GRAMMAR FILE UNIT 1 REFERENCE present tenses present simple We use the present simple: + for habits and repeated actions. | go saling every weekend My brother usually comes with me. for fects or things that are always true You don't need any expensive equipment for swimming Some hobbies cost alot of money. with state verbs, eg. lke, love, think, understand, realise, hear, smell, sound. Hove surfing! | don’t understand what you're saying to describe what happens in a film, book or story. In the end, she wins and becomes the world champion. Luckily, the police arrive and rescue him. present continuous We use the present continuous: + for actions that are happening right now or around now, I'm doing my homework at the moment. ‘Oh, no! it's raining! for situations that are changing, ‘Gymnastics is becoming much more popular. More young people are getting nto surfing, with always, for things that happen often or repeatedly, and are usually annoying. ''m always losing things! Dan is always complaining! adverbs and adverbial phrases of frequency Adverbs offequency (eg. aloys, usualy, often, never) go before the main verb, but after the verb be. We usually use adverbs oF frequency with the present simple. | usualy get home at about 7.30. \We often spend the whole day atthe beach {eis usually warm and sunny in June The waters often quite cold -Agverbial phrases (e.g. everyday, summer, most weekends, ot the moment) usualy go atthe end ofa sentence but they can also go atthe beginning for emphasis. If they goat the beginning, ‘they are followed by a comma. | go running most evenings Most people spend more time outdoors in summer. Most days, the waves are really good for surfing. 144 present perfect tenses present perfect simple ‘We use the present perfect simple + for things that happened at an unspecified time in the past. Ive ridden a horse afew times, with superlatives and the phrase it's the first time. Ie the best film ve ever seen. les the first time Ive tried acting for actions that have ished recently He's just won an award for his business. for actions that happened in the past. but have 3 result the present, The focus ison the result rather then the action ve lost my phone, sol cant call him, to introduce 2 topic about the past. We often use the past simple to give more details. We finished my project! did the final bits last weekend. present perfect continuous positive WWe[You/They working He/She/it ‘He/Sheyit "hasnt been questions Have \Vwvefyou)they Has he/sheit ‘been working? short answers Yes/No, Wwefyou/they | havefhaventt. “he/she/it hasjhasn't We use the present perfect continuous: ‘+ for actions that started in the past and are still continuing. He's been running his own business since he was thirteen, ‘+ to emphasise that an activity has continued for a long time, We've been waiting for ages! Remember: With stative verbs, we use the present perfect simple, not the present perfect continuous Fve loved acting ever since Iwas a child. We use for or since with the present perfect simple and present perfect continuous to say how long something has continued. We se for +a period of time and since + a point in time. It's been raining for three hours! We've lived in this house since | was four.PRACTICE present tenses [i choose the correct verb forms to complete the sentences. 1 ve ‘loving singing, nd my dream isto become protesona singe! 2 Singing iseat for everyone because help /'s helping people ean. 3 practise /'m practising for about two hours everyday. 4 earn /m learning a great new song atthe moment 5 My parents dont understand / rent understanding hy "Spend so much time singing 6 inthe pat twas dificult to get an aucence but the internet makes [is making that eae now Dl complete the opinions about BMX biking with the correct formof the verbs in brackets. (think) BMX eiding is the best hobby ever! Bikes are expensive, but more» (become) available to buy second-hand now. Look online, youre into BMX, watch the new film about it. Some teenagers _. (decide) to build their own BMX track Because there's nowhere for them to practise. I's 2 great film! ‘There's always a new challenge with BMX. 15 (try) to learn a new trick at the moment. rm determined Il do it! Check out the BMX track in Winters Lane. Me ‘and my friends (go) there every ‘weekend. it's amazing [Add the time expression to the correct place in each sentence. 41 We go somewhere warm for our holidays. (usualy) 2. Imtrying to write a song, (at the moment) 3. My brother i late for school. (often) 4 goto the cinema. (most weekends) 5 You cant pley tennis outside. (in winter) 6 My sister is asking if she can borrow my laptop! (always) present perfect tenses [Eilwate the sentences wth the present perfect continuous orm of the vers. 1 we / ive /in this house for ten years 2. Rob /not feel / very well / this week 3 how long / you / wait? 4 my brother / study / at university / for two years. 5 | not work | very hard recently 6 how long it rain? [Ei choos the corect words to complete the sentences 1 Ohno! The other team has just scored / ust been scoring cal 2. Hoyviong have you written / have you been writing your wn songs? 4 This isthe rst ime have ever ridden / have ever been riding 3 camel 4 Oh, al Someone has stolen hasbeen stealing mbit, 5 Sam sted. He has payed / hasbeen paying tennis for over thee hours 6 ve always thought /'ve always been thinking tat t trou be fun tobe fashion model Complete the article withthe correct present perfect form of these words. fever/make know just/win produce study teach ‘The London College of Fashion * young, Beope ll abou fashion for over 100 years, and it alot of famous designers. Ellie, eighteen, there for two years now. 4... that I wanted to be a fashion designer since {was about ten, and deciding to come to the London College of Fashion was the best decision 1°, she says. The course i biliant! Doing the ‘end-of-year fashion showrs isthe best LV part, and I'm really pleased because 1 son 8 award for my latest collection of clothes!"GRAMMAR FILE UNIT 2 REFERENCE past tenses past simple We use the past simple: «+ for fishes past actions/events, ora sequence of actions | fel off my bike last week + fora past habit or situation. ‘When | was younger, | eouldn’t ride 2 bike past continuous ‘We use the past continuous: “+ for actions in progress in the past and temporary past tuations, My brother was living in London at that time. + for an action which was interrupted by another action: We were having a picnic when it started to rain. + to describe the background for a story, action or event. We were driving to the hotel when we got lost. used to We use used toldidn’t use to + infinitive for repeated past actions, habits and states which are no longer true. Stella used to play the violin but now she prefers the piano, would We use would + infinitive for repeated past actions but NOT for habits and states. | would spend all my holidays playing outside, present perfect simple or past simple? \We use the present perfect simple fr actions inthe past, when ‘we don't knovi/mention the time. When we knowlmention the time, we use the past simple My sisters won a singing competition. My sister won a singing competition last month past perfect simple (had + past participle) ‘We use the past perfect + Foran action, event or situation that happened before another cone inthe past. ‘The audience had started laughing before he nished the joke + with superiative adjectives (eg. the best, the worst), with phrases such as It'//t was the first time (that) and with ever/never. It was the best holiday Id ever had. + with adverbs of time, eg,just, already, yet, ever, never. We had never been whitewater rafting before. past simple or past perfect simple? We use the past simple, not the past perfect, ifthe order of events is clear or if one action happens immediately after the other. ‘They reached the mountain top then started to climb down again. 146 comparative and superlative forms adjectives + Comparative adjectives compare two people or things My sisters taller than my mother. Horse-riding isa more challenging activity than riding a bike. + Superlative adjectives compare one person or thing ina group with others in the same group. twas the wettest day we'd had. ‘After superlatives, we use in before singular nouns and of before plural nouns Wendy's the best student in her class. Wendy's the best of al the students. Irregular adjectives include: itle less - the least and ‘much/many ~ more the most. adverbs Adverbs follow the same general rules as adjectives. + We use more/less + adverb (+ than) to form the comparative. ‘Sam runs more quickly than | do. ‘+ We use the most/the least to form the superlative of most adverbs ending in -y. kim did her project the most carefully of al her friends, ‘+ Some short adverbs have the same comparative and superlative form as adjectives: early fr, fast, hard, high, late, ong, low, near, soon, wel, Badly. ‘The journey took longer than we expected Here are some irregular adverbs: adverb comparative __| superlative well better the best badly worse the worst far “farther/further the farthest/furthest little less the least (ot) muchyaiot more the most other comparative structures + We use (not) as... as with adjectives and adverbs to compare equal things My mobile phone isn't as good as hers. + We can use adverbs of degree to make comparisons of adjectives and adverbs stronger (eg. much, a lot, far) or weaker (eg. obit, olitte, sightiy ‘Today's news is much more interesting than usual + We use too and (not) enough (+ torinfnitive) with adjectives and adverbs. Its too cold and windy today to go out in the boat. + We can also make comparisons between clauses and phrases. its more difficult to be funny in @ foreign language than itis inyour own language.PRACTICE past tenses [i choose the corect verb forms to complete the sentences 1 the ime we fished goin round the exhibition, most of the vitor left had lef the museum 2 The fim ha already started / already started when we got tothe cinema, so we mised the Beginning, 3 Thehistrian gave his tak and then he had accepted / accepted questons fom the audience 4 They walked / were walking down te treet when 2 mad dog Jumped [was jumping outa hem 5 twas the funniest book she read / had read in ages 6 Nickhad never been / never wet sking before 7 The teacher had just begun just began her presentation when there has been / was a power cut. 8 They would / used toe usb the tation but now they Ie outinthe county Di complete the news tems withthe corect form of the verbs Inbrackets nb, use used to or would where necessary. ® Crazy robots! A robot at a Tech Fair * .. (talk) to some children when he suddeniy? {ose} control (esha eibion stand The = (discover thatthe exhibitor vho (control) the robot ®... . (hit) the ‘Srward button by accident inseed of tie reverse bution. Toddler trouble! ‘Ayyoung child of tee years old Ino therapy recent oben his bit abil He _ (play) for four hours every day and " (tan}) screaming if his parents (tz) to take the tablet away from him. Giviousiy his parents (not realise) that children s0 young coud develop a problem ike that (have) t0 20 Complete the story with one word in each gap. GHOSTS OR WHATS ‘Two young people, Tim and Flora, Bec cana eee aoa a er decided to find out if they were tue. os week, they?, and while they’ approaching the front door, they noticed that i open so they went in Something tall and thin floated out ofa room and made a strange cry. Tim and Flora had heard such a noise before, They ran back cut ofthe house - and away from the mystery. .to the house comparative and superlative forms Complete the sentences with these words. as less more than the worst 1 Katie was MUCH... _ interested in world news after her trip abroad 2 The trip to the ancient city wasn't as tring I had imagined. 3 Thatjoke was the... wasn't funny, 4 We wanted the tour guide to talk... ‘that we could understand him better! 5. The painting was older. seen before, 6 The exhibition of the writer's diaries was best part ofthe visit ve ever heard! It just uickly so anything 'd ever Complete the text with one word in each gap. Rewrite the second sentence using the word given. Use between two and fe words, Including the word given, 1 knew a few more answers in the quiz this term, air was. successful in the quiz this term, 2 | con't know anyone funnier than my friend Owen THE Owen, iknow. 3 Some items of news aren't as interesting as others. Less Some items of news... others, 4 The waterfall looked far away, but it was nearer than we thought, as. ‘The waterfall wasn't 5 Mia didn’t expect to find a job so quickly. MucH Mia found a job . she expected, 6 More tourists visit the Acropolis than other sites in Greece, POPULAR The Acropolis. we thought. with tourists than ‘other sites in Greece, varGRAMMAR FILE UNIT 3 REFERENCE future forms present simple We use the present simple for timetables and scheduled events. The boat leaves for Crete at 10 pm. We should be there an hour earlier. present continuous ‘We use the present continuous for arranged future events. Wette flying to Spain on Friday. going to ‘We use going to for future plans and intentions. {im going to vista wildlife park on Saturday will \We use the future simple ‘+ for predictions, quick decisions, promises, offers and wernings. You'll have a long and happy life. Ok, I'l plant some beans and you can pick the apples. \Welll be at the park by 10 am. Ill show you how to create your own webpage if you lke, You'll get wet if you don't take an umbrella! + to express certainty. Helen will be at home by now -why don't you ring her? future continuous We use the future continuous: + for an action that will be in progress at or around a specific time inthe future In two weeks’ time, ll be relaxing on a beach! ‘+ with certain time phrases: this time next yeor, next week, this time tomorrow, in three weeks’ time, etc. This time next week, we'll be cycling to the coast ~ amazing! future time clauses We use 2 present tense instead of a future tense in future time clauses with after, 0s soon as, before, by the time, until, when and while, [As soon as we get home, 'l start my project on endangered animals. 148 phrases for talking about the future ‘We use certain phrases for talking about future events: be about to, be due to, be likely/unikely to. ‘The talk is due to start in ten minutes. Shall we go into the lecture theatre? adverbs of likelihood We often use adverbs of litelinood with future tenses: certainly, defintely, probably, possibly, etc. Jack s probably going to come with me on Saturday. so, such, too, enough so, such (a/an) We use s0 + adj/ad (+ that) and such (ofan) (+ ad) + noun (+ thot + foremphasis We had such a fantastic time on holiday! + togive information about a cause and a resut. The farm trip was so interesting that we didn’t want to leave! (Other common phrases are: $0 much/so many}such a lot of + noun. ‘There were such a lot of people on the beach that we left immediately We saw so many fishin the sea while we were on holiday. too, (not) ... enough We use too + adj/adv (+ to-infinitive) and (not) + adj/adv + enough (+ to-infinitive/that clause) to say why a result isn’t possible. It's too cold to go swimming today. It isn’t warm enough to go swimming today. We can also use (not) enough (+ ad)) + noun (+ to-infiitive), ‘There wasn't enough time to see everyting that we wanted to, (Other common phrases are: to0 much/too many + noun. | think | ate too much pizza -but it was so good! ‘There were too many stray dogs in the village. Note the use of for ‘There wasn't enough pizza for everyone to have two slices. phrasal verbs Phrasal verbs eg grow up, ook ofr) consist of a verb and one ‘or two particles. rs 2 good idea to learn phrasal verbs insets, perhaps having the same particle or connected by topic. They re most common in informal writing and speech Regarcing word oder ifthe object ofthe phrasal verbs is 2 noun, it ean go after the particle OR etween the vero and the particle chop down tees OR chop trees down ifthe object i @ pronoun, it can ony go between the verb and the particle ‘chop them down (NOT chop-dewn-ther)PRACTICE future forms [Hl complet the sentences with these words and phrases. are having isgoing is due to will will be spending won't 11 Do you think our idea of cleaning up the beaches vw B@ POPULAT? 2 Can you hurry up? The bus that goes to the lake smn !@2N@ In ten minutes, 3 We. ‘a book sale next month to raise money for the new wildife centre 4. Sam's away on an ow-watching weekend but he vo _ to tellus all about it on Monday. 5 I nonpmmnun @¥ET reall ike bugs, But | enjoy the outdoor if. 6 Ths time next Week, We nnn the day at Kew Gardens, one of the world’s greatest botanical gardens, [Dy choose the correct vero forms to complete the tet Live in Puerto Vallarta in Mexico. This weekend +m going / Im about to go on a school trip to Banderas Bay. So tis time tomorrow, 27m watching / I'l be watching the wild dolphins there! m sure i'l be / I be realy exciting. On the Saturday morning, our Biology teacher tglves /is giving us talk ist and then Swell definitely go / we definitely go out ‘ona boat. I'l report back next week ater we ‘are getting / get back from the trip! Complete the text with one word in each gap. Poy ticinttentue'..eytote toni atthe be reward ect ete coin ity Jeo may tus preaby : ii iowontusng pas SeneSo ptomnpes seers srasot to bevertingon sal toured stmenne or ae underwater. As soon as they ¢. tat wart topo oe so, such, too, enough Match the sentence halves (1-6) with (A-F). 1 Id.never seen A because there was too 2 There wasn't enough much traffic 3 twas soot B we couldn't pick them al 4 Thepenguins weretoo —-«€ ‘such an amazing sunset faraway before 5 There were so many D interest inthe trip soit strawberries was cancelled 6 Wedidn'tgettotheses __E tosee them clearly F we had to stay inside in the afternoons, Complete the sentences with one word in each gap. 1 The biggest swimming pool in the worlds in Chile. I's big that people even sail Boats on it! 2 ‘The ack of rain last year meant there wast. water to use for the crops. 3 White-water rafting down the river was fantastic! We'd never had fun before! 4 was surprised to see so. behind the ferry boat! 5 There was.... able to relax 6 Some species of whale keep their mouths open most of the time since they need to eat so... food! seagulls fying _- Much noise on the beach to be Rewrite the second sentence using the word given. Use between two and five words, including the word given. 1 Jack cycled too fast for me to keep up. ENOUGH 1 COUIdN EYEE rns OP UP With Jack. 2. ate a lot of ce cream yesterday and | felt il later. MucH late, seven YoSterGay that | felt il ater 3. Iwas very tired, so | didn’t finish my biology homework. To Iwas my biology homework 4 The park.was fantastic and we didn't want to go home! A We had _.time at the park that we didn’t want to go home! 5 It’s impossible to vsit all the lovely places in the world, MANY There. — _lovely places in the world to visit them a 6 We decided to stay at home because of the bad weather. so ‘The weather stay at home. that we decided to 149GRAMMAR FILE UNIT 4 REFERENCE modal verbs 1 ability We use can, can, could, couldn’, be able fo +infiitive for abil | can't speak Chinese We weren't able to get into the house without our keys! \Will you be able to come and visit us next summer? ‘We use wos able to rather than could for abilty for @ single event In the past. In the negative, we can use couldnt for single events Inthe competition, | was able to defeat all my opponents, {could lif that stone -t was too heavy! ‘We can use be able to ater another modal | might be able to see you on Wednesday permission We use may, can, be allowed to, be permitted to + infitive for permission. You can ask questions at the end of the talk Students are permitted to use mobile phones at break times. Yim allowed to have 2 party for my birthday. We use could or was/were allowed/permitted to for general permission in the pat. For permission ana particular occasion in ‘the past, we have to use was/were allowed/permitted to. ‘When | was younger, | could play with my friends every night. ‘They were allowed to go to the concert lastnight ‘May and be permitted to are more formal than can and be allowed to, prohibition We use mustn't, may not, con't, not be allowed to, not be permitted to infinitive for permission. You mustn't shout in the classroom, Boys ean run in the girs race. No, you may not have anther biscuit Y'm not allowed to invite more than thirty people to my party. For prohibition inthe past. either in general or on particular ‘occasions, we use couldn't or wasnY/weren'tallowed/permitted to. James couldn't ride his bike in the pak lastnight ‘We weren't permitted to wear earrings a primary school obligation \We use must, nove to, have got to, ned to + infinitive for blgation ‘You must remember to take your football kit to school \Why do you have to go home so early? Ive got to-do my homework now. \We can use have to and need ton past or future forms. I had to ateh the 7 otlock bus yesterday She will need to work very hard next year. 160 no obligation We use don't have to, havent got to, don't need to, needn't + infinitive for lack of obligation. ‘There's a bus, so my parents don’t have to drive me to school. We haven't got to do any maths homework tonight. Hooray! ‘You don’t need to help me. can find the information, thanks, We needn't worry about Lauren. Shell be fine. advice ‘We use should/shouldn't, ought (not) to, had better (not) + Infinitive to give advice. | think you should train harder. They ought to eat more fresh fruit and vegetables. ‘You'd better go now Stella is waiting for you. We can also use should to ask for advice. Should | buy the tickets now, do you think? regrets about the past \We use shouldnt have + past participle for regrets about the past. | shouldn’t have shouted at him, That was a big mistake requests Wie use will would + infinitive for requests Please will ou put that box in the cupboard for me? ‘Would you help me for a minute, please? Would is more polite than wil modal verbs 2 certainty We use must or can’t when we make a guess about a situation which we are almost sures correct. Everyone looked shocked: There must be a mistake. | don't believe it! They can't expect us to do that, surely? possibility We use may (nat)/might (not)/could to express possibilty in the present or Future Ben isn't herehe may sil have a problem with his knee. The competition s tough they might not qualify forthe ral. I think she could be a success if she realy tried hard generalisations ‘We use could to make general statements about the past. When | was younger, it could take me ages to decide what | wanted for my birthday! Note: we cannot use couldn't in this context. expectations We use should/shouldn’t for expectations. ''m looking forward to the quiz night. It should be fantastic! You're running one mile? That shouldn't be too difficult.PRACTICE modal verbs 1 [Hl choose two of the sentences, A, B or C, that have the same meaning 1A Can| sithere? 5 A |wasn't able to sleep. B May Isit here? B didn't have to sleeo © Would | sit here? € I couldn't sleep, 2A He should do it. 6 A We could stop. B He must doit. B Wedd better stop. He needs to do it. © We ought to stop, 3A Willyou help? 7A | didn't need to leave. B Would you help? B I shouldn't have left. © Are you able to help? € regret that let. 4A Youte not permitted 8 A We haven't gottto go. torun. B We mustn't go. B Youneedn't run, © We don't have to go. © You can'trun. Di choose the correct verbs to complete the sentences Ela: lease may / would goto Fay'shouse later? Mum: No, sory you teat had better vst Fay tonight. You tneed to/ would toy your oom. I's gusting Ela: | know shad better / should have dove ita he tweakene, but had got / had todo my Nstory project Iineednt/ couldnt do anything ese um: You must / ought otto leave big projects tothe let minute You wilte allowed /need to be more Crgorised you want 0 get good grades. tia: tobe more organised, Mur, promise. Hey Ive got reat Ja! ays really organisea Why dort go {Sher house to athe for some adie? [El rewrte the sentances replacing the wordsphrases in Bld with these words/prases ake any other necessary changes ‘able had better_may must mustn't needn't shouldn'thave will ‘You ought to book the concert tickets soon an | eat the ast slice of pie? | regret telling her the truth ‘Would you give this note to Mrs Strong, please? You're not allowed to share this secret with anyone, She doesn’t have to be there until 8 otlack We can't run as fast as you. I've got to have a rest. modal verbs 2 [1 Rewrite the sentences using the wordsin brackets, 11 Lym isn’t here; perhaps she's at the dentist's. (may) LYM ISME ETE sn suns at the dentist's 2. They've trained hard, so 'm sure they can play much better, snow. (must) After all that traning they, much better now. 3 Everyone's going to the party, so | expect it will be fun. (should) Everyone's going t0 the PaTtY. $0 vn fun, 4 Do you think that woman is 2 new teacher? (could) to play 7 anewtteacher? 5 He's glven up running - but I'm sure that isnt the right decision. (be) He's given up running-but tht... snot Fight decision. 6 It’s possible that Alex won't come to the concert. (might) ALEK _.to the concert. [Ei ead the advert and choose the correct answer, A, BF How about joining the Debating Society? ‘You have to be fourteen or olderto join, but we... change the rules in future to include younger students. ‘We usually discuss a topicin teams of two or three. Then other speakers give thelr opinions and finally, wetakea vote. It*___ be quite challenging fornew speakers, but it's also exciting. You?.....think that t's your ‘thing, but why not havea {g0?It can help you be more confident andyou"...be just the person we need! Even better, you*,___enjoy itt Next week's topicis: 80 percent ofteenagers are ‘addicted to social media. That ....be right! Comeandjoinus,it?,.. beinteresting! 1A should B may © must 2A might B should © must 3A shouldn't = B cant © may not 4-8 could B can € should 5 Acar B must © might 6 A musta B cant © shouldn't 7A should B must € cant 151GRAMMAR FILE UNITS REFERENCE defining relative clauses We use a defining relative clause to specify which person, thing, animal, place or time we mean. We use + who for people. “The teacher who teaches this course is very experlenced. + which for things or animals. ‘The homework which he gave us last week was too difficult, + where for places. ‘The classroom where we have lessons ison the fst floor. + when for times. Ii never forget the day when I got my exam results + whose for possession ‘The students whose trip was cancelled were very disappointed. We can use that instead of who or which Students who/that pass the exam can move up to the next clas. The book which/that he lent me was really interesting ‘We can leave out wino, which and that when they are the object of the verb. We can't leave them out when they are the subject of the verb. We can't leave out where, when or whose ‘The SEUGERES (who/that) she EEBGHES al enjoy her lessons. (students =the object of the verb: we cen leave out the relative pronoun) The teacher who/that takes us for biology is amazing! (teacher = the subject of the verb; we can't leave out the relative pronoun) non-defining relative clauses Non-defning relative causes add extra information about 3 person, thing, animal, place o time, We use commas to separate the non-definng relative clause from the main clause In non-defning relative clauses we use iho or people and hich for things and rims. ve can use thot Te new timetable, which was introduced last years more flexible Carla, who is a student at the school, welcomes the changes to the timetable \We can't omit the elatve pronoun in non-detning relative clauses. 182 reduced relative clauses ‘We can sometimes use a reduced relative clause instead of a full relative clause, We form a reduced relative clause with the present (or past participle ofthe verb, The form is the same for all persons. Ifthe verb in the full relative clause is in the active, we use the present participle in the reduced relative clause. People who live in this area all support the new college, — People living in this area all support the new college. ‘Anyone who experiences problems should tak to the head teacher > Anyone experiencing problems should talk to the head teacher. ‘We can only use @ reduced relative clause if the relative pronoun Is the subject, NOT the object of the verb in the relative clause. Compare: “The BEOpIE who are organising the concert are very excited (people = the subject; we can use 3 reduced relative clause) ~ The people organising the concert are all very excited. ‘The people who they are inviting to the concert al live locally. (people = the object; we can't use a reduced relative clause) If the verb in the ful relative clause is in the passive, we use the past participle in the reduced relative clause, “The books that are used by the students all belong to the school > The books used by the students all belong to the school ‘The students who were invited to take part in the scheme all benefited from it ~The students invited to take part in the scheme all benefited from It,reduced relative clauses PRACTICE = defining and non-defining 1 The senool wants to increase the numberof students relative clauses ‘studying / who studying / studied languages. Hi choose te correct words to complete the sentences. Are the relative clauses defining (D) or non-defining (ND)? 11 Games that / who develop students’ concentration can help improve grades. 2 Goto the music room, whieh / where is next to the hal 3. Afternoons are often a time where / when students struggle to concentrate. 4 Students who / whose ideas are respected willbe keener to share them in class. 5 The library, where / which students can go to read quietly, Is on the frst floor. 6 Mrs Low, who / that teaches maths, isa great teacher. Join the sentences using defining or non-defining relative ‘clauses. More than one relative pronoun may be possible. Can any relative pronouns be omitted? 11 Last summer | had a sailing lesson. 1was on holiday then. I met the clothes designer. Her designs won the award My brother is realy into science. He is eighteen, I told her about the video game. | got it for my birthday. Mr Samson isthe teacher. He teaches me French, In Germany children don't start school until they are seven. I grew up there, aunun El complete the article with relative clauses. Use the Information below to form each missing relative clause, Develop your creative skills! Alot of the jobs "that people do. today. require creative thinking stil. Being abet lear nfermatin by heart. will not be enough to get an interesting {Job in the Future. Young people 9 enna SHOUIE focus on developing their creative thinking sks too, Reading isa great place to start, as people s {are more likely to come up with great ideas. Drama and art activities are also helpful-in fact, anything that gets you thinking. The summer holidays is atime ¥ ‘So, what are you waiting for? Check out your \ local museums, art galleries and arts centres, _ and get creative this summer! es i i People do these jobs today. This is a useful skill for getting through exams. ‘Their brains are still growing, They have a well-developed imagination. Lots of creative activities are organised then. You can find detalls of courses and activities there 1 2 3 4 5 6 2 The food which served | served / serving in the school ‘cafeteria isnt always healthy. 3 Students who are giving / giving / given more homework don't necessarily get better grades. 4 The subjects that taught / that are teaching / taught in schools should be relevant to the students 5 You need to prepare for the exams taking / that taken / that you're taking next term. 6 The number of schools teaching / taught / that are taught computer programming has increased Tick the four sentences that canbe rewritten using reduced relative clauses. Then rewrite these four sentences using reduced relative clauses. 11 Students who are taught how to cook at school are more likely to eat healthily 2. | passed al the exams which | had revised for. 3 There were a lot of students who were having problems with their homework 4 The teachers who are employed by the school all enjoy ‘working there. 5 I went back to vist the primary school that | had attended, Students who want to join the school trip should add their name to thelist. Complete the article withthe corect participle form of ‘these verbs. achieve ask behave notice offer spend The number of schools"... yoga to students is creasing, and some schools believe the results are very encouraging. Ina stu none London schoo students vn at least an hour a week doing yoga said they definitely felt calmer and able to concentrate better. Te@ChetS 2 nennneetO comment on the benefits of the classes reported that there seemed to be fewer students ¢ badly in classes. And the benefits ot iy teachers are not justin behaviour. The average grades _. by students also improved after the yoga classes were intraduced, 183GRAMMAR FILE UNIT 6 REFERENCE infinitives and -ing forms to-infinitive We use the torinfnitive + after certain verbs, eg, agree, appear decide expect, hope, intend, monage, mean, promise, refuse, want, would ike/love/ prefer. ‘We managed to get some good photos of the gorillas. lim hoping to go to Africa next year + after certain verbs + object. eg. ask, encourage expect, wont He encouraged us to accept the young animal asa gift. No one expected the animals to survive, + after where, what, when, how and who. I don't know what to do, He showed us where to find the animals. infinitive without to ‘We use the infinitive without to after certain verbs + object, eg. hel, let, moke, Seeing the animals playing in the water made us smile, ‘The trip helped me recover from my iliness. -ing form We use the-ing form + stercertsin verbs 2g. vais deny enor, imagine ince sugges. | real enjoy looking ater animals Itwas raining so suggested going home + after repeitions. Scientists thine they can sve the animals by breeding them in captivity. ‘Are you interested In having an exotic pet? “Tom insisted on saying 3t home quantifiers and pronouns (@) little, (0) few \We use ite an o litle with uncountable nouns, and we use few and o few with countable nouns. Littie anda tele refer to a small amount of something and few anda fev refer to a small number of things. Alittle and o few have a positive meaning, and little and few have a negative meaning \We have alittle food, Would you like some? ‘small amount) The climate is harsh, and there is ite food. (= negative: not very much/not enough) \We had afew visitors last year (= postive: 2 small number) The hotel has few quests. (= negative: not many/not enough) positive: some 2 154 either, neither, either ... or, neither ... nor We use either and neither to talk about two alternatives. We use either... orto talk about two positive alternatives, and neither... 0or to talk about two negative alternatives. Notice that ‘we use neither with a positive verb, not a negative one. ‘We can either take the lift or walk up the stairs. (= both are possible) Neither scientists nor the public believe that cloning people is. ‘2 good idea, (= scientists don't and the public don't) We use either on its own to mean one or the other’ and neither ‘nits own to mean’not one or the other’ ‘You can choose to study either project. (= both are possible) They thought that neither project would be successful (enot one and not the other) Not + either means the same as neither: They thought that neither project should receive funding, ‘They didn't think that elther project should receive funding, each, all, none, every We use all (of) the + plural noun or uncountable noun to talk about more than two people or animals All the/All of the cloned animals have experienced health problems. ‘Thank you for all the/al of the work you have done. We can aso use al (but not afl of without the, to tak about ‘people or things in general All animals deserve our protection. We use none of+ plural noun or uncountable noun to mean ‘not any: We can use a singular or plural verb ater it None of the projects was/were successful None of the information was correct. We use each and every + singular noun to talk about all the people and things in a group. Each scientist has their own budget Every project important in helping us develop our understanding \We also use each of the + plural noun with the same meaning. Notice that ve still usea singular verb, We cannot use every in this way. Each ofthe experiments s carefully monitored. (NOT every re We can aso use each (but not every) to mean ‘both: ‘They are two different species, and each one has its own characteristics. (NOT everyone)RACTICE initives and -ing forms “Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs se brackets. 4 Most of us wouldn't knOW MW a if we were lost. Many animals appear sense of direction. They seem to avoid (Ge) the wrong way ‘even though they have no Maps Or sat nav Some birds may use the Earth's magnetic Feld to help them (fy) long distances. ‘The journeys of some birds invove over huge mountain ranges. Bees manage. _ (find) their way back to the hive from many miles aviay Scientists are interested in. about these abilities Koowing more about animals’ ablties makes them (seem) even more amazing! (get) home cn (ave) a very good (travel) (learn) more ‘Complete the text with the correct form of these verbs. be catch escape fly have run see stay intifiers and pronouns ‘Choose the correct words to complete the sentences. 4 Afew /Alittle scientists are working on trying to bring ‘extinct species back to life 2 All/ Allof scientists agree that we need cleaner energy. 2 tried three methods, but neither / none of them workes. 4 Each of the / Every scientists received an award, '5 The project has not gone well, and there is now alittle / litle chance that it will succeed 6 They produced two cloned animals, but either / neither cone lived for very long, 7. Every / Allof the new discovery takes us one step closer to a cure for the disease. 8 Solar energy doesn't cause any pollution, and wind power oesn'telther / neither. Complete the sentences with these words and phrases. allofthe eachof either every neither none of one whales nor dolphins can survive for long outside water. 2 Scientists are making new discoveries about the power of the human brain sn Yh 3 There are two project teams, and ‘them has its own budget. 4 He's invented a lot of things, but been very successful 5. DrSamson doesn’t believe people wil ever live on Mars, and I don't 6 _.... Beople involved inthe project were ‘disappointed when it ended wathem have Complete te fact fle with one word in each gap, PNA tee EIT Tog Sey “The opossum produces a special chemical in its body ‘that protects it from snake bites. Amazingly, the chemical works for ‘types of snakes, even ‘ones from countries where opossums don't live! ‘To protect our skin, we have to? suncream or stay out ofthe sun. Bu liquid which comes out oftheir own skin, to stop them from burning. Most snakes can only move along the ground, but a have developed the ability to jump from ‘ee To tree, seeming to fy through the air! The bombardier beetle keeps stores of two separate chemicals on its body... chemical is harmful on its own, but when they are mixed together a reaction causes them to heat up and create a powerful chemical weapon. Many birds cn fy long distances with very rest. Some small birds such as swifts can fiy for 200 days without stopping. ‘There are many very strong animals, but * of them are as strong as an elephant, which can lit almost 300 kilos with its trunk. 155GRAMMAR FILE UNIT 7 REFERENCE conditionals (0-3) zero conditional ‘We use the zero conditional ifwhe simple) for general truths or forth I you travel abroad, you normally need to have a passport Inall concitional sentences, we put @ comma when the if clause comes at the beginning of the sentence. There is no comma when the if clause comes second. People lke it if you speak their language + present simple + present fesut ofa situation or action first conditional We use the first conditional ifunless + present simple + will ‘fmight) for a future possibilty. If you decide to go to the islands, you won't regret it. If they have a caravan holiday, | think they'll really enjoy it I George doesn’t go on the trip, he might visit some friends instead. Unless means ‘if not Unless | save up some money, | won't be able to buy new mobile phone. We can also use if+ present continuous/present simple + imperative forgiving instructions or advice. If you want to get a good seat, don't be late! second conditional We use the second conditional (+ past simple + would/could) might) for hypothetical situations in the present or Future. I we lived by the sea, 'é go swimming every day. If we had a house in the mountains, we could go there at the weekends. If you really wanted to learn Japanese, | might come along too. We can also use the phrase if were you, Id... to make suggestions and give advice, If were you, 'é book your tickets soon, third conditional \We use the third conditional (i+ past perfect + would have + past participle) for hypothetical situations in the past or for regrets, about the past. I the campsite had been by the sea, we would have gone there. We can also use could havelmight have + past partici express past possiblity or regrets about past abiity | could have been fluent in Spanish by now if 'd spent more time with my relatives in Spain. 186 wishes, preferences and regrets I wish/If only + | wish/If only + past simple or past continuous for a wish about ’ present or future situation. If only it wasn’t raining! Now the trip to the sea will be cancelled, + Iwish/tf only + could for a wish about a present or future ability. If only | could understand italian better! situ | wish those kids wouldn't scream so loudly + Iwishyif only + past perfect for @ wish or regret about the past. | wish 'd packed my trainers, These flip-flops are not much {good for walking, /'F only + would/wouldr “t to complain about a present, Wd rather + Weuse /d rather + (not) + i present and future preferences. itive without to... (than) for fd rather have a small bedroom on my own than a large one that | have to share with my sister! + When we use 'd rather not (do sth), we do not afterwards. Id rather not travel late at night or very early in the morning. hanPRACTICE conditionals (0-3) Hl complete the sentences with the correct form of these verbs. be buy get keep leam not forget notlose not pack rnottake pay 1 IfAshiey.. vu More attention in her French lessons, she 2 lot more French. 2 If ewman MY PASSO in a safe place when |was on holiday, it 3 We son tO the hotel C81 IF WE nema the wrong read) 4 Mum and 020mm that lovely house ifit 2 cheaper, Bln my things so quickly, | my toothbrusht Ei Rewrite the second sentence using the word given. Use between two and five words, including the word given. 1 The weather wasn't good, so they couldn't go fora picnic. coup Ifthe weather had been 000, theY os mmmmenanen fF appicnic, 2 Why don't you paint the room white and make it look bigger? i ‘The room would look bigger... Itwhite 3. Mike got sunburnt because he didn’t wear his cap woRN ‘Mike wouldn't have got sunburnt if his cap. 4 The tourists wanted to visit the art gallery, but they didn't, hhave enough time MIGHT Ifthe tourists had had more time, they. the art gallery. 5. ifyou don't make al the arrangements, | won't come on the trip. UNLESS: won't come on the trip... arrangements 6 We missed the train because you spent half an hour having breakfast! HAVE If you hadnt spent half an hour having breakfast, we the train! wall the wishes, preferences and regrets Ei Match the sentence halves (1-6) with (AF) 1 wish we A the mountain another day. 2 ldrather not B spend more time with us. 3 wish Jo wouldn't € lost the tickets 4 Idratherwecimbed —_B travel too far today. 5 lfonly James hacn't were stil on holiday 6 | wish Oliver could F talk so much. [Ei choote the correct answer, Aor. Tne She be more careful A Lwish B rd rather 2 sun they didn't say anything. A ifonly Bd rather 3 a We hadn't lost our tickets A ifonly = B Id rather 4 smuna! €OUId Speak Chinese, A lwish B Idrather 5 ne Ot stay in a lighthouse, A lish B Id rather Complete the conversation with the correct form of the verbs in brackets. Where have you been recently? | haven't seen you around: >) (Oh, didn’t you know? I've been to Bologna to stay with my pen-friend, ss (GO) Ooole Cool but | think Va rather, to Venice or Rome, Hah. only your... (can) see Bolognal Isa fantastic city AND @ foodie capita too. Really? 4 Yes, we went to a place called Eataly World where you can learn about Italian cooking, | wish o WEE cnnnem (ave) mare time there __becase Would ave taken a class, i SOK. wel fon nnn (ROW) SOE > alan, gothere tomnartond Whats your | italian ike? Not bed=but | wish the Italians. (not speak) so fast! | couldn't understand 3 word. © 187GRAMMAR FILE UNIT 8 REFERENCE the passive In active sentences, the subject i the person or thing that does the action of the verb. In passive sentences, the object of the active verb becomes the subject: ‘A retired teacher bought the house. (active sentence) The house was bought by a retired teacher. (passive sentence) tense passive form and example present om/is/ae + past participle simple __He is expected to win present amis/are being + past participle Continuous | think we are being watched past simple was/were + past participle The money was stolen last night. past was/were being + past participle continuous My phone was being reps Present _has/have been + p perfect The thieves have been past perfect had been + past participle ‘The tickets had already been paid for. be going to | amiisjare going to be + past participle The votes are going to be counted wil willfwon’t be + past participle Robots will be used more in the future. We use the passive when: + we want to focus on the action, not the person who does the action. Anew schoo! will be built next year + we don't know who does My car has been stolen. ‘The show is watched all over the world We often use the passive in formal reports. It was found that playing video games improved certain skills, We can use by with passive verbs to say who or what does the action ofthe verb. He was arrested by an off-duty police officer. The show is watched by millions of people. In informal English, we can use forms of get instead of be in some passive sentences. ‘She was worried she would get caught if she cheated. fe action, or we prefer not to say. 158 have/get something done We use have + object + past participle when we don't do something ourselves, but arrange for someone else to do it for us All tenses are possible: | need to have my hair cut. | had my eyes tested last week We're going to have the house painted, We can use get + object + past participle in the same way, in informal English, but we don’t usually use get in the present perfect tense. need to get my phone repaired But: She's had her ears pierced. (NOT Shei-gothereers-pierced) We can also use have something done but NOT get somethi done when something bad or unpleasant happens to us. | had my bag stolen yesterday,PRACTICE the passive Hl complete the passive sentences with one word in each gap. 1 MBthS nn BeBN tUGhE In schools for thousands of years 2 Calculators used in schools unt the 19506. 3. Before that time all sums had 4 Inthe 1990s, computers were gradually introduced into schools forthe first time. 5 Now computers... being used in classrooms around the world 6 Even more powerful computers will. developed in the future ‘done by hand Rewrite the sentences in the passive. Use ‘by’ where necessary. Use ‘get’ for sentence 3. 1 They are going to buy some new computers for our school Some NEW COMPULETS nanan fOF OUF SCHOO 2. Alotof people now use electronic fitness trackers. Electronic fitness trackers, alot of peoote now. 3 Maybe one day they will connect our brains to the internet. Maybe one day our brains to the internet ‘4. They have produced a new version ofthe video game, Anew version ofthe video game. 5 Alot of people watched that science documentary. ‘That science documentary alot of people 6 | was upset because someone had stolen my phone. | was upset because my phone ses 7. They re teaching computer programming in schools now. Computer programming in schools now. 8 The science museum was closed because they were repainting The science museum was closed because... Choose the correct verb forms in the comments, | 90 for pigs. They thave taught / have been taught to play video games in laboratories, and sometimes they have beaten / have been beaten humans! Definitely chimpanzees. They recognise | ate recognised by many scientists asthe most inteligent animals. They ie in large groups, ang use tools that they ‘have made / have been made, We all know that rats are highly inteligent, Im sure more about their abilities tll discover / willbe discovered, and ve wil fel | will be felt even more amazed It’ dojphins, of course. Little "know / was known about these Creatures in the past but now we understand how they ive and communicate with each other. |just hope they ae going to save / are going to be saved from extinction! have/get something done [Gi choose the correct words to complete the sentences, 1. The windows are dirty, We need to have them clean / get them cleaned, 2 I'm having tested my eyes / having my eyes tested tomorrow, 3 You can collect the items from the store, or you can have them deliver / get them delivered to your home. 4 I can’t cycle to school. | had / got my bike stolen last week! Your hair looks nice, Have you got cut / had it cut? 6 My laptop has slowed right down. Ineed to check t / get it checked at the store Revie the sentences using have something done! In Which sentences can you NOT use ‘get something done”? 1 decided to ask someone to chek my splng before "handed my essay decided to before | handed my essay in. 2. They asked someone to make a flm of their wedding, They.. of their wedding 3 Someone broke some windows at the schoo! lastnight. The school last night, 4 You should ask a vet to examine your pet if you're worried, You should bya vet if youre worried, 5A professional make-up artist will do your make-up for you, Youwil DY a professional make-up artist 6 Someone stole his passport while he was on holiday. HE vcsnsasnen While he was on holiday 159GRAMMAR FILE UNIT9 REFERENCE reported speech \When we report what people sid in the past, the verb normal goes back one tense, Pronouns, time and place words may alo change. Common reporting verbs are say (that) or tel sb (that) tense changes direct speech reported speech present simple past simple resent continuous past continuous past simple past perfect simple present perfect simple past perfect simple ‘miisjare going to was[were gong to wil would can could oy night must/have t2 had to should{coulmight/ought to] | no change would "Vm going on holiday tomorrow: Eva said. > Eva said she was going on holiday the next day. I've been to Paris once’ he said. > He said he had been to Paris once. "You should stay here abit longer, but | must go today, she said. > ‘She said that | should stay here a bit longer, but she had to go that day, ‘When the reporting verb isin the present, we do nat change the tense, Lewis says he's bored. \We can use say when referring to signs, notices or what is written Inan article, Book, etc. ‘The notice says ‘No ball games in the poo!: \We can use to after say (he said to me}, but not after tel (he told me). Dad said to me that he was going out Dad told me that he was going out. other changes direct speech today, tonight that dy, that right tomorrow ne next folowing day the day after esterday the previous day the day before next week/monthiyear the folowing week/monthiyear last veek/monthiyesr 1s week/month year here this that we helshe they 160 reporting verbs (other comman reporting verbs that follow the same pattern a5, sy (# thot include: oot ecm Believe, comin expian. insist nour, mention, realise, chink Sve insisted that she felt well enough to goon the school trip er common reporting verbs that flow the same pattern 28 tell (someone + that/to + infinitive) include: advise, convince, bromis, inform, warn. “The teacher informed the students that they would have an extra day's holiday the following week Note: Sometimes an object pronoun is needed in the reported sentence “Please have your passport ready; he sad. > He told them to have their passports ready reporting questions, orders and requests questions We use ask+ffwhether to report yesIne questions “wast ificul to find tickets for the festval?'the teacher asked Max. “Te teacher asked Maxiffwhether it had been dificult to find tickets forthe festival We use ask + wh- word to report wh- questions. ‘How do you feel about performing in public?'the trip leader asked Alice. > ‘The trip leader asked Alice how she felt about performing in public Note the word order for reported questions. “What time are you leaving?” he asked us. > He asked us what time we were leaving, orders and requests For orders and requests, we follow this pattern: verb (eg. ellos) + person (or object pronoun, eg.me, you, her) + (nae) + fosnfniive ‘Please cover all the furniture with old sheets’ the painter told the family The painter asked the family to cover al the furniture with old sheets (Other verbs for reporting orders and requests include: beg order, persuade, remind, warn, ‘Don't forget to revise for the test!’ my friends told me, My friends reminded me to revise for the test.PRACTICE reported speech Read what each person says then complete the sentences in reported speech with one or two words. 1. Ihate TV reality shows! We shouldn't waste our time watching them! 2. Iimstarting to get interested in traditional dances. 3 Myuncle was a rich and quite famous fm star in his lifetime and never had any financial problems. 4 There haven't been many good live shows on recently. 5 If youwant to be realy good at painting, you'll have to put in 2 lot of hard work, 1 Emily said that she... TV realty shows and that we... "waste our time watching them, 2 Philip told us that he. to get interested in traditional dances. 3 Louisa said her UNC nnn ® eh and Quite famous fm star in his lifetime, 30 rmmene SY financial problems. 4 Simon said that there. fon recently. 5 Maria told me that iF... tobe really good at painting... "have to put in alot of hard work. ‘many good lve shows Read the conversation. Then write the people's exact words in direct speech. Zoe: So what did Stella say about her birthday? Billy: She said she was going to take us all out to the cinema, and afterwards for a curry. Zoe: And who's coming? Billy: Well she said she'd invited the usual crovid plus 2 ‘couple of her friends from her art school. Zoe: Do you know what she wants for her birthday? Billy: Stella told me that we shouldn't get anything too ‘expensive -ha hal -so what do you think? Zoe: My mum said that she would show us an interesting new shop that sells fun arty things. I'm sure well ind something there. Billy: OK, cool. Stella: “We. You. Rewrite the sentences in reported speech. Make all other changes necessary. 1 ‘Iwon't get paint all over the kitchen floor; said Felix Felix promised thet... 2.Ican’t understand what these abstract paintings mean’ Jake said Jake admitted thet, sn 3. ‘Idon’t have time to come out at the weekend! Scott sald Scott complained that. 4 "You ought not to miss the festival Helen sald to her friends, Helen advised... —— a 5 "The band are playing here again next week; Matt told us. Matt informed us that , 6 “I must fish my project on tne history of art tonight livia explained livie explained that Complete the reported questions with these words, There Is one extra word you do not need, how if/whether what when where why 1 Lasked her. such a success, 2 They asked the organiser. going to end. 3 They asked me 4 The teacher asked me... during the festival 5 My friend asted me... she thought her book had been _-the exhibition was ..1 nad any filming experience, was going to stay wa thuch the lessons cost Complete the blog post wth one word in each gap. Today, finally made a decision, My mother had asked met, | would like to be a film extra since she was one and we could appear in the same films. asked her? lid have to do and it didn't sound too difficult so | agreed. So, the day arrived. They told us’, to have our mobiles with us ‘during flming - of course - and they also warned us ‘that we shouldn't take any photos of the filming. Other ‘than that, everything was quite easy although it was tiring day. When a friend asked me + ‘the day had gone, | replied that it had been great. ‘Then she reminded, oto send her some information about a project we were doing, so | forgot all about the film world and got back to reality. 161