To Improve The Properties of Concrete by Using Straight and Crimped Waste Pet

International Journal of Recent Engineering Research and Development (IJRERD)
ISSN: 2455-8761
www.ijrerd.com || Volume 02 – Issue 06 || June 2017 || PP. 76-85
TO IMPROVE THE PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE BY USING

STRAIGHT AND CRIMPED WASTE PET
Vikram Singh1, Ravinder Kumar2, Dr. Neeru Singla3, Vedpal4
1
RPIIT Basrata,Karnal, India
2, 4
Assistant Professor, RPIIT Bastara
Karnal, India
3
Assistant Professor, IKGPTU Campus
Hoshiarpur, India
Abstract: PET (Polyethylene terephthalate) bottles have increasingly become an indispensable part of a
common man‟s life. With the phenomenal increase in plastic consumption the problems with plastic waste
disposal have also aggravated. Our voracious appetite for PET bottles coupled with the undeniable behavioral
propensity of increasingly over consuming, discarding, littering and thereby polluting the natural environment
makes it a lethal combination. Hence the need arises to route the waste plastic bottles to their optimum usage.
That is why utilization of waste PET bottles has become an attractive alternative for disposal. Research studies
are focused on using these bottles in concrete to enhance its properties. The use of various types of fibers
including plastic as fibers in concrete has proved to enhance its performance in many ways. The study was
carried out by using PET fibers in aspect ratios 30 (60 mm X 2 mm), 50 (100 mm X 2 mm) and 70 (140 mm X 2
mm) and incorporating them as weight of cement at different intervals 0f 0.6%, 0.8%, 1.0% and 1.2%. The fresh
as well as mechanical properties of concrete mixes PET fibers were studied. It became quite evident that with
the incorporation of fibers in concrete mixes, workability was decreased. The dry density and wet density of the
mixes showed a positive sign due to incorporation of normal fibers. From strength point of view, PET fibers
incorporated specimens showed 1% incorporation as optimum level of incorporation. The split tensile as well as
flexural strength being greatly dependent upon the length of the specimens, increased up to 1%.
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1. General
The utilization of different available forms of plastics is one of the critical issues faced by man in order
to decrease environmental strain. Nearly all forms of plastics become waste after their use. The key thing is that
it possesses very little biodegradability due to which there arises a challenge to find a suitable way to
decompose it. Researchers have conducted studies on this plastic disposal problem which has a negative impact
on the atmosphere. In recent days, an attempt has been made to dispose it by means of using it in concrete which
can help reducing environmental strain up to some limit.Any substance which possess plasticity, capable of
being re-moulded whenever heat is applied to it, made by polymerization and anything with the aim to be
created in softer stage and utilized in solid phase is termed as plastics. On the other hand, it leads to increased
durability of concrete by using PET fibers. It helps in reducing shrinkage cracking. It reduces bending strength
and toughness. It helps in increasing freeze thaw durability and dry shrinkage. It reduces the electrical
resistance. However these are cheaper yet their use can decrease compressive strength of concrete. The abrasion
resistance of PET fibers is excellent and can be used to eliminate shrinkage as well as cracking. Resistance to
alkali environment provided by Portland cement in PET fibers is poor.
2. Materials and experimental program

2.1 Materials used
The particulars and characteristics of various materials used are given below.
2.1.1Cement
In this study, ordinary Portland cement 43 grade used, conforming to IS: 8112 – 1989. The color of
cement was uniform gray with light greenish shade. The Fineness (sieving by 90 µ sieve) is 6% and Specific
gravity (by specific gravity bottle) is 3.13.
2.1.2 Fine Aggregates

The locally available river sand used as fine aggregates of size less than 4.75 mm. The bulk density and
specific gravity was 1669 kg/m3and 3.13 respectively as conforming to IS: 383 – 1970.
Weight of Fine aggregates taken = 1 Kg
76 | P a g e www.ijrerd.com
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Table 2.1 Sieve Analysis of Fine Aggregates
Sieve Retain Cum. Cum. % IS: 383 –
Size in ed Wt. % Wt Passi 1970
mm Weight Retai Retai ng Require
(Kg) ned ned ment
10 0 0 0 100 100
4.75 0 0 0 100 90 – 100
2.36 0.203 0.203 20.3 79.7 75 – 100
1.18 0.302 0.505 50.5 49.5 55 – 90
600 µ 0.132 0.637 63.7 36.3 35 – 59
300 µ 0.273 0.910 91.0 9.0 8 – 30
150 µ 0.059 0.969 96.9 3.1 0 – 10
<150 0.025
Total 0.964 322.4
Fineness modulus of fine aggregates = 322.4 / 100 = 3.22
2.1.3 Coarse Aggregate

The aggregates having size grater then 4.75mm called as coarse aggregates. The locally available
coarse aggregates having size 20 mm used. The shape of the coarse aggregates was rounded. The specific
gravity was 2.74 and fineness modulus was 7.33 as conforming IS: 383 – 1970.
Weight of Coarse aggregates taken = 3 Kg
Table 2.2 Sieve Analysis of coarse aggregates

Sieve Weight % Cumulati %
size retained retained ve %
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Passing
(mm) (Kg) weight
Retained
40 0 0 0 100
20 0 0 0 100
16 0.596 0.596 21.17 78.83
12.5 0.495 1.091 38.76 61.24
10 1.022 2.113 75.06 24.94
4.75 0.672 2.785 98.93 1.07
2.36 0.04 2.815 100 0.00
Pen 0.00
Total 2.815 733
Fineness modulus of course aggregate = 733 / 100 = 7.33
2.1.4 PET fibers

PET fibers were extruded manually by a scissor and cutting tools. The top and bottom of bottle were
separated and then fibers were obtained with the help of scissor by maintaining the requires cross- sections as 60
mm x 2 mm, 110 mm x 2 mm and 140 mm x 2 mm in straight and crimped form.
Figure 2.1 PET fiber of size 60mm*2mm

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Table 2.3 Chemical Properties of PET

Property Value
Formulae (C10H8O4)n
Density 1.38 g/mm3
Molar Vary According to Structure
Mass
Melting less than 260⁰C but may range between
Point 254⁰C to 256 ⁰C IJRERD
Boiling 350 ⁰C
Point
Solubility Practically insoluble
Refractive 1.5750
Index
2.1.6 Super Plasticizer

Super plasticizer „Conplast SP 430‟ confirms to IS: 9103 was used as a chemical admixture for
concrete as shown in the figure 4.2.Polycarboxylate basedsuperplasticizer was used to increase the workability
of the concrete without loss of strength.
Figure 2.4 Superplasticizer
2.1.7 Water
The tap water used for making concrete.
2.2 Mix Design and Trial Mixes

IS – 10262:2009 used for the mix design. The final mix ratios are shown in the table 4.8.
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Table 2.4 Mix Design and Trial Mixes
Ceme Fine Coarse Water/ce Admixt
nt aggregat aggregat ment ure
es es
1 3.22 7.33 0.4 0.018
The details of specimens used for various tests have been listed below.
2.3 Casting and Curing

Three samples were casted each for compressive, split tensile and flexural strength with the
replacement of 0.6%, 0.8%, 1% and 1.2% respectively by weight of cement and three aspect ratios like AR30,
AR50 and AR70. The specimens were curing for7 days and 28 days
2.4 Test results and discussions

2.4.1 Workability
In the present study, fresh properties of concrete mixes are studied with the addition of straight and
crimped PET fibers with different aspect ratios (30,50,70) by the weight of cement with (0.6%, 0.8%, 1% and
1.2%) respectively. The workability of the concrete mixes was tested using compaction factor apparatus.
Workability value for Controlled mix is 0.873. The values are workability illustrated in the table 2.5.
The workability of concrete mix decrease by 0.34%, 0.54%, 0.80% and 4.92% with the addition of PET fibers
of 0.6%, 0.8%, 1%, 1.2% respectively for aspect ratio 30 as comparison to controlled mix and workability
decreases 1.04%, 1.27%, 1.39% and 5.56% with the addition of PET fibers of 0.6%, 0.8%, 1%, 1.2%
respectively for aspect ratio 50 as comparison to controlled mix.
workability of concrete mix
0.9
workability of
concrete mix
0.85 AR 30
0.8 AR 50
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Nil 0.6 0.8 1 1.2

AR 70
%age weight of fibre
Figure 2.5 Variation of compaction factor with PET fibers
Similarly for aspect ratio 70, workability also decreases 3.55%, 3.92%, 4.05% and 5.81% with the
addition of PET fibers with 0.6%, 0.8%, 1%, and 1.2% respectively for aspect ratio 50 as comparison to
controlled mix.
2.4.2 Hardened concrete test results

2.4.2.1 Compressive strength
The effects of PET fibers used in straight and crimped form in aspect ratios 30 (60 mm X 2 mm), 50
(100 mm X 2 mm) and 70 (140 mm X 2 mm) and incorporating them as weight of cement at different intervals
of 0.6%, 0.8%, 1.0% and 1.2% were carried out in form of compressive strength. The strength values are
tabulated below. The cubes specimens of size 150mm x 150mm x 150mm was tested on compressive testing
machine at the ages of 7 days and 28 days of curing. The test results are given in the table 4.2. The figure 4.2
shows that on the addition of straight PET fibers in 0.6, 0.8, 1 and 1.2% by weight have significance increase in
compressive strength by 11.89%, 23.11%, 26.54% and 25.62% respectively at AR30,
Compressive Strength N/mm2
(Straight)
40
Strength N/mm2
20
Compressive
AR 30
0
AR 50
0 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
AR 70
Figure 2.6 Impact of PET fibers (straight) on compressive strength of concrete after 7 days
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for AR50, increase in compressive strength by 24.71%, 26.31%, 31.12% and 27.68% and for AR70, increase in
compressive strength by 24.23%, 26.50%, 31.63% and 28.21% respectively was noted with respect to the
control mix at 7 days of curing.
This behavior of compressive strength was also repeated at 28 days of curing as shown in figure 2.7. The
maximum compressive strength was noted at 1% fiber ratio in all aspect ratios.
Compressive Strength N/mm2
(Straight)
80
compressive strength in 60
40 AR 30
20
N/mm2
0 AR 50
0 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 AR 70
Figure 2.7 Impact of PET fibers (straight) on compressive strength of concrete after 28 days
Compressive Strength
N/mm2(Crimped)
40
compressive strength
20 AR 30
in N/mm2
0 AR 50
0 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
AR 70
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Figure 2.8 Impact of PET fibers (crimped) on compressive strength of concrete after 7 days
The figure 2.8 shows that on the addition of crimped PET fibers in 0.6, 0.8, 1 and 1.2% by weight have
significance increase in compressive strength by 14.64%, 26.43%, 34.40% and 28.64% respectively at AR30.
For AR50, the compressive strength increased by 28.64%, 36.46%, 39.58% and 30.85% and For AR70, the
compressive strength increased by 25.59%, 32.72%, 38.44% and 29.71% respectively with respect to the control
mix at 7 days of curing. This behavior of compressive strength was also repeated at 28 days of curing as shown
in figure 2.9. The maximum compressive strength was noted at 1% fiber ratio in all aspect ratios. The results
shows that maximum compressive strength of PET fiber concrete was noted with 1% fiber in concrete at AR50
for both strength and crimped.
Moreover, the compressive strength of crimped PET fiber concrete is higher than the straight PET fiber
concrete.
Compressive Strength
N/mm2(Crimped)
80
compressive strength in
60
40 AR 30
20
N/mm2
0 AR 50
0 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 AR 70
Figure 2.9 Impact of PET fibers (crimped) on compressive strength of concrete after 28 days
2.4.2.2 Split Tensile strength
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Split tensile strength of the specimens was tested after 7 and 28 days of curing and was tested in compression
testing machine. The strength values are tabulated below.
Split Tensile Strength N/mm2 (Straight)
Tensile strength in N/mm2

5
4
3 AR 30
2
1 AR 50
0 AR 70
0 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
Figure 2.10 Impact of PET fibers (straight) on split tensile strength after 7 days
The figure 4.6 shows that on the addition of Straight PET fibers in 0.6, 0.8, 1 and 1.2% by weight have
increase in split tensile strength by 3.66%, 13.52%, 25.04% and 19.71% respectively at AR30. For AR50, the
tensile strength increased by 15.49%, 23.38%, 34.64% and 22.53% respectively and for AR70, tensile strength
increased by 6.47%, 17.74%, 27.60% and 21.12% respectively as compare with the control mix at 7 days of
curing. This behavior of split tensile strength was also repeated at 28 days of curing as shown in figure 2.11. The
maximum split tensile strength was obtained at 1% fiber ratio in all aspect ratios.
10
Tensile strength in
8
6
AR 30
N/mm2
4 IJRERD
2 AR 50
0
AR 70
0 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
% weight of fibre
Figure 2.11 Impact of PET fibers (straight) on split tensile strength after 28 days
Split Tensile Strength N/mm2(Crimped)

6
Split Tensile Strength N/mm2
4
AR 30
(Straight)
2
AR 50
0
AR 70
0 0.6 0.8 1 1.2

Figure 2.12 Impact of PET fibers (crimped) on split tensile strength after 7 days
The figure 2.12 shows that on the addition of crimped PET fibers in 0.6, 0.8, 1 and 1.2% by weight
have significance increase in split tensile strength by 5.23%, 16.38%, 29.89% and 24.83% respectively at
AR30. For AR50, the tensile strength increased by 17.90%, 26.52%, 35.30% and 28.04% respectively and for
AR70, tensile strength increased by 14.18%, 20.27%, 32.43% and 25.50% respectively as compare with the
control mix at 28 days of curing.
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10
8
Tensile strength in
6
4 AR 30
N/mm2
2 AR 50
0
AR 70
0 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
Figure 2.13 Impact of PET fibers (crimped) on split tensile strength after 28 days
This behavior of split tensile strength was also repeated at 7 days of curing as shown in figure 4.8. The
maximum split tensile strength was obtained at 1% fiber ratio in all aspect ratios.The results shows that
maximum split tensile strength of PET fiber concrete was noted with 1% fiber in concrete at AR50 for both
strength and crimped. Moreover, the split tensile strength of crimped PET fiber concrete is higher than the
straight PET fiber concrete.
2.4.2.3 Flexural strength

The flexural strength of specimens was tested in flexural testing machine after 7 days and 28 days of
curing. The strength values are tabulated below.
Flexural Strength N/mm2
8
Flexural strength in
6
4 IJRERD
AR 30
2
N/mm2
0 AR 50
0 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 AR 70
Figure 2.14 Impact of PET fibers (straight) on flexural strength after 7 days
The figure 2.14 and 2.15 shows that the flexural strength of the straight PET fiber concrete at the age of
7 and 28 days of curing and it clearly shows that for aspect ratio 50, the 1% addition of Pet fibers gives
Flexural strength in N/mm2
15
10
AR 30
N/mm2
5
AR 50
0
AR 70
0 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
Figure 2.15 Impact of PET fibers (straight) on flexural strength after 28 days
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8
6
4 AR 30
2
N/mm2
0 AR 50
0 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 AR 70
Figure 2.16 Impact of PET fibers (crimped) on flexural strength after 7 days

15
10
AR 30
5
N/mm2
AR 50
0
0 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 AR 70
Figure 2.17 Impact of PET fibers (crimped) on flexural strength after 28 days
good results amount all the mixes and same behavior was obtained at crimped Pet fiber concrete at as
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same percentage of PET fiber in concrete as shown in figure 2.16 and 2.17.
Moreover, it also clearly shows that crimped fibers concrete with addition of 1% fiber by weight at AR50 gives
best results among all the mixes.
3. Conclusion
Based on the entire study conducted on Straight and Crimped PET fibers, following inferences can be
drawn out:
 The workability of the concrete mix decreases linearly with incorporation of PET fibers for all the aspect
ratios.
 The straight PET fiber concrete had high workability than the crimped PET fiber concrete.
 The compressive strength of PET fiber concrete with the addition of 1% fiber and at AR50, gives good
results among all the mixes of PET fiber concrete.
 The crimped PET fiber concrete have high compressive strength as compare to the straight PET fiber
concrete.
 The split tensile strength of PET fibers increased up to 1% incorporation level for all the aspect ratios.
However it was higher for higher aspect ratios than that of lower aspect ratios. And crimped have high
value of split tensile strength than the straight fiber concrete.
 The flexural strength of PET fibers is also increased up to 1% incorporation level for all the aspect ratios.
However it was higher for higher aspect ratios than that of lower aspect ratios.
 The fiber incorporation has the tendency to change the breaking pattern of the specimens. The controlled
specimens which suddenly broke down into pieces changed into ductile ones due to fiber incorporation.
 So in general, we can say that use of PET fibers can be an economical or most probably cost effective
method to minimize the plastic waste disposal problem. The utilization of PET fibers in small amounts also
increase the strength.
 From this experimental investigation the PET bottles appeared to be low cost material which would help to
resolve waste problem and preventing environmental problems.
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International Journal of Recent Engineering Research and Development (IJRERD)

TO IMPROVE THE PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE BY USING

2. Materials and experimental program

2.1.2 Fine Aggregates

2.1.3 Coarse Aggregate

Table 2.2 Sieve Analysis of coarse aggregates

2.1.4 PET fibers

Figure 2.1 PET fiber of size 60mm*2mm

Figure 2.2 PET fiber of size 100mm*2mm

Figure 2.3 PET fiber of size 140mm*2mm

Table 2.3 Chemical Properties of PET

2.1.6 Super Plasticizer

Figure 2.4 Superplasticizer

2.2 Mix Design and Trial Mixes

2.3 Casting and Curing

2.4 Test results and discussions

Nil 0.6 0.8 1 1.2

Figure 2.5 Variation of compaction factor with PET fibers

2.4.2 Hardened concrete test results

%age weight of fibre

0 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 AR 70

%age weight of fibre

Tensile strength in N/mm2

%age weight of fibre

Split Tensile Strength N/mm2(Crimped)

%age weight of fibre

2.4.2.3 Flexural strength

%age weight of fibre

0 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 AR 70

%age weight of fibre

Flexural strength in N/mm2

%age weight of fibre

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