  

‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٨  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
 KGSM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
 KGSM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
 

 K٪٩٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K١٢W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬

K‫ א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Power point‫א‬‫ א‬
 

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٨  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

 ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬١ J٣

 Frequency ‫א‬١ J١ J٣ 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?Radio Waves?E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K?Hz?  ?Hertz?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ?ƒ? 
Speed of ?‫א‬?λ??Wavelength?‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬3×108 m/s ?c??Light
 W‫א‬

ƒ = c/ λ (3.1)

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ?λ?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬    K‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K300 MHz‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE١ J٣F

 W‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E3.1F‫א‬

c 3 x108 m / s
   1m
f 300 x106 Hz

 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٨  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

 Frequency spectrum‫א‬‫א‬ ٢ J١ J٣

‫א‬  ‫א‬ ?Radio Waves? ‫א‬‫א‬  ?Frequency Spectrum? ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 E١ J٢F ‫ א‬  K 300 GHz    300 Hz   ‫א‬      ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١ J٣F‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ VLF 1Mm – 10Km 0.3 – 30KHz  
LW ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ LF 10Km – 1Km 30 – 300KHz  
MW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ MF 1Km – 100m 0.3 – 3MHz  
FM SW ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ HF 100m – 10m 3 – 30MHz  
VHF‫א‬ VHF 10m – 1m 30 – 300MHz
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ UHF‫א‬ UHF 1m – 10cm 0.3 – 3GHz
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ SHF 10cm – 1cm 3 – 30GHz
 
 ‫א‬ EHF 1cm – 1mm 30 – 300GHz
 

  Bandwidth‫א‬‫א‬ ٣ J١ J٣

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?Frequency Band?‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K?fmax??fmin?
 ? fmax? ‫א‬ ?Bandwidth?‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬K?Hertz??BW?K‫א‬?fmin?

BW = fmax - fmin (3.2)

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
K?Bit/sec?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?Bits?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٨  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

 ‫ א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬   E٢ J٣F ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢ J٣F‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    
PDC AMPS, TDMA, CDMA NMT  
810-820 MHz 824-849 MHz  452-457 MHz ‫ ﻧﻈﻢ اﻟﻬﻮاﺗﻒ‬ 
940-956 MHz 869-894 MHz 462-467 MHz
‫اﻟﻤﺤﻤﻮﻟﺔ‬
1429-1465 MHz     Mobile  
1477-1513 MHz GSM, TDMA, CDMA GSM  phones  
1850-1910 MHz 890-915 MHz
1930-1990 MHz 935-960 MHz  
1710-1785 MHz
1805-1880 MHz  
 PHS PACS CT1+
1895-1918 MHz 1850-1910 MHz 885-887 MHz  
‫א‬‫א‬
1930-1990 MHz 930-932 MHz  
     ‫א‬
JCT CT2 Cordless  
254-380 MHz PACS-UB 864-868 MHz telephones
1919-1930MHz
 
 
DECT  
1880-1900 MHz
 
 

 Channels‫א‬‫א‬ ٤ J١ J٣

   ?Channels? ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬        
  ?ƒ?      ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬?BWch?
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ?Half Duplex Channels?   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ?Simplex Channels?
 K?Full Duplex Channels?‫א‬

 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٨  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

Simplex Channels‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

   ‫א‬   ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١ J٣F

 K‫א‬‫א‬?Pager System?‫א‬K١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?Radio & TV Broadcasting?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
Tx Rx
1 Radio Channel  
 
 

 A   B
  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١ J٣F 

Half-Duplex Channels‫א‬‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬  E ‫א‬ F ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬      
           
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
،?Police Terminals? ‫א‬?Release to Listen? ‫א‬ ?Push to Talk?
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢ J٣F‫א‬

 

- ٥٤ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٨  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

Tx \ Rx Tx \ Rx  
1 Radio Channel
 
 
 
 A   B
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢ J٣F

Full-Duplex Channels‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬E٣ J٣F‫א‬GSM‫א‬

 
 
Tx \ Rx Tx \ Rx  
RF1  
2 Radio Channel  
RF2  
 A B
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣ J٣F

 

- ٥٥ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٨  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

 Propagation Velocity‫א‬ ٥ J١ J٣

?v?‫א‬Kc = 3x108 m/s ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  v
c
(3.3)
r

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?Relative Permittivity?‫א‬‫א‬ εr

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ εr = 1‫א‬‫א‬
 K3x108 m/s

 Duplex Distance‫א‬‫א‬ ٦ J١ J٣

?Full-Duplex Channels?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬GSM
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ?Down-link? ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬KE٤ J٣F ?Up-link?‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬E٥ J٣F‫א‬K?Duplex Distance?‫א‬

 
 
 
Down-link  
 
 

  
 
Up-link
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤ J٣F
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٨  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

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Up - Link Down - Link
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MHz 890 915 935 960  
Duplex Distance (45 MHz)  
Bandwidth (2 X 25 MHz)  

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 ‫א‬‫א‬E٥ J٣F 

 Carrier Separation (Carrier Bandwidth)‫א‬‫א‬٧ J١ J٣

،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬   ?Carrier Bandwidth?  ‫א‬      
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬?Overlap?‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬  K‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬  
‫א‬ ‫א‬  GSM    K     ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 KE٦ J٣F?200 KHz?‫א‬

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MHz 895.4 895.6
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Carrier Separation (200 kHz)
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 ‫א‬‫א‬E٦ J٣F  

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٨  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

 Modulation Method ‫א‬٨ J١ J٣

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ GSM ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

،?Amplitude?‫א‬ ?Carrier Signal?‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ ?Phase?‫א‬،? Frequency? ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٧ J٣F‫א‬K‫א‬

K?Amplitude shift keying (ASK)?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

K?Frequency shift keying (FSK)?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
K?Phase shift keying (PSK)?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

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ASK
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FSK  
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PSK (BPSK)
(0ο, 180ο)  
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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٧ J٣F 

‫א‬        ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
Minimum Shift ? ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬    FSK, PSK  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
E٨ J٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ?Keying (MSK)
 ?Even Bits? ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
f1‫א‬‫א‬W K‫א‬‫א‬?Odd Bits?
 W‫א‬‫א‬Kf2=2f1 f2‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٨  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

 f2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 0‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  J

 KE180o‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬

f1 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬0‫א‬‫א‬1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
 KE180o‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬

f1 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1‫א‬‫א‬0‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬f2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
K‫א‬‫א‬
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  MSK ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٨ J٣F

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?Gaussian Low-Pass Filter?‫א‬

 ?Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying (GMSK)? ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬    
‫א‬  GSM   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫ א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬?DECT?

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٨  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

 Multiple Access Methods ‫א‬‫א‬ ٩ J١ J٣

 FDMA  ‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    K‫א‬    ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA)?‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 K?Frequency Domain?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
FDMA
  
 ‫א‬‫א‬E٩ J٣F

915 ?   ?890 MHz?  ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   GSM  
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ?MS? ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ?Up-Link? ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ?MHz
?960 MHz?  ?935 MHz?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ?BTS? 
20 ?   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ?BTS?  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ?Down-Link? ‫א‬
‫א‬ 124 ‫א‬K ‫א‬ ?MHz
  K?200 KHz?

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٨  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

 TDMA   ‫א‬‫א‬ 

?Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)?‫א‬‫א‬

 ?Time Slot (TS)?‫א‬‫א‬ ?Time Domain?‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

GSM?FDMA?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 TDMA frame‫א‬‫א‬?TDMA?‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ?Time Slot (TS)?  8
 K?TDMA? E١٠ J٣F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
   
Frequency1  
 
 
 
 
 
TDMA  
 
 

 GSM?TDMA?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٠ J٣F
 

 SDMA   ‫א‬‫א‬ 

?TDMA? ?FDMA?  

   GSM  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
Space Division Multiple Aaccess ? ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٨  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?(SDMA)
 ‫א‬    E١١ J٣F ‫א‬  K     ?Cells?
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K?SDMA? ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

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 

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 
 
 ?SDMA?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١١ J٣F 

?BTS?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?GSM?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬?MS?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬       ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ،‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
Co-channel ?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬?SDMA?‫א‬‫א‬K?Interferance
?Main Beam?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ?Smart/Adaptive Antennas?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E١٢ J٣F‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?Radiation Nulls?‫א‬
 K?SDMA?

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?SDMA?‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬?SDMA?‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٨  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

 
f1

f1  
f2
Phased  
Array
Antenna
 
f1

f3
f1  
A. 120ο Sectored Radio
Site
Radio beams
follow movement
 
of mobile radio f1
 
f1
B. Radio Site with SDMA
Technology
 

 ?SDMA?‫א‬‫א‬ E١٢ J٣F

 CDMA‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

G3‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)?
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬      ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ? CDMA?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١٣ J٣F

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٨  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

 ‫א‬٢ J٣

 Path Loss ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١ J٢ J٣

 3x108 m/s     ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
EFPr‫א‬‫א‬ K?Line Of Sight (LOS)?
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ?d?‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬?Inverse Square Law?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

1
Pr  (3-4)
d2

‫א‬?Gain?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   K‫א‬ ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 K

 Blocking and Shadowing‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٢ J٣

F ?BTS?‫א‬ ‫א‬ ?MS?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
    ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K?Blocking?
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

?Fading?‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ?Shadowing? ‫א‬‫א‬ ?Reflection?
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ K‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬   
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٨  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬     E١٣ J٣F ‫א‬ ‫א‬ E ‫א‬F
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 ?Shadowing?‫א‬E١٤ J٣F

E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ?Scattering?
‫א‬ ?Wave Diffraction?  ‫א‬ ‫א‬      ‫א‬    K
‫א‬   ‫א‬   ?Patterns?         KE١٤ J٣F  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ?Wave Diffraction?‫א‬‫א‬?Scattering?‫א‬E١٥ J٣F
 
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٨  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

 Multi-path propagation‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣ J٢ J٣

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Multi-path ? ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬       ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
  ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬   ?Propagation
 ?MS?‫א‬‫א‬  ?BTS? ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
?Rayleigh Fading?   ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   K‫א‬  
 K?Delay Spread or Time Dispersion?‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  
3μs‫א‬?Delay Spread?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬       ‫א‬  
 K

 Rayleigh Fading 

 ،‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ?Rayleigh Fading?     E١٥ J٣ F 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬?Rayleigh Fading?E١٥ J٣F

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٨  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
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 Time Dispersion or Delay Spread ‫א‬‫ א‬

‫א‬‫א‬        ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬  K?TDMA? ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ?One Bit? ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ?Time Dispersion? ‫א‬
   K‫א‬        ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   K     ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ?Adaptive Equalization?‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

?Inter-Symbol Interference (ISI)? ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE١٦ J٣F‫א‬

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 K‫א‬‫א‬E١٦ J٣F

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٨  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
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     15 μs   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  GSM  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،E١٧ J٣F‫א‬  4.5Km
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬15 μs
 K‫א‬4.5Km

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٧ J٣F

 Time alignment‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤ J٢ J٣

  K?Time Domain? ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
‫א‬‫א‬  ?MSs?‫א‬‫א‬ ?BTS?‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬         
‫א‬    K‫א‬     E١٨ J٣F ‫א‬ K‫א‬  ‫א‬
 K ‫א‬?Timing Advance?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٨  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 ?Time Alignment?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٨ J٣F

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥ J٢ J٣

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K?Bit? ?Symbol? ‫א‬
Inter-Symbol Interference?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬?Symbol Rate?‫א‬‫א‬KK?(ISI)

  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E١٩ J٣F‫א‬K?Short Term Fading?‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬?Long Term Fading?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 
 K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٨  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  
 

 
 
 
 
 
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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٩ J٣F

‫א‬‫א‬     ‫א‬     ‫א‬     
‫א‬  ?Doppler Shift?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬٣ J٣

 ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬     ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬‫א‬        K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٨  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

 Channel Coding ‫א‬ ١ J٣ J٣

Bit Error Rate ?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K?(BER)
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

( Tx bits) 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0

( Rx bits) 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0

( BER)‫א‬ ↑ ↑ ↑ BER= 3/10 = 30%

 

‫א‬   ‫א‬   ?Channel Coding? ‫א‬   
  ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬    ‫א‬   K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 K?Path Loss?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬

 Interleaving ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٣ J٣

‫א‬‫א‬?Interleaving?‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٢٠ J٣F‫א‬ ?Bits? ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٨  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٠ J٣F

 Antenna Diversity‫א‬‫א‬٣ J٣ J٣

‫א‬?Time Diversity? ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

Space ? ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ?Angle Diversity? ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ?Frequency Diversity? ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K?Diversity

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   
‫א‬     ‫א‬   K‫א‬    ‫א‬   ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬

K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K10cm ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   E ٢١ J٣F
?1/10 ?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٨  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

 
 
 
 
 

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢١ J٣F

Adaptive Equalization‫א‬‫א‬٤ J٣ J٣

‫א‬?Adaptive Equalization? ‫א‬‫א‬

Time ? ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬   
?Bits? ‫א‬ ‫א‬       ‫א‬ ‫א‬  K?Dispersion
Training ? ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ?Burst? ‫א‬  ?Time Slot? ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  K‫א‬  ‫א‬     ?Sequence
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬   
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
    ‫א‬    ?26 Bit?  ‫א‬    GSM    
 KE٢٢ J٣F‫א‬
Received burst
Data S' Data  
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 
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 ‫א‬E٢٢ J٣F
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٨  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

Frequency Hopping‫א‬‫א‬٥ J٣ J٣

‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬   ?Frequency Hopping? ‫א‬ ‫א‬
?Co-channel Interference?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  K ?Fading? ‫א‬
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬  124 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ ?Slow Frequency Hopping? ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  K?Fast Frequency Hopping? ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 J٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  E٢٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 ‫א‬‫א‬ E٢٣ J٣F

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٨  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

 Timing Advance ‫א‬‫א‬٦ J٣ J٣

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
.?BTS?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?MS?‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ?Timing Advance?‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬       ‫א‬     ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ?Timing Advance? ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
K?Time Alignment? ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬     
 K‫א‬‫א‬E٢٤ J٣F‫א‬

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Sending
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Time Synchronization Time  
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 ‫א‬‫א‬E٢٤ J٣F
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‫א‬Kone bit‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬GSM
GSMK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬63 bit‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K35 Km
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٨  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

 GSM‫א‬‫א‬٤ J٣

MS‫א‬‫א‬KGSM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٥ J٣F‫א‬
‫א‬ E٢٥ J٣F‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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MS‫א‬‫א‬E٢٥ J٣F
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MS‫א‬‫א‬E٢٥ J٣F  

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٨  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

   ?GMSK? ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   
‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ?Duplexer? ‫א‬      ‫א‬ 
‫א‬  K‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬    K‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?BTS? ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٢٥ J٣F‫א‬

 Analog to Digital (A/D) Conversion‫א‬‫א‬١ J٤ J٣

 ?Analog Speech Information?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬E٢٦ J٣F( 0's , 1's)
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?Pulse Code Modulation (PCM)?‫א‬

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 ‫א‬E٢٦ J٣F

  Sampling‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬8 kHz
 K‫א‬E٢٧ J٣F‫א‬K3400 Hz 300 Hz

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٨  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

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 Sampling‫א‬E٢٧ J٣F

 Quantization‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Quantization ?‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
E٢٨ J٣F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ?Error
 GSM  256 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K13 bit / sample‫א‬‫א‬،8192

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 ?Quantization?‫א‬E٢٨ J٣F
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٨  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

 Coding‫א‬ 

EBits   F    ‫א‬   Coding ‫א‬  
‫א‬K( 213 = 8192 level ) 13 Bit  
 K‫א‬E٢٩ J٣F

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0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1  
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 GSM‫א‬E٢٩ J٣F

 ‫א‬‫א‬

Rb ( one MS) = 104 kbits/s = 13 bit /sample ×8000 sample

 ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Rb ( 8 MS) = 104 kbits/s × 8 MS = 832 kbit/s

‫א‬   ?MS?   200 kHz  GSM   ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 832 kbit/s‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٨  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

 Segmentation and Speech Coding ‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٤ J٣

 Segmentation‫א‬ 

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
     20 ms    ‫א‬   ،   ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬bits 20 ms‫א‬
 KE٣٠ J٣F8000 sample/s 50 sample/s

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 ‫א‬‫א‬E٣٠ J٣F

 Speech Coding‫א‬ 

A/D ‫א‬ 13 bits  260 bits‫א‬ GSM‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W

 Rb = 50 sample × 260 bit = 13 kbits/s

 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٨  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Rb = 13 kbits/s × 8 MS = 104 kbits/s

 Channel Coding ‫א‬٣ J٤ J٣

E٣١ J٣F ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ?Channel Coding? ‫א‬  
‫א‬K GSM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
    ‫א‬   20 ms  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   260 bit  
 W‫א‬

  KE50 Very Important BitsF‫א‬50 bitW١‫ א‬K١

  KE132 Important BitsF132 bitW٢‫ א‬K٢
  KE78 Not So Important BitsF78 bitW٣‫ א‬K٣

F?Parity?3bitBlock Coder?50 bit?١‫א‬

 K53 bit‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E?1s?
Convolutional ?‫א‬‫א‬?Tail?4 bit?132 bit?٢‫א‬53 bit
 378 bit‫א‬ 1/2  ‫א‬ ?Coding
  456 bit‫א‬‫א‬ K ‫א‬ 78 bit‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K20 ms
 
50 very Block
Coder 53 bits
378 bit
 
Important bits 1:2
 
+3 bits
Convolution
al

132 Important bits

Coder  
 
456 bits
4 Tail bits  
 
78 Not so Important bits  
 

 GSM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣١ J٣F
- ٨١ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٨  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

 W?MS?‫א‬‫א‬
 Rb = 456 bits / 20 ms = 22.8 kbits/s
 W?MSs?
 Rb = 22.8 kbits/s × 8 MS = 182.4 kbits/s
GSM ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤ J٤ J٣

  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ GSM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
20 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
8 Blocks‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬456 bitms
‫א‬‫א‬EF 57 bit 
 K‫א‬‫א‬E٣٢ J٣F‫א‬K‫א‬

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣٢ J٣F
 
 

- ٨٢ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٨  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
   20 ms          ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E 1,2,3,4F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E5,6,7,8F
‫א‬‫א‬E٣٣ J٣F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣٣ J٣F

Ciphering / Encryption ‫א‬٥ J٤ J٣

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  GSM ?Encryption? ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  114 bit ?XOR?
‫א‬K?kc ? ‫א‬ ?Frame Number (FN)? ‫א‬‫א‬
       ‫א‬   ‫א‬    K‫א‬   
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 114 bit‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬E٣٤ J٣FK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٨  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 Ciphering / Deciphering‫א‬‫א‬E٣٤ J٣F
 

 Burst Formatting‫א‬٦ J٤ J٣

 J٣F‫א‬‫א‬ 546.5μs ‫א‬  148 bit‫א‬  GSM 

 W‫א‬E٣٥

 3 bit ?Tail?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J

 K‫א‬‫א‬57 bit?User Data?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K1 bitESF?Flag? J
 K26 bit?Training Sequence?‫א‬ J
 K1 bitESF?Flag? J
 K‫א‬‫א‬57 bit?User Data?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 3bit  ?Tail?‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬ 15.25μs‫א‬?Space Guard? J
 

‫א‬       30.5μs ‫א‬  ‫א‬    
 K577 μs?Time Slot?‫א‬‫א‬
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٨  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

 
 
 
 
 
 
 GSM  ?Burst?‫א‬E٣٥ J٣F

 GSM‫א‬‫א‬٧ J٤ J٣

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ?Digital Modulator?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬    GSM    ‫א‬ ‫א‬      
 K?Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying (GMSK) ?‫א‬

 -60dB‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬    K‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 
       200KHz   ?Bandwidth?      270.8Kbit/s
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬?Duplexer?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 1.35bit/sec/Hz
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 
 
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٨  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬ J‫א‬‫א‬ J‫א‬‫א‬ J‫א‬ JW
  K١
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
‫؟‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
 MSK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٥
 ‫ ؟‬GSM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٦
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Multiplexing ‫א‬‫א‬ K٧
 FDMA‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٨
 TDMA‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٩
 SDMA‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١٠
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١١
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١٤
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١٥
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١٦
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١٧
  GSM‫א‬‫א‬ K١٨
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١٩
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢٠
 ‫א‬ J‫א‬ J‫א‬ J
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢١
 ‫א‬‫ א‬ J ‫א‬‫א‬ J‫א‬‫א‬ J‫א‬ J
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٤٨  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  

 ‫؟‬‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢٢
 ‫؟‬‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢٣
  GSM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢٤
 ‫ ؟‬GSM‫א‬‫א‬ K٢٥
 ‫ ؟‬GSM K٢٦
  GSM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢٧
 ‫ ؟‬GSMencryption ‫א‬‫א‬ K٢٨
  GSM‫א‬‫א‬ K٢٩
  GSM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣٠

 
 
 
 
 
 

 

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