandwidth due to the orthogonality of the array elements
in phase and orientation. The sub‐array gain versus
F1 F2 frequency is presented in Fig.13b providing high gain of
13.1 dB at 5.8 GHz.
0
G y EL
-10
-20
-20
S11
-30 S 22 -30
S 33 ER
S 44 -40
-40
4 5 6 7
Frequancy (GHz) -50
-100 0 100
a. Return loss θ (degrees)
b. y‐z plane
100
Fig. 12 The radiation characteristics of 2×2 DRA
Rin
elements (sub‐array) in different planes.
Inpt impedance(Ω )
50
2.4 8 ×8 Dielectric Resonator Antenna Elements (4×4 Sub‐
Xin arrays)
0 The RFID reader antenna array is shown in Fig. 14. The
array is arranged as an 8×8 DRA element which is
actually consisting of 4×4 of sub‐array elements with each
sub‐array organized using four DRA elements as
-50 explained in section 2.3. The total dimensions of the array
4 5 6 7
are L×L= 28.13 × 28.13 cm2 (5.44 λo×5.44 λo where λo is the
Frequancy (GHz)
free‐space wavelength at 5.8 GHz). The distance between
b. Input impedance the EDRAs is kept at 0.68 λo when the frequency is 5.8
Fig. 11 The return loss and the input impedance for GHz as mentioned before in order to reduce the mutual
2×2 DRA elements (sub‐array). coupling between elements. The antenna aperture is in
the (x, y) plane and (xi, yi) are the coordinates of the ith
The circular polarization radiation pattern components EL element. The phase of the feeding currents has been
and ER are shown in Fig. 12. Narrow beam width with adjusted to maximize the radiated field at a distance
HPBW of 34o is obtained in both the x‐z and y‐z planes. Ro=40 cm (7.73λo) from the antenna aperture. For the NF‐
The axial ratio versus frequency is shown in Fig. 13a. The focused phased array, the phase shift for the ith element
L
can be calculated from [11]
φi =
2π
λ
(x
2
i
2
i
2
o )
+ y + R − Ro radians (9.3)
When the phase is adjusted as in eq. (9.2), the properties L
of the electric field at the focal plane is exactly the same as
y
those in the far field (for the unfocused case). This was
proved theoretically in earlier studies [11].
5
4 Single
element
Axial ratio(dB)
3 Sub-array
x
2 b. Top view
1 z
Focusing distance
0
4 5 6 7 Z=Ro
Frequancy (GHz)
a. Axial ratio
Element position
15
(xi, yi)
ith
y
10
Gain(dB)
L
c. Side view
5 Fig. 14 The geometry of 8x8 DRA array (4x4 sub‐arrays)
0 The beamwidth between 3‐dB points in the focal plane is
4 5 6 7 defined as the array spot size. The spot size area radius,
Frequancy (GHz) W of a NF‐focused planar array depends on the inter‐
b. Gain element distance, array size and geometry, required focal
Fig. 13 The axial ratio and the antenna gain of 2×2 DRA length and phase profile at the antenna aperture [19‐20]
elements (sub‐array). λo
W = 0.8868 Ro ⋅ (9.4)
L
z For L=28.13 cm, Ro=40 cm, and λo=5.17 cm, W=1.26 λo
(which is W= 6.52 cm). The Poynting vector which equals
Focusing distance to the cross product of electric field, Ē, by the complex
Z=Ro conjugate of the magnetic field, Ĥ. The magnitude of its
real part is the active power density while the magnitude
of its imaginary part is the reactive power density [21].
Adding the phase shift to the array elements results in
Element focusing both the active and reactive power density at the
position focal plane (the plane which include the focus point). The
(xi, yi) ratio between the active power density and the reactive
power density is very large (about 127). Thus, only the
active radiated power density will be taken into account
y and given by
() ( ) (9.5)
x r r r
S = Re S = Re E × H ∗
a. 3‐D view
The equivalent plane wave power densities are defined The contour plot of the normalized power density is
from the E‐field and H‐field as follows shown in Figs.16 for uniformly phased EDRA array and
the NF‐focused EDRA array. The contour curves show
r 2 r 2 r 2 that the field amplitude of the power density decays more
Ex + Ey + Ez
Se = , slowly in the case of uniformly phased array than that for
ηo (9.6) the NF‐focused array.
r r r
and Sh = η o ⋅ ⎛⎜ H x ⎞⎟
2 2 2
+ Hy + Hz 200 0
-2 7
-2
⎝ ⎠
-1 8
-1
-2 4 5
-1 5
1
where Se and Sh are the equivalent plane wave power -1
-2
-9 2
-1 -1 5
-281
density derived from the E‐field and H‐field respectively 2 -6
100 -1 -10
-1 -1 8
and ηo=377Ω. The active power density in the near field
5
given by (Eq. 9.5) compared to the one obtained by -9
-9
y (mm)
-3
-1 2
equivalent plane wave power density derived from the E‐ -1
-6
0
-1 5
-6
-20
-1 2
-9
field and H‐field given by eq. (9.6) have been presented in
-6
-3
[21]. The E‐field power density is sufficient for near field
-9
-1 8 1 5
(Fresnel region) calculations of the radiated power 2 -
-100 1
-
density. The performance of the 8×8 NF focused DRA -6 -30
-1 -
1 5 -1 2
-9 -1 2
array is presented compared to the near‐field -2 8
4
characteristics of the uniformly phased array. 4 -2 1 -1 5 -2 -2 7
-2 1
-1 8
A 3D view of the normalized power density in the -200 -40
-200 -100 05 100 200
transverse plane (x‐y plane) at a distance Ro=40 cm is
x (mm)
shown in Fig. 15.
a. 8×8 uniformly phased DRA array
200 -3 0 24 0
33 6
0
-3
3
-3
0
-33
-
4
Norm aliz ed power dens ity (dB )
2 7
-36
-2
-2
7
1
0 -2 -1 8
- -2 7 -3 0
-30
-10 3-363 -2 1 -2 4
-3
100 -10
-10 07 -1 5 -2 1 - --336
0-33
2 1 -3-2 9
-12 -3 0 -2-274 3
-33
-1
-2--124
- - 2 1
8
-20
8
-3
7
-20
-6
8
-24
y (mm)
-1
-1
-21
8
-9 2
0 -20
-1-15
-30 -30 -3 6
--11-29
4
-
-27
-2
-21 27
5
-40 -3 0--333
-1 8 -3 -24
-
-40 6 -2 4 -21 -2
-241
-2
-100 0 -30
-30
0
7
-50 -3
7
-3 0 -2 1 -1 8
-2
400 -50
-36
3
00 -3 3 -30 7
-3
-2
-36
200 40 -3-33-2
0 7-2 4 -2 4 6
200 -3 9
-3
0 -200 21 -3 -40
0 -200 -100 0 100 7 200
-200 -200
x (mm)
y (mm) -400 -400 x (mm)
b. 8×8 NF focused DRA array
a. 8×8 uniformly phased DRA array Fig. 16 Contour plot of the simulated normalized
power density in an 80 ×80 cm2 area at Ro= 40 cm from
Norm aliz ed power dens ity (dB )
the antenna aperture.
0
-10 Figure 17 and Figure 18 shows the contour plot of the
normalized power density in the planes orthogonal to the
-20
antenna aperture in the y‐z plane and x‐z plane
-30 respectively, for both the NF‐ focused array case and
uniformly phased array case. Figure 19 shows the power
-40 density variation along the z‐axis at x=y=0 for the NF‐
-50 focused array. The 3‐dB contour curve of the NF‐focused
400 array exhibits a diameter of about 30.7 cm. The AR in 40 ×
200 400 40 cm2 area of the transverse plane at focal point 40 cm
0 200
0 away from the NF array aperture is shown in Fig. 20. The
-200 -200 NF‐focused array exhibits focused circular polarization in
y (mm) -400 -400 x (mm) area around the focal point less than that for the
b. 8×8 NF focused DRA array uniformly phased array.
Fig. 15 Simulated normalized power density in an 80 ×80
cm2 area at Ro= 40 cm from the antenna aperture.
0 0
-1 5
1000 4 1000
15
-9
-2 1
-1 8
-1 2
-1 8
-9
-1 5
-9
-2 1
-1 8
-1 2
-5 4 -1 2 -5
-2 1
24 -12
-1 5
-12
-2 1
-18
-1 5
800 800 4
-1 5
-10 24 -10
-12
-12
-9
-9
-2 4
-2 12 4
8
4
-18
-1 8 -1
-2
-2 1
-15 -9 -15
-12
-
6002 4
-1 5
600
z (mm)
z (mm)
-6
-1 2
-9
5
-6 -20 -20
-9
-1
-2 4 8
-6
-6
-1
2
-2 7 4
1
1-5
-152
-6
--1
-6
-2 4
-
-2 -2 4
-25 400 -2 -25
-1 8
-9
4001 7
-9
-18
-6 -2 18 -2 -2 7
-15
-1 2
-1 -3
27
-30 -3-3 -30
4
-1 2
-9 -2 1
-9
-2
-1 5
200
-1 8
-2 1
-6
200 -2 4
-9
-2
-35 -35
-21 1 5
1
-11 2
-2
-
2
-1 8 8 -
2
-9 -9
8
-1
5
-1 -9 -9 -
-1
2
1
9 -40 615 0 9 30036 6 6 3 6 200 -40
-6
9 200 1227
-6
-200 0 -200
y (mm) x (mm)
a. 8×8 uniformly phased DRA array b. 8×8 NF focused DRA array
1000 0 Fig. 18 Contour plot of the simulated normalized power
-1 5
4
-2 1
-1 8
4
-1 5
4 density in an 80 ×1000 cm2 area at Ro= 40 cm on the x‐z
42
4 -5 plane.
-2
-2 4 -1
-12 2
-2 1
-1 2
800 4
-1 5
-2
-1 8
4
-10
-1 5
-2 4
40
-1 2
-2 1
-12
-1 8
-15
-2
600 -9
4
z (mm)
-2 7 -2 -2 4
24 27
-9
-9
35
Power density (dB)
-20
-2 45
-2-1
4
-1
30 3 dB
-2 4-2 1
27
--1
-1825
1
400 -25
-6
2
-2
--2118
4
-9 -1
30 focus depth
-2 4
-30
7
-6
-2
200 -2 4
-9
-2 1
-24
-1 8
-2 4 -35
-1 5 -3
-2 1 25
-1-51 2 -
-1 21 8
21
-9 2 -9
1 6
9-6 15
24 3 3 12 3 9-6
6-1 -40
-200 0 200
7
y (mm) 20
200 400 600 800 1000
b. 8×8 NF focused DRA array
R o z (mm)
Fig. 17 Contour plot of the simulated normalized power
Fig. 18 Simulated radiated power density along the
density in an 80 ×1000 cm2 area at Ro= 40 cm on the y‐z
axial direction for the NF‐focused DRA array.
plane.
0
1000 -9
-1 2
-2 1
-9
-2 1
-15
-1 8
-9
-1 2
-9 -9 -5 200 10
2
1 8 4 6 4
800 2 6
-1 8
-9
6
-1 5
-10 2 8
-1 2
-9
100 2
-18
-1 8
6
-1 5
-1 2
-15
4
18
6
2
600 2
y (mm)
-6 -1 5
z (mm)
-9
0
5
-6 -20
-9
-6
-1
-12
2 4
2
-1-81 5
400 -6 -6 -1 -2 -25
-100
-1 8
-6 2
21
-9
2
-9 -1 2
-30 4
6
4
-1 5 -1 8
1
-9
-2-2 4 2 4 2
200 -2 4 2 -200 2 8
4
20
261
0
-1-1-1 8 0 4
4
-1 2 -69 61 218
-9 2 -40
-3
6 a. 8×8 uniformly phased DRA array
0 696 2 7 6 1200
-6
-200 6 421930 15
2
x (mm)
a. 8×8 uniformly phased DRA array
200 2 216 40
33
8 14 12
10 18
6
10
0
22
24
26
100 -5 Φ=90o
4
8
2
6
2
6 -10
y (mm)
12
0
-15
4
14
8 2
-20
-100
10
2
2
8
10
-25
-200 4
8612
16 024
220 6 262 0
6
-5 Φ=0 -35
-50 -25 0 25 50
-10 θ (degrees)
a . x‐z plane
-15
0
-20
-25 -5 Φ=90o
Normalized power (dB)
8×8 NF focused DRA array -10
-30 8×8 uniformly phased DRA array
-15
-35
-400 -200 0 200 400
-20
x (mm)
a . x‐z plane
-25
-30
-35
-50 -25 0 25 50
θ (degrees)
b. y‐z plane
Fig. 9.21 The far‐ field power pattern of the uniform
phase DRA array in different planes.
3. Conclusions: [10] S. Karimkashi, and Ahmed A. Kishk, “Focused
microstrip array antenna using a dolph‐chebyshev
This paper presented the design procedure of an 8×8 NF‐ near‐field design ,” IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol.
focused DRA phased array for fixed RFID reader 57, no. 12, pp. 3813‐3820, Dec. 2009
applications. The array was designed, optimized and [11] A. Buffi, A. A. Serra, P. Nepa, , H. T. Chou, and G.
analyzed using FIT and FEM. The performance Manara, “A focused planar microstrip array for 2.4
parameters of a circularly polarized DRA with GHz RFID readers,” IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag.,
supporting arm as a building block for the RFID reader vol. 58, no. 5, may 2010
antenna is investigated. The parameters of the NF‐ [12] K. M. Leung, and K. W. Luk, Dielectric Resonator
focused array and its uniformly phased version are Antenna, Research Studies Press LTD., Hertfordsire,
introduced. Numerical results confirm the feasibility of England, 2003.
the proposed phased array configuration as a near field [13] R. Chair, A. A. Kishk, and K. F. Lee, “Experimental
focusing antenna. The NF‐focused array introduces a investigation for wideband perforated dielectric
focused spot area with diameter of 13.7 cm and SLL of ‐16 resonator antenna,” Electronic Lett., vol. 42, no. 3, pp.
dB so representing a valuable solution in realistic 137‐139, Feb. 2006
applications. [14] Y. Zhang, and A. A. Kishk, “Analysis of dielectric
resonator antenna arrays with supporting perforated
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(EuCAP 2007), pp. 1‐5, 2007.
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