MEC 332

Mechanical Eng. Design

Sheikh Mohd Firdaus
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

CHAPTER 4
Product Specification and Detailed Design

Contact : sh.firdaus@ppinang.uitm.edu.my
Outline

• Specification by Words

• Graphical Specifications

• Use of Computer-Aided Engineering Tools

 Definition
• is an explicit set of requirements to be
satisfied by a material, product, or service
Patent Drawing
 Product Drawings
 In engineering, information needs to be passed on
through drawings.
 The analysis, manufacturing and assembly of the
product is based on drawings.
 The objectives of the drawings:
 Drawings are preferred form of data communications in
engineering.
 Used to communicate the ideas between the designers
and between the designers and manufacturing personnel.
 Simulate the operation of the product.
 Used to check for the completeness of the product.
3 types of drawings:
1) SKETCHES (LAYOUT DRAWING)
- Generated during conceptualization stage.
- They are working documents that support the
development of the major components and their
relations.
- They are made to scale but only the important
dimensions are shown.
- Tolerance are usually not shown.
 Cont…
2) DETAIL DRAWING
– The important characteristic of a detail drawings:
• All dimensions must be tolerance.
• Materials and manufacturing detail must be clear and
presented in specific language.

– These drawings are made by CAD system such as

solidwork, AutoCAD, ProEngineer etc.
 Cont…
3) ASSEMBLY DRAWING
– The goal of assembly drawing is to show how
components fit together.

– The characteristics of assembly drawing:

• Each component is identified with a number referenced
to a list of all components.
• Necessary, detailed views are included to explain
information that is not clear in other view.
 BILL OF MATERIAL (BOM)
• BOM is an index of the parts that were used in the
product.
• The information should be included in BOM:
– The item number:
• This is a key to the components on the assembly drawings.
– The part number:
• This is a number used throughout the purchasing, manufacturing
and assembly system to identify the component.
– The quantity needed in the assembly
– The name and description of the component
– The material from which the component is made.
– The source of the component. (which company??)
– The cost of the individual component.
 PROTOTYPE
• The experimental phase of the engineering design
requires the transformation of paper drawings into
hardware, which is constructed and tested to verify
the concept’s workability.
• Four construction techniques are available for
designers:
1) Mock-up
- This is generally constructed to scale from plastics, woods,
cardboard to give the designer the feel for the design.
- Used to check the clearance, assembly techniques, manufacturing
considerations and appearance.
- Least expensive.
- A solid model in the CAD system can replace the mock-up.
- Mock-ups are referred to as a proof of concept prototype.
 Cont…
• 2) Modelling
– It relates the physical behavior of the system through
mathematical similitude.
– Referred to as a proof of product prototype.
– 3 different types of models used to predict the behavior of a rea
system:
• True
– An exact geometric reproduction of a real system, built to scale and
satisfying all the constraints imposed by design parameter.
• Adequate
– Constructed to test specific characteristics of the design and is not intended
to yield information of total design
• Distorted
– Purposely violates one or more design conditions.
– Required when it is difficult or impossible to satisfy the specific conditions.
 Cont…
 3) Prototype
 The most expensive construction technique.
 Produces the greatest amount of useful information.
 The prototype is constructed, full-scale working physical
system.
 Prototype can be comprehensive or focused.
 Comprehensive corresponds to a full-scale, fully
operational version of a whole product.
 Focused corresponds to one or a few of the product
elements.
 Cont…
• 4) Virtual prototyping
– CAD and CAE
– Solid modelling has enabled the use of geometry to
visualize product models quickly and to detect gross
interference problems.
– Able to automate design changes.
– Parametric modelling allows the presentation of
dimensions of the parts in term of parameters.
– Visual prototyping can have its biggest payoff in
manufacturing and analysis.
 Analysis
• Once the product is well defined, a complete analysis is
conducted.
• In analysis, you need to evaluate the integrity of the design in
terms of its safety concerns, material selection that fits the
requirement and compute the cost involved.
• Analysis proceeds as follows:
1) Check for the design safety in terms of computing the forces that act
on each component. Evaluate the stresses associated with these
components. Then list the materials that would satisfy the stress
requirements. CAE software can be used to perform the stress
analysis.
2) Manufacturability of the components needs to be checked. Having a
sketch of a component does not mean that the machinist able to
produce the component. Need to provide the drawing to machinist.
 Cont…
3) Cost analysis of the components. You will be able
to vary among components listed in
morphological chart if certain components are
cost effective or fit the product better.
4) The aesthetics or the look of the product needs to
be maintained. Several customer surveys have
shown that customers value the look of the
product much more highly than its performance.
 Design for manufacturing (DFM)
• Design for manufacturing (DFM) is based on
minimizing the cost of production including
minimizing the time to market while maintaining a
high standard of quality for the product.
• DFM provides guidance in the selection of materials
and processes and generates piece part and tooling
cost estimates at any stage of product design.
• There are several methods that have been used in
DFM to assess in analysis such as process-driven
design, failure mode and effect analysis (FMEA),
Taguchi method, design of experiment (DOE).
 Design for Assembly (DFA)
• DESIGN FOR ASSEMBLY is the study of the ease of assembling
various parts and components into a final product.
• A lower number of parts and an ease of assembly contribute
to reducing the overall cost of the product.
• With DFA, every part has to be checked. It must be
determined if it is a necessary part or would it be better
integrated into other parts or be replaced by a similar
function part that is simpler and costs less.
• Integrating both DFM and DFA helps contribute to the
competitive success of any given product by matching that
product’s demands to its manufacturability and assembly
capabilities.
 Design for Environment
 Design for environment is often called green design,
environmentally conscious design, life-cycle design
or design for recyclability.
 When a product’s useful life is over, one of three
things happens to its components:
 Disposed
 Reused
 Recycled
 3 factors contributed to design for environment:
 Economics
 Customer expectation
 Government regulation
 Cont…
• 1) economic
– It is less expensive to recycle some material than it is to
pay the expense of processing new raw materials.
– Especially for the product that it is easily disassembled into
components made of single material.
• 2) customer expectation
– Consumers are increasingly more environmentally
conscious and aware of the value of recycling.
– Thus, company that produce the product that affect the
environment, are looked down by the public.
• 3) Government regulation
– Government regulation is forcing attention on the
environment.