Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Real Time Systems Rajib Mail PDF
Real Time Systems Rajib Mail PDF
!#"%$'&)(*"%+%,.-!%/0&21!430".1*5(76)"%98:1*;"$#<1*1*$#=%,1*>?".@A0-B1DCC%"%(EGFH>0I(J6)*#-K/?*#23L!"%@%&)+%>0$#C;6M=32ON
P I3 2
3:O@Q1*
".#@2-R"%%STUVS".@)3
/M(W1WNXTUY"(%-Z%/0&01*#@0+)E[FH>0\
".#@2-R"%4!9"]H"%(G"%*83
6C^2/M!@)(* P V!%/0&21!9(
1>)"_1`]U!;aQ&0<1
&0@)".bM30"%60$#6CcO@)30 P I32&)".$I(S"%@)3d"%9>e/0&21*=(*! P 3d"f$I".+%@Q&)=6M!`%-U&)(*!9(E:FH>0;TUg!9"f(*"h]
1>0!+%!@?`%-G32(*8Q1*%/?(J]7>0I9>c!%&0$I3L6M="(W#$#C6M".bM303L".@?3i&)(*3L6C1*>)=#@)32 P I32&)"%$K&)(W(E4FH>0/M(W1WNXTUj!9"
I(
(*!O@0+!*+!@)!%-(W
"%$O$"%@)3i/M%*1"%60$O/0&21*(S".@?3c!%/0&21!9(V=6M30303cO@d P !C3)"hCf"%/0/0$##"_1O@)(!Sk
".8#@0+f".@
#@)32 P #32&?".$#@Q1*!9"%17]7<1>f(* P !9".$'/0&21*(H P *C230"hCE
l 5".$ONm1O="%@)3L=6M303253n!%/0&21O@0+"./0/)$OI!".1*#%@)(4O@L1>0A)(W141D]U:!%/0&21O@0+!9"
]U!`".1*>049".=".@?3L*5(D1*Io13
1"-R]g(W/M!#"%$O#p!53i"./0/)$OI!".1*#%@)(V(W&)9>i"(V(*/)"="%@)3L32-R@)(*%E4qX@i1*>0/?Q(D1*NrTHj!9".-G/0&21*#@0+?S?1>0=&?(W.-/)&21*
(*C2(D1!
(6)"(W53%@
".$ONs1*#J"%@)3!6?53032531*9>)@0%$#%+O5([>)"%(G".$#*5"%32C=1*%&?9>03 P !C`-t"1.-'%&0$OO-R4"%@)3#((D1O$#$)+*_]7#@0+
".1V"
/)"1>)"_1\]U"(7@0 P !4(*!@L6?!-R%%E7uv>0#$#=!6?5303253L/0!((W#@0+;"%@)3fqX@Q1*!@0!1WNr!@)"%60$O53L32 P I5(J>)" P @0_]w!"./01*&03
P !C%@0%x (`#
".+O@)".1*#%@S1*>0Cy".`zD&)(W1;"c(*
".$#$U-R"o1*#%@Y.-,"./0/0$#I!"_1O@)(=1*>)".1>?" P :6M!@Y
"32f/?Q(*(*O6)$O6C{*5".$ONm1O
(*C2(D1!
(!EHqr-]U=!"(W&?".$#$OC$O%8f".%&)@)3&)(!S?]!".@i30#( P !J
".@C.-K1*>0}|~%-B1*!@f1>0!CL"%*`".%&2M".+%53O@)(*I32=(*O/0$#
$#%8O@)+32 P I5(!Eqr-Z]UV6)(*! P J!"%*!-R&0$#$OCSQ]UV".@;@).1*I,(* P "%$0+"32+%!1(U".@)3:"./0/0$#I!"_1O@)(]7>0#9>:>)" P 41*230"hC6?5VO@0N
32I(*/?@)(*"%60$#J1*=%&0 P *C30"hC$OO-R%S2"%*J#@
-t"o16?"%(*3%@:!=6M3)323
"%$<Ns1*#4(*C(W1*
(!E[0G!^2"%/0$OS]UJ>)" P J&060IaQ&0O1*%&?(
!%@)(*&0!7/0232&)1(7(*&)9>L"%(732#+%O1"%$!"."(!S2$O$Z/0>0%@)(S2I_]H" P 4 P !@)(S2!"%!%932!9(S P I32!+Q".(W!1(21*$O5%&2N
@0I!".1*#%@{32"%O@d/0232&)o19(`".@?3d"%/0/0$##"_1O@)((W&?9>e"((W!1WNs1*/c6Mh^2(S!"%60$#
232
(!S P %I P !,qDTR[qDT
oS".@)3 P #30!
!%@2-R*@)#@0+n"%/0/0$##"_1*#%@?(![%
!:/0232&)1(=(*&)9>"(`-t".^d
"%9>)O@05(!SK$I"%(*!/0*#@Q1*(S"%@)3(*!&0*O1DCe(WC2(W1*!
(EiU(*#325(!SK]U
@)&0@Q1*!,"%$<Ns1*#(*C2(D1!
(\O@d>0(*/0O1"%$#(\#@n1>0-R%.-532#".$K#@)(D1*&)@Q1"_1O@c5aQ&0O/)@Q1(,".@)3c#"%+%#@0+f(WC2(W1*!
(E
FH>0*"%*".$I(*"$I".+%\@&0=6M!J%-5aQ&0O/)@Q1(7".@?3+Q"%32+19(6?"%(*3%@*5".$ONm1O(*C(W1*
(H]7>0#9>1>0%&0+>]U@0*
".$#$#C;32
@0%17&)(W32#o1$OCS260&217@0 P !U1>0$O5(*(H"%*,(D1O$#$#/?W19".@Q11%&0730"%O$#C;$#<-REj-R]!^0"./0$#(U.-K(W&)9>f(*C(W1*
(U"%*\qX@Q1**@0!1
%&21!9(!S6)"(W(W1".1*#%@)(H#@L!$#$#&0$#"%J(WC2(W1*(S2#@)32&)(W1*#"%$'/0$I".@Q14".&21%
"_1O@(*C2(D1!
(S0".@)3O@?32&)(W1*#"%$*6?%1(E
qr17!"%@:6M\5"%(*O$#CO@0-R!*53
-R%1*>),"%6? P V32I(&)((W#%@;1*>)".1H#@:!!@Q1U1*#5(H*5".$ONm1O\%/0&01*!9(U>)" P V6?5\&060IaQ&0ON
1%&)("%@)3>)" P 7/M!".1*3$I".+%H@&0=6M!G.-'"./0/0$#I!"_1O@
"."%(EU1/)*5(W@15S.1>04/0&21*(K&?(W53O@".$ONs1*#J"%/0/0$##"_1O@)(
P "%(W1*$#C%&21@Q&)=6M!1*>0\%/0&01*!9([1>)"_1H".76?O@)+=&)(*3
#@:!%@ P @1O@)".$?"./0/0$#I!"_1O@)(EV!30O@0+,1"%@
(W1*#".1* hrS)_
%-".$#$k/0*2!((W(G"%@&2-t"%1*&03:]*$I3Nr]7#32V".\32/0$#_C%3;O@*5".$ONm1O\!=6M3)323"./0/0$#I!"_1O@)(Euv>)O$#,<1H#(H"%$O"32C1*&0
1>)"_1V"%@L P *]7>0$O#@0+
"_zD%O1DC;.-".$#$Z/)*25(*(*%9(U6?O@)+;
".@&2-t"%1*&03f"%*+1W1O@)+:32!/)$O_C3O@L"%$<Ns1*#`"./0/)$OI!".1*#%@)(S
]7>)".1
#(%*"%*8_"%60$OI(1*>0f&0@0I(D19".8_".6)$O1*!@?3y%-\(W1*"32C#(*O@Y1*>0f-R9"%1*#%@Y.-\"%$O$7/)*25(*(*%9("%@&2-t"%1*&03
]U%$#32Ns]7I32VA)@)32#@0+1*>)!#J]U"hC1*5".$ONm1O"./0/)$OI!".1*#%@)(E
%-1*>0"(W@)(V".1W1*#60&219".60$#=1:1>0/0>0@0%!@?".$K+%_]H1*>i#@c1*>0&)(*%-"%$<Ns1*#(*C(W1*
(V#@c1*>0@Q1\C".9(
%" *1*>)
"%@0O-R%$I3n32&?o1*#%@?(,O@d1*>);(W#p!
".@?3n1>0;Q(D1%-1>0;/)&21*(SZ&0/0$#3c]7<1>e1*>0
"%+%I!".$K#/0* P !!@Q19(41
1>0!#/?W-R*
"%@)EFH>)" P "%O$I".60#$#<1DCL%-U/0&21*(".1`"%/0I32$OCf-t"%$O$##@0+f/0*I5(!SZ*532&)53n]U!#+%>Q15S"%/0I32$OCc(W>0#@08O@0+L(*Op(S
"%@)3e1*>)!##@)"(W#@0+i/)*25(*(*#@0+L/?_]U!>)" P ;1*%+1>0!%@Q1*#60&213e1i1*>)/0(*!@Q1(@)".#)En4/0/0$##"_1*#%@?(=]7>0I9>@0%1
1Q;-t".\6)"%98]*=!%@)(*I32!3f/0%>)O60O1* P $OC^2/M!@)(* P 1:".&21%
"_1%Sk!"%@L@0_]6?"_bk%930".60$#Cf".&21%
"_13'EJ)%4#@)(W1"%@)S
]7>0@cI%/025(*(*%9(4!(W1*3d(* P "%$1*!@?(,.-G1>0%&?(*"%@)30(,.- l &0/M!5(!SZ1*>0Ci]*
!%@)(*#30!3L1f6?1Qf!^/M!@?(W P 1*f6M
/0&01JO@)(*I32`"]U"(W>0#@0+
"%9>0#@0%)60&21J]7>0@1>0!CQ(D17%@)$OC:"-R]>&0@)30*53:&0/M!(S21>0!#7&)(*"%8%5(U!%!9I".$(*!@)(*%E
FH>0,9"./0I3+%_]H1*>:%-"%/0/0$##"_1*#%@?(732!/0$#_CO@)+"%$<Ns1*#V19>0@)%$#%+%#(U>)"(H6?!@f
"_199>036C
1*>0 P $O&21O@)".C+%_]H1*>
%-M1>04&)@)32!$#CQ#@0+,19>0@0$O+%#((*&0/0/M%*1*#@0+,1>0V32 P $O/0!@Q1G.-'"%$<Ns1*#J(WC2(W1*!
(EqX@;1*>0I(6M%8kS]UJ32I(*!&)((G(*%J.-k1>0
!%=19>0@0$O+%#(\&)(*3cO@e32 P !$#%/)O@0+".$ONs1*#
(*C2(D1!
(!EJ_]U P !5Sk](W1*#1\&0(*!$ P 5(J1i(W%-B1D]U"%*#((*&0(\%@)$OCn"%@)3
qX@n1*>0I(,9>)"./21!5Sk]*5(D1*Io1\%&09(W$ P (J1*f(WO@Q1*232&)1**CL".@?3f-R&0@)30"%!@Q1"%$I((W&05(!E,qX@n1*>0@0^1,1*>)*9>)"%/21*(S
]UL32#(&?(*(
(*%L*1*>)!%#(&0@)32*$#CO@)+c1>0i32 P !$#%/)@Q1%-V/09"%1*I!"%$7*5".$ONm1OL".@)3Y!6?5303253 (*C2(D1!
(E qX@ 1>0
(*&06)(*aQ&0@1\9>)"./21!5S)]U=32I(*!&)((4(*%`#/M%*1"%@Q1J-R".1*&0(4.-G!#"%$".$ONs1*#=%/M!9"_1*#@0+;(*C2(D1!
(!EJJ-B1*41>)"_15S?]U
(*>0O-B1J%&0J".1W1*@Q1*#%@1*".$ONs1*#!%=&0@)#"_1*#%@1*59>0@0$O+%#(H".@)330".1".6?"%(*(E
"$! #&%' #("daQ&)".@Q1*O1".1* P @0.1O@.-V1*#%E l 5".$ONm1O#("(W&)*53{&)(*O@0+e"c/0>C(*I!".$,R"%$I
$#298kE{uv>0!@0 P ]U
Qa &)"%@1<-RC;1*#,&)(*#@0+"/0>C2(WI!"%$'$#98kS]U,30".$k]7O1*>*5".$M1*#%E4@!^2"%/0$O\&)(*,.-1>0#(7aQ&)"%@Q1*O1"_1 P V@).1*#%@.-Z1*#".@
)(
6M`%6?(W P 3O@i"
325(*!*#/21O@%-".@L".&21%
"_13f9>0I!"%$/0$I".@Q1EJ%@?(WI32!J1*>0I( ]7>0!@f1>01!/?".1*&0.-K1>0=9>0I!"%$
+*-, -.
"o1*#%@e9>)"%=6M!`"_1*1"%O@)("L!!*1"%O@d/032!1*!O@)3c1*/M!9"_1&0%S("hC . VS1>0;(*C(W1* "%&21*".1*I!"%$O$#Cn(*]7<199>0(,%b
1>0;>05"_1*=]7O1*>0#@"L/0301**#@03c1O:#@Q1* P ".$sSK(*"hCc]7<1>0O@LO$#$#(*@)30(EqX@e1>0I(=325(*!*#/21*#%@{%-J"f/)".*1=.-H1>0
6M!>)" P #%.-"9>0!I!".$M/0$I".@Q1SQ1>041O P ".$#&0J1>)"_1H]U"(G-R*3132@0.1(1*>)V"32O@)+(%-Z(W4/0>C2(WI!"%$M!$O298/0(*!@Q1
#@1*>0/0$I".@Q1J".&01*%
".1*#%@f(WC2(W1*!fE
0/ 123!#&%4 &5768#:9;2<!#:%'
qX@
@Q1*9"%(W1[1* S t"%$#(*,8@0_]7@
"%( P #W1&)".$21Oh
325".$I([]7<1>;"aQ&)".$#<19"_1 P 7@0.1O@%-k1*#V".@)3I(
!^/)*5(*(*3&)(*O@0+
P @1J30!O@0+!$I"_1O@)(7(W&?9>f"(76M-R%%SM"_-B1!5S)(W1*#(S0 P !@Q1*&?".$#$OCS0/0532(S)(*&)!!!530(!S)1%Euv>)O$#
325".$#O@)+`]7<1>:$#%+#".$21O%SQ1O4"32#@0+(-R* "=/0>C(*I!".$M$#298"%*J@).1G@055(*(".C=-RG32*#@0+,1>04 P !@Q19(!EK4(U".@;!^0".N
/0$#%S0!%@)(*I32!U1*>)V-R$O$#_]7#@0+/?".*1U%-Z1*>)\6M!>?" P #%U.-K"=$##60"%*C;"%&21*
"_1*#%@(W%-B1D]U"%*V&)(*3:1*".&21%
"_141>06?8Nr8%!/0#@0+
=(?> A@B C)DFEGIH$HJ
"o1* P <1O5(4%-G":!%$#$O+%=$##60"%*C *J-B1*\" "%@)3LI(4+ P !@i6C1*>)=&)(*!5S'3219".#$#(V.-G"%$O$
"_19>)O@0+6?8(\".
K L> 2K 4>
32I(*/0$#"hC3:6QC1>0(W%-B1D]U"%*E iqX@:1>0#(H!^0"./0$#%S1*>)\ P @19( WI(*(*&04%-aQ&0*C
6M%8;"%@)3 ".@)3 *32I(*/0$#"hC
%-Z(*&0$<19( ". MK
$#%+#".$#$OCL32*53i#@d1*!
(.-U]7>0I9>d P @19(\-R%$#$O_] 1*>0
%1*>0E
U&215SZ@0iaQ&)"%@1<19"_1 P !^/)*5(*(*O@c%-G1O
]H"%(,aQ&0#*53'E
$#"%*$#C%S1>0#(J^0"./0$#6?>)" P OH#(J30 P #3.-[".@C;"%$<Ns1*#%@?(WI32!9"_1O@)(Eud`".,@0_]j#@L"/?Q(WO1*#%@130A)@0]7>?"_1JI(
(
"".$ONs1*#(*C2(D1!
² ³µ´¶´¶))·¸¨)¹`º
¹"» I¼7½)¿¾kÀÁ
3¿
l 5".$ONm1Oi(*C2(D1!
(>)" P f%-\$I"_1%S-R%&0@)3v"%/0/0$##"_1O@)(O@ ]7I32L9".@0+O@0+e"."(!EvqX@ 1>0f-R%$#$O_]7#@0+?S]Uf$OI(D1:(*%L%-V1>0
/0%#@0!@Q1G"%*5"%(.-'"./0/)$OI!".1*#%@.-k*5".$ONm1OJ(*C2(D1!
([".@)3#@
"9>I32!@Q1<A)53
!"(WS.]J30#(&)(("\-R]Y!^2"%/0$OJ"%/0/0$##"_1O@)(
#@j(*%n32!1".#$sE 4(]c!".@v#
".+O@0SH1*>0d$##(W1:]U%&0$I3v6M P *C P "%(W1:<-`]Ui1*CY1*y^2>)".&?(D1 P !$#CY$##(W1"%$O$\"."(
.-
"%/0/0$##"_1*#%@?(J.-["%$<Ns1*#=(WC2(W1*(EHuc>)" P ,1>0!-R*=*5(D1*Io13f%&)J$OI(W141*:%@0$#C";>)".@)32-R&0$%-G"."(!S)"%@)3f%&01V.-K1>0(*
]U,>)" P ,^2/0$I".#@053:@0$OC"=-R] (*!$#1*53"%/0/0$##"_1O@)(1*;@)(*! P ,(W/)"Eud>)" P V/M%#@Q1*3&2171*>0`aQ&)"%@Q1*O1"_1 P ,@0.1O@)(
)! / #:2
3:#&9;2!#&5
qX@)30&)(D1*I".$?"./0/0$#I!"_1O@)([@)(W1*O1*&21J"V
".zD%[&)(".+H"%*5"4%-M"%$<Ns1*#7(WC2(W1*!
(E -R]Y!^0".N
-(
/0$#([%-k#@)32&?(D1*I".$)"%/0/0$##"_1O@)([.-k".$ONs1*#J(*C2(D1!
("%* Z/02(([@Q1*%$0(*C(W1*
(!SO@)30&)(D1*I".$M".&21%
"_1O@
(WC2(W1*!
(S
)U 4w"./0/0$#I!"_1O@)(S1*(W14".@?3:"(W&)*@Q1H5aQ&0O/)@Q1(S0".@)3%6M.1*I\aQ&0#/0!@Q1(E
fit fit
fit door wheel spray
engine paint
chassis
finished car
Conveyor Belt
(
#+%&)* 29>)!
"_1# l /0*5(W@Q1"_1O@%-4@f4&21*
"_1*53iU".J4((*!=6)$OC:TG$#"%@Q1
% 3:.-/0/ /21 #*$5 / )3"5=! / 57435£!$6Á9
7"3#*$# !$#&5890:5;=<
U4w".,"
"_1!+%*C
%-K30#(W1*O6)&21*53!%@Q1*%$(*C2(D1!
(H6M!#@0+
&)(*3O@f
".@CO@)30&)(D1*#(E )U>Jw(*C(W1* >0$O/?(
)
%@0O1*".@?3;@1*$?"$I".+%4@Q&)=6M!U.-Z32I(D1*#60&213: P @Q1(%-O@Q1!(W1EKqX@)U>J(*C2(D1!
(SQ(*!@)(*%9(G"%*V(*"_1W1!3
"_1 P "%*#%&?(4+!%+"%/0>0I,$O2"_1*#%@?(J1$O$#1\9"h]w30"_19"nm!".$#$#3i P @19(4%-G#@1!(W19
E,FH>)(*30".1":"%*=1*>0@n/025(*(*3
".@)3d(W1*%3c#@e"f"%$<Ns1*#
30"_19".6)"(WE;FH>0;30"_19".6)"(W232!$I(;R*!)1(9
V1*>0;!&0*@1`(W1".1*
.-U1*>)
!@ P O%@0@15E
FH>030"_19".6)"(W\I(7&0/k30"_13-R*5aQ&0!@Q1*$#C
1
"%8%,<14""%$OI(D1#\232!$'%-1>0,&0/213)"_1*`(W1".1*,.-1*>)!@ P O%@0@15E[J@
^0"./0$#=%-"?U J"./)/0$OI!".1*#%@iI(,".? @ G@0!+%A
C @i"%@)".+!!@Q1,2C(W1*L* B@c0
oE'J6 @ B@cf>0!$#/)(V1*f!"%*C%&21,$OQ"%3
6)".$I".@?#@0+O@L".@f$O5o1*I!".$'@0!+%C;30#(W1*O6)&21*#%@L@0!1D]*8kE[FH>0 C@n(W@)(W5(U1*>0=!@0*+C:@)(W&)/01*#%@f"_171*>)=32I(D1*ON
60&21O@
/?O@Q1(U".@?3
%/0&01*(G1*>)4$#"%3
"(([32ObM*@1U/0>)"(W5(.-'/M_](*&0/0/0$#C%EKqr1H".$I(W>0$O/?(32C@)"%#".$#$OC6)".$I".@?
W <#:9;2 -(
Y-R]y^0"%/)$O5(%-?30#".$0"./)/0$OI!".1*#%@)(.-M*5".$ONm1OH(WC2(W1*(K"%* *6?%1(S @ l q(*".@0@0(S_9"%32I"_1O@1*>0"%/C
aQ&0#/0!@Q1(S26M30(*#30@0O1*%9(S0".@)3/)&21**#p!53".^2#"%$?1%%+"%/0>CisU[FJ
E
% 3:Á5'58! ¢# 19;5 1 / )5 5 *# ¨&29-$<#:58 9}!# 1 W£! / #&
l % 6M.19(>)" P 6?5 P !C{/?/0&0$I".@0_]H"%30"hC2(".@)3 ".6M!#@0+e&)(*3YO@ "d]7#30 P "%*#1DC{%-V32I!"%$J"./0/)$OI!".1*#%@)(E
J@i"%/0/0$##"_1*#%@1>)"_1\]`32I(&)((J>0*=#(V"*6?%14&)(*3f#@L*!1*O P #@0+;32I(*/0$#"539"%30OQ"%o1 P ,".1**I".$I(!E l "32#"%1* P
"_1**I".$I(:(*&)9> "%(L%6)"%$<1f".@)3 l "%32#&0 ".n&?(W53v-R%1*".1*!@Q1f.-=".@)!!5EU11*#(f32&0#@0+1*5"_1*@15SJ1>0
"32#"%1* P L%6)"%$<1iR l "%30O&0;
+19(
32#(*$#"_13 ".@)3Y-t".$#$I(
32_]7@Ej#@)f>&0
".@ 6M!#@0+(:!".@ @0%1
!%L@05".
"
"32#"%1* P H
"_1!#"%$mS"%6M.1I(&?(W531**5(D1%H1*>0\"32#"%1* P 7
"_1!#"%$01`<19(G/)*/?G/M(*<1O@E[FH>04%6M.1G]H".$#82(
O@Q1`1*>)4Q%@Q19".#@0O@)+1*>0\9"%32#"o1* P 7
".1*!I".$sS/0I982(GO1H&0/S2".@)3;*5(D1%(O1G1=O1(U/0%/M!/?Q(WO1*#%@E[FH>0\%6M.1
>)"%(1(*!@?(W\<19(7!@ P #*@0!@Q1-RaQ&0@Q1*$#C;".@)36)"%(*3%@:1*>0I(7#@2-R%
"_1O@S/0$#"%@O1(H/?"_1*>ZEFH>0,*5".$ONm1O,%@?(D1"%O@Q1
%@1*>)4/)".1*>
/0$I".@0@)O@0+`1"%(*8.-k1*>04*6?%1G#(1*>)".1G&0@0$#((O1G/0$I".@?([1*>)4/)".1*>-t"%(W1G@0%&0+>;"_-B1!G"%@
%6)(W1"$#J#(3211*3S
<1J
"hC;!%$#$OI32]7O1*>f<15EFH>0,1*#`@)(D1"%O@Q19(#@ P $ P 3;>)!,"%*,%-1>0%932!H%-"-R!]O$#$O(W5@)30(E
/ # < / 2s 7"3# ¨%' =!
-R] ^0"./0$#(G.-/M!O/)>0!9".$MaQ&0#/0!@Q1(G1*>?"_17%@Q19".#@
!=6M3)323:*5".$ONm1O4(*C2(D1!
("%* -(
$#"(WH/0*#@Q1*(S032#+%O1".$!%/0#!9(S-t".^
"%9>)O@05(!S030O+<19".$!"%!9"%(S"%@)3f(*".@0@)!9(!E
% 3:
$ / / #*=!$ /
"
@L(W14$I"%(*!J/)*#@Q1*!9(7>)" P /?_]U!*-R&0$I%/)*25(*(*%9(U!6?530323f#@L1>0! 1*%@Q1*$Z32ObM*@1\"%o1 P O1*#(V"%((W2I"_13
] <1>e/0*#@Q1*#@0+)EFH>0
#/M%*1"%@Q1="%o1 P O1*#(,1>)"_1="fI%/025(*(*%,!6?5303253c#@"f$I"%(*!/0O@Q1!/M!*-R%(`O@)!$O&?32
7
(
1*>0-R$O$#_]7#@0+ `+1*1*#@0+i30"_19"-R* 1>0:=&0@0I!".1*#%@e/M%*15t(9
oS1DC/?5(W!1W1O@0+i-R%@Q1(S(*!@?(W#@0+f/)"./M!4zW".
(SZ@0%1*I#@0+
]7>0!@1>0J/0O@Q1!&0@)([&21.-'/)"%/?SQ(W@)(*O@0+]7>)!@1*>04&)(W/0((W5([",60&21*1*%@
@1*>0J!%@Q1*%$)/)".@0$mSQ".@)332I(*/0$#"hC#@0+
P ".O&)(G5(*(".+(G1*1*>0,&)(*!5E[FH>0,(W17!%/0$#^:"o1* P <1DC;1*>)".1U1>0,#!*/0*2!((WG/M!*-R%(UI(732 P #@0+=1>0,$#"(W
!@0+O@)%EFH>)
6)"%(*#
!%
".@)3c1>)"_1"f$I"%(*!@0+%#@0;(*&0/0/M%*1(I(,1i/0&21"f6)$#"98n32.1%@d1*>0:/)"./M!5E4_] P !5S'1>0
$#"(WJ!@)+%#@0`>)"(7@0;I32":".6M%&21V1*>0`!^0"%o1\(W>)"%/?5(J%-[30<bk!!@Q14-R@Q1(S0-R%@Q1,(W#p!5(!S?<19".$##%S?&0@?32!$O#@0#@0+)S?6?$#32-t"%S?!1%E
1*>)".1VO1\
"hC6?"%(*8%531*/0O@Q1E\FH>0!=6M3)323nI%/)*25(*(*%7!! P 5(J/0O@Q1,%
".@?30(4@iO1(VO@0/)&21\/M%*1\"%@)3
321!O@05(,>0_]g1>0;32%1(`".@d6?:!%/M(*3n1*L"%9>0# P 1*>0;325(W#3d322&0!@Q1="%@)3d"%@)".+(\/0O@Q1O@0+1>0;^0"o1
(W>?"./M(U1*>)*&0+%>"
(W*#(U.-[32%17!%
".@)3)(H#((W&)3:1*1*>)$#"(WU@0+%#@0EFH>0\1*#`!%@)(W1*9".#@Q1(U#@ P %$ P 53:>0*"%*\.-
1*>030!H.-K"-R!]j#$O$#(*!%@)3)(!E
<!57%'5 !$# 1 +
/ 5 / !2!#&5C g-R]g^0"%/)$O5(4%-".&21%.1 P =".@?3L1*9".@?(W/M%*1".1*#%@i"./)/0$OI!".1*#%@)(V.-*5".$ONm1O
(WC2(W1*(H"%*-
( "%&21*%1* P \!@0+O@)\!%@Q1*%$k(WC2(W1*(S*Q"%3;1*9"_;V(*#+%@)"%$M!%@Q1*%$sS2".#WNs1*9"_;4!%@Q1*%$sSQ>0O+>2NX(W/M!53
1*9".#@
@1*$mS2".H@)" P O+Q"_1O@(*C(W1*
(!S)"%@)3 @iTGqG@0+%#@0`!%@Q1*%$'(*C(W1*
(!E
% 3:/ 3 !#9q58# =!<1419;!#&5 8 &<;0")/!1%
J@ @iTGqG(*C2(D1!I(U"%@"%&21*%1* P V!@0+O@0,@Q1*%$k(WC2(W1*!fE[@)/21*&)"%$M30#"%+%9"..-"!"%=6M3030O@0+".@ @iTGq
s*
(WC2(W1* I(G(*>0_]7@#@;O+?E 2EKJ@
@iTqKI(""%$<Ns1*#H(*C2(D1! 1*>)".1@Q1*%$I(1*>0J9"_17.-k-R&0$)#@_zD1*#%@;".@?3"%$O$#_]J(K1>0
!@0+O@),1*
%/M!9"_1"_1JO1(J/21*#
".$!;#!@)!C%EGqX@f$#32J232!$I(7.-[!"%(S)"9>?".@0I!"%$32 P I`!"%$O$#31>0=!"%*6)&0*!1W1%
]U"(4&?(W53L1*f@Q1*%$1*>0-R&0$[O@_zD5o1O@n9"_1*1*1*>)@0+%#@0Eqr1,]H"%(41*>)(*/M%@)(*O6)O$#<1DCf%-G1*>)".60&01W1%V1* P ".C
1*>0-R&0$7O@_zD5o1O@y9"_1*f32/?@)32#@0+e%@{1>0L&0*@Q1(*/?3Y.-J1>0 P !>)#!$O".@)31*>0L325(W#*53y"!$O".1*#%@EyU"%*!-R&0$
^2/M!O!@Q19(G>)" P \(*&0++%(W1*531*>?"_1U-R%H%/21O
"%$M@0!+%C&21*/0&01S21>0VaQ&0#3
-R&)!$kO@.zDo1O@9"_1VI(U>0#+%>0$#C
@0%@)$O#@0"%
]7<1>`(*/?5o11J1*>) P >0I$#G(W/M!53`".@?3`"%!$#!9"_1O@EJ$I(*)Sh^2/M!O!@Q19".$%(*&0$O1((W>)_]n1>)"_11*>0/0*5I(W-R&0!$#@_zD1*#%@
1*>0%&)+%>=&0$O1*#/0$#7/?O@Q1(#([*Hbk1* P H1>)".@;(*O@)+%$#U/M%#@Q1O@.zDo1O@EKqX; @ @iTGq!@0+O@05(!S.1*>0J/)*5I(WU-R&0$)#@_zD1*#%@
".1*H"_15"%9>O@_zD5o1O@/M%#@Q1#([301**#@036C="!%/0&21!5EJ; @ @iTq(*C2(D1!g#@_zD1(K-R&)!$)#@Q1*,#@)32 P I32&)"%$)C$#O@?32!9(
*5(W&)$<1O@0+,#@6?!1W1* /?_]U![6)"%$#"%@)x.".%@)+41>04C$#O@?32!9(["%(K]U!$#$0"%([>)O+>0![&21*/0&01[-R*g"9>@0J".$#%@0+\]7O1*>-t"%(W1*
1*>0.1*1*$#,*5(W/M%@)(*%EKFH>0,/02((*%U/0*#
".O$#C;@Q1*%$I(1>0,O+@0<1O@:1O#@0+
".@)3:1*>),aQ&)"%@Q1*O1DC;.--R&0!$k16M,O@.zDo13'E
FH>0=$I"_1*1*4I(V"9>0O P 53f6QCL!%@Q1*%$#$O#@0+1>030&0".1*#%@f-RV]7>0I9>L1>0=#@_zD1* P ".$ P =#(V%/M!@f| /M%/0&0$I".$#C8@0_]7@n"(
Computer
O+&00*2([ l "%$<NXFHO`C2(W1*! 6?530323#@LJ@.@iTGq7U".
1&19-58%'%<#:9;£!$#&5
¨&#&9-£!#:5 -R]!^2"%/0$O,&)(*(J.-"%$<Ns1*#(WC2(W1*!
(7#@1*$O5%&0@0I!"_1O@"%/0/0$##"_1O@)(
".;K
( $O$#&0$I".J(*C(W1*
(!S P I32!;!%@2-R*@)#@0+)S2"%@)3f!".6)$O,232!
(E
% 3: "# "1:* 3& / 0/)/)!$1%
!$#$O&)$#"%(*C(W1*
(G>)" P J6MV" P !C/M%/)&0$#"%G"%@)(.-%60#$#V=&0@0I!".1*#%@E[!$#$#&0$#"%U(*C2(D1!&)(*&)".$#$#C
"./?(
"=!<1DC#@1!!$#$#(EKqX@:"9>:$O$sS2"`6)"(W\(D19"_1O@;%@0O1*(1*>0\%60#$O\>)"%@)30(*1(/0(*!@Q1#@
1>0\!!$#$mE[U(*I32(SQ1*>0\6)"%(*
(D19"_1O@d/M!*-R%
((W P "%$K1"%(*82((W&?9>"%(,$#"_1O@0+i"f&?(WS(W@)32#@0+i".@)3e!! P O@0+L!%@Q1*%$[((".+%5(\1*i"f>)"%@)30(*15S
8%!/0#@0+1*9"%98L%-H".$#$G3219".#$#(\-R`60#$O$##@0+L/0&0/?Q(W5(!S".@)3d>)"%@)3Nr.b.-7!"%$O$I("%(1*>0
%6)O$#
P (E:U".$#$>)"%@)3Nr.bI(
*5aQ&0O3:]7>0!@L"%60#$#\ P (H"h]U"hC-R%}"6?"%(*,(W1".1*#%@E[V(J"60#$O, P 5(U"h]H"hC%SO1(7!! P 53:(*O+@)".$(W1*!@0+%1*>
l )0
4-t".$#$#(,"_1,1>06?"%(*(W1".1*#%@E=FH>)6?"%(*(W1".1*#%@n@0<1%9(J1>0I(".@)3c"%(,(W@c"%(V1>0 l 0L-t"%$O$I(,6M!$#_] "!!*1"%O@
1*>0(*>0$#3 P ".$#&0%S<1G>?".@)30(WNr.b
1*>)43219".#$#(.-M1*>07@2Ns+%#@0+!"%$O$0%-?1>07%60#$#H1*,1*>)J6)"%(*7(D19"_1O@%-?1>04!!$#$21*]7>0I9>
1*>0\%60#$#4>)"(G P 53'E[FH>04>?".@)3Nr.bL&)(D1H6M\!%/0$#1*53
]7O1*>0#@"(W&0
!O@Q1*$#C;(W
".$#$M/0*532A?@03;1*#\#@1! P ".$sEK(*
1*>)".171*>0&)(*!4325(7@0.17-R!$".@C;1!/?"%*C32I(W&0/21O@%-(W P I32&0O@)+1*>0`>?".@)3Nr.bKEHFGC/0I!"%$O$#C".$#$>)".@?3Ns%bnI(
*5aQ&0O3;1*
6M`"%9>0# P 3:]7<1>0O@L"-R]jO$#$##(*!%@)30(E
Á / 5 3 9;
-(
-R!] O/M%*1".@Q1&)(*
.-H*5".$ONm1O
(*C(W1*
(,O@{".*Q(W/?"%"./)/0$OI!".1*#%@)("%* " P #%@)#(!S'?O+>1=(*#=&0$I"_1O@S
".#*$##@0\".60#@f
".@)"%+%!@17(*C(W1*
(!S)("_1!$#$OO1*\1"98Q#@0+(WC2(W1*(S0".@?3!%/0&21!7@2Ns6M"%3".@f".#!".-B1E
% 3: /`58% <! / 57 / # / 9 / !
' %
A> wK ^>
qX@
"%@QC=232*@".#99"_-B1(S51*>07/)O$#.1!"%@(*!$#1".@ *".&01*,/0#$O%1 V%/21O@EV((*Q@"(1*>0H/0#$O%1G(W]7O19>)(1*\1*>) *".&01*
wK
/0#$O%1 30%S"%@e%@2Nr6?Q".93n!%/0&21!,1"%8%5(, P !"%$O$!%@Q1*%$I(,.-1*>0;"%O99"_-B1#@)$#&)32#@0+L@)" P #+"_1O@Sk1"%8%!Ns%bSZ"%@)3
L> IK
$#"%@)32#@0+\.-)1>07".#!".-B1EqX@1*>) ".&21V/)O$#.1 4232%S.1*>07/0&21*[/?*#232I!".$#$#C`(*"%/)$O5( P !$#2O1DC`".@)3"%!!!$#!9"_1O@`.-
1*>0\".#!".-B1EK0% 1*>)V("./0$#3;30".1")S1>04@2Nr6?Q".93
%/0&01*!H/0&21*5(SS2".@)3L.Nr%932#@)"_1([%-'1*>0,&)*!@Q1
".#!".-B1/M(*O1*#%@v".@)3 !%/)".(1>0! ]7<1> 1*>0L/0NX(*/?5OA)3Y1*9"%983)"_1")EjU-R*1*>)L@0^1:("./0$# P "%$O&)(
".
%6219".#@03S0<1\%/0&01*(71*>0=30 P #".1*#%@-R% 1>0=(*/?5OA)31"98 P ".$#&0(4".@)31"%8%5(7".@C!%*5o1* P ,"%1*#%@)(71*>)".14
"hC
6?@)5(*(".C%EGqX@f1*>0I(J!"(WS21*>)=(*"%/0$O#@0+
%-1>0 P ".O&)(H/)"%"%!1*(S0".@)31>0!#J/02((*O@0+@031
6?=!%/0$#13
]7<1>0#@f"-R]I(*!%@)3)(!E
=! / <!? <&!#&%4 3#& ¨&#&9-£!#:5
$
qX/?W19".@Q1H&)(W,%-Z*5".$ONm1O,(WC2(W1*(U#@:&0$<1O532#""%@)3;qX@Q1**@)17"./0/0$#ON
-(
!".1*#%@)(U#@)$#&)32 P #32
%@0-R!!@)!O@0+".@?3&0$O1*#532I"=&0$O1*I!"(D15S2qX@1!@01J%&01*!9(H".@)3(*]7<199>0(E
% 3:
/ # <15 `5 b / 39;# <6
qX@" P #30!n!%@2-R*@)#@0+n"%/0/0$##"_1*#%@ZS P I32!c".@)3{"%&)32#n(W#+%@?".$I(`".;+%@0!9"_13d6Cd".!9"%(=".@)3{I%/0>)%@05(*!N
(W/M1* P $OCE:FH>0:30".1"f".;("./0$#3e"_1="L!!*1".#@d/0*5(W/M!<A?3c-R"%
".1*%EFH>0(*;".1*>0@%/0((*3d".@)3e(*!@Q1
³ 0
¨·
¹¶'¹`» I¼7¿¾kÀÁ
3
ud=>)" P =".$#"%30C:/M%#@13L&2141>)"_1V1*>0I(V6?%8L!%@2A)@)(JO1(*!$O-1
1*>0(*.-B1D]H".#((W&)(J#@i"%$<Ns1*#=(WC2(W1*(E44_] P !5S)#@
321=6MV".6)$O41*(*!J1*>0,(W%-B1D]U"%*7I((W&05(#@"/)*/?G/M!9(W/M1* P %S]UJ@031=>)" P 4"`6)"(WIJ!%@)!!/21&)".$M&0@)32(W1"%@)32#@0+
%-1*>0&0@)30!$OC#@0+>?".932]U"%*EVud1*>0*!-R%=#@i1*>)#(,(*o1O@i1*Cf132 P $O/n";60"3L&0@)30!9(D19".@)32#@0+.-G>0#+%>c$O P $I((W&05(
Input Input
Conditioning
Unit Interface
sensor
Human
Real−Time Computer
Computer Interface
Output Output
Conditioning
Unit Interface
actuator
operators
2(
#+%&0 [ @L232$.-K" l ".$ONXFHO`C2(D1!
$5 /
0 w(W@)(W7%@ P !*1(H(W\/)>QC2(*#".$9>)"%"o1!#(W1*IJ%-O1(7@ P #*@0!@Q17O@Q1$O5o1*I!"%$k(*#+%@)"%$#(E[J@f^0"./0$#,.-
" (W@)(*%H#(7"/0>0%1*%N P %$O1".I4!!$#$']7>0I9>!%@ P W19(G$#O+>Q1H@0!+%C#@Q1*!$#1*#".$k!@0*+C%E[ ]7#30 P "%*#1DC
%-Z1*/?".1*&0\"%@)3
/0((*&0*,(*!@)(*%9(H".\"%$#(*&?(W53'E 1*/M!9"_1&0\(*!@)(*%U1DC/0I!"%$O$#C;%/M!9"_1(U6)"(W53:@:1>0/0O@)!O/)$O,.-K" ! 3 / %'59;5 ¨&
E
F!/M!9"_1*&)*(*!@)(*%9(U6)"%(*3%@
".@C;.1>0!7/)>QC2(*#".$k/0O@?#/0$O5(7".$I(W!^I(W1E[07^0"./0$#%S2@0\1DCQ/M.-1*/M!9"_1&0`(W@2N
(*%H!/0$#_C2(1>0/0O@?#/0$O\.- P ".#".1*#%@;%-!$#1*#".$k(*#(W1"%@)V]7<1>1!/M!9"_1*&)*t".$#$O53 }D bH}D
" W
oEG /0((W&)*\(W@)(W
&C $H$C
C D E
1DC/0I!"%$O$#C4/?".1*(6)"%(*3,@,1*>0 G/0#@)#/0$#%ETG*5(*(*&0[(W@)(W(k6?"%(*3,%@%1*>0/0>C2(WI!"%$./0O@?#/0$O5(Z"%$#(*7^2I(D15E
9}! 3£!$5 /
J@"%o1&)"_1%U#(H"%@QC
32 P #!41>)"_1U1"%8%(O1(H#@0/0&219(G-R%1>0,%&21/0&21HO@Q1!*-t"%\.-"=/0&21*7".@)3%@ P !*1(
1>0(*!$#o1*I!"%$[(W#+%@)"%$#(V#@1L(W/0>C2(WI!"%$["%o1O@)(\%@c<19(,!@ P O%@0@15EFH>0/0>C2(WI!"%$["%o1O@)(\
"hCL6?
#@n1>0-R%.-
.1O@SK9>)".@0+
.-H1*>)!"%$mS!$#1*#".$sS/)@0!&0
".1*I.SK%`/)>QC2(*#".$G9>?".9"%o1!#(W1*I!(\%-7(*%;62zD1(E /?/0&0$I".="o1*&?"_1*
I(Z"H.1%5EZJ5"_1!9(".".$I(W P !C4@0$#C4&)(*3'EU(*#325(!Sh(* P "%$_>C30"%&0$OI[".@?3,/0@0!&)".1*I"%1*&)".1*('"%*"%$#(*7/?/0&0$I".5E
to
D/A D/A output
from register Converter
Processor signal
Bus conditioning
unit
#+%&0 ([J@n±V&21/0&21JqX@Q1*W-t"
=!$ / b29- <#&!
*
"%$O$#C;
"%@)30(U-R% 1>0UT "%*32$O P *53
1*1>0`"%1*&)".1*1>0%&0+>"%@&21*/)&21JO@Q1!*-t"%E
4@{%&21/0&21#@Q1*W-t";@ P !*1(\1>0:(W1**53 P %$O1"%+%O@Q1n".@)"%$O+-R% ".@?3d1*>0@{%&21/0&21(`1*>0I(1L1*>):"%1*&)".1*%#!&0<1*CE
FH>0I(7%-[!%&09(*\]U%&)$#3aQ&0#*\1*>) P ".$#&0+%@0!9"_13:1*
6M`]7*O1W1!@f%@i"!+#(W1*`t(*!=#+)E
oEGqX@i"%@f%&21/0&214#@Q1*!*-t"%!%S0#@
32U1*/030&)".@f".@?".$#%+=&21*/)&21S21>0UT (*!$#1(H"30"_19"!+#(W1*H.-Z1>0,%&21/0&21J#@Q1*!*-t"%!\"%@)3]7*O1*5(1*>0@055(*(".C
30".1"1i<15ELFH>0
1D]UL"%O@e-R&)@)o1O@)".$60$O2982(%-7"%@{%&21/0&21=#@Q1*W-t";".;(*>0_]7@eO@#+)E EfFH>0;#@Q1*!*-t"%!1"%8%(=!".
%-1>0=6)&2bM*#@0+:"%@)31*>)`>)".@?30(W>?".8%`!%@Q1*%$"%(*/?5o1(E7J@)"%$O+1*:30O+<19".$!%@ P (*#%@#(J-R*5a&)!@Q1*$#C30!/0$#_C%53#@i".@L#@0/0&01
#@Q1*!*-t"%!%E#O$I".$OCS032#+%O1".$1*
".@)"%$O+!%@ P (*#%@;I(H-RaQ&0!@Q1$OC;&?(W53#@L".@%&21/0&21J#@Q1*!*-t"%!%E
Voltage
Time
#+%&0,£( @1O@&0&)(HJ@)"%$O+[%$O1".+
Time
2(
#+%&0 [J@)"%$O+[%$O1".+=%@ P W13
1;4I(*!*!1*`)%
A/D Converter
Data Register
o o o
16
Binary digits
1(
#+%&0= G%@ P (*#%@:%-"%@4@)".$#%+;#+%@)"%$k1*;" 60O1VUO@?".C &06?
VO+<19".$K1f"%@)".$#%+f@ P !9(*O@n!"%@c6M;!"%*O53i&21,1*>0%&0+>d"/0$O!@Q1"%*Cn(*1%-%/M!9"_1O@)(Eud
$O5" P <1="(,".@
!^!#(*
1i1*>)"32!=1*iA?+%&0:&21=1>0301"%O$I(.-71*>)!O9&0O1*Cc1*>)".1".@/M!*-R% 1*>0f32#+%O1".$1*d".@)"%$O+i@ P !9(W#%@
J4H
oE
0·3s
¨·¸
¹`» I¼7¾kÀÁ
¨
ud@0_]{32I(*!&)(("H-R!]e8!CV9>?".9"%o1!#(W1*I!(k%-2*5".$ONm1O(*C(W1*
(!EZFH>)(*G9>)".9"%1**I(D1#('32I(D1O@0+&0I(W>"%$<Ns1*#(WC2(W1*!
(k-R%
@0@2Nr*5".$ONm1O(WC2(W1*!
(E4_] P Sk1>0
*5"%32V
"hCi@).1*1>)"_1="%$O$K1>0
32#(&?(*(*3d9>)".9"%1**I(D1#(4
"hCi@).16?;"%/0/0$##".60$#
1n P !Cn"%$<Ns1*#(*C(W1*fE l "%$<Ns1*#(*C2(D1!
(=! P !(W&)9>Y".@@0%%&)(9".@)+%;%-4"./0/0$#I!"_1O@)(="%@)3{/0232&)1(1>)"_1"
+!@0"%$O#p".1*#%@%-V1>0L9>)".9"%1*!I(D1#(=#@Q1*{"e(W!11>)"_1;I(
"./)/0$OI!"%60$#1e"%9> ".@?3y P !C(*C(W1* I(
32<;!&0$<15% E 4Obk!!@Q1
"_1*+%*#(U.-K".$ONs1*#(*C2(D1!
(7
"hC;^2>0#60O171*>09>)".9"%1*!I(D1#(G1>)"_1J]UI32!@Q1*O-RC;1;32ObM*@1J!^1*!@Q19(7%7
"hC:@).1J P !@
!^>)O60O14(*%,.-1*>0`9>)"%"o1!#(W1*I!(U"_1J".$#$sE
E #&%49-5 ! / 2# =!
¨±
* & P *CV*5".$ONm1O[19"%(*84I("(*(*2I"_13\]7<1>=(*%K1*#@)(W1*9".#@19(!E V@0[-R% .-21*#G@)(W1*9".#@19(
1*>)".1#( P !Ci@cI(32"32$#O@05("%((W2!#".1*3n]7<1>d1"%(*82(!E
19"%(*8n32"32$#O@0
(*/?5OA)(\1>01*#
6?!-R%]7>0#9>d1>0
¶±
1"(W8c=&)(W1=/)$O!1*:"%@)3d/0*232&?
1>0;(*&0$<19(!E 41*>01DC/?5(`%-1O#@0+n@)(W1*9".#@19(".;32!$I"hCc"%@)3e32&09"_1O@ m(W
±
1*#%@ E .
oEqr1#(\1>0*5(W/M%@?(W#60#$OO1DCL.-1*>0
"%$<Ns1*#/?".1*#@0+(*C2(D1! l F ,)
V1*!@)(*&01>)"_1`"%$O$K19"%(*8(\!!1
Actuators
Environment Sensors
2(
#+%&0 g29>0
"_1*I l !/)*5(W@19"_1O@:.-[J@.G=6M303253 l "%$<NXFHO`C2(W1*!
q% <
)E (' P "%(W1".zD%<1DC.-'".$ONs1*#7(*C2(D1!
(G"%*7=6M303253O@
@?"_1*&)*` _rE4@;!6?5303253
%/0&01*!(WC2(W1*!
> 2K
#(/0>C2(*#".$#$OC W=6M30303 4O@<19(K!@ P O%@0@1K".@)3=.-B1!@!%@Q1*%$I(<15E#+)E \(*>0_]J("\(9>0!
"_1#G*/0(*!@Q1".1*#%@.-M".@
!6?530323(*C(W1*fE4([(*>0_]7@O@O+?E 0S.1*>07(*!@)(*%9(Z%-01*>)U"%$<Ns1*#U!%/0&21![$O$#130"_19"J-R%1>0H!@ P O%@0@15S
/)"%((71>0! @f1*;1>0="%$<Ns1*#=/0&21*4-R4/025(*(*O@)+)EJFH>0%/0&01*!5SMO@L1&0@i/)"%((*(J#@2-R*
"_1O@R/025(*(*3
30"_19"
U1
1*>)"%1*&)".1*(H1:!"%*C:&2141>0=@)5(*(".C;]U%8:@L1*>0!@ P O%@)@Q1S)]7>)#9>L(*&0$O1(J#@n!%@Q1*%$#$O#@0+;(*%
9>)".9"%1**I(D1#(.-71>0!@ P O%@0@15Ee2 P "%$G!^2"%/0$O5(=%-J!6?530323Y(WC2(W1*(]U!:32I(*!&)((W53{O@ %E E 2EeJ@ \*
^0"./0$#.-7".@d!6?530323e(*C2(D1! 1>)"_1`]U]&0$I3c%-B1*@d-R#(1*>0
@L&)$<1<NXTK%#@Q1)&0!$GqX@_zD1*#%@v* @iTqW
,(WC2(W1*!
32I(*!&)(*(*3#@A^0"./0$# %-K5.E E 2E \*
E 0 ! / # !$#&9-2&#&!
) 9) 0H1*9"%32O1*#%@?".$'@0@2Ns"%$<Ns1*#(WC2(W1*!
(J("_-R!1DC:".@?3!$#I".60#$OO1DC:"%*,#@)32!/M!@?32!@Q14I(*(*&05(!EG4_]HN
P ! 5SO@e
".@Ci"%$<Ns1*#;(WC2(W1*(\1>0(*1D]UI((W&05(`".O@Q1*I!".1*!$#Ci6M%&0@?3n1%+1*>)!
".8#@0+1*>0 EC E D
$ b
%1*,1*>?"_1V" (*C2(D1! #(J%@01>)"_1\32(7@0%1V!"%&)(*`".@C30"%
".+%, P !@f]7>0@L<14-t".#$#(EU W/ 1:#& ¨&
' (WC2(W1*!}%@f1>0
.1>0!>)".@)3SQI(U%@041*>)".1U".@;/?".1*J-R$#%@)+32&09"_1O@)(%-'1*#V]7O1*>0&21H^2>0#60<1O@)+"%@QC-t".#$#&0*5(!E[ (*".-R1DCQNX<1#".$
(WC2(W1* I(
*5aQ&0O3y1*y6?i>)O+>0$OCY*$OI".6)$OL(*O@)!n".@C{-t"%O$#&0L.-,1*>)i(WC2(W1*! !"%@ ".&)(*L^1!@)(* P i30".
"%+%(E ud
\,
!$I".6M%9"_141>0#(J#((W&)\#@i1*#%@ E 2E
,0E ` 539
/R/ 39 ) *5".$ONm1O=(*C2(D1! &)(*&)".$#$OCf@030(41**5(W/M%@?31*(* P !9".$O@)30!/M!@)32@Q1\ P !@Q19(J]7O1*>0#@ P !C(*>0%*1
." @)3(W1*#1[1*#76M%&)@)30(EK)%[#@)(W1".@?%SQ@)(WI32"\9>)!#".$2/0$I".@Q1G"%&21*".1*#%@(WC2(W1*}t(*! ^0"./0$# %-'5.E E %
S \*
]7>0I9>@0<1%9(U1*>0=/0*+%((U.-["
9>0!I!".$Z*5"%o1O@"%@)3f@1*$#(U1>0`9"_1.-K*5"%o1O@6C9>)".@0+O@)+1>0=32Obk!!@Q1
/)".9".!1*!9(
%-`*5"%o1O@ (W&?9>j"%(/0((W&0%SH1!/M!9"_1*&)*S4".@)3j9>0!I!".$,@)@Q1*9"_1*#%@ZE FH>05(Wc/)".9".1!9(;".
(W@)(*3;&?(W#@0+
(W@)(*%9(A0^253:#@:1>0`9>0I!"%$k*5"%o1O@9>)"%=6M!5EFH>)(*,(*!@?(W(
"hC;+%@0!9"_1V30".1""%(*C@)9>0%@0&)(W$#C
"_1K32<bk!!@Q1".1*(EFH>)!-R%%S1*>)"%$<Ns1*#(*C(W1*=&)(W1/025(*(30"_19"7-R%w".$#$%1>0H(W@)(W(@)&0!@Q1*$#C%S5.1>0!]7#(*
(W#+%@?".$I(K"hC=6?J$#(W1G".@?3=1>0J(*C(W1*
"hC=
"%$<-R&0@?o1*#%@ZEFH>05(WJ(*C2(D1!
(".@6?J!%@)(*I32!31*6M7@0@2Nr301**#@0I(D1#%S
(W#@)!1*>0=6?>)" P OJ.-K1*>)(*C(W1* 30!/M!@)30(4%@f1>0=!^2"o1J1O#@0+;%-KO1(V#@0/0&219(!EJ @0%@2NX32!1*!O@)#(W1*I/)&21".1*#%@
#(J%@0#@L]7>0I9>f1D]&0@)(J&?(W#@0+1*>)=(*"%`(W!1J.-[O@)/0&21V30".1"
".@L/0232&),1D]U;32I(D1O@?o1V(*19(7.-[%&01*/0&21\30"_19"O@f1>0
1D]&0@)(E
@i".@Cn30#(W1*O6)&21*53{"%(]U!$#$G"%(=!@Q1"%$O#p!53c"%$<Ns1*#
(WC2(W1*!
(>?" P
"-R!5326)"%98d(D1*&?o1*&)*;"(`(W>)_]7@d#@O+?E E:qX@
1*>05(W,(*C(W1*
(!SQ1*>)\(*!@)(*%9(&)(W&?".$#$OC
(*!@)(*41>0\!@ P O%@0@1U/?*#232I!".$#$#C%E[FH>0,(W@)(W53:30".1"".6M%&21U1*>)V@ P #*@0!@Q1
#(J/0*2!((W53;1;321!#@01>0`*1* P "%1*#%@)(H@)5(*(".C%EFH>0*5(W&)$<19(7.-1*>0=/0*2!((W#@0+
".,&)(W531*;!"%*C;&21
1*>0V@0!((*"%*C*1* P J"o1*#%@?(%@;1*>0\!@ P O%@)@Q11*>0%&)+%>1*>)\"o1*&?"_1*(S%]7>)#9>;#@;1&0@:".+Q".#@;!".&?(W4"9>)".@)+%
1*1*>)*5a&)O39>)".9"%1**I(D1#(G%-1>0`@Q1*%$#$O53;!@ P #*@0!@Q1S0"%@)3(*%@E
Actuator Sensor
Environment
%
input data
φ output data
Starting Reactive System
Parameters
Traditional System
(a) (b)
(
#+%&0 KF9"%32O1*#%@)"%$ P !9(*&)( l "o1 P ,C2(W1*(
qX@ !%@Q1*9"%(W11*d1*>0f1"32O1*#%@)"%$J%/0&01"_1O@Y%-41>0L%&21/0&21:"(
"d(*#/)$O-R&0@)1*#%@ .-\1*>)#@0/0&01:30"_19"0SU*5".$ONm1O
(WC2(W1*([30@0.1/0232&)!J".@C`%&01*/0&21U30"_19"V6)&21G!@Q1!#@Q1*".@%@0Ns+%#@0+V#@Q1*"o1*#%@]7O1*>1*>)!#!@ P O%@)@Q1EqX@5"%9>
O@Q1!9"%o1O@:(W1*!/ZS1*>0\*5(W&)$<19(U!%/0&213".4&)(*3:1*!"%*C%&21J(*%\"o1O@)(G@;1>0,!@ P O%@0@15EFH>)\"o1O@;.-
1*>0!@ P O%@)@Q1J#(\(*"%/0$O53L".@)3fI(4-R3L6)"98;1;1*>)(*C(W1*fEJFH>0!-R*1>0!%/0&219"_1O@)(J#@i";"%$<Ns1*#`(WC2(W1*!
!"%@6M!%@)(*I32!31*:6?@0%@2Ns1**#@)"_1O@)+)E7FH>0I(J"%1* P @)".1*&0`%-K"%$<Ns1*#`(WC2(W1*(4#(V(*9>)!
"_1#".$#$OC(W>0_]7@L#@
1*>0`#+)E ft6?
oE
0E 0 !$ ¨#&&#&!
' ), J@)30! P *$#"3L@)32O1*#%@)(S'*5".$ONm1O(WC2(W1*(\@03n1*L@Q1*#@Q&)=1!!1,1*>0
325"%32$#O@)(,.-G1*>0(W1
<1#".$219"%(*82(!S1*>0&0+%>1>04325"%32$##@0(G.-@0@2Nr!*O1*I!"%$21"(W82(G"hC@0.1U6?4!1EFH>0I(I(#@:!%@Q1*9"%(W1[1*1>04aQ&0#!!@Q1
D 7C
.- -RH1*9"%32O1*#%@?".$(*C(W1*
(H P @&)@)32!7 P !$OQ"%3;!%@)30<1O@)(!E
E 9-$
<!$#&5 ¶
3&#*36 @n".@Cf*5".$ONm1O(*C2(D1!
(\]*8%&0@)32Nm1>0NX$#298f"%@)3L%-B1*!@d%/M!9"_1=]7O1*>0&21,>Q&)"%@n/2N
!9"_1%9(!E0%H!^2"%/0$OS0@)(WI32H"(*"%$O$"%&21*
"_1*53:9>0#".$k/0$I".@Q1H1*>)".1HI(7(*17&0/1*]*8@0@2NX(D1%/EKuv>0@:1>0!
".,@0
>&0
".@L%/M!9"_1%9(!SQ19".8O@)+;%o1 P "%o1O@)(7@f"-t"%O$#&06?55(J32O;&0$O14 E P !@f<-[@0;!%*5o1 P ,"o1O@)(
!"%@6MJ#532#".1*719".8!@S.O1GI(325(W#"%60$#H1*>)".1G"\-t".#$O&0J32(@0.1(*&0$O1O@;"_1"(D1*/0>0IH(WO1*&)".1*#%@)(EK -t".#$O&0J(*>0%&0$I3
6?32!1*5o1*53f".@)3;1*>0`(*C2(D1! (*>0%&)$#3%@Q1O@&0\1*/?".1*\O@f"+%9"%!-R&0$#$OC;32+%9"%3253;232,".1*>0U1*>)"%@(*>&21W1O@0+%b
".60&0/21$OCE
qX@f".$ONs1*#`(*C2(D1!
(H%@f1>0.1>0!4>)".@)3S?("_-R1DC".@)3f!$##"%60#$OO1DC:".`&0/0$#31*+%!1*>0EGU!-R%`".@)"%$OCp!#@0+]7>C("_-R!1DC
"%@)3e*$OI".6)O$#<1DCd".
@0L$#%@0+!`#@)32/?@)32!@Q1=I((W&05(`#@{*5".$ONm1O;(*C2(D1!
(!S]U
@0!53d1*LA)9(W1=&0@)32(W1"%@)3d]7>)"_1^0"%1*$#CnI(
*
qr-G@)30"%
".+%!".@c*5(W&)$<1,<-U":(*C(W1*!@Q1*(\":-t".#$<NX(*".-R(W1".1*VzD&)(D1,6M-R%<1\-t".#$#(Sk1*>)!@c1*>0%&0+>n!"%*!-R&0$1*9".@)(*<1\1*"
-t"%O$ONr("_-R(W1".1*&0/M%@L"-t".#$#&0*S0O1J#(7/M((*O60$#\1*1&0*@L"%@!^1*!!$#C;&0@0!$#I".60$#`".@)3&0@?(*".-R`(WC2(W1*! O@Q1*;"
("_-R(*C2(D1!fEqX@
".@C=1*9"%32O1*#%@)"%$)(*C(W1*
([1*>)#(1*9>)@0#aQ&04#([#@-t"%1-RaQ&0!@Q1$OC"%32/21*531*,1&0*@;"%@
&0@0!$##"%60$#J(WC2(W1*! #@1`"`("_-RJ(*C(W1*fE
)%,^0"./0$#%S%@?(WI32!,"1*9"_;$O#+%>Q1`@1*$O$#!V1*>?"_1`@1*$#(41*>)?_]g.-1*9"_;".1`""3L#@1!9(W5o1O@E&)/0/?Q(W1>0
1".
=$O#+%>Q1@1*$O$#!4-t".#$#(4-RaQ&0!@Q1$OCi"%@)3iI(48@0_]7@i1*6?>0#+%>0$#CL&0@0!$##"%60$#%EFH>0%&)+%>i&0@)*$OI".60$#%SkO1,".@d(D1O$#$K6?@2N
(*#30!3(*".-R\O-K]7>0!@0 P J"=1".;V$##+%>Q1J%@Q1*$O$#!U-t".#$I(!S0O1J!@Q1!9(U"-t"%O$ONX(*".-R\(W1".1*]7>0*".$#$k1*>),1*9"_;\$O#+%>Q1(7"%*,"%@0+%
"%@)3
60$#O@)8Q#@0+?EKFH>)#(UI(" #& )!$£!
: (W#@)!J1*>)V.1%#(W1(G%@:(*!O@)+=60$#O@)8Q#@0+%9".@0+H1*9"_;J$#O+>Q16M\"h]H".H1*>)".1
¸±
1>01*9"_;,$#O+>Q14%@Q1*$O$#!7I(7@0%14]*8#@0+
".@)3/023]7<1>i!"%&21*#%@E 4-%&)(*%S0"-t"%O$ONr("_-R`(W1".1*
"hC:@).146M1*
"%8%
"%$O$M$O#+%>Q19(G+*!@SQO@]7>0I9>:!"(W4(* P !4"%I32!@Q19(!%&0$I3
2!!&0E#O$I".$#C%S".$#$?$#O+>Q1(G1*&0@03:*53
I("%$#(*`@0%1H"`-t".#$<NX(*".-R4(W1"_1
|~<1\"hC@0%1V!"%&)(W"%!!#30!@Q1(S)60&01V]U%&0$I3f60O@0+".$#$1*9"_;\1";(W1"%@)3L(D1O$#$Z$#"32#@0+
1*;1*9"_;HzW".
(EJJ_]U P !5S0O@n"%@C
"%$<Ns1*#,(*C2(D1!
(H1>0!`".@0-t".#$ONr("_-R(W1"_1(EFH>0*!-R%%S0"%@QC;-t".#$O&0.-K1>0`(WC2(W1*}!"%@L!".&?(W`(* P !,3)".
".+(EG&)9>
(*C2(D1!
(7".(*"%#3:1*6M b! w9 / #&!#:9;2 )!$1%
) )/ + E
qr-C%%&f".,"%(*8%3;6QC:C%%&)U*+Q".@0#p".1*#%@
130 P $O/"(*.-B1D]H".4]7>0I9>(*>0&0$#36M\>)O+>0$OC:*$OI".60$#%S2>)_] ]&0$I3:C%&:/)*23
1"9>0O P JO143iJ#+%>0$#C
*$OI".6)$O\(W%-B1D]U"%*\!".@:6?32 P !$#%/M3;6QC;"32%/01*#@0+"%$O$k.-Z1*>0V-R%$#$O_]7#@0+=1*>0!\O/M%*1"%@11*59>0@0Ia&)( (
/R/ 5 / 158# < 39;
0G"%9>0# P #@0+,>0#+%>*$OI".6)O$#<1DCS% P !C`/M((W#60#$OO1DC=%-'&0!@)!U%-M*%9(K(W>)%&0$I36?7#@0##p!53
3 &0O@)+/)*232&)1J32 P !$#%/0!@Q1J"%(H&)9>L"%(H/M((W#60$#%EFH>0I(7!"%@6M="9>0O P 53;6C:"%30%/21O@0+
" P ".#1DC
.-K"%@)( K&)(*#@0+
2 )(
]$O$ONs-R%&0@)303:(*.-B1D]H".4@0+%#@0!O@0+/09"%1*I(S&)(*O@0+
(*%&0@?3:325(W#+%@1*>)30%$#%+%#(S2"%32/21*#@0+(W&)<19".60$#=UV Y1*$#(S
".@)3(*@E
Legend:
C1,C2,C3: Redundant copies
of the same component
C1
V
O
C2 T
I Majority Result
N
G
C3
(
O+&0 29>0
"_1*I l !/)*5(W@19"_1O@%-F @ l
0 *
*.)
#) *
FH]U,!1*>0230(G".U@)_]y/M%/0&0$I".$#C`6?O@)+&)(W53`1`"%9>0# P U(*.-B1D]H".-t".&0$O1WNs1*$O"%@) -(
N P (*O@/)*+%9".O@0+\".@)3! P !C
6 $#298n19>0@)#aQ&05(!EiFH>05(W;1D]L19>0@)#aQ&05(=".;(*O/0$#"30"./219"_1O@)(.-H1>0:6)"(WI19>0@0IaQ&0(=&)(*3e1i/0 P I32
>)"%30]U"%*
0
-t"%&0$<1*Nm1%$#!9".@)!%EKud`32#(&?(*(U1>0(*\1D]1*59>0@0IaQ&0(7#@1*>0,-R$O$#_]7O@)+)E
Legend:
component TB : try block
result result
*£(
O+&0 [g%-B1D]U"%*,)"%&0$<1*NrF%$#!9".@?29>0! 4(*#@0+ l ! P *C
U$O2982(
,
progress of
computation
rollback recovery
(
#+%&)* G>098/M%#@1O@)+"%@)3 l %$#$O6?"%98 l 5 P *C
¯À´A
¹`» w¼7½ 40
k
ud`>)" P `".$#*5"%32C:(*!@1*>)".1V"
".$ONs1*#,19"%(*8:I(7%@)-R%J]7>)#9>LaQ&)".@Q1<19"_1* P !^2/0*5(*(*#%@)(H%-1O="%*@)!3031*;30(O6M
O1(46?>)" P OE7FH>0I(4aQ&)"%@1<19"_1 P ^2/0((W#%@f.-K1O=&?(W&)"%$O$#C"%/0/M".9(7#@L1*>)-R%}%-";@)(D1"%O@Q1J@f1*>01O"_14]7>0I9>
1>01"(W8i/)*232&)!((*&0$O1(E
FH>0
(W1-R*5a&)!@Q1*$#Ci2!!&0*#@0+1*##@0+i!%@)(W1*9".#@Q1\I(`"f32"32$#O@0;!%@)(W1*9".#@Q1]7>0#9>dI(&)(*3
1;^2/0((U1*>)".1V"19"%(*8:I(JaQ&0#*53:1;/)&21*`O1(4*5(W&)$<19(J]7O1*>0#@i(W`32"32$O#@0EUud1>0!-R*#/0$OIO1*$#Cf"%((W&0@0$OC
325"%32$##@0`1DC/M=.-K1O#@0+!%@)(W1*9".#@Q1(J@f1"(W82(J#@L1>0#(\(*o1O@S?1*>0&0+%>L%1*>041DC/M(J%-G@)(D1"%O@Q19(`t"(4!^/)$#"%O@053fO@d%E
E %
G
"hC;2&07#@f/0"o1#!%EK*5".$ONm1O\1"(W82(H!"%6f6?`!$#"(*(*<A?3;#@Q1*1>0,-R%$#$O_]7#@0+1*>0!6)*Q"%3:"_1!+%*#((
}*5".$ONm1O:1"%(*8{!"%@6?f$I"%((*<A)53{#@1n<1>0!>)".93'S(*.-B15S%=A)* "%$<Ns1*#;1"(W8{32/?@)32#@0+d%@{1>0
!%@)(*aQ&0@)5(H.-"19"%(*8;#((*O@0+O1(7325"%32$##@0%E
qr1[I(K@0.1[@05((".CV1>)"_1G"%$O$19"%(*82(%-M"\".$ONs1*#H"./)/0$OI!".1*#%@6?$O@0+\1*\1*>0J(".H!".1*!+%C%Eqr1I(K/M((W#60$#1>)"_132Obk!!@Q1
19"%(*8(.-Z"=*5".$ONm1O\(WC2(W1*!".@;6M!$#%@0+=1*32<bk!!@Q17!".1*!+%O5(!Euc\@0_]v$#"%6?".1*71>0(*J1>0*J1DC/M(U.-"%$<Ns1*#J1"(W82(E
¶ / W12 #&%'
/
>?".93n"%$<Ns1*#19"%(*8nI(,%@01>)"_1`I(`!%@)(W1*9".#@03n1*f/0232&)!
<19(*5(W&)$<19(,]7<1>0O@!!*1"%O@
/030A)@053f1*#=6M%&0@?30(!EVFH>0(*C2(D1! #(\@)(WI32*53:1:>)" P ,-t".#$O53L]7>0@0 P !V"%@C%-KO1(V>)"%3f"%$<Ns1*#1"(W82(430Q5(J@0%1
/0232&)!\O1(J*5a&)O3*5(W&)$<19(H6?!-R%V1>0`(*/?5OA)31*#6?&0@)3'E
4/0/0$##"_1*#%@?(J>)" P #@0+;>)"%3f"%$<Ns1*#1"(W82(4"%*,1DC/0I!"%$O$#CL(*".-R1DCQNX<1#".$GrU".@LC%&f1*>0#@08i"%@L^0"./0$#`.-G";>)".93f*5".$ON
1O
(WC2(W1*1*>)".1#(,@0%1,("_-R!1DCQNr!*O1*I!"%$ 3
FH>)#(,"%@)(V1*>)".1`".@Cf-t".#$O&)*.-U""%$<Ns1*#=19"%(*8kS'O@)!$O&?32O@)+O1(\-t"%O$#&0=1
!!171*>0"(*(*2I"_1*53:325"%32$##@0(S2]&0$I3:(*&0$O1H#@L(W P *,@)(W5aQ&0!@)!(EFH>)#(7
"%8%(U>)"%3".$ONs1*#V1"(W82(H!^Q1*!$#C:<1*N
I!"%$mEUO1*I!".$#O1DC;.-["1"%(*8".@"%@0+%\-R% !^1*!!$#C!*O1*I!"%$k1*
@0%14(W
O1*I!".$sEF"%(*8:<1#".$#<1DC:1*>0*!-R%,#(7"
32Obk!!@Q1
32#!@)(*#%@L1>)".@L>)"%3i%4(*.-B1,9>)".9"%1*!#p"_1O@%-G"1"(W8kE\O1*I!".$#O1DC%-G"1"(W8#(\"
"(W&)*`%-K1*>0(W1V%-"
-t".#$#&0*|
1>0>0#+%>0H1*>0`!(W1H%--t"%O$#&0%S1>0%,!*O1*I!"%$'#(U1>0,1"(W8kE
)%U>)".93;"%$<Ns1*#J1"(W82(U#@:/09"%1*I!".$'(*C2(D1!
(!SQ1>041O,6M%&0@)3)(H&)(W&?".$#$OC9".@0+J-R% (* P "%$?I(*!%@)30(1"=-R!]
#$O$#(W5@)30(E\qr1,
"hCL6?@0%1*3i1*>)".1,">)"%3L"%$<Ns1*#`19"%(*8i32(\@0.1,@03L16M%/0$#13n]7<1>0O@c1*>)(*>0%*1*5(D1\1*#
/M((W#60$#%S60&21=O1I(!!$#Cd*5a&)O3n1*>)".1`1*>);1"(W8c=&)(W1!%/0$#1*
]7O1*>)O@{1>0:(*/?5OA)3d1O;6M%&)@)3'EfqX@{.1>0!`]U%930(S
1>0!VI(U@0*]U"%3
#@!%/0$#1O@0+">)".93;"%$<Ns1*#J1"(W8
&)9>"%>0"3
.-<19(H32"32$O#@0EKFH>)#(UI(7".@:#/?W19".@Q1H%6)(*! P "_1*#%@
"%@)3;1>0I(7]&0$I3;19".8%"
!!@Q1*9".$k/)"%W17#@&0J32I(*!&)((W#%@)(H@:19"%(*8:(9>032&)$O#@0+O@1>0@0^171D]U9>?"./21!9(!E
Utility
100%
Deadline
0
Response Time
#+%&0 ( J1*#$OO1DC%- l 5(W&)$<1J%-K"O l 5".$ONrFH#`F"(W8
]7O1*>LFH#
Utility
100% Deadline
0
Response time
#+%&0 ,£( J1*#$OO1DC:%-1>0 l (*&0$O1(JTG*232&?3:6C:";.-B1 l ".$ONXFHOF"(W8;V(Jw0&)@)o1O@%-KFH#
5!Á12 #&%'
0 /
2.-B14"%$<Ns1*#1"(W82(J"%$#(*
>)" P ,1O`6M%&)@)30(\"%((W2I"_13]7<1>L1*>)!fEJJ_]U P ! 5S0&0@0$#O8`>)"%3
%" @)3A) "%$<Ns1*#J19"%(*8(S.1>0J1O#@0+%@?(D1"%O@Q1(%@:(*.-B1U*5".$ONm1O719"%(*8(".J@0%1G^2/0((W53
"%(".6)(*%$#&21* P ".$#&0(EqX@?(D1"%3S
1>0`@)(D1"%O@Q19(U"%*,!^/)*5(*(*3:!O1*>0JO@1!(H%-Z1>0`" P "%+%4(*/M%@)(*\1*#5(7aQ&0#*53'E
4@0.1>0![!^2"%/0$OH%-k",(*.-B1".$ONs1*#U19"%(*8`#(G"419"%(*8`>)"%@)32$#O@0+`"\aQ&05(D1K-R%",(*".1*5(W P "_1O@=#@
"V9".#$#]U"hC(*! P "_1*#%@
± 4*
"%/0/0$##"_1*#%@ZE V@);"aQ&0(W1-R%(*! P "_1O@cI(,
"%32SZ1>0
*5(W/M%@?(W
(*>0%&0$I3d2!&)]7<1>0O@ %f(W5%@?30(,%@d1*>);" P !9".+%E
FH>0
(*/M%@)(*"hCn!O1*>06?
#@d1*>0
-R* .-7"/)*#@Q1*3c1#981%`"%@e"%/?$O+%CL((".+%%@{"!&0@Q1.-&)@)" P ".#$#"%60O$#O1DCi.-
( ,
(*".1(E=J$O1**@)".1* P $OCS']O+>1`(W1".1*1*>0
@)(W1*9".#@1\%@c1*>01*I98%!1*#@0+1"%(*8i"%( VU1$#"(D1,O@e!"(W.- }%-(*! P "_1*#%@
*
aQ&05(D19(!S1>0,1*I98%!17(*>0&0$#36M/0*2!((W53"%@)3:/)*#@Q1*3#@f$O5(*(U1>)".@ .(*@)30(E
17&)(7@0_] ".@)"%$OCpV1>0#/?"%o17%-1>0,-t".#$O&)*,.-["(W%-B1J*5".$ONm1O\1"(W8;1*!1V<19(732"32$O#@0S06C
1"%8Q#@0+1*>)`^0"./0$#
*
%-[1*>0"%O$#]U"hC:*5(W P "_1O@1"%(*8kEJqr-[1*>)`1*I98%!1VI(J/0#@13L#@n"%6?&21 .:(W5%@?30(!SM]U-R!$Z1>)"_1V1*>0(WC2(W1*! I(4]U%8O@0+A?@0
"%@)3f+%!1V"-R!$Z%-K>?" P #@0+;621"%O@)3O@?(D19".@Q1V(*&0$O1(EHV(4"%$O"32C(W1".1*3S)#((*3L325"%32$#O@)(J%-(W%-B14*5".$ONm1O19"%(*82(J32;@0%1
(*&0$O1U#@(*C2(D1!-t".#$#&0*5(!EKJ_]U P !5S%1>0\&21*#$OO1DC
.-Z1*>0\*5(W&)$<19(/)*232&)!3
6C;"(W%-B1U"%$<Ns1*#J19"%(*8-t"%$O$I(H@1O@&0&)(*$OC]7O1*>
, ,
1O"_-B1*41>0=!^2/0OCf.-[1>030"%30$O#@0"(V(*>0_]7@L#@c#+)E 2EVqX@nO+?E 2S?1*>0&21O$#<1DCf%-1*>0*5(W&)$<19(4/0232&)!3i"%* %
5 IÁ12 #:%'
/
}@0@2Ns"%$<Ns1*#;19"%(*8dI(@0.1;"(*(*2I"_1*53e]7<1> "%@Cc1Of6M%&0@)3)(!E U"%@yC%&{1>0O@)8.-V"%@C
!^2"%/0$O,%-"@0%@0Ns"%$<Ns1*#419"%(*83!@L(W17.-Z1>0#@1!9"%1* P ,%/0&01"_1O@)(HC%&/M!*-R% @0_] "30"hC2(U"%*\>)"%@)32$#36C:(W%-B1
"%$<Ns1*#1"(W82(E4_] P !5Sh".6M%&211D]V%1*>0!H325!"%30(6)"%98kS_]7>0@/0&21*(]U!G@0%1#@Q1*!9"%1* P U".$#Q(D1K".$#$Q1"%(*82(Z]U!
-(
@0@2Nr*5".$ONm1O%EKv-R] ^0"%/)$O5(.-@)%@2Nr*5".$ONm1O719"%(*82("%* Z6)".19>;/025(*(*O@)+7zD%6)(SQNr"%O$sS2".@)3;6)"%98+%%&0@?31"%(*82(G(*&)9>
"( P @1H$#%+%+!9(!E %&
"hC
>0_]U P "%*+&041>)"_17 P !@:1*>05(W\19"%(*8(SO@1*>),(W1*Io1J(W@)(*V%-Z1*>)V1!fS032>)" P \!*1"%O@1*#
6M%&0@?30(!E7)%4!^0"./0$#%S?"%@LNr
".#$#(4^2/Mo131;*5"%9>fO1(430(W1*#@)"_1O@i"_14$#"(D14]7O1*>)O@n"
!%&0/)$O`%-[>0%&09(7%-K6M!#@0+:(*!@Q15E
#O$I".7I(U1*>)`!"%(*\]7<1>f"6)".19>/0!((W#@0+VzD%6L(*&)9>"(U/)"hCQNr(*$O#//0*#@Q1*#@0+)EKuv>)".171*>0@f*5".$#$OC
I(U1*>0`30<bk!!@)!,6?!1D]!@
"@0@2Nr*5".$ONm1O\1"(W8".@)3f";(*.-B1J"%$<Ns1*#,1"%(*8 3n)%J@)%@2Nr*5".$ONm1O\1"(W82(S21*>)="%((W2!#".1*3:1*#`6M%&0@)3)(4".\1DC/0#".$#$OC.-
1>0V30!U.-Z"=-R!] #@Q&01*(S>0%&)(%U P !@3)"hC(EqX@@Q1*9"%(W1S1*>0V1*#V6M%&0@?30(H"%((W2I"_13
]7O1*>(W%-B1U"%$<Ns1*#J19"%(*8(U".
".1HQ(D1J%-Z1*>)%932!7%-"-R!](W5@)30(E
¿º ¹Lº
)ºL¨
ud=>)" P `(W!@L1>)"_1V1*>0*1*@05(*(H%-*5".$ONm1O19"%(*8(V32!/M!@?3L6?%1*>i@f1*>0$O+%I!"%$*1*@05(*(H%-[1*>0*5(W&)$<1V"(J]U!$#$"(
@
1*>0,("_1*I(W-t"%o1O@;.-'1>0,%(*/?@)32#@0+1*#O@)+!%@)(W1*9".#@Q1(EFH>0V1*#O@0+@)(W1*9".#@19(G"(G]UV(*>)".$#$k(W4#@;1*>)#(75o1*#%@ZSQ#@
-t"o17"./0/0$#C1*!*1"%O@: P @Q1(O@:"(WC2(W1*E[FH>05(WV P !@Q1(
"hC6M\+%!@)!9"_1*536C1>0V1"%(*82(1>0!
(*!$ P 5(G1*>)V@ P #*@0!@Q1
%-[1*>0(WC2(W1*!fE44@n!^2"%/0$O=.-G(*&)9>i".@i P @1V#(41*>0 P !@Q14.-G"o1 P "_1O@i.-":%1*E l !=6M!V1*>?"_141>0*5(W&0$O1(4
"hC
6M
+%@0!9"_13n".1`32<bk!!@Q1,1*#(`"%@)3c<1`
"hCL@0%1,6M
#@c1>0-R% .-H"f(W#@0+%$#%@01O
(*&0$<15Eud
=&?(D1,A)9(D1/0%/M!$#C
9>)"%"o1!OpJ1*>) P @Q1(H#@f"(*C2(D1!fS21*&0@?32!9(D19".@)3:1*>),1*##@0+
6M!>)" P #%7%-".$ONs1*#(*C2(D1!
(!E
4@v P @Q1:
"hCY<1>0!6?cO@)(W1"%@Q1".@)!%&?(
%;
"hC >)" P i!!*1"%O@ 32&)".1*#%@Ew0:!^2"%/0$OSJ"{60&21*1*@ /0((
P !@Q1:I(
3 5(*!*#6M3c6QCn1*>0;30&0".1*#%@c-R%]7>0I9>d1*>0
6)&21W1%@e]U"(,8%/21`/0((W53'E;%;".&01*>0(,".+%&)=1>)"_1=32&)".1*#%@)"%$[ P @Q1(".
2
"%$O$#C@).1U"`6)"%(*#71DCQ/M4%- P !@Q1SQ60&21H!".@:6?V^2/0((W53&)(W#@0+`%1*>0 P @19(!EqX@
-t"o1SQO1UI(/M((W#60$#J1@)(*#32G"=30&0".1*#%@
(
P !@Q1V"(4"%60#@)"_1O@%-[1D]: P @Q1( H":(D19".*14 P !@Q1V".@?3i".@L@)3L P !@Q1EV0%V^0"./0$#%S?1*>)=60&21*1*@i/0((J P !@Q1V".@i6M
325(*!*#6M36C:"
=60#@)"_1O@%- (W1".*1760&21*1*%@L/)*5(*(x0".@)3 !@)360&01W1*@f/0*5(*(x0 P !@Q19(!E4_] P !5S<1JI(7%-B1*!@L!%@ P @0O@Q1U1
19".#@
1*>0\@0%1*#%@;%-Z"=32&09"_1O@)".$M P !@Q1EKqX@
1>0I(G1^1S]UV!%@)(*#30!H32&09"_1*#%@?".$) P @19("("(W/M!#"%$M!$#"(*(G.-Z P @19(!E 4(*#@0+
1>0`/0!$#O#@)".C:@).1*#%@?(4".6M%&014 P !@Q1(J30#(&)((*3f#@f1*>0I(4(*&06)(*1*#%@S?]=!$#"(*(*O-RC P ".O&)(H1DC/M(J%-K1*##@0+:!%@)(W1*9".#@Q1(7#@
(*&06)(*1*#%@ E E E
V<bk!!@Q11O#@0+i@)(D1"%O@Q19(\"(*(*2I"_13c]7<1>e""%$<Ns1*#(*C2(D1! !".@d60"32$OCn6?;!$#"(*(*<A?3cO@Q1*L/M!*-R%
".@)!"%@)3
6M!>)" P #%9".$'@)(W1*9".#@19(!E
45"%32$##@0=%@)(W1*9".#@Q1
4&)".1*#%@i%@)(W1*9".#@Q1
ud@0_] !^/)$#"%O@1*>)(*V1>0!`$I"%((*(U.-[@)(D1"%O@Q19( )(
5 1& LB
), 32!$I"hC{%@?(D1"%O@Q1"./21&0(=1*>0
1*#{m32!$I"hC0
,1*>?"_1
=&)(W1!$I"./)(*:6M1D]U!@y1>02&0*@).-J1D]U
`B -C vE
"%*60O1*9".C P @Q1(
"%@)3.E`J-B1* 2!!&0(S'O-=2!!&09(V5".$O#!41*>)"%@n1>0
_S1>0!@e"32!$I"hC P #%$I"_1O@iI(
(".I3;1
2!&)E[w32$#"hC:!%@)(W1*9".#@Q1U@:1>0 P !@Q1!".@6M^2/0((W53:%V-R%"%$O$#C:"(U-R%$#$O_]J( (
!
uv>0*
G".@)3
"%*H1>0J1OV(W1"%/)(@1*>0V P @Q1( J"%@)3
(*/?5o1* P $OC".@)3
I([1*>)
(W/M!<A?3
-R%.E32$#"hC
!%@)(W1*9".#@Q1U@;1*>)\ P @19(\]7O1*>*5(W/M11=1>0, P !@Q1 I(U(*>0_]7@/0#1**I".$#$OC
#@f#+)E 0EKqX@#+)E )S
LB -C vE
32@0.1(V1*>)"o1*&?".$[(W/)".9"_1O@LO@n1*#6M1D]U!@i1>02&0*@).-1>01D] P !@Q1(! "%@)3".@)3c3iI(41>0*5a&)O3
#@0O&0}(*!/?".9"_1*#%@6?!1D]!@1*>),1D] P !@Q1(m32!$I"hC0
oEKqr1JI(7"(WC
1
(WV1>)"_" 1 ,&)(D1J2&0J".-B1*!J".17$O5"%(W143:1O&0@)<19(
>)" P V$#"%/)(*3(W#@),1>02!!&0*!@?\.#
- S2.1>0!]7#(*,](*>)".$#$'>)" P ,"32$#"hC P #%$I"_1O@E
>= d
d
t=0 t(e1) t(e2)
#+%&0 ( V!$I"hC@)(D1"%O@Q1JU1D]U!@FH]U P @19(H ".@?3: R*
5 1<:#*3 LB
30"%30$O#@0%@?(D1"%O@Q1\"./21&0(41*>0/M!I((W#60$#$ &%
(W/)".9"_1O@L6?!1D]!@e".@C1D]f".60O1*9".C P @19(
"%@)3 ELqX@%1*>0=]U%930(S1*>)(*@)3e P !@Q1tmE %E
=&?(D1`-R$O$#_] 1*>0:A)9(D1= P @1RsE E o
]7O1*>0#@{1>0:/M!#((W#60$#
'
"_^2#=&0 (W/)".9"_1O@n1OEL@)(WI32,1*>)".1
`".@)3
".1*>0
1O:(W1"%/)(%@d1>0
2!&)*!@)!.-H1*>0: P @Q1((
;C 7C
"%@)3),(*/Mo1 P !$#C"%@)3
1>0;1O;%-J&0!@)!
.-H1*>0:1D]L P @19
I(H1*>0
"%(J(*>0_]7@f#@f#+)E EGqX@i#+)E 2S
( "%@)*
32@0.1(H1>0="o1*&?".$(*!/)"%".1*#%@6?!1D]!@
3 .S[".@)3{3#(`1*>0:30"%30$O#@0%Ei}32"32$#O@0%@?(D1"%O@Q1`#/)$O#(=1*>)".+ 1
*.
<= d
d
t=0 t(e1) t(e2)
#+%&0 £( V"32$#O@0@)(W1*9".#@17U1D]U!@FH]U; P @Q1(U ".@?3 R*
FH>0,325"%32$#O@),"%@)3:30!$I"hC;%@?(D1"%O@Q1(U!"%@;-R&0*1*>)!H6?!$#"(*(*<A?3;#@Q1*1D]U`1DC/?5(H"9>:6)"(W53;%@]7>01>0!U1>0%@?(D1"%O@Q1
I(HO/M(*3%@1*>)`(D1O&0$O&?(7%7@:1>0*5(W/M%@?(W, P !@Q1E[FH>0I(7>)"(H6?!@f^2/0$I".#@053:]7O1*>L(*%,^0"./0$#(H#@i%EE 2E \*
Public
Switched
Telephone
Network
(PSTN)
Telephone
System
Call
Call Receiver
Initiator
Environment
2(
#+%&0 29>)!
"_1# l /0*5(W@Q1"_1O@%-"
F!$#!/0>)%@0`C2(W1*!
5 / £!$#&5
B 32&)".1*#%@ %@?(D1"%O@Q1%@v".@ P !@Q1;(W/M!<A)5(1*>)f1*#L/M!#3 P !]7>0#9> 1>0L P !@Q1;"%o19(!E 30&0".1*#%@
! %@)(W1*9".#@Q1[".@!O1*>)!6MJO@)O&0 1DC/M7%[
"_^2#=&0 1DC/?EKFH>)7#@0#=&0 1DC/?V32&09"_1*#%@@)(W1*9".#@1[aQ&0#*5(1*>)".1G%@?
1>0: P !@Q1=(W1"%W19(!S1*>0 P !@Q1==&?(D1=@).1=@)3{6M-R%;"i!!*1".#@{O@)O&0 32&09"_1*#%@Z[]7>0!"(`"f
"_^2O&0 1DCQ/M30&0".1*#%@
!%@)(W1*9".#@Q1UaQ&0#*5(U1*>)".1J%@)!\1*>0 P !@Q1J(W1".*1(S1*>) P @Q1H&)(W1H@)36?!-R%"
!*1"%O@
"_^2#=&0 30&0".1*#%@!$I"./)(*(E
* 2)+
/ % *-
ud:#$O$#&)(W1*9"_1
1*>032ObM*@1$I"%((W5(.-71O#@0+n@)(W1*9".#@19(6Cc&?(W#@0+L1>0:!^2"%/0$O5(-R% "f1*$O/0>0@0:(*C(W1* 32#(&?(*(*3
#@j sEc (9>0!
"_1#:32#"%+%9". .-J"f1*$O/0>0@0(*C2(D1! #(=+% P !@{#@y#+)E )E %1*
1>)"_1q>)" P
#@Q1*!@Q1O@)".$#$OCe329"h]7@{".@
$#3Y(D1DC$#3y1*!$#!/)>0%@0S6M!"%&)(*O1(/?".1*#%@yI("(W#!1*d&0@)30!9(D19".@)"
3 YJ!%SG1*>01!$#!/0>0@0>)".@)3)(W!1
"%@)3{1>0LT&06)$OI
]7O19>)3LF!$#!/0>0@0 !1D]*8ctT0F
7"%*@)(*#32*53f"%(J!%@)(W1*O1*&21O@)+1*>0=!%/0&21!4(*C2(D1! ".@)31>0&)(*!9(J"%(H-R*#@0+
1>0V@ P #%@0!@Q15EqX@:1*>0V-R%$#$#_]7O@0+?S]V+% P V"=-R!](W#/0$O\^0"%/)$O\%/M!9"_1O@)(%-1*>0\1!$#!/0>0@0,(WC2(W1*! 1#$O$#&)(W1*9"_141>0
32Obk!!@Q171DC/?5(H.-1*##@0+;!%@)(W1*9".#@Q1(E
*
qX@:1>0I(7^0"./0$#%S1>0`32I".$#O@)+1D]@)(W5&21 P 32O+<19(H*/0(*!@Q1(U1>0,1D](W1*#=&0$#'1*1>0,1*$O/0>0@0(WC2(W1*!fE
!$#&%< 5"8 0
0 < qX@,1*>0I(Z"%(*%S!1*>0G30"%30$O#@0I(32!A)@03,@\1*>0(*/M%@)(*[ P !@Q1S5"%(*&034-R* 1>02!!&0*!@?
.-U1*>0%(*/?@)32#@0+(W1*#=&)$O&)(` P @Q1EFH>)#(I(="f/M!*-R%
".@)!
%@?(D1"%O@Q1S(W#@)!1*>0:!%@)(W1*9".#@Q1#(#/?Q(W53d%@{"
(
*5(W/M%@?(W\ P !@Q1E[J@L!^0"./0$#\%-"%@L l 1DC/M.-[32"32$O#@0@)(W1*9".#@17I(U1*>0,-R$O$#_]7#@0+
7 ; ¢2 ; R¥2- -22;2¤¬¡;-W¡¢¦ v£¤s§ ¢¤7v£¦2; ' =¡R 2¢££¤-=;-¤ £© ¯¡v©7¡v£R
$$
¬¡; ; }2¤8¡<§ ; -=¡; 1;=$¬¡;;2¤¬¡4£2¤-7;¤ 11=;¦ ;£¤8¡;-¡ 2; ¦ ;¤
qX@1*>)#(^0"%/)$OSh1*>0$OO-B1*#@0+\.-01>0!! P Z>)"%@)3`(*1!/)*5(W@19(Z"\(D1O&0$#&)(1J1>0G1!$#!/0>)%@0H(WC2(W1*"%@)3/0232&)1*#%@
.-1*>0`32I".$1*%@)\I(U1*>)*5(W/M%@)(*%E
Á 50!$#&%< 8QA0< J*;1*>0:30"%30$O#@0;I(`@e1*>0/0*232&?o1*#%@e%-J*5(W/M%@)(*;&0@Q1*53d-R* *1 >)*(*/M%@)32#@0+
D( 1O&0$#&)(!E\FH>0I(4I(V":6?>)" P O"%$Z@)(W1*9".#@15S?(*O@?`1>0%@?(D1"%O@Q14I(4#/?Q(W53L%@i1*>0(D1O&0$O&?(4 P ! @Q15EVJ@c^0"./0$#
8(
.-K".@ l :1DCQ/M.-[325"%32$#O@),!%@)(W1*9".#@Q17#(U1>0,-R%$#$O_]7#@0+
7 ; ¤7}£¦2} ;1 1;7¡<§Á2 8R7¡v¤77R4 =¡v¢ ¤7}1¦¤R-$ª®1°¬¡; ;}2¤8¡<§ ; -=¡; 2
¡v©8¡v2R;12-7¡ ; v¤2¦-ª¡v2-2 ;£¤ª}v¤£¦2; ¬¡4£2¤;=;¤
J*,O@0+6)"981*@0`".@)3:1*>)`%(*/?@)32#@0+#@0+1*%@),"%*\1>0,1D](*/?@)(*V P ! @Q19(!E
4!1>0
32!$I"hCn!%@)(W1*9".#@Q1\I(`32!A)@03c%@d1>0 P @Q1,%-H30#"%$O$#O@)+%-G1>0
@0^1=32#+%O1;t(W1*#=&0$#&)(9
,"_-B1!`"f32#+%O1`#(32I".$#$#3
m".$I(W
"(D1O&0$#&)(
E
5 / £!$#&5B
3 &09"_1O@n@)(D1"%O@Q14@c"%@i P !@Q1\(*/?5OA)(V1>0=1OO@Q1! P "%$ P !V]7>0#9>n1*>0 P !@Q1\"o19(!EJ@c^0"./0$#=%-G"30&0".1*#%@
2
!%@)(W1*9".#@Q1UI(H1*>),-R%$#$O_]7#@0+ (
©2; £2 ¡¡ - 1£12}ª- ;2¤8¡}- £-¯¦ ¡¡ - ;¬¡; ;;£¤8¡<§nRW;; v7¡ 2 - ¦ ;£¦¢;2-2-2;
©2; £2 ¡¡ - 1£12}£-ª;£©ª¤-£2;=};ª¦- ¡v=$ - ;¢2®1°¡} ;;2¤ ¡<§nRW;;12 v7¡ £ 2
$£2; -=v; £¦'; -£-2-
¢©2; 21;2£12;¢12 ¡1¡;-¤¢£- =-22;¯®1°¡} ;;2¤ ¡<§Á }¬}¯21¦1 ¡£
R ;8¦-¤12¤-=} ¢¤7}£¦2}
*;*
RR SR SR RR RS SS SS RS
(
#+%&)* [$I"%((*<A?"_1O@%-FH##@0+@)(D1"%O@Q19(
$I"%((WOA?"_1*#%@Y.-J1>0L32ObM*@11DC/M(.-V1*##@0+{@)(W1*9".#@19(`1>)"_1
]U30#(&)((*3#@Y1*>0I(
(W5o1O@yI(
(W>0_]7@yO@ O+?E
E %1*;1>)"_1"L/?W-R*
"%@):!%@)(W1*9".#@Q1=!"%@{!O1*>0=6M32$#"hCS325"%32$##@0%SK%32&09"_1O@)".$[1DC/M%EnFH>):32!$I"hCd%=325"%32$##@0
!%@)(W1*9".#@Q1(H%@f/M!*-R%
".@)!,".@f!O1*>)!J6M lJl % l 1DCQ/M%EUO#$#"%*$#C%S01*>0`6M!>?" P #%I".$@)(W1*9".#@19(H!".@f<1>0!J6M=32$#"hCS
325"%32$##@0%S?%V30&0".1*#%@)"%$'1DC/?E7FH>032$#"hC%430"%30$O#@0=!%@)(W1*9".#@Q1(7@L6?>)" P OJ.-[!@ P #*@0!@Q14!"%@L!O1*>046M l fV0
1DC/M%E
FH>0232$O$#O@)+;"./0/0"9>]U`32I(*!&)((7>0!I(76)"%(*3@
bC C
7C
t[ @n(
EU4@iK@ #(V"/?_]U!*-R&0$k1*$
]7>0I9>;>)"($#%@0+=6?!@;&)(*3
1*=232$)1"32<1O@)".$M(WC2(W1*(EqX@:".@:[ @SQ"`(W1".1*V#(U32A?@03
#@
1!(G.-'1>0 P ".$#&05("(*(*&03
6C
(WV"_1*1*O6)&21*5(!E[0!^0"./0$#%SQ1*>0,(W1"_1(.-"%@;!$# P ".1*%
"hC6M,32!@0%1*53;#@;1**
(.-O1(H32#*5o1O@)(G%-.1*#%@ZEK4!
32#o1O@I(H1>0`"_1*1*O60&01*%S26?"%(*3%@]7>0I9>:1>0`(D19"_1(7&0/ZS032_]7@S)"%@)3(W1".1*#%@0*C".\32!A)@053'E
C ;C
ud;&)(*:".@ %
C
bC
=C
e*G[ @c
,1*n232$1O!%@)(W1*9".#@Q1(E [ @ ^1*@)30(`1*>0:1*9"%32O1*#%@)"%$
[ @ 6C#@)*/M%9"_1O@0+c1*>)i"%o1O@Y%-,(*1*1*#@0+{"d1*#!;".@?3y1>0L^2/0#C P !@Q1
.-\"c1O!5E FH>0L@0%1".1*#%@)(]Uf&)(Wf-R
!%@)(W1*&)o1O@i.-G[ @i(,".(*#/)$O".@)3c(D1"%O+>Q1W-R%]H".93'EVFH>0*!-R%=9"_1>0!V1*>)"%@n#@Q1*30&)#@0+1*>0 -R%"%$O$#C%S']U=>?" P
* *
#$O$#&)(W1*9"_131*>0 1>0*&0+%>f".@^0"%/)$O#@L#+)E %0E[FH>0!^2"%/0$O`(*>0_]7@O@i#+)E .325(*!*#6M(U1*>?"_1JO-K"%@ P @17 2&09(
]7>0@f1*>0&0!@Q1V(W1"_1`.-K1>0=(*C(W1* #(V( S01*>)!@n"%@i"%o1O@f]7O$#$6M19".8%@L6C(*1*1*#@0+:"1O!V1*:^2/0#*#@L1*>)=@0!^Q1 . *
#$O$#Z(*@)30(7"%@)3;1>0`(*C(W1* 1"%@)(WO1(U1
(D19"_1*( 2E I*
*.
s1 s2
* 2(
#+%&0 . G@ P ! @Q1*#%@?( V(W53O@A49"h]7#@0+
".@AG[ @
(
udJ>)" P J".$#*5"%32C32#(&?(*(*31*>?"_1 P @19(!"%@
6?V%@?(WI32!31`6?V.-k1D]U,1DCQ/M( K(D1O&0$O&?( P !@Q1(".@)3(*/M%@)(*7 P !@Q1(E
ud=>)"3i".$I(*;32#(&?(*(*3i30<bk!!@Q141DC/M(4.-[1*#O@)+@)(W1*9".#@19(J#@c5o1*#%@ E 2E )E _w ] ]U`^2/0$I".#@i>0_] 1>0(*=@)(W1*9".#@19(
".@6?232!$#$#36C;&)(*O@0
+ [ @i(E
Await
Next
second digit/ Digit
set timer (5 ms)
timer alarm/beeping
first digit/ Await
set timer (5 ms) Second
Digit Await
Caller
On−hook
*
first
digit
Await
First timer alarm / idle tone
dial tone / Digit
set timer
(30 s) Idle
A> IK ± >
1 J]H".O1J#9(D1VO+<1 (D19"_1*E 41*>0*]7I(*%S2O171*9".@)(*<19(U1* *4]U"%<1 l 5 P ! V@2Nr>0%8 (D19"_1*Eq± £K
Await
First
Digit
dial tone
* 2(
O+&0* % ,@L232!$Z.-[".@L l FGC/M\%- V"32$#O@0@)(W1*9".#@1
$ 5$ 5"8Q < qX@ 5.E E E 0S=]>?"%3w@)(*#32*53 1*>0y-R%$#$O_]7#@0+v!^2"%/0$Oy.-:".@ l4l 1DC/?%-:@2N
(W1*9".#@Q1( =; = 2; ¬¡ =R¥2} 2 - ¯;£¦1¦ § ¯;-2 ¡R }2¤7$ =$¢ 2 ¢2; ' 7¡v¢ 7R¥2;
2¢ ¯;£¦1¦--R=$ ¬¡; ;}2¤8¡<§ ; -=¡; 2¬}£¦1¦¯¡ 2-}< -2¤
5 1& `5 ! / 2# =!
)
32!$I"hCn@)(W1*9".#@1`6M1D]U!@d1D]L P !@Q19(,#(=%@0
]7>0*;".-B1*=".@e P !@Q1`2!!&0(S"f#@0#=&0 1*#
&)(D1\!$I"./)(*`6M-R*1>0=%1*>04 P !@Q1V".@i2&05E7uc>)"%3n%@?(WI32!31>0`-R$O$#_]7O@)+;^0"./0$#`%-G32!$I"hC!%@)(W1*9".#@Q1JO@d%E
( £2- ¤7 7RW¡¤8}£¦¤ §Á 1¤7 =R¬¡R }8¦-¤ ¤7}£¦-¤ ¬¡;1; ;¢ ; R°4<;¦1¦2¡; ;;£¤8¡
E 2E
ring−back tone
Await
Next
Digit
timer
alarm
2;
"*
FH>0 G[ @ 232$-R%\1*>0I(\^0"./0$#=I(,(W>)_]7@iO@dO+?E 0E .1*1*>?"_1,]>)" P =O@Q1*232&)!3L1D]U:#@Q1**30#".1*(D19"_1*5(
>J]H".O1 K 4> *;K
P @1 ".@?3 J]H".O1 P @1 =1232$Z"32&09"_1O@)".$!%@)(W1*9".#@Q1E
¾ ³
FH>0
".#@L".# .-K1>0#(\>)"./21!J]H"%(U1
O@Q1*232&)!C%&1;(W P !C;6)"(WI@)/21(4".@)31**#@0%$#%+O5(H"%((W2I"_13
]7<1>f*5".$ONm1O,(WC2(W1*!
(H1>)"_17]U%&0$I36?&?(W53;1>0*&0+%>)%&21H1*>)#(76M%8kE
g(*C(W1*}I(\(*"%#31;6? DMC
^C7]7>0@naQ&)".@Q1*O1".1* P !^/)*5(*(*O@)(7%-1O".`@0!((*"%*C;1*30(O6M1*>)`6?>)" P O
.-1*>0`(*C2(D1!fE
*5".$ONm1O\1"(W8;I(7@0\1*>)".1J#(7"(*(*2I"_1*53:]7O1*>L(*%\1*#`%@?(D1"%O@Q1(E
w".$ONs1*#`1"%(*8:I(4!$#"(*(*OA)3f#@Q1*;<1>0!V>)".93'S0A?*fSM%4(*.-B14"%$<Ns1*#1DC/?32!/M!@)30O@0+%@f1>0=@)(*aQ&0!@?(J.-"
1"(W8
-t"%O$##@0+1*!1JO1(71*##@0+;!%@)(W1*9".#@Q1(E
*
button
press
Await Inter−
set Event1 national
alarm Operator
(15sec) button
release
timer
alarm
set Await Dial
alarm Tone
(15sec) Event2 button
release
dial tone
timer
alarm Await
Button
Release
(
FH>0!"%*G1D]\
".#@"_1*+%*#(Z.-01O7@)(D1"%O@Q19(Z#@==6M303253=>?".93`".$ONs1*#U(WC2(W1*( /M!*-R%
".@)!@)(W1*9".#@19(
".@)36?>)" P O"%$G@)(D1"%O@Q19(!EnTKW-R*
"%@);!%@)(W1*9".#@Q1(="%*;1*##@0+d%@?(D1"%O@Q1(=O/M(*3{@{1*>):(*/?@)(W.-71>0
@1*$O$##@0+;/)&21*V(*C(W1*fS?]7>0*5"%(46?>)" P O*I".$Z!%@)(W1*9".#@Q1(J"%*`1*##@0+%@?(D1"%O@Q1(4O/M(*3L@f1*>06?>)" P O
.-1>0\!@ P O%@0@15E[FH>0V/M!*-R%
".@)!V!%@)(W1*9".#@Q1("hC
@).1H6?,+%&?".9".@Q1*3O-Z1*>)V6M!>)" P #%#"%$M!%@)(W1*9".#@Q1(U".4@0%1
(*".1*I(DA?3'E
ucU32I(*!&)(*(*3`>0_]e1*\30!$1*>0U/?W-R*
"%@)G"%@)3`6M!>?" P #%I".$_1DC/M(.-)!%@)(W1*9".#@Q1(&?(W#@0+V"%@ [^1!@)3253=#@0<1H1"_1
@i"%9>)O@0* G[ @c
K1*>?"_1H^1*@)30(G1*>041*9"%32O1*#%@)"%$?[ @]7O1*>:1*>0\@)/21(.-Z(*1*1*#@0+="1OU"%@)31*>)V*(*/M%@)32#@0+
+%@0!9"_1O@%-Z",1*#!H".$I". P @15E&)9>:"232$?#@:"%3)32<1O@
1*(W P 4"%("`(*/?5OA?!".1*#%@
19>0@0IaQ&0%S!"%@:".$I(*`>0!$#/
O@ P *&0-R&)!".1*#%@f".@)3".&21%
"_1#!232,+%!@)!9"_1*#%@ZE
¾ ¾
E4Q1".1*;]7>)1*>)!C%%&{!%@)(*#30!`1>0
-R$O$#_]7O@)+n(D19"_1!!@Q1(`1*i6M " %
0 E &?(D1<-RCeC%&0="%@)(W]U!=O@5"%9>
!"(WE
t"Q
:>)"%3".$ONs1*#"%/0/0$##"_1*#%@I(H"32&0/f.-%@0$#C;>)"%3".$ONs1*#\19"%(*8(E
R6?
P !C;("_-R1DCQNX<1#".$k".$ONs1*#(*C2(D1! >)"(7"-t".#$<NX(*".-R(D19"_1*E
t
32"32$#O@0@)(D1"%O@Q146M1D]U!@L1D]U(W1*#=&0$#[!".@n6?%@?(WI32!3L1*:6M":6?>)" P O*I".$@)(D1"%O@Q14@L1*>)@ P ON
%@0@17%-1>0`(WC2(W1*E
t3)
V".932]U"%*V-t".&)$<1*Nm1%$#!9".@)!419>0@0IaQ&0(4!".@"(W#$#C;6?`"30"./01*3:1*/0 P #30,(*.-B1D]H".V-t".&0$O1WNs1*$O"%@)E
R5
+%23;"%$O+%<1>0 -R%7(*9>)32&0$##@0+>?".93
*5".$ONm1OV1"(W82(=&)(W1H1*C1*%/0$#1V5"%9>
19"%(*8
O@1*>)\(*>0%*1*5(D1U1*#
/M((W#60$#%E
B-
f4$O$>?".93:"%$<Ns1*#,(*C2(D1!
(7".(*".-R1DCQNX<1#".$kO@f@)".1*&0%E
*
*
FH>0HA?(W1G(W&)621"(W8@)".39"%30"%(W#+%@)"%$2/0!((WK/0*2!((W5(Z1>0J9"%30"%[(W#+%@)"%$2%@
",(W#+%@?".$0/025(*(*%1*+!@0".1*
1>0,1*9"%98;!%93;#@1*!
(H.-1*>0,19".+%15x (H$#2!".1*#%@f".@)3 P $O2O1DC;]7O1*>0#@ ;5\.-K*5!#/217.-1*>)`(W#+%@)"%$mE
FH>0V1*9"%98
!%93#(1"%@)(WO1W13:1*1*>0,30"_19"=/)*25(*(*%]7<1>0#@ ;\"_-B1!U1*>0\1"98!%93
I(U301**#@03E
v(*&06219"%(*8`%@1*>0730".1"\/02((*%[*!$I"_1(Z1*>07!! P 3`1*9"%98!%93`]7O1*>1*>0U1"98`*530(.-M.1>0!K19".+%19(
q,
1>)"_14!%$#(*V1;3211J/?%1*!@Q1#"%$%$#$##(*O@:1>)"_1J#+%>Q172!&)7]7<1>0O@1>0@0^1 %%
2.E
qr-"$O$##(*#%@LI(V"%@1#!O/?"_1*53'SM1*>0@i1>0!%*5o1* P `"o1O@i#(\32!1*!O@)3i]7O1*>)O@
;5`6CL".@0%1*>0\(*&06219"%(*8
&0@0@0#@0+%@1>0`30"_19"/0*2!((WE
*
qD32!@Q1<-RCL1>0;32ObM*@Q11*##@0+L@)(W1*9".#@19(\O@d1*>);(WC2(W1*!fE:$I"%((WO-RCf1*>05(W
#@Q1*f!O1*>)!/M!*-R%"%@)%6M!>?" P #%I".$
@)(D1"%O@Q19(!E%@)(W1*&)17"%@ [ @ 1*
232!$k1>0`(WC2(W1*E
*QE4%@)(W1*&)1U1>0G[ @ 232!$%-K"1!$#!/0>0@0(WC2(W1* ]7>0Q(W
R/?".*1*I".$B
G6M!>?" P #%HI(J325(*!*#6?53:6M!$#_] 0(
*
7-B1!=$#O-B1*#@0+i1>0:!! P !>?".@)30(*15S1*>0:30#"%$G1%@0:(*>0&0$#3{"%/0/M".=]7<1>0O@ .L(*@)30(Efqr-4"L32#"%$G1%@0!".@e@0%16M
*
+% P @i]7<1>0#@ %:(*@)30(SM1*>0@d"%@nI32$O1*@0#(\/0232&)!3'E`J-B1*!,1>032#"%$1*%@)"%/0/?5".9(!SM1>0A)(W132O+<1(*>0%&0$I3L1
,
6?
32I".$#$#3i]7O1*>)O@ (*@)30(\".@)3n1*>)(*&06)(*aQ&0@Q1\A P 32O+<19(,]7<1>0#@ (W5@)30(\.-U"%9>c.1>0!5E=qr-1*>0
32I".$#$O#@0+.-
".@C:%-[1*>032#+%O1(JI(\32!$I"hC%53'S01>0!@n"%@L#30$O=1*%@)`#(4/030&)53'E4FH>0`I32$#`1%@0%@Q1O@&05(7&0@Q1*#$Z1>0=!! P J>)".@?30(W!1
#(H!/)$#"3E
*0EHuv>)"_1J"%*\1*>)`32<bk!!@Q171DC/M(H.-1*#O@)+;%@?(D1"%O@Q1(1>)"_14".@&07#@L"(WC2(W1*!fE \ P ,^0"%/)$O5(H.-5"%9>E
»; º·¸
)(
`\E\"%(".9"_1>C%E7FHO#@0+!%@)(W1*9".#@Q1(7%-[*5".$ONm1O=(*C2(D1!
( 4@)(D1*&?o1(7-R%\^2/0((W#@0+1*>)!fSk!1*>0230(J-R% P ".$##30".1*#@0+
1*>)!f
E 2D &H "H H vDMC =CICD
F( ,
.S0[$mE % ?E
% 0S "%@Q&?".C 2E
*h=Q1 P `4".1*>E ^GIC ;C 8E C LC )E G$#(* P #!5S2*.%0E
_`U*I".@L2"%@1)E,6?53032536?"_1W1$O,_C"%$OE C :DFBS/)".+(7 *2S 45=6M!q*%% E
%
#%$'&(*)+-,/.0&213(
,54*&)768)9:)7;
$*)<9',6=)>,?+A@B&C-DE)F&3,?.GH,/.JI/$*)K&(
,5&(
,/..I?DE)1I?$L.0&=6=,?CM$N&=.,?.=.IO17C-,5&)<9H8PCA&=('CM&>QFRS:&I?T*&(
)U&=(*6)>)
V 6=I/,/9W1+X,?.=.Y)<.PI5T2&C-DE)Z17I?$
.Y&63,5C-$N&=.P8)'9:CX.17S
.=.Y)<9\[L9:)<,?9:+-C-$*)'1I/$
.Y&63,5C-$/&I/$W&=,/.YG:.CX.P&=(*)'DEIN.0&17I?DEDEI?$]Q^#%$_,?+M+.YS V .Y)<`/S
)7$N&
9:CX.=1S
.=.YC-I?$L.F8)P&(*)>6)7TaI?6=)bC-DE4*+MCX1CM&+-cd,?.=.YS
De)bI?$*+-cd9:)>,/9:+MC-$*)f1I?$L.0&=6=,?CM$N&=.FI?$6=)>,?+A@B&C-DE)P&=,/.YG:.>[/S*$
+M)<..U8K)De)>$N&C-I?$I?&(*)>68PCX.Y)/Q
gP)<,5+M@h&=CMDE)H&3,?.GO.i?)&i?)7$
)763,j&)<9kC-$l6=)>.4LI/$
.Y)H&=Ik.I?DE)m)7n/)7$N&=.^&=(
,j&DE,oc)7CM&(*)>6 V )p)qO&=)76=$
,5+]I/6C-$/&=)76=$
,5+]&Id&=(*)'.cO.Y&)>DWQ
r
I?6E)q*,5DE4*+-)?[K,_&3,?.GsDeC-i?(N&di?)7&ei/)7$*)>6=,5&)<9t9:S*)&Iu,5$vC-$/&=)76=$
,5+)7n/)7$N&d.YS
13(w,?.e,u1+-I:13GxC-$N&)>66=S*4:&dI:1717S*66=C-$*iy)>n?)76=cxTa)78
DEC-+M+-CP.Y)<1I?$L9*.m&=Iy4z)76=CMI:9:CX17,?+M+-c{4zI?+-+K&(*)k&)7DE4z)763,j&=S*6)I5Tb,{13(*)7DECX17,5+K4*+X,5$N&>Qx|$*I?&(*)>6'&3,?.G{DEC-i?(N&Zi/)&Zi/)7$*)>6=,5&)<9s9:S*)&=I
,?$_)qO&)>6$L,5+)7n?)>$N&H.S
13(y,/.&=(*)ZSL.Y)>64*6=)>.=.CM$*i,k.8PCA&313(]Qm}~(*)>${,d&3,?.Gli?)7&=.i?)7$
)763,j&)<9\[zCA&HC-.H.=,5CX9W&I(
,on/)j j3
ZI?6m/5
7M3o73
jQFUn?)>6cE6=)>,5+M@B&C-De)f.Yc:.Y&)>DS
.YSL,5+-+Mc17I?$
.C-.Y&=.I?T,'$OS*D V )>6^I5TJ6=)>,?+A@B&C-DE)&=,/.YG:.>Q^(*)b&=CMDE) V I?S*$
9
.^I?$9*CA)76=)7$N&&=,?.G:.
Dd,oc V )f9:CA)76=)7$N&<Q}x)b(L,?9,?+M6=)>,/9:c'4zI?C-$N&)>9I?S:&F&=(
,j&K&(*)f1I/$
.Y)<`NS*)7$
17)>.UI5T],H&=,/.YGEDECX..CM$
ipCA&3.F&=CMDE) V I/S*$
9*.UDE,ocE,5+X.Ipnj,56=c
Ta6=I?D&3,?.Gd&IE&3,?.GQ2^(
C-.PCX.^I5T&=)7$W)q:4*6=)>.=.)>9k,/.&(*)p176CM&CX17,?+MCM&0cI?T2,Z&=,/.YGQ
#%$s&=(*)k+X,?.Y&e13(L,54:&=)76<[8)k(L,?9s4zI?C-$N&)>9I?S:&Z&(
,5&e,?4*4*6=I?4*6=C-,5&)k.=13(*)<9:S*+-CM$*iyI5TP&=,/.YG:.ZC-.'&(
) V ,/.YCX1DE)>13(L,5$*CX.YD,?9*I?4:&=)>9
V cW,d6)<,5+M@h&=CMDE)pI/4L)>6=,5&C-$*ik.c:.0&=)7D&IDE)7)7&b&=(*)p&=CMDE)Z17I?$
.Y&63,5C-$N&=.PI?TU,E&=,/.YGQ^(*)>6)7TaI?6=)?[z.Y)>+M)<1 &C-I?$lI?TU,5$_,?4*4*6=I?4*6=C-,5&)H&3,?.G
.=13(*)>9*S*+MC-$*ix,5+-i?I?6=CM&(*DC-.e1)>$N&63,5+K&I_&=(*)4*6I/4L)>6pTaS*$L1 &C-I?$
CM$*ixI5Tb,y6)<,5+M@h&=CMDE)k.c:.0&=)7DWQx#%$t&(
C-.e13(
,54*&)76e8)9:CX.17S
.=.Z.I?DE)
TaS*$L9*,5DE)7$N&3,5+^&=,/.YGt.=13(*)<9:S*+-CM$*i{&)<13(*$*CX`NS*)>.Z&(L,j&,56=),onj,?CM+X, V +-)?Qt|b$S
$
9:)763.Y&=,5$L9:CM$
i{I?Tb&(
)>.)&=)>13(*$
C-`NS*)<.Z8I?S
+-9(*)7+-4SL.
$*I?&I?$*+-c&=Ik.=,j&CX.YT,?1 &=I?6=CM+-c9:)<.YC-i?$l,E6=)>,5+M@B&C-De)p,?4*4*+-C-1>,j&=CMI/$][ V S:&f,5+X.YIES*$
9*)763.0&3,5$
9W,5$L9,?4*4*6=)>17C-,5&)f&(*)pTa)>,j&=S*6=)>.PI?TDEI:9:)76=$
17I?DEDE)7631CX,5+6)<,5+M@h&=CMDE)HI?4z)763,j&=CM$
iE.c:.0&=)7Dd.P9:CX.17S
.=.Y)<9kC-$W+-,5&)7613(L,54:&=)763.7Q
^(*CX.J13(L,54:&=)76C-.JI?6=i/,5$
CM>)>9m,?.]TaI?+-+MIj8.>Q]}x)U;L6=.Y&JC-$/&=6I:9:SL1)K.I?DE) V ,?.C-1K1I?$L1)74*&=.J,?$
9H&=)76=DeC-$*I/+MI/i?C-)>.J,/..I:1CX,j&=)>9f8PCA&=(p&3,?.G
.=13(*)>9*S*+MC-$*iLQeOS V .Y)<`/S
)7$N&+-c?[]8)E9:C-.=1SL..&08IDd,j0I/6m1+X,?.=.Y)<.I?TF&=,/.YG_.=13(*)<9:S*+-)763.7H1+-I:13G/@%9:6=CMn/)7$y,?$
9_)>n?)>$/&@9*6C-n?)>$]Q'rCM$L,5+-+Mc/[
8)H)q:4*+X,5C-$.I?DE)mC-De4zI?6&=,?$N&^CX.=.YS*)<.&(
,5&D'S
.Y& V )p17I?$
.CX9:)76=)>98P(*C-+M)p9:)>n?)>+MI/4*CM$
iZ4*63,?1&CX17,?+],54*4*+-CX17,j&=CMI/$
.>Q
kZ ]¢¡x'£¤2¥p¦e¤¨§Z¦W©Pb¡¤2ª
#%$d&=(*CX..)>1&C-I?$8)bC-$N&6=I:9:S
1)f,HTa)78«CMDE4zI?6&=,5$N&^1I?$L1)74*&=.,5$
9E&=)76=DECM$*I/+MI/i?C-)>.8P(
C-13(8KI/S*+-9 V )fS
.Y)7TaS*+CM$kS*$
9:)>6=.Y&=,?$
9:C-$*ip&=(*)
6=)>.Y&PI5T&(*CX.13(
,?4:&)>6>Q
¬*®>¯{°±®7²<*±³?´zµ U,/13('&=CMDE)P,5$E)>n?)7$N&I:1717S*6=.>[jCM&&6=CMi/i?)763.&(*)&3,?.Gm&(
,5&F(
,5$L9:+M)<.&(*CX.)>n?)7$N&2&IH6=S*$]Q#%$EI5&(
)7628KI/6=9
.7[?,&3,?.G
CX.bi/)7$*)>6=,5&)<9W8P(*)7$x.YI/De)e.Y4z)>17CA;z1p)7n/)7$N&I:1>1S*63.7QfgP)>,?+A@B&C-DE)p&3,?.GO.b&(
)76=)TaI?6=)p$*I/6Dd,?+M+-c6=)>17S*6H,d+-,?6i/)p$OS*D V )76fI5TU&C-De)<.,5&
9:CM)76=)7$N&FCM$L.0&3,5$N&=.2I?TL&=CMDE)9:)>4L)>$
9:C-$*imI?$Z&(*)P)>n?)>$/&I:1717S*6=6)>$
1)&C-DE)>.>Q#&FCX.4zI/.=.YC V +-)&(
,5&F6)<,5+M@h&=CMDE)&=,/.YG:.26=)>1S
62,5&F6=,?$
9:I/D
C-$
.Y&=,5$N&3.7QH¶Ij8)7n/)76<[
DEI/.Y&6=)>,?+A@B&C-DE)m&=,/.YG:.6)<1S*68PCA&=({1)>6Y&3,5C-$l;*q:)>9_4L)>6C-I:9*.7QHr*I/6)7q*,5DE4*+-)?[,d&)>DE4L)>6=,5&S*6=)Z.)7$
.C-$*i&3,?.G
C-$y,k13(
)7DEC-1>,5+4*+-,?$N&DECMi/(N&6=)>1S
6CM$L9:);
$
CA&=)7+-cl8PCA&=(y,k17)76&=,5C-$l4z)76=CMI:9 V )>1>,5S
.)m&(
)'&=)7DE4L)>6=,5&S*6=)pCX..=,5DE4*+-)>9_4L)>6C-I:9:C-1>,5+-+Mc/[
8P(*)>6)<,?.P,e&3,?.G(
,?$
9:+-CM$
i,d9:)7nOCX1)mC-$/&=)76=6S
4:&bDECMi/(N&6)<1S*6b,5&6=,?$
9:I/D·C-$
.0&3,5$N&=.>QKK,?13(&C-DE)',e&=,/.YG6)<1S*63.>[*CA&C-.1>,5+-+M)<9W,5$
¸
3%j¸¹3HI5T&(*)&=,?.GQk^(*)E;
63.Y&m&C-De),&=,?.G_I:1717S*63.7[CA&'CX.p1>,5+-+M)<9y&=(*)E;
63.0&pC-$
.Y&=,?$
1)dI?TK&=(*)d&=,/.YGQk^(
)d$*)qO&pI:1717S*66=)7$L1)
I?T&(*)'&=,?.GWC-.f17,?+M+-)>9WCM&=.f.)>1I/$
9lC-$
.Y&=,5$L1)?[,5$L9_.YIkI?$]Qf^(*)%&=(yC-$
.0&3,5$
17)pI5TU,&=,/.YGº\»F8I?S*+X9 V )Z9:)>$*I5&=)>9_,/.bº\»Y¼-½O¾ QK,?13(
C-$
.Y&=,5$L1)dI5TP,W6=)>,5+M@B&C-De)e&3,?.G_C-.',?.=.YI:1CX,j&=)>9{8PCA&=(t,l9:)>,/9:+-CM$*) V c_8P(
C-13(sCM&p$*)7)<9*.H&=I_1I?DE4*+-)&=),5$
9x4*6=I:9:S
17)d6)<.YS*+M&=.>Q}x)
.(
,5+-+,j&&C-De)<.6)7Ta)76&I'&=,?.GdC-$
.0&3,5$
17)>.,?.K4*6=IO17)>.=.Y)<.K,?$
9dS
.)&(*)<.Y)&08KI'&)>6Dd.CM$N&=)76313(
,5$*i/)>, V +McZ8P(*)7$$*IE1I?$*TaS
.YC-I?$,56=C-.)>.>Q
¿ ´NÀh:²>ÁÂL´ÄôN
ÅÀhÁ±´ÄÂL´NÆj®>Ç®wÈÉ2®>ÊzÀDz>´ÄôN
ÅÀhÁ±´Lµ ^(*){, V .I?+-S:&)x9:)>,/9:+MC-$*){I5Tp,s&3,?.GCX.&=(*){, V .I?+-S:&)y&C-De){nj,5+-S*)
¼h1I?S
$/&=)>9uTa6=I?D&=CMDE)WË/¾ V cu8P(*CX13(t&=(*)k6=)>.S*+M&=.'Ta6I/D&(*)k&=,/.YGs,56=)k)7q:4L)<1 &)<9\Qs^(OS
.7[F, V .I?+-S:&)9:)>,/9:+MC-$*)C-.Z)>`NS
,?+U&=Iy&=(*)
Ì
relative
deadline of Ti(1)
=d
Φ
Ti(1) Φ+ d Ti(2)
0 Φ+ pi
r C-i?S*6=) Ì gP)7+X,j&=CMn/)m,5$
9W| V .YI/+MS:&=)b)<,?9:+-C-$*)>.^I?T2,E,?.G
C-$N&)76=nj,5+:I?Tz&=CMDE) V )&08)7)>$Z&=(*)P&=CMDE)Ëm,5$L9'&=(*),?1&S
,?+*C-$
.0&3,5$N&U,j&F8P(
C-13(e&(
)9:)>,/9:+MC-$*)PI:1717S*63.,?.DE)>,/.YS
6)<9 V c'.I?DE)P4*(Oc:.YCX17,?+
17+MI:13GQ}~(
)76=)>,?.>[N6)>+-,5&C-n?)b9:)<,?9:+-C-$*)bCX.F&=(*)&C-De)CM$N&=)76=no,?+ V )&08)7)>$d&(
)f.Y&=,?6Y&UI?T\&(*)&=,/.YGE,5$L9E&(*)fC-$
.0&3,5$N&,5&K8P(*CX13(k9:)<,?9:+-C-$*)
I:1717S*63.7Q#%$uI?&(*)>6p8KI/6=9
.7[]6=)7+X,j&=CMn/)d9:)>,/9:+MC-$*)dCX.H&(
)d&C-DE)CM$N&=)76=no,?+ V )7&08K)>)7$x&(
)k,56=6C-nj,5+I?T^,&3,?.Gy,5$
9{&=(*)k1I/66=)>.4zI?$
9:C-$*i
9:)<,?9:+-C-$*)?Qd^(*)d9:CMz)>6)>$
1) V )&08)7)>${6=)7+X,j&=CMn/)e,?$
9x, V .I?+-S:&)d9:)<,?9:+-C-$*)>.HCX.HCM+-+-S
.0&=6=,5&)<9yC-$srC-i
Q Ì QZ#&'1>,5$ V )dI V .Y)>6n/)>9WTa6=I?D
rC-i
Q Ì &(
,5&P&(*)m6=)7+X,j&=CMn/)f9*)>,?9*+MC-$*)mI5T&(*)H&3,?.Gk^C¼ Ì ¾CX.9\[:8P(
)76=)>,?.^CM&=.P, V .I?+-S:&)m9:)<,?9:+-CM$
)mC-. LQ
¿ ´N® UÊz±®<´W¬pÁ
´Lµ ^(*)m6=)>.4LI/$
.Y)&C-DE)pI5T2,e&=,/.YGCX.&(
)m&C-DE)mCA&P&3,5G?)<.m¼,/.^De)<,?.S*6=)>9kTa6I/D&(*)p&=,?.Gk,?66=CMnj,?+L&=CMDE)o¾KTaI?6P&=(*)
&3,?.GW&I4*6I:9:SL1)'CM&=.H6=)>.S*+M&=.>Qm|b.m,5+-6=)>,?9*c6=)7Dd,56=G?)<9\[z&=,/.YGWC-$
.0&3,5$
17)>.fi?)7&fi/)7$*)>6=,5&)<9_9:S*)Z&II:171S
66=)7$
17)'I?TU)7n/)7$N&=.>Qm^(*)>.)
)>n?)7$N&3.2DE,oc V )C-$N&)>6$
,?+O&IH&=(*).Yc:.Y&)>D[N.YSL13(E,/.1+-I:13GpCM$N&=)76=6S*4*&=.>[5I?6)7qN&=)76=$
,5+*&If&(*).Yc:.Y&)7D .YSL13(e,/.,H6I V I?&2)>$
1I/S*$N&)>6C-$*i
,?$I V .0&3,?17+M)/Q
!" #$
!%'&(*) ,+-.'/$
0211&(34150+6$
05798(*) 8$
):;<$
= !=$
):"2%&415 ! <;&(> <?
r
I?6b(L,5639l6)<,5+M@h&=CMDE)'&=,?.G:.7[,?.+-I?$*ik,/.,?+M+&(
)7C-6H9*)>,?9*+MC-$*)>.f,56=)pDE)&<[&(*)>6)ZC-.$*I.Y4z)>17C-,?+,/9:nj,5$N&=,?i?)pI?TK1I/De4
+M)7&C-$*i&=(*)
&3,?.GO.^)<,56=+Mc/QU¶Ij8)7n/)76<[NTaI?6b.I5T&6=)>,?+A@B&C-DE)&3,?.G:.7[
,on/)763,5i/)b6=)>.4LI/$
.Y)f&=CMDE)pI?T&3,?.GO.C-.,?$WCMDE4zI?6&=,5$N&PDE)&=6CX1H&IdDE)<,?.S*6)f&=(*)
4z)76TaI?6=Dd,5$
17)dI5T,l.13(
)>9:S*+-)76<QW| .13(
)>9:S*+-)76pTaI?6'.I5T&'6=)>,?+A@B&C-DE)E&=,/.YG:.p.(*I?S
+-9x&=6cy&I_)7qO)<1S:&=)E&(*)k&=,/.YG:.mC-$t,5$uI?639:)>6m&(
,5&
DEC-$*CMDEC-7)<.^&(*)p,on/)763,5i/)b6=)>.4LI/$
.Y)&C-DE)mI5T&=,/.YG:.>Q
¬*®>A¯ @HÆj´O³?´OÅ´N±³?C´ B |w&=,/.YGZC-.U.,?C-9e&=Im4*6)<1)<9:),5$*I?&(*)>6&=,/.YG[/CAT&(
)P;
63.0&F&3,?.G'DZS
.0&U17I?DE4*+-)&=) V )7TaI?6=)^&(*).Y)<1I?$L9'&3,?.GZ1>,5$
.Y&=,?6Y&<Q}~(
)7$l,Z&=,?.Gº\»4*6=)>1)<9:)>.P,?$*I5&=(*)76&3,?.GEº Dj[*&(*)>$)<,?13(CM$
.Y&=,?$
1)HI?Tº\»24*6=)>1)<9:)>.K&=(*)p1I/66=)>.4LI/$
9:C-$*i'C-$
.Y&=,?$
1)HI5TEº D?Q
^(
,5&fCX.>[zCMTUGº FH4
6)<1)>9*)>.Iº H?[z&(*)>$yGº Fj¼ Ì ¾b4*6)<1)<9:)>.bIº H/¼ Ì ¾ [\Gº Fj3¼ J?¾P4
6)<1)>9*)>.Iº H/K¼ J/¾ [\,5$
9{.YII?$]QH| 4*6)<1)<9:)7$
17)'I/6=9:)>69:)7;
$*)<.
,4
,56&CX,5+2I/6=9:)>6m,5DEI?$*ik&=,/.YG:.>QZgP)<1I?+-+-)>1 &fTa6=I?D ,k;
63.0&p1I/S*63.Y)ZI?$u9:C-.=16=)&=)ZDd,5&(*)>DE,5&CX17.f&=(
,j&p,4
,56&CX,5+2I?639:)>66=)7+X,j&=CMI/$yCX.
6=5) L
)7q:CMn/)?[F,5$N&=C-.cODeDE)7&6=C-1?[U,5$
9t&63,5$
.CM&C-n?)?Qs|b$)q*,?De4
+M)4
,56&CX,5+I?639:)>6C-$*i{,?DEI?$*iy&=,?.G:.'CX.E.Y(
Ij8P$tCM$wrCMiLMQ J:Qt¶b)76=)kGº F
4*6=)>17)>9:)<.fº H [ V S*&p8K)d17,?$*$*I?&f6=)7+X,j&=)eº F 8PCM&(u)7CM&(*)>6mOº NZI/6HCº P/QE}{).(
,5+-+2+-,5&)>6mS
.Y)e&3,?.G_4*6=)>1)<9:)7$L1)e6)>+-,5&C-I?${&Il9:)7n/)7+-I?4
,?4*4*6=I?4*6=C-,5&)&=,/.YGk.=13(*)<9:S*+-CM$*id,?+Mi/I?6=CA&=(*Dd.7Q
Ã:²>M QGR:ÆjÁT± SJµ ,?.G:.PI5T&=)7$l$*)>)>9&=I.Y(
,?6)H&=(*)7C-66=)>.S*+M&=.b,?DEI?$*iE)>,/13(WI5&(
)768P(*)>$lI?$*)p&=,?.Gk$
)7)>9
.^&Ik.(
,?6)H&=(*)p6=)>.S*+A&3.
4*6=I:9:S
17)>9 V ck,5$*I?&(*)>6^&=,/.YIG U
17+M)<,56=+Mc/[O&(*)p.)>17I?$
9&=,/.YGkD'S
.Y&4*6=)>1)<9:)H&(
)H;
6=.Y&P&=,/.YGQ#%$T,?1&>[L4*6)<1)<9:)7$
17)H6)>+-,5&C-I?$ V )7&08K)>)7$
&08Id&=,/.YG:..YI/De)7&C-DE)>.CMDE4*+-CM)<.9
,j&=,k.Y(
,?6C-$*i V )&08)7)>$W&(*)Z&08Id&=,/.YG:.'¼)?Q i
QP;L6=.Y&b&3,?.G4
,/..C-$*ik.I?DE)p6=)>.S*+A&3.&=Id&(
)e.)>17I?$
9
&3,?.G:¾Q_¶Ij8)7n/)76<[]&(
C-.'C-.'$*I5&E,5+-8,oc:.f&6=S*)/Q_|&=,/.YG{Dd,oc V )k6=)>`NS*C-6)<9{&I_4*6=)>17)>9:),5$*I?&(*)>6p)7n/)7$s8P(*)>$u&(*)>6)CX.Z$*Iy9*,5&=,
.(
,56=C-$*i
Qmr*I/6)7q*,5DE4*+-)?[CM$x,13(
)7DEC-1>,5+4*+X,5$N&fCM&HDE,oc V )e6)<`/S
CM6=)>9W&=(
,j&f&(
)Z6=)>,/1 &C-I?${13(
,5D V )>6DZS
.0& V )';
+-+-)>9{8PCA&=(y8^,j&)>6
V )TaI/6)k13(
)7DEC-1>,5+X.p,56=)dC-$/&=6I:9:SL1)>9]Q#%$u&=(*CX.'17,/.Y)/[J&=(*)&3,?.Gy(
,?$
9:+-CM$
il;
+-+MC-$*i_S*4u&=(*)k6=)>,/1 &=CMI/$x13(
,?D V )76p8PCM&(8,5&)76'D'S
.Y&
17I?DE4*+-)&)/[ V )TaI/6)&(*)&3,?.Gs(
,5$
9*+MC-$*iuCM$N&=6I:9:S
1&C-I?$I5Tb&=(*)l13(*)7DECX17,?+-.eCX.e,/1 &=CMnj,j&=)>9\Q#&dC-.e&=(*)76=)TaI/6)$*I5&d,54
4*6I/4*6=C-,5&)&=I
J
T4 T3
r C-i?S*6=)J:F6=)>17)>9:)>$
1)HgP)>+-,5&C-I?$W|DEI?$*i,?.G:.
6=)74*6=)>.)7$N&P9*,j&3,E.Y(
,?6C-$*ieS
.CM$*iE4*6=)>17)>9:)>$
1)H6=)7+X,j&=CMI/$]Qr*S*6&(*)>6>[*9
,j&=,E.(
,56=C-$*iZDd,ocI:1>1S*6^$*I?&I?$*+-c8P(*)>$I/$*)f&=,?.G4*6=)>17)>9:)<.
&=(*)I5&=(*)76<[ V S*&UDECMi/(/&FI:1>1S*6U,?DEI?$*if&6=S*+-cZ17I?$
17S*66=)7$N&2&=,/.YG:.>[?,5$L9ZIjn/)76=+-,?4*4*C-$*i&=,?.G:.7Q#%$EI5&=(*)76F8I?639*.>[?9*,5&=,H.Y(L,56=CM$*im,?DeI/$*i
&3,?.GO.U9:IO)>.F$
I5&F$*)<1)>.=.=,56=CM+-c'C-DE4LIN.Y),?$Nce4
,?6Y&=C-17S*+-,?6I?639:)76=C-$*im,5DEI?$*iH&3,?.G:.7Q2^(*)76=)TaI/6)/[?9*,5&=,p.(
,56=C-$*iH6)>+-,5&C-I?$d,5DEI?$
iH&=,?.G:.
$*)>)>9*.&I V )Z6)>4*6)<.Y)>$N&)>9S
.C-$*i,9*CA)76=)7$N&f.cOD V I?+BQP}{)e.Y(L,5+-+J6=)74*6=)>.)7$N&9*,5&=,.(
,?6C-$*i,5DEI/$*iE&08KI&=,?.G:.S
.C-$*ik,9*,/.Y(
)>9
,?66=Ij8mQ^#%$l&(*)e)q*,?De4
+M)pI?TU9*,j&3,.(
,56=CM$
ik,5DEI?$
iE&=,?.G:.6=)74*6=)>.)7$N&=)>9WC-$yrCMiL=Q J:[zOº HmS
.)>.b&(*)Z6)<.YS
+A&3.I5TFº N [ V S*&fOº H',?$
9Wº N
Dd,ocE)q:)>17S:&)H1I/$
1S
66=)7$N&+-c?QOº HbDd,ocE)7n/)7$.0&3,56&K)q:)<1S:&=CM$*iZ;
63.0&<[:,jT&)>6P.YI/De)7&C-DE)>.KCA&PDd,ocE6)<1)7C-n?)f.YI/DE)9*,5&=,mTa6=I?Dº N [O,?$
9
17I?$N&C-$OS*)HCA&3.P)q:)>17S:&C-I?$J[*,5$
9W.IeI/$]Q
¡xª· ¥
>¥mªª·¥p¦W7£§W¥m£¥m©¤2£ªJ¤7©Pª
^,?.)>9ZI?$Z&(
)P8,ocp6=)>,?+A@B&C-DE)U&3,?.G:.26)<1S*6Ijn/)76,f4L)>6C-I:9'I?TL&=CMDE)?[/CA&FCX.4zI/.=.YC V +-)&Ip1+X,?.=.CATacH&=(*)7D CM$N&=I&=(*6=)7)PDd,5C-$e1>,j&=)7i?I/6C-)>.>
4z)76=CMI:9:CX15[5.4zI?63,?9:CX15[5,?$
9',?4L)>6C-I:9:C-1U&=,/.YG:.>QJ#%$'&(*)TaI?+-+-Ij8PCM$*iL[o8K)^9:CX.17S
..&=(*)^CMDE4zI?6&=,5$N&13(
,563,?1&)>6CX.0&=C-1>.]I?T*&(*)<.Y)K&(
6)>)KDd,j0I/6
1>,j&)>i?I/6C-)>.I5T6)<,5+M@h&=CMDE)f&=,/.YG:.>Q
@´/ÆjÁhÊ]ÅÁh³¬*®7¯]®/µ |4z)76=CMI:9:CX1P&3,?.GZCX.UI/$*)&=(
,j&^6=)74z)>,j&3.U,5T&)76^,p17)76&=,5C-$d;*q:)<9E&C-DE)C-$N&)76=nj,5+BQ^(
)b4*6=)>17C-.)&=CMDE)bC-$
.Y&=,?$/&3.K,5&
8P(*CX13(k4z)76=C-IO9*C-1&=,?.G:.U6=)>17S*6^,56=)bS
.S
,5+-+-cE9*)7Dd,56317,5&)>9 V cd17+MI:13GECM$N&=)76=6S*4*&=.>Q2r
I?6K&(*CX.6)<,?.I?$][/4L)>6C-I:9:CX1&3,?.GO.,56=)b.I?DE)&=CMDE)<.
6=)Ta)>66=)>9&I,?.17+MI:13GN@9*6C-n?)>$&3,?.G:.7QP^(*)m;
qO)<9&C-DE)'C-$/&=)76=nj,5+J,5T&)768P(*CX13(_,E&=,/.YG6)>4L)<,j&=.bC-.17,?+M+-)>9&=(*)
<
pI?T2&(*)'&=,?.GQ
#Tº » CX.,d4z)76=CMI:9:CX1H&3,?.Gz[
&(*)>$W&(*)'&C-DE)mTa6I/D Ëe&=CM+-+&(*)pI:1>1S*6=6)>$
1)mI?T2&(*)m;L6=.Y&bC-$
.0&3,5$
17)mI5Tº » ¼ChQ )?Q^º » ¼ Ì ¾Y¾PC-.9:)7$*I?&)<9 V c
z» U],5$
9yC-.f17,?+M+-)>9_&(*)e4*(
,/.Y)ZI5T&(
)'&3,?.GzQm^(*)e.Y)<1I/$
9lC-$
.0&3,5$
17)¼ChQ )?QHº\»Y3¼ J?¾¾I:1717S*63.,50& zO» L»QH^(
)p&(
CM639_C-$
.Y&=,5$L1)W¼aCBQ )/Q
º\»Y¼ /¾¾I:1717S*63.,50& zO» J"!z»K,?$
9y.IkI/$]Qmr*I/6Dd,5+-+-c?[,k4z)76=CMI:9:CX1m&3,?.GWº»17,?$ V )Z6=)74*6=)>.)7$N&=)>9 V cl$, #k&S*4
+M)WK¼ z»%[ L»0'[ &o»Y[ /»¾
8P(*)>6) L»FCX.P&=(*)'4z)76=C-IO9WI?T2&=,?.G[ &o»CX.b&(*)p8I?63.Y&17,/.Y)m)7qO)<1S:&=CMI/$W&C-DE)'I5T2&=(*)p&3,?.Gz[z,5$
9 /»UC-.&(*)Z6)>+-,5&C-n?)p9:)<,?9:+-CM$
)pI5T&=(*)
&3,?.GzQ2}x)p.Y(L,5+-+\S
.Y)H&=(*CX.P$*I5&3,j&=CMI/$)7qN&=)7$
.C-n?)7+-cC-$&(*)m6=)7Dd,5C-$
9:)>6^I5T&(*CX. V INI/GQ
IWCM+-+MSL.0&=6=,5&)e&(*), V Ijn?)e$*I5&3,j&C-I?${&Il6=)74
6)<.Y)>$/&m6=)>,?+A@B&C-DE)e4z)76=C-IO9*C-1e&3,?.GO.>[]+-)&pS
.'1I?$L.YCX9:)76H&=(*)E&63,?13G{1I?6=6=)>1 &=CMI/$_&3,?.G
&0cO4*CX17,?+M+-ckTaI/S*$
9lC-$y,d6=I:13G?)7&b1I?$N&=6I/+J.YI?T&08,?6)/Q|b.=.YS
De)p&(*)'TaI?+-+MIj8PC-$*ik13(
,?6=,/1 &=)76=C-.Y&CX17.^I?T&(*)m&=6=,/13G17I?6=6)<1 &=CMI/$&3,?.GQ^(*)
&=6=,/13Ge17I?6=6)<1 &C-I?$e&3,?.Ge.Y&=,?6Y&3. J5Ë/Ë?ËHDEC-+M+-C:)>1I/$
9*.K,jT&)>6U&=(*)b+X,5S
$
13(I5T&=(*)b6=I:13G?)&<[N,?$
9ECM&K4z)76=CMI:9:CX17,?+M+-cE6)<1S*63.)7n/)76=)c (?ËmDECM+-+-C
O)<1I/$
9*.^&=(*)7$WI?$JQUU,/13(C-$
.Y&=,5$L1)mI5T&(
)H&=,?.Gk6=)>`NS*C-6=)>.P,e4*6=IO17)>.=.YC-$*ie&C-DE)mI5+T *EDECM+-+MC2O)>17I?$
9
.P,5$
9CM&=.P6=)7+X,j&=CMn/)H9*)>,?9*+MC-$*)mCX.
(?ËEDeC-+-+MCO)>17I?$
9
.7Q^gP)>1>,5+-+]&=(
,j&&=(*)'4
(
,?.)mI5TF,E&3,?.GkCX.b9:)7;
$*)>9 V c&(
)pI:171S
66=)7$
17)H&C-DE)pI5T2&(
)p;
63.0&C-$
.Y&=,?$
1)pI?T2&(*)'&=,?.GQ
^(*)>6)7TaI?6=)?[o&=(*)P4*(
,/.Y)^I5TL&(*CX.2&3,?.GmC-. J?Ë?Ë/ËDECM+-+-C
.Y)<1I/$
9*.>Q^(*CX.&=,/.YG'1>,5$ZTaI?6=Dd,5+-+Mc V )^6)>4*6=)>.)7$N&)<9',?.P3¼ J5Ë/Ë?ËDd:)>15,[ (5ËfDO)>1?[
*fDO)>1?,[ (?ËDO)<1>¾Q2^(
C-.2&3,?.GpCX.4*CX1 &I/6CX,5+-+-c'.Y(
Ij8P$ZC-$drC-i
Q *Q}~(*)>$Z&=(*)9:)<,?9:+-CM$
)PI5T\,b&3,?.Gp)>`NS
,?+-.2CM&=.F4L)>6C-I:9¼ChQ )?-Q /» . » ¾[
8)Z1>,5$_I/DeCM&f&(*)'TaI?S*6&(y&S*4*+-)?QH#%$l&=(*CX.f1>,?.)?[z8K)e17,?$_6)>4*6=)>.)7$N&b&=(*)p&3,?.GW,/.bº 0» . K¼ J5Ë/Ë?ËdDO)<15'[ (5ËkDO)>1?-[ *kDO)>1<¾ Qm^(*CX.
8I?S*+X9,5S:&=I?Dd,j&=C-1>,5+-+McEDE)>,?$ z» . N» . (?Ë'DO)<15QUOC-DECM+X,56=+Mc/[O8P(*)7$ z» . Ë
[:CA&1>,5$ V )HI?DECM&Y&=)>98P(*)7$$*Id1I/$:TaS
.CMI/$,?6CX.Y)<.7QOIL[
º\» . K¼ J?2Ë 143+&6587 Ì Ë?9Ë 13+&657¾F8KI/S*+X9kC-$
9:CX17,5&)',e&3,?.G8PCA&=( z» . Ë*2[ z» . Ì Ë?Ë5DO)<15:[ &o» . J?Ë5DO)<15[
,?$
9 /» . Ì Ë/Ë5DO)>1?Q}~(*)7$
)7n?)>6
&=(*)76=)HC-.P,?$Nc.17I?4z)TaI/6P1I?$*TaS
.YC-I?$J[:8K)m.(
,5+-+\)q:4*+-C-17CA&=+Mc8P6CM&)HI/S:&^&(*)m4
,?6=,?DE)&)>6=.Kº\» . ;¼ L» . (5ËpDEC-+M+-CO)<17.>:[ &o» . *'DEC-+M+-CO)<17.>[
N» . #NË'DEC-+M+-CO)<17.3¾ [*)7&=1?Q
Φ =2000 di
0 Φ Φ + pi Φ + 2*pi
r C-i?S*6=) *F6=,/13GKI?6=6)<1 &C-I?$,/.YG{¼KJ5Ë/Ë?Ë913+&6587 » 7
& » 7 » ¾I?T,EgPI:13G?)7&
|Änj,?.Y&PDd,j0I?6=CM&0cdI5T&(*)H&3,?.GO.^4
6)<.Y)>$/&PC-$l,'&0cO4*CX17,?+\6)<,5+M@h&=CMDE)m.cO.Y&)>D,?6)f4L)>6C-I:9:CX15QF^(*)m6=)>,/.YI/$TaI?6^&=(*CX.PC-.P&(
,5&DE,?$Oc
,/1 &C-nOCA&=CM)<.^17,56=6=CM)<9I?S*& V c6=)>,?+A@B&C-DE)f.c:.0&=)7Dd.^,56=)4z)76=CMI:9:CX1CM$$
,j&=S*6=)?[OTaI?6^)7q:,?DE4*+M)fDEI?$*CM&I/6C-$*iE1)>6Y&3,5C-$1I/$
9:CM&C-I?$
.>[O4LI/+M+-C-$*i
C-$:TaI?6=Dd,j&=CMI/$sTa6I/D .Y)>$
.I?63.',j&e6)>i?S*+X,56ZCM$N&=)76=no,?+-.'&Iu17,?66=cxI?S:&d1)>6Y&3,5C-$,?1&C-I?$,5&e6=)7i/S*+-,?6'C-$N&)76=nj,5+X.¼h.YSL13(,?.e9:6=CMn/).I?DE)
,/1 &SL,j&I/6=.3¾ Q}{).Y(
,?+M+K1I?$L.YCX9:)76')q*,5DE4*+-)>.mI?T.YS
13(x&3,?.GO.mTaI?S*$
9uC-$t,&0cO4*CX17,5+13(*)7DECX17,?+F4*+X,5$N&>Q#%$t,l13(*)7DECX17,?+F4*+X,5$N&Z.)7nN@
)>6=,?+&)7DE4z)763,j&=S*6)mDEI/$*CA&=I?63.7[:4
6)<..S*6=)DEI?$
CA&=I?63.7[*,?$
9W13(*)7DECX17,5+]17I?$
17)7$N&63,j&=CMI/$DEI/$*CA&=I?63.^4L)>6C-I:9:CX17,5+-+-ck.,?DE4*+M)H&=(*)p1S
66=)7$N&
&=)7DE4L)>6=,5&S*6=)?[N4*6=)>.=.YS
6)/[N,?$
9d13(*)7DECX17,?+z17I?$
17)7$N&63,j&=CMI/$dno,?+MS
)>.F8P(
C-13(k,?6)&(*)>$1I/DED'S*$*CX17,5&)<9e&Ip&=(*)f4*+-,?$N&1I/$N&6=I?+-+M)>6>Q^(*)
C-$
.Y&=,5$L1)>.UI5T&(
)P&)>De4z)763,j&=S*6=)?[N4*6)<..S*6=)?[?,?$
9d13(*)>DeCX17,?+L17I?$
17)7$N&63,j&=CMI/$ZDEI?$
CA&=I?6=CM$*iH&3,?.G:.U,56=)P$*I/6Dd,5+-+-c'i?)>$*)763,j&=)>9Z&(
6I/S*i?(
&=(*)bC-$N&)76=6=S*4:&=.K6=)>1)>CMn/)>9eTa6=I?D,m4z)76=CMI:9:CX1P&=CMDE)>6>Q^(*)<.Y)CM$*4
S:&=.^,56=)S
.)>9d&IZ17I?DE4*S:&=)17I?6=6)<1 &C-n?),/1 &=CMI/$
.F6=)>`NS*C-6)<9e&IZDE,?CM$*@
&3,5C-$&=(*)p13(*)>DeCX17,?+\6)<,?1&C-I?$,5&b,E1)76&=,?CM$63,j&)/Q^(*)p1I/66=)>1&C-n?),/1 &=CMI/$
.P,56=)f&(*)>$W1>,56=6C-)>9kI?S:&P&=(*6=I?S*i/(,?1&S
,5&I/6=.>Q
^(*)b4L)>6C-I:9:C-1&=,/.YGeCM$&(*)f, V Ijn?)P)q*,?De4
+M))7q:C-.Y&=.UTa6I/D &=(*)&=CMDE)I5TJ.cO.Y&)>D C-$*CM&CX,5+-CM<,j&=CMI/$]Q¶Ij8)7n?)>6>[?4L)>6C-I:9:C-1&=,/.YG:.F1>,5$
,?+-.I1I/De)mC-$N&I)7q:C-.Y&)>$
1)'9*cN$L,5DEC-1>,5+-+Mc/Q^(
)'1I/De4
S:&=,5&C-I?$&(
,5&bI:1717S*6=.CM$y,?CA&P&=6= , 1mDEI?$*CM&I/6=.>[*I?$L1)', L
C-i?(N&bCX.b9*)&)<1 &=)>9
V cd&=(*)m6=,/9*,56&=CM+-+\&(
)m6=,/9*,56^)q:CM&=.^&=(*)m63,?9*,?6.CMi/$
,5+\>I?$*)HCX.,5$)q*,?De4
+M)HI5T,E9:cO$
,5DECX17,?+M+-ck16=)>,5&)<9k4z)76=CMI:9:CX1&=,/.YGQ
Q UÊLÆo
ÅÁh³¬K
®7¯ B | .Y4zI?63,?9:CX1^&3,?.GeCX.KI?$*)b&(
,5&6=)>17S*6=.K,j&6=,?$
9:I?D C-$
.0&3,5$N&=.>Q|.4zI?63,?9:CX1^&=,/.YGEº » 1>,5$ V )fC-.K6)>4*6=)>.)7$N&)<9 V c
,Z&(
6)>)H&S*4*+-)?
º\» . ¼ &o» 7
?» 7/»¾
8P(*)>6") &<»CX.&(
)8I?63.0&U1>,?.))q:)<1S:&=CMI/$d&C-DE)bI5TJ,?$C-$
.0&3,5$
17)I5T\&=(*)&3,?.G[
?»9:)7$*I?&)<.F&=(*)bDEC-$*CMDZS*D .)74
,?6=,5&C-I?$ V )7&08K)>)7$d&08I
17I?$
.)>17S:&C-n?)fCM$L.0&3,5$
17)>.^I5T&(*)H&3,?.G[ /»2CX.&(*)m6=)7+X,j&=CMn/)f9*)>,?9*+MC-$*)?Q^(*)mDEC-$*C-D'S*D .Y)>4
,563,j&=CMI/$y
¼
?»¾ V )7&08K)>)7$&08KIE1I/$
.)>1S*&C-n?)
C-$
.Y&=,5$L1)>.I5T&(*)m&3,?.GkC-DE4*+MC-)>.&(
,5&I?$
17)p,5$WC-$
.0&3,5$
17)pI5T,d.4LI/6=,/9:C-1&3,?.GkI:1717S*6=.>[:&=(*)p$*)7qN&C-$
.Y&=,?$
1)'1>,5$*$
I5&I:1717S*6 V )7TaI?6=)
?»^&=CMDE)S*$*CM&=.p(L,on?)d)7+X,54L.Y)<9\Q^(L,j&'CX.7[
?»P6=)>.Y&6=C-1&=.H&=(*)k63,j&=),j&p8P(*CX13(t.4LI/6=,/9:C-1e&3,?.G:.p17,?$t,56=C-.)?Q|b.'9*I?$*)dTaI/6p4z)76=CMI:9:CX1
&3,?.GO.>[O8K)H.(
,5+-+LSL.Y)&(*)m17I?$On?)>$/&=CMI/$d&(L,j&&(*)f;
63.0&^C-$
.0&3,5$
17)I?T,e.Y4zI?63,?9:CX1P&3,?.Gdº\»JCX.^9:)7$*I?&)<9 V cdº\»Y¼ Ì ¾,5$
9&(*)H.YSL171)<..C-n?)
C-$
.Y&=,5$L1)>. V cº » K¼ J/¾ [:º » ¼ /¾[:)&=1?Q
_,?$Ock.Y4zI?63,?9*C-1b&=,/.YG:.P.S
13(l,?.^)7DE)>6i/)7$
17cdDe)<..=,5i/)f,?66=C-no,?+-.^,?6)H(*C-i?(*+-c176CM&CX17,?+\CM$W$
,5&S*6=)?QFr
I?6P)7q:,?DE4*+M)/[:CM$l,e6=I V I5&,
&3,?.G&(L,j&i?)7&=.Pi/)7$*)>6=,5&)<9&=I(
,5$L9:+M)p,?$WI V .Y&=,/1+-)&=(
,j&f.YS
9
9:)7$*+-c,?4*4z)>,563.^CX.b,d.4LI/6=,/9:C-1&3,?.GzQU#%$_,eT,?1 &=I?6=c?[O&=(*)m&=,/.YGk&(
,5&
(
,?$
9:+-)>.;
6=)m1I/$
9:CM&C-I?$
.PCX.P,E.Y4zI?63,?9*C-1&=,/.YGQ^(*)H&=CMDE)mI5TI:171S
66=)7$
17)HI5TJ&=(*)>.)H&=,/.YG:.P1>,5$$*I5& V )m4*6)<9:CX1 &)<9\Q
^(*)d176CM&CX17,?+MCM&0c_I5TP.4LI/6=,/9:C-1'&=,/.YG:.Hnj,56=C-)>.fTa6=I?D (*C-i?(
+Mcx16=CA&=C-1>,5+2&IWDEI:9:)763,j&=)7+-cy16=CM&CX17,5+BQr*I/6m)q*,5DE4*+-)?[,5$x# ?R9*)7nOC-17)
C-$N&)76=6=S*4:&>[I?6p, _|C-$/&=)76=6S
4:&mC-.mDEI:9:)>6=,5&)7+-cy176CM&CX17,?+hQ¶bIj8K)>n?)76<[],&=,/.YG_(L,5$
9:+-C-$*iW&(*)d6=)74zI?6&C-$*iWI5TK;
6=)1I?$L9:CA&=CMI/$
.HCX.
(*C-i?(
+Mck176CM&CX17,?+hQ
È U´NÆoÁhÊ]ÅÁ³¬*®>¯ B |b$,?4L)>6C-I:9:C-1&=,/.YGECX.KC-$kDd,?$NcE8^,oc:.U.CMDEC-+-,?6U&=Ie,Z.Y4zI?63,?9:CX1P&3,?.GQ2|b$,?4L)>6C-I:9:C-1&=,/.YGd17,?$,?6CX.Y),j&^6=,?$:@
9:I/D·C-$
.Y&=,5$N&3.7Q¶Ij8)7n?)>6>[:C-$l17,/.Y)mI?T2,?$W,?4L)>6C-I:9:CX1f&=,?.G[:&(
)pDECM$*C-D'S
D .)74
,?6=,5&C-I?$
?» V )7&08K)>)7$W&08Id1I?$L.Y)<1S:&=CMn/)mCM$
.Y&=,?$
1)<.
1>,5$ V )lË*Qs^(
,j&eC-.>[&08IyI/6ZDEI?6=)kC-$
.Y&=,?$
1)<.'I?T,5$,?4L)>6C-I:9:CX1&3,?.GxDEC-i?(N&ZI:1>1S*6d,j&Z&(*)W.=,5DE)k&=CMDE)CM$L.0&3,5$N&>Qs|+X.I
[&=(*)
9:)<,?9:+-C-$*)pTaI/6,5${,54z)76=CMI:9:CX1H&=,/.YG:.C-.)q:4*6=)>.=.)>9W,?.)7CM&(*)>6f,?$_,on?)>6=,?i?)Hnj,5+-S*)'I/6bCX.b)7qO4
6)<..)>9l.Y&=,5&CX.0&=C-1>,5+-+Mc/Q|4z)76=C-IO9*C-1p&=,?.G:.
#
&=(*)b4z)76=CMI:9EI?Tº\»YQ2r
I?6,p.Y)7&UI5T\4z)76=CMI:9:CX1^&3,?.GO. >º\» NJ&=(*)&=I5&=,?+
S:&=CM+-C->,j&=CMI/$9:S*)b&I',?+M+
&=,?.G:. . » F Q#&KCX.&=(*)bI V 0)>1&C-n?)
I?T,?$NcZi?IOI:9E.13(*)<9:S*+-CM$
ip,5+-i?I?6=CM&(*D &=ImTa)>,/.YC V +-cZ.=13(*)>9*S*+M)P)>n?)>$Z&=(*I/.)^&=,/.YGe.Y)7&=.2&=(
,j&K(
,on?)Pn/)76=cp(*C-i?(ES:&C-+-CM<,j&C-I?$J[/CBQ )/QS*&C-+MC->,5@
&=CMI/$Z,54
4*6IN,?13(*C-$*i Ì Q2RbTL17I?S*63.)?[oI?$e,S*$*C-4*6=I:1)>.=.I?6JCM&C-.$*I?&4zI/.=.YC V +-)U&=If.=13(*)<9:S*+-)F&=,/.YGp.)&3.J(L,onNC-$*iS:&C-+MC->,5&C-I?$ZDeI/6)U&(
,?$ Ì Q
Áa²>²>´NÆOµ CM&Y&=)76eC-.Z&=(*)9*)7nOC-,5&C-I?$tI?T,_4z)76=C-IO9*C-1k&=,/.YGxTa6=I?DCA&3.E.0&=6CX1 &e4L)>6C-I:9:C-1 V )7(
,onOC-I?6<Qx^(*)W,56=6=CMnj,5+U&C-DE)'0CM&Y&=)76EC-.Z&=(*)
9:)>nOC-,5&C-I?$WI5T2&(
)p&=,/.YGkTa6I/D ,?66=C-nNC-$*id,j&b&(*)p4
6)<1CX.Y)m4z)76=CMI:9:CX1H&=CMDE)'I?TF,56=6C-nj,5+BQU#&bDd,oc V )'1>,5S
.)>9 V cCMDE4*6=)>17C-.)'1+-I:13G:.7[*I/6
I?&(*)>6bT,/1 &I/6=..YSL13({,?.b$*)&08I?6=Gl1I/$*i?)<.0&=CMI/$
.7QHOC-DeC-+X,56=+Mc/[17I?DE4*+-)&=CMI/$l&C-DE)b0CM&Y&=)76HC-.b&(
)e9:)>nOC-,5&C-I?$_I?TF&(*)E1I/DE4*+M)7&C-I?$_I?TU,
&3,?.GlTa6I/D 4*6=)>17C-.)E4L)>6C-I:9:CX1E4LI/CM$N&=.>Qk^(*)17I?DE4*+-)&=CMI/$y&=CMDE)m0CM&Y&=)76pDd,oc V )k17,?S
.)>9 V cy&(*).4z)>1CM;L1d.=13(*)>9*S*+MC-$*il,5+-i?I/6CM&(
D
)>De4
+MIjc/)>9d8P(*CX13(d&3,5G?)<.FS*4,m&3,?.GZTaI/6.=13(*)<9:S*+-CM$*ie,?.K4L)>617I?$On?)>$*C-)7$
17)b,5$
9&(*)f+-I/,?9d,5&^,?$C-$
.0&3,5$N&>[O63,j&=(*)76U&(
,?$.=13(*)>9:S
+MC-$*i
,5&P.I?DE)m.Y&6=C-1&P&C-De)mC-$
.Y&=,?$/&3.7Q CM&Y&)>6=.P,?6)fS*$
9*)>.CM63, V +-)fTaI?6.I?DE)m,54*4
+MCX17,5&C-I?$
.>Q lI?6=)m9:C-.=1SL..CMI/$
.^I?$&(
C-.P+X,j&=)76<Q
O)>n?)>6=,?+J.13(
)7DE)>.bI5TF1+X,?.=.YCM;L1>,j&C-I?$WI?T26=)>,?+A@B&C-DE)m&=,/.YGW.=13(*)>9:S
+MC-$*ik,?+Mi/I?6=CA&=(*Dd.P)q:CX.0&<Q| 4zI?4*S*+X,56.13(*)>DE)'1+X,?.=.YCM;
)<.P&(
)p6)<,5+M@
&=CMDE)&=,?.G.=13(*)>9:S
+MC-$*iZ,?+Mi/I?6=CA&=(*Dd. V ,?.)>9dI/$k(*Ij8w&=(*)f.=13(*)<9:S*+-CM$*iZ4LI/CM$N&3.,?6)f9:);L$*)>9\QF^(
)b&=(*6)>)Dd,?CM$d&0cO4z)>.I5T.13(*)<9:S*+-)763.
,/171I/6=9*CM$*iZ&Ie&=(*C-.b1+X,?.=.YCM;L17,5&C-I?$.13(*)>DE)p,56=)?21+-IO13GN@%9:6=CMn/)7$][O)7n/)7$N&Y@%9:6=CMn/)7$][:,?$
9(Nc V 6=CX9\Q
14> 214:,+-%' 7 14
%'& > ;) .,$
( -!
14
$
, 1
%& > 8 <!) .% <3 %/.,0
$
<3K& < 1 7 % +-.'/)1> 1:(?21 $
57 + %' 7 ,43 $
014
%'&(> 8 <)
%(, 5O %6.,0 15 ) 57<7-!
14
A.14> &4% "1> 1: <3K& <? #
408. %A & /. $
1> 1: <33&(<)9 - > > ) 7 2114& 3. 19< % :5O=$
G14
%'&(> 8 2 <?
J*QFn/)7$N& 6=CMn/)7$]
OC-DE4*+-)m4*6C-I?6=CM&0c/@ V ,/.Y)<9
g,5&) lI/$*I5&=I?$*CX1f|$
,?+Mc:.C-.p¼hg _|f¾
;
Q¶c V 6=C-9]
; gPI/S*$
9O@6=I V C-$
#%DE4zI?6&=,5$N&De)>D V )763.I5T17+MI:13GN@9*6C-n?)>$k.13(
)>9:S*+-)763.U&(
,5&8)f9*C-.=1S
.=.CM$k&(*CX.K&)7qN&,?6)b&=, V +M)7@9:6=C-n?)7$,5$
91c:1+-C-1f.=13(*)>9:S
+M)>6=.>Q
K+-I:13G/@%9:6=CMn/)7$k.=13(*)<9:S*+-)763.,?6)f.YC-DE4*+-)H,?$
9) 1C-)7$N&>Q^(*)>6)7TaI?6=)?[N&(
)>.)H,?6)Ta6=)>`NS*)7$N&=+McdS
.)>9C-$)>D V )>9*9:)<9,?4*4*+-C-1>,j&=CMI/$
.7Q2}x)
C-$On?)>.Y&C-i/,5&)&(*)<.Y)H&08Id.13(
)>9:S*+-)763.CM$l.I?DE)m9:)&3,5C-+]C-$l:)>15Q J*Q #LQ
8P(*CX13(&=,/.YG$*)7)<9*.^&Id6=S*$WI?$W8P(*CX13(l4*6=I:1)>.=.I?6P,5$
9&=(*)7$W&=(*)>.)H&=,/.YG:.,?6)m.=13(*)>9:S
+M)<9\QU#%$l1I/$N&63,?.Y&&=IdD'S*+M&C-4*6=I:1)>.=.I?63.7[O&=(*)
4*6=I:1)<..I?63.C-$x,9:CX.0&=6C V S:&=)>9u.cO.Y&)>D 9:I$*I5&m4zI/.=.Y)<..H.(
,56=)>9lDE)>DeI/6c/QZ|b+-.IC-$u1I?$N&=6=,/.0&&IWD'S*+M&C-4*6=I:1)>.=.I?63.7[L&(*)>6)ECX.f$*I
i/+MI V ,5+S*4:&I:9*,5&)E.0&3,j&=)'C-$:TaI?6=Dd,j&C-I?${,ono,?CM+X, V +M)pC-${9*C-.Y&6=C V S:&)<9y.cO.Y&)>Dd.7QH^(*CX.Dd,?G?)>.bS*$*C-4*6=IO17)>.=.YI/6.=13(*)>9*S*+MC-$*ik,?+Mi/I?6=CA&=(*Dd.
&=(
,j&P,?.=.YS
De)f,'17)7$N&63,5+z.0&3,j&)fC-$:TaI?6=Dd,j&C-I?$dI?T,5+-+L&=,?.G:.K,?$
9d4*6=I:1)<..I?63.2&IZ)q:CX.0&^S*$
.S*CM&=, V +M)TaI?6KS
.Y)fC-$9:CX.0&=6C V S:&=)>9.Yc:.Y&)7Dd.>Q
r
S*6Y&=(*)762C-$Z9:CX.Y&6=C V S*&)>9Z.Yc:.Y&)>DE.>[<&(*)P17I?DED'S*$
C-1>,j&C-I?$Z,5DEI?$*i&=,?.G:.JCX.&(*6=I?S
i?(pDE)>.=.=,5i?)U4
,?.=.YC-$*iLQ KI?DEDZS*$*CX17,j&=CMI/$m&(
6I/S*i?(
DE)>.=.=,5i?)H4
,/..C-$*idC-.1IN.0&=+Mc/QK^(*CX.DE)>,?$
.^&=(
,j&,k.13(*)<9:S*+-CM$
i,5+-i?I?6=CM&(*D·.(*I/S*+-9W$
I5&bC-$
1S
6P&IOIDZS
13(l1I?DEDZS*$*CX17,j&=CMI/$WIjn?)76@
(*)<,?9\QOI17,?6)7TaS*+M+-ck9:)<.YC-i?$
)>9W9:CX.0&=6C V S:&=)>9W,5+-i?I/6CM&(*Dd.P,?6)H$*I/6Dd,5+-+-ck1I/$
.YCX9:)>6)<9.S*CM&=, V +M)HTaI/6S
.)mCM$l,d9:CX.0&=6C V S:&=)>9W.cO.Y&)>DWQ
}x)p.0&=S
9:cD'S*+M&C-4*6=IO17)>.=.YI/6P,5$
99:CX.0&=6C V S:&=)>9W.13(
)>9:S*+-C-$*id,5+-i?I?6=CM&(*Dd.CM$l13(
,?4:&)>6 #
Q
#%$&(*)HTaI/+M+-Ij8PC-$*id.Y)<1 &C-I?$L.7[:8)m.0&=S
9:c&=(*)p9:CMz)>6)>$N&b1+X,?.=.Y)<.KI?T.=13(*)>9*S*+M)>6=.^C-$WDEI?6=)H9*)&=,?CM+BQ
§
k© £ Z¦ k© W 4
7¦
K+-I:13G/@%9:6=CMn/)7$.=13(*)>9*S*+M)>6=.UDd,5G?)&(*)>CM6P.=13(*)>9:S
+MC-$*i'9:)<1CX.YC-I?$L.U6=)7iN,5639:CM$
im8P(*C-13(&=,?.Ge&IZ6S*$k$*)qO&^I?$*+-cd,j&U&=(*)H1+-IO13GeC-$/&=)76=6S
4:&
4zI?C-$N&=.>Q K+-I:13GN@9:6=C-n?)7$d.=13(*)>9*S*+M)>6=.U,56=)P&(*IN.Y)TaI?6U8P(
C-13(E&=(*).=13(*)>9*S*+MC-$*ip4zI?C-$N&=.,56=)9:)&=)76=DECM$*)<9 V c'&=CMDE)>6KC-$N&)76=6=S*4:&=.>Q K+MI:13GN@
9:6=C-n?)7$.13(*)<9:S*+-)763.U,?6)b,?+-.I'1>,5+-+M)<9dI5z@B+-C-$*).=13(*)>9*S*+M)>6=. V )<17,?S
.Y)b&(*)<.Y)f.13(
)>9:S*+-)763.U;*qE&(*)f.13(*)<9:S*+-) V )TaI/6)b&(*)H.Yc:.Y&)>D.Y&=,?6Y&3.
, V +-)@%9:6=CMn/)7$s.=13(*)>9:S
+M)>6=.mSL.YS
,?+M+-cx4*6)<1I/De4
S:&)d8P(*CX13(u&=,/.YGx8I?S*+X9u6S
$s8P(*)7$t,?$
9s.0&=I?6=)E&(*CX.e.13(*)<9:S*+-)dCM$,W&=, V +M),j&p&=(*)
&=CMDE)&(*)f.Yc:.Y&)7DCX.K9*)>.CMi/$*)>9dI/6K17I?$:;
i/S*6=)>9\Q2g,j&=(*)76K&(L,5$k,?S:&I/DE,5&CX1b17I?DE4*S:&3,j&C-I?$kI5T\&(
)f.=13(*)>9*S*+M) V ce&=(*)f.=13(*)<9:S*+-)76<[?&=(*)
,?4*4*+-C-1>,j&C-I?$y4*6I/i?63,5DEDE)76b1>,5$ V )Zi/CMn/)7$l&=(*)pTa6=)7)<9:I?D &=I.)7+-)>1&(*CX.bIj8P${.13(*)<9:S*+-)pTaI/6b&=(*)Z.)&HI5T&3,?.GO.bCM$y&(*)E,54
4*+MCX17,5&C-I?$
,?$
9.Y&I/6)f&=(*)p.13(
)>9:S*+-)HCM$l,Z&=, V +-)¼17,?+M+-)>9y7W¹ V
3
R:MZ% 7M¾^&I V )mSL.Y)<9 V cd&=(*)p.=13(*)>9:S
+M)>6,j&P6S
$&=CMDE)/Q
|b$d)q*,5DE4*+-)I5T],p.=13(*)<9:S*+-)^&=, V +M)CX.U.(*Ij8P$dC-$, V +-)?Q Ì Q2, V +-) Ì .Y(
Ij8.2&(
,5&U&3,?.GZ! F^8I?S
+-9 V )&=,?G?)>$eS
4dTaI?6F)7q:)>1S*&C-I?$
,5&U&C-DE)bC-$
.Y&=,5$N&^Ë*[NIº H8KI/S*+-9k.0&3,56&U)q:)>17S:&C-I?$ 'DECM+-+MC.)>1I/$
9*.K,jT&)>6U8^,5639*.>[N,?$
9d.YI'I?$]Q|$kCMDE4zI?6&=,5$N&^`/S
)>.Y&C-I?$E&(L,j&K$
)7)>9
.
&=I V )',/9*9:6=)>.=.Y)<9,5&&(
C-.b4LI/CM$N&CX.8P(
,5&8KI/S*+-9 V )m&(
)'.YC-7)mI?T&=(*)'.=13(*)>9*S*+M)H&3, V +-)m&=(
,j&b8I?S
+-9 V )p6)<`NS*CM6=)>9kTaI?6.YI/De)mi/CMn/)7$
.)&HI5TF4z)76=CMI:9:CX1Z6)<,5+M@h&=CMDE)p&3,?.G:.&=I V )Z6=S*$yI/$y,k.c:.0&=)7
D w|$x,5$
.8)76&I&=(*CX.f`NS*)<.0&=CMI/$y17,?$ V )Zi/CMn/)7$y,/.TaI/+M+-Ij8.>PCATK,.Y)7&
: . <º\» bI5T\$E&3,?.GO.UC-.&I V ).=13(*)>9*S*+M)<9\[5&=(*)7$&(*))7$N&6=CM)<.C-$E&(*)b&=, V +M)8PC-+-+
6=)74*+-C-1>,j&=)^&(*)>DE.)7+-n?)<.U,5T&)76 t;¼ IF87 EH97
7 ¾
&=CMDE)mS*$*CM&=.>[*8P(*)>6) IF87 CH27
7 ,56=)b&=(*)m4L)>6C-I:9*.^I5TGº F67YOº H87
-QFr*I?6P)7q*,5DE4*+-)?[:CMT8)H(
,on?)&(*)fTaI/+M+-Ij8PCM$
iZ&=(*6=)7)f&=,/.YG:.>^¼ &F . (
Dd.)>17.>9[ F . J?ËEDE.)>1>.=¾[¼ & H6. J5ËEDd.)>17.>9[ H . Ì Ë?ËeDd.Y)<17.3¾ [2¼ &N . /ËEDE.)>1>.7[ EN . J9(5ËeDd.)>17.3¾ QP^(*)>$][L&(*)'.=13(*)<9:S*+-)p8PCM+-+J6=)74z)>,5&
,5T&)76b)7n?)>6$c (?Ë?ËeDd.Y)<17.>QUOI
[*TaI?6,5$Oci?C-n?)7$&=,/.YG.Y)7&CA&CX..S 1C-)7$N&P&I.Y&I/6)H)7$N&=6C-)>.^I/$*+MckTaI?6 t¼ F 7 H 7
7 ¾P9*S*6=,5&C-I?$
C-$&(*)p.=13(*)>9*S*+M)f&3, V +-)?Q t¼ F 7 H 7
7 ¾CX.P17,?+M+-)>9&(
) FE 7jZ¹ T?¹-^I5T&(*)p.)&I?TJ&3,?.GO.*HQ
/=)3 T1,01> , + )5 + )5: ;) < 74) >+ !, $
0 ; > ,5&414
"$
)= )41
;) 1 0414> #
3 $
%2 I ) :! 1&( % 1 ) > > 0 ?
#%$&(*)H6=)>,/.YI/$*CM$
i'8)f4
6)<.Y)>$/&=)>9, V Ijn?)bTaI?6^&(
)H17I?DE4*S:&3,j&=CMI/$I?TJ&(
)H.C-7)HI5T2,e.=13(*)<9:S*+-)&3, V +-)?[:I/$*)m,?.=.YS
De4*&C-I?$&=(
,j&P8)
C-DE4*+MCX1CM&+-ckDd,/9:)mC-.&=(
,j&;z» . Ë*Q^(
,5&C-.>[*,5+-+\&3,?.GO.P,?6)fC-$4
(
,?.)?Q
N&3,56&^CMDE)
,/.YG C-$DEC-+M+-CO)<1I/$
9*.
ºF Ë
ºH
Oº N ÌË
Iº P ÌJ
º IÌ
, V +-)?Q Ì F|b$lq*,5DE4*+-)I?T2,E, V +-)-@ 6C-n?)>$W:13(
)>9:S*+-)
¶bIj8K)>n?)76<[\&3,?.GO.'I5T&=)7$t9:I_(L,on?)d$*I/$:@B>)76=Il4*(
,/.Y)/Q#&Z8KI/S*+-9 V )kC-$N&)>6)<.0&=CM$*iW&=Iy9:)7&)76=DECM$
)8P(
,j&Z8KI/S*+-9 V )&=(*)Dd,j0I/6
17cO17+M)f8P(*)>$&=,/.YG:.K(
,on?)$*I?$*@B>)76=Ip4*(
,/.Y)/Q2^(
)6=)>.S*+M&=.I5T,?$kC-$On?)>.Y&C-i/,5&C-I?$dC-$N&IZ&(*CX.C-.=.YS
)(
,/. V )>)7$ki/CMn/)7$k,/.^^(*)7I/6)>D J*Q Ì Q
¬ R´OÊ
Æj´
BCB! V
Fd 75'S¹ T?¹7Me "pe77 "H%o #j% $ '& <Gº F 7YOº H87
7º X% (*),+.- OF67 EH27
7 /E7o71¸ 0 V
¸{Z V
m%o #o
V
jje5 B5 TV
o ¸N5 2
M M
Φ x Φ x
)<,?13(DE,50I?6P1c:17+M)/Q
|..S*DE)f&(
,5&&=(*)m.YC-7)fI5T)>,/13(kDd,j0I/617cO17+M)HCX. sQ*^(*)7$J[:Ta6I/D ,5$CM$
.4z)>1 &=CMI/$I?TrC-i
Q#
[OTaI/6K&=(*)f&=,/.YGE&=Ie6=)74z)>,5&CX9:)>$/&=C-1>,5+-+Mc
C-$W)>,?13(Dd,j0I/6^17c:1+-)?Q
. ¼ Ì ¾ z»'M
s¼KJ
Ì ¾
bIj8m[?TaI/6F&(
)b&3,?.GZº\»\&=I'(
,on/)CX9:)7$N&CX17,?+LI:1>1S*6=6)>$
1)&C-De)<.UC-$)<,?13(dDd,j0I/6K1c:17+M)/[ = WD'SL.0&)>`NS
,5+
&I"L»¼.)7)rC-i
Q J:Q #N¾Q
OS V .0&=CA&=S:&C-$*iE&=(*C-.CM$lq:4*6<Q J:Q Ì 8)mi?)7&>[ .
¼ Ì '¾ ! LE» L» . ! L»
OIL[&(*)DE,50I?6e1c:1+-) 17I?$N&=,?CM$
.Z,5$sC-$N&)7i/6=,?+UDZS*+A&=CM4
+M)I5T L»Qy^(*CX.e,56=i?S*DE)7$N&'(
I?+X9*.mTaI/6')>,/13(u&=,/.YGuC-$s&(*)k&=,/.YGu.Y)7&
C-66=)>.4z)>1 &=CMn/)I?TCM&=.4*(
,?.)?Q^(*)>6)7TaI?6=)?[ . t¼
IF 7 EH97
7 o¾ Q
87 . &87)35
$ & (
Kc:1+-CX1k.=13(*)>9:S
+M)>6=.e,56=)n?)>6cu4zI?4*S
+-,?6e,?$
9t,56=) V )7C-$*i{)qO&)>$
.YC-n?)>+McuS
.)>9CM$&(*)C-$
9:S
.Y&6=c?Qu|·+X,56=i?)kDE,50I?6=CA&0cuI?Tb,5+-+.Dd,5+-+
)>D V )>9*9:)<9{,?4*4*+-C-1>,j&=CMI/$
. V )>CM$*iDd,5$OS:T,/1 &S
6)<9_4*6=)>.)7$N&+-c_,56=) V ,?.)>9yI?${17c:1+-C-1E.=13(*)>9:S
+M)>6=.>Q Kc:1+-C-1E.=13(*)>9:S
+M)>6=.f,56=)e.C-De4
+M)/[
) d17CM)>$N&>[/,?$
9e,56=)K)<,?.cm&IH4*6=I?i/6=,?DQ|$E)q*,5DE4*+-)P,54*4
+MCX17,5&C-I?$e8P(*)76=)P,f17c:1+-C-1^.=13(*)>9:S
+M)>6CX.$*I/6Dd,?+M+-cmS
.)>9ZC-.,&)>DE4L)>6=,5&S*6=)
17I?$N&6=I?+-+M)>6>Qd| &=)7DE4L)>6=,5&S*6=)d1I/$/&=6I/+M+-)76H4z)76=CMI:9:CX17,?+M+-cy.=,5DE4*+-)>.f&=(*)E&)>De4z)763,j&=S*6=)dI5T,W6=IOI?D ,?$
9{DE,?CM$N&3,5C-$
.HCA&e,j&p,W4*6=)>.)&
nj,5+-S*)/QUOS
13(&)7DE4z)763,j&=S*6)p17I?$N&6=I?+-+-)763.K,?6)H)7D V )<9*9:)<9C-$&0cO4*C-1>,5+]17I?DE4*S:&=)76@17I?$N&6=I?+-+M)<9,5C-61I/$
9:CM&C-I?$*)>6=.>Q
T3 F1
T1 F2
T3 F3
T4 F2
Minor
cycle
^(*)m.CM>)I?TJ&=(*)fTa6=,?De)f&=I V )HS
.)>9 V c&(*)m.=13(*)>9:S
+M)>6CX.P,5$C-De4zI?6&=,?$N&^9:)<.YC-i?$4
,?6=,?De)7&)>6,?$
9k$
)7)>9
.&I V )m13(*IN.Y)>$kn/)76=c
1>,56=)TaS*+-+Mc/Q| .Y)>+M)<1 &)<9Ta6=,?De)m.CM>)m.Y(*I/S*+X9.=,j&=C-.YTacd&=(*)HTaI?+-+MIj8PC-$*iZ&(*6=)7)p17I?$
.Y&63,5C-$N&=.>Q
Ì Q Á±Á
xÇT
ZÊz±²>´\² QEÁ²>³ RÁT± SGB ^(*CX.d1I/$
.Y&63,5C-$/&eC-.EC-DE4LIN.Y)<9t&=I{DEC-$*C-DeC-7)&=(*)W$NS
D V )76dI5Tf1I?$N&=)qO&.Y8PCM&=13(*)<.
I:171S
66=CM$
iW9*S*6C-$*i&=,/.YG{)q:)>17S:&C-I?$JQ^(*)k.C-De4
+M)<.0&pC-$N&)76=4*6=)&3,j&C-I?$uI?TK&=(*C-.Z1I/$
.0&=6=,?CM$N&mCX.H&(
,5&Z,&=,/.YG{CM$L.0&3,5$
17)dD'S
.Y&
1I/De4
+M)7&)6=S*$*$*C-$*iZ8PCA&=(*CM$kCA&3.K,/..CMi/$*)>9eTa63,5DE)/Q b$*+-)>.=.U,m&3,?.Ge17I?DE4*+-)&=)>.K8PCA&=(*CM$kCA&3.K,?+M+-I:17,j&=)>9ETa63,5DE)/[?&=(*)&3,?.GZDEC-i?(N&
(
,on?)k&I V )_.YS
.4z)7$
9:)<9,?$
96)<.0&3,56&)>9CM$~,{+-,5&)>6ETa6=,?De)/Qv^(
C-.E8I?S*+X96)<`/S
CM6=),x1I/$N&)qO&.8PCA&313(C-$On?I?+-nOCM$
ix.I?DE)
4*6=IO17)>.=.YC-$*ieIjn?)>6(*)<,?9\Q2IE,on/I?CX9S*$
$*)>17)>.=.,?6ck17I?$N&)7qO&P.8PCM&=13(*)<.7[O&=(*)p.Y)>+M)<1 &=)>9Ta6=,?DE)H.C-7)m.Y(
I?S*+X9 V )m+X,56=i?)>6K&=(
,5$&=(*)
)q:)>17S:&C-I?$u&=CMDE)I?T)>,/13({&3,?.G[2.IW&(L,j&Z8P(
)7$t,W&3,?.Gx.Y&=,?6Y&3.p,j&Z,lTa6=,?De) V I/S*$
9*,?6cxCA&e.Y(*I/S*+X9 V ), V +-)d&I{1I?DE4*+-)&=)
8PCA&=(*C-$y&=(*).,?DE)'Ta63,5DE)?QEr*I/6Dd,?+M+-c?[]8)d17,?${.Y&=,j&=)e&(*CX.p1I/$
.Y&63,5C-$/&m,?.> 1 ¼ &o» j¾
·8P(*)76=)) &<»^CX.f&(
)e)7q:)>1S*&C-I?$
&C-DE)>.KI5T\&(
)I?T\&=,?.GEº\»0[:,5$
9kr{CX.K&(*)bTa6=,?DE).CM>)?Q I?&)&=(
,j&&(
C-.1I/$
.0&=6=,?CM$N&UC-DE4LIN.Y)<.K,'+MIj8)76@ V I/S*$
9EI?$Ta6=,?De).YC-7)/[
ChQ )?Q2&=(*)HTa63,5DE)m.YC-7)mrtDZS
.Y&$*I5& V )p.YDd,5+-+-)76^&(L,5$ 1 ¼ &o» o¾ Q
J*Q Á±Á
Á ?*²>ÁÊz± Ê 3¬K*ÉÀh´ QJÁ /E´ B ^(*CX.1I/$
.Y&63,5C-$/&d6=)>`NS*C-6)<.Z&(
,5&&(*)l$OS*D V )>6dI5TH)7$N&6=C-)>.EC-$&=(*)y.=13(*)>9*S*+M)&3, V +-)
.Y(
I?S*+X9 V )fDEC-$*C-D'S*D C-$kI/6=9*)76K&IeDeC-$*C-DECM>)&=(*)H.0&=I?63,5i?)6)<`NS*CM6=)7DE)>$/&I5T]&=(*)m.13(
)>9:S*+-)&3, V +-)?QFg)7DE)7D V )>6K&=(
,j&P1c:17+MCX1
.13(
)>9:S*+-)763.p,?6)SL.Y)<9sCM$.YDd,5+-+)7D V )>9
9:)>9t,?4*4*+-C-1>,j&=CMI/$
.p8PCM&(n?)76=c{.Dd,5+-+.Y&I/6=,?i?)1>,54
,/1CM&0c?Q{OIL[&(*CX.Z17I?$
.Y&63,5C-$N&'CX.
CMDE4zI?6&=,?$/&b&Id&=(*)Z17I?DEDE)7631CX,5+.S
1>1)>.=.I?TF,d4*6=IO9*S
1 &<Q lC-$*CMDEC->,5&C-I?$_I?T&(*)Z$NS
D V )76bI?TF)7$N&6=C-)>.^&=I V )Z.Y&I?6=)>9WC-$l&=(*)
.13(
)>9:S*+-)H&=, V +-)p17,5$ V )',?13(
CM)>n?)>98P(*)>$W&(*)pDEC-$*I?61c:1+-)p.`NS
,?6)>+Mc9:CMnOCX9:)>.P&(*)pDd,50I?61c:17+M)/QK}~(*)>$W&(*)mDEC-$*I?61c:1+-)
.`NS
,?6)>+Mcl9:C-nOC-9*)>.f&(
)eDd,50I?6m1c:1+-)?[]&(*)EDd,j0I/6H17c:1+-)e17I?$N&=,?CM$
.H,?${C-$N&)7i/6=,?+2$NS
D V )76mI5TKDeC-$*I/6p1c:1+-)>.E¼a$
ITa63,?1&C-I?$
,?+
DECM$*I/6F1c:1+-)>.3¾ Q $
+M)<..2&=(*)DEC-$*I?6U17c:1+-)^.=`NS
,56=)7+-c'9:C-nOC-9*)>.2&=(*)Dd,j0I/6F1c:1+-)?[N.0&=I?6=CM$*if&=(*).13(
)>9:S*+-)^TaI?6UI?$*)^Dd,j0I/6F1c:1+-)
8KI/S*+X9$
I5& V )'.S 1C-)7$N&>[,?.^&=(*)'.=13(*)>9*S*+M)<.C-$W&(*)'DE,50I?6b17c:1+-)p8KI/S*+X9$
I5&b6=)74z)>,5&,5$
9&=(*C-.8I?S*+X9DE,?G?)H&=(*)'.CM>)pI5T
&(*)p.=13(*)<9:S*+-)&3, V +-)H+-,?6i/)?Q2}x)p17,5$TaI?6=D'S
+-,5&)f&(*CX.17I?$
.Y&63,5C-$N&^,/.7
.
#%$sI5&=(*)76Z8KI/6=9*.>[CAT^&(
) L
IOI?6'I5T 5r«)<`/SL,5+X. 5rK[J&(*)>$s&(
)Dd,j0I?6Z1c:1+-)8I?S*+X9s1I/$/&3,5C-$t,5$sC-$N&)7i/6=,?+F$OS*D V )76ZI5T
Ta6=,?DE)>.>Q
Q Q]*²>Á® 3*³5²<ÁÊz±wÊ 3P¬*®>¯Ã´N
ÅÀhÁ±´EB ^(*CX.&(*C-6=91I/$
.Y&63,5C-$/&^I?$kTa6=,?DE)H.C-7)fC-.^$*)<1)<..=,56=ce&IEDE)7)&^&=(*)f&=,?.G9:)<,?9:+-CM$
)>.>Q
^(*CX.17I?$
.Y&63,5C-$N&CMDE4zI/.)>.b&(
,5& V )&08)7)7$_&(*)E,56=6C-nj,5+]I?TU,d&3,?.G,?$
9lCM&=.f9:)>,/9:+MC-$*)/[L&=(*)76=)pDZS
.0&f)q:CX.0&H,j&+-)>,/.0&fI?$*)pTaS*+M+
Ta6=,?DE)?QP^(*CX.17I?$
.Y&63,5C-$N&C-.b$*)>17)>.=.,?6c.YC-$
1)Z,E&=,/.YGW.Y(
I?S*+X9W$*I5&DeCX.=.bCM&=.9:)>,/9:+MC-$*)/[ V )>1>,5S
.) V ck&=(*)p&=CMDE)ZCA&17I?S*+X9 V )
&=,?G?)7$kS*4TaI/6^.=13(*)<9:S*+-CM$*iL[N&(*)H9:)>,/9:+-CM$*)f8^,?.KCMDEDECM$
)7$N&>Q KI/$
.YCX9:)>6U&=(*C-.>F,m&3,?.G17,?$I?$*+-c V )b&3,5G?)>$kS*4kTaI?6P.=13(*)>9:S
+MC-$*i
,j&&=(*)b.Y&=,56&UI?T\,fTa63,5DE)/Q#T V )&08)7)7$E&=(*)b,?66=CMnj,?+
,5$
9E17I?DE4*+-)&C-I?$dI?T],f&=,?.G'$
I5&U)>n?)7$dI/$*)^Ta63,5DE)P)q:CX.0&3.7[O,m.YCM&SL,j&C-I?$,/.
.Y(
Ij8P$CM$WrCMiLQ DEC-i?(N&P,56=C-.)?Q#%$k&=(*CX.P17,?.)?[N&=(*)f&=,?.G,56=6=CMn/)>.U,Z+-CA&&+-)p,jT&)>6&(*)HGN&(kTa6=,?De)H(
,/.^.0&3,56&)>9]QFR V nOC-I?S
.+McECM&
17,?$d$*I5& V )b&=,?G?)7$kS*4dTaI?6^.=13(*)>9:S
+MC-$*i'C-$d&=(*)GN&=(dTa6=,?DE),5$L917,?$I?$*+-c V )b&=,?G?)7$kS*4kC-$d&(
)e¼G Ì ¾&=(dTa6=,?DE)?+Q S:&>[N&(
)7$
CA&Dd,oc V )m&=IOId+-,5&)H&IdDE)>)&bCM&=.9*)>,?9*+MC-$*)p.CM$
17)H&(*)')q:)>17S:&C-I?$&C-DE)pI5T,e&=,/.YG17,?$ V )mS*4:&=Id&(
)p.YC-7)mI?T,ZTaS*+-+]Ta63,5DE)/Q
^(*CX.HDeC-i?(N&m6=)>.S*+A&pC-${&(*)E&3,?.G_DEC-.=.YC-$*iWCM&=.p9:)<,?9:+-C-$*)d.YC-$
1)E&=(*)E&=,/.YGyDeC-i?(N&p1I/DE4*+M)7&)dI/$*+Mc{,j&H&(*)d)>$
9xI5TH¼a'G Ì ¾%&(
ÌË
t d
0 kF (k+1)F (k+2)F
rCMi/S*6) U:,j&=C-.YT,?1&C-I?$I5T,e,?.G )>,/9:+MC-$*)
∆t Task arrival Deadline
t d
(k+1)F
0 kF (k+2)F
r CMi/S*6=)*
F| r*S*+-+Jr
6=,?De)mFqOCX.Y&=. )&08)7)>$k&=(*)p|6=6C-nj,5+],?$
9 )>,/9:+-CM$*)mI?T,d,?.G
Ta6=,?DE)'D'SL13(y,jT&=)76&(*)E9:)>,/9:+-CM$*)e9l(
,/.b4
,/..)>9]Q}x)'&=(*)76=)TaI/6)'$*)7)<9y,dTaS
+M+Ta63,5DE)p&=Ik)q:CX.0& V )7&08K)>)7$l&=(*)E,56=6C-nj,5+JI?TU,
&=,/.YGk,?$
9CA&3.9:)>,/9:+-CM$*)m,/.P.Y(*Ij8P$C-$WrC-i
Q *
[*.YIe&(L,j&P&=,/.YG9:)>,/9:+MC-$*)<.P1I?S
+-9 V )mDE)7&>Q
lI?6=)eTaI?6=Dd,5+-+Mc/[]&(
C-.Z1I?$L.0&=6=,?CM$N&p17,?$ V )dTaI/6DZS*+-,5&)<9x,/.fTaI?+-+MIj8.>ZOS
4*4LIN.Y),&3,?.G{,?6CX.Y)<.m,jT&=)76 f&C-DE)dS*$*CM&=.p(L,on?)
4
,?.=.)>9k.C-$
1)H&=(*)H+-,/.0&PTa63,5DE)d¼.)7)mrCMiLQ */¾QF^(*)7$][*,/..S*DEC-$*ie&(
,5&b,e.C-$*i?+-)fTa6=,?De)HCX.P.YS d17CM)>$N&P&Id1I/De4
+M)7&)H&(
)H&=,?.G[
&(*)&=,?.G{1>,5$t17I?DE4*+-)&) V )TaI/6)kCA&3.'9:)<,?9:+-CM$
)CA J
N»I/6>[ J
NG» QlgP)>De)>D V )76'&(
,5&p&(*)kno,?+MS
)I5T
mDeC-i?(N&eno,?6c{Ta6=I?DI?$*)CM$L.0&3,5$
17)kI5TP&=(*)&=,?.G{&I{,?$*I5&=(*)76<Q{^(
)k8I?63.0&Z1>,?.).=1)>$
,56=CMIt¼8P(*)76=)&=(*)&=,?.GuC-.Z+-CMG/)7+-c
&IWDEC-.=.mCM&=.p9*)>,?9*+MC-$*)<¾I:1717S*63.fTaI?6H&(
)d&=,/.YG_C-$
.Y&=,?$
1)E(
,onOC-$*i&(*)dDEC-$*CMDZS*D nj,?+MS*)dI?T [.YS
13({&(L,j& Ë
Q^(*CX.
C-.&=(*)^8KI/6=.Y&1>,?.)K.=1)7$L,56=CMIL[o.C-$
1)^S*$
9*)76&(*CX.&(*)&3,?.Gm8KI/S*+-9'(
,on?)U&If8,?CA&&(
)+-I?$
i?)>.Y& V )7TaI?6=)KCM&=.2)7qO)<1S:&=CMI/$Z1>,5$Z.Y&=,?6Y&<Q
#&^.(*I/S*+-9 V )m17+M)<,56K&(
,5&^CMT,p&=,/.YG,?66=CMn/)>.]0S
.0&,5T&)76P,'Ta6=,?DE)(
,/.^.0&3,56&)>9][/&=(*)7$&(
)b&3,?.Gd8KI/S*+-9k(
,on?)b&Ie8,?CA&TaI?6&=(*)
TaS*+-+9:S*63,j&=CMI/$lI5T2&(
)Z1S
66=)7$N&PTa63,5DE) V )TaI?6=)mCM&f17,?$ V )p&=,5G/)7$lS*4WTaI/6b)7qO)<1S:&=CMI/$]Q^#TU,E&=,/.YG,j&,?+M+DEC-.=.Y)<.CM&=.9:)>,/9:+MC-$*)/[
&(*)>$17)76&=,5C-$*+-cdCA&P8I?S*+X9 V )fS*$
9:)>6.YS
13(.YCM&SL,j&C-I?$L.7Q2#%$kI?&(*)>6^8KI/6=9*.>[/&(*)H8I?63.0&^17,?.)H.17)7$
,?6C-ImTaI?6P,'&=,/.YGE&=IZDE)7)7&PCA&3.
9:)>,/9:+-CM$*)bIO1>1S*63.TaI/6UCM&=.KCM$L.0&3,5$
17)P&(
,5&K(
,/.&=(*)bDEC-$*CMDZS*D .)74
,?6=,5&C-I?$eTa6I/D &=(*).Y&=,?6Y&KI5TJ,HTa63,5DE)?Q^(*)9:)&=)76=DeC-$
,5&C-I?$
I5Tf&(*)lDEC-$*C-D'S*D .Y)>4
,563,j&=CMI/$nj,5+-S*)t¼ChQ )?QDeC-$J¼ Y¾¾ETaI/6,x&=,?.G,?DeI/$*is,5+-+C-$
.0&3,5$
17)>.dI?T&=(*)W&=,/.YG8KI/S*+X9(*)>+M4~C-$
9:)&=)76=DECM$*C-$*iE,ZTa)>,?.C V +M)fTa63,5DE)H.YC-7)/Q}{)m.(*Ij8 V ck^(*)>I?6=)7D J:Q J'&(
,5& 1
F
¼ Y¾KCX.^)>`NS
,5+z&=I
%55z¼ 7 L»¾ KI?$
.)>`NS*)>$/&=+Mc/[
&(*CX.P1I/$
.Y&63,5C-$/&1>,5$ V )m8P6=CA&&)>$W,/.7TaI/6P)7n?)>6ckº»Y
J
%55z¼ 7 z»B¾
N»
>3¼ J
(?¾
Ì?Ì
Ë Ä¼ 1 !
! z»
:¾ Ì
sK¼ J
N¾
! 5H ,56=) V I5&=(ECM$N&)>i?)>6=.>[j&(
)7C-6U9:CMz)>6)>$
1)1>,5$*$*I?& V ),fTa63,?1&C-I?$
,?+:no,?+MS
)P+McOC-$*i V )7&08K)>)7$dËm,5$
9 Ì Q^(*)>6)7TaI?6=)?[o&=(*C-.U)q:4*6=)>.=.YC-I?$
1>,5$$*)7n/)76 V )p.,5&CX.0;
)<9\Q
#&'1>,5${&(*)>6)7TaI?6=) V )1I/$
1+-S
9:)<9{&(
,5&m&(*)dDEC-$*CMDZS*D &=CMDE) V )&08)7)>$x,Ta63,5DE) V I?S*$
9
,56=cy,5$
9{&=(*),56=6C-nj,5+2I5T&(
)1I?6=6=)@
.4LI/$
9:C-$*iECM$L.0&3,5$
17)mI5Tº\»1>,5$$*I5& V )m+M)<..&=(
,5$WiN179]¼hrK[ L»B¾ Q
r
I?6,ei?C-n?)>$k&3,?.Gk.Y)7&CA&CX.P4zI/.=.YC V +-)f&(
,5&DeI/6)f&=(
,5$WI?$
)Ta63,5DE)m.CM>)p.,5&CX.0;
)<.P,5+-+&(*)H&=(*6=)7)p1I/$
.Y&63,5C-$/&3.7Q2#%$l.S
13(1>,?.)>.>[
CM&UCX. V )&Y&=)76K&Ip13(*IOIN.Y)^&=(*)b.(*I?6&)<.0&FTa63,5DE).CM>)?Q2^(*CX.FCX. V )>17,?S
.)I5T&(
)PT,?1&F&(
,5&F&(
).=13(*)>9:S
+-, V CM+-CM&0c'I5T],f&3,?.Ge.)&UC-$
176)<,?.)>.
,/.^DeI/6)H$OS*D V )>6PI5TTa6=,?De)<. V )<1I/De)m,onj,5C-+X, V +-)Ijn/)76P,eDd,j0I?617c:1+-)?Q
#&^.Y(*I/S*+X9d(*Ij8)7n?)>6 V )6=)7DE)7D V )>6)<9e&(
,5&U&=(*)DE)>6)bT,?1 &K&(
,5&,Z.YS*CM&=, V +-)Ta63,5DE).CM>)1>,5$ V )f9:)7&)>6DEC-$*)>99*IN)<.U$
I5&KDE)<,5$
&=(
,j&,ZTa)>,/.YC V +-)H.=13(*)<9:S*+-)f8I?S
+-9 V )HTaI/S*$
9\Q#&Dd,oc.IZ(
,?4*4z)7$&(
,5&^&(*)>6)HCX.^$*I5&P)7$
I?S*i/($OS*D V )>6PI5TJTa63,5DE)<.,onj,?CM+X, V +-)fCM$W,
Dd,j0I/6P1c:1+-)H&I V )p,?.=.YC-i?$*)<9d&=I,5+-+&(*)H&3,?.GCM$L.0&3,5$
17)>.>Q
}x)m$*Ij8 C-+M+-S
.Y&63,j&=)m(*Ij8,?$,?4*4*6=I?4*6=C-,5&)Ta6=,?DE)H.C-7)m17,?$ V )p.Y)>+M)<1 &=)>9TaI?617cO17+MCX1H.13(
)>9:S*+-)763.&(
6I/S*i?(W,ZTa)78 )q*,5DE4*+-)>.>Q
]
2À´ CB |1c:1+-CX1d.13(*)<9:S*+-)76pCX.m&=I V )S
.)>9x&Iy6S*$x&=(*)TaI/+M+-Ij8PCM$
iW.)&ZI5TP4L)>6C-I:9:CX1E&=,/.YG:.mI/$t,WS*$*C-4*6I:17)>.=.YI/6>pGº F .
¼ & F . Ì [ F . #O¾ [:º H . ¼ & H . Ì [ H . (?¾ [
Iº N . ¼ &N . Ì [ CN . J5ËN¾ [OIº P . ¼ & P . J:[ 'P . J?Ë/¾Q:)7+-)>1 &b,?$,?4*4*6=I?4*6=CX,j&)Ta63,5DE)m.YC-7)/Q
QJÊLÀhÇJ²<ÁÊz± B r*I?62&=(*)i/CMn/)7$Z&=,?.GZ.)&<[/,?$E,?4*4*6=I?4*6=CX,j&)KTa63,5DE).YC-7)PCX.2&=(*)PI?$*)^&=(
,j&.,5&CX.0;
)<.,5+-+:&(
)^&(*6=)7)P6=)>`NS*C-6)<9Z17I?$
.Y&63,5C-$N&=.>Q
#%$&(
)HTaI?+-+MIj8PC-$*i
[O8)p9:)&=)76=DECM$*)m,E.S*CA&3, V +-)HTa63,5DE)m.YC-7)mrt8P(
C-13(l.=,j&CX.Y;
)>.P,?+M+&=(*)H&(*6=)7)H6=)>`NS*C-6)<917I?$
.Y&63,5C-$N&=.>Q
ZÊz±®>²7Æj*Áh±² CB ])&br V )p,?$,?4*4*6=I?4*6=CX,j&)Ta63,5DE)m.YC-7)/[:&(*)> $ 1 6&o»
EQFr
6I/D&(
C-.17I?$
.Y&63,5C-$N&>[O8)mi?)& Ì
(
ZÊz±®>²7Æj*Áh±
² B ^(*)mDd,j0I?6P17cO17+M) TaI?6^&=(*)mi?C-n?)>$k&3,?.Gk.)&CX.^i?C-n?)7$ V c . t¼ #L[ (*[ J?Ë/¾ . J?Ë*Q
.(*I?S*+X9 V )p,?$C-$N&)7i/6=,?+\D'S*+M&C-4*+-)mI5T&(*)fTa63,5DE)p.CM>)Hr[*CBQ )?Q 1 4 . Ë
Q
^(*CX.b17I?$
.CX9:)763,j&=CMI/$C-DE4*+MC-)>.&(
,5&rv17,5$&3,5G?)mI/$&(*)pnj,?+MS*)<!. J:[ #
-[ (:[ Ì Ë*E[ J?Ë*QKr
6=,?DE)'.YC-7)mI?T Ì (
,?. V )7)>$l6S
+M)<9WI?S:&b.CM$L1)pCM&
8I?S*+X9nNC-I?+X,j&=)f&(*)p17I?$
.Y&63,5C-$N& Ì Q
ZÊz±®>²7Æj*Áh±² B I.=,j&CX.YTac&(
C-.17I?$
.Y&63,5C-$N&>[*8)m$*)>)>9&I13(*)<13Gk8P(*)7&(*)>6b,d.)7+-)>1 &=)>9Ta63,5DE)p.YC-7)prv.=,j&CX.Y;
)>.^&=(*)mC-$*)>`NS
,?+MCM&0c
J
5L¼ 7 » ¾
» TaI/6P)>,?13( » Q
ÌJ
QJÊLÀhÇJ²<ÁÊz± b.CM$*iE&=(*)H;
63.0&17I?$
.Y&63,5C-$N&>[:8)f(L,on?) (:Q
.YC-$*iE&(
)p.Y)<1I?$L917I?$
.Y&63,5C-$N&>[:8)m(
,on?)f&(
)mDE,50I?617cO17+M) . ¼ # 7
(:7J5ËN¾ . J?Ë*QUOIL[:&(*)m4z)76=DEC-.=.C V +-)mnj,5+-S*)>.^I?T ,56=)
(*[ Ì ËZ,?$
9 J?Ë*Q K(*)>13GOC-$*iZTaI?6^,pTa63,5DE)H.YC-7)&(
,5&^.=,j&=C-.Y;
)<.U&=(*)f&(*C-639k1I/$
.Y&63,5C-$/&<[/8)H17,5$k;
$
9k&(
,5&$
IZnj,5+-S*)HI5T C-.^.S*CM&=, V +M)/Q
IEIjn?)7631I/DE)P&(*CX.^4*6=I V +-)7DW[:8)$
)7)>9k&Id.4*+-CA&^&(
)H&=,?.GE&(L,j&PC-.^Dd,?GNC-$*iZ&(*)H&3,?.G.Y)7&PS*$
.=13(*)>9:S
+-, V +M)/Q2#&^CX.^)>,/.YcE&=IEI V .)76=n?)
&=(
,j&f&(*)Z&=,/.YGWº N (
,?.b&(*)E+X,56=i?)<.0&b)7q:)>1S*&C-I?$l&=CMDE)d,5$
9y1I?$L.Y)<`/S
)7$N&+-cl9:S*)Z&I&(*)E1I/$
.0&=6=,?CM$N& Ì Dd,5G/)>.b&(*)ZTa)>,/.YC V +-)'Ta63,5DE)
.CM>)>.P`NS*CM&)m+X,56=i?)/Q
}x)E&6=cy.4*+MCM&Y&=CM$
ilº N C-$N&I&08KIWI/6H&(*6=)7)e&=,/.YG:.>Qd|PT&)>6'.4*+MCM&Y&=CM$
ilº N C-$N&I&(*6=)7)e&3,?.GO.>[]8)E(
,on?)/fº N F . K¼ J?Ë*[ Ì [ J5ËN¾ [\º N H .
3¼ J5Ë*[ J:[ J5ËN¾ [Oº N N . K¼ J5Ë
[ J*[ J?Ë/¾Q
bIj8 &(
)4LIN..C V +M)dnj,?+MS*)<.HI5Tr«,?6) JW,?$
9 #
Q}x)k17,?$s13(*)>13Gl&=(
,j&',5T&)>6'.Y4
+MCM&Y&=CM$*i_&(*)E&3,?.GO.>[r . JW,?$
9ur . # V )>17I?DE)
Ta)<,?.C V +-)fTa6=,?DE)H.C-7)>.>Q
#&CX.Pn?)>6c9:C 17S*+A&b&I1I/DE)fS
4l8PCA&=(W,d17+M)<,56.)&I?Ti/S*C-9*)7+-CM$*)<.^&IdCX9:)>$/&=CATack&(*)')q*,?1&&3,?.G&=(
,j&CX.^&I V )p.4*+MCM&>[z,5$
9&=(*)
4
,?6Y&3.HCM$N&=I8P(
C-13(uCM&p$*)7)<9*.f&I V ).Y4
+MCM&>Q^(*CX.f&(
)76=)TaI?6=)E$*)7)<9*.f&I V )9:I/$*) V c_&6=C-,?+F,5$
9x)76=6=I?6<Qer
S*6Y&=(*)76<[J,/.f&(*)d$OS*D V )>6
I?TU&=,/.YG:.&I V )d.13(*)<9:S*+-)>9{CM$L16=)>,?.)>.>[&(
C-.HDE)&=(*I:9yI?TU&=6CX,5+F,?$
9y)>66=I?6 V )>1I/DE)>.fCMDE4*63,?1&CX17,?+F.YC-$
1)e)>,/13(y&3,?.Gl$*)7)<9*.f&I V )
13(*)<13G?)<9y.)74
,?6=,5&)7+-c?Qe¶Ij8)7n/)76<[z8P(
)7$x&(*)e&3,?.Gy.Y)7&p1I?$L.YCX.0&3.fI5T^I?$*+-c_,Ta)78 &3,?.G:.H8K)d17,?$y)<,?.CM+-cy,54
4*+Mc_&(*CX.f&)<13(*$*CX`/S
)Z&=I
;
$L9,ZTa)<,?.C V +-)HTa63,5DE)m.YC-7)fTaI?6,E.)&I?TJ&=,/.YG:.^I?&(*)>68PCX.Y)HS*$L.13(*)<9:S*+X, V +-) V ck,d1c:1+-CX1f.=13(*)<9:S*+-)76<Q
<$&)387
<. 02- &<. /8:)3 #" $ & (
}x)'(
,on/)p,5+-6)<,?9:c.0&3,j&=)>9W&=(
,j&H1c:1+-C-1'.13(*)<9:S*+-)763.,56=)pIjn/)76=8P(*)7+-DECM$*i/+Mc4LI/4*S*+X,56CM$l+-Ij8^@17I/.Y&6)<,5+M@h&=CMDE)',?4*4*+-C-1>,j&=CMI/$
.7Q¶bIj8^@
)>n?)76<[\I?S
6H9*C-.=1S
.=.CMI/$_I?$u1c:1+-CX1Z.=13(*)>9*S*+M)>6=.f8^,?.H.IkT,?6f6=)>.Y&6=CX1 &)<9l&=I.=13(*)>9*S*+MC-$*i4L)>6C-I:9:CX1Z6=)>,?+A@B&C-DE)'&3,?.G:.7QeR${&(
)eI?&(*)>6
(
,?$
9\[]Dd,?$Ncl4
6=,/1 &CX17,?+,?4*4*+-C-1>,j&=CMI/$
.&0cN4
C-1>,5+-+Mc_17I?$
.C-.Y&HI5TK,DECAqO&=S*6)eI5T^.Y)>n?)>6=,?+J4z)76=CMI:9:CX15[J,?4L)>6C-I:9:CX15[],5$L9y.4LI/6=,/9:C-1'&=,/.YG:.>Q
#%$&(
C-..)>1&C-I?$][:8)m9:CX.17S
..^(
Ij8,54z)76=C-IO9*C-1H,5$L9.4zI?63,?9:CX1&3,?.G:.P17,5$ V )p,?1717I?DEDEI:9*,j&=)>9 V c1c:1+-C-1H.=13(*)>9*S*+M)>6=.>Q
gP)<17,?+M+2&=(
,j&m&=(*)k,56=6=CMnj,5+&=CMDE)>.pI5TP,54z)76=CMI:9:CX1E,5$
9u.4LI/6=,/9:C-1Z&3,?.GO.m,?6)E)7qO4
6)<..)>9x.0&3,j&=C-.Y&CX17,?+M+-c?Q^(*)>6)7TaI?6=)?[\&=(*)76=)dCX.H$*I
8^,oce&IE,?.=.YC-i?$,54z)76=CMI:9:CX1b,?$
9.4zI?63,?9:CX1P&3,?.GO.K&=I'Ta63,5DE)>.8PCM&(*I/S:&P.YC-i?$*CM;L1>,5$N&+-cd+MIj8)76=C-$*im&(
)fIjn/)763,5+-+z,/13(*C-)7nj, V +-)bS*&C-+MC->,5&C-I?$
I?TJ&(
)H.c:.0&=)7DWQ2#%$,Zi?)>$*)763,5+-C-7)>9.13(
)>9:S*+-)76<[OCM$
CA&=C-,?+M+-ck,e.13(*)<9:S*+-)e¼h,?.=.YC-i?$
De)>$N&I?TJ&=,/.YG:.K&IZTa63,5DE)>.3¾UTaI?6^I?$*+-cd4z)76=CMI:9:CX1&=,?.G:.
CX.P4*6=)74
,?6)<9\QF^(*)p.4LI/6=,/9:CX1f,?$
9W,54z)76=CMI:9:CX1&=,/.YG:.P,56=)m.13(
)>9:S*+-)>9C-$W&(*)p.+X,?13Gd&=CMDE)>.P&(
,5&DE,oc V )p,onj,?CM+X, V +-)HCM$&=(*)mTa63,5DE)>.>Q
O+X,?13Gp&C-De)bCM$,Ta63,5DE)PC-.&(*)P&=CMDE)P+-)T&UC-$E&(
)^Ta6=,?De),5T&)>6U,H4L)>6C-I:9:CX1&=,?.G',?+M+-I:17,j&=)>9Z&IH&=(*)^Ta63,5DE)1I/De4
+M)7&)>.FCA&3.)q:)>17S:&C-I?$JQ
bI?$:@7)>6Ie.Y+X,?13Ge&C-DE)HCM$,pTa63,5DE)H17,5$)q:CX.0&^I?$*+-cd8P(*)>$k&=(*))7q:)>1S*&C-I?$&=CMDE)HI5T&(*)&=,/.YG,?+M+-I:17,5&)>9&IeCA&PCX.^.YDd,5+-+-)76K&(
,?$k&=(*)
Ta63,5DE)m.YC-7)/Q
| ® UÊ
Æj*ÅÁ³ &=,/.YGsCX.e&=,?G?)>$S*4TaI?6d.=13(*)>9:S
+MC-$*ixI?$*+-csCATf)7$*I/S*i?(v.Y+X,?13Gx&=CMDE)lCX.e,onj,?CM+X, V +-)TaI/6e&(*)l,56=6=CMnOC-$*i{.4LI/6=,/9:CX1&3,?.G
&=I_1I?DE4*+-)&=) V )7TaI?6=)dCA&3.'9:)<,?9:+-C-$*)?Qk^(
)76=)TaI?6=)?[,W.Y4zI?63,?9:CX1e&=,/.YGyI?$uCA&3.p,56=6=CMnj,5+CX.p.S V 0)<1 &)<9x&I_,?$u,/1717)74:&3,5$
17)Z&=)>.Y&>Q^(*)
,/171)>4:&=,?$
1)&)<.0&b13(
)>13G:.8P(*)&=(*)76^&=(*)H&=,/.YGdCX.^+MC-G?)>+Mc&I V )p17I?DE4*+-)&=)>98PCA&=(*CM$WCM&=.P9:)<,?9:+-C-$*)m8P(*)7$)q:)<1S:&=)>9CM$&(
)H,onj,?CM+X, V +-)
.+-,/13Gy&=CMDE)<.7Q_#TCM&ZCX.Z$*I5&e4LIN..C V +M)d&=IyDE)7)7&'&=(*)&3,?.G
.'9*)>,?9*+MC-$*)?[&=(*)7$&(*).13(*)<9:S*+-)76Z6)Y0)>1 &3.pCM&e,?$
9u&(
)1I/66=)>.4zI?$
9:C-$*i
6=)>17Ijn?)76=c6=I?S:&=CM$
)>.PTaI/6&=(*)m&=,/.YGW,56=)p6=S*$]QbOC-$
17)Z,54z)76=C-IO9*C-1H&3,?.G:.9:Ik$
I5&b(
,on/)p.0&=6CX1 &H9:)>,/9:+-CM$*)<.7[
&(*)>cl17,5$ V )p&3,5G/)7$lS*4lTaI/6
.=13(*)>9*S*+MC-$*i8PCA&=(*I?S:&m,5$Ocl,?1>1)>4:&=,?$
1)'&)>.Y&m,5$
9 V )<.0&H)I?6&H1>,5$ V )eDE,/9:)Z&IW.13(*)<9:S*+-)p&=(*)7D C-$_&=(*)d.Y+X,?13G&C-DE)>.H,onj,5C-+-, V +M)/Q
^(*I/S*i?(_TaI?6m,54z)76=CMI:9:CX1m&3,?.G:.b$*IW,?1>1)>4:&=,?$
1)'&)>.Y&mC-.H9:I/$*)?[ V S*&H$
Iki?SL,563,5$N&)>)'CX.i/CMn/)7$lTaI/6f,k&=,/.Y'G
.17I?DE4*+-)&=CMI/$_&C-DE)e,?$
9
V )>.Y&)I?6&PC-.PDd,/9:)f&I1I/DE4*+M)7&)f&(
)H&=,?.Gk,/.^)>,56=+-ck,?.^4zI/.=.YC V +-)?Q
|b$x) 1C-)7$N&mCMDE4*+-)7DE)7$N&3,j&C-I?$uI?TU&(
C-.p.=13(*)>De)ECX.H&(L,j&m&(
).Y+X,?13GW&=CMDE)>.',56=)e.Y&I/6)<9yC-$s,k&3, V +-)d,5$
9u9:S
6C-$*il,?1>1)74*&=,5$L1)
&=)>.Y&P&(*CX.^&=, V +-)fCX.PS
.)>9k&I13(
)>13Gd&=(*)p.13(
)>9:S*+X, V CM+-CA&0ckI5TJ&=(*)p,56=6=CMnOC-$*i'&3,?.G:.7Q
|b$*I5&=(*)764LI/4*S*+X,56H,5+M&)76=$
,5&C-n?)mCX.&=(
,j&f&(*)e,54z)76=CMI:9:CX1p,?$
9_.4LI/6=,/9:C-1m&=,?.G:.b,?6)',/1717)74:&=)>9l8PCM&(*I/S:&f,?$OcW,/1717)74:&3,5$
17)m&)<.0&<[
,?$
9 V )>.Y&)I?6&CX.^DE,/9:)H&IEDE)7)7&P&(*)>CM6b6)<.Y4z)>1&C-n?)H9:)>,/9:+MC-$*)<.7Q
Ì#
TaI/6P4L)>6C-I:9:C-1&3,?.GO.^CX.P.Y&I?6=)>9kCM$l,E.=13(*)>9:S
+M)f&=, V +-)?[*,5$L9kCMT6=)>`NS*C-6=)>9d&=(*)p.4LI/6=,/9:C-1b&=,/.YG:.^(
,on/)f,?+M6=)>,/9:c V )7)7$l.S V 0)<1 &)<9&=Id,5$
,/171)>4:&=,?$
1)f&=)>.Y&b,5$
9I?$*+-cd&=(*I/.)H8P(*C-13(W(
,on/)4L,?.=.Y)<9&=(*)H&)<.0&b,?6)m,onj,5C-+-, V +-)bTaI/6.13(*)<9:S*+-CM$
i
Q
B B B ACBD
B
5A "!"#5BID
$
&%'(*)
+!,.- / E)
+!,1032
145) 66748 9 A D
7290$
:2
;,5A A
66<: D
ACBD
9$
I5&=(t&3, V +-)@%9:6=CMn/)7$,?$
917cO17+MCX1.13(*)<9:S*+-)763.Z,?6)CMDE4zI?6&=,?$/&E1+-I:13G/@%9:6=CMn/)7$.=13(*)<9:S*+-)763.7Qs| 1c:1+-C-1.=13(*)>9:S
+M)>6Z$*)>)>9*.Z&=Ix.)&d,
4z)76=CMI:9:CX1H&=CMDE)76fI?$
+McI?$
17)',j&&(*)',?4*4*+-C-1>,j&=CMI/$lCM$*CM&CX,5+-C->,j&=CMI/$W&C-DE)?Qb^(*CX.P&=CMDE)>61I/$N&C-$NS
)>.P&=Ii?C-n?)p,?$lCM$N&=)76=6S*4*&)q*,/1 &+-c,5&
)>n?)76=cTa6=,?DE) V I?S
$
9*,56=c?Q KS*&HC-${&=, V +M)7@9:6=C-n?)7${.13(*)<9:S*+-CM$
i
[J,k&C-DE)76H(
,?.f&=I V )d.Y)7&m)7n?)>6c&=CMDE)d,&=,?.G_.Y&=,56&=.&=I6=S*$]Qe^(*)
)7qO)<1S:&=CMI/$&C-De)'I5T,e&0cN4
C-1>,5+]6=)>,?+A@B&C-DE)&3,?.GkCX.PS
.S
,5+-+-ckI5T2&=(*)mI?639:)76PI?TF,eTa)78 DeC-+-+MC2O)>17I?$
9*.>QK^(
)76=)TaI?6=)?[*,d1>,5+-+\&I,e&=CMDE)>6
CX.^Dd,?9:)H)7n/)76=cETa)78 DECM+-+O)<1I?$L9*.7Q^(*CX.P6=)74*6=)>.)7$N&3.K,E.CMi/$*CA;z17,5$N&PIjn?)>6(
)>,?9k,5$
96)<.YS
+A&3.^CM$l9:)>i?63,?9:)<9k.cO.Y&)>D 4z)76TaI?6=DE,?$
1)/Q
^(*)>6)7TaI?6=)?[J,W17cO17+MCX1E.13(
)>9:S*+-)76mCX.mDEI?6=)E) 1C-)7$N&H&(L,5$s,&=, V +M)7@9:6=C-n?)7$u.=13(*)>9:S
+M)>6>Qd^(*CX.m4*6=I V , V +-clC-.p,6=)>,/.YI/$y8P(Ocy1c:17+MCX1
.=13(*)>9*S*+M)>6=.,56=)Z.IIjn?)>68P(
)7+-DeC-$*i/+Mc4LI/4*S*+X,56)>.4L)<1CX,5+-+McWC-$y)7D V )<9*9:)<9y,54
4*+MCX17,5&C-I?$
.>Q¶bIj8K)>n?)>6>[LCATF&=(*)eIjn?)76=(*)<,?9I5TU.)&&C-$*i
,&=CMDE)76p1>,5$ V )dCMi/$*I?6=)>9\[,&=, V +M)7@9:6=C-n?)7$u.=13(*)>9:S
+M)>6mC-.mDEI/6)E4*6=I5;L17CM)>$N&f&=(
,5$s,l17cO17+MCX1E.13(
)>9:S*+-)76 V )>1>,5S
.)E&(
).YC-7)dI?TK&=(*)
Ta63,5DE)Z&(
,5&p$*)7)<9*.f&I V )13(
I/.)7${.(*I/S*+-9 V ),5&m+M)<,?.Y&H,/.+-I?$
iW,/.&(*)d.CM>)eI?TU&=(*)E+-,?6i/)>.Y&f)7qO)<1S:&=CMI/$_&=CMDE)dI5T^,&3,?.GlCM$x&=(*)
&3,?.Ge.)&<Q2^(
C-.UC-.K,p.YI/S*631)I?TC-$*) d17CM)>$
1c/[N.C-$
1)b&(*CX.F6=)>.S*+M&=.FC-$4*6=I:1)<..I?62&=CMDE) V )7C-$*iZ8,/.0&=)>9eCM$17,?.)I?Tz&=(*I/.)P&3,?.GO.U8P(*I/.)
)7qO)<1S:&=CMI/$k&=CMDE)<.,56=)m.YDd,5+-+-)76&(
,?$&(*)p13(*IN.Y)>$kTa63,5DE)m.CM>)?Q
S T MU W£ k© W 4
7£ª
}x)H(
,?9.Y)>)7$&(
,5&^TaI?6P1+-I:13G/@%9:6=CMn/)7$k.=13(*)<9:S*+-)763.7[N&(
)p.13(*)<9:S*+-CM$
iZ4zI?C-$N&=.P,56=)H9:);
$
)>9k&(*6=I?S*i/(17+MI:13GC-$N&)76=6=S*4:&=.^,?$
9kC-$W17,?.)
I?T)>n?)7$N&@9:6=C-n?)7$.13(
)>9:S*+-)763.K&(*)<.Y)p,?6)m9:)7;
$*)<9 V c)>n?)>$/&3.P.YSL13(,/.P,56=6C-nj,5+\,5$
9W17I?DE4*+-)&C-I?$I5T&=,/.YG:.>Q2#%$(Oc V 6=C-9.=13(*)>9:S
+M)>6=.>[
&=(*)'.=13(*)>9:S
+MC-$*iE4LI/CM$N&3.b,56=)m9:);L$*)>9 V I5&=(&=(*6=I?S*i/(&=(*)'17+MI:13GC-$N&)76=6=S*4:&=.b,5$
9&(
)p)7n/)7$N&PIO1>1S*6=6=)7$
17)>.>QF#%$&(*)mTaI/+M+-Ij8PC-$*i
[:8)
9:CX.=1S
.=.&C-DE)@%.Y+-C-17)>96=I?S*$
9:@B6=I V C-$.=13(*)<9:S*+-CM$*Wi V,e4zI?4*S
+-,?6P(Nc V 6=CX9.=13(*)>9*S*+M)>6>Q
¬pKÁ
t´ $QJÀÁh³?´OÅ ¿ ÊLDZŠ¿ Ê
É2Á± QJ³ R´OÅÇÀÁh± Sµ
^C-DE)@%.Y+-C-17)>96=I?S*$
96=I V C-$l.13(
)>9:S*+-)763.P,56=)mn?)>6c1I?DEDEI?$
+McS
.Y)<9CM$W&=(*)m&63,?9*CA&=CMI/$
,5+\I/4L)>6=,5&C-$*i.Yc:.Y&)>DE.>[
,?$
9W,56=)m4*6I?TaS
.)7+-c
9:CX.=1S
.=.Y)<9mC-$'&=(*).Y&=,?$
9*,?6=9mI/4L)>6=,5&C-$*ib.c:.0&=)7Dd. V IOI?G:.,5$
9'CM$'&(*)^,onj,5C-+-, V +-)U+-CA&=)763,j&S
6)/QJ}x)U&=(*)76=)TaI/6)KG?)7)>4pI?S
69:CX.=1S
.=.YC-I?$'I?$
&=CMDE)@%.+MCX1)<96=I?S
$
96I V CM$l.=13(*)>9*S*+MC-$*iE&=IE&(*)pDEC-$*C-D'S*DWQ^^CMDE)@%.+MCX1)<96=I?S
$
96I V CM$l.=13(*)>9*S*+MC-$*iECX.b,E4*6=)7)>De4*&C-n?)p.=13(*)>9:S
+MC-$*i
DE)&=(*I:9\Qb#%$y6I/S*$
9W6=I V C-$y.=13(*)>9:S
+MC-$*i
[
&(*)e6=)>,?9*c&=,/.YG:.,56=)p(*)7+X9lC-$y,k17CM631S
+-,?6b`NS*)7S*)/Q^(*)'&=,/.YG:.b,?6)p&=,5G/)7$lS*4yI?$*)',5T&)>6
Ì(
i/6I/S*$
9E&3,?.GO.>Q2^(*)m.Y4zI?63,?9:CX15[O,54z)76=C-IO9*C-1?[O,?$
9d$*I/$:@6)<,5+M@h&=CMDE)&3,?.G:.K,?6)6S*$,?. V ,?13GOi/6I/S*$
9e&=,/.YG:.>Q|DEI?$*i'&(*)fTaI/6)>i?6=I?S*$
9
&3,?.GO.>[2,j&')>n?)76=c{.=13(*)<9:S*+-CM$*il4zI?C-$N&'&=(*)(*C-i?(*)<.0&Z4*6C-I?6=CM&0c_&=,/.YG{C-.p&=,?G?)7$sS
4uTaI?6Z.=13(*)<9:S*+-CM$*iLQ| V ,?13GOi/6I/S*$
9y&=,?.Gu17,5$u6=S*$
8P(*)>$W$*I?$*)HI?T&=(*)HTaI?6=)7i/6I/S*$
9d&3,?.G:.KCX.P6=)>,/9:c?Q2#%$I5&(
)76P8I?639*.7[O&=(*) V ,/13GNi/6I/S*$
9E&3,?.G:.^6S*$l,5&&=(*)m+-Ij8K)<.0&P4*6=CMI/6CM&0c?Q
J)&KSL.U,?.=.S*DE)&(L,j&KC-$k,p17)76&=,?CM$6=)>,?+A@B&C-DE)b.cO.Y&)>DW[?&=(*)76=),?6) WTaI/6)>i?6=I?S*$L9'&3,?.G:.F8P(*CX13(k,56=)b9:)>$*I5&=)>9d,/.7Gº Fo[ Iº H?[MQ-Q-QM[ º Q
|.m,5+-6)<,?9:clDE)7$N&=CMI/$*)>9\[]&(*)eTaI?6=)7i/6I/S*$
9W&3,?.G:.m,56=)e,?+M+24z)76=CMI:9:CX15Q ])7&pº V )E&(*)EI?$
+Mc V ,?13GOi?6=I?S*$L9W&=,/.YGQ J)& & V )E&=(*)
4*6=I:1)<..CM$
i'&=CMDE)m6=)>`NS*C-6)>De)>$N&^I?Tº Q#%$&=(*C-.b17,?.)?[O&=(*)p1I/DE4*+M)7&C-I?$&C-DE)¼ 5 ¾KTaI?6^&(
) V ,?13GOi?6=I?S
$
9d&3,?.GC-.^i/CMn/)7$ V cz
u3¼ J
¾
&
5 .
Ì » F L&o»»
^(*CX.m)7qO4
6)<..CMI/$yCX.m)>,/.Yc_&IlC-$/&=)76=4*6=)&>Qk}~(*)7$s,5$OcyTaI?6=)7i?6=I?S
$
9l&3,?.G_C-.p)q:)>17S:&C-$*i
[J&(*) V ,?13GOi?6=I?S
$
9l&3,?.G_8,?CA&3.7Q^(*)
,on/)763,5i?) S:&=CM+-CM<,j&=CMI/$y9:S*)'&I&=(*)pTaI/6)>i?6=I?S*$L9k&3,?.Gº\»UC-. &o» L»%[\.CM$
17) &o»U,?DEI?S*$N&bI?TF4*6I:17)>.=.YC-$*id&=CMDE)'CX.6)<`/S
CM6=)>9WIjn/)76
)>n?)76=c L»24z)76=CMI:9\Q2#&^TaI?+-+-Ij8.U&=(
,j&,?+M+zTaI?6=)7i/6I/S*$
9E&3,?.G:.U&=I?i/)&(
)76^8KI/S*+X96=)>.S*+A&^C-$ S*&C-+MC->,5&C-I?$kI?T » TF Q^(*)76=)TaI/6)/[
]
2À´ OB ]µ KI?$
.CX9:)76f,6=)>,5+M@B&C-De)Z.Yc:.Y&)7D C-$_8P(*CX13(l&=,/.YG:.f,56=)'.=13(*)>9:S
+M)<9lS
.CM$*ikTaI?6=)7i/6I/S*$
9O@ V ,?13GOi/6I/S*$
9k.=13(*)<9:S*+-CM$*iLQ
^(*)>6)^CX.2I?$*+-c'I/$*)^4L)>6C-I:9:CX1UTaI/6)>i?6=I?S*$L9m&=,/.YG'º
K3¼ . Ë
[ . (5ËfDd.Y)<159[ & . Ì Ë/ËbDd.)>15([ . Ì Ë/ËbDd.)>1>¾2,?$
9'&(*) V ,/13GOi?6=I?S*$
9
QJÊLÀhÇJ²<ÁÊz±Uµ cS
.CM$*iE&=(*)m)q:4*6=)>.=.CMI/${K¼ J*Q ¾U&I1I/DE4*S:&)f&=(*)H&=,/.YGk17I?DE4*+-)&=CMI/$&=CMDE)/[*8K)H(
,on/)
5 . Ì Ë/Ë?(5Ë Ë 1 &65 . J5Ë/Ë?2Ë 1 &65
Ì Ì Ë?Ë
]
2À´ OB Jµ #%$d,H.CMDE4*+-)P4*6=CMI/6CM&0cN@9:6=C-n?)7$'4*6)>)7DE4:&=CMn/)^.=13(*)<9:S*+-)76<[j&08KIf4z)76=CMI:9:CX1&=,/.YG:.2Gº FK,5$
9ZOº HP,5$
9e, V ,?13GOi?6=I?S
$
9m&3,?.G
,?6)'.=13(*)<9:S*+-)>9\Qf^(*)'4z)76=CMI:9:CX1m&3,?.GGº Fm(
,?.&(*)e(*C-i?(*)<.0&f4*6C-I?6=CM&0c,5$L9l)q:)>17S:&)<.bI/$
1)')7n?)>6c J5ËDeC-+-+MC2.Y)<1I/$
9*.f,5$
9W6=)>`NS*C-6)<.
Ì Ë'DEC-+M+-CJ.)>1I/$
9*.^I?T)q:)<1S:&=CMI/$k&=CMDE)m)>,/13(&=CMDE)?QOº Hf6=)>`NS*C-6)<. J?ËeDeC-+-+MCJ.)>17I?$
9
.KI?T4*6=I:1)<..CM$
iZ)>n?)76=$c (5ËZDECM+-+-CJ.Y)<1I/$
9*.>Qº N CX.
, V ,?13GOi?6=I?S
$
9Z&=,?.Gd,5$
96)<`/S
CM6=)>. Ì Ë?Ë?DECM+-+MCz.Y)<1I/$
9*.U&IZ17I?DE4*+-)&=)?Q|b.=.YS
DeC-$*i'&(
,5&^,?+M+L&(*)b&=,/.YG:..0&3,56&,j&K&C-DE)fË
[N9:)7&)>6DEC-$*)
&=(*)H&C-DE)p,j&8P(*CX13(º N 8PC-+M+]17I?DE4*+-)&=)?Q
QJÊLÀhÇJ²<ÁÊz±Uµ ^(*)H&I?&=,?+\S:&C-+MC->,5&C-I?$l9:S*)H&=Ie&(*)HTaI/6)>i?6=I?S*$
9&=,/.YG:.> H» F . HF
H
.F
Q
^(*CX.PC-DE4*+MC-)>.&=(
,j&P&=(*)HTa63,?1 &=CMI/$I?T&=CMDE)m6=)7Dd,5C-$*C-$*ieTaI?6^&=(*) V ,?13GOi/6I/S*$
9E&3,?.Gd&Id)7qO)<1S:&=)HC-.Pi/CMn/)7$ V c Ì H» TF . FF
^(*)>6)7TaI?6=)?[&=(*) V ,?13GOi?6=I?S
$
9W&=,/.YGyi?)&3. Ì DEC-+M+-CF.)>1I/$
9{)7n?)>6c Ì ËkDEC-+M+-CF.)>1I/$
9*.>QZ^(OS
.>[\&(
) V ,?13GOi?6=I?S
$
9W&=,/.YGl8I?S
+-9y&=,?G?)
]
2À´ B]µ OS*4*4zI/.)ZC-$uq*,5DE4*+-) J*Q
[],5$yIjn/)76=(*)>,/9WI5T Ì Dd.)>1ZI?${,/1717I?S*$N&HI5TU)>n?)76=cl1I/$/&=)qO&m.Y8PCM&=13({C-.f&=I V )e&=,5G/)7$
C-$N&Id,?1>1I?S
$/&<Q KI?DE4*S:&=)H&(*)p17I?DE4*+-)&C-I?$&C-DE)pI5Tº Q
QJÊLÀhÇJ²<ÁÊz±Uµ ^(*)n?)>6c{;
63.0&e&C-DE)k&=(*)kTaI/6)>i?6=I?S*$L9x&=,?.Gu6S
$
.¼h,j&e&C-DE)ËN¾ [FCM&eC-$
17S*6=.e,y17I?$N&)7qO&e.8PCA&313(*CM$
iyIjn?)>6(
)>,?9uI?T Ì
Dd.)>15QE^(*CX.H(
,?. V )7)>$x.(*Ij8P$u,?.H,W.Y(L,?9:)<9y6=)>1&=,5$
i?+-)ZC-$xrC-i
Q QdOS V .)>`NS*)>$N&+-c_)>,/13(y&=CMDE)e&(*)ETaI/6)>i?6=I?S*$L9W&=,/.YG_6=S*$
.>[]CM&
4*6=)7)>DE4:&=.2&=(*) V ,/13GOi?6=I?S*$
9'&=,/.YGZ,5$
9EC-$
1S
6=.I/$*)1I/$N&)qO&U.8PCA&313(]QFR$E17I?DE4*+-)&=CMI/$eI?T\)>,?13(eC-$
.0&3,5$
17)I5Tz&(
)PTaI?6=)7i/6I/S*$
9'&=,?.G[
&=(*) V ,?13GOi/6I/S*$
9l&3,?.G_6=S*$
.p,?$
9yC-$
17S*6=.',5$*I?&(*)>6p1I?$N&=)qO&p.Y8PCM&=13(]Qk}~CA&=({&=(*CX.mI V .)76=nj,j&=CMI/$][\&I_.C-De4
+MCMTacyI/S*6p1I/De4
S:&=,5&C-I?$
I?T&(*)E,?1&S
,?+17I?DE4*+-)&C-I?$y&C-DE)ZI?TFº b[8K)e17,5$yCMDd,5i/CM$
)p&(L,j&f&(*)e)q:)>17S:&C-I?$_&C-De)eI5TK)7n?)>6cTaI?6=)7i/6I/S*$
9&3,?.GCX.CM$
176)<,?.)>9
V c_&08Il1I/$/&=)qO&'.8PCA&313(y&=CMDE)>.¼aI/$*)9:S*)E&=IlCA&3.Y)>+ATP,5$
9{&=(*)I5&=(*)76p9*S*)E&IW&=(*) V ,?13GOi/6I/S*$
9y&=,?.G_6=S*$*$*C-$*i_,5T&)76m)<,?13(x&C-DE)
CM&E17I?DE4*+-)&=)>.3¾ Qs^(OS
.7[F&(*)$*)&E))>1&eI?Tb1I/$/&=)qO&d.Y8PCM&=13(*)<.Z1>,5$ V )CMDd,5i/CM$
)>9u&=I V )1>,5S
.C-$*i_&=(*))7q:)>1S*&C-I?$s&=CMDE)I5T&=(*)
TaI/6)>i?6=I?S*$
9l&=,?.GW&IWC-$
16=)>,/.Y) V c Jk17I?$N&)7qO&m.8PCM&=13({&C-De)<.7[JChQ )?Q'&I ( JkDECM+-+MCU:)>1ZTa6I/D (5ËkDECM+-+MCO)>1>.7Qe^(*C-.H(L,?.f4*CX1 &I/6CX,5+-+-c
V )7)>$W.(*Ij8P$CM$lrC-i
Q Q
Foreground Back Foreground Back Foreground
ground ground
01 51 52 100 time in milli Secs
rCMi/S*6) F,/.YGk:13(
)>9:S*+-)HTaI?6Fq*,5DE4*+-)0J*Q
ÌI
#%$k&(*)fTaI?+-+-Ij8PCM$*iZ&08IeO)<1 &C-I?$L.7[:8))7q*,5DECM$
)b&08IZC-DE4LI/6Y&3,5$N&^)7n?)>$N&Y@%9:6C-n?)>$k.=13(*)>9:S
+M)>6=.> r«¼U,?6+-C-)>.Y&9)>,?9*+MC-$*)mrCM63.0& ¾
,?$
9yg y|¼hg,j&=) lI/$*I5&=I?$*CX1'|b+Mi/I?6=CA&=(*D¾ Qp rwCX.&(*)eI?4:&=CMDd,?+9:cO$
,?DEC-1Z4*6=CMI/6CM&0cW6)<,5+M@h&=CMDE)p&3,?.Gl.13(*)<9:S*+-CM$
i,5+-i?I/6CM&(
D
,?$
9g _| CX.&(*)mI/4:&C-Dd,5+].Y&=,j&=C-1H4
6C-I?6=CA&0cd6=)>,?+A@B&C-DE)f&=,?.Gk.=13(*)>9*S*+MC-$*id,5+-i?I/6CM&(
DQ
¥m£
ªJ¤ ¥
7¦W £ªJ¤ ·k© W 4
7¦
&»
» F L» . » F z»
Ì
x3¼ J
*/¾
r(
,?. V )>)7$_4
6Ijn/)7$&I V )',?$_I?4*&C-DE,?+JS*$
CM4*6=I:1)<..I?6b.=13(*)<9:S*+-CM$*i,5+-i?I?6=CM&(*D J BQ^(*CX.De)<,5$
.&(
,5&CMTU,.)&bI?T&=,?.G:.
CX.bS
$
.13(
)>9:S*+X, V +M)eS*$
9:)>6f r[z&(
)7$y$
IkI5&=(*)76H.=13(*)>9:S
+MC-$*i,?+Mi/I?6=CA&=(*D 17,?$lTa)>,/.YC V +-cW.=13(*)<9:S*+-)p&(
C-.&=,/.YGl.)&<Qf#%$y&(*)E.CMDE4*+-)
17I?$
9:CM&C-I?$TaI?6,Ei/CMn/)7$k&=,?.Gk.)&P&=I V )p rt.=13(*)<9:S*+X, V +-)?Q
]
2À´ B Jµ KI?$
.CX9:)76P&=(*)mTaI/+M+-Ij8PCM$
iE&(*6=)7)m4z)76=CMI:9:CX1m6=)>,?+A@B&C-DE)H&=,?.G:.^&I V )'.=13(*)>9*S*+M)<9WS
.CM$*i rI?$_,ES
$*CM4
6I:1)<..I?6<
º F. ¼ & F . Ì Ë
[ F . J5ËN¾ [Oº H . ¼ & H6. (:[ H . (?Ë/¾[:Iº N . ¼ &N . Ì Ë*[ EN . ,(?¾ Q )&=)76=DeC-$*)m8P(*)7&(*)>6P&(
)H&=,?.Gk.)&PCX..13(
)>9:S*+X, V +M)/Q
QJÊLÀhÇJ²<ÁÊz±Uµ
^(*)H&=I5&3,5+\S:&=CM+-CM<,j&=CMI/$W9*S*)f&IE&(
)H&(*6=)7)f&=,/.YG:.^CX.Pi?C-n?)>$ V c N» F . H
F
NF
. Ë
*
^(*CX.PCX.^+M)<..&=(
,5$ Ì Q2^(
)76=)TaI?6=)?[O&=(*)H&=,/.YG.Y)7&^CX. r.13(*)<9:S*+X, V +-)?Q
| nj,56=C-,?$N&ZI5TH fr .=13(*)>9:S
+MC-$*ixC-. Áh±KÁ
{TÇ
U ]Á² > ÁÆj®7² > :13(*)<9:S*+-CM$*iLQ#%$ 1Jr[F,5&e)>n?)76=ct.=13(*)>9:S
+MC-$*i
4zI?C-$N&>[L,E+X,jq:CM&0cknj,5+-S*)mCX.b17I?DE4*S:&=)>9TaI?6)>n?)>6cd&3,?.GkC-$W&(*)Z.Yc:.Y&)7DW[
,?$
9&(
)m&=,/.YG(L,onNC-$*iE&=(*)pDECM$
CMDZS*D+X,jq:CM&0ckCX.P)q:)<1S:&=)>9
;
63.Y&>Q J,jq:CM&0clI5T^,k&3,?.GlDE)>,?.S*6=)>.&(
)E,?DEI?S*$N&mI5TK&C-De)e&=(
,j&p8I?S*+X9_6=)7Dd,?CM$xCATK&(*)e&3,?.G_C-.f&3,5G/)7$yS
4{TaI/6H)q:)>17S:&C-I?$x$*)qO&<Q
K..)7$N&CX,5+-+-c?[\+X,jq:CA&0clCX.H,5DE)>,/.YS
6)eI5TF&=(*) L
)7qOC V C-+MCM&0c_,onj,5C-+-, V +-)'TaI/6H.=13(*)<9:S*+-CM$*iW,&=,/.YGQZ^(
)eDd,?CM$x9:CA)76=)7$L1) V )7&08K)>)7$ 1Jr
,?$
9 rC-.P&(
,5&S*$*+-CMG/)H r[ Jrs&3,5G/)>.CM$N&=I1I?$L.YCX9:)763,j&=CMI/$&=(*)m)q:)>17S:&C-I?$&C-DE)mI5T,Z&=,?.GQ
Ì*
| $
,?CMn/)bC-De4
+M)>De)>$N&=,j&=CMI/$kI?T fru8I?S*+X9 V )b&=IEDE,?CM$N&3,5C-$k,5+-+z&=,?.G:.K&(
,5&^,?6)f6)<,?9:ceTaI/6)7q:)>1S*&C-I?$kC-$,e`NS*)7S
)?Q|$OcETa6=)>.(*+Mc
,?66=CMnOC-$*i&=,?.Gp8I?S*+X9 V )PC-$
.)76&)<9e,5&&(*)P)>$
9eI5Tz&(*)`NS*)>S*)?QUn?)76=cm$*I:9:)PC-$e&(*)`NS*)>S*)P8KI/S*+X9Z17I?$N&=,?CM$e&(
), V .I?+-S:&)P9:)<,?9:+-C-$*)
I?T\&(*)b&=,?.GQ|&)7n/)76=cZ4*6=)7)>DE4:&C-I?$4zI?C-$N&>[/&(*))7$N&C-6=)`NS*)7S
)b8I?S*+X9 V )f.1>,5$*$
)>9eTa6=I?D &(*) V )>i?C-$*$*C-$*ip&=IZ9:)7&)>6DEC-$*)P&(
)b&3,?.G
(
,onOC-$*im&=(*)f.(*I/6Y&=)>.Y&K9:)>,/9:+-CM$*)/Q¶Ij8)7n?)>6>[?&(*CX.KCMDE4*+-)7DE)7$N&3,j&C-I?$k8KI/S*+-9 V )n?)76=ceCM$*) 1C-)7$N&>Q J)&KSL.K,?$
,5+-cO7)P&=(*)f17I?DE4*+-)q:CM&0c
I?T&(*CX..=13(*)>De)/QU,/13(W&=,?.GCM$
.)76&C-I?$l8PC-+-+ V )Z,/13(*CM)>n?)<9C-$xRe¼ Ì ¾PI/6b1I/$
.Y&=,5$N&&=CMDE)/[ V S:&b&3,?.GW.)7+-)>1&C-I?$t¼a&Ik6=S*$l$*)7qO&3¾,?$
9
CM&=.9*)7+-)&C-I?$8I?S*+X96)<`/S
CM6=)mRe¼$L¾K&C-DE)?[*8P(
)76=)f$WCX.^&(
)m$NS
D V )76PI5T&=,/.YG:.^C-$&=(*)p`NS*)7S
)?Q
|DEI?6=)b) 17CM)>$/&^C-De4
+M)>De)>$N&=,j&=CMI/$kI?TJ frs8KI/S*+X9 V )H,?.UTaI?+-+-Ij8.7Q frs17,?$ V )C-DE4*+M)>DE)7$N&)<9 V cEDd,5C-$/&3,5C-$*C-$*ie,?+M+z6=)>,?9*c
&3,?.GO.^C-$W,d.YI/6Y&=)>94
6C-I?6=CA&0c`NS*)>S*)?QF| .I?6&)<9k4
6C-I?6=CA&0c`NS*)>S*)m17,?$) d17CM)>$N&+-c V )mCMDE4*+-)7DE)7$N&=)>9 V cS
.CM$*id,e(*)<,54l9*,j&3,E.0&=6S
1@
&=S*6)/Qb#%$y&(*)Z4*6C-I?6=CM&0c`NS*)>S*)?[z&(
)p&=,/.YG:.f,56=)',5+-8^,ocO.G?)74*&f.I?6&)>9l,/1717I?639:CM$
id&Ik&(*)Z4*6Ioq:C-DECA&0cI5T&=(*)7C-6f9*)>,?9*+MC-$*)?Qf}~(*)>$y,
&3,?.G,?66=CMn/)>.>[L,k6)<1I?639TaI?6fCA&H17,?$ V )ZCM$L.Y)>6Y&=)>9lC-$N&I&=(*)'(
)>,54yCM$xRe¼
H J¾&C-DE)'8P(*)>6)Z$_CX.&=(*)p&=I5&=,?+$OS*D V )>6I?T&=,/.YG:.C-$
&=(*)H4*6C-I?6=CM&0c`/S
)7S*)/QF|&^)>n?)>6c.=13(*)>9*S*+MC-$*ie4LI/CM$N&<[O&(*)m$*)7qO&&3,?.Gd&I V )m6S*$W17,?$ V )HTaI?S*$L9,5&&=(*)f&I/4I?TJ&(
)m(*)>,?4]Q2}~(*)7$W,
Ì
) d17CM)>$N&eC-DE4*+M)>DE)7$N&=,5&C-I?$s&=(
,j&d,?13(*C-)7n/)>.ZRe¼ Ì ¾'Ijn?)>6(*)<,?9u,?.=.S*DE)>.m&=(
,j&e&(
)$OS*D V )>6ZI?T6)>+-,5&C-n?)k9:)<,?9:+-C-$*)>.ZC-.e6=)>.Y&6=C-1&)<9\Q
^(*CX.KDE,oc V )bS*$L,?1717)74:&3, V +-)bC-$.I?DE)b.CM&S
,5&C-I?$
.>Qr*I?6^,mDEI?6=) LL)q:C V +M)f frs,5+-i?I?6=CM&(*DW[?8)b$
)7)>9d&IeG?)7)>4E&(*)&=,/.YG:.UI?639:)76=)>9
C-$x&)76=Dd.HI5T&(*)>CM6Z9:)>,/9:+MC-$*)<.HS
.YC-$*il,4*6=CMI/6CM&0cy`NS*)7S
)?Qd}~(*)>$*)7n/)76p,&=,/.YGy,?66=C-n?)>.>[\CM&pC-.mC-$
.)76&)<9yC-$N&IW&(
)d4*6C-I?6=CM&0c_`/S
)7S*)/Q
^(*)H1I/DE4*+M)7q:CA&0cEI5TCM$
.)76&C-I?$kI5T,?$)7+-)7DE)7$N&^CM$N&=Ie,'4*6C-I?6=CM&0cE`NS*)>S*)fC-.KI5T]&=(*)fI?639:)76+MI/i [O8P(*)>6)f$kCX.U&(*)H$OS*D V )76I5TJ&=,?.G:.
&=I V )f.=13(*)>9*S*+M)<9\Q^(*CX.U6=)74*6=)>.)7$N&3.U,p(
CMi/(6S
$/&=CMDE)fIjn?)>6(*)<,?9\[/.YC-$
1)fDEI/.Y&K6=)>,?+A@B&C-DE)P&=,/H .YG:.,56=)4L)>6C-I:9:CX1b8PCM&(k.Dd,5+-+L4z)76=C-IO9
.
,?$
9.Y&6=CX1 &b9:)<,?9:+-CM$
)>.>Q
¥f¤ Z¦Wp¤e4¦ ©
'Z£ 3¤ l
}x)p(
,/9l,5+-6)<,?9:c4LI/CM$N&)<9WI?S:&b&(
,5&fg _| C-.,5$lC-De4zI?6&=,?$N&b)7n/)7$N&Y@%9:6=CMn/)7$W.13(*)<9:S*+-CM$
ik,5+-i?I/6CM&(*DWQ^^(*CX.CX.b,d.Y&=,j&=C-1p4*6C-I?6=CM&0c
,?+Mi/I?6=CA&=(*D,?$
9sCX.e)qO&)>$
.YC-n?)>+McxS
.)>9CM$t4
6=,/1 &CX17,?+,?4*4*+-C-1>,j&=CMI/$
.7Qxg _| ,?.=.YC-i?$L.p4*6=CMI/6CM&C-)>.p&Iy&=,?.G:. V ,?.)>9sI/$s&(*)>CM6e63,j&)<.
I?TUI:171S
66=)7$
17)?Q'^(
)Z+-Ij8K)>6b&=(*)EI:171S
66=)7$
17)'63,j&=)ZI?TK,&3,?.G[&(*)E+-Ij8K)>6CX.&(*)E4*6=CMI/6CM&0cl,?.=.YC-i?$
)>9W&=ICM&>Qe| &3,?.Gl(
,onOCM$
ik&=(*)
(*C-i?(
)>.Y&pIO1>1S*6=6=)7$
17)Z63,j&=)W¼+MIj8)>.Y&m4L)>6C-I:9
¾fCX.m,?1717I?639:)>9_&(*)k(*CMi/(*)>.Y&m4*6=CMI/6CM&0c?Qdg _|(L,?. V )7)7$u4*6=Ijn?)<9_&=I V )E&=(*)dI?4:&=CMDd,?+
.Y&=,5&CX14
6C-I?6=CA&0ck6)<,5+M@h&=CMDE)&=,?.G.=13(*)<9:S*+-CM$*id,?+Mi/I?6=CA&=(*DWQ^(*)mC-$N&)>6)<.0&=)>96)<,?9:)>6Dd,ock.)7) J ]TaI/6,e4*6IOI?T0Q
#%$Wg _|'[O&(*)H4*6=CMI/6CM&0cdI5T2,p&3,?.GCX.P9:CM6=)>1&+-cd4*6=I?4zI?6&C-I?$
,?+
&=IeCM&=.^63,j&=)e¼I?6<[:CM$On/)763.Y)>+McE4*6=I?4zI?6&C-I?$
,?+
&=IECA&3.^4L)>6C-I:9
¾ QF^(
,5&
CX.7[/&(
)b4*6=CMI/6CM&0c'I?T],5$Oc'&3,?.G'º » CX.U17I?DE4*S:&=)>9,/.7
.
[/8P(*)>6) » CX.&=(*)b4z)76=C-IO9EI?T&(*)b&=,?.Geº » ,5$
9EGECX.U,p17I?$
.Y&=,?$/&<Q
.YC-$*ie&(*CX.P.CMDE4*+-)m)q:4*6=)>.=.YC-I?$J[N4
+MI?&=.I5T24*6=CMI/6CM&0cEno,?+MS
)>.^I5T&=,/.YG:.^S*$
9*)76g _|TaI/6^&=,?.G:.I5T9*CA)76=)7$N&4z)76=CMI:9*.P1>,5$ V )m)>,/.YC-+-c
I V &=,?CM$*)<9\Qb^(*)<.Y)Z4*+-I5&=.b(
,on?) V )>)7$y.(*Ij8P$lC-$yrCMiLQ Ì ËL¼,N¾P,5$
9lrC-i
Q Ì Ë
¼ V ¾ Qb#&f17,?$ V )'I V .Y)>6n/)>9Ta6I/D rC-i
Q Ì Ë_¼h,/¾,?$
9s¼ V ¾
&=(
,j&P&=(*)m4*6=CMI/6CM&0cdI5T,Z&=,?.GC-$
16=)>,/.Y)<.+MC-$*)>,?6+-c8PCM&(&(
)p,56=6C-nj,5+6=,5&)HI5T&(*)H&3,?.Gk,5$L9C-$On?)>6=.)7+-cd8PCA&=(WCA&3.P4L)>6C-I:9\Q
QJ³ R´OÅÇÀh:ÉÁhÀÁ² x¬K´O®>² 3BÊLÆ ¿ È_µ |b$dCMDE4zI?6&=,5$N&F4*6=I V +M)>D &(L,j&UCX.F,?9
9:6)<..)>9e9:S*6=C-$*iH&(*)9:)>.CMi/$EI5T],HS*$*C-4*6=IO17)>.=.YI/6Y@ V ,/.Y)<9
6=)>,?+A@B&C-DE).c:.0&=)7D CX.&IH13(*)>13Gm8P(
)&(
)76F,H.Y)7&I5T
4z)76=CMI:9:CX16)<,5+M@h&=CMDE)K&=,/.YG:.217,?$'Ta)<,?.C V +-c V ).13(*)<9:S*+-)>9'S*$
9:)>6Fg _|pQN:13(*)>9*S*+-,5@
V C-+-CA&0ceI5TJ,f&3,?.Ge.)&US
$
9:)76^g _|«17,5$ V )9*)&)>6DEC-$*)>9eTa6=I?D,mGO$*Ij8P+-)>9:i/)PI5T&(
)b8I?63.0&@1>,?.))7q:)>1S*&C-I?$E&C-DE)>.K,5$
9E4z)76=CMI:9*.UI5T
&=(*)b&3,?.G:.7Q2|«4z)76&C-$*)>$/&P`NS*)>.Y&C-I?$,j&K&(*CX.4LI/CM$N&^C-.K(*Ij8 17,?$k,e.Yc:.Y&)7D9:)>n?)>+MI/4L)>6K9:)7&)76=DECM$
)b&=(*)8I?63.Y&Y@%17,?.)P)q:)<1S:&=CMI/$&C-DE)
I?T\,m&=,?.G')>n?)>$ V )7TaI?6=)^&(*)f.Yc:.Y&)7D C-.K9:)7n/)7+-I?4z)>9\Q2^(*)8KI/6=.Y&Y@%17,/.Y))q:)>17S:&C-I?$E&=CMDE)<.U,56=)PS
.S
,5+-+-ce9:)7&)>6DEC-$*)>9E)7qO4z)76=C-De)>$N&=,5+-+-c
I/6^&(*6=I?S*i/(.C-D'S*+X,j&=CMI/$.Y&S
9*CM)<.7Q
^(*)UTaI?+-+MIj8PC-$*ib,?6)K.YI/De)UCMDE4zI?6&=,5$N&216=CA&=)76=C-,^&=(
,j&217,?$ V )KS
.)>9H&=I13(*)<13Gb&=(*).=13(*)<9:S*+X, V C-+MCM&0cfI5T
,.)&I5T:&=,/.YG:..Y)7&S*$L9:)76g _|pQ
J5Ë
Rate Period
(a) (b)
rCMi/S*6) Ì Ë*+F6=CMI/6CM&0c|b.=.CMi/$*DE)7$N&^&I,?.GO.C-$lg _ |
CBl´O³/´N®<®<:Æ ZÊL±ÅÁ²>ÁhÊL±Kµ |Ä.)&PI5T4L)>6C-I:9:C-16=)>,5+M@B&C-De)&=,/.YG:.8I?S*+X9$*I?& V )mg _| .=13(*)<9:S*+X, V +-)S
$*+M)<..K&=(*)7ck.=,j&=C-.YTacd&=(*)
TaI/+M+-Ij8PCM$
ie$
)>1)<..=,56=cd1I/$
9:CM&C-I?$]
&»
» F » . » TF »
Ì
z
8P(*)>6) &o»\CX.2&=(*)8I?63.0&U1>,?.))7q:)>1S*&C-I?$e&C-DE)b,5$
9 z»\CX.2&(*)b4L)>6C-I:9EI5Tz&(*)P&3,?.G'º\»0[/$dC-.F&(*)P$OS*D V )>6UI?TL&3,?.GO.&I V )b.13(
)>9:S*+-)>9][
,?$
9 z»2CX.^&(
) ÄS:&=CM+-C->,j&=CMI/$l9:S*)H&IE&=(*)H&=,/.YGº\»0QK^(
C-.^&=)>.Y&b.YC-DE4*+-ck)q:4*6=)>.=.)>.&(
)HT,?1 &P&=(
,j&b&(*)H&=I5&=,?+ ÄS*&C-+MC->,5&C-I?$
9:S
)H&Id,5+-+\&(
)H&=,?.G:.CM$&(
)H&=,?.Gk.)&b.(*I?S
+-9 V )m+-)>.=.&(L,5$ Ì Q
6=)>,?+A@B&C-DE)f4z)76=C-IO9*C-1&=,/.YG:.P,?6)m.=13(*)>9:S
+-, V +M)HS*$L9:)76g y|p[*CMT
» TF »
F3¼ J Ì ¾
3¼ J
Ì ËN¾
8P(*)>6) » CX.2&(
)S:&C-+-CM<,j&C-I?$9*S*)P&IH&3,?.G'º » 'Q J)&US
.U$*Ij8)7q*,5DECM$
)P&(*)bCMDE4*+-C-1>,j&=CMI/$
.I5T&=(*C-.F6)<.YS*+M&>Q2#T],m.)&UI?TL&3,?.GO.U.,5&CX.0;
)<.
&=(*)p.YS d17CM)>$N&b1I?$L9:CA&=CMI/$][O&(
)7$WCA&CX.Pi/S
,563,5$N&)>)>9&(
,5&&=(*)p.)&I5T&=,/.YG:.8I?S*+X9 V )pg y| .13(*)<9:S*+X, V +-)?Q
2
KI/$
.YCX9:)>6K&=(*)p17,/.Y)H8P(*)>6)f&=(*)76=)HC-.PI/$*+-cI?$*)f&3,?.GCM$&=(*)p.Yc:.Y&)>D[
ChQ )?Q2$ . Ì QUOS V .Y&CM&S:&=CM$
id$ . Ì CM$lq:4*6p3¼ J:Q Ì ËN¾ [O8K)mi/)&
F F
»
Ì 3¼ J Ì ¾ 7
» F » F »
Ì
OC-DECM+X,56=+-c?[OTaI?6P$ . J'8)Hi?)7& H H
» F »
J
K¼ J Ì ¾ 7
» F »
vË
* J8#
r
I?6P$ . e8)fi/)& N N
» TF »
LK¼ J Ì ¾ 7
» F »
vË
*
JÌ
Uno,?+MSL,j&C-I?$'I5TLFqO4
6>Q J*Q Ì Ë8P(*)>$'$ C-$On?I/+Mn/)>.J,?$pC-$
9:)&=)76=DECM$
,5&))q:4*6=)>.=.YC-I?$'I5T:&(
)K&0cO4z)
Ë*Q cm,54
4*+McOC-$*i
¶I/.4*CM&=,?+
.
6=S*+-)8)P17,?$'n?)>6CMTacm&=(
,j&2&(
)P6C-i?(N&2(
,5$
9e.C-9:)^I?T
&(
)P)q:4*6=)>.=.YC-I?$Z)7nj,5+-S
,j&=)>.&I
J . Ë
Q J:Qr*6=I?DÄ&=(*), V Ijn?)^1I/De4
S:&=,5&C-I?$
.>[
CM&mC-.H1+-)>,?6f&(
,5&f&=(*)eDE,5q:CMDZS*D S:&=CM+-CM<,j&=CMI/$y&=(
,j&m17,?$ V )E,/13(*C-)7n?)<9_S*$L9:)76mg _| CX. Ì Q'^(*CX.HCX.f,/13(*C-)7n?)<9_8P(*)>$_&=(*)76=)
CX.mI?$
+Mcy,W.CM$
i?+-)Z&3,?.G_C-${&=(*).cO.Y&)>DWQ|b.H&=(*)d$OS*D V )76pI?TU&3,?.GO.HC-$
176)<,?.)>.>[\&(*),/13(*C-)7nj, V +-) S:&=CM+-CM<,j&=CMI/${T,?+M+X.m,5$L9x,/.
Ì/Ì Q2}{)m$
Ij8«C-+M+-S
.Y&63,j&)f&=(*)p,54*4
+MCX17, V CM+-CM&0cI5T&(*)pg _| .13(
)>9:S*+X, V CM+-CA&0c16=CA&=)76=C-,'&(*6=I?S
i?(W,'Ta)>8)7q*,5DE4*+-)>.>Q
Σ ui
0.692
(1,0)
Number of tasks
r C-i?S*6=) Ì?Ì |13(*CM)>nj, V +-) P&=CM+-CM<,j&=CMI/$8PCM&(&=(*) S*D V )>6I5T2,/.YG:.^S*$L9:)76g y|
]
2À´ B
]µ K(*)>13G8P(*)&=(*)76b&(*)pTaI?+-+MIj8PC-$*i.)&I5T4z)76=CMI:9:CX1m6=)>,?+A@B&C-DE)H&=,?.G:.PCX..13(
)>9:S*+X, V +M)mS*$L9:)76fg _| I/$_,ES*$*C-4*6I?@
17)>.=.YI/6>º F . ¼ & F . J5Ë*[ F . Ì Ë?ËN¾ [:º H . ¼ & H6. ?Ë*[ H . Ì (5ËN¾ [OOº N . ¼ &N . ?Ë*[ EN . J5Ë?ËN¾ Q
QJÊLÀhÇJ²<ÁÊz±Uµ ])7&S
.;
63.0&b17I?DE4*S:&=)H&(*)H&=I5&=,?+ S:&=CM+-CM<,j&=CMI/$W,/13(*C-)7n?)<9k9:S
)H&IE&(
)H&(*6=)7)Hi?C-n?)>$k&3,?.G:.7Q
N J5Ë /Ë /Ë . Ë
» F
»
.
Ì Ë/Ë Ì (?Ë J?Ë?Ë
^(*CX.C-.^+-)>.=.K&(
,?$ Ì [O&(*)>6)7TaI?6=)&(
)f$
)>1)<..=,56=cd1I/$
9:CM&C-I?$TaI/6P.13(*)<9:S*+X, V C-+-CA&0cdI?TJ&(
)&3,?.G:.KCX.^.,5&CX.0;L)>9\Q Ij813(*)>13GOC-$*i'TaI/6
&=(*)m.YS 17CM)>$
1ck17I?$
9*CA&=CMI/$][O&(*)f&3,?.Gk.Y)7&CX.P.=13(*)>9:S
+-, V +M)fS*$
9*)76g _|ÄCM'T JCMSW,5$L9 ,ocN+X,5$L9
.1I/$
9:CM&C-I?$i?C-n?)>$ V ckq:4*6<Q J:Q Ì Ë
CX..,5&CX.0;L)>9\Q K(*)>13GOC-$*ifTaI?6F.=,j&=C-.YT,?1&C-I?$eI5TzFq:4*6>6Q J:Q Ì Ë
[j&(*)^Dd,jq:C-D'S*D ,?13(*C-)7nj, V +M)S:&=CM+-CM<,j&=CMI/$eCX.2i?C-n?)>$ V c LK¼ J Ì ¾ . Ë
*
^(*N )Z&I?&=,?+S*&C-+MC->,5&C-I?$y(L,?.f,5+-6)<,?9:c V )>)7${TaI?S*$L9l&I V )eË
Q Q bIj8 .S V .Y&CM&S:&=CM$*i&(
)>.)ZC-$_&=(*) ]C-S{,5$L9 J,ocO+X,5$
)9
.16=CA&=)76=CMI/$]
z»
3¼ J Ì ¾[*8K)Hi/)&Ë
vË
**Q
FqO» 4
T6>F Q J:Q Ì Ëu8P(* CX13(wC-.,s.YS 17CM)>$/&1I?$L9:CA&=CMI/$wTaI?6kg _| .=13(*)>9:S
+-, V CM+-CM&0cCX.k.=,j&CX.Y;
)>9\QÄ^(*)>6)7TaI?6=)?[K&(*)l&3,?.G.)&kCX.kg _|
.=13(*)>9*S*+-, V +-)?Q
]
2À´ B
Jµ K(*)>13G_8P(
)&(
)76m&=(*)dTaI?+-+-Ij8PCM$*il.)&pI?TK&=(*6)>)d4L)>6C-I:9:CX1Z6=)>,?+A@B&C-DE)E&=,/.YG:.HCX.p.13(
)>9:S*+X, V +M)ES*$
9*)76'g y|I?$u,
S*$
CM4*6=I:1)<..I?6<Gº F . ¼ &F . J?Ë*[ IF . Ì Ë/Ë/¾[NOº H . ¼ &H . /Ë*[ EH . Ì (5Ë/¾[Oº N . ¼ & N . Ë*[ N . J?Ë?Ë/¾Q
QJÊLÀhÇJ²<ÁÊz±Uµ
J)&S
.;
63.Y&b1I?DE4*S*&)f&(*)H&=I5&3,5+ S*&C-+MC->,5&C-I?$l9:S*)H&=IZ&=(*)mi?C-n?)>$k&3,?.Gk.)&>
N J5Ë ?Ë Ë
z » . Ë?Ë (?Ë J5 Ë/Ë . Ë
*,(
» F
Ì
Ì
bIj8w13(
)>13GOCM$
iHTaI?6 JCMS,5$
9 ,ocN+X,5$L9e176CM&)>6C-I?$J N» F z»
vË
*'UN.CM$L1)bË
*,(
w Ë
*
[5&(
)&=,/.YGE.)&UCX.F$*I?&g y|«.=13(*)>9:S
+-, V +M)/Q
JJ
JCMSW,5$
9!,ocN+X,5$L9d&)<.0&'¼hq:4*6<Q J:Q Ì Ë/¾KCX.^4L)<..C-DeCX.Y&CX1HCM$&(
)HTaI?+-+MIj8PC-$*iE.Y)>$
.Y)/Q
1 +C))5: 5 4) $
( &!) 4%):0 > ) %;<:3$
= 6 T8&4)*) < %;<7. 1
%& > )#. > (?
,$
$
4) 4%'3 7 +6))5:; 59+) > 9$
( &,) 4% ),0 > ) %"< <:3E ;;),0 > >*.
14
%'&(> )#. > (?
#&PTaI/+M+-Ij8.Ta6I/D&(
C-.&(
,5&)7n?)>$8P(
)7$l,e&=,/.YGk.)&PT,?CM+X.JCMSl,5$L9 ,ocO+-,?$
9
.U&=)>.Y&>[L8K)m.(*I?S*+X9$*I5&b17I?$
17+MSL9:)H&(
,5&CA&CX.P$*I?&
=. 13(*)>9*S*+-, V +-)PS*$
9:)>6Ug _|'Q/}x)$*)>)>9e&IH&=)>.Y&FTaS*6&(*)>6F&=Ip13(*)>13GZCAT&(
)P&=,/.YGe.Y)7&UC-.Ug _| .=13(*)>9*S*+-, V +-)?Q2|w&)<.0&F&=(
,j&17,5$ V )4z)76@
TaI/6DE)>9f&=Ib13(*)<13G8P(*)7&(*)>6,^&3,?.Gf.)&C-.g _|.=13(*)<9:S*+X, V +-)F8P(*)>$mCA&T,5C-+-.]&(*)]C-Sp,5$
9 ,ocO+-,?$
9&)>.Y&JCX.]&=(*) J)7(*I:1>GOc
.\&=)>.Y& Q
J)7(*I:1>GOcE&)>.Y&(
,/. V )>)7$W)q:4*6=)>.=.Y)<9,/.P^(*)7I/6)>D J:Q *Q
¬ R´OÊ
Æj´
B GB 7 "
<
j¹e35
%hZ FdZj #omX + 7Q¹ V*3
R:M -2 R:¸z
?7'j¸@Tdj# 5V*o ¸O jZV
p%o#jGFE37
V*7m
3¹Bj% HU3
?3/
O ¸z R:¸z
/ <7 5V*j3¸O 2
T1 T2 T1 T2 T1 T2
10 30 40 60 70 90 time in msec
T2 T1 T2 T1 T2
20 30 50 60 80 time in msec
- . 1 )0! !+ O)=)5:211&(-;
0 9 # "
) 2-# $
, <
8
0
): ?
If.)7)8P(Ocm&(
C-..Y&=,5&)7DE)>$/&2D'SL.0& V )K&=6S
)?[?17I?$
.C-9*)76&(*)TaI/+M+-Ij8PCM$
i.Y&=,j&=)7DE)7$N&<Q b$
9:)76Fg _|v8P(*)7$*)>n?)>62,(*C-i?(*)>624*6C-I?6=CM&0c
&3,?.GdC-.^6=)>,/9:c?[O&=(*)H+MIj8)764*6=CMI/6CM&0cE&=,/.YG:.^17,?$$*I?&P)q:)>17S:&)m,5$L9k(
,on/)b&=IE8,?CA&<Q2^(
C-.^C-DE4*+MC-)>.&=(
,j&<[
,Z+MIj8)76^4*6=CMI/6CM&0ce&=,/.YG8PC-+-+
(
,on/)f&Id8^,5CM&PTaI?6^&(
)p)7$N&C-6=)p9:S*63,j&C-I?$I5T2)q:)<1S:&=CMI/$I?T)<,?13((*C-i?(*)>64*6=CMI/6CM&0cd&=,/.YG&(
,5&,56=C-.)>.P9*S*6C-$*ie&(
)p)q:)>17S:&C-I?$WI?T&=(*)
+-Ij8K)>6b4*6=C-I?6=CA&0c&=,/.YGQ _I?6=)p$OS*D V )76fI5TUC-$
.Y&=,?$
1)<.I5T,d(*C-i?(*)>64*6=C-I?6=CA&0c&=,/.YGW8PC-+M+I:171S
6>[z8P(*)7$x,d&3,?.GCX.fCM$_4
(
,?.)'8PCM&({CA&<[
J2
J V )<1I/De)<. *?Ë*Q^(*)76=)TaI/6)/[jCAT,&3,?.GmDE)7)&3.2CA&3.;
63.0&9:)>,/9:+-CM$*)^S*$L9:)7627)>6If4*(
,/.YC-$*iL[o&(*)>$'&=(*)7cpCM&8PCM+-+ODE)7)&F,?+M+:CM&=.29:)<,?9:+-CM$
)>.>Q
deadline for T1
T1
20 100
deadline for T2
T1 T2
20 50 150
(b) T2 meets its first deadline
deadline for T3
T1 T2 T3 T1 T2 T3
r C-i?S*6=) Ì
K(
)>13GOCM$
i J)7(*I:177GOc'
. K6=CA&=)76=CMI/$kTaI/6,/.YG:.^I5T2q*,5DE4*+-)J:Q
]
2À´1 B Jµ K(*)<13G8P(*)7&(*)>6^&(*)H&3,?.Gk.Y)7&I5T2q*,5DE4*+-)J:Q *ZCX.P,?1&S
,?+M+-ck.=13(*)>9*S*+-, V +-)fS
$
9:)76g _|pQ
QJÊLÀhÇJ²<ÁÊz±Uµ ^(*I/S*i?(x&=(*)d6)<.YS
+A&3.mI5T ]C-Ss,5$
9 ,ocN+X,5$L9
.f&=)>.Y&'8)76=)d$*)7iN,j&C-n?)/[J,?.p4L)>6m&(*)k6)<.YS*+M&=.pI5TPq*,5DE4*+-) J:Q *8K)1>,5$
,?4*4*+-cd&(*) J)7(*I:177GOcd&)<.0&b,?$
9I V .)76=n?)&(*)HTaI/+M+-Ij8PC-$*i
r
I?6K&(*)&=,/.YGeºGFo+ &F OF^(*I/+-9*..CM$
17=) J?2Ë 1 &65 Ì Ë?2Ë 1 &65jQ^(
)76=)TaI?6=)?[/CA&^8I?S*+X9dDE)7)7&CM&=.U;
63.0&^9:)>,/9:+MC-$*)E¼aCM&^9*IN)<.U$
I5&K(L,on?)
,?$Nc&=,?.G:.&(
,5&P(
,on?)H(*C-i?(*)>6P4*6=CMI/6CM&0c*¾ Q
r
I?6P&=(*)m&=,/.YGº H Uº F CX.PCM&=.(
CMi/(*)764
6C-I?6=CA&0c&=,?.G,?$
9l1I/$
.C-9:)>6C-$*idËE4*(
,/.YC-$*iL[*CA&8KI/S*+-9I:1717S*6I/$
1) V )TaI/6)m&=(*)'9:)<,?9:+-C-$*)mI5T
º H QF^(
)76=)TaI?6=)?[\¼ & F & H ¾ H (*I/+-9
..YC-$
170) J?Ë /Ë . (59Ë 1 &65 Ì (?2Ë 1 & 55Q^(*)>6)7TaI?6=)?[:º H DE)7)&3.PCM&=.^;
63.Y&P9*)>,?9*+MC-$*)?Q
r
I?6F&=(*)&3,?.GZOº N?^3¼ J2& F J2& H &N7¾ ENb(*I?+X9*.>[N.CM$L1=) J!6J?Ë J!/Ë Ë . Ì 2Ë 1 &65 J5Ë?9Ë 1 &65jQ}{)(
,on?)b17I?$
.CX9:)76=)>9
J%! &F2,5$
" 9 J ! &HF.CM$L1)FGº F2,?$
9mOº HI:1717S*6]&08PCX1)F8PCM&(
CM$'&(*)U;
6=.Y&9:)<,?9:+-C-$*)FI5T*º N Q2^(*)>6)7TaI?6=)?[<º N De)>)&3.JCM&=.];
6=.Y&9*)>,?9*+MC-$*)?Q2OI
[<&=(*)
J)&US
.K$*Ij8v&6=ce&I'9*)76=CMn/)b,mTaI/6Dd,5+L)q:4*6=)>.=.YC-I?$eTaI/6F&(
C-.KCMDE4zI?6&=,?$/&6)<.YS
+A&UI?T ])>(*I:17GOc/Q'J)& <º F 7Yº H 7
7Yº » V )b&(*)f.Y)7&
I?T&3,?.G:.^&I V )'.=13(*)>9:S
+M)<9\Q*])&SL.b,5+X.I,?.=.YS*DE)H&=(
,j&&=(*)m&3,?.GO.(
,on?) V )7)>$lI?639:)76=)>9CM$_9*)>.=1)7$L9:CM$
idI?639:)76I?T2&(*)>CM64
6C-I?6=CA&0c/Q
^(
,5&fCX.>[&=,?.Gl4*6=CMI/6CM&C-)>.f,56=)'6=)7+X,j&=)>9{,?.> ¼aºGF¾ 3¼ºOH>¾
¼aº\»B¾ []8P(*)>6)e4*6=CB¼º\»h¾9:)7$*I?&)<.b&=(*)E4*6=CMI/6CM&0cWI5TF&=(*)
J8#
r CMi/S*6) Ì #
2#%$
.Y&=,5$L1)>.^I?Tº F Rn?)>6P,E:CM$*i/+M)m#%$L.0&3,5$
17)fI?Tº »
&3,?.Gkº » QbR V .)76=n?)f&(L,j&b&=(*)m&3,?.Gkº F (
,/.^&(*)'(*CMi/(*)>.Y&b4*6=C-I?6=CA&0c,5$
9&=,/.YGº » (
,/.^&(*)'+M)<,?.Y&b4*6=CMI/6CM&0c?Q^(*C-.b4*6=CMI/6CM&0ckI/6=9:)>6C-$*i
1>,5$ V )H,?.=.YS*DE)<98PCM&(*I/S:&^,?$Oce+-I/.=.KI5TJi/)7$*)>6=,?+MC->,5&C-I?$k.CM$L1)&=(*)H6)<`NS*CM6=)>94*6C-I?6=CM&0ceI/6=9*)76=CM$*iZ,5DEI?$*ie,5$,56 V CA&=6=,?6cE1I/+M+-)>1&C-I?$
I?TK&3,?.GO.H1>,5$s,5+-8,oc:. V ),/13(*C-)7n?)<9 V cy,W.CMDE4*+-)d6=)7$
,?DeC-$*iWI5TK&(*)E&3,?.G:.7Q KI?$L.YCX9:)76H&=(
,j&m&=(*)E&=,/.YGyº»P,?66=C-n?)>.f,j&m&=(*)E&C-DE)
C-$
.Y&=,5$N&mË*Q KI/$
.YCX9:)>6&=(*)e)q*,5DE4*+-)e.(*Ij8P${CM$xrC-i
Q Ì #
0Q S*6=CM$*i&(
)Z;L6=.Y&fC-$
.Y&=,?$
1)eI5TF&=(*)e&=,/.YGWº\»Y[&=(*6=)7)eCM$
.Y&=,?$
1)<.fI5TF&=(*)
&3,?.GºGF(L,on?)HI:171S
66=)>9\QK,?13(&=CMDE)mGº FI:1717S*6=.>[Oº\»2(
,?.&=Id8,?CA&.CM$
17)Hº F(L,?.^(*C-i?(*)>6P4*6=CMI/6CM&0cE&(
,?$Wº»YQ
J)&bS
.b$*Ij8 9:)&=)76=DECM$*)p&(*)Z)q*,?1&b$OS*D V )76I5T2&C-DE)>.P&=(
,j&fGº FfI:171S
6=.P8PCM&(
CM$y,k.YC-$*i?+-)pC-$
.Y&=,5$L1)pI?T2º\»YQ^(*C-.CX.i?C-n?)>$ V c
QUOC-$
17)Gº FI
.K)q:)>17S:&C-I?$k&C-De)HCX. &Fj[O&(*)>$&(
)b&=I5&=,?+)q:)>17S:&C-I?$k&C-De)f6=)>`NS*C-6)<99:S*)&IZ&=,/.YGEGº F V )TaI/6)&(
)f9:)<,?9:+-C-$*)I?TJº\»
CX. &4FjQ^(
C-.U)q:4*6=)>.=.YC-I?$d17,?$E)>,?.C-+Mc V )i?)7$
)763,5+-CM>)>9'&I'17I?$
.C-9*)76&=(*))q:)<1S:&=CMI/$E&C-De)<.U,?+M+:&3,?.G:.(
,onOCM$
im(*CMi/(*)76U4*6C-I?6=CM&0c
&=(
,5$lº\»P¼aCBQ )?Qº F87YOº H27
7Yº\» OF¾Q^(
)76=)TaI?6=)?[*&(*)m&=CMDE)mTaI/68P(*CX13(Wº»F8PCM+-+J(
,on/)f&I8^,5CM&b9:S*)m&=I,5+-+]CM&=.(
CMi/(*)764
6C-I?6=CA&0c&=,?.G:.
1>,5$ V )m)7qO4
6)<..)>9,?.>
» F
» &
<K¼ J
Ì?Ì ¾
F
FqO4
6)<..CMI/$ J*Q Ì/Ì i/CMn/)>.&=(*)^&I?&=,5+*&C-De)b6)<`/S
CM6=)>9'&Im)7qO)<1S:&=)Pº\7»
.(*C-i?(*)>64*6=CMI/6CM&0cm&=,/.YG:.TaI/6F8P(*CX13(eº\»\8I?S
+-9Z(
,on?)&=Im8,?CA&<Q
OIL[O&(*)H&3,?.Gº\»28KI/S*+X9kDE)7)7&CA&3.^;
63.0&9:)<,?9:+-C-$*)?[:CM
»OF »
&» &
»
3¼ J
Ì J/¾
F
^(
,5&CX.>[:CAT&(*)m.S*D I?TJ&(
)f)7q:)>1S*&C-I?$&C-De)<.^I5T2,5+-+z(
CMi/(*)76P4*6=C-I?6=CA&0ce&=,/.YG:.I:1717S*66=C-$*i V )TaI/6)fº\7»
.K;
63.0&9:)<,?9:+-CM$
)?[*,5$L9&=(*)
)7qO)<1S:&=CMI/$u&C-DE)I5T^&(
)&=,/.YG{CA&3.Y)>+ATCX.p+-)>.=.H&=(
,5$sCM&=.Z4L)>6C-I:9 L»Y[&=(*)7$sº\»b8KI/S*+-9u17I?DE4*+-)&) V )7TaI?6=)CA&3.m;
63.Y&Z9:)>,/9:+-CM$*)/Q I5&=)
&=(
,j&C-$lq:4*6<Q J*Q Ì JZ8K)H(
,on/)C-DE4*+MCX1CM&+-cW,?.=.YS*DE)<9&=(
,j&P&=(*)H&=,/.YG4z)76=C-IO9
.P)>`NS
,?+&(*)>CM6P6=)>.4L)<1 &=CMn/)H9*)>,?9*+MC-$*)>.>[*CBQ )/Q L» . N»0QF#T
z» N»Y[*&(*)>$&=(*)pq:4*6<Q J:Q Ì J'8KI/S*+X9k$*)>)>9DEI:9:CA;z17,j&=CMI/$
.P,?.TaI/+M+-Ij8.>Q
»OF /»
&o'» &
/»
K¼ J
Ì N¾
F
bI5&)&(
,5&Z)7n/)7$uCMTbq:4*6<Q J*Q Ì C-.'$*I5&E.,5&CX.0;
)<9\[&(*)>6)CX.'.I?DE)4zI/.=.C V C-+-CA&0cy&(
,5&'&(
)d&=,/.YGu.Y)7&'Dd,ocx.Y&C-+-+ V ).=13(*)>9:S
+-, V +M)/Q
^(*CX.DEC-i?(N&(L,54*4z)7$ V )>1>,5S
.)pC-$yq:4*6<Q J:Q Ì d8)p(
,on/)p1I/$
.YCX9:)>6)<9>)76=I4*(
,/.YC-$*ik,?DEI?$*i,?+M+J&(*)'&=,?.G:.7[z8P(*CX13(lC-.&(*)Z8KI/6=.Y&
1>,?.)?QF#%$_,ei?C-n?)>$W4*6I V +-)7DW[
.I?DE)H&=,/.YG:.^Dd,ock(
,on/)H$*I?$:@7)>6Ie4*(
,/.YC-$*iLQK^(*)>6)7TaI?6=)?[:)7n/)7$W8P(*)>$W,e&3,?.G.)&$
,?66=Ij8P+-cET,5C-+-.^&=I
DE)7)7&bq:4*!6 J*Q Ì *[N&(*)>6)HCX..I?DE)m13(
,5$
17)f&(
,5&CA&Dd,ocC-$T,?1 & V )p.=13(*)>9:S
+-, V +M)HS*$L9:)76g y|pQ
IdS*$
9:)>6=.Y&=,?$
98P(Nc&(*CX.PCX..YIL[
17I?$
.C-9*)76U,p&=,?.GE.Y)7&U8P(*)76=)I/$*)4
,?6Y&=C-17S*+-,?6&=,/.YGeº\»\T,?CM+X.KFq:4*6>6Q J:Q Ì
[?Dd,5GOC-$*im&(
)&=,/.YGE.)&KS
$
.13(
)>9:S*+X, V +M)/Q^(*)b&=,/.YGeDEC-.=.Y)<.
CM&=.9*)>,?9*+MC-$*)p8P(*)>$WCA&bCX.PC-$W4*(
,?.)m8PCM&(_,5+-+]CM&=.P(
CMi/(*)764
6C-I?6=CA&0cE&3,?.GQK¶Ij8)7n/)76<[O8P(*)7$W&=(*)H&=,/.YG(
,?.^$*I/$:@7)76=IE4*(
,/.YC-$*id8PCM&(
,5&p+M)<,?.Y&Z.YI/DE)dI5T^CA&3.p(*C-i?(*)>6p4*6=CMI/6CM&0cl&3,?.GO.>[]&=(*)d&3,?.GyDECMi/(N&Z,?1&S
,?+M+-cyDE)7)7&'CM&=.m;L6=.Y&'9:)>,/9:+-CM$*)17I?$N&63,56=cl&=I_,5$Ocy$*)>i/,5&C-n?)
J9(
QJÊLÀhÇJ²<ÁÊz±Uµ rC-6=.Y&f+-)&HS
.&6=cW&(
)e.S 1C-)7$
17cW&)<.0&HTaI?6Hg _|.=13(*)>9*S*+-, V C-+MCM&0c?Q c_q:4*6<Q J:Q Ì Ëy¼ ]C-S{,?$
9 ,ocN+X,5$L9W&)<.0& ¾ [\&=(*)
&3,?.Gk.Y)7&C-.P.=13(*)<9:S*+X, V +-)HCAT »
vË
**Q
» . Ì Ë J5#Ë Ì ( ?Ë#MJ?Ë Ì J5Ë . Ë
Ì
^(*CX.PCX.^i?6=)>,5&)76&=(
,5$lË*Q *
Q^(*)76=)TaI/6)/[O&(*)mi/CMn/)7$&=,?.G.)&^T,?CM+X. ]C-Sl,5$
!9 ,ocN+X,5$L9d&)<.0&<QKOC-$
1)pFq:4*6>Q J*Q Ì ËZCX.P,E4z)>.=.YC-DEC-.Y&CX1
&=)>.Y&>[*8)H$*)7)<9k&=Ie&)>.Y&PTaS*6&(*)>6>Q
J)&S
.^$*Ij8«&6=c J)7(*I:1>GOc
.K&)<.0&<QF|+-+\&(*)H&3,?.G:.^º F87YOº H27º N ,?6)m,?+M6=)>,/9:cdI?639:)76=)>9kCM$l9:)<16=)>,/.YC-$*ieI?639:)76^I5T&(
)7C-6P4*6C-I?6=CM&C-)>.>Q
)>.Y&C-$*ieTaI?6^&3,?.GGº FoUOC-$
1) &F
. Ì ËZDE.)>1HCX.^+-)>.=.&(
,?$ 2F . J?ËeDE.)>1?Q^(*)76=)TaI/6)HGº Fb8KI/S*+-9DE)7)7&CA&3.^;
63.0&9:)<,?9:+-CM$
)?Q
)>.Y&C-$*ieTaI?6^&3,?.GOº H5 Ì !Ë Ì Ë
?ËZI?6<'[ J5!Ë ?Ë . (5Ë
/Ë
^(*CX.PCX.P.,5&CX.0;L)>9\QF^(*)>6)7TaI?6=)?H[OF
º H
H 8KI/S*+-9DE)7F)7H
&P
CA&3.^;
63.0&b9:)<,?9:+-C-$*)?Q
)>.Y&C-$*ieTaI?6,?.GOº N5 J?#Ë Ì Ë Ì ( . J5!Ë ?Ë ?Ë . Ì/Ì 9Ë 1 &65
^(*CX.PCX.^+M)<..&=(
,5$WOº NX
.P9:)<,?9:+-CM$
H
)mI5T Ì J5Ë
Q2^(
)7
6=) TaI? 6=)fIº Nf8I?S*+X9DE)7)&CM&=.;L6=.Y&b9:)>,/9:+-CM$*)/Q
6
OC-$
17),?+M+N&(
)K&=(*6=)7)K&=,?.G:.JDE)>)&2&(*)>CM626=)>.4L)<1 &=CMn/)F;
63.0&9:)<,?9:+-CM$
)>.>[j&(*)K&=,/.YGp.)&2CX.g _|w.13(*)<9:S*+X, V +-)^,?1717I?639:C-$*iP&I ])>(*I:1>GN'c
.
6=)>.S*+M&=.>Q
]
2À. ´ OB zµ g _| CX.SL.Y)<9l&IW.=13(*)>9:S
+M)e,.)&HI5TU4z)76=C-IO9*C-1Z(
,5639l6=)>,?+A@B&C-DE)p&=,/.YG:.fC-${,.Yc:.Y&)7DWQm#0.CA&m4zI/.=.YC V +-)'C-$y&=(*CX.
.c:.0&=)7D¨&(
,5&e,l(*C-i?(
)76'4
6C-I?6=CA&0cy&=,/.YGxDEC-.=.Y)<.pCM&=.Z9:)>,/9:+MC-$*)/[8P(
)76=)>,?.',l+MIj8)76'4*6C-I?6=CM&0c_&=,/.YGxDE)7)7&=.ZCA&3.'9:)<,?9:+-CM$
)>. #Tc?I/S*6
,?$
.Y8)76PCX.^$*)>i/,j&=CMn/)?[:4*6=Ijn?)Hc/I?S*6,/..)76&C-I?$]Q2#Tc?I/S*6P,5$
.8)76PCX., d6=DE,5&C-n?)/[:i?C-n?)m,5$W)q*,?De4
+M)HC-$Nn/I?+-nOCM$*ie&08IEI?6^&(
6)>)H&=,?.G:.
.=13(*)>9*S*+M)<9_S
.C-$*ig y| 8P(
)76=)p&(
)e+-Ij8)76b4
6C-I?6=CA&0c&3,?.GDE)>)&=.H,?+M+2CM&=.H9:)>,/9:+-CM$*)<.b8P(
)76=)>,?.b&(
)Z(*C-i?(
)76H4*6=CMI/6CM&0ck&3,?.GlDEC-.=.Y)<.
CM&=.9*)>,?9*+MC-$*)?Q
QJÊLÀhÇJ²<ÁÊz±Uµ )<.7Qp#&HCX.4zI/.=.C V +-)Z&(
,5&HS
$
9:)76mg y| ,(*C-i?(*)>6f4
6C-I?6=CA&0c&=,/.YGlDECX..)>.fCM&=.H9:)<,?9:+-CM$
)Z8P(*)>6)E,?.f,+MIj8)764*6C-I?6=CM&0c
&3,?.GyDE)7)7&=.pCM&=.Z9:)>,/9:+-CM$*)/QW}{)k.(*Ij8 &(*CX. V cx1I/$
.0&=6SL1 &C-$*i_,?$s)q*,5DE4*+-)?Q KI?$
.CX9:)76m&=(*)dTaI/+M+-Ij8PCM$
iW&=,?.Gu.Y)7&>'Gº F . ¼ &F .
Ì (81 &6587 IF . J?2Ë 1 & 5>¾ 7:Oº H . ¼ &H . 21 &6587 CH . (21 &657¾ 7
º N . ¼ & N . 91 &6587 N . Ì Ë?2Ë 1 &657¾ Q^r*I/6P&(*)'i?C-n?)7$W&3,?.G.)&<[
CM&pC-.H)<,?.cW&IlI V .Y)>6n/)p&=(
,j& ¼º F7¾ ¼aOº H>¾ ¼aº N ¾ Qd^(
,j&mCX.7[Gº F67YOº H87º N ,?6)EI/6=9:)>6)<9_C-$x9*)>16=)>,/.YC-$*iI?639:)76HI?TU&(
)7C-6
4*6=C-I?6=CA&=CM)<.7Q
r
I?6E&(
C-.E&3,?.G.)&>[º N DE)7)&3.ECA&3.9:)<,?9:+-CM$
)_,?1717I?639:C-$*iy&=.I ])7(
IO177GO'c
.e&=)>.Y&k.YC-$
17) H & N ¼ N &H<¾ ¼ N &4F7¾ .
; ! ; (! Ì ( .
Ì Ë?Ë*Q S:&<[Lº H 9:IO)>.$*I5&bDE)>)&HCA&3.9:)<,?9:+-C-$*)'.CM$
17)?-[ & H & F. = J! Ì ( .
[
8P(*CX13(_CX.
i/6)<,j&)>6&(
,?$&=(*)p9:)<,?9:+-CM$
)fI?TOº HjQ
2
|.F,H1I?$L.Y)<`/S
)7$
17)I?T&(*)P6=)>.S*+M&=.I?TFq:,?DE4*+M) Ì/Ì [ V c'I V .)76=nNC-$*i&(
,5&F&(
)P+MIj8)>.Y&4*6C-I?6=CM&0cm&=,/.YGpI?T,Hi/CMn/)7$Z&=,/.YGe.Y)7&FDe)>)&3.
MC &=.^;L6=.Y&b9:)>,/9:+-CM$*)/[
8)p17,?$$
I5&b1I/$
1+-S
9:)H&=(
,j&P&=(*)p)>$/&=CM6=)H&=,/.YG.Y)7&bC-.bg _| .=13(*)>9*S*+-, V +-)?QR$&(
)'1I/$/&=6=,?6c/[OCA&bCX.P$*)<1)<..=,56=c
&=I_13(*)>13G_)<,?13({&=,/.YG{CM$
9*CMnOCX9:S
,5+-+-c{,?.m&IW8P(*)&=(*)76'CA&'DE)>)&=.pCA&3.H;
63.0&'9:)<,?9:+-C-$*)dS*$
9:)>6p7)>6IW4*(L,?.CM$*iLQ#T^I?$*)E;
$L9*.H&(L,j&p&=(*)
+-Ij8K)<.0&P4*6=C-I?6=CA&0cd&3,?.GDE)7)7&=.PCM&=.9:)>,/9:+MC-$*)/[
,5$
9W17I?$
17+MS
9*)>.Ta6=I?D &=(*CX.^&(
,5&&(
)m)7$N&C-6)H&3,?.Gk.)&8I?S*+X9 V )mTa)<,?.C V +Mck.=13(*)<9:S*+-)>9
S*$L9:)76g y| C-.^+-C-G?)7+-cd&=I V ) LL,o8)>9]Q
#$ 0 /:-/8: *78 *:"9$ $ *C*+)3#0 $
*
3 .&7 *+<.
& & & &
JCMSy,?$
91,ocN+X,5$L9
.b6)<.YS
+A&3.'¼Fq:4*6>Q=J:Q Ì Ë/¾ V I/S*$
9:)<9l&(
) S:&C-+-CM<,j&C-I?$ V )>+MIj8 8P(*CX13(y,E&3,?.Gl.Y)7&8I?S*+X9 V )E.=13(*)>9:S
+-, V +M)/Q
#&C-.1+-)>,?6FTa6=I?Dq:4*6<Q6J*Q Ì Ëp,5$
9krC-i
Q Ì Ëm&(
,5&K&=(*)%JCMSk,?$
9
,ocN+X,5$L9e.=13(*)<9:S*+X, V C-+MCM&0cd16=CA&=)76=CMI/$EC-.1I/$
.Y)>6nj,5&C-n?),5$L9d6)<.0&=6CX1 &3.
&=(*)ZDd,5qOC-D'S
D ,/13(*CM)>nj, V +-)'S:&=CM+-C->,j&=CMI/$y9:S*)'&I,5$Oc&=,?.GW.Y)7&8P(*CX13(y17,?$ V )'Ta)<,?.C V +-cW.13(*)<9:S*+-)>9lS
$
9:)76Hg _ | &IË*Q 8P(
)7$
J
8P(*)>$*)7n/)76 ½LQ{#T&=(*CX.Z6=)7+X,j&=CMI/$
.(*CM4sCX.e$*I5&E.,5&CX.0;L)>9\[2&=(*)7$v,y.CM» DE F4*+-)6=)7$L,5DECM$
i_I5TP&=(*)k&3,?.G:.Z1>,5$,/13(*CM)>n?)d&=(*CX.7Q Ij8
,/171I/6=9*CM$*iZ&IdFqO4
6>Q J:Q Ì #L[*,Z&=,?.Gº\»2DE)7)7&=.^CM&=.9:)<,?9:+-C-$*)?[*CM+T &<'»
F ! &
z»
<K¼ J
Ì #O¾
¶bIj8K)>n?)76<[*.CM$
17)H&(*)p&=,?.Gk.)&bCX.P(
,?6DEI/$*C-1>,5+-+M»ck 6F )>+-,5&)>9]2[ L»F1>,5$ V )p8P6CM&Y&=)7$l,?. 1!
TaI/6.YI/DE)mDQ b.C-$*iE&(*CX.>[ . Q
4
C-$*i V I5&=(.C-9*)>.KI5T]&=(*C-.)7qO4
6)<..CMI/$ V c 8K)i?)7&K&=(*)6=)>`NS*C-6=)>9E6=)>.S*+A&<[N&(*)&=,/.YGd.)&K8I?S
+-9 V )H.13(*)<9:S*+X, V +-)bCM
F
Ì [
I/6 » F »
Ì Q
)
`NS*)>S*)>.¼.)7)rC-i
Q Ì (/¾ Qy|bDeI/$*i_&=(*)&=,?.G:.pC-$,y.C-$*i?+-)+-)7n?)>+h[2&=(*)>.)17I?DEDE)7631CX,5+K6)<,5+M@h&=CMDE)I/4L)>6=,5&C-$*iy.cO.Y&)>Dd.'i/)7$*)>6=,?+M+-c
4*6=IjnOC-9*),5$I?4*&C-I?$kI?T)>CA&=(*)76&C-DE)m.Y+-C-17CM$
ie,?$
9k6=I?S
$
96=I V C-$.=13(*)<9:S*+-CM$*ieI?6Pr#0rR .13(*)<9:S*+-CM$
i
Q2}{)m,?+-.Ie9*C-.=1S
.=.CM$&(
)f$
)qO&
13(
,?4:&)>68P(Ock&=(*CX.b13(*I/C-17)mI5TF.13(
)>9:S*+-C-$*i,5DEI?$
id)>`NS
,5+4*6=CMI/6CM&0cd&=,/.YG:.P(L,?.b,?$lCMDE4zI?6&=,?$/& V )>,?6C-$*idI/$W&(*)p6=)>.I?S
6=17)H.(
,?6C-$*i
4*6=I5&=I:1I?+X.>Q
¿ È ¬KÆo
±®<Á´O±² Y ÂL´NÆjÀÊz*Å
l*±ÅÀÁh± Sµ g _| 4zI/.=.)>.=.Y)<.Pi?IOI:9&63,5$
.C-)7$N&Ijn/)76=+MIN,?9(
,5$
9*+MC-$*i1>,54
, V C-+MCM&0c?Q fIOI:9W&=6=,?$:@
.CM)>$N&'Ijn?)>6+-I/,/9y(
,?$
9:+-CM$
i_17,54L, V C-+MCM&0cx)>.=.Y)>$/&=C-,?+M+-cyDE)<,5$
.p&(
,5&'8P(*)7$t,_+MIj8)76p4
6C-I?6=CA&0c_&=,?.Gu9:IO)>.p$
I5&Z17I?DE4*+-)&)k8PCA&=(*CM$CA&3.
4*+X,5$
$*)>9v1I/De4
+M)7&C-I?$t&=CMDE)/[1>,5$$
I5&EDE,?G?)W,5$Ocs(*C-i?(*)>6E4*6C-I?6=CM&0c{&3,?.Gu&IuDEC-.=.eCA&3.d9:)>,/9:+-CM$*)/Q J)&dS
.e$*Ij8 )7q:,?DECM$*)W(*Ij8
&=6=,?$
.YC-)7$N&Ijn/)76=+MIN,?98KI/S*+-9W,5z)<1 &,.)&I5T2&=,/.YG:..=13(*)>9*S*+M)<9S*$
9:)>6g _|'QL}~C-+-+,9:)>+-,ocCM$_17I?DE4*+-)&=CMI/$ V cW,E+-Ij8K)>6P4*6C-I?6=CM&0c
J
6
r CMi/S*6=) Ì (: lS*+M&CM@])7n/)7+]r
)7)>9 V ,?13G S
)7S*)
&3,?.Gx,5z)<1 &e,_(*CMi/(*)76Z4*6=CMI/6CM&0c_&3,?.G ^(*),?$
.Y8)76'C-.> I*Q_| +-Ij8)76p4*6=C-I?6=CA&0cy&=,?.Gx)7n?)>$s8P(*)7$sCM&Z)7q*1)7)<9*.pCM&=.Z4*+X,5$*$
)>9
)7qO)<1S:&=CMI/$u&C-DE)1>,5$*$*I?&'Dd,5G/)k,l(*C-i?(*)>6'4*6=C-I?6=CA&0cy&=,?.Gu8,?CA&e,?1717I?639:C-$*iW&Il&=(*) V ,?.C-14*6C-$
17CM4*+-)>.'I5Tbg y| V 8P(*)7$*)>n?)>6',
(*C-i?(
)76m4*6=CMI/6CM&0cW&=,/.YG{C-.H6=)>,/9:c?[JCA&p4*6=)7)>DE4:&=.p,?$Oc_)q:)>17S:&C-$*iW+-Ij8K)>6f4
6C-I?6=CA&0c_&=,?.GQd^(NSL.7[g _|CX.p.0&3, V +-)ES*$
9:)>6m&63,5$L.YC-)7$N&
Ijn/)76=+MIN,?9,5$
9l,d+-Ij8)764*6=C-I?6=CA&0c&=,/.YGIjn?)>6=.(*IOI5&=CM$*iECM&=.1I?DE4*+-)&=CMI/$l&C-DE)Z1>,5$l$*I?&bDd,5G?)Z,d(*C-i?(*)>6b4*6=CMI/6CM&0c&3,?.Gk&=IkDECX..bCA&3.
9:)<,?9:+-C-$*)?Q
^(*)9:CX.,/9:nj,5$N&=,?i?)>.'I5Tg _| CM$
17+MSL9:)k&=(*)TaI?+-+MIj8PC-$*i
d#&dCX.'n/)76=cs9:C 17S*+A&E&=Ix.S*4*4zI?6&e,?4L)>6C-I:9:C-1,5$
9.Y4zI?63,?9*C-1&=,?.G:.
S*$L9:)76g y|pQLr
S*6&(*)>6>[*g y|ÄC-.P$
I5&PI?4:&=CMDd,?+]8P(*)7$&3,?.G4L)>6C-I:9*.P,5$L99:)<,?9:+-C-$*)>.9*CA)76<Q
<-./87$ "9$ " *C"%$&7 8:; "935 * &4 *&
g y| $*I+MI/$*i?)>66)>Dd,5C-$
.b,?$lI?4:&=CMDd,5+2.=13(*)>9:S
+MC-$*ik,?+Mi/I?6=CA&=(*D·TaI/6&=(*)'4z)76=CMI:9:CX1m6=)>,?+A@B&C-DE)m&=,/.YG:.>[L8P(*)>$l&=,/.YGW9:)<,?9:+-CM$
)>.b,?$
9
4z)76=CMI:9*.f9:CMz)>6e¼ChQ )?Q=/» . L»¾^TaI?6f.YI/DE)p&=,/.YG:.bCM$l&=(*)p&3,?.Gl.Y)7&&I V )E.13(
)>9:S*+-)>9]Qbr*I/6f.S
13(W&=,/.YGW.)&=.>[Ob)<,?9:+-C-$*) lI/$*I5&=I?$*CX1
|b+Mi/I?6=CA&=(*D K¼ y|¾H&=S*6=$
.pI/S:&p&I V )kDEI/6)d4*6=I5;z1C-)7$N&m&(
,?$tg _|'QT_|CX.p)<..)7$N&CX,5+-+-c{,lnj,56=CX,5$N&mI5Tg _|,5$
9s,/..CMi/$
.
4*6=C-I?6=CA&=CM)<.^&IE&3,?.GO. V ,?.)>9WI/$&=(*)7C-69*)>,?9*+MC-$*)>.>[
63,j&=(*)76^&=(
,5$_,/..C-i?$*C-$*id4*6=CMI/6CM&C-)>. V ,?.)>9WI?$&3,?.Gk4z)76=CMI:9*.,?.9:I/$*)mC-$_g _|pQ
_| ,?.=.YC-i?$
.(*C-i?(*)>64
6C-I?6=CA&=CM)<.P&=I&=,/.YG:.8PCA&=({.(*I?6&)>6f9*)>,?9*+MC-$*)>.>Qf}~(*)7$y&(*)e6)>+-,5&C-n?)e9:)>,/9:+MC-$*)ZI5TU)>n?)76=c&=,?.GWC-.f4*6=I?4zI?6@
&=CMI/$
,5+z&IECM&=.4z)76=CMI:9\[*g y| ,?$
9 _| 4*6=I:9:S
17)CX9:)7$N&=C-1>,5+].I?+-S:&C-I?$
.>Q2}~(*)7$&(
)f6=)7+X,j&=CMn/)9:)<,?9:+-C-$*)>.^,56=)H,56 V CA&=6=,?6c/[ _| CX.
DEI?6=)m4*6=I5;L17CM)>$N&P&(
,?$_g _| C-$W&(*)Z.Y)>$
.Y)H&=(
,j&CA&1>,5$l.I?DE)&=CMDE)>.4*6I:9:SL1)',eTa)<,?.C V +-)p.=13(*)>9:S
+M)m8P(*)>$_g _|ÄT,?CM+X.>QPR$W&=(*)
I?&(*)>6P(
,5$
9][*g _| ,5+-8^,ocO.KT,?CM+X.^8P(*)7$ _| T,5C-+X.7Q2}x)m$*Ij8«C-+M+-S
.Y&63,j&=)fI/S*69:CX.17S
.=.YC-I?$
.S
.C-$*id,5$)q*,5DE4*+-)f&=,?.Gk.)&^&(L,j&CX.
_| .=13(*)>9:S
+-, V +M) V S*&b$*I5&g y| .13(*)<9:S*+X, V +-)?Q
]
2À´ B \µ #0.f&=(*)eTaI?+-+MIj8PC-$*i&=,/.YGy.)&p.=13(*)>9*S*+-, V +-) V c _% | k|+X.YIW13(*)<13Gl8P(*)&=(*)76mCM&pC-.m.=13(*)<9:S*+X, V +-)ZSL.YC-$*iWg _|pQ
Gº F . ¼ &4F . Ì ËEDd.)>1?,[ OF . (?ËEDE.)>1?O[ F . (EDd.)>1>¾[Iº H . ¼ &H . Ì (EDd.Y)<15,[ EH . Ì Ë?ËdDd.)>1?C[ H . J?ËEDd.Y)<1>¾ [º N . ¼ & N . J5ËEDd.)>1?[
N . J5Ë/Ë'Dd.)>1?[ N . J5Ë/ËpDd.Y)<1>¾
QJÊLÀhÇJ²<ÁÊz±Uµ rC-6=.Y&>[/+M)7&US
.F13(
)>13G'g y| .13(
)>9:S*+X, V CM+-CA&0cZI5Tz&(*)Pi/CMn/)7$d.)&FI5Tz&=,/.YG:.>[ V cZ13(
)>13GOCM$
i&=(*) ])>(*I:1>GN'c
.F16=CM&)76=C-I?$]Q^(*)
&3,?.GO.P,?6)m,?+M6=)>,/9:cI?639:)>6)<9C-$_9:)>.=1)>$
9:C-$*iEI?639:)76PI?T&=(*)7C-64*6=CMI/6CM&C-)>.>Q K(*)<13GNC-$*ieTaI?6PGº Ff Ì 2Ë 1 &65 (21 &65jQ^(*)>6)7TaI?6=)?[:Gº F
8I?S*+X9De)>)&CM&=.^;L6=.Y&9:)>,/9:+MC-$*)/Q
K(*)<13GOCM$*ieTaI/6PIº HH Ì Ë Ì (
J?Ë*Q^(*)76=)TaI/6)/[OIº HH8PC-+-+]DEC-.=.^CA&3.^;
63.0&9:)<,?9:+-C-$*)?Q
¶b)7$
17)?[:&=(*)mi?C-n?)>$k&3,?.Gk.Y)7&17,5$$*I?& V )HTa)<,?.C V +-ck.=13(*)>9*S*+M)<9S*$
9:)>6g _|pQ
J2*
^(*)>6)7TaI?6=)?[N&(
)mi?C-n?)7$&=,/.YG.Y)7&^CX..=13(*)>9*S*+-, V +-)fS
$
9:)76 _| V S:&$*I5&S
$
9:)76g _|pQ
#"%$9*+* * &7$&;.9)3 ).
$ '& '&
OIT,56<[*8P(*C-+M)'9*)&)>6DEC-$*C-$*ik.=13(*)>9:S
+-, V CM+-CM&0ckI5TF,e&3,?.G.)&>[z8)m(
,?9WC-i?$*I/6)<9&=(*)'Ijn/)76=(*)>,/9*.CM$L1S*6=6)<9I?$_,?1>1I/S*$N&I5T1I?$N&=)qO&
.8PCA&313(*C-$*i
Q5])7&S
.P$*Ij8CM$On/)>.Y&C-i/,j&=)b&=(*)m))>1&I5T1I/$/&=)qO&.Y8PCM&=13(
CM$*iEIjn/)76=(*)>,/9dI?$l.=13(*)>9:S
+-, V CM+-CM&0cI5T&=,?.G:.^S*$
9:)>6g _|'Q
#&bCX.)>,?.c&I6=)>,?+MC-7)m&=(
,j&S*$
9:)>6fg y|p[z8P(*)7$*)>n?)>6,E&3,?.G,?66=CMn/)>.>[*CM&4*6=)7)>De4*&=.b,5&DEI/.Y&bI/$*)p&3,?.KG V&(*)'&=,?.G&(
,5&CX.
17S*66=)7$N&=+Mc6S*$
$*CM$
i
Qr*6=I?D&(
C-.I V .)76=nj,j&=CMI/$][*CM&f17,?$ V )e1I/$
1+-S
9:)<9&(
,5&bCM$_&(*)Z8KI/6=.Y&Y@%17,/.Y)/[:)>,?13(W&3,?.GC-$
17S*6=.b,j&DEIN.0&&08I
17I?$N&)7qN&f.Y8PCM&=13(*)<.bS
$
9:)76fg _|'Q]R$
)p8P(*)7$yCA&f4*6)>)7DE4:&3.&=(*)Z17S*66=)7$N&=+Mc6S
$*$*C-$*i&3,?.GzQ|b$
9l&=(*)'I?&(*)>6b8P(*)>$_CM&f1I/DE4*+M)7&)<.
4zI/.=.YC V +-cd&(
)H&=,?.Gd&=(
,j&8^,?.4*6=)7)>De4*&)>9I/6.YI/De)HI?&(*)>6^&=,?.GdCX.9:CX.Y4
,5&=13(*)<9&=IE6S*$JQKRbT217I?S*63.Y)/[:,'&3,?.GDd,ocC-$
1S*620SL.0&I/$*)
17I?$N&)7qN&m.8PCA&313(*CM$
iIjn/)76=(*)>,/9\[CATCA&p9:IO)<.H$*I5&m4*6=)7)>De4*&H,?$Nc_&=,?.GQZr
I?6H)q*,5DE4*+-)?[\CM&',56=6=CMn/)>.8P(
)7${&(*)d4*6=I:1)<..I?6C-.HCX9:+-)eI/6
8P(*)>$k,p(
CMi/(*)76K4*6C-I?6=CM&0cp&=,/.YGE8^,?.U6S*$
$*CM$
i
Q2¶Ij8)7n?)>6>[/8K)$*)7)<9E&IZ1I?$L.YCX9:)76U&08KIZ1I?$N&=)qO&.8PCA&313(*)>.FTaI?6)7n/)76=cp&=,/.YG[NCAT8K)P&=6c
&=IE9*)&)>6DEC-$*)H&(
)m8KI/6=.Y&Y@%17,/.Y)f1I?$N&=)qO&.Y8PCM&=13(*C-$*idIjn/)76=(*)>,/9\Q
r
I?6p.CMDE4*+-C-17CA&0c{8K)d1>,5$s,?.=.YS
De)e&=(
,j&Z17I?$N&)7qO&m.8PCM&=13(*C-$*iW&C-DE)dC-.'1I?$L.0&3,5$N&>[J,?$
9x)>`NS
,?+-.m1EDEC-+M+-CO)<1I/$
9*.H8P(*)>6)1ECX.m,
17I?$
.Y&=,?$/&<Qr
6I/D &(*CX.7[NCM&KTaI/+M+-Ij8.&=(
,j&K&(*)$*)&))>1 &^I5T]17I?$N&)7qN&^.Y8PCM&=13(
)>.FCX.U&I'C-$
176)<,?.)^&(*)f)q:)>17S:&C-I?$E&=CMDE) &o»]I5T])<,?13(E&3,?.G
º\»U&I,5&fDEIN.0& &<O» J"! 5jQH#&fCX.b&(*)>6)7TaI?6=)Z1+-)>,?6&=(
,j&HCM${I?639:)76b&I&=,?G?)Z17I?$N&)7qO&f.8PCA&313(*CM$
i&C-DE)ZC-$N&IW1I/$
.YCX9:)>6=,5&C-I?$][zCM${,5+-+
.=13(*)>9*S*+-, V C-+MCM&0ck1I/DE4*S:&=,5&C-I?$
.>[:8)f$
)7)>9&=Ie6=)74
+-,/1) &o» V c &<C» MJ95TaI/6P)>,?13(º\»0Q
]
2À! ´ ]µ K(*)>13GZ8P(*)&=(*)76U&(*)PTaI/+M+-Ij8PC-$*ip.Y)7&UI5T\4z)76=CMI:9:CX1P6=)>,?+A@B&C-DE)^&=,?.G:.CX.U.=13(*)>9:S
+-, V +M)PS
$
9:)76g _|~I/$,HS*$*C-4*6=IO17)>.Y@
.I?6<2º F . ¼ & F . J?Ë'Dd.)>1?[ F . Ì Ë/Ë'Dd.)>1<¾ [*º H . ¼ & H . ?ËeDd.Y)<15[ H6. Ì (5ËZDd.Y)<1>¾[*Oº N . ¼ &N . ËeDE.)>1?[ CN . J5Ë/Ë'Dd.)>1<¾ QU|..S*DE)H&(
,5&
17I?$N&)7qN&2.Y8PCM&=13(
CM$*iIjn?)>6(*)<,?9H9:IO)>.$*I?&)7q:17)7)<9 Ì DEC-+M+-CN.)>1>.,?$
9mCX.&I V )K&=,5G/)7$pC-$N&If,?1717I?S*$N&JC-$Z.=13(*)<9:S*+X, V C-+MCM&0cm1I/De4
S:&=,5&C-I?$
.>Q
QJÊLÀhÇJ²<ÁÊz±Uµ
^(*)$*)&e))>1&ZI5Tb17I?$N&)7qO&e.8PCA&313(*)>.'C-.'&I_C-$
176)<,?.)d&(*))q:)>17S:&C-I?$t&C-De)I5T)<,?13(u&=,/.YG V cx&08KIy17I?$N&)7qO&Z.Y8PCM&=13(
CM$*iy&C-DE)>.>Q
^(*)>6)7TaI?6=)?[N&(
)mS:&C-+MC->,5&C-I?$l9:S*)H&=Ie&(*)H&3,?.Gk.Y)7&C-.>
N J J (J J . Ë
*
» TF » .
Ì Ë?Ë Ì (?Ë J5Ë/Ë
7 OC-$
17) N» F » vË
**[N&(
)H&=,?.Gk.)&CX.^$*I5&bg _| .13(
)>9:S*+X, V +M)m,?1>1I/6=9:C-$*iZ&Ie&(
) ]C-SW,?$
9 J,ocO+-,?$
9k&)>.Y&>Q
J)&S
.&=6c ])7(
IO177GO'c
.K&=)>.Y&>
^(*)H&3,?.G:.,?6)m,?+M6=)>,/9:cdI?639:)76=)>9kCM$l9:)<.17)7$
9*CM$*iEI/6=9:)>6PI5T&(*)>CM64
6C-I?6=CA&=CM)<.7Q
K(*)<13GOCM$*ieTaI/6^&=,?.Gº F ( J(J Ì Ë/Ë*Q2^(*CX.PC-.P.=,j&=C-.Y;
)<9\[O&(*)>6)7TaI?6=)Hº F DE)7)7&=.PCM&=.P;
6=.Y&9:)>,/9:+-CM$*)/Q
K(*)<13GOCM$*ieTaI/6^&=,?.Gº H ( J(J ! J (J Ì (?Ë*Q2^(*C-.C-.P.=,j&=C-.Y;
)>9][:&(*)>6)7TaI?6=)º H DE)7)7&=.PCM&=.;L6=.Y&b9:)>,/9:+-CM$*)/Q
J
<8
$ $2(& (G<$/ 7"9$
| &3,?.GsDeC-i?(N&17,?S
.)CM&=.d.)7+MTm.YS
.4z)7$
.CMI/$][U8P(
)7$vCA&4z)76TaI?6=Dd.ECA&3.ECM$*4
S:& jI?S:&=4*S:&I?4z)763,j&=CMI/$
.eI?6E8P(*)>$vCM&d8,?CA&3.eTaI?6.I?DE)
)>n?)7$N&3. 51I?$L9:CA&=CMI/$
.U&IeIO1>1S*6<Q2}~(*)7$W,'&=,?.Gd.Y)>+AT2.YSL.Y4z)7$
9
.KCM&=.)7+MT0[O&(
)fI/4L)>6=,5&C-$*iE.Yc:.Y&)7D6=)7DEIjn/)>.FCM&^Ta6I/D&(*)H6=)>,/9:cd`/S
)7S*)/[
4*+X,?17)>.CA&HC-$l&(*) V +-I:13G?)>9y`/S
)7S*)/[,?$
9W&3,5G?)<.S*4y&(*)e$*)7qN&H)7+-C-i?C V +M)'&=,/.YGTaI?6f.13(
)>9:S*+-C-$*i
QH^(OS
.7[\.)7+MTK.S
.Y4z)7$L.YC-I?$_C-$N&6=I:9:S
1)<.
,?$,?9*9:CM&C-I?$L,5+.13(*)<9:S*+-CM$
ip4LI/CM$N&<[/8P(*CX13(8)b9:CX9d$*I?&1I/$
.C-9:)>6UC-$O)<15Q J:Q *Q Ì Q}{)b&(*)>6)7TaI?6=)$*)7)<9E&Ie,5S*i/DE)7$N&UI?S
6K9:)7;
$*CM&C-I?$
I?T2,E.=13(*)>9:S
+MC-$*iE4LI/CM$N&i/CMn/)7$kC-$_O)>1?Q J:Q *Q Ì ,/1717I?639:CM$
i?+-c?Q
1 57 + %' 7 14
%'&(> 8'3 $
1
%& > 8 <") . %(,5O %6.,0 ): 15' > 5 3
)5:
) K 74) > 3) % > + + 5&5 $ 057< ?
J)&dS
.d$*Ij89:)&=)76=DeC-$*)W&=(*)l))>1&I5Tf.)7+MT@%.YS
.4z)7$
.CMI/$I/$&=(*)_.=13(*)>9:S
+-, V CM+-CM&0ctI5TH,y&3,?.G.)&>Q J)&dS
.17I?$
.CX9:)76d,u.Y)7&
?I TK4z)76=CMI:9:CX1E6)<,5+M@h&=CMDE)Z&=,/.YG:. >º F 7º H 7
7º N[]8P(*CX13({(L,on?) V )>)7$s,56=63,5$*i/)>9lC-$x&(*)EC-$
16=)>,/.YC-$*iI?639:)76mI?TU&(
)7C-6m4*6C-I?6=CM&C-)>.d¼aI/6
9:)<16=)>,/.YC-$*iEI?639:)76bI5T2&(*)>CM64L)>6C-I:9*.3¾ Q*])7&&(*)'8KI/6=.Y&b17,/.Y)p.)7+MTF.YS
.4z)7$
.CMI/$&C-De)ZI5TF,e&=,/.YGº » CX. » Q J)&&=(*)'9:)>+-,ock&(
,5&b&=(*)
&3,?.Gº\»FDEC-i?(N&bC-$
1S
69:S*)'&ICM&=.Ij8P$_.)7+MTU.YS
.4z)7$
.CMI/$_,5$
9&=(*)Z.)7+MTU.S
.Y4z)7$L.YC-I?$lI?T,?+M+(*C-i?(*)>6b4*6=CMI/6CM&0c&3,?.G:. V ) 0»YQb^(*)7$J[
0»1>,5$ V )m)7q:4*6)<..)>9,?.>
» OF
0» . C»
1 F¼ &
7
¾
73¼ J
Ì (/¾
T F
O)>+AT.YS
.4z)7$
.CMI/$I5TJ,Z(*C-i?(*)>6U4*6=C-I?6=CA&0cZ&=,/.YGEº Dd,ocd,j)>1 &&(
)b6=)>.4LI/$
.Y)b&C-DE)I?TJ,p+-Ij8K)>6U4*6=CMI/6CM&0cZ&=,?.GEº\» V cd,?.KD'S
13(,?.KCA&3.
)7qO)<1S:&=CMI/$W&C-DE) &
CAT &
Qb^(*CX.8I?63.0&b
1>,?.)'9:)>+-,ocDeC-i?(N&bI:1>1S*68P(*)7$l&=(*)p(*C-i?(
)76b4
6C-I?6=CA&0ck&=,/.YGW,jT&=)76.)7+MTF.YSL.Y4z)7$
.C-I?$
.Y&=,?6Y&3.KCM&=.)7qO)<1S:&=CMI/$)7q*,?1 &=+Mc,5&K&=(*)f&C-DE)fC-$
.Y&=,?$/&&(
)f+-Ij8)764*6C-I?6=CM&0cE&=,?.Gd8I?S*+X9(
,on/)bI?&(*)>68PCX.Y)f)q:)<1S:&=)>9\Q^(
,5&^CX.>[O,5T&)>6
.)7+MTU.YSL.Y4z)7$
.C-I?$][L&(*)Z)q:)>17S:&C-I?$lI?T2&(*)Z(*CMi/(*)764*6=CMI/6CM&0ck&3,?.GIjn/)76=+-,?4
.^8PCM&(l&=(*)'+-Ij8K)>64*6=CMI/6CM&0c&3,?.G[L8PCM&(_8P(
C-13(lCM&f8I?S
+-9
I?&(*)>68PCX.Y)Z$*I5&m(
,on/)'Ijn/)76=+-,?4*4L)<9\Qm¶Ij8)7n/)76<[zCMT &
[&=(*)7${&(*)d.)7+MTK.S
.Y4z)7$L.YC-I?${I5T,(*C-i?(*)>64
6C-I?6=CA&0c&3,?.G_17,5$x9:)7+X,ocl,
+-Ij8K)>64*6=CMI/6CM&0c&3,?.G V cW,j&fDEI/.Y& [.YC-$
17)m&(*)eDd,jq:C-D'S*D Ijn?)>6+X,54W4z)76=CMI:9WI5T&=(*)')7q:)>1S*&C-I?$lI5TU,(*CMi/(*)764*6=CMI/6CM&0ck&3,?.G9*S*)
&=IE.)7+MT.YS
.4z)7$
.CMI/$CX.P6=)>.Y&6=C-1&)<9&=I
Q
bI5&)e&=(
,j&mC-$x,W.cO.Y&)>D 8P(*)76=)d.YI/DE)ZI?TU&(
)E&=,?.G:.H,56=)Z$*I/$*4*6=)7)>De4*&=, V +M)/[\&(*)E)7z)<1 &mI5T^.Y)>+ATP.YSL.Y4z)7$
.C-I?$yCX.HD'SL13({DEI?6=)
.)7n/)76=)H&(
,?$W&(
,5&f1I/DE4*S:&)<9 V cFqO4
6>Q J:Q Ì (*Q^(
)p6)<,?.I?$TaI?6&(*CX.bCX.P&=(
,j&)7n?)>6ck&C-DE)Z,d4*6=I:1)<..I?6.)7+MTF.YS
.4z)7$
9*.bCA&3.Y)>+AT0[CM&
+-I/.)>.&(
)4
6I:1)<..I?6<Q]#&Dd,oc V ) V +-I:13G?)<9 V cp,$*I?$:@4*6=)7)>De4*&C-n?)+MIj8)7624*6=CMI/6CM&0cf&=,/.YGp,5T&)762&=(*)P1I/De4
+M)7&C-I?$eI5TL.)7+MTz.S
.4L)>$
.YC-I?$JQ
^(OS
.>[/C-$k,'$*I?$:@4*6=)7)>De4*&=, V +M)b.=1)>$
,56=C-I
[/,m&=,?.GeCM$
17S*63.K9:)>+-,oc:.F9*S*)&=IZ.)7+MT@.S
.4L)>$
.YC-I?$dI?T]CA&3.Y)>+AT,5$
9ECM&=.K(*C-i?(*)>6U4*6=CMI/6CM&0cZ&=,?.G:.
,?$
9&=(*)p9:)>+-,oc1>,5S
.)>99:S*)f&IE$*I/$:@4*6)>)7DE4:&3, V +-)+-Ij8)76^4*6=CMI/6CM&0cE&=,/.YG:.>QFR V nOC-I?S
.+Mc/[:,'&3,?.G17,?$$*I?&Pi?)&9:)>+-,oc/)>99:S*)H&Ie&=(*)
.)7+MT2.S
.4L)>$
.CMI/$I?T,E+-Ij8K)>64
6C-I?6=CA&0cd$
I?$:@4*6=)7)7DE4:&3, V +-)f&=,/.YGQ
^(*)Zg _|Ä&3,?.G.=13(*)>9*S*+-, V C-+MCM&0c17I?$
9:CM&C-I?$lI?T ]C-S_,5$
9 ,ocN+X,5$L9x¼hq:4*6<Q J:Q Ì Ë/¾$
)7)>9
.P&I13(
,5$*i/)m8P(*)7$l8)'17I?$
.C-9*)76P&=(*)
)7z)<1 &PI5T.)7+MT.S
.4L)>$
.YC-I?$I5T]&3,?.G:.7QIZ1I/$
.C-9:)>6&(*)f))>1&^I?T.)7+MT.YSL.Y4z)7$
.C-I?$
.C-$q:4*6<Q J:Q Ì Ë
[/8)$
)7)>9&IE.YS V .0&=CA&=S:&) &o» V c
¼ &<I» 0»h¾Q#TF8)'1I/$
.YCX9:)>6&(
)'))>1&I?T.)7+MTU.S
.Y4z)7$L.YC-I?$lI/$l&=,/.YGW1I/De4
+M)7&C-I?$W&C-DE)?[z&(
) ])>(*I:1>GNc16=CA&=)76=CMI/$t¼FqO4
6>!Q J*Q Ì J?¾
8I?S*+X9,5+X.YIE(
,on/)b&=I V )mi/)7$*)>6=,?+MC-7)<9\
» F z»
& » »
! &
»
>K¼ J
Ì /¾
F
}x)(
,on/).YIlT,?6pC-De4
+MCX1CM&+-cs,?.=.YS*DE)<9x&(
,5&Z,W&=,/.YG{S*$
9:)>6i/IO)>.p,5&'DEI/.Y&Z,_.CM$*i/+M).Y)>+AT.S
.Y4z)7$L.YC-I?$]Ql¶bIj8K)>n?)76<[JCMTb,W&3,?.G
*S $L9:)76=i?IO)>.DZS*+A&=CM4
+M)m.)7+MT.S
.Y4z)7$L.YC-I?$
.>[O&(
)7$&(*)m)7qO4
6)<..CMI/$ J:Q Ì Z8)f9:)>6C-n?)<9k, V Ijn/)8I?S*+X9$
)7)>9k&I V )m13(
,5$*i/)>9\Q2}x)H+M)<,on?)
&=(*C-.b,?.P,5$)q:)>6=17C-.)fTaI?6^&(
)m6)<,?9:)>6>Q
?Ë
DECM+-+MCU:)>1I/$
9*.>[ DeC-+-+MCUO)<1I/$
9*.>[J,5$
9 (DEC-+M+-CKO)<1I/$
9*.>[\6)<.Y4z)>1&C-n?)7+-c?Q"b)7&)76=DECM$
)e8P(
)&(
)76H&(
)Z&3,?.G:.8I?S
+-9yDe)>)&H&(
)7C-6
6=)>.4L)<1 &=CMn/)H9*)>,?9*+MC-$*)>.>[:CMT2.=13(*)>9*S*+M)<9S
.YC-$*idg _|'Q
QJÊLÀhÇJ²<ÁÊz±Uµ ^(*)P&=,/.YG:.F,?6),5+-6)<,?9:cZI?639:)76=)>9eC-$9:)>.=1)>$
9:C-$*ipI?639:)>6FI5T&(
)7C-6K4*6=C-I?6=CA&=CM)<.7QKceS
.CM$
im&(*)i?)>$*)763,5+-CM>)>9 ])>(*I:1>GNc'
.
17I?$
9:CM&C-I?$i?C-n?)>$ V ckFq:4*6>Q J*Q Ì Z8)Hi?)7&>
r
I?6PGº F&I V )p.13(*)<9:S*+X, V +-)?P¼ Ì !Ë /¾ 1 &65 (59Ë 1 &65jQ2^(*)76=)TaI/6)HGº Fb8KI/S*+-9DE)7)7&CA&3.^;
63.0&9:)<,?9:+-CM$
)?Q
r
I?6POº H&I V )p.13(*)<9:S*+X, V +-)?P3¼ J9( ! Ì Ë ! N¾ 1 & 5 Ì (59Ë 1 &65jQ2^(*)76=)TaI/6)/[:Oº HDE)>)&=.CA&3.;
6=.Y&b9:)<,?9:+-CM$
)?Q
r
I?6º N &=I V )'.=13(*)<9:S*+X, V +-)?f¼ (5!Ë Ì/Ì «¼ Ì Ë ! # J ( ! J?¾¾ 1 &65 J?Ë?2Ë 1 &65jQU^(*CX.C-$*)>`NS
,?+MCM&0ckCX.b,?+-.Id.,5&CX.0;L)>9\Q^^(*)76=)TaI/6)/[
6
º N 8KI/S*+X9,?+-.IeDe)>)&CM&=.^;L6=.Y&9:)>,/9:+MC-$*)/Q
#&Z1>,5$u&=(*)76=)TaI/6) V )k1I/$
1+-S
9:)<9x&(
,5&'&=(*)i?C-n?)>$u&=,/.YGx.Y)7&'C-.Z.13(
)>9:S*+X, V +M)S
$
9:)76eg _|)>n?)>$s8P(*)7$t.)7+MT.YS
.4z)7$
.CMI/$sI5T
&3,?.GO.^CX.P1I/$
.C-9:)>6)<9\Q
<8
$ & (G<$/ 7"9$ :* #"%$9*+* * &7$&;.9)3 ).
$2( *& $ '& '&
J)&S
.P)7q*,5DECM$
)&=(*)m))>1&I5T1I/$/&=)qO&.Y8PCM&=13(
)>.^I?$&=(*)mi?)>$*)763,5+-CM>)>9 ])7(
IO177GOc'
.&=)>.Y&'¼FqO4
6>Q J*Q Ì /¾FTaI?6b.=13(*)>9*S*+-, V C-+MCM&0cI5T2,
&3,?.GZ.)&>[/&(L,j&F&3,5G?)<.F.)7+MT\.S
.4L)>$
.CMI/$ V cZ&=,/.YG:.C-$N&Ip,/171I/S*$N&>Q#%$,H;*q:)>9E4
6C-I?6=CA&0cZ4*6=)7)7DE4:&3, V +-).cO.Y&)>DW[/)<,?13(e&=,/.YGZ4*6)>)7DE4:&3.
,5&fDEI/.Y&HI?$*)eI5&=(*)76f&=,/.YGWCMTU&=(*)76=)ZCX.f$*IW.Y)>+AT^.YS
.4z)7$
.CMI/$]Qp^(*)>6)7TaI?6=)?[)>,/13(l&=,/.YG_.S:)763.f,5&fDEIN.0&f&08KI1I/$/&=)qO&m.Y8PCM&=13(*)<. V
I/$*)d1I?$N&=)qO&p.Y8PCM&=13(x8P(*)7$xCM&m.Y&=,?6Y&3.m,5$
9x,5$
I5&(
)76H8P(*)7$xCM&'1I?DE4*+-)&=)>.>QZ#&pCX.H)>,/.YcW&=IW6)<,5+-CM>)'&=(
,j&p,5$Ocl&=CMDE)d8P(*)>$x,&3,?.G
.)7+MT@.S
.4L)>$
9*.>[CA&m17,?S
.Y)<.,5&DEI/.Y&b&08I,/9*9:CM&C-I?$
,?+17I?$N&)7qO&f.8PCA&313(*)>.>Q .YC-$*iW,k.CMDEC-+-,?6b6=)>,/.YI/$*CM$
i
[z8K)e17,5${9:)&=)76=DeC-$*)Z&(
,5&
8P(*)>$u)>,?13(x&3,?.GyCX.p,5+-+MIj8)>9_&Iy.)7+MT@%.YS
.4z)7$
9{&08PCX1)?[,?9*9*CA&=CMI/$
,5+TaI/S*6'17I?$N&)7qN&'.8PCM&=13(*C-$*ilIjn?)>6(
)>,?9
.,?6)dC-$
1S
66=)>9\Q ])&pSL.
~} (*C-+-)',54*4
+McOC-$*ikg _| &I4*63,?1&CX17,?+\4*6I V +-)7Dd.7[z,eTa)78ÄC-$/&=)76=)>.Y&C-$*idCX..S*)>.1I/De)mS
4]QP^(*)m;
63.0&CX.=.YS*)p&(
,5&b8K)p9*C-.=1S
.=.b,?6CX.)>.
9:S
)p&Ik&(*)'T,?1&b&(L,j&mg _| 9*IN)<.b$
I5&f17I?$
.CX9:)76P&3,?.Gl16=CA&=C-1>,5+-CA&=CM)<.7Qb^(
)'I5&=(*)76fCX..S*)>.&(
,5&8)Z9:CX.=1S
.=.b,?6)'17I?4*C-$*iS
4y8PCM&(
+-CMDECM&)<9Z$OS*D V )>62I5TL4
6C-I?6=CA&0cm+-)7n/)7+X.&(
,5&U1I?DEDE)7631CX,5+NI?4z)763,j&=CM$
if.c:.0&=)7Dd..YS
4*4LI/6Y&3.7[/,5$
9'(
,5$
9*+MC-$*iHI5T,54z)76=CMI:9:CX1K,?$
9e.Y4zI?63,?9:CX1
&3,?.GO.>Q
7
$&./877$&; O35 *7'8 02 N :* K"9$ ; )357"./
#" &
| .YCM&S
,5&C-I?$l&=(
,j&f6)<,5+M@h&=CMDE)'.c:.0&=)7D 9:)>.C-i?$*)>6=.bI5T&)>$_(
,on/)m&Ik9*)>,5+8PCM&(_8P(*C-+-)Z9:)>n?)7+-I?4
CM$*ik4*6=,/1 &=C-1>,5+J,?4*4*+-C-1>,j&C-I?$L.7[zC-.(
,?$:@
9:+-C-$*il,54*4*+-CX17,j&=CMI/$
.TaI?6H8P(*CX13(y&=(*)E&=,/.YG_176CM&CX17,?+MCM&C-)>.H,?6)E9:CMz)>6)>$/&HTa6=I?D &3,?.Gl4*6=CMI/6CM&C-)>.>Q KI/$
.YCX9:)>6&=(*)d.YCM&SL,j&C-I?$x8P(*)>6)E,
n/)76=ck16=CA&=C-1>,5+\&3,?.G(
,/.,E(*C-i?(*)>6P4L)>6C-I:9&(
,?$W.I?DE)H&3,?.G(
,onOCM$
iE,E+-Ij8)7616=CM&CX17,5+-CM&0c?QF#%$&(
C-.17,?.)?[O&=(*)p(*C-i?(
+Mc16=CA&=C-1>,5+\&3,?.G
8I?S*+X9 V ),/..C-i?$*)<9y+-Ij8K)>6m4*6=CMI/6CM&0cl&(L,5$s,W+MIj8 16=CA&=C-1>,5+-CA&0c_&=,?.GQk|b.Z,6)<.YS*+M&>[&(
)16=CA&=C-1>,5+&3,?.G_DECMi/(/&',5&p&C-DE)>.mDECX..pCA&3.
9:)<,?9:+-C-$*)P9:S*)&Im,f.YC-DE4*+M)&=6=,?$
.YC-)7$N&2Ijn?)>6+-I/,/9HI5Tz,f+-Ij816=CM&CX17,5+\¼ V S:&F(*C-i?(e4*6=CMI/6CM&0c*¾&=,/.YGQ#TL8)P.YC-DE4*+Mc'6=,?C-.)>9H&=(*)P4*6=CMI/6CM&0cHI5T
,Z16=CA&=C-1>,5+L&=,?.GZ&I'(
CMi/(k+-)7n?)>+-.>[/&(*)>$d&(*)Hg _| .=13(*)>9:S
+-, V CM+-CM&0ce6=)>.S*+M&=.U8KI/S*+-9$*I5&^(*I?+X9,?$
99:)7&)76=DECM$
CM$*i'&(*)H.=13(*)>9:S
+-, V CM+-CM&0c
I?T2,E.)&PI5T&=,/.YG:.^8I?S*+X9 V )>17I?DE)H)qO&6=)7DE)>+Mck9*C 1S
+A&<Q
|.I?+-S:&C-I?$y&I&(*CX.H4*6=I V +-)7D 8,/.4
6I/4LIN.Y)<9 V c{O(
,W,5$L9{g,5 HS*Dd,56 # QE:(
,,?$
9xg,j HS*Dd,56
.H.I?+-S:&C-I?${C-.HGO$*Ij8P$
,/.b&=(*) U´NÆoÁhÊ]Ų7Æj*±® 3ÊLÆ
:²>ÁhÊL±²>´O³ R±Á \ÇC´ B #%$_&=(*C-.&=)>13(*$*CX`NS*)?[,k16=CM&CX17,5+&3,?.GlC-.f+-I?i?CX17,?+M+-cW9:CMnOCX9:)>9{C-$/&=IDd,?$Ncl.Dd,5+-+
Ì
&=IH&(*)P&3,?.GpCM&=.)7+MT0Q2^(
)4L)>6C-I:9Z&63,5$
.YTaI?6=Dd,j&C-I?$'&)<13(*$*CX`/S
)P))>1 &=CMn/)7+-c'63,5CX.Y)<.&(*)b4*6C-I?6=CM&0cpI5T\,m16=CA&=C-1>,5+O&3,?.Gp&Im(
CMi/(*)76nj,5+-S*)<.
8PCM&(*I/S:&Dd,?GNC-$*iE&=(*)Zg y| ,5$L,5+-cO.CX.P6)<.YS
+A&3.P&I?&=,?+M+-cC-$Onj,5+-C-9\Q¶bIj8K)>n?)>6>[*9:S
)p&I&(*)Z6=,?C-.CM$
idI5T2&(*)Z4*6=CMI/6CM&0ckI?T&=(*)Z176CM&CX17,?+
&3,?.Gz[\g y| .=13(*)<9:S*+X, V C-+MCM&0cl6=)>.S*+A&3.9*I$*I?&f(
I?+X9y,?1>1S*63,j&=)7+-c?Qm^(*)E1S*+-4*6=CA&mCX.&(*)ZT,?1&&=(
,j&H&(
)ZS:&=CM+-C->,j&=CMI/$x9*S*)'&=I,?+M+&=(*)
(*C-i?(
)764*6=C-I?6=CA&0ck&=,?.G:.PCX.C-$WT,?1 &fG :¼ &o» jG*¾ :;¼ L» jG*¾ . G 8&o» z»0[z8P(*)76=)>,/.&(*)>CM6f,?1&S
,?+JS:&=CM+-CM<,j&=CMI/$lC-". &<» L»YQP^(*)76=)TaI/6)/[
)7n/)7$
8P(*)>$&=,?.G:.P,54*4z)>,?6^&I V )mS*$
.=13(*)>9*S*+-, V +-)p,jT&)>6^&=,/.YG.Y4*+-CM&Y&C-$*i,/.^CM$
9*C-1>,j&)<9 V ck&(*)pg _| .=13(*)>9:S
+-, V CM+-CM&0ck,5$
,?+Mc:.C-.^6=)>.S*+M&=.>[
&=(*)7cDE,oc,?1 &=S
,5+-+-c V )p.=13(*)<9:S*+X, V +-)?Q
$&./877$&; (G<35:".& $&. (G" 3.& 02 $ #"
b$
9:)76Eg _|CM&eCX.Z9*C 1S
+A&e&Ix,?.=.YC-i?$s(*C-i?(4*6C-I?6=CM&0c{nj,5+-S*)<.p&=I{.4LI/6=,/9:C-1d&=,?.G:.7[.CM$L1), V S*63.0&eI5Tb.4LI/6=,/9:CX1E&=,/.YGs,56=6=CMnj,5+X.
8I?S*+X9Ijn?)76=+-I/,?9d&(*)p.c:.0&=)7D,?$
917,5SL.Y)HDd,5$Ocd&3,?.GO.&=IdDEC-.=.&(*)>CM69:)>,/9:+MC-$*)<.7QF|b+-.I
[*g y | .13(*)<9:S*+X, V C-+-CA&0ck,?$
,5+-c:.YCX.^6=)>.S*+A&3.
&=(
,j&f8K)'9*C-.=1S
.=.)>9WC-$l&(*CX.b13(L,54:&=)76,?6)'$*I5&,?$OcDEI?6=)p,54
4*+MCX17, V +-)p8P(*)7${,54z)76=CMI:9:CX1p,5$L9l.Y4zI?63,?9:CX1H&3,?.GO.b,56=)',?.=.YC-i?$
)>9(*C-i?(
4*6=C-I?6=CA&0clnj,5+-S*)<.7Qd^(*)>6)7TaI?6=)e,?4L)>6C-I:9:C-1E,?$
9{.4zI?63,?9:CX1p&3,?.G:.f,?6)ES
.S
,?+M+-cy,?.=.CMi/$*)>9yn?)76=cl+-Ij8 4*6=CMI/6CM&0clnj,5+-S*)>.>QE¶Ij8)7n?)>6>[\C-$
Dd,5$Ocd4*63,?1&CX17,?+.CM&S
,5&C-I?$
.&3,?.GO.^.S
13(W,?.(
,5$L9:+MC-$*iE)7DE)>6i/)7$
17c1I?$L9:CA&=CMI/$
.P,56=)&C-De) V I?S*$L9,?$
916=CA&=C-1>,5+\,5$
9Dd,ocd6)<`NS*CM6=)
(*C-i?(k4*6C-I?6=CM&0cZnj,5+-S*)b&I V )f,?.=.YC-i?$*)<9e&IE,p.4LI/6=,/9:C-1&=,/.YGQ#%$.S
13(k.CA&=S
,j&=CMI/$
.7[/&(
)bTaI/+M+-Ij8PCM$
i',54z)76=CMI:9:CX1b.)76=n?)>6&)<13(*$*CX`NS*)1>,5$
V )mS
.)>9\Q
È U´NÆoÁhÊ]ÅÁ"³ QJ´NÆ<Âz´NÆNµ |$E,54z)76=CMI:9:CX1.Y)>6n/)76(
,5$
9*+M)<.,54z)76=CMI:9:CX1K,?$
9e.Y4zI?63,?9:CX1U&=,?.G:.2,?.&(*)>c',56=CX.Y)/[5.Y)>+M)<1 &=.&=(*)7D ,j&F,54*4
6I/4*6CM@
,5&)f&C-DE)>.>[
,5$
94
,/..)>.&=(*)7D·&Id,5$lg y| .13(*)<9:S*+-)76<Q2#&DE,?G?)<.P,5$I5&(
)76=8PC-.)m9:C 17S*+A&P&=I,5$
,?+McO>)H,?4L)>6C-I:9:CX1f,?$
9.Y4zI?63,?9:CX1
&3,?.GO.b.YS*CM&=, V +-)HTaI?6b.=13(*)>9*S*+-, V C-+MCM&0c,?$
,5+-c:.YCX.7QK^(*)'.)76=n?)76P9:)>4LIN.YCM&=., 0&=C-13G/)&
[:8P(*CX13(lC-.P6=)74
+M)>$*C-.(*)<9,5&&(
)p)q:4*C-6=,5&C-I?$I5T,
17)76&=,5C-$W6)>4*+-)7$*CX.Y(
De)>$N&b4L)>6C-I:9\QP}~(*)>$_,5$_,54z)76=C-IO9*C-1m)>n?)>$/&I:1>1S*63.7[
&(*)Z.Y)>6n/)7613(*)<13GO.P&Ik.)7)pCMTU,5$Ock&CX13G?)&C-.,ono,?CM+X, V +M)/QK#T
CM&fCX.>[&(*)d.cO.Y&)>D CMDEDE)>9*C-,5&)7+-cl4
,/..)>.I?$l&=(*)d,56=6C-nOCM$
id&=,/.YGW&=I&(
)E.=13(*)<9:S*+-)76<Qf#&H&=(*)7$x16=)>,j&=)>.f,5$*I?&(*)>6b&=C-13G/)& V ,?.)>9_I?$
&=(*)k.4L)<1CM;L1e&CX13G?)7&'16=)>,j&=CMI/${4zI?+-CX1cyCM&'S
.)>.>Q|b$t,54z)76=CMI:9:CX1E.Y)>6n/)76mDd,5G/)>.m,?4L)>6C-I:9:C-1e&3,?.G:.HDeI/6)d4
6)<9:C-1&=, V +M)/[,?$
9x(*)7$
17)
Dd,5G/)>.K&(
)7D.S*CM&=, V +M)fTaI/6,5$
,?+Mc:.C-.8PCM&(Wg _|pQ ,/.Y)<9I/$k&=(*)H&CX13G?)7&P176)<,j&=CMI/$k4zI?+-C-17CM)<.7[O&=(*)76=)m,56=))<..)7$N&CX,5+-+-cd&08KIZ&0cO4L)<.^I5T
,?4L)>6C-I:9:C-1f.)76=n?)763.>
? "7 7M,?$
9y
j=?
j¹7QRbT&(*)<.Y)/[O&(*)m.4LI/6=,/9:C-1f.)76=n?)76K6)<.YS
+A&3.^CM$(*CMi/(*)76P.=13(*)>9*S*+-, V +-)S:&=CM+-C->,j&=CMI/$,?$
9
+-)7$
9
.CM&=.)7+MTKDEI/6)Z)>,?.C-+Mc&IW,5$L,5+-cO.CX.7Qm¶Ij8)7n/)76<[CA&HC-.fDEI?6=)Z17I?DE4*+-)ql&=IC-DE4*+M)>DE)7$N&>Qp#%$y&(*)eTaI/+M+-Ij8PCM$
ik8) V 6=C-5) L
c_9:CX.=1S
.=.
&=(*)>.)H&08KIZ&0cO4L)<.PI5T.)76=n?)763.>Q
#%$W, Å´ 3´NÆoÆo*ÉÀh´_®>´NÆoÂL´NÆ [:&=C-13G/)&=.b,56=)6=)74*+-)7$
C-.(*)>9W,5&^6=)7i/S*+X,56^CM$N&=)76=no,?+-.>[*1I/DE4*+M)7&)>+McCM$
9*)74z)7$
9:)>$N&I5T&(*)p,/1 &SL,5+&CX13G?)7&
S
.=,5i/)?QK#TU,5$l,54z)76=CMI:9:CX1f&=,/.YGW,56=6=CMn/)>.>[O&(*)'.c:.0&=)7D 8PCM+-+J4
6I:1)<..^CM&C-DEDE)>9:CX,j&=)7+-cCMTCA&b(L,?.P)>$*I?S*i/(W&CX13G?)7&=.>[
,5$
9W8^,5CM&P&C-+-+J&=(*)
&=C-13G/)&=.^,?6)f6)>4*+-)7$*CX.Y(
)>9CMT2CA&9:IO)>.$*I?&>QF^(OS
.>[O&(*)>6)H17,?$ V ) V S*63.0&3.I5TJ&3,?.G:..)7$N&&Ie&(
)H.=13(*)<9:S*+-)76P,5$
9,5+X.I'8P(*)>$$*Ie&3,?.G
CX.H.Y)>$/&mIjn/)76,9:S*63,j&=CMI/$][&CX13G?)7&=.H,56=)E,?1717S*D'S
+-,5&)>9]Qp}~(*C-+M)d,9:)Ta)>663, V +-)Z.)76=n?)>6CX.H.YC-DE4*+-)76f&IWC-De4
+M)>De)>$N&m17I?DE4
,?6)<9W&IW,
.4LI/6=,/9:CX1P.Y)>6n/)76<[jCA&^9:)7nOCX,j&)<.2Ta6=I?D &=(*)bg y|«.Y&6=C-1&F4L)>6C-I:9:C-1)q:)>17S:&C-I?$dDEI:9:)7+B[?8P(
C-13(d+-)>,/9*.2&IZ1I?$L.Y)>6nj,j&=CMn/)P.Yc:.Y&)7D9:)<.YC-i?$
,?$
9k+-Ij8«4
6I:1)<..I?6^S:&=CM+-C->,j&=CMI/$]Q
#%$_, ® UÊLÆj*ÅÁh³_®<´/ÆoÂz´/Æ [z&(
)'6=)74*+-)7$*CX.(*DE)7$N&&C-DE)Z9:)>4L)>$
9*.I?$l)7q:,/1 &&=C-13G/)&bSL.,?i?)H&C-DE)?Qb|..IOI?$_,/.,d&=C-13G/)&bCX.S
.)>9][
&=(*)k.cO.Y&)>D.)&3.p,W&=CMDE)76p&(
,5&'6)>4*+X,?1)<.p,5$Oc{S
.Y)<9x&CX13G?)7&=.m8P(*)>$sCA&Zi?IO)>.mI?QW| .4LI/6=,/9:CX1d.Y)>6n/)76H&(
)76=)TaI?6=)di?SL,563,5$N&)>)>.H,
DEC-$*CMDZS*D .Y)>4
,563,j&=CMI/$ V )7&08K)>)7$l&08IC-$
.0&3,5$
17)>.bI5TU,E&3,?.GzQ^(NSL.7[zCA&f(*)7+-4
.S
.b&Ik17I?$
.C-9*)76,k.Y4zI?63,?9:CX1mI/6b,54z)76=CMI:9:CX1m&3,?.G,/.
,W4z)76=CMI:9:CX1E&3,?.G{9:S*6=C-$*iy.=13(*)>9:S
+-, V CM+-CM&0c{,5$L,5+-cO.CX.m,5$
9s,/..CMi/$s,l.YS*CM&=, V +-)4*6=CMI/6CM&0cl&IyCA&<Q_RbT17I?S*63.Y)/[JC-$t.YI/DE)d4L)>6C-I:9*.m&=(*)
,?4L)>6C-I:9:C-1fI/6.Y4zI?63,?9:CX1b&=,?.GDd,oc$*I?&b,56=C-.)?Q2^(*CX.P+-)>,?9
.&Id.YI/DE)fS
$
,on?I/C-9*, V +-) ÄC-9:+-C-$*i
Q
#%$E))>1&>[N,5$d,54z)76=CMI:9:CX1P.)76=n?)762(*)>+M4L.Ijn?)>6=17I?DE)U&=(*)P$*I/$
9:)&=)76=DECM$*CX.Y&CX1^$
,j&=S*6)PI?T,?4L)>6C-I:9:CX1P,5$
9E.4LI/6=,/9:C-1K&3,?.GO.,?$
9e(*)7+-4
17I?$
.C-9*)76^&(
)7D &=Id,'T,/.0&b,?4*4*6=Ioq:CMDd,j&=CMI/$,/.^4L)>6C-I:9:C-1&3,?.GO.^8PCM&(W4z)76=CMI:9)>`NS
,?+&Ie&(
)H&I?G/)7$i?)>$*)763,j&=CMI/$&C-DE)?Q
(J
» OF
»
& » » &
! &
»
>3¼ J
IÌ ¾
F
^(*)&=)76=D & C-.$*)<1)<..=,56=cp.YC-$
17),f6=I?S*$
9p;
63.0&F1I/DE)U;
63.Y&.)76=n?)<9¼r r*¾2.13(
)>9:S*+-C-$*i4zI?+-CX1cpCX.,?.=.YS
De)<9',?DeI/$*i
)<`/SL,5+4*6C-I?6=CM&0c &=,/.YG:.>Qb#%$l
&=(*CX.1>,?.)?[L&(*)Z&=,/.YGº
17,?$ V ) V +-IO13G/)>9 V cl,5$l)<`/SL,5+4*6C-I?6=CM&0ck&3,?.GI/$*+McWI/$
1)pS
$*+MC-G?)'&(*)e(*C-i?(*)>6
4*6=C-I?6=CA&0cW&3,?.GO.E¼a&(*C-6=9{&=)76=D CM${&(
)e)7q:4*6)<..C-I?$L¾b8P(*CX13( V +-I:13G_º
,5&&=(*)7C-6p)>n?)76=cl,56=6C-nj,5+9:S*6=C-$*i&(*)E)q:)<1S:&=CMI/${I?TKº
Qd|$
)<`/SL,5+\4*6=CMI/6CM&0cE&=,/.YGkS*$*+-CMG/)m(*CMi/(*)76P4
6C-I?6=CA&0cE&3,?.G:.P17,5$ V +-I:13Gk,Z&=,?.GI/$*+MckI?$
17)?Q
IdS*$
9:)>6=.Y&=,?$
98P(Oc,e&=,/.YGDd,ocki?)7& V +-IO13G/)>9 V c,?$)<`NS
,5+]4
6C-I?6=CA&0c&=,?.G,5&DEI/.Y&I?$
17)?[
+-)&SL.b1I/$
.C-9:)>6^&(*)pTaI?+-+MIj8PC-$*i
)7q:,?DE4*+M)/QfOS
4*4LIN.Y)Zº\»K,?$
9lEº D'.Y(
,?6)p&(*)E.,?DE)'4*6=CMI/6CM&0ck+-)7n/)7+B[ V S:&Eº D'(
,/.,kD'S
13(_.(*I/6Y&=)76b4z)76=C-IO9y1I?DE4
,?6)<9Wº\»YQf| &3,?.G
C-$
.Y&=,5$L1)Eº\»1>,5$xi?)7& V +MI:13G?)<9 V cy,?${)<`/SL,5+4*6=CMI/6CM&0cW&=,/.YGlEº DEI?$*+-c_I?$L1)W¼TaI?6H&=(*)9:S*63,j&=CMI/$yI?TU&=,/.YGy'º D<¾)>n?)7${&(
I?S*i/(y&3,?.G
ºEDZDEC-i?(N&m(
,on?)e,.(*I?6&)>64z)76=C-IO9x1I/DE4
,56=)>9W&=IWº»YQZ^(*CX.fC-. V )>1>,5S
.)eI?$
17)ZEº De17I?DE4*+-)&)<9yCM&=.H)7q:)>1S*&C-I?$][\º\»8KI/S*+X9_i?)7&&=I
)7qO)<1S:&=) U]º\»8I?S*+X9_)7qO)<1S:&=)'&=Il1I?DE4*+-)&=CMI/${.CM$L1)e'º DeCM$
.Y&=,?$
1)<.&(
,5&fDd,oc_,56=6=CMn/)Z9:S*6=C-$*ik&=(*)e)q:)>17S:&C-I?$u17,?$y$*I?&f4*6=)7)>DE4:&
º » QF| &3,?.GC-$
.0&3,5$
17)Hº » 1>,5$i?)7& V +MI:13G/)>9 V c,5$)>`NS
,5+\4
6C-I?6=CA&0c&=,?.Gº D I/$*+-cI?$
17)d¼TaI?6^&=(*)p9:S*63,j&=CMI/$I?T&3,?.Gº D ¾ Q
@HÆjÁÊLÆjÁa² È®>®<Á SzT±
t´O±²'²>Ês¬*®>¯]®?µ
#&bCX.17+M)<,56P&=(
,j&b8P(
)7$&(*)>6)Z,56=)fDEI/6)m6=)>,?+A@B&C-DE)H&=,?.G:.^&=,/.YG:.^8PCM&(_9:CX.Y&C-$
1 &f6)>+-,5&C-n?)m9:)>,/9:+-CM$*)<.^&(L,5$W&(
)p$OS*D V )76I?T4*6C-I?6@
&=IE.(
,?6)m,e4*6=CMI/6CM&0cdnj,5+-S*)p,56=)6=)>`NS*C-6=)>9\Q
|«+-,?6i/)$OS*D V )76I5TJ.=13(*)7DE)<.U,56=)b,onj,5C-+X, V +-)PTaI?6^,?.=.CMi/$*CM$
im4*6C-I?6=CM&0cZnj,5+-S*)<.F&=Ip&=,/.YG:.U8P(*)7$d&=(*)f$NS
D V )76I5T]6=)>,5+M@B&C-De)&=,?.G:.
&=I V )f.=13(*)>9*S*+M)<9d)q*17)7)>9
.F&=(*)f9*C-.Y&C-$
1 &^6=)>,5+M@B&C-De)b4*6C-I?6=CM&0cZ+-)7n/)7+X.K.S*4*4zI?6&)<9 V cZ&=(*)fS*$
9:)>6+-cOCM$*iZI?4z)763,j&=CM$*iZ.Yc:.Y&)7DWQFOI/De)I5T
&=(*)mCMDE4zI?6&=,?$/&.=13(*)7DE)<.&(
,5&b,56=) V )7C-$*iES
.)>9W,56=)&(*)HTaI/+M+-Ij8PCM$
i
9
; ]I/i/,56=CM&(*DECX1f:13(
)7DE)?Q
}x)m$*Ij8«9:CX.=1S
.=.^&(
)>.)H.=13(*)>De)<.^CM$l.I?DE)m9:)&3,5C-+hQ
CB ±Á 3Ê
4Æ
QJ³ R´
t´zµ #%${&(*CX.m.13(
)7DE)?[],?+M+&(
)Z&3,?.G:.C-${&(*)d,54
4*+MCX17,5&C-I?$y,?6)eS*$*CMTaI?6=DE+Mc_9*CMnOCX9:)>9x,5DEI?$
i&(
)E,onj,?CM+X, V +-)
4*6=C-I?6=CA&0ce+M)>n?)>+-.>Q $*CMTaI?6=D 9:C-nNCX.CMI/$I5T]&3,?.G:.U,5DEI/$*ip&=(*)f,onj,?CM+X, V +-)4*6=C-I?6=CA&0cE+-)7n?)>+-.17,?$)>,/.YC-+-c V )H,?13(*C-)7n/)>9E8P(*)>$&(
)$OS*D V )>6
I?TJ4*6=CMI/6CM&0cZ+-)7n/)7+X.K.=`NS
,56=)7+-cE9:CMnOCX9:)>.K&=(*)$OS*D V )>6KI?T]&=,/.YG:.F&I V )H.13(
)>9:S*+-)>9]Q#TS*$*CMTaI?6=D 9:CMnOCX.YC-I?$kC-.K$*I5&^4zI/.=.YC V +-)?[N&(*)>$kDEI?6=)
&3,?.GO.m.(*I/S*+-9 V )dDE,/9:)e&I_.(
,56=)Z&(*)d+-Ij8K)>6H4*6C-I?6=CM&0c_+M)>n?)>+-.E¼aCBQ )?Q(*C-i?(
)76H4*6=CMI/6CM&0c_nj,5+-S*)>.m,?6)E.(
,56=)>9 V c_+M)<..)76m$OS*D V )>6mI5T
&3,?.GO.3¾JTaI?6 V )&&)76K.13(*)<9:S*+X, V C-+-CA&0c/Q|171I/6=9*CM$*i/+Mc/[5CMTL&=(*)76=),56=) w$OS*D V )>6FI5TL&=,/.YG:.,5$L9Z$E4*6=C-I?6=CA&0cm+-)7n/)7+X.7[j&=(*)7$ $OS*D V )>6I5T
&3,?.GE,?6)f,?.=.YC-i?$
)>9e&Ie)>,/13(+-)7n?)>+z,?$
9E&=(*)6=)>.Y&^I5T\&(
)b&3,?.GO.,56=)9*C-.Y&6=C V S:&)<9k,5DEI/$*im&(
)+-Ij8K)>6K4
6C-I?6=CA&0ce+-)7n?)>+-.>Q2^ (*)S
$*CATaI/6D
4*6=C-I?6=CA&0c,/..CMi/$*DE)7$N&.13(
)7DE)H(
,?. V )7)>$C-+-+MS
.Y&63,j&=)>9k&(*6=I?S
i?(&(*)HTaI/+M+-Ij8PCM$
ie)7q*,5DE4*+-)?Q
]
2À´ \µ #%$s,17)76&=,?CM$u,54*4
+MCX17,5&C-I?$ V )>CM$*il9:)>n?)>+MI/4L)<9\[\&(
)76=),56=) Ì Ëk4z)76=CMI:9:CX1E6=)>,5+M@B&C-De)Z&=,/.YG:.HGº F67Oº H87
7YGº F
d8P(*I/.)
4z)76=CMI:9*.b,56=)? (:[ *[JQMQ-QM[ Ì #EDEC-+M+-C.)>1>.P6)<.Y4z)>1&C-n?)>+Mc/QU^(*)>.)H&=,/.YG:.P,?6)H&=I V )p.=13(*)>9*S*+M)<9S
.YC-$*ig y|pQL¶bIj8K)>n?)>6>[:I/$*+Mc #E4*6C-I?6=CM&0c
+-)7n/)7+X.P,56=)H.S*4*4zI?6&)<9 V ck&(*)mS
$
9:)76=+-cNC-$*iEI?4z)763,j&=CM$
iE.c:.0&=)7DWQF#%$&(
C-.PI/4L)>6=,5&C-$*id.Yc:.Y&)>D[*&(*)m+-Ij8K)>6^&(*)m4
6C-I?6=CA&0ckno,?+MS
)?[:&=(*)
(*C-i?(
)76HC-.&=(*)E4*6C-I?6=CM&0cI?TU&=(*)e&=,?.GQ'|b.=.CMi/${.S*CA&3, V +-)e4*6C-I?6=CM&0cl+M)>n?)7+X.b&I&=,/.YG:.S
.YC-$*i&(
)eS
$*CATaI/6D ,/..C-i?$*DE)7$N&m.13(
)7DE)'TaI/6
.=13(*)>9*S*+MC-$*ie&(
)H&=,?.G:.^S
.CM$*idg y|pQ
QJÊLÀhÇJ²<ÁÊz±Uµ
OC-$
17)^&(*)$OS*D V )>6FI5T4*6=CMI/6CM&0cp+-)7n/)7+X.F9:IO)>.$
I5&U.=`/SL,56=)7+-c'9:C-nNCX9:)^&=(*)$OS*D V )76UI5Tz&=,?.G:.2&I V )b.=13(*)>9*S*+M)<9\[/.I?DE)^4*6=CMI/6CM&0cpnj,5+-S*)<.
(
,on/)e&I V ),?.=.YC-i?$*)<9yDEI/6)E&3,?.GO.f&=(
,5$x&=(*)I5&=(*)763.>Q^(*)d&=,/.YG:.m,?6)d,5+-6=)>,?9*cy.YI/6Y&=)>9{CM$s,/.17)7$
9:C-$*iWI?639:)>6mI5T&(*)>CM6p4z)76=C-IO9
.
¼ChQ )?QpC-${9*)>16=)>,/.YC-$*iI/6=9*)76fI5TF&=(*)7C-6H4*6C-I?6=CM&C-)>.3¾ QmrCM63.0&H+-)&mS
.fS*$*CMTaI?6=DE+Mc_9:C-nOC-9*)'&=(*)'&3,?.G:.f,?DEI?$*id&=(*)E4*6=CMI/6CM&0cW+M)>n?)7+X.>[z)<,?13(
+-)7n/)7+CX.p,?.=.YC-i?$
)>9l&08I&=,/.YG:.H)>,/13(]Q^(*)d6=)>.Y&mI5T&(*)E&3,?.GO.m1>,5$x$*Ij8 V )k9:CX.Y&6=C V S*&)>9u,?DeI/$*i&(*)+-Ij8)76H4*6=CMI/6CM&0cl+M)>n?)>+-.>Q|
4zI/.=.YC V C-+MCM&0cWC-.&=(
,j&&(*)Z&08KI+MIj8)764*6=CMI/6CM&0c+-)7n/)7+X.,?6)Z,?.=.YC-i?$*)<9W&(
6)>)p&=,/.YG:.)>,/13(]Qfr
6I/D &(*CX.7[z&=(*)'TaI/+M+-Ij8PC-$*ikCX.,.YS
CA&3, V +-)
&3,?.Gk,?.=.YC-i?$
De)>$N&P.=13(*)>De)/
U6C-I?6=CA&0
c J)7n/)7+ Ì 2Gº F67Oº HjQ
U6C-I?6=CA&0
c J)7n/)7G+ J:2º N 7º P
U6C-I?6=CA&0
c J)7n/)7'+ *2º 7º 7Yº
U6C-I?6=CA&0
c J)7n/)7+ #
2º 27º 7YGº F
5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
task period in msec
r C-i?S
6) Ì
b$*CMTaI?6=D F6=C-I?6=CA&0c|..CMi/$*DE)7$N&^&I,?.G:.KI?T2Fq*,5DE4*+-) Ì (
&3,?.GO.^,?6)f,?.=.YC-i?$*)<9d&=(*)HCMDEDE)>9:CX,j&=)7+-c+-Ij8K)>6K4*6=C-I?6=CA&0c/[O,?$
9k.IeI?$]QF^(*)>6)7TaI?6=)?[NCAT C-.K&=(*)H&I?&=,5+$OS*D V )>6I?TJ&3,?.GO.>[:,5$
9$
CX.&(*)H&=I5&3,5+]$OS*D V )>6PI5T24*6C-I?6=CM&0cd+M)>n?)7+X.&(
)7$ . ! H N P
B KEÊ Sz:ÆjÁa² R
tÁh³ QJ³ R´
t´zµ ^(*)+MI/i/,56=CM&(*DECX1.13(
)7DE)CX.e,5+X.YI{4LI/4*S*+X,56=+McuGO$*Ij8P$,/.p&=(*){-Nj VCFe¹?
so3 A?5¸ Fd¸L
7Q¹ V* FE7Qm^(*) V ,?.C-1'C-9:)<, V )7(*C-$
9_&(*)e+MI/i/,?6CM&(*DECX1mi?6=CX9_,?.=.YC-i?$
De)>$N&.13(
)7DE)'CX.&=(
,j&f&(
)e.(*I?6&)>6b4z)76=CMI:9t¼(*C-i?(*)>64*6=C-I?6=CA&0c*¾
&3,?.GO.H.(*I?S
+-9 V )d,5+-+-I5&Y&=)>9{9:C-.Y&C-$
1&H4
6C-I?6=CA&0cW+-)7n/)7+X.f,/.fD'S
13(x,?.f4LIN..C V +M)/Q _,?$Ncl+-Ij8)76b4
6C-I?6=CA&0cW&3,?.G:.bI/$_&(
)eI?&(*)>6H(
,5$
9][
1>,5$ V )d1+-S V*V )>9{&I/i?)7&(*)>6H,5&&=(*)d.,?DE)Z4*6=C-I?6=CA&0cl+-)7n/)7+X.8PCM&(
I?S:&p17,?S
.CM$*iW,5$Ocl4*6=I V +M)>D &I&(*)d.=13(*)>9:S
+-, V CM+-CM&0clI5TU&=(*)E(*C-i?(
4*6=C-I?6=CA&0cE&3,?.GO.>Q
Id,?13(*C-)7n/)+-I?iN,56=CA&=(*DEC-1i?6=C-9,?.=.CMi/$*DE)7$N&>[N&(
)H&=,?.G:.P,56=)b;L6=.Y&,56=6=,?$*i?)<9C-$C-$
16=)>,/.YC-$*ieI?639:)76^I?T&=(*)7C-6P4L)>6C-I:9*.>QFr*I?6P4
6CM@
I/6CM&0ce,?+M+-I:17,5&C-I?$][?&(*)6=,?$*i?)PI?T\&=,?.Ge4L)>6C-I:9*.U,?6)9:C-nOC-9*)>9dC-$N&IZ,'.Y)<`/S
)7$
17)I5T\+-I?i/,?6CM&(
DeCX1PC-$N&)76=nj,5+X.7Q2^(*)b&=,?.G:.F17,?$d&(
)7$ V )
,/..CMi/$*)>9&IE4*6=CMI/6CM&0cd+-)7n?)>+-. V ,/.Y)<9kI/$k&=(*)m+-I?i/,?6CM&(
DeCX1CM$N&)>6nj,?+L&=(*)7c V )>+MI/$*ie&ILQ#%$&=(*C-.P.=13(*)>De)/[:CA-T eCX.&(*)HDd,jq:C-D'S*D
4z)76=CMI:9t,?DEI?$*il&=(*)&3,?.G:.Z,?$
49 » C-.'&(
)DEC-$*CMDZS*D4L)>6C-I:9t,5DEI/$*il&(
)k&3,?.GO.>[&(*)>$6ZC-.e17,?+-17S*+-,5&)<9t,?. . ¼
¾ [
8P(*)>6)m$lCX.^&=(*)m&I?&=,?+]$OS*D V )76I?TH 4
6C-I?6=CA&0ck+M)>n?)7+X.>QK,?.GO.^8PCM&(l4z)76=C-IO9
.PS*4W&Id6,56=)p,?.=.YC-i?$*)<9&=IE&(*)'(*CMi/(*)>.Y&4*6=CMI/6CM&0c?[*&=,?.G:.
8PCM&(4L)>6C-I:9*.UC-$d&=(*)63,5$
i?)PH 6K&I N ,56=)b,/..CMi/$*)>9e&=I'$*)7qO&K(*C-i?(*)<.0&4*6=CMI/6CM&0cZ+-)7n/)7+2¼,/..S*DECM$
ipG . Ì TaI?6^.YC-DE4*+-C-17CA&0c*¾ [N&3,?.GO.K8PCM&(
4z)76=CMI:9*.UCM$E&=(*)b63,5$
i?)PI5T &=I ,?6),/..C-i?$*)<9'&=Im&(
)b$*)7qN&K(*CMi/(*)>.Y&U+-)7n/)7+B[N,?$
9d.YImI/$]QFOC-D'S*+X,j&=CMI/$d)q:4L)>6C-DE)7$N&=.U(
,on?).(*Ij8P$
&=(
,j&P&=(*)m+MI/i/,?6CM&(*DECX1b4
6C-I?6=CA&0c,?.=.YC-i?$*DE)>$/&^8I?6=GO.n/)76=cd8K)>+M+\TaI/6P4*63,?1 &=C-1>,5+4*6=I V +-)7Dd.>Q
bI5&)p&(
,5&+-I?i/,?6CM&(
DeCX1f&=,/.YG,?.=.YC-i?$
De)>$N&b8KI/6G:.^8)7+-+I/$*+-ck8P(*)>$l&(*)'&=,/.YG4L)>6C-I:9*.,?6)mS
$*CATaI/6DE+-c9*C-.Y&6=C V S:&)<9lIjn?)>6,5$
C-$N&)76=nj,5+BQ¶Ij8)7n?)>6>[NCMTDEI/.Y&^I5TJ&=(*)f&=,/.YG4z)76=C-IO9
.,?6)H1+-S
.Y&)>6)<9kIjn/)76^,Z.Dd,5+-+\4
,56&I?TJ&=(*)HCM$N&)>6nj,?+h[*,?$
9d&=(*)mI5&=(*)76&=,/.YG:.^,56=)
.4
,563.)7+-c9:C-.Y&6=C V S:&)<9CM$&(
)m6)<.0&PI5T&(
)mCM$N&)>6nj,?+h[O&=(*)7$&(
)m+MI/i/,56=CM&(*DECX1.=13(*)7DE)HDd,occOCM)>+-94zIOI?6P6=)>.S*+A&3.7Q
^(*)H+-I?iN,56=CA&=(*DEC-1fi?6=CX9k,?.=.CMi/$*DE)7$N&.13(*)>DE)f(L,?. V )7)7$WC-+M+-S
.Y&63,j&=)>9CM$&(
)HTaI?+-+MIj8PC-$*idq*,5DE4*+-)?Q
]
2À´ ]µ KI?$L.YCX9:)76d,?$I/4L)>6=,5&C-$*ix.c:.0&=)7D .YS*4
4LI/6Y&=CM$*ixI?$
+McsTaI/S*6d4*6=CMI/6CM&0cs+-)7n?)>+-.>Q~|$w,54*4
+MCX17,5&C-I?$v8PCA&=( Ì Ëy4z)76=CM@
I:9:CX1d6=)>,5+M@B&C-De)E&3,?.G:.',56=)E&I V )k.=13(*)<9:S*+-)>9uI?$u&=(*CX.'I/4L)>6=,5&C-$*i_.Yc:.Y&)>D S
.CM$
iyg _|'Q#&'CX.',?+-.IlGO$*Ij8P$u&(L,j&'I?T&=(*)ki/CMn/)7$
&3,?.GO.>[/&(*)H+X,56=i?)>.Y&U4z)76=CMI:9kC-. Ì Ë
[ Ë/Ë?ËHDEC-+M+-C].Y)<1I/$
9*.,5$
9&(*)H.Y(
I?6&)>.Y&K4z)76=C-IO9kC-. Ì DeC-+-+MC].)>17I?$
9\QFRb&(
)76&=,/.YGE4z)76=CMI:9*.,56=)9:CX.Y@
&=6C V S:&=)>9ZS*$*CMTaI?6=De+-cmIjn?)>6J&=(*CX.2CM$N&)>6nj,?+hQ|b.=.YC-i?$'&(*)&=,/.YG:.&If4*6=CMI/6CM&0cH+M)>n?)>+-.S
.CM$
ib&=(*)^+MI/i/,56=CM&(*DECX1Fi?6=CX9',?.=.CMi/$*DE)7$N&.=13(*)7DE)/Q
QJÊLÀhÇJ²<ÁÊz± B . ¼ F
F
¾ . Ì Ë*Q
|171I/6=9*CM$*i/+Mc/[N&=,?.G:.^8PCA&=(W4L)>6C-I:9*.^CM$&=(*)H6=,?$*i?)fI5T Ì DeC-+-+MCJ.)>17I?$
9,5$
9 Ì ËeDEC-+M+-CJ.)>1I/$
9*.8I?S*+X9 V )p,?.=.CMi/$*)>9&Ie&(*)m(
CMi/(*)>.Y&
4*6=C-I?6=CA&0cl+-)7n/)7+BQe,?.G:.8PCM&(u4z)76=CMI:9*.fC-$x&(*)E63,5$*i/)ZI?T Ì?Ì &I Ì Ë?ËDeC-+-+MCU.)>17I?$
9
.8I?S
+-9 V )d,/..CMi/$*)>9_&I&(
)E&(*)E$*)7qN&p+-Ij8)76
4*6=C-I?6=CA&0cd+-)7n/)7+B[*,5$
9W.IeI/$]Q
)877$&;
* 02 *C*+)3
*& #"
}x)P(
,on?)^,5+-6=)>,?9*cp9:);
$
)>9Z&=,/.YG^0CM&Y&=)76U,/.&(*)PDd,5i/$*CM&S
9:)^I?TLnj,56=C-,5&C-I?$eCM$Z&(
),56=6C-nj,5+OI?61I/DE4*+M)7&C-I?$Z&C-DE)>.I?Tz,f4L)>6C-I:9:CX1&=,?.GQ
^(
,5&C-.>[*&=(*)p,56=6=CMnj,5+&=CMDE)P0CM&Y&=)76C-.Pi/CMn/)7$ V c&(
)p+-,5&)<.0&b,?66=CMnj,?+&C-De)'DeC-$OS
.^&=(*)p)>,?6+-C-)>.Y&P,?66=C-no,?+&C-DE)p,5DEI?$*i,?+M+JCM$
.Y&=,?$
1)<.
I?T\&(*)b&=,?.GQ2:CMDEC-+-,?6+-c?[/&(*)f1I/De4
+M)7&C-I?$E&C-DE)F0CM&Y&=)76C-.Ki?C-n?)>$ V cZ&(
)b+X,j&)<.0&^1I/De4
+M)7&C-I?$E&C-DE)bDEC-$NSL.F&=(*)b)<,56=+MC-)>.Y&U1I/De4
+M)7&C-I?$
&=CMDE)HI5T\&=(*)f&=,?.G+Q F6=)>.)7$
17)I5T.Dd,5+-+\,5DEI?S*$N&3.UI?T,56=6C-nj,5+L&C-DE)U0CM&Y&=)76PCX.K$
I?6=DE,?+M+-ceS*$
,on?I/C-9
, V +-),/.K,?+M+4*(Oc:.YCX17,?+z17+MI:13G:..Y(*Ij8
.I?DE)H,5DEI?S*$N&^I5T.G?)>8mQ KI?DE4*+-)&C-I?$k&C-DE)K0CM&Y&=)763.P,56=)f1>,5S
.)>9 V cE&(*) V ,/.YCX1b$L,j&S
6)fI5Tg _|Ä.13(*)<9:S*+-CM$
iZ8P(*CX13(W.13(*)<9:S*+-)>.,
&3,?.GE,5&K&=(*)H)>,?6+-CM)<.0&I?4*4zI?6&S
$*CA&0cd,5&8P(*CX13(kCM&17,?$6S
$]QF^(OS
.7[N&=(*)6=)>.4zI?$
.)&=CMDE)HI5T,p&=,/.YG9:)>4L)>$
9*.I?$(*Ij8~Dd,5$Ocd(*C-i?(*)>6
4*6=C-I?6=CA&0cl&3,?.G:.p,56=6C-n?)l¼I?6p8)76=)d8,?CA&=CM$
iN¾m9:S
6C-$*iW&(
))q:)>17S:&C-I?$uI?T&=(*)d&3,?.GzQlODd,5+-+K,?DEI?S*$N&=.pI5T20CA&&)>6'$*I/6Dd,5+-+-c{9:Il$*I?&
(
#%$_1+-I:13G/@%9:6=CMn/)7$W.13(
)>9:S*+-)763.>[*&(
)'.13(
)>9:S*+-C-$*i4zI?C-$/&3.b,?6)p9:)7;
$*)<9 V c&(
)'C-$/&=)76=6S
4:&=.Pi/)7$*)>6=,5&)<9 V c&(*)e.Yc:.Y&)>D 17+MI:13GQ
;
#%DE4LI/6Y&3,5$N&1+-IO13GN@%9:6=CMn/)7$W.13(*)<9:S*+-)763.P,56=)f&=, V +M)7@ V ,/.Y)<9W,5$
9W1c:17+MCX15Q KcO17+MCX1m.=13(*)>9:S
+M)>6=.P,?6) V )7C-$*i4*6=)>9:I/DECM$
,?$N&+-cS
.)>9
CM$W.DE,?+M+J)7D V )>9
9:)>9W,54
4*+MCX17,5&C-I?$
.^9:S
)H&IE&(
)7C-6.YC-DE4*+MCX1CM&0c,?$
9+MIj86S*$&=CMDE)mIjn?)>6(
)>,?9]Q
|DEI?$
im&(*)f+X,56=i?)$OS*D V )>6KI?T]6)<.YS*+M&=.U&(L,j&,?6),ono,?CM+X, V +M)C-$k)>n?)>$/&@9*6C-n?)>$E.=13(*)<9:S*+-CM$*iZI5T]6=)>,?+A@B&C-DE)&=,/.YG:.UI?$k,'S*$*C-4*6I?@
;
1)<..I?6<[N&08KIE,5+-i?I/6CM&(*Dd.P,?6)fDEI/.Y&b.YC-i?$*CM;L1>,5$N&>
fr«¼hU,?6+-CM)<.0#& )>,?9*+MC-$*)prCM63.Y&3¾ F^(
C-.PCX.P,5$WI/4:&C-Dd,5+]9:cO$
,?DeCX1f4*6=CMI/6CM&0ck.=13(*)>9:S
+MC-$*id,5+-i?I/6CM&(*DWQ
g _|¼hg,j&=) lI?$
I5&I/$*CX1f|b$
,5+-c:.YCX.3¾ ^(*CX.PC-.P,?$WI?4:&=CMDd,5+].Y&=,5&CX1H4*6=CMI/6CM&0c.13(
)>9:S*+-C-$*id,5+-i?I?6=CM&(*DWQ
^(*I?S
i?(W frCX.,5$WI/4:&C-Dd,5+]6=)>,?+A@B&C-DE)H&=,?.Gk.=13(*)>9*S*+MC-$*i,?+Mi/I?6=CA&=(*D I?$l,ES*$
CM4*6=I:1)<..I?6<[:CA&f.YS:)763.^Ta6=I?D ,eTa)78Ä.Y(*I/6Y&@
;
1I/DeC-$*iN.7Q^#&f1>,5$*$
I5&bi/S
,563,5$N&)>)H&(
,5&b&=(*)Z176CM&CX17,?+\&=,/.YG:.DE)>)&b&=(*)7C-6f6)<.Y4z)>1&C-n?)p9:)<,?9:+-CM$
)>.S
$
9:)76&63,5$L.YC-)7$N&bIjn/)76=+MIN,?9\Q
)>.C-9:)<.7[jC-DE4*+-)7DE)7$N&=,5&C-I?$eI5T
6=)>.I?S
6=17)K.(
,56=CM$
i,5DEI/$*i6=)>,?+A@B&C-DE)U&3,?.G:.CX.)qO&6=)7DE)>+Mcp9:C 1S*+M&>Q^(*)>6)7TaI?6=)?[5 r@ V ,?.)>9
,5+-i?I/6CM&(*Dd.^,56=)f6=,?6)>+McdS
.)>9C-$W4*6=,/1 &=C-17)H,?$
9g _|P@ V ,/.Y)<9.=13(*)>9*S*+MC-$*id,5+-i?I/6CM&(
DE.^(L,on?) V )<1I?DE)H4zI?4*S*+X,56<Q
}{)f9:CX.17S
..)>9d&(*)fDd,5C-$6)<.YS
+A&3.K17I?$
17)76=$*CM$
ip(*Ij8w&Ie9:)&=)76=DECM$*)&(
).=13(*)>9:S
+-, V CM+-CM&0ceI?TJ,'.)&^I5T\&3,?.GO.US*$
9:)>6P frx,?$
9
;
g _|'Q
}{)H,5+X.IZ9:CX.17S
.=.Y)<9d(*Ij8w&IeIjn?)>6=17I?DE)b.I?DE)b4
6I V +M)>Dd.F&=(
,j&,56=CX.Y)8P(
CM+-)f9*)7n?)>+MI/4*C-$*iZ,Z4*63,?1 &=C-1>,5+z6)<,5+M@h&=CMDE)f.Yc:.Y&)7DWQ2#%$
;
4
,56&CX1S
+-,?6>[N8K)f9:CX.17S
..)>9k(*Ij8w&Ie(
,?$
9:+-)f.CA&=S
,j&=CMI/$
.^.YSL13(k,?.8P(*)>$&=,/.YGE4*6=C-I?6=CA&=CM)<.K9:CM)76Ta6I/D&=,/.YGd16=CM&CX17,5+-CM&C-)>.>[O,?$
9
,?.=.YC-i?$
CM$*i'4*6C-I?6=CM&C-)>.K&IZ&=,/.YG:.KTaI?6Pg _| .=13(*)>9:S
+MC-$*ie8P(*)7$&(*)H4*6=C-I?6=CA&0cE+-)7n?)>+-..S*4*4zI?6&)>9 V cE&(*)HI/4L)>6=,5&C-$*iZ.c:.0&=)7DCX.
+M)<..&=(
,5$&(
)m$NS
D V )76I?TJ&=,/.YG:.&=I V )p.=13(*)>9*S*+M)<9\Q
§
$*I/$:@4*6)>)7DE4:&=CMn/)fI/4L)>6=,5&C-$*iE.Yc:.Y&)7DWQ
¼a(L¾|1c:1+-CX1y.=13(*)>9:S
+M)>6kCX.DEI/6)_4
6I?;L1C-)7$N&k&=(
,5$,t4*S*6=)_&3, V +-)@%9:6=CMn/)7$ .=13(*)>9*S*+M)>6kTaI/6.=13(*)>9*S*+MC-$*iv,.)&I?T'(
,?6=9
6=)>,?+A@B&C-DE)&3,?.G:.7Q
¼CX¾g y|CX.^,5$I?4:&=CMDd,5+].Y&=,5&CX1b4
6C-I?6=CA&0cd.=13(*)>9*S*+M)>6^CM$k&(*)Hi?)>$*)763,5+17,/.Y)8P(*)76=)&(*)f&=,/.YGd4z)76=C-IO9
.,?$
9k9*)>,?9*+MC-$*)>.I?T,
.)&I?T(
,?6=96)<,5+M@h&=CMDE)H4z)76=CMI:9:CX1f&=,/.YG:.Dd,ock9:CMz)>6>Q
¼ ¾WO)>+AT\.S
.Y4z)7$L.YC-I?$eI5Tz&=,/.YG:.2C-De4L,?1 &3.&(*)P8I?63.Y&21>,?.)6=)>.4zI?$
.)U&=CMDE)<.I5Tz&(*)^C-$
9:C-nOC-9:SL,5+:&3,?.GO.2DZS
13(eDeI/6)P,/9:n?)>6=.)7+-c
8P(*)>$y4*6=)7)>DE4:&C-I?$_I?TF&=,/.YG:.bC-.H.S*4*4zI?6&)>9 V cW&=(*)'I/4L)>6=,5&C-$*i.c:.0&=)7D 1I/DE4
,56=)>9W&=I&=(*)e1>,?.)'8P(*)>$_4*6=)7)>De4*&C-I?$
CX.P$*I?&P.S*4*4zI?6&)<9\Q
¼G:¾|.YS*CM&=, V +-);
i?S
6)FI?T*DE)76=CA&]&=I17I?DE4
,56=)2&(
)U4z)76TaI?6=DE,?$
1)I?T*9:CA)76=)7$N&(
,5639H6)<,5+M@h&=CMDE)&3,?.Gf.=13(*)<9:S*+-CM$*i,?+Mi/I?6=CA&=(*Dd.
1>,5$ V )H&=(*)p,on?)>6=,?i?)&3,?.G6=)>.4LI/$
.Y)f&=CMDE)>.6)<.YS*+M&C-$*ieTa6=I?D )<,?13(W,5+-i?I?6=CM&(*DWQ
¼+X¾}~(*)>$l,e.)&PI?T4z)76=CMI:9:CX1f6)<,5+M@h&=CMDE)&=,?.G:.C-. V )7C-$*i.=13(*)>9:S
+M)<9S
.CM$
iEg _|p[*CM&17,?$$*I?& V )H&=(*)m17,?.)f&(
,5&,Z+-Ij8)76
4*6=C-I?6=CA&0cE&3,?.GkDE)7)7&=.^CM&=.9:)<,?9:+-C-$*)?[*8P(
)76=)>,?.^.I?DE)H(*C-i?(*)>6P4*6C-I?6=CM&0cE&=,?.Gk9:IO)<.^$*I5&<Q
¼Dd¾ r¼U,?6+-C-)>.Y#& )>,/9:+-CM$*)mrC-6=.Y&3¾^,?+Mi/I?6=CA&=(*D 4zI/.=.Y)<..)>.i?IOI:9k&63,5$
.CM)>$N&^Ijn/)76=+MIN,?9d(L,5$
9:+-C-$*id17,54L, V C-+MCM&0c?Q
¼a$L¾| &=CMDE)@%.+MCX1)<96=I?S
$
9k6=I V CM$W.13(
)>9:S*+-)76PCX.P,5$)q*,?De4
+M)mI?T,e$*I?$*@B4*6=)7)>DE4:&C-n?)m.=13(*)>9:S
+M)>6>Q
¼aIO¾kg y| ¼g,5&) _I?$*I?&I?$
C-1d|b$
,5+-c:.YCX.=¾fCX.p,?$xI/4:&C-Dd,5+U,?+Mi/I?6=CA&=(*D TaI/6'.=13(*)>9:S
+MC-$*i_.Y&=,j&=C-1E4
6C-I?6=CA&0cy$*I?$:@4*6=)7)>De4*&C-n?)
4z)76=CMI:9:CX1H6=)>,5+M@B&C-De)&=,/.YG:.^(
,onOC-$*iE(
,56399:)>,/9:+MC-$*)<.7Q
¼a4L¾ r ,?+Mi/I?6=CA&=(*D CX.m,5$xI?4:&=CMDd,5+F,?+Mi/I?6=CA&=(*D TaI?6p.=13(*)>9*S*+MC-$*i(
,5639{6)<,5+M@h&=CMDE)Z&=,?.G:.fI?$u,kS*$
CM4*6=I:1)<..I?6H8P(*)>$y&=(*)
&3,?.Gk.Y)7&C-.P,EDECMqO&S*6=)HI5T24L)>6C-I:9:C-1H,?$
9W,54z)76=CMI:9:CX1&=,?.G:.7Q
¼h`O¾WOS
4*4LIN.Y)8K)(
,on?),Z.Y)7&UI5T]6=)>,?+A@B&C-DE)C-$
9:)74z)7$L9:)7$N&&=,?.G:.&=I V )b6=S*$I?$,pS*$*C-4*6I:17)>.=.YI/6FS*$
9:)>6g _|.=13(*)<9:S*+-CM$*iLQ
}x)dI V .)76=n?)'&(
,5&',&=,?.GlI5T^4z)76=CMI:9 Ì ËDeC-+-+MCK:)>1e(
,?.HDE)7&pCA&3.m9:)>,/9:+MC-$*)/QEr
6I/D &(
C-.HI V .Y)>6nj,5&C-I?$][\CM&p8KI/S*+X9 V )
.=,jTa)f&I17I?$
17+MSL9:)f&(
,5&b,'&3,?.G(
,onOC-$*iE4L)>6C-I:9kI?+T (ZDECM+-+-CO)>1H8I?S
+-99:);L$*CA&=)7+-ck(
,on/)DE)7&CA&3.9:)>,/9:+-CM$*)<.7[
¼a6 ¾ Kc:1+-CX1m.13(*)<9:S*+-)763.^,56=)fDEI/6)f4*6=I5;L17CM)>$/&^&=(
,5$&=, V +-)@%9:6C-n?)>$.=13(*)<9:S*+-)763.7Q
¼h.=¾#%$,m$
I?$*4*6=)7)>DE4:&=, V +M)PI/4L)>6=,5&C-$*ip.cO.Y&)>D )>De4
+MIjcOC-$*ipg _| .=13(*)<9:S*+-CM$*i'I5T\,p.Y)7&UI5T6=)>,5+M@B&C-De)P4z)76=C-IO9*C-1^&3,?.G:.7[N.Y)>+AT
.S
.4L)>$
.YC-I?$lI?TF,d(*C-i?(*)>64*6=CMI/6CM&0c&3,?.Gx¼h9:S*)p&=I# ?R )&315Q ¾DE,ocC-$
16=)>,/.Y)f&(
)'6=)>.4LI/$
.Y)H&=CMDE)ZI5TF,d+-Ij8K)>6P4*6C-I?6=CM&0c
&3,?.GzQ
¼&3¾^(*)m8I?63.Y&Y@%17,?.)b6=)>.4zI?$
.)f&C-De)HTaI/6,Z&=,?.GI:1717S*63.^8P(*)7$CA&CX.PI/S:&PI5T24*(
,?.)H8PCA&=(WCA&3.P(*C-i?(*)>6P4*6C-I?6=CM&0cE&=,?.G:.7Q
¼aSL¾|~.4LI/6=,/9:CX1K.)76=n?)>6SL.Y)<9'&=IH(
,5$
9*+M)P,54z)76=C-IO9*C-1^,5$L9e.4zI?63,?9:CX1F&3,?.G:.TaI?6Fg _|~.=13(*)<9:S*+-CM$*im,/13(*CM)>n?)<.(
CMi/(*)76F.=13(*)>9*S:@
+X, V +-)mS:&=CM+-CM<,j&=CMI/$17I?DE4
,56=)>9k&Id,E9:)7Ta)76=6=, V +M)m.)76=n?)>6>Q
¼n:¾}~(*C-+-)S
.CM$*im,m17cO17+MCX1^.13(
)>9:S*+-)762&=Ip.13(
)>9:S*+-),H.Y)7&FI5T6)<,5+M@h&=CMDE)&=,/.YG:.2I/$E,fS*$
CM4*6=I:1)<..I?6<[j8P(*)7$d,m.S*CM&=, V +M)^Ta63,5DE)
.CM>)'.=,j&CX.YTacNC-$*i,?+M+J&(*)m&=(*6=)7)p6=)>`NS*C-6)<9W1I?$L.0&=6=,?CM$N&=.(
,?. V )7)>$lTaI?S
$
9\[zCA&bCX.i/S
,563,5$N&=)7)>9k&(L,j&b&=(*)m&3,?.G.)&8I?S
+-9
V )HTa)>,/.YC V +-ck.13(
)>9:S*+-)>9 V cd&=(*)p1c:1+-CX1f.=13(*)<9:S*+-)76<Q
¼ V ¾}~(*)>$~,x.)&dI?T(
,?6=96)<,5+M@h&=CMDE)4L)>6C-I:9:CX1k&3,?.G:.d,56=) V )7C-$*it.=13(*)>9:S
+M)<9S
.C-$*ix,u17cO17+MCX1W.13(
)>9:S*+-)76<[UCMTm,x17)76&=,?CM$
Ta63,5DE).C-7)bCX.UTaI?S*$
9d&I V )f$*I5&^.YS*CM&=, V +-)?[N&(*)>$k,5$OceTa63,5DE)b.CM>).DE,?+M+-)76U&(
,?$&=(*C-.K8I?S*+X9d$*I?&,5+X.I V )H.S*CA&3, V +-)TaI/6
.=13(*)>9*S*+MC-$*ie&(
)H&=,?.G:.7Q
¼1>¾}~(*)>$x,.)&HI5TK(L,5639_6=)>,5+M@B&C-De)Z4L)>6C-I:9:CX1p&3,?.GO.H,?6) V )>CM$*il.=13(*)>9*S*+M)<9_S
.C-$*i,1c:17+MCX1Z.=13(*)<9:S*+-)76<[\CATK,17,?$
9:CX9*,j&=)
Ta63,5DE)E.YC-7)Z)q*1)>)>9*.b&(*)E)7qO)<1S:&=CMI/$l&C-DE)EI5TU)>n?)76=c&=,?.Gl,5$
9{.`NS
,?6)>+Mcl9:C-nOC-9*)>.b&(*)EDd,j0I/61c:17+M)/[&(*)>$yCM&H8I?S
+-9
V )p,E.YS*CM&=, V +-)HTa6=,?De)m.CM>)f&I.=13(*)>9:S
+M)f&(
)mi?C-n?)7$W.)&PI5T&=,/.YG:.>Q
¼9
¾rC-$
9:C-$*i,5$I?4:&=CMDd,?+].13(*)<9:S*+-)fTaI?6,E.Y)7&I5TCM$
9*)74z)7$
9:)>$N&4L)>6C-I:9:C-1H(L,56396=)>,5+M@B&C-De)f&3,?.GO.^8PCM&(
I?S:&b,?$Ncd6=)>.I?S
6=17)@
.(
,56=C-$*ie17I?$
.Y&63,5C-$N&=.^S*$L9:)76.Y&=,5&CX1H4*6C-I?6=CM&0c1I?$L9:CA&=CMI/$
.^CX.P,5$ F@17I?DE4*+-)&)H4*6=I V +M)>DQ
¼a)<¾^(*)p r,5+-i?I/6CM&(*DCX.PI/4:&C-Dd,5+\TaI/6.13(*)<9:S*+-CM$
ie6=)>,?+A@B&C-DE)f&=,?.G:.^CM$l,eS*$*C-4*6=I:1)>.=.I?6^CM$l,e$*I/$:@B4
6)>)7DE4:&C-n?)H)>$NnOCM@
6=I?$*DE)>$/&<Q
¼T=¾}~(*)>$sg _| C-.HSL.Y)<9_&=IW.=13(*)<9:S*+-)e,W.)&mI5TU(L,5639y6=)>,?+A@B&C-DE)Z4z)76=CMI:9:CX1Z&=,/.YG:.fCM$u,S*$*C-4*6I:17)>.=.YI/6f)>$OnNC-6=I?$*DE)7$N&<[\CAT
&=(*)4
6I:1)<..I?6 V )<1I?DE)<.UIjn/)76=+MIN,?9:)<9Z,?$NcZ&C-DE)f9*S*6C-$*ie.Yc:.Y&)7D)7qO)<1S:&=CMI/$9:S*)&IZIjn?)76=6=S*$ V ce&=(*)b+-Ij8K)<.0&K4*6C-I?6=CM&0c
&3,?.Gz[:CM&8I?S*+X9 V )mn?)>6c9:C 17S*+A&P&=Id4*6=)>9:CX1 &P8P(*CX13(&=,?.G8I?S*+X9DeCX.=.^CA&3.9:)>,/9:+-CM$*)/Q
¼aiO¾}~(*C-+-)p.13(*)<9:S*+-CM$
ie,e.Y)7&PI5T6=)>,?+A@B&C-DE)4z)76=C-IO9*C-1b&=,/.YG:.8P(*I/.)f&=,/.YGd4z)76=CMI:9*.^,?6)f(
,56=DEI?$*CX17,?+M+-cE6)>+-,5&)<9\[O&(*)HS*4
4L)>6
V I?S*$L9I/$k&=(*)p,?13(
CM)>no, V +-) ÄS:&C-+-CM<,j&C-I?$CX.^&(*)p.=,5DE)fTaI?6 V I5&=(l fr,5$L9g y| ,5+-i?I?6=CM&(*Dd.
¼a(L¾#%$s,W$*I/$:@B4
6)>)7DE4:&C-n?)E)>n?)7$N&@9:6=C-n?)7$y&=,/.YGx.13(*)<9:S*+-)76<[J.=13(*)>9:S
+MC-$*i_9:)<1CX.YC-I?$
.m,?6)EDd,?9*)dI?$*+-c{,5&f&=(*)k,?66=CMnj,?+2,?$
9
17I?DE4*+-)&C-I?$WI?TJ&=,/.YG:.>Q
¼CX¾^(*)pTaI?+-+MIj8PC-$*idCX.^&(*)Z1I?6=6=)>1 &,?663,5$*i/)7DE)7$N&PI5T2&=(*)m&(
6)>)mDE,50I?6b17+-,/..)>.^I?T6)<,5+M@h&=CMDE)m.13(
)>9:S*+-C-$*ik,5+-i?I/6CM&(
DE.^C-$
,/.17)7$
9:C-$*iEI?639:)>6I?T&=(*)7C-6P6=S*$:@B&C-De)mIjn/)76=(*)>,/9*.>Q
.Y&=,5&CX1H4*6C-I?6=CM&0cd4*6)>)7DE4:&=CMn/)H.=13(*)<9:S*+-CM$*id,?+Mi/I?6=CA&=(*Dd.
&3, V +-)@%9:6=CMn/)7$W,5+-i?I?6=CM&(*Dd.
;
9:cO$
,?DEC-1H4*6=C-I?6=CA&0c,?+Mi/I?6=CA&=(*Dd.
;
¼ ¾^(*)K fr.=13(*)<9:S*+-CM$*i,?+Mi/I?6=CA&=(*D«$
)7)>9
.\&ITa6)<`/S
)7$N&+-c)7q*,5DECM$
)2&(*)K6)<,?9:cf`/S
)7S*)FI?TO&(*)&3,?.G:.J,j&6)>i?S*+X,56\C-$N&)76=nj,5+X.
;
&=I9:)&=)76=DeC-$*)H8P(*CX13(&=,?.Gk.(*I?S
+-9.0&3,56&P6S*$
$*CM$
id$*)qO&>Q
¼G:¾#%$g _| .13(*)<9:S*+-CM$
i
[NCATJc/I?SdI V .Y)>6n/)P&(
)f.)>`NS*)>$
1)C-$k8P(
C-13(k,Z.Y)7&I?T]4L)>6C-I:9:CX16=)>,5+M@B&C-De)b&=,/.YG:. <º F [Oº H [QMQ-Q^$
,?6)d&3,5G/)7$tS*4tTaI?6')7q:)>1S*&C-I?$][2&=(*)&3,?.Gx)7q:)>1S*&C-I?$s4
,5&Y&)>6$8KI/S*+-9t6)>4L)<,j&')>n?)76=c t;¼ F 7 H 7
7 ¾pC-$N&)76=nj,5+B[
2
8P(*)>6) » C-.^&=(*)m4z)76=CMI:9I5T&(*)H&3,?.Gº » Q
¼+X¾}~(*C-+-).13(*)<9:S*+-CM$
i,W.)&mI5TCM$
9*)74z)7$
9:)>$N&p(
,5639y6=)>,?+A@B&C-DE)Z4z)76=C-IO9*C-1Z&=,/.YG:.fI?$u,S*$*C-4*6I:17)>.=.YI/6>[]g y|17,5$ V ),/.
4*6=I5;z1C-)7$N&,?.P frtS
$
9:)76.I?DE)m1I/$
.Y&63,5C-$/&3.I?$&(*)H&3,?.Gk.)&>Q
¼Dd¾r
I?6d.13(
)>9:S*+-C-$*i{6=)>,?+A@B&C-DE)&3,?.GO.eC-$4*63,?1&CX17,?+S
$*CM4
6I:1)<..I?6 V ,?.)>96)<,5+M@h&=CMDE).Yc:.Y&)7Dd.>[U.S V @I?4:&=CMDd,5+^(*)>S*6=C-.Y&CX1
.=13(*)>9*S*+MC-$*iH,5+-i?I/6CM&(*Dd.,56=)U$*I/6Dd,?+M+-cHS
.Y)<9',/.JI/4:&C-Dd,5+:.13(
)>9:S*+-C-$*if,?+Mi/I?6=CA&=(*Dd.,?6)1I/De4
S:&=,5&C-I?$
,?+M+-cHCM$N&63,?1&=, V +M)/Q
¼a$L¾^(*)mg y| .=13(*)<9:S*+X, V C-+MCM&0cEI5T2,'.)&PI5TJ4z)76=C-IO9*C-16)<,5+M@h&=CMDE)&=,/.YG:.K8KI/S*+-9 V )H(*C-i?(
)76^CAT&(*)>CM6^4z)76=CMI:9*.^,?6)(
,56=DEI?$*CM@
1>,5+-+Mc6=)7+X,j&=)>91I/De4L,56=)>9k&Ie&(*)p1>,?.)H8P(*)76=)f&(*)>CM6P4z)76=CMI:9*.b,56=)$*I?&6)>+-,5&)<9\Q
¼aIO¾kg y| .(*I/S*+-9 V )f4*6=)Ta)76=6=)>9dIjn/)76F&=(*)f&C-DE)@%.Y+-C-17)>9d6=I?S
$
9O@6I V CM$,5+-i?I?6=CM&(*D TaI?6P.=13(*)>9:S
+MC-$*iZ,Z.Y)7&I?T.I5T&^6)<,5+M@h&=CMDE)
&3,?.GO.^I/$,eS*$
CM4*6=I:1)<..I?6<Q
¼a4L¾ b$
9:)76eg _|'[J&=(*),/13(*CM)>nj, V +-)dS:&C-+-CM<,j&C-I?$I5T,_.)&'I?T^(L,5639u6)<,5+M@h&=CMDE)d4z)76=CMI:9:CX1E&=,/.YG:.'8KI/S*+-9s9*6I/4x8P(
)7$s&3,?.G
4z)76=CMI:9*.P,?6)HDZS*+A&=CM4
+M)<.PI5T2)>,/13(kI5&=(*)7617I?DE4
,?6)<9&=IZ&=(*)p17,/.Y)H8P(*)>$&(*)>c,56=)f$*I5&<Q
9*
.YC-7)W¼a8PCM&(
I?S:&p(
,onOC-$*i&Il.4*+MCM&p,5$Oc_I?TU&(
)E&=,?.G:.=¾&(L,j&'.=,j&CX.Y;
)>.&(
)E&(*6=)7)d1I/$
.Y&63,5C-$/&3.fI5TKDEC-$*C-DeC->,5&C-I?$xI5T^1I?$N&=)qO&
.Y8PCM&=13(
)>.>[*DECM$*C-DECM<,j&=CMI/$I?T2.=13(*)<9:S*+-)H&=, V +M)p.CM>)?[
,?$
9l.=,j&CX.YT,?1 &=CMI/$I?T29*)>,?9*+MC-$*)>.>Q IO)>.^&=(*CX.PCMDE4*+-c&(
,5&bCA&CX.P4zI/.=.YC V +-)
&I,/..)76&^&(
,5&b8K)p1>,5$WTa)<,?.C V +-c.=13(*)<9:S*+-)H&(*)m&=(*6=)7)H&=,/.YG:.PSL.YC-$*iE&(
)'1c:1+-CX1m.13(*)<9:S*+-)76 _#Tc/I?Sl,5$
.8)76, d6=Dd,j&C-n?)>+Mc/[
&(*)>$l4*6=Ijn?)mc?I/S*6b,?$
.Y8)76<Q^#TFc?I/S_,5$
.8K)>6P$*)7iN,j&=CMn/)7+-c?[*&=(*)7${.Y(*Ij8 ,?$l)q*,5DE4*+-)pC-$Nn/I?+-nOCM$*iE&=(*6=)7)m&3,?.GO.P&(
,5&f9:CX.Y4
6Ijn/)>.
&(*)p,/..)76&C-I?$JQ
Q K+-,/..CMTacE&(*)m)7qOCX.Y&C-$*ie,?+Mi/I?6=CA&=(*Dd.KTaI?6.=13(*)>9:S
+MC-$*ie6)<,5+M@h&=CMDE)f&=,/.YG:.CM$N&=IE,ZTa)>8 V 6=I/,/9k1+X,?.=.)>.>QFqO4
+-,?CM$&(*)HC-DE4LI/6Y&3,5$N&
Ta)>,5&S*6=)>.^I?TJ&(
)>.) V 6IN,?91+X,?.=.Y)<.^I5TJ&3,?.Gk.=13(*)>9:S
+MC-$*id,5+-i?I/6CM&(*Dd.>Q
Ì Ë*Q KI?$
.CX9:)76^,'6=)>,?+A@B&C-DE).c:.0&=)7D8P(*CX13(17I?$
.C-.Y&=.KI5T&(*6=)7)&=,/.YG:.KGº Fo[OOº H5[*,5$L9º N [O8P(*CX13(k(
,on/) V )7)>$13(
,?6=,/1 &=)76=CM>)>9EC-$k&=(*)
TaI?+-+MIj8PC-$*iZ&=, V +M)/Q
J Ì #Q b)7&)>6DEC-$*)'8P(*)7&(*)>6b&=(*)ZTaI?+-+MIj8PC-$*ik.)&fI5TF4z)76=CMI:9:CX1m&3,?.GO.bC-.f.=13(*)>9:S
+-, V +M)ZI?$y,S*$*C-4*6I:17)>.=.YI/6bS
.CM$
i _|K¼ b)<,?9:+-C-$*)
lI?$
I5&I/$*CX1|b+Mi/I?6=CA&=(*D¾ QUO(*Ij8 ,5+-+]C-$/&=)76=DE)>9:CX,j&=)H.Y&)>4
.^C-$c/I?S*6P17I?DE4*S:&3,j&C-I?$JQ
,/.YG N&=,?6Y&@h&=CMDE)d¼aDO)<1>¾ F6=I:1)>.=.CM$*i?@h&=CMDE)e¼aDO)>1<¾ 2)>6C-I:9y¼Dd:)>1>¾ b)<,?9:+-C-$*)/¼Dd:)>1>¾
Gº F J5Ë J9( Ì (5Ë Ì #/Ë
ºH ?Ë ÌË ?Ë #/Ë
ºN #/Ë J5Ë J5Ë?Ë Ì J5Ë
ºP J9( ÌË *?Ë J9(
J(J:Q KI?$
.CX9:)76&(
)HTaI?+-+MIj8PC-$*id.Y)7&PI5T&(*6=)7)HC-$
9:)74z)7$L9:)7$N&b6=)>,?+A@B&C-DE)4z)76=CMI:9:CX1f&=,/.YG:.>Q
,/.YG N&=,?6Y&@h&=CMDE)d¼aDO)<1>¾ F6=I:1)>.=.CM$*i?@h&=CMDE)e¼aDO)>1<¾ 2)>6C-I:9y¼Dd:)>1>¾ b)<,?9:+-C-$*)/¼Dd:)>1>¾
ºF J5Ë J9( Ì (5Ë Ì Ë?Ë
Oº H #/Ë ÌË (5Ë ?Ë
Nº ?Ë (5Ë J5Ë?Ë Ì (5Ë
# Ì
J Q KI?$
.Y&6=S
1&K,5$d)7q:,?DE4*+M)bCM$On?I/+MnOC-$*ip,p.)&UI?T](
,5639E6=)>,5+M@B&C-De)P4z)76=C-IO9*C-1&=,?.G:.2&(L,j&,?6)b$*I5&K.=13(*)<9:S*+X, V +-)S*$
9*)76Kg _| V S*&
1I/S*+-9 V )HTa)>,?.C V +Mc.13(*)<9:S*+-)>9 V c _|pQ )>6CMTackc/I?S*6P,?$
.Y8)76<[*.(*Ij8PCM$
ie,?+M+\C-$N&)76=DE)>9:CX,j&=)p.0&=)74
.>Q
/Ë*QP^(*6=)7)m(
,?6=96)<,5+M@h&=CMDE)m4z)76=CMI:9:CX1H&3,?.GO.^º F . ¼ (5Ë?DO)>1?[ Ì Ë/Ë5DO)>1?[ Ì Ë/Ë5DO)>1<¾ [*º H6. ¼ Ë?DO)>1?E[ J5Ë/Ë5DO)>1?'[ J5Ë/Ë5DO)>1<¾ [
,?$
9
Oº N . ¼ /Ë5DO)>1?6[ #/Ë?Ë?DO)>1?[ #NË?Ë?Dd:)>1>¾],56=)&I V )^.13(
)>9:S*+-)>9pI?$',PS
$*CM4
6I:1)<..I?6S
.CM$*ifg _|'Q ,?$m&(*)K&=,/.YGm.)& V )UTa)>,?.C V +Mc
V )Z.13(*)<9:S*+-)>9 OS*4*4zI/.)Z17I?$N&)7qO&.Y8PCM&=13(lIjn/)76=(*)>,/9kI?T Ì DECM+-+-C2O)<1I/$
9*.CX.P&=I V )p&3,5G?)>$lCM$N&=Ik,?1>1I?S
$/&<[L9:)7&)>6DEC-$*)p&=(*)
.13(
)>9:S*+X, V CM+-CA&0c/Q
Ì Q KI?$
.CX9:)76&(
)HTaI?+-+MIj8PC-$*ie&(*6=)7)H6=)>,?+A@B&C-DE)f4z)76=C-IO9*C-1&=,/.YG:.>Q
,/.YG N&=,?6Y&@h&=CMDE)d¼aDO)<1>¾ F6=I:1)>.=.CM$*i?@h&=CMDE)e¼aDO)>1<¾ 2)>6C-I:9y¼Dd:)>1>¾ b)<,?9:+-C-$*)/¼Dd:)>1>¾
Gº F J5Ë J9( Ì (5Ë Ì (5Ë
ºH #/Ë ÌË (5Ë (5Ë
ºN ?Ë (5Ë J5Ë?Ë J?Ë?Ë
¼,N¾ K(*)<13Gu8P(*)&=(*)76'&(*)&(*6=)7)i?C-n?)>$u&=,?.G:.',?6)k.=13(*)<9:S*+X, V +-)S*$
9*)76Eg _|pQFO(
Ij8,?+M+C-$/&=)76=DE)>9:CX,j&=)k.0&=)74
.ZC-$tc?I/S*6
17I?DE4*S:&3,j&C-I?$JQ
#J
¼T=¾W|..S*DE)p&=(
,j&bOº NmCX.GO$*Ij8P$W&=I V )p&(
)'DEI/.Y&16=CM&CX17,5+JI5T&(
)m&(*6=)7)p&=,?.G:.7QFq:4*+-,?CM$l,.S*CM&=, V +M)Z.13(*)>DE) V c8P(*CX13(
CM&PDE,oc V )4zI/.=.C V +-)&I')>$
.S*6)&(L,j&^Iº N9:IO)>.$*I?&DECX..CM&=.^9:)>,/9:+-CM$*)<.US
$
9:)76&=6=,?$
.YC-)7$N&Ijn?)76=+-I/,?9E17I?$
9:CM&C-I?$L.K8P(
)7$
&=(*)H&=,/.YGk.)&CX.P.=13(*)>9:S
+M)<9SL.YC-$*idg _|'Q
¼aiO¾k|..S*DE)P&(L,j&Kc/I?SE(
,on/) V )>)7$,?.G?)<9Z&IpC-DE4*+M)>DE)7$N&,?$E ry&=,/.YGE.=13(*)>9:S
+M)>6TaI?6,5$d,54*4
+MCX17,5&C-I?$d8P(*)>6)P) d17CM)>$
1c
I?T&=(*)p.13(
)>9:S*+-C-$*id,5+-i?I?6=CM&(*DCX.,en?)>6cdC-DE4LI/6Y&3,5$N&b1I/$
1)>6$]-
ChQPFqO4
+-,?CM$&(*)p9
,j&=,E.Y&6=S
1 &=S*6=)fc/I?S8KI/S*+X9kS
.)f&IdDd,5C-$N&=,?CM$&(*)m6=)>,/9:cd+-C-.Y&>Q}~(
,5&8KI/S*+X9 V )H&(*)p17I?DE4*+-)q:CM&0c
I?TC-$
.)76&C-$*id,5$
96)>DEIjnNC-$*iZ&=,/.YG:.Ta6=I?D&=(*)m6)<,?9:ck+MCX.0&<Q
C-ChQ^#09:)>$N&CMTac&(
)m)7n?)>$N&=.^8P(*CX13(W8KI/S*+-9k&6=C-i?i?)>6^c?I?S
6^.=13(*)<9:S*+-)76<Q
¼a(L¾FqO4
+-,?CM$s(*Ij8,5$t r¼hU,56=+-CM)<.0,& )>,/9:+MC-$*)rC-63.0& ¾m.13(
)>9:S*+-)76'TaI?6e.13(*)<9:S*+-CM$
i_,_.Y)7&'I5T6=)>,?+A@B&C-DE)E&=,/.YG:.'1>,5$ V )
C-DE4*+M)>DE)7$N&)<9DEIN.0&) d17CM)>$N&+-c?Q}~(
,5&C-.&=(*)p1I/De4
+M)7qOCM&0cI?T(
,?$
9:+-CM$
iE,Z&3,?.Gk,56=6C-nj,5+\C-$c/I?S*6PC-DE4*+-)7DE)7$N&=,5&C-I?$
FqO4
+-,?CM$c?I/S*6P,5$
.8K)>6>Q
¼CX¾|..S*DE)E&(
,5&pº H ,?$
9xOº Nj[J)<,?13(x6)<`/S
CM6=)d1)76&=,?CM$u16=CM&CX17,5+6=)>.I?S
6=17) g Ì 9:S
6C-$*i&(*)>CM6p17I?DE4*S:&3,j&=CMI/$]Qdº H $
)7)>9
.
g Ì TaI/6 Ì ËDO)>1d,?$
9xOº NE$*)7)<9*. g Ì TaI?6 J5ËDO)>1?Qk|+X.YIL[]&3,?.GO.Hº F ,?$
9yº H [)<,?13(x6)<`/S
CM6=)d16=CA&=C-1>,5+6=)>.I?S*631)
!g Jk9:S*6=CM$
i&(
)7C-6f17I?DE4*S:&3,j&C-I?$JQº F $
)7)>9
. g Ì TaI?6 Ì (Dd:)>1',?$
9lº H $
)7)>9
. ;g JETaI?6 (dDO)<15QH|b.=.YS*DE)Z&(
,5&
)<,?13(E&=,/.YGeC-$
.0&3,5$
17)P&6=C-)>.&=I'i/)&K,?+M+LCA&3.U6=)>`NS*C-6)<9E6)<.YI/S*631)>. V )TaI/6).0&3,56&C-$*im&I'S
.Y)f,5$Oc'I?T\&(*)6)<.YI/S*631)>.>Q|b+-.I
[N,
&3,?.GdCM$
.Y&=,?$
1)f6=)&S
6$
.^,Z6)<.YI/S*631),/.^.YIOI?$,?.CA&17I?DE4*+-)&)<.^1I?DE4*S*&C-$*iES
.YC-$*ieCA&<QKR$
1)H,'&=,?.GdC-$
.0&3,5$
17)6=)&=S*6=$
.
,{6)<.YI/S*631)?[UCA&9:IO)>.e$*I?&E&6=cu&Is,?1>`/S
CM6=)CM&,5iN,5C-$]Qt#T ¼4*6=CMI/6CM&0cs1)7C-+-CM$*iu4*6=I5&=I:1I?+¾mCX.ES
.)>9TaI?6E6=)>.I?S*631)
,?6 V CM&63,j&=CMI/$][K9*)&)>6DEC-$*)WCATf&(
)W&=,?.Gt.)&CX.d.13(*)<9:S*+X, V +-)W8P(*)7$&(
)_1I?$N&=)qO&.Y8PCM&=13(*C-$*iuIjn?)>6(
)>,?9tI5T Ì DO)>1CX.
17I?$
.C-9*)76=)>9x¼,?.=.S*DE)f$
IE.)7+MT.YS
.4z)7$
.CMI/$I?T&3,?.G:.=¾Q
¼ ¾KcO4*C-1>,5+-+Mc8P(
,j&C-.&(*)p$OS*D V )>6bI?T24
6C-I?6=CA&0c+M)>n?)>+-..S*4*4zI?6&)<9 V c,5$OcW1I/DeDE)>6=17C-,?+\6)<,5+M@h&=CMDE)mI?4z)763,j&=CM$
i.Yc:.Y&)7D
&=(
,j&c/I?SW,56=)H,o8^,56=)bI?T l}~(L,j&CX.^&(*)mDEC-$*C-D'S*D $OS*D V )76PI?T4*6=C-I?6=CA&0cd+-)7n/)7+X.^6)<`/S
CM6=)>9 V ckg20@ ^RHO# p}~(Nc9:I
I/4L)>6=,5&C-$*id.Yc:.Y&)7Dd.^6=)>.Y&6=C-1&^&(*)m$OS*D V )>6PI5T24*6C-I?6=CM&0cd+M)>n?)7+X.&(
)7c.S*4*4zI?6&
5£¦W©Pª
Ì ]C-S QU,?$
9 J,ocO+-,?$
9 Q } Q«:13(*)>9*S*+MC-$*is,5+-i?I/6CM&(
DE.ZTaI/6dD'S*+M&C-4*6=I?i?63,5DEDEC-$*i{C-$w(
,5639t6=)>,?+A@B&C-DE)W)7$OnOCM6=I?$*DE)>$/&<Q
OX R: ¸z5J " )'+l[ I?+BQEJ?Ë
¼ Ì ¾ # Ì [ Ì
Q
8
J H6CX.Y(
$
, Q sQ
,?$
9WO(*C-$ EQ eQ b35
ZFE $@To %SFZ QF,5&=, _1f63,o8^@%¶C-+M+B[ Ì C Q
])7(
IO177GOc I?(*$ FQF,?$
9 JS*CbO(
,
Qv^(
)l6=,5&)@DEI?$*I?&I/$*C-1.13(
)>9:S*+-C-$*is,5+-i?I?6=CM&(*DWFq*,?1 &13(
,?6=,/1 &=)76=CM<,j&C-I?$t,?$
9
,on?)763,5i/)b17,/.Y) V )7(
,onOC-I?6<Q <¹=33
j¸Oj' "b3j
ZFd $@To FZ%$ T F
o ZR+Fe[*4
,5i/)>. Ì ÌI:Ì [()>17)7D V )>6 Ì * Q
# 'O(
, FQ,5$
9g,j0GOS*Dd,?6egmQ lI:9:)l13(
,5$*i/)k4*6=I5&=I:1I?+X.'TaI?6e4*6C-I?6=CM&0c/@%9:6=CMn/)7$s4*6=)7)>DE4:&C-n?)W.13(
)>9:S*+-C-$*i
Q =5
Z FE
$@To FZ3[ I/+hQ Ì ¼ bI
:Q N¾ J8# 2J (:[ b)<1)>D V )76 Ì * Q
#
=?>5@ACBEDF@HG3@HIKJLJNMKOQPRO3ST>U@HACV5WXBXI5YZM[WEYK\[GNB]JN>5^O J3>UM_Ja`@bACBcONS(VUONOQ@dAeBXIeJ3>5@WcM[OQJ<f>UM_g5J3@hGa`@hGN@bM_WXWijM[O3@HAR\[IkJ3>5@g5GN@h^<BXO3@
JN>UMlJJN>5@bACBEDF@HG3@HImJJNM[O3PCO BEIkMO3nCOoJN@h^pM[G3@M[WEWqBXIUAC@Hgj@HIUAC@HIKJdrst\l`@Hu[@hGdv!JN>UMlJwBcOGTM_GN@hWXnxJ3>5@ySHM[O3@<BEIeGN@HM[W]z{WEBE|}@M_g5gUWEBcShM_J3BX\[IUOHr
=;M[O3PCO?\_|~J3@HIx>UMu[@ @hgUWEBcS(BEJ1AC@Hgj@HIUAC@hIjS(BX@HOtO3gF@HS(BEU@dAM[^<\[I5YaJ3>U@h^OQ@HWEuK@HOHvUBX^<g5WEBcS(BEJ1AC@Hgj@HIUAC@HIUS(BX@HO0M[G3@^<\KG3@S(\K^<^a\KIr=;M[O3PCO
^<BXY[>mJiF@HSh\[^<@aBEImJ3@HGQzAC@Hgj@HIUAC@hImJ|}\[GO3@hu[@HGNM[WGN@HMKOQ\KIUOhr
S(\K^a^<\KIx|}\[GN^\_|A5@hgF@hIUAC@HIUS(nZM_GNBXO3@HOt`>5@hI'\[I5@JNMKOQPxI5@H@HA5O1JN>5@
GN@HO3V5WEJNO\_|M[I5\_JN>5@hGJTM[O3PJN\g5G3\CSh@h@HA`B]JN>ZBEJNOSh\[^<g5VCJTMlJ3BX\[IjOhrU\[G@(5M_^<g5WX@[vJN>5@<gj\mOQBEJ3BX\[IjM_W@hGNG3\KG1Sh\[^<g5VCJTMlJ3BX\[IJNMKOQPx\[|M
nmz{inKz{`BXG3@M[BEGTS(GTMl|~J1^<MnI5@H@HAJN>5@LGN@HO3V5WEJNO1\_|&MyJNM[O3PS(\[^<g5V5J3BXI5YyJN>5@aShV5GNG3@HIKJ1gj\mOQBEJ3BX\[I\[|J3>5@<M_BXGTS(GTMl|~J0|}GN\[^*J3>U@LONM_^<g5WX@HA
uK@hWX\ShB]JonM[IUA'M[ShSh@hWX@hGTMlJNBE\KIulM_WXV5@HOHr<=?>mVjOhvJ3>5@<gF\KO3B]JNBE\KIUM_W@HG3GN\[G S(\K^agUVCJNM_J3BX\[IZJNM[O3PSHM_I'^a@dM_I5BXI5Y[|}V5WEWXnGNV5I'\[I5WXnMl|~JN@hG JN>5@
S(V5GNG3@HImJgF\KO3B]JNBE\KIA5@(J3@HG3^<BXIUMlJNBE\KIULJNMKOQPbSh\[^<g5WX@(JN@HOHrUV5G3J3>5@HGHv5@Hu[@HIb`>5@HIIU\a@hCg5WEBcS(BEJtA5M_JNMa@(5ST>UM[I5Y[@dOM[G3@ BXImuK\[WXu[@dA!vmJNM[O3PCO
^<BXY[>mJtiF@wG3@dmV5BEGN@HAJN\G3V5IxBXIS(@HGQJTM_BXI\[GTAC@hGdrU\[G0@hCM[^<g5WE@Kv5JN>5@O3nOQJ3@H^BXI5BEJ3BcM_WXBEdMlJNBE\KIJTM[O3Pb^MnbIU@h@HAJN\yGNV5IUGTOoJdv5ij@h|}\[GN@
\[J3>5@HG?JNM[O3PCOShM[IGNV5Ir
1@hgF@hIUA5@hIUShn<M[^<\[I5YJTM[O3PCOO3@huK@hGN@hWXnGN@HOQJ3GNBXS(JNOJN>5@ M_g5g5WXBcShM_iUBEWXB]Jona\_|!JN>5@G3@dOQV5WEJNO&\[IJTM[O3PO3ST>5@dACV5WXBEIUYw`@AC@huK@hWX\[gF@HA<BXIyJN>5@
WcM[OQJaf>UM_g5J3@hGdr=?>5@yGN@HM[O3\[I'BcOJ3>jMlJL1M_IUAet
6ONST>5@HACVUWE@HGNOBX^<gj\mOQ@bI5\S(\KIUOoJNGNM[BEImJTO \[IRJ3>U@y\[GTAC@hGBEIe`>5BcST>RulM_GNBE\KVUO
JTM[O3POq@(C@HShVCJ3@Kr5ST>5@HACVUWE@dOg5GN\A5VUS(@dA<imna&'\[G&0
^<BEYK>KJumBX\[WcMlJN@?J3>5@1S(\[IjOoJNGNM[BEImJNOqBE^<gF\KO3@HAACV5@0J3\ JNMKOQP<AC@Hgj@HIUAC@hIjS(BX@HOHr
'@J3>5@HG3@h|}\[GN@&I5@H@HAJN\ @(J3@HIUAJN>5@?G3@dOQV5WEJNO;\[|5J3>5@WcM[OQJST>UM[gCJ3@HGBEIL\[GTAC@hGJ3\ij@M[i5WE@J3\ S(\Kgj@V5ga`B]JN>LBXImJ3@HGQzJNMKOQPAC@Hgj@HIUAC@hIjS(BX@HOHr
UV5GQJN>5@hGdvFJ3>5@yf&O3ST>U@HACV5WXBXI5YyJN@HST>5I5BcmV5@HO1JN>UMlJ`@<OoJNVUACBX@HABEIxJN>5@aWXMKOoJST>UM_g5J3@hGShM[I5I5\_J iF@aONMlJNBXOQ|M[S(J3\[GNBXWEnij@aVUO3@HAJN\
ONST>5@HA5V5WE@M[SHS(@HONO\[|MO3@(J\[|G3@dM_WEz JNBE^<@JTM[O3PCOJ3\aOQ>jM_GN@HAS(GNBEJ3BcShM_WjG3@dOQ\KV5GTS(@HOHr'@t>jM[AyMKO3O3V5^<@HA<BXIyJN>5@tWcM[OQJST>UM[gCJ3@HGqJN>UMlJJNM[O3PCO
SHM_IiF@aOQJNM[GQJN@HAZM_IUAxgUG3@H@h^<gCJ3@dAM_JM_InJ3BX^<@<`B]JN>5\[VCJ ^M_PBXI5YM[ImnxACBED@hGN@hIUSh@wJ3\J3>U@aSh\[GNG3@dS
J3IU@HONO0\_|JN>5@LUIUM_WSh\[^<g5VCJN@HA
GN@HO3V5WEJNOHrs0\l`@hu[@HGwMJNMKOQP'VUO3BEIUYMS(GNBEJ3BcShM_WG3@dOQ\KV5GTS(@ShM[IeI5\_Jaij@ygUG3@H@h^<gCJ3@dAkMlJaM_InJNBE^<@b|}G3\K^pGN@HO3\[V5GTS(@<VUONM_YK@y`BEJ3>5\KVCJ
GNBXO3PBEIUYJ3>5@<S(\KG3GN@HS(J3I5@dO3Ot\_|JN>5@aSh\[^<g5VCJN@HAxGN@HO3V5WEJNOHr¡t\[ICz{g5GN@h@H^ag5JNM_iUBEWXB]JonBcO1MbuBE\KWXM_J3BX\[Ix\_|\[I5@L\_|J3>U@LiUMKOQBcSwgUG3@H^aBcO3@`BEJ3>
`>5BcST>'`@a>UM[A'AC@Hu[@hWX\[gF@HAJ3>U@<ONST>5@dACV5WXBEI5YGN@HO3V5WEJNO\_|J3>5@<WcM[OQJf>jM_gCJN@hGdra\jv!J3>5@<GN@HO3V5WEJNO \_|J3>5@<WcM[OQJLf>UM_gCJN@hGM_GN@<S(WX@HM_GNWXn
BXIUM_gUg5WEBcShM[i5WX@&JN\ ONST>5@dACV5WXBEI5Y1J3>U@0M[ShSh@HONO\[|FO3@huK@hGTM_WmG3@dM_WEz JNBE^<@JNM[O3PCOJ3\OQ\K^<@ShG3BEJ3BcShM[WmGN@HO3\[VUGNSh@HO;M_IUALI5@h`¢^<@(J3>U\AUO;J3\ O3ST>5@dACV5WX@
ShG3BEJ3BcShM[W!G3@dOQ\KV5GNSh@HO?M_^<\KI5YJTM[O3PCOM_GN@1GN@HmV5BXG3@dA!r
£IJ3>5BcOtf>UM[gCJ3@HG?UGNOQJ`@ACBcONS(VUONO?>5\l`¤ShG3BEJ3BcShM[W!G3@dOQ\KV5GNSh@HO^Mnyij@O3>UM_GN@HAZ¥ONST>5@HA5V5WE@dAU¦?M_^<\KI5YaM<O3@(J\_|;G3@dM_WEz JNBE^<@JNMKOQPCOHr
'@UGTOoJyBXIu[@HOQJ3BXYKM_J3@J3>5@xgUG3\Ki5WE@H^OaJ3>UM_Jb^Mn§M_GNBXO3@B]| J3>U@J3GTM[ACBEJ3BX\[IUM[WG3@dOQ\KV5GTS(@OQ>UM[G3BXI5Y'^<@HST>UM[I5BXO3^OM_GN@xAC@hg5WX\ln[@dA§BXI
GN@HM[W]zJ3BX^<@wM_g5g5WXBcShMlJNBE\KIUOHrCV5iUO3@HmV5@hImJNWEnKvU`@ACBcO3ShVUO3O1Ma|}@h`¨BX^<gj\KGQJTM_ImJtg5GN\_JN\Sh\[WcO|}\[G1@(D@HS
JNBEuK@O3>UM_GNBEIUY\_|qS(GNB]JNBXSHM_WGN@HO3\[VUGNSh@HO
M[^a\KI5YG3@dM_WEz JNBE^<@aJNMKOQPCOHrb;BEIjM_WXWEnKv`@yACBXONS(VjO3O>U\l`©J3>U@bO3ST>U@HACV5WXBXI5Y^a@hJ3>5\CA5O\_|J3>5@WcM[OQJaf>UM[gCJ3@HGwShM_IRiF@bM_VUY[^<@hImJ3@dAJN\
^M_PK@J3>5@H^M_gUg5WEBcShM[i5WX@1JN\aJNM[O3PCO?`B]JN>xAC@hgF@hIUA5@hIUShBE@dOhr
ª «¬0®a¯°±¬³²´µ°q¶h·¸"¹8º-®L·¸-«¬tµw»N¼F½¶hº-¬¾½¢µ¿y
£I^M_InbM_gUg5WEBcShM_J3BX\[IUOHvG3@dM_WEz JNBE^<@1JNMKOQPCO?I5@H@HAbJ3\OQ>jM_GN@O3\[^<@G3@dOQ\KV5GNSh@HOM_^<\[IUYJN>5@h^O3@hWXu[@HOHrÀt|~J3@HIbJN>5@HO3@OQ>jM_GN@HAyGN@HO3\[VUGNSh@HO
I5@H@HAJ3\<iF@VUO3@HAinyJ3>U@BEIUA5BEuBcACVUM_WJTM[O3PCO?BEI@(5ShWEVUO3BXu[@ ^<\A5@[rq=?>5BcO^<@HM[IUOJ3>UM_JtMaJNMKOQPJN>UMlJ0BcO?VUO3BEIUYyMLGN@HO3\[VUGNSh@[vCShM[II5\[J
BX^<^a@dACBcMlJ3@HWEnb>UM_IUAb\lu[@HGqJ3>U@GN@HO3\[VUGNSh@0J3\<M_IU\_J3>U@hGJNMKOQPaJ3>jMlJG3@dmV5@HOQJNOJ3>U@1GN@HO3\[V5GTS(@MlJM_InyM_GNi5BEJ3GTM_GNnLgF\[BXImJBEIbJ3BX^a@KÁ5i5VCJBEJ
SHM_IAC\wO3\\[I5WXnLM_|~J3@hGB]JS(\[^<g5WX@(JN@HOBEJNO&VUO3@\_|FJ3>5@0GN@HO3\[VUGNSh@[r£{|MJTM[O3PBcOqg5GN@h@H^ag5J3@HAaiF@(|}\KG3@0BEJ&S(\K^<g5WE@hJ3@dOqVUO3BEIUY J3>5@0GN@HO3\[VUGNSh@[v
JN>5@hIJN>5@wGN@HO3\[V5GTS(@ShM[Ixij@dS(\K^a@wSh\[GNG3VUgCJ3@dA!rqCM[^<g5WE@dO\_|qO3VUST>G3@dOQ\KV5GTS(@HOM[G3@UWX@HOHvjA5@huBXSh@HOHvjM[IUAS(@hG3JNM[BEIAUMlJNMOQJ3GNVUS(J3V5GN@HOHr
=?>5@dOQ@1G3@dOQ\KV5GTS(@HOM_GN@1M[WXO3\ShM[WEWX@HAbI5\[IUg5G3@H@h^<gCJTM_i5WX@tGN@HO3\[V5GTS(@dOhvK\[G?S(GNB]JNBXSHM_WFG3@dOQ\KV5GTS(@HOHr¡t\l`MKA5MnCOI5\KI5g5GN@h@h^<gCJTM_i5WX@tGN@HO3\[VUGNSh@HO
M[G3@O3\[^<@(JNBE^<@HO?WX\\KO3@hWXnyGN@(|}@hGNGN@HAbJ3\yM[OwÂhÃ
Ä~ÅÄÂNÆ_ÇÈhÉTÂhÅ ÄÊ_Ë5È
vCJ3>U\[V5YK>JN>5@\[GNBXY[BXIUM_W\[gF@hGTMlJNBEIUY<O3nCOoJN@h^WEBEJ3@HGNM_J3V5GN@ VUOQ@dAJ3>5BcO?J3@HG3^
JN\aGN@(|}@HG?J3\yO3@HS(J3BX\[IUO?\[|;S(\CAC@`>U@hGN@ O3\[^<@ I5\KI5g5GN@h@h^<gCJTM_i5WX@ G3@dOQ\KV5GTS(@BXO?VUO3@HABXI@(5S(WXVUO3BEuK@1^<\CAC@[r
Ì
@hCShWEVjOQBXu[@HWEnKr&=?>UMlJ0BcOHv5Jo`\<A5B]D@hGN@hImJ0JTM[O3POSHM_II5\[J0G3V5I\KI\KI5@Lf&¨M_JJ3>5@LO3M[^a@ JNBE^<@Kr
0IU\_J3>U@hG0BX^<gj\KGQJTM_ImJ|}@HM_J3V5GN@\_|M
O3@hGNBXM[WEWXn<G3@HVUONM_i5WX@tGN@HO3\[V5GTS(@tBXOJN>UMlJMwJTM[O3P<@(C@HShVCJ3BXI5Ya\[IMf&ShM[IbiF@1gUG3@H@h^<gCJ3@dAM[IUAyGN@HOQJNM[GQJN@HAyM_J?MWXM_J3@HGJNBE^<@ `BEJ3>5\KVCJ
M[ImnLg5GN\[i5WX@h^r
O3@hGNBXM[WEWXnGN@hVUONM_iUWE@GN@HO3\[V5GTS(@BcOq\KI5@0`>5BcST>BcOqVUO3@HA<BXIy@(5ShWEVUO3BXu[@^<\CAC@[vmi5VCJ?MJNM[O3PaVUOQBXI5YwBEJ^MnaMlJM[ImnLJ3BX^<@
iF@LgUG3@H@h^<gCJ3@dAx|}GN\[^VUO3BXI5YBEJHvM[IUAxJN>5@hI'M_WXWE\l`@HAxJ3\VUOQ@aBEJ M_J O3\[^<@WcMlJN@hGJ3BX^<@L`BEJ3>U\[VCJwMlD@HS(J3BXI5YyJN>5@S(\KG3GN@HS(J3I5@dO3Ot\_|qJN>5@
Sh\[^<g5VCJN@HAGN@HO3V5W]JTOhr?
¨I5\KICz{g5G3@H@h^<gCJTM_i5WX@G3@dOQ\KV5GTS(@ BXOtM_WcOQ\VUO3@HABXIJ3>U@w@(5S(WXVUO3BEuK@^<\A5@[r?
JNMKOQPVUOQBXI5YbM<IU\[ICz{g5GN@h@h^<gCJTM_i5WX@
GN@HO3\[V5GTS(@<\KIRJ3>5@y\[J3>5@HGw>UM[IUAeShM[IeI5\_JiF@yg5GN@h@H^<gCJ3@dA'|}G3\K^8JN>5@yGN@HO3\[V5GTS(@<VUONM_YK@[v\[J3>5@HG3`BcO3@<J3>5@G3@dOQ\KV5GNSh@<`\KV5WXA'iF@HSh\[^<@
BXIUS(\KIUO3BXOQJ3@HIKJM[IUARShM[I'WX@HMKAZJ3\O3nCOoJN@h^ |M[BEWXV5GN@[r=?>5@hGN@(|}\KG3@Kv`>5@hIkMWX\l`@hGg5GNBE\KG3BEJonxJTM[O3P>UMKOM_WXG3@dM[ACnYmM_BXI5@HARMKShS(@dO3OJN\M
I5\KICz{g5G3@H@h^<gCJTM_i5WX@0GN@HO3\[V5GTS(@tM[IUABcO&VjOQBXI5YBEJHv@Hu[@hIMw>5BXY[>5@HGgUG3BX\[GNB]JonLJNMKOQPa`\[V5WcA>UMuK@J3\a`M[B]JV5ImJ3BXWUJN>5@WE\l`@hGg5G3BX\[GNBEJonJTM[O3P
VUO3BXI5YJ3>U@tGN@HO3\[V5GTS(@S(\K^<g5WE@hJ3@dOhr5\KGJ3>UBXOG3@dM[O3\[IvmM_WXY[\KG3BEJ3>5^OO3VUST>yM[O&RM_IUA0
J3>jMlJM[G3@0gF\[gUV5WXM[G3WXnVjOQ@dA<|}\[G&O3>UM[G3BXI5Y
MZOQ@hJ\_|tO3@hGNBXM[WEWXn'G3@HVUO3M[i5WX@yG3@dOQ\KV5GTS(@HOb¥}@[r YUrXv&f&¦wShM[IkI5\[JaONMlJ3BcOQ|M[S
JN\[GNBEWXniF@VUOQ@dA'J3\'OQ>UM[G3@bI5\[ICz{g5GN@h@H^ag5JNM_iUWE@yGN@HO3\[VUGNSh@HO
M[^a\KI5YM<OQ@hJ?\[|;GN@HM[W]zJ3BX^<@JNM[O3PCOhr
'@?I5\l`¢ACBcONS(VUONO;J3>5@gUG3\Ki5WE@H^O;J3>UM_J`\[VUWXAaM_GNBXO3@`>5@hIaJ3GTM[A5B]JNBE\KIUM_WJN@HST>5I5BcmV5@HO\[|jGN@HO3\[V5GTS(@?O3>UM_GNBEIUYO3VUST><M[OO3@h^M_g5>U\[GN@HO
M[IUAbWX\CSTPCOM_GN@VjOQ@dAyJN\yOQ>UM[G3@ S(GNBEJ3BcShM_W!GN@HO3\[VUGNSh@HO?M_^<\[IUYaM<O3@(J0\_|GN@HM_WEzJ3BX^a@1JNMKOQPCOHr
°q¶(®L°q¶ · a¬0°¶(®L·
£IJ3GTM[A5B]JNBE\KIUM_WO3nCOoJN@h^Ohv5J3>5@^<@HST>jM_I5BcOQ^O?gF\[g5VUWXM[G3WXny@h^<g5WX\ln[@dAyJN\yM[ST>5BX@huK@ ^VCJNVUM_WXWEnb@(5S(WXVUO3BEuK@VjOQ@\[|A5M_JNM<M_IjAGN@HO3\[VUGNSh@HO
M[^a\KI5YxMxOQ@hJw\_|?JNMKOQPCO BXIUS(WXVUAC@OQ@H^<M[g5>5\KG3@dOhvWX\CSTPCOhv;M_IUA'^<\[I5BEJ3\KGNOHrbst\l`@Hu[@hGdvJ3>U@HO3@J3GTM[ACBEJ3BX\[IjM_W\[gF@hGTMlJNBEIUYO3nCOoJN@h^8J3@HST>5z
I5BcmV5@HO<gUG3\luK@yJ3\'iF@BXIUMKAC@HmVUM_J3@|}\[GVUO3@BXI G3@dM_WEz JNBE^<@M_g5g5WXBcShMlJNBE\KIUOHr§=?>5@G3@dM[O3\[IkBcOaJ3>jMlJB]|1J3>5@dOQ@JN@HST>5I5BcmV5@HO<M[G3@VUO3@HA
|}\KGtGN@HO3\[V5GTS(@O3>UM_GNBEIUYBEIMGN@HM[W]zJ3BX^<@M_gUg5WEBcShM_J3BX\[IvjI5\_J1\[I5WXnO3BX^agUWE@ Ã
ÄÊlÃ
Ä~Å Ä~Ë ÉhÃTÈ
ÄÊlËUÈ?iUVCJM[WXO3\^<\[GN@wOQ@HG3BX\[VUO CË TÊ CË [É
Ã
ÄÊlÃ
Ä~Å Ä~Ë lÉhÃTÈTÄÊ_Ë5È0ShM[Ix\CShS(VUGHr0Iij\KV5IUAC@dAxg5GNBE\KG3BEJonyBXIu[@hGTO3BE\KIUOM_GN@wOQ@Hu[@HG3@ g5GN\[i5WX@h^O?JN>UMlJ1^<MnWE@dM[AJN\yMG3@dM_WEz JNBE^<@ JTM[O3P
JN\a^<BcO3O0B]JTO0AC@HMKACWXBEI5@M[IUAShM_VjOQ@ OQnCOQJ3@H^6|M_BXWXV5G3@Kr
=\@hCg5WXM[BEIZJ3>U@yS(\[IjS(@hg5J\[|MOQBX^<g5WX@agUG3BX\[GNB]JonxBXIu[@HGNO3BE\KIvS(\KIUO3BXAC@HGJ3>5@a|}\[WXWX\l`BEI5YjrL>U@hIRMWX\l`@hGg5G3BX\[GNBEJonJNM[O3PBcOM_WEz
GN@HMKACn>5\[WcACBXI5YMGN@HO3\[V5GTS(@KvM>5BXY[>5@HG g5G3BX\[GNBEJonJTM[O3PxI5@h@dACBXI5YbJN>5@O3M[^<@GN@HO3\[V5GTS(@L>UM[O1J3\`?M_BEJ M[IUASHM_IIU\_J^M_P[@Lg5GN\[Y[GN@HONO
`BEJ3>ZB]JTO1Sh\[^<g5VCJTMlJ3BX\[IjOhr=?>5@>5BXY[>U@hGg5G3BX\[GNBEJonbJTM[O3P`\[V5WcAxGN@h^M_BXIxi5WX\CSTP[@HAV5ImJ3BXWJN>5@LWX\l`@hG0g5GNBX\[GNB]JonJNMKOQPGN@hWX@HM[O3@HOJ3>5@aG3@hz
mV5BXG3@dAI5\KICzgUG3@H@h^<gCJNM[i5WX@qG3@dOQ\KV5GTS(@[r!£IJ3>5BcO;OQBEJ3VUM_J3BX\[IvdJN>5@>UBEYK>5@hGg5G3BX\[GNBEJontJTM[O3P1BcOONM_BcA JN\tV5IUA5@hGNY[\tO3BE^<g5WX@&gUG3BX\[GNB]JonBXImuK@hGTOQBX\[I
\KI<MKShSh\[V5ImJ\_|jJ3>5@0WX\l`@hGg5GNBE\KG3BEJonJNMKOQPw|}\[GJ3>U@tACV5GTMlJNBE\KILBEJq`M[B]JTO`>5BXWE@?JN>5@0WX\l`@HG;gUG3BX\[GNB]JonwJNM[O3PwPK@h@hgjO>5\[WcACBXI5Y J3>5@GN@HO3\[VUGNSh@[r
£{J OQ>5\KV5WcAij@L\[iuBE\KVUOJN>UMlJ OQBX^<g5WE@Lg5GNBE\KG3BEJonbBXIu[@hGTO3BE\KIUO0M_GN@w\[|~J3@hIV5IUMu[\KBXAUM_i5WX@`>5@hIJo`\y\KGt^<\[GN@JTM[O3PO1OQ>jM_GN@wMyI5\KICz
g5GN@h@H^<gCJNM[i5WE@<GN@HO3\[V5GTS(@KrLU\[G3J3V5IUM_J3@HWEnKvMO3BXI5Y[WX@OQBX^<g5WE@<g5GNBX\[GNB]JonxBXIu[@hGTO3BE\KIBXO IU\_JwGN@HM_WXWXnJ3>UM_JA5B yS(VUW]JJN\Sh\[gF@<`B]JN>r=?>5@
ACVUGNM_J3BX\[Ia|}\[Gq`>UBXST>MO3BE^<g5WX@0g5GNBE\KG3BEJonwBXIu[@hGTO3BE\KIaSHM_I<\CShS(VUGqBXOqij\KV5IUAC@dA<imnLJ3>U@WE\KI5Y[@dOoJ&ACVUGNM_J3BX\[Ia|}\[Gq`>UBXST>M WX\l`@HGg5G3BX\[GNBEJon
JTM[O3Py^<BEYK>KJI5@H@HAM<S(GNB]JNBXSHM_WGN@HO3\[V5GTS(@BEIxM[I@hCShWEVjOQBXu[@^<\A5@[r>5BXWE@@Hu[@HIM<O3BE^<g5WX@ g5G3BX\[GNBEJonBEIu[@HGNO3BX\[IA5\m@dOAC@hWcMnbMa>5BXY[>5@HG
g5GNBX\[GNB]JonaJNMKOQP<inyO3\[^<@0JNBE^<@[vJN>5@ ACV5GTMlJ3BX\[Ib|}\[G`>5BcST>MJTM[O3Pi5WX\STPCOACV5@1J3\<MLO3BX^agUWE@g5GNBE\KG3BEJonLBXIu[@HGNO3BE\KIbShM[IyiF@^MKAC@tuK@hGNn
O3^M_WXWBE|&M_WXWJTM[O3POtM_GN@w^M[AC@JN\bGN@HOQJ3GNBXS(J0J3>U@h^OQ@HWEuK@HO0J3\yuK@hGNni5GNBX@(|gj@HG3BX\CA5O0\[|&S(GNB]JNBXSHM_W;OQ@dS
J3BX\[IxVjO3M[Y[@[r0=?>U@hGN@(|}\[GN@[vFMyO3BE^<g5WX@
g5GNBX\[GNB]JonaBEIuK@hGTOQBX\[IySHM_I@HMKOQBXWXnaiF@1J3\[WX@hGTMlJN@HAaJN>5G3\KV5Y[>ySHM_GN@(|}V5WFg5GN\[YKGNM[^a^<BXI5YUr;s0\l`@huK@hGdvKMw^<\KG3@tO3@hGNBX\[VUO&g5G3\Ki5WX@h^ J3>UM_J?M[G3BcO3@HO
ACVUG3BXI5YOQ>jM_GNBEI5Ya\_|S(GNBEJ3BcShM_W!GN@HO3\[VUGNSh@M[^a\KI5YLJNM[O3PCO?BXO?VUImiF\[VUIUAC@HAg5GNBX\[GNB]JonyBXIu[@HGNO3BE\KIr
tImiF\[VUIUAC@HA'g5GNBX\[GNB]JonZBEIu[@HGNO3BX\[IBcOMJNG3\KV5i5WX@HO3\[^<@<g5GN\[i5WX@h^8J3>UM_Jg5GN\[Y[GTM_^<^<@hGTO1\_|G3@dM_WEz JNBE^<@M_IjAR@h^iF@HAUAC@HAeO3nCOoJN@h^O
\[|~J3@hIR>UMuK@<J3\x@HIUS(\KV5ImJ3@hGdrbtImiF\[VUIUAC@HA'g5GNBX\[GNB]JonBXIu[@HGNO3BE\KIUO ShM[I'VUgUOQ@hJLM_WXW&SHM_WcS(V5WcMlJNBE\KIUO \_|Mg5GN\[Y[GTM_^<^<@hG GN@hYmM_GTACBEIUYbJN>5@
`\[GTOoJShMKOQ@ GN@HO3gj\KIUO3@1JNBE^<@\[|;M<GN@HM_WEzJ3BX^a@1JNMKOQPM_IUAShM[VUO3@BEJJ3\<^<BcO3OBEJNOA5@HM[A5WEBXI5@[r
TH
T I1 T I2 T I3
R
T
L
; BXY[V5GN@ ÌZ tImiF\[VUIUAC@HA&G3BX\[GNB]Jon£IuK@hGTOQBX\[I
[@(J&VUO&I5\l` @(5M_^<BXI5@0^<\[GN@0S(WX\KO3@hWXn`>UM_J&BcOq^<@HM[IKJimnaV5IiF\[V5IUA5@HA<g5GNBE\KG3BEJonBXIu[@HGNO3BE\KIaM[IUA<>5\l` B]J?M_GNBXO3@HO;JN>5GN\[V5YK>yMOQBX^az
g5WX@?@(5M_^<g5WX@[rf\[IUO3BcAC@hGMG3@dM_WEz JNBE^<@?M_g5gUWEBcShM_J3BX\[I>jMumBXI5Y Mt>UBEYK>Lg5GNBX\[GNB]JonJNMKOQP.\U]M[IUAMWX\l`kg5GNBE\KG3BEJonJNM[O3P\U^;r;
1O3O3V5^<@J3>UM_J
\U] M_IUA_\U^<I5@h@dAwJN\O3>UM_GN@M1S(GNB]JNBXSHM_WGN@HO3\[V5GTS(@&wr @dOQBcAC@d`O \U] M_IU_ A \U^vKM[ONOQV5^<@&J3>UM_J;JN>5@hGN@?M_GN@O3@hu[@HGNM[W_JTM[O3PKO \Ua1b
c/\UaedcR\UaMfcQggg
JN>UMlJ0>UMuK@1gUG3BX\[GNB]JNBE@dOBEImJ3@HG3^<@dACBXM_J3@ iF@(Jo`@h@hhI \U]¨M_IUiA \U^;v5M_IUAAC\<I5\_J0IU@h@HAbJ3>U@G3@dOQ\KV5GNSh@19BEIJN>5@hBXG0S(\K^agUVCJNM_J3BX\[IUOHr=?>5@HO3@
tImiF\[VUIUAC@HAg5GNBE\KG3BEJon<BEIuK@hGTOQBX\[IyBcOM_IBE^<gF\[G3JNM[IKJg5GN\[iUWE@H^J3>UM_J?GN@HM[W]zJ3BX^<@O3nCOoJN@h^ A5@hu[@HWE\Kgj@HGNO&|M[Sh@[r'@1JN>5@hGN@(|}\KG3@BXWEWXVUOQz
JNGNM_J3@<J3>UBXOg5G3\Ki5WX@h^ VUO3BXI5YM_I5\[J3>5@HGw@(5M[^agUWE@yM[IUAZJ3>5BcOJNBE^<@yO3>5\l`BEIUYJ3>5@yMKS
J3BX\[IjO\_|J3>5@ACB]D@hGN@hImJJTM[O3POw\[IeMJ3BX^<@yWEBXI5@Kr
f\KIUOQBcAC@HGJN>5@@(5M[^agUWE@O3>5\l`ILBXI<BXYUr r;£ILJ3>5BcO@(5M[^agUWE@KvlJ3>5@HG3@M[G3@UuK@JTM[O3PCO Z \ b g<g"g3\Um[6r \UmBXO&M1WX\l`kg5GNBX\[GNB]Jon JTM[O3PM_IU*A \ b
BcOM>5BXY[>yg5GNBX\[GNB]JonLJNMKOQPr=MKOQPCO \ d c/\ f cR\Yn1>UMu[@tg5G3BX\[GNBEJ3BX@HOq>UBEYK>5@hGJ3>UM[OI \Um0i5V5JWX\l`@HGqJN>UM_OI \ b ¥ShM[WEWX@HAbBEImJN@hGN^a@dACBcMlJ3@tg5G3BX\[GNBEJon
JTM[O3POT¦
r
JJ3BX^aF@ oGp[vmJN>5@1WX\l` g5GNBE\KG3BEJonJTM[O3PP \kmtBXO@(C@dS(VCJNBEI5YaM_IUAyBXOVUO3BEI5YaMwI5\KICz{g5G3@H@h^<gCJTM_i5WX@0GN@HO3\[V5GTS(@w¥{ft¦
rC
|~JN@hGMw`>UBEWX@
¥ MlJ0JNBE^<@BXIUOQJNM[IKJtJ ¦?J3>5@L>5BEYK>5@hGtg5G3BX\[GNBEJonyJNMKOQhP \ b M_GNGNBEuK@HOHvCg5G3@H@h^<gCJTSO \UmwM_IjAxOoJTM_G3JNO?JN\y@(C@HShVCJ3@Kr0=MKOQiP \ b G3@dmV5@HOQJNO?JN\yVUO3@
JN>5@LGN@HO3\[VUGNSh@Lf MlÌ FJ o3dLM[IUAxi5WX\CSTPCOtO3BEIUSh@JN>5@GN@HO3\[VUGNSh@wBXO1iF@hBXI5Yb>5@HWXAihn \ m r BXIUSh*@ \`b iUWE\CSTPCOhYv \ m GN@HO3V5^<@HO1B]JTOt@hC@HS(V5J3BX\[I
M_%J o3dKrqs0\l`@huK@hGdv[JN>5@ JNMKOQ+P \ n `>UBXST>AC\@HO?I5\[J0G3@dmV5BEGN@J3>5@IU\[ICz{g5GN@h@h^<gCJTM_i5WX@G3@dOQ\KV5GNSh@fg5GN@h@H^<gCJN%O \ m |}GN\[^*f9VjO3M[Y[@
M[IUAbOQJNM[GQJTOqJN\L@h@dS(VCJN@M_J&JNBE^<2@ o3f_-r \ n BcOBEIbJ3V5GNIbBcOg5GN@h@h^<gCJN@HAbimjn \UfM_IUAOQ\L\[Ir
1OMLGN@HO3V5W]Jdv \qb0OQV5DF@HGNO^VUW]JNBEg5WX@g5G3BX\[GNBEJon
BXIu[@hGTO3BE\KIUO1M[IUA'^Mnx@hu[@HIZ>jMu[@LJ3\`M[B]JBXIUAC@hUI5BEJ3@hWXn|}\K.G \ m JN\Y[@(JwMST>UM[IUS(@aJ3\@h@dS(VCJN@M_IUA'S(\K^agUWE@hJ3@BEJNO VUONM_YK@L\[|JN>5@
ShG3BEJ3BcShM[WG3@dOQ\KV5GTS(@f¨M_IUAGN@hWX@HMKOQ@ BEJHr£{J1OQ>U\[V5WcAij@LS(WX@HM_G?JN>UMlJ1`>5@hIM<>5BXY[>xgUG3BX\[GNB]JonyJNM[O3PbVUIUAC@hGNY[\@dO?V5Iij\KV5IUAC@dAg5G3BX\[GNBEJon
BXIu[@hGTO3BE\KIvB]J0BcO?u[@HG3nyWXBXP[@hWXnJN\a^<BcO3O0B]JTO0AC@HMKACWXBEI5@Kr
'@`BcO3>eJ3\'@h^<g5>UMKOQBXh@M_YmM_BXIeJ3>UM_JLV5IiF\[V5IjAC@HA¢g5GNBE\KG3BEJonZBXIu[@HGNO3BE\KIUOM[G3BcO3@y`>5@hI§J3GTM[ACBEJ3BX\[IjM_WJ3@HST>UI5BXmV5@dOw|}\KGaO3>UM[G3BXI5Y
I5\KICz{g5G3@H@h^<gCJTM_i5WX@tGN@HO3\[V5GTS(@dO&O3VUST>MKO?OQ@H^<M[g5>5\KG3@dOq\[G^<\[I5BEJ3\KGNO?M[G3@AC@hg5WX\ln[@dABXIbGN@HM_WEzJ3BX^a@ M_gUg5WEBcShM_J3BX\[IUOHr\KONOQBXi5WXnLJN>5@ OQBX^az
r
T1
T1 undergoing unbounded priority inversion
T2 T5 preempted by T4 T1 gets non−preemptable
resource CR held by T5
T3
unlock(CR)
T4 lock(CR)
T5
t1 t2 t3 t4 t5 time tn
; BXY[V5GN@ !Z tImiF\[VUIUAC@HA&G3BX\[GNB]Jon£IuK@hGTOQBX\[I
g5WX@HOQJ0`?MnyJ3\yMuK\[BcAyg5GNBX\[GNB]JonyBXIu[@HGNO3BE\KIUO?BcO?J3\g5GN@huK@hImJ0g5GN@h@H^ag5J3BX\[Ie¥~|}GN\[^f& VUONM_YK@d¦\_|J3>U@WE\l`g5GNBE\KG3BEJonJNMKOQP>5\[WcACBXI5YM
ShG3BEJ3BcShM[W!G3@dOQ\KV5GNSh@tinyBXImJ3@hGN^<@HACBcMlJN@ g5G3BX\[GNBEJon<JNM[O3PCOhr=?>5BcOShM[IiF@M[ST>5BX@huK@HAbimnbGNM[BXO3BEIUYJN>5@g5GNBE\KG3BEJon<WE@Hu[@hW!\[|JN>5@WE\l`¤g5G3BX\[GNBEJon
JTM[O3PJN\iF@<@HmVUM[WJN\bJN>UMlJ \_|qJN>5@a`M[B]JNBEI5Y>5BXY[>Zg5G3BX\[GNBEJonbJTM[O3PFr£IZ\_JN>5@hG`\KGNAUOhvFJ3>U@LWX\l`¨g5GNBE\KG3BEJonJNM[O3PBXO^M[A5@JN\BXI5>5@HG3BEJ
JN>5@1gUG3BX\[GNB]Jona\_|!JN>5@`M[B]JNBEI5YL>5BXY[>yg5GNBX\[GNB]JonLJNMKOQPr=?>5BXOiUMKOQBcS0^<@dST>UM_I5BcO3^\[|MwWX\l` g5G3BX\[GNBEJonJTM[O3PaBXI5>5@HG3BEJ3BXI5YJ3>5@g5GNBE\KG3BEJonL\[|M
>5BXY[>g5GNBE\KG3BEJon<JNMKOQP<|}\KG3^OJ3>5@ S(@HImJ3GTM_WBXA5@HMLij@H>5BEIjAbJN>5@ FÃ
ÄÊ_Ã
Ä~Å Ë 5ÉhÃ
Ä~ÅÆlËFÂTÉ Ã3ÊlÅÊdÂNÊ_Ç
r5=?>UBXOO3BE^<g5WX@g5G3\[J3\CS(\KW!OQ@HG3uK@HO
MKOJ3>U@1iUMKOQBcSGN@HM[W]zJ3BX^<@0G3@dOQ\KV5GTS(@tO3>UM_GNBXI5Y^<@HST>UM[I5BXO3^viUM[O3@HA<\KIy`>5BcST>y^<\[GN@tOQ\Kg5>5BcOoJNBXSHMlJN@HAg5GN\_JN\CS(\[WcO>UMuK@0iF@h@hIAC@HO3BEYKI5@HAr
£IJN>5@|}\[WXWE\l`BXI5Y1O3@HS(J3BX\[IUO`@qUGTOoJACBcO3ShVUONOJN>5@ijM[O3BXS&g5G3BX\[GNBEJon1BXI5>5@HG3BEJNM[IUS(@g5GN\_J3\CSh\[Wj¥ q£o¦!BXILO3\[^<@AC@hJNM[BEWrCV5iUO3@HmV5@hImJNWEnKv
`@tACBcO3ShVUONO&>5BXY[>U@HOQJ&WE\CSTPK@hGqg5GN\_JN\CS(\[W;¥:s [¦&M_IUA<gUG3BX\[GNB]Jon<S(@HBEWXBXI5Ywg5GN\_JN\Sh\[W;¥f¦;J3>jMlJ>jMu[@iF@h@hIAC@huK@hWX\[gF@HA<ina@(J3@HIUACBXI5Y
JN>5@wOQBX^<g5WX@g5G3BX\[GNBEJonBEI5>U@hGNB]JTM_IUSh@BcAC@dM|}VUGQJN>5@hGdr
°q¶(®L°q¶ ·x´¬0°q¶ ;µw·±¬ °® ®y±®L
»
=?>5@LiUM[O3BcSg5GNBE\KG3BEJonbBXI5>5@HG3BEJNM[IUS(@Lg5G3\[J3\CS(\KW&¥&£o¦0BXO1MyOQBX^<g5WX@wJ3@dST>5I5BcmV5@wJN\O3>UM_GN@wS(GNB]JNBXSHM_WG3@dOQ\KV5GNSh@HO0M[^<\[I5YJTM[O3PCO0`BEJ3>5\KVCJ
BXIUS(VUG3GNBEIUYV5IiF\[V5IjAC@HA'g5GNBE\KG3BEJonxBXImuK@hGTOQBX\[IjOhra
tOBEJJ3V5GNIUO \KVCJHvGN@HM[W]zJ3BX^<@<\[gF@hGTMlJ3BXI5YOQnCOQJ3@H^8AC@HO3BXY[I5@HGNO AC\I5\[JUIUAZB]JwuK@hGNn
ACB yS(V5WEJ J3\xO3V5g5gF\[G3J1JN>5@<iUM[O3BXSLg5GNBE\KG3BEJonBEIU>5@hGNB]JTM_IUSh@<^a@dST>UM_IUBXO3^rw£I|MKS
JdvM[O`@ACBcONS(VUONOBEIZJ3>5@yf>UM[gCJ3@HG Cv!^<\KOQJ\[|&JN>5@
GN@HM[W]zJ3BX^<@\Kgj@HGNM_J3BXI5Y<OQnCOQJ3@h^OJN>UMlJtM[G3@S(\K^<^a@HGNShBXM[WEWXnyMulM_BXWXM[i5WX@M_J0g5G3@dOQ@HImJA5\<O3V5g5gF\[G3JJ3>UBXOgUG3\[J3\CS(\KW r
CR CR Pri(Ti)=10 Ti
Ti
Ti Ti
pri(Ti)=5
CR
Tj Tj
Tj
pri(Tj)=10 pri(Tj)=10
pri(Tj)=10
scenario 4
"!# $
!%& ' ( (%*)+
, -
"$!%&$ , ' ( (%*)+
.
, - ++
$ , ' ( (%*)
$-#
*
/0 *' (* (%
*) , (#
1
2
=?>5@1g5GNBE\KG3BEJonST>UM_I5YK@HOqJ3>UM_J?MJNMKOQP<>5\KWXACBXI5YaMGN@HO3\[V5GTS(@tV5IUAC@HG3YK\m@dO&>jM[Oij@H@hIbBXWXWEVUOQJ3GTMlJN@HAyJ3>5GN\[V5YK>bM_Ib@(5M_^<g5WX@MKOO3>5\l`I
XB IJN>5@BXYKOHr r M_IUA Ur£IZ;BXYUr r |}\[V5GSh\[IUO3@HShVCJ3BXu[@aO3Sh@hIUM[G3BX\KOtBEIZJ3>5@a@(C@dS(VCJNBE\KIZMOQnCOQJ3@h^ A5@hg5WX\lnBEI5Yq£o9M_GN@LO3>5\l`Ir£I
@dM[ST>xO3Sh@hIUM[G3BX\UvJN>5@w@h@dS(VCJNBEIUY<JNM[O3PbBcOtO3>5\l`IOQ>jM[AC@dA!vjM[IUAJ3>5@wiUWE\CSTP[@dAJNM[O3PM[G3@O3>5\l`IV5IUO3>UM[A5@HA!r?=?>5@g5GNBE\KG3BEJonbST>UM[I5Y[@dO
JN>UMlJJo`\JNMKOQPCOQ\(3;M_IjAO\-41V5IUA5@hGNY[\wBXIyJN>5@S(\[VUGNO3@0\_|@(C@HShVCJ3BX\[IACV5@1J3\ag5G3BX\[GNBEJonLBXI5>5@HG3BEJNM[IUS(@BXOO3>5\l`IrV\3BcO?MwWX\l`g5G3BX\[GNBEJon
JTM[O3P`B]JN>gUG3BX\[GNB]Jon LM_IUiA \-4BcO?ML>UBEYK>5@hG?g5GNBE\KG3BEJonaJNMKOQPy`BEJ3>g5GNBE\KG3BEJon 6Ì 5 r;£IONS(@hIjM_GNBE\ Ì !v \3;BXO?@h@dS(VCJNBEIUYaM[IUAb>jM[O?M[SHKVUBEGN@HA
MyShG3BEJ3BcShM[WGN@HO3\[VUGNSh@Lfrj£IZO3Sh@hIUM[G3BX\ Yv \-4>jM[O1ij@dShM_^<@wGN@HMKACnM_IUAxiF@hBXI5Y\_|q>5BXY[>5@HGtg5GNBX\[GNB]JonBXO1@(C@HShVCJ3BXI5Yjr0£IONS(@hIjM_GNBE\ r v
\-4aBcOi5WX\CSTPBEI5YMl|~JN@hGwGN@HmV5@dOoJNBEIUYb|}\KG J3>5@GN@HO3\[V5GTS(@<M_IUE A \3?BEIU>5@hGNB]JT2O \-47 O g5GNBX\[GNB]JonKra£IeONS(@HIUM_GNBE\ U`v \(3?>jM[O V5I5WX\CSTP[@dAJN>5@
T2 requests CR
Task T3 gets back
priority its original
T1 requests CR
priority
T3 releases CR
T3 acquires CR
T2 T3 T2
T3 T3
t1 t2 t3 t4
time
; BEYKV5G3@ Z qGNBE\KG3BEJonf>UM_IUY[@HO?tIUAC@hG1qGNBE\KG3BEJon<£I5>5@hGNBEJNM_IjS(@qGN\_JN\Sh\[W
BXIu[@hGTO3BE\KIUOhrs0\l`@huK@hGdvB]JtO3VCD@hGTO|}G3\K^/Jo`\<BX^<gj\KGQJTM_ImJg5G3\Ki5WX@h^O Z
J J 1(R1<M=7 :3P&()j=7 !
0((,P)=( + <:(&(,_3h#1(
% <)
7 !
0"
X
'@@hWcM_iF\[GTMlJN@tJN>5@HO3@Jo`\<BcO3O3V5@HO?BXIJ3>5@ |}\KWEWX\l`BXI5YUr
=?>U@wiUM[O3BcSg5GNBE\KG3BEJonbBXI5>5@HG3BEJNM[IUS(@Lg5G3\[J3\CS(\KW&¥&£o¦?WX@HMuK@HO\Kgj@HIxJ3>U@wgj\mO3O3BXi5BEWXBEJon\[|qAC@HMKACWE\CSTPCOHr£IJ3>5@|}\[WXWE\l`BXI5Y
`@wBXWEWXVUOQJ3GTMlJ3@>5\l`¨AC@HMKACWE\CSTPCO0SHM_I\CShShV5G0BXIq£o VUOQBXI5YbM[Ix@(5M_^<g5WX@[r1f\KIUO3BXAC@HG0JN>5@w|}\KWEWX\l`BEIUYyOQ@dKVU@hIUSh@w\_|&MKS
J3BX\[IjO0inbJo`\
JTM[O3P%O \`b1M_IjiA \Ud`>5BcST>I5@h@dAMKShS(@dO3OJN\aJo`\O3>UM_GN@HAS(GNB]JNBXSHM_W!GN@HO3\[V5GTS(@dO?f Ì M[IUAf r
BXIu[@hGTO3BE\KIUOJ3\<WE\CSTPyBEJNO0G3@dKVUBEGN@HAG3@dOQ\KV5GTS(@HOHr
T1 T1 T1
CR1 CR1
MGN@HO3\[VUGNSh@[v5BEJNO1g5GNBE\KG3BEJonbBcOtO3@(Jt@dmVUM_WJ3\yJN>5@Sh@hBXWEBXI5Yyg5GNBX\[GNB]Jon\_|J3>U@GN@HO3\[V5GTS(@Kr£{|&M<JTM[O3P>U\[WcA5O0^LV5W]JNBEgUWE@LG3@dOQ\KV5GNSh@HOHvCJ3>U@hIBEJ
BXI5>5@HG3BEJNO JN>5@y>5BXY[>U@HOQJS(@hBXWXBEI5Yg5GNBX\[GNB]Jon\[|?M[WEW&B]JTOwWX\STPK@HAZG3@dOQ\KV5GTS(@HOHr
0IkMKO3O3V5^<gCJ3BX\[I'JN>UMlJwBcOBX^agUWEBcS(BEJ3WXnZ^MKAC@`>5BXWE@VUO3BXI5Y
s [ BXOJ3>UM_JJ3>5@GN@HO3\[V5GTS(@1G3@dmV5BEGN@h^<@HIKJTO?\_|;@hu[@HG3nyJNM[O3PyBcO?PI5\l`IiF@(|}\KG3@Sh\[^<g5BXWE@ JNBE^<@[r
:
=?>5\KV5Y[>§`@BEI5|}\[GN^<M[WEWXneAC@(jI5@HAkJ3>5@xS(@HBEWXBXI5Yg5GNBX\[GNB]JonR\_|MGN@HO3\[V5GTS(@M[OJ3>5@^MlCBX^V5^\_|tJ3>5@g5GNBE\KG3BEJ3BX@HOL\_|M_WXW&JN>5\KO3@
JTM[O3POt`>5BcST>x^<MnGN@HmV5@HOQJ0JN\yVUO3@J3>5BcO1G3@dOQ\KV5GNSh@[vCJN>5@GNV5WX@|}\[GS(\K^agUVCJ3BXI5YyJN>5@LSh@hBXWEBXI5YygUG3BX\[GNB]JonBXO1OQWXBXY[>mJ3WXnA5B]D@hGN@hImJt|}\KG0JN>5@
ONST>5@HA5V5WE@HGNOJ3>UM_J&|}\[WXWX\l` fx¥~UGTOQJS(\K^<@UGTOoJO3@hGNu[@dAU¦gF\[WXBXShnaM[^<\[I5Y@dKVjM_WFg5G3BX\[GNBEJonGN@HM[A5nwJNMKOQPCOM_IUAaJN>5@1ONST>5@HA5V5WE@HGNOqJ3>UM_J
|}\KWEWX\l` MxJ3BX^a@OQWXBXSh@HARGN\[V5IjAZGN\[iUBEIkONST>5@HA5V5WEBXI5YM[^a\KI5Yx@HmVUM[W&g5GNBX\[GNB]JonGN@HMKACnJTM[O3Pr£IeJN>5@bf'gF\[WXBcS(n[vMJTM[O3PZGNV5IUO JN\
Sh\[^<g5WX@(J3BX\[IZ`>5BXWE@¥M[ImnxGN@HMKACn5¦0@dmVUM_W;g5GNBE\KG3BEJonJNM[O3PCO`M[B]JdrLÀ1IJ3>U@a\[J3>5@HG1>jM_IUA!v!BXIZJ3BX^a@hz{O3WXBXSh@HAGN\[VUIUAGN\[i5BXIZONST>5@dACV5WXBEI5Yjv
JN>5@@HmVUM[W!g5G3BX\[GNBEJon<JNM[O3PCO?@(C@HShVCJ3@ |}\KG\[I5@JNBE^<@wO3WEBcS(@MlJtMLJNBE^<@BXIMaGN\[V5IjAbGN\[i5BXI|M[O3>5BE\KIr
[@(JVUO?UGTOQJSh\[IUO3BcAC@hG0M<ONST>5@HACVUWE@HG?J3>UM_J|}\[WXWE\l`0O?;fONST>5@HACVUWEBXI5Y<gj\KWEBcS(nM_^<\[IUYL@dKVjM_W!g5GNBE\KG3BEJonJTM[O3POH-r [@hJJN>5@wS(@HBEWXBXI5Y
g5GNBX\[GNB]Jony\[|;M<GN@HO3\[V5GTS(@
3 ij@wA5@hI5\[J3@HAinf@HBEW{¥
3 ¦0M_IUAbJ3>5@g5G3BX\[GNBEJon\_|MJTM[O3+P \ 3 iF@wAC@hI5\[J3@dAMKO?g5GNB¥ \ 3 ¦
r=?>5@hIvf@hBXW¥
3 ¦
BcOAC@(jI5@HAM[O|}\KWEWX\l`0O Z ¥
3 ¦¥ ¥ \ 3 ¦"(! \ 3 /
3(' ¦ g"g<gh¥ r g Ì ¦
#$&%
=?>UM_JwBXOHv!JN>5@yS(@HBEWXBEIUYxg5G3BX\[GNBEJonx\_|MShG3BEJ3BcShM[WG3@dOQ\KV5GTS(@)
3?BcO J3>U@^<M_CBE^LV5^ \_|J3>U@g5G3BX\[GNBEJonx\_|M_WXWJNM[O3PCOJ3>UM_Jw^MnVUO3@)
33r
=?>5BcO@(Cg5GN@HONOQBX\[I>5\KWXAUO&\KI5WEn<`>5@HIb>5BXY[>U@hGg5G3BX\[GNBEJonLulM_WXV5@dO&BXIUACBcShM_J3@t>UBEYK>5@hGg5GNBE\KG3BEJon¥ M[OBEIBEIjAC\l`0O&\Kgj@HGNM_J3BXI5YO3nCOoJN@h^y¦
r£{|
>5BXY[>U@hGg5GNBE\KG3BEJonulM_WXV5@HOBXIUACBcShM_J3@WX\l`@HGg5GNBX\[GNB]JNBE@dO¥M[OBXIx0I5BEU¦
vCJN>5@hIJ3>U@ Sh@hBXWEBXI5Y<g5GNBE\KG3BEJon`\[V5WcAbiF@ J3>U@^<BXI5BX^V5^g5G3BX\[GNBEJon
\[|M[WEWJTM[O3PO?IU@h@HA5BEI5YaJN>5@G3@dOQ\KV5GT S(@[r=?>UM_J0BXOHv
* ¥
3¦+, /q¥-. ¥ \3 ¦/
! \3$/ #$&%
3 ' ¦ g<g"gd¥ r g ¦
U\[G\Kgj@HGNM_J3BXI5YtO3nOQJ3@H^OOQVUg5gj\KGQJNBEIUYJ3BX^<@(zOQWXBXSh@HAGN\[VUIUAG3\Ki5BEIwONST>5@dACV5WXBEI5Y1M_^<\[I5Y@dmVUM_WKg5G3BX\[GNBEJon0JNMKOQPCOM_IUA WcM_GNY[@HG!g5G3BX\[GNBEJon
ulM_WXV5@ BXIUACBcShMlJN@HO>UBEYK>5@hGg5GNBX\[GN B]JonKvKJN>5@GNV5WE@|}\KGtS(\K^agUVCJ3BXI5YaJ3>5@wSh@hBXWEBXI5Y<g5GNBE\KG3BEJonyBcO Z
* ¥
3 ¦+0;¥21 ¥ \ 3 ¦"(! \ 3 / #$&%
3(' ¦ 3 Ì g<g"gh¥ r g r ¦
U\[G1J3>5@<ShMKOQ@L`>5@hGN@WcM_GNY[@HG0g5GNBE\KG3BEJonuM[WEVU@BXIUACBcShMlJN@HOWX\l`@HGtg5GNBE\KG3BEJonR¥M_IjAxJ3BX^<@(zOQWXBcS(@HAG3\KV5IUAz{GN\[i5BXIO3ST>U@HACV5WXBXI5YM[^a\KI5Y
@dKVjM_W!g5GNBE\KG3BEJon<JNMKOQPCOT¦
vC`@>UM u[@1J3\<JTM_PK@tJN>5@^<BEI5BX^VU^\[|J3>U@ JNM[O3Pyg5GNBX\[GNB]JNBE@dOhr=?>UM_J0BXO Z
¥
3 ¦+, /q¥41 ¥ \ 3 ¦/
! \ 3 / #$&%
3-' ¦ 3 Ì g"g<gH¥ r g m¦
5
JN>5@wGN@HO3\[V5GTS(@BEIU>5@hGNB]JTOJN>5@S(\KG3GN@HO3gF\[IUACBXI5Y<S(@HBEWXBEIUYg5G3BX\[GNBEJon[r&£{|M<JTM[O3PyBXOt>5\[WcACBXI5Y^<\[GN@ J3>UM[I\[I5@GN@HO3\[V5GTS(@KvCB]JTO0g5GNBX\[GNB]Jony`BXWXW
iF@HSh\[^<@t^MlCBX^V5^\[|!J3>5@S(@hWXWXBEI5YLg5GNBE\KG3BEJ3BX@HO\[|M_WXWUJN>5@tGN@HO3\[VUGNSh@HOBEJBcO>5\[WcACBXI5YUr5\KG@hCM[^<g5WE@KvCf@HBEW{¥f ¦/ 1^M_!¥ 5v ' Cr
JTM[O3Py>5\[WcACBXI5Y<ij\[J3>f Ì M_IjAxf `\[VUWXABEIU>5@hGNB]JTO?J3>U@WXM[G3YK@hG\_|;J3>5@ Jo`\S(@hBXWXBEI5Y<g5GNBX\[GNB]JNBE@dOhvCBr @Kr 6Ì 5 r
¤WEBEJQJNWE@tJ3>5BXI5PBEIUYLShM[IbO3>5\l` J3>UM_J&J3>UBXO>5@hWXgUO@hWXBE^<BXIUMlJN@0JN>5@tg5GN\[iUWE@H^<O\_|!V5IiF\[V5IjAC@HAbg5G3BX\[GNBEJonBXImuK@hGTOQBX\[IjOhvmAC@HMKACWE\CSTPvKM[IUA
ST>UM[BEIi5WX\CSTPmBXI5Yjrst\l`@Hu[@HGHvBEJtS(GN@HMlJN@HOI5@H`9g5GN\[iUWE@H^<OHrZ@ |}\KG3^M[WEWXnbM_IjM_WXnmH@tJN>5BcOgj\KBEImJtMaWXB]J3J3WX@WXM_J3@hGBXIJ3>5BcO0O3@HS(J3BX\[Ir
s:[¨O3\[WXu[@HOJN>5@yg5GN\[iUWE@H^<Ow\_|?V5Iij\KV5IUAC@dARg5G3BX\[GNBEJonBEIuK@hGTOQBX\[IvST>UM_BXIRi5WE\CSTPBXI5YUv;M_IUAeAC@dM[ACWX\CSTPrb@HSh\[WXWE@dS
JJN>UMlJwJN>5@yiUMKOQBcS
&£oe`MKO&O3VUONS(@hg5J3BXi5WE@tJ3\JN>5@HO3@tgUG3\Ki5WE@H^Ohr=?>5@0|}\KWEWX\l`BXI5YJ3>U@h\[GN@h^M_IjAB]JTOSh\[GN\[WXWXM[G3BX@HOO3V5iUOQJNM[ImJ3BcMlJ3@0J3>5@dOQ@t|}@HMlJNV5GN@HOq\[|s'[r
&
5Éh Ë ÄcÈ ÈhÉ (ÊlÃÃ3É
ÈhÊ CÃ3ÂTÉ1È UÆlÃ
Ä~Ë& &ÊlËÂTÉÆaÅ{ÆlÈ mÉhÅÈÆLÃ3É(ÈhÊ CÃ3ÂTÉÃ3É CÄ~Ã3É Ä~Å Ä~ÅÄcÈ1ËÊlÅ (ÇXÊHÂ [É yÆ_Ë
CÃ
Å 5Éh"Ã l
GN@HmV5BXG3@dOtM GN@HO3\[VU GNSh@af r V5g5gF\KO3_@ \UdBXOM_WXG3@dM[ACn >5\[WcAC BXI5Yf rt£{8| \UdBXO1>5\[WcACBXI5Yf Yv \kd7 O1g5GNBE\KG3BEJon OQ>5\KV5Wc Ax>UMu[@ij@H@hI
GTM_BcOQ@dAJ3\ ¥
¦in's [¤GNV5WX@[rÀ1imuBX\[VUO3WXn ¥
¦^LVUOQJ iF@aY[GN@HMlJN@hG1J3>UM[I. ¥ \ b ¦
vij@dShM_VjOQ@ * ¥
¦0BXO\KI5@
>5BXY[>U@hG?g5GNBE\KG3BEJonyOQ>U\[V5WcAb>jMu[@ij@H@hI@(C@HShVCJ3BXI5YUv5M[IUiA \ b O3>5\[VUWXAI5\_J>UMuK@1YK\_JM<ST>UM_IUSh@tJN\<@(C@HShVCJ3@Krq=?>5BXO?BcOMaS(\[ImJNGNMKACBXS(J3BX\[I
JN\J3>5@aM[ONOQVU^ag5J3BX\[IJ3>jMl'J \ b BcO0@hC@HS(V5J3BXI5Yy`>5BXWE_@ \ d BXO1>5\[WcACBXI5YJN>5@wGN@HO3\[V5GTS(@Lf r0=?>5@hGN@(|}\KG3@Kv \ d S(\KV5WcAI5\_Jij@L>5\[WcACBXI5YyM
GN@HO3\[V5GTS(@GN@HmV5@dOoJN@HAxin \ b `>5@H?I \ b BcOt@hC@HS(V5J3BXI5YUrtO3BEI5YMbO3BE^<BXWXM[GtGN@HMKOQ\KI5BEIUYUvU`@LSHM_IO3>5\l`J3>jMlJ1`>U@hDI \ b M[ShmV5BXGN@HO\KI5@
GN@HO3\[V5GTS(@KvmM[WEW!GN@HO3\[VUGNSh@HOG3@dKVUBEGN@HAbimnbB]J0^LVUOoJiF@|}G3@H@[rq5GN\[^JN>5BcO`@ ShM[ISh\[IUShWEVjAC@J3>UM_JMLJTM[O3Pi5WE\CSTPCOMlJiF@HOQJ\[IUSh@1|}\KGM_WXW
BEJNOGN@HO3\[VUGNSh@1GN@HmV5BXG3@H^<@hImJNO|}\[G0M[InbOQ@hJ\_|;JNM[O3PCOM_IUAGN@HO3\[V5GTS(@G3@dmV5BEGN@h^<@HIKJTOhr
!
.&
()
- q=?>U\[V5YK>R: s [¨O3\[WXu[@dOJ3>5@ygUG3\Ki5WE@H^O \_|V5Iij\KV5IUAC@dA'g5G3BX\[GNBEJonBEIuK@hGTOQBX\[Iv;AC@HMKACWX\STPvM[IUAeST>UM[BEI
i5WX\CSTPBEI5YjvCB]J\Kgj@HIUO?V5gJ3>5@ gF\KONOQBXi5BXWEBEJon|}\KGÄ~Ë 5ÉhÃ
Ä~ÅÆlËFÂT
É Ã3ÉhÇEÆlÅÉ Ä~Ë lÉhÃTÈTÄÊ_Ëy`>5BcST>A5BXAI5\_J0@hCBXOQJBEIq£orC£I5>U@hGNB]JTM_IUSh@(z{G3@HWXM_J3@HA
BXIu[@hGTO3BE\KI\SHS(V5GTO;`>5@hIJ3>5@g5GNBE\KG3BEJon ulM_WXV5@\[|jM1WE\l`eg5GNBX\[GNB]JonJNMKOQP>U\[WcACBEIUY1M1G3@dOQ\KV5GNSh@qBcOGTM_BcO3@HA JN\M1>5BXY[>ulM[WEV5@in J3>5@?S(@HBEWXBXI5Y
GNV5WX@[vjJ3>5@LBEImJ3@HG3^<@dACBXM_J3@Lg5G3BX\[GNBEJonyJNMKOQPCOtI5\_JI5@h@dACBEIUYyJ3>U@GN@HO3\[V5GTS(@wSHM_IxI5\[J1@(C@dS(VCJN@LM_IjAxM_GN@O3M[BXAJN\bV5IjAC@hGNY[\yBXI5>5@HG3BEJNM[IUS(@hz
GN@hWcMlJN@HAg5G3BX\[GNBEJonBEIu[@HGNO3BX\[Ir
'@I5\l` BXWEWXVUOQJ3GTMlJN@BXI5>5@hGNBEJNM_IjS(@(z{GN@hWcMlJ3@dABEIuK@hGTOQBX\[IJ3>UG3\KV5Y[>M[I@(5M_^<g5WX@[rf\[IUO3BcAC@hGMyOQnCOQJ3@H^,Sh\[IUO3BcOoJNBEI5Yb\_|UuK@wJNMKOQPCO Z
\ b cR\ d c/\ f cR\knc / $ \Um[vM_IUAJ3>5@HBEG g5GNBX\[GNB]JonulM_WXV5@HO iF@ Ì v v r v UvM[IUA yGN@HO3gj@dS
JNBEuK@hWXn[r
tWXO3\UvMKO3O3V5^<@JN>UMlJ JN>5@<>5BEYK>5@hGJN>5@
g5GNBX\[GNB]JonyulM[WEV5@KvCJ3>U@w>5BXY[>5@HG0BXOJ3>5@wgUG3BX\[GNB]Jonb\_|;J3>5@JTM[O3Pr&=?>UMlJ0BcOHv aBcO?J3>5@>5BEYK>5@HOQJtM_IjA Ì BcO?JN>5 @wWX\l` @dOoJg5GNBE\KG3BEJonyulM_WXV5@KQr [@hJ
s [kBcOGNM[G3@HWEnaVUO3@HAyBXIbGN@HM[W]z{WXB]|}@tM[g5g5WXBXSHMlJNBE\KIUOMKOqJN>5@g5G3\Ki5WX@h^\_|BXI5>5@HG3BEJNM[IUS(@G3@HWXM_J3@dA<BEIu[@HGNO3BX\[I\_|~JN@hIij@dS(\[^<@ OQ\aOQ@Hu[@HG3@
:
MKOtJN\^M[P[@wJN>5@<g5GN\_J3\CSh\[W;V5IVUO3M[i5WX@[rw=?>5BcOM_GNBXO3@HO1iF@HShM[VUO3@wJ3>U@agUG3BX\[GNB]Jon\[|&@huK@hIuK@hGNnWE\l`©gUG3BX\[GNB]JonJTM[O3PO1^<BEYK>mJiF@<GNM[BXO3@HA
JN\bu[@HG3n>5BXY[>uM[WEVU@HO1`>5@hIBEJM[ShmV5BXGN@HOtM[InGN@HO3\[VUGNSh@[rt
1OMbG3@dOQVUW]JdvO3@huK@hGTM_WBEImJ3@HG3^<@dACBXM_J3@Lg5G3BX\[GNBEJonbJTM[O3POtI5\_J I5@H@HACBXI5YM[In
GN@HO3\[V5GTS(@^<BEYK>mJyV5IUAC@HG3YK\'BXI5>5@HG3BEJNM[IUS(@hzGN@hWcMlJN@HA¢BEIuK@hGTOQBX\[I M_IUA ^<BXONO<JN>5@hBXGyGN@HO3gj@dS
J3BXu[@xAC@dM[ACWXBXI5@HOHr £I O3g5B]JN@x\_|J3>5BcO^M o\KG
>UM[IUACBcShM[g\_|'s [v[`@1OQJ3VUA5nJN>5BXOg5GN\_JN\Sh\[WjBEIJN>5BcOqJN@(JMKOJ3>U@0|}\[VUIUA5MlJNBE\KI<|}\[GV5IUAC@HGNOQJNM[IUACBXI5YJ3>U@ FÃ
ÄÊ_Ã
Ä~Å ÂTÉhÄ~Ç Ä~Ë Ã3ÊlÅÊdÂNÊ_Ç
JN>UMlJBcOwuK@hGNngF\[g5VUWXM[GM_IUARBcOiF@hBXI5YVUO3@HAR@hJ3@hIjOQBXu[@HWEnZBEIeGN@HM[W]zJ3BX^<@yM_g5g5WXBcShMlJNBE\KIkAC@huK@hWX\[g5^<@HIKJdr&G3BX\[GNBEJonS(@HBEWXBEIUYxg5G3\[J3\CS(\KW
¥ f¦BcO0ACBcO3ShVUONOQ@dAbBXIJ3>5@I5@hJO3@HS(J3BX\[Ir
°q¶(®L°q¶
¬t¶h»H¶h·¸ °® ®y±®L
»
&G3BX\[GNB]Jonef@hBXWEBXI5Y'qGN\_J3\CSh\[Wt¥ f¦w@(J3@HIUA5OJ3>5@BcAC@HMKO\[|tq£o©M[IUAk's [¨JN\ZO3\[WXu[@JN>5@bg5GN\[iUWE@H^<OL\_|0VUImiF\[VUIUAC@HAkg5G3BX\[GNBEJon
BXIu[@hGTO3BE\KIvFST>jM_BXIi5WX\STPBXI5YUv!M[IUAAC@dM[ACWX\CSTPOHv`>5BXWE@<MlJ1J3>5@<O3M[^<@JNBE^<@a^aBXI5BX^<BEHBEI5YBXI5>5@hGNBEJNM_IjS(@(z{GN@hWcMlJ3@dABEIuK@hGTOQBX\[IUOHr
©|}V5I5z
A5M[^<@hImJNM[WA5B]D@hGN@hIUSh@1iF@(Jo`@h@HI&£o§M_IjAbf§BXOJN>UMlJ?J3>U@t|}\KG3^<@hGBcOMLY[GN@h@dACnM_g5gUG3\mM[ST>`>5@HG3@dM[O&J3>5@ WcMlJQJN@hGBXOI5\[JHr£Iq£o
`>5@HI5@huK@hGMwGN@HmV5@HOQJ&|}\KGMwG3@dOQ\KV5GNSh@0BcO&^M[A5@[vmJ3>5@1G3@dOQ\KV5GTS(@0`BXWEWFiF@M[WEWX\CShMlJN@HA<JN\wJN>5@tGN@HmV5@dOoJNBEI5YJNMKOQPaB]|B]J?BXO&|}GN@h@[rst\l`@Hu[@hGdv
BXIxf M<G3@dOQ\KV5GNSh@t^MnyI5\[J0ij@YKGNM[ImJ3@HAyJ3\yMaGN@HmV5@HOQJ3BXI5YaJNMKOQPb@hu[@HIBE|;J3>5@GN@HO3\[V5GTS(@BcO|}G3@H@[r
KVUOQJMKO'
s [eAC\@HOHv[fRM[ONO3\ShBXM_J3@dO;M Sh@hBXWEBXI5YulM_WXV5@ * ¥
3 ¦;`BEJ3>@Hu[@hGNnGN@HO3\[V5GTS(@
33v_JN>UMlJqBcO;J3>U@^<M_CBE^LV5^ \[|jJN>5@
g5GNBX\[GNB]JonulM_WXV5@HOt\_|&M_WXWJTM[O3PCOJ3>jMlJ ^aBXY[>mJtVjOQ@
33r1
tI\[gF@hGTMlJNBEI5YOQnCOQJ3@h^*ulM_GNBXM[i5WX@ShM[WEWX@HAZf?jf¥fV5GNG3@HImJnCOoJN@h^8f@hBXWXBEI5Y¦
BcO?VUO3@HAJ3\<P[@H@hgJ3GTM[STPy\[|JN>5@ ^MlCBE^L V5^Sh @hBXWEBXI5Y<ulM_WXV5@ \_|M_WXWJ3>5@GN@HO3\[VUGNSh@HO&J3>UM_JtM_GN@BXIVUOQ@wM_J0M_InyBXIUOoJTM_ImJ\_|;J3BX^<@[rq=?>VUOHv
M_JM_InJNBE^<@f?Uf 0¥ ¥
3 ¦/!
3 # /Uo / ' ¦(ry
JLO3nOQJ3@H^pOQJNM[GQJdvf?Uf BcOBEIUB]JNBXM[WEBXh@dAJN\ 5 ¥}WX\l`@HG
g5GNBX\[GNB]Jon<JN>UM_IJ3>U@WE@dM[OQJ?gUG3BX\[GNB]Jon<JT M[O3PyBXIJN>5@wO3nOQ% J3@H^y ¦
r %
@dOQ\KV5GTS(@O3>UM_GNBXI5YM[^a\KI5YyJTM[O3PCOtV5IjAC@hGf¤BXOGN@hYKV5WXM_J3@dAxVUO3BEI5YbJo`\G3VUWE@dOt|}\KG1>jM_IUACWXBXI5YGN@HO3\[VUGNSh@wG3@dmV5@HOQJNO Z GN@HO3\[V5GTS(@
YKGNM[IKJM_IjAGN@HO3\[VUGNSh@1GN@hWX@HMKOQ@Kr'@@hWcM_iF\[GTMlJN@tJN>5@HO3@ Jo`\<GNV5WX@HO?BXIJN>5@ |}\[WXWX\l`BEI5Y Z
- )
JNMKOQPy>U\[WcACBEIUYLJN>5@GN@HO3\[V5GTS(@BXO?WX@HONOJ3>jM_IJ3>UM_J0\_|J3>5@i5WX\CSTP[@dAyJTM[O3PFr
3 * 3
£{|qMaJNMKOQPG3@HWE@dM[O3@HOMShG3BEJ3BcShM[W!G3@dOQ\KV5GNSh@ B]Jt`?M[O?>U\[WcACBEIUYbM_IUABE|J3>5@Sh@hBXWEBXI5Yg5GNBX\[GNB]Jony\[|JN>5BcO0GN@HO3\[V5GTS(@ @HmVUM[WXOtf?jf1v5J3>U@hIZf?Uf
BcO0^M[A5@w@HmVUM[WJ3\yJ3>5@L^<M_CBE^LV5^\[|J3>5@aS(@hBXWXBEI5YbuM[WEVU@w\_|qM_WXW\[J3>5@HGtGN@HO3\[V5GTS(@dO?BEIVUOQ@KÁj@HWXO3@af?Uf¤GN@h^M_BXIUOtV5IUST>UM[I5Y[@dA!r=?>5@
JTM[O3PG3@HWE@dM[O3BEIUYbJN>5@G3@dOQ\KV5GTS(@a@hBEJ3>5@HGY[@(JTOiUMKSTPxB]JTO\[GNBEYKBEIjM_Wg5GNBE\KG3BEJon\[GJN>5@>5BXY[>5@dOoJwg5GNBX\[GNB]Jonx\[|?M[WEWJTM[O3PO `?M_BEJ3BXI5Y|}\[GwM[In
GN@HO3\[V5GTS(@dO`>5BXST>BEJ0^aBXY[>mJtOQJ3BXWEWij@>5\KWXA5BEI5YjvC`>5BcST>5@huK@hG?BXO0>5BEYK>5@hGdr
?f BcO1uK@hGNnxOQBX^<BEWcM_GJ3\'s [¤@h5S(@hg5J1JN>UMlJBXIZfMbJNM[O3P`>5@hI'Y[GTM_ImJN@HAMG3@dOQ\KV5GTS(@AC\@dO1IU\_JBE^<^<@HA5BXM_J3@hWXnM[SHmV5BEGN@
JN>5@Sh@hBXWEBXI5YZg5G3BX\[GNBEJon\_|tJ3>5@G3@dOQ\KV5GNSh@[r£I§|M[S(JHvV5IUA5@hG<f¨JN>5@bgUG3BX\[GNB]Jon'\_|tMJNMKOQPeAC\@HOLI5\[JaST>UM[I5Y[@yVUgj\KI¢M[SHmV5BEGNBXI5YM
GN@HO3\[V5GTS(@^<@hGN@hWXnRJ3>5@xulM_WXV5@\_| M'O3nCOoJN@h^ ulM_GNBcM_i5WX@xf?jf/ST>UM[I5Y[@dOhr§=?>U@gUG3BX\[GNB]Jone\[|MJNMKOQPkST>UM[I5Y[@dOaimnRJN>5@BEIU>5@hGNB]JTM_IUSh@
ShWXM[VUOQ@\_|1?f¨\[IUWEnR`>5@HI§\[IU@b\[Ga^<\[GN@yJTM[O3POL`?M_BEJ|}\[G<MGN@HO3\[VUGNSh@yB]J<BcOL>U\[WcACBEIUYUrR=MKOQPCOLG3@dKVU@HOQJ3BXI5YZMG3@dOQ\KV5GNSh@yi5WX\CSTP
M[WE^<\KOQJtV5IjAC@hG1BXAC@HImJ3BcShM_WO3B]JNVUMlJNBE\KIUO0V5IjAC@hGf M[IUAx's [rj=?>5@L\[I5WXnA5B]D@hGN@hIUSh@w`BEJ3>Z?f BXO0J3>UM_JM<JTM[O3iP \ 3 ShM_IM[WXO3\yiF@
i5WX\CSTP[@dA<|}G3\K^@hImJ3@HG3BXI5YLMaS(GNBEJ3BcShM_WO3@HS
JNBE\KIvB]|J3>5@HG3@1@(CBXOQJNO?M[Imn<GN@HO3\[V5GTS(@1S(V5GNG3@HImJ3WXnL>5@HWXAbinyOQ\K^a@1\_JN>5@hGJNMKOQP<`>5\mOQ@1g5G3BX\[GNBEJon
Sh@hBXWEBXI5YBcOY[GN@HM_J3@hG\[G@HmVUM[WUJN\JN>UMlJ?\_q| \ 3 r
9WXB]J3J3WX@1JN>5\[VUY[>mJ`\[V5WcAyO3>5\l` J3>jMlJJ3>5BcO?M_GNGNM[I5Y[@H^a@HImJ&g5GN@hu[@HImJNOJN>5@ V5I5I5@dS(@dO3ONM_GNn
BXI5>5@HG3BEJNM[IUS(@?i5WX\CSTPmBXI5YmO;SHM_VUO3@HAaACV5@JN\1JN>5@g5GNBE\KG3BEJon\_|M1JNM[O3PMKShmV5BXG3BXI5Y M1GN@HO3\[VUGNSh@&iF@hBXI5YGNM[BXO3@HAwJ3\ u[@HG3n>UBEYK>LulM_WXV5@dO¥S(@HBEWXBXI5Y
g5GNBX\[GNB]Jon5¦MlJJN>5@BEIjOoJTM_ImJ0B]JtMKShmV5BXG3@dOMaG3@dOQ\KV5GNSh@[r£IxfvCBXIOoJN@HMKAb\[|MKS
J3VjM_WXWEnyGTM_BcO3BEI5YaJN>5@g5GNBE\KG3BEJony\_|;J3>U@ JNM[O3PbMKShmV5BXG3BXI5Y
MGN@HO3\[V5GTS(@Kv!^a@HG3@HWEnJ3>5@ulM[WEV5@<\[|?MO3nOQJ3@H^8ulM_GNBcM_i5WX@¥{f?Uf?¦ BcO GNM[BXO3@HAJ3\JN>5@yS(@HBEWXBEIUYxuM[WEVU@[r nS(\K^<gUM_GNBEIUYbJN>5@yulM_WXV5@<\_|
f?Uf©M_YmM_BXIUOoJ1J3>5@<g5GNBX\[GNB]Jonx\[|MJNM[O3PxGN@HmV5@HOQJ3BXI5YMGN@HO3\[VUGNSh@[vFJ3>5@<gF\KONOQBXi5BXWEBEJonx\_|?AC@HMKACWX\STPCO1BXOMuK\[BcAC@HAr£{|I5\xS(\K^<gUM_GNBXO3\[I
`BEJ3>ef?Uf9`\KV5WcAx>UMu[@ij@H@hI^MKAC@¥ M[O1BEI&£o¦(vFMb>5BEYK>5@hGg5GNBE\KG3BEJonJNM[O3P^<MnWcMlJN@hGWE\CSTPOQ\K^a@LG3@dOQ\KV5GTS(@GN@HmV5BXG3@dAxinJN>5BcO
JTM[O3PWE@dM[ACBXI5Y1J3\Mgj\[J3@hImJNBXM[WA5@HM[A5WE\CSTPwO3B]JNVUMlJNBE\KIL`>5@HG3@@HMKST>wJTM[O3Pw>5\[WcA5OM1gUM_G3J\_|UJN>5@?G3@dOQ\KV5GTS(@HOGN@HmV5BXG3@dAwin J3>5@?\[J3>5@HGJNM[O3Pr
'@I5\l`¤@hCg5WXM[BEIJ3>U@`\KG3PBXI5YL\[|?fkJN>5GN\[V5YK>M[I@hCM[^<g5WE@Kr
$ *
f\KIUOQBcAC@HGM O3nOQJ3@H^ Sh \[IUO3BcOoJNBEI5Y\_|?|}\[V5 GLG3@dM_WEz JNBE^<@JTM[O3PC.O \`bvV\Ud_vV\Uf_vV\ n r=?>5@dOQ@|}\KV5GwJTM[O3PCOwOQ>jM_GN@<Jo`\IU\[ICz{g5GN@h@h^<gCJTM_i5WX@
NG @HO3\[V5GTS(@dO
.byM[IUA
Fd[rR
tONOQVU^a@
2byBcOVUO3@HAkimn \`bv-\UdM_IUA \Uf[vqM_IUA
FdBXOLVUO3@HAkin \`bM[IUA \ n r'
tONOQV5^<@J3>UM_J
JN>5@wg5GNBE\KG3BEJonbulM[WEV5@dO\_|-\`bv \Ud_v\Uf[vjM_IjA\ n M_GN@ Ì65 v Ì v Ì CvFM_IUA 5 G3@dOQgF@HS(J3BXu[@HWEnKr
tONO3V5^<@;fONST>5@HACVUWEBXI5YbM[^a\KI5Y@HmVUM[W
g5GNBX\[GNB]Jon<JTM[O3POHv5M_IjAbJN>UMlJ>5BXY[>U@hGg5GNBE\KG3BEJonyulM_WXV5@dO?BEIUA5BXSHMlJ3@ >5BXY[>U@hGg5GNBE\KG3BEJ3BX@HOHr
dbh¦¦ ;;¥¥ .. ¥¥ \q\ bHb ¦¦ c
c"1 ¥ ¥\U\kdHnd1¦ ¦Qc¦ . ¥ \k5 fdr ¦Q¦ Ì 5r
[@(JVUOS(\KIUO3BXAC@HGM_IbBXIUOQJNM[IKJBXIbJN>5@@(C@dS(VC JNBE\KIb\_ |J3>5@O3nCOoJN@h^6BXI`>UBXSTh
> \ b BcO@(C@HShVCJ3BXI5YMl|~JN@hGM[SHmV5BEGNBXI5YJN>5@ G3@dOQ\KV5GTS(@
b r
>5@HI \ b MKShmV5BXG3@dO0f Ì vjf?Uf BcOOQ@hJJ3\ * ¥
b ¦ Ì Cr
¡t\l`9S(\KIUO3BXAC@HG?J3>5@ |}\KWEWX\l`BXI5YJo`\M_WEJ3@HG3IUM_J3@O3B]JNVUMlJNBE\KIUOJ3>UM_J0^<BEYK>KJ0M[G3BcOQ@ BXIJ3>5@wSh\[V5GTOQ@\_|;@(C@HShVCJ3BX\[I\[|J3>U@ JNM[O3PCOhr
(
(*)
1
O3O3V5^<@tJN>UMlJ \ n iF@HSh\[^< @HOGN@HMKACn[r @hBXI5Y\[|>5BXY[>5@HG?g5G3BX\[GNBEJon\ n vCgUG3@H@h^<gCJNO5\`btM_IUAOoJTM_G3JNO&J3\a@(C@HShVCJ3@Kr
0|~J3@HG0OQ\K^a@tJ3BX^<@[v!\ n
GN@HmV5@dOoJTOJ3>U@GN@HO3\[V5GTS(@
Fd[r BXIUS(@J3>5@Lg5G3BX\[GNBEJonbulM_WXV5@\[|8\ n ¥}YKBEuK@hIJN\biF@ 5 ¦?BcOtYKG3@dMlJ3@HGJ3>jM_I'f?Uf ¥`>5BcST>BXO Ì K¦
ÁY\ n BcO
YKGNM[IKJN@HAbJ3>5@LG3@dOQ\KV5GTS(@
:d¥}inyJN>5@GN@HO3\[V5GTS(@GN@HmV5@HOQJtS(WcM_VjOQ@¦M_IUAf?Uf¤BcOtO3@(JJN\ 5 r&>5@HI?\ n S(\[^<g5WX@(JN@HOBEJNOt@(C@HShVCJ3BX\[Iv
Ì65
I5\[JtiF@Y[GTM_ImJN@HA
b r \ f `\KV5WcAiUWE\CSTPvjM[IUA\ b `\KV5WcABEI5>U@hGNB]J0JN>5@gUG3BX\[GNB]Jon\_|-\ f ¥}inJ3>5@Lf BXI5>5@hGNBEJNM_IjS(@ShWXM[VUOQ@¦
r0\jv
\ b 7 O?g5GNBE\KG3BEJony`\[V5WcAST>UM_I5YK@t|}GN\[^ 6Ì 5 J3\ Ì Cr
!
TL
CR TH
MG3@dOQ\KV5GNSh@?J3>UM_J?MwJNMKOQP<BcO&GN@HmV5@dOoJNBEI5YBXOBXA5WE@KvKJN>5@G3@dKVU@HOQJ3BXI5YJNMKOQP<^Mn<ij@AC@hIUBE@dAbM[SHS(@dO3OqJ3\wJN>5@G3@dOQ\KV5GNSh@0BE|!J3>5@G3@dmV5@HOQJ3BXI5Y
JTM[O3P 7 Og5GNBE\KG3BEJon<BXOWX@HONO&JN>UM_Ixf?Uf1rC
9JNM[O3P`>5\mOQ@1g5G3BX\[GNBEJonaBcO?Y[GN@HM_J3@HGqJ3>jM_IyJN>5@S(V5GNGN@hImJ3WXn<@(C@HShVCJ3BXI5YLJNM[O3PvCi5VCJ?Y[GN@HM_J3@hGJ3>jM_I
Ì[Ì
TH
; BEYKV5G3@25 Z £I5>5@hGNBEJNM_IjS(@(z@HWXM_J3@HAb£Iu[@hGTO3BE\KI
f?Uf¤M_IjAbI5@H@HA5OtMLGN@HO3\[VUGNSh@tJN>UMlJBcO0S(V5GNGN@hImJ3WXnyI5\[J?BXIVUO3@[v5BcOO3M[BXAbJ3\VUIUAC@hGNY[\<Mu[\KBXAUM_IUSh@(z{G3@HWXM_J3@HAyBEIu[@HGNO3BX\[Ir
tu[\[BcA5M[IUS(@hzGN@hWcMlJN@HAyBXIu[@HGNO3BE\KIBXO1M_WcOQ\O3\[^<@(JNBE^<@HOtG3@h|}@hGNG3@dAJ3\bMKOg5GNBE\KG3BEJonSh@hBXWEBXI5Y_z{GN@hWcMlJ3@dAbBXIu[@HGNO3BE\KIvUO3BEIjS(@M<>5BXY[>U@hGtgUG3BEz
\KG3BEJonJNM[O3PBXOI5\[J M[WEWX\l`@HAJ3\@(C@dS(VCJN@[v!I5\[J1iF@HShM[VUO3@LBEJGN@HmV5@dOoJTO1MGN@HO3\[V5GTS(@JN>UMlJ BcO1M[WEGN@HMKACnWE\CSTP[@dAxinxM_I5\[J3>5@HGtJTM[O3PFvi5V5J
iF@HSHM_VUO3@<B]JTOg5GNBE\KG3BEJonxBXOwWE@dO3OJN>UM_I'J3>U@uM[WEVU@a\[|0f?jf1r£I'MuK\[BcA5M_IjS(@(z{GN@hWcMlJ3@dAxBXImuK@hGTOQBX\[IvM>UBEYK>5@hGg5GNBX\[GNB]JonxJTM[O3Pi5WX\CSTPO|}\KG
MGN@HO3\[V5GTS(@aJN>UMlJwBcOwI5\[Jwij@HBEIUYVUO3@HA'inZM_InZ\_|J3>5@JTM[O3PCOhr=?>5\[V5YK>'J3>5BcOwGN@HOQJ3GNBXS(J3BX\[I'^<BEYK>KJM[g5gF@HM_GwJ3\xiF@J3\\xGN@HOQJ3GNBXS(J3BXu[@
M[IUA`?M[OQJ3@h|}V5WvMWEBEJQJNWE@<JN>5\[VUY[>mJ`\KV5WXA'O3>5\l`©JN>UMlJJN>5BXOwG3@dOoJNG3BcS
JNBE\KIBcO I5@HSh@HONO3M[G3nJN\xg5G3@Hu[@HIKJAC@dM[ACWX\CSTPOHr=?>5BcOJonmgF@\_|BEI5z
uK@hGTOQBX\[IBcO1J3>5@HG3@h|}\[GN@gF\[g5VUWXM[G3WXnShM[WEWX@HAZM[OAC@HMKACWE\CSTPxMu[\KBXAUM_IUSh@BXImuK@hGTOQBX\[Ivj\KGO3BE^<g5WXnMuK\[BcA5M_IUSh@wBXImuK@hGTOQBX\[IÁjJN>5@<G3@dM[O3\[Ix|}\KG
JN>5BXOJ3@hGN^©BcOJ3>jMlJJ3>5@iUWE\CSTPBEIUY SHM_VUO3@HAaACV5@JN\ J3>5@g5GNBX\[GNB]JonwSh@hBXWEBXI5Y G3VUWE@?BcO;J3>5@0Sh\KOQJ;|}\KGqMu[\KBXA5M[IUS(@\_|AC@HMKACWX\STPwM[^<\[I5YJNMKOQPCOHr
TL CR2
CR1
TH
Ceil(R1)=10
CSC=10 pri(TH )=8
; BXY[V5GN@ 4Z
0uK\[BcA5M_IUSh@@hWcMlJN@HA£ImuK@hGTOQBX\[I
'@1IU\l` BEWXWXVUOoJNGNM_J3@ AC@HMKACWX\STPyMuK\[BcA5M_IjS(@0BXIu[@hGTO3BE\KIyVUO3BEI5Y<M_I@(5M_^<g5WX@[r&f\KIUOQBcAC@HG&JN>5@ @(5M_^<g5WX@O3>5\l`IBEI;BEYjr 4 r£IbJN>5@
@hCM[^<g5WE@ O3>5\l`IyBXI;BXYUr 4 v5MWE\l` gUG3BX\[GNB]JonaJTM[O3P¥ \ ^ ¦M[IUAbML>5BXY[>g5G3BX\[GNBEJonLJTM[O3P¥ \ ] ¦qiF\_JN>I5@H@HAyJo`\aG3@dOQ\KV5GTS(@HO Ì M_IUA
ACVUG3BXI5YJ3>5@HBEGwSh\[^<g5VCJTMlJ3BX\[IjOhr<
tONOQVU^a@aJN>UMlJ J3>U@aWX\l`©g5GNBX\[GNB]JonJTM[O3CP \ ^ BXO g5GN@HO3@hImJNWEnxVUO3BXI5YxMShG3 BEJ3BcShM[WG3@dOQ\KV5GNSh@
b r<=?>5BcO
#Ì 5 M_IUA aGN@HO3gj@dS
JNBEuK@hWXn[r?
tONOQV5^<@JN>UMlJtJ3>5@JTM[O3+ P \ b UGTOQJtM[ShmV5BXGN@HO?JN>5@wGN@HO3\[V5GTS(@f Ì r=?>5@HIvjJ3>5@af?jf `\[VUWXAiF@OQ@hJ0J3\ 6Ì 5
\[|M<AC@dM[ACWX\CSTP@hu[@HIBE-| \Ud1`?M[O?gF@hGN^<B]J3J3@dAMKShSh@HONO&JN\f r
Ì
$ *
.
O3nCOoJN@h^ >UM[Oq|}\[V5G&JNMKOQPCO Z \`bv \Udlv \Uf[r=?>U@HO3@JNMKOQPCOI5@H@HAaJo`\S(GNBEJ3BcShM_WUG3@dOQ\KV5GNSh@HO&f Ì M_IUAbf r;
1O3O3V5^<@JN>UMlJJ3>5@0gUG3BX\[GNB]JNBE@dO
\[|&J3>U@L|}\KV5GJNMKOQPCO M_GN@LMKOt|}\KWEWX\l`0O Z ¥\`bh¦ Ì65 c. ¥\kdH¦ 5c
¥\UfH¦ c. ¥\ n ¦ ra=?>5@a|}\[V5GJTM[O3PO Z \`blv \Ud_v \UfLM[IUA
GN@HO3\[V5GTS(@GN@HmV5BXGN@h^<@hImJNOt\_|JN>5@HO3@wJTM[O3PO1M_IUAxJ3>5@aACV5GTMlJ3BX\[I|}\KG1`>UBXST>xJN>5@wJTM[O3PCO0I5@H@HAJN>5@Jo`\yGN@HO3\[V5GTS(@dO>UMuK@ij@H@hIZO3>5\l`I
BXIxBXYUr r&f\[^<g5VCJN@ J3>5@wACBED@hGN@hImJJongj@dO?\_|BEIu[@HGNO3BX\[IUO&J3>UM_J0@HMKST>bJTM[O3Py^<BEYK>KJ0>jMu[@1J3\<V5IUAC@HG3YK\<BEIJ3>U@`\KGNOQJ?SHM[O3@[r
Task Priorities
Pri(T1)= 10 T1 40ms
CR1
60ms
Pri(T2)= 7 T
2
10ms
T
Pri(T3)= 5 3
CR2
20ms
T
Pri(T4)= 2 4
¥
¦¥" < \ 3' \ 3 0 / ##$
' ¦
1OQBXI5YLJ3>5BcOhvC`@Y[@(Jtf@hBXW{¥
b ¦-^Ml¥ v ' ¦ M[IUAf@HBEW{¥
d ¦- ^<M_¥ v ' ¦/ `r [@hJVjO?I5\l` AC@(JN@hGN^<BEI5@JN>5@
ACBED@hGN@hImJ1JongF@HO \[|&BEIuK@hGTOQBX\[IUO0J3>UM_J@HM[ST>JNM[O3Px6Ì 5 ^<BEYK>mJ O36ÌVC5 D@hGdvM_IUAJ3>5@ACV5GTMlJNBE\KI\_|J3#Ì >55 @aBXImuK@hGT6Ì OQ5 BX\[IjOhrf\[IjOQBcAC@hGNBXI5YyJN>5@aJNM[O3PCO
\KI5@ imn\[I5@ Z
=MKOQPi\`bShM_IO3VCD@hGtA5BEGN@HS(JtBEIuK@hGTOQBX\[IR¥ACVU@wJ3\yJ3>5@wGN@HO3\[VUGNSh@wf Ì ¦?inyJTM[O3iP \Uf \KG¥ACVU@wJ3\<JN>5@GN@HO3\[VUGNSh@wf ¦?i+n \ n r
5GN\[^,M_IBXIUO3gj@dS
JNBE\KI\_|&;BXYUr BEJ SHM_IiF@@dM[O3BEWXnxOQ@H@hIxJN>UMlFJ \`bwSHM_IO3VCDF@HGACBEGN@HS(J1BXIu[@hGTO3BE\KIA5V5@JN+\ \Uf|}\KG 15 ^OtM[IUA
Ì<r
\Uft`BXWEWI5\[J?O3VCD@hGM_InACBXG3@dS
J?BEIuK@hGTOQBX\[IbO3BXIUS(@B]J0AC\@dO&I5\[J0OQ>UM[G3@M_In<G3@dOQ\KV5GTS(@0`BEJ3>MWX\l`@hG&gUG3BX\[GNB]JonaJTM[O3PFrst\l`@Hu[@hGdv
\UfShM[IO3VCDF@HG1BXI5>5@HG3BEJNM[IUS(@LG3@HWXM_J3@dAxBEIuK@hGTOQBX\[IM[IUAAC@dM[ACWX\CSTPMuK\[BcA5M_IjS(@GN@hWcMlJ3@dAxBXImuK@hGTOQBX\[IA5V5@JN+ \ \ n |}\KGM_J^<\mOoJ 5
^Ohr
\ n `BXWXWI5\_J0O3VCD@hGtM[Imnbg5G3BX\[GNBEJonBEIu[@HGNO3BX\[IvCM[O?BEJ0BcOJ3>5@WX\l`@dOoJg5GNBX\[GNB]Jon<JTM[O3PFr
Z@ I5\l`9G3@Hg5GN@HO3@hImJJN>5@^MlCBX^V5^ A5V5GNM_J3BX\[I|}\[G`>5BcST>@HM[ST>JNMKOQPOQVCD@hGTO|}GN\[^6@dM[ST>yJongF@\_|;BEIu[@HGNO3BX\[IbBXIx=M[i5WX@ r r Ì r
=;M[O3P 1BEGN@HS(J £I5>U@hGNB]JTM_IUSh@
0u[\KBXAUM_IUSh@
\Ud \Uf \ n \Ud \Uf \ n \kd \kf \ n
\ b 15 5
\ d 15 5
\Uf 5 5
=;M_i5WX@ r r Ì qGNBE\KG3BEJon<£Iu[@hGTO3BE\KIUO|}\[G05M[^agUWE@ r r
!
T1
20ms
CR 1
T
2 10ms 10ms
30ms
T T
3 CR 2
6
40ms
T 10ms
4 50ms
CR 3
T
5
=;M[O3P 1BXG3@dS
J £IU>5@hGNB]JTM_IUSh@
0uK\[BcA5M_IjS(@
\Ud \Uf \ n \ m \ \kd \kf \ n \ m \ \Ud \Uf \ n \ m \
\`b 6Ì 5 6Ì 5
\Ud 5 #Ì 5 #Ì 5 6Ì 5 6Ì 5
\Uf 6Ì 5 5 #Ì 5 5 6Ì 5
\kn #Ì 5 6Ì 5
\Um #Ì 5
=;M_i5WX@ r r tBEDF@HG3@HImJt=&ngF@HO?\_|£Iu[@HGNO3BE\KIUO|}\[G0qCM[^<g5WE@ r r r
!
[@(JVUOI5\l`9@(5M_^<BXI5@J3>5@gUG3\Kgj@HGQJNBE@dOJ3>UM_J?>U\[WcAb|}\KG0OQVjST>M[IBXIu[@HGNO3BE\KIyJTM_i5WX@[r
&MKST>bBXImuK@hGTOQBX\[IyJNM_iUWE@ BcOM_IV5g5gF@hG?J3GNBcM_I5YKV5WXM[G?^<M_J3GNB]!r=?>5@ WX\l`@HGJNG3BcM_IUY[V5WcM_GB]JN@h^O\[|@HMKST>yJTM_i5WX@M_GN@ M[WEWH@hGN\Ur=?>5BcO
OoJNG3VjS
J3VUG3@w\[|J3>5@aBXImuK@hGTOQBX\[IJTM_i5WX@HOtBXO@hgF@HS(J3@dAOQBXIUSh@LMyWX\l`@hGtgUG3BX\[GNB]JonJNMKOQPShM[II5\[JO3VCDF@HGM[InBXIu[@HGNO3BE\KIUO0ACVU@wJ3\M
>5BXY[>5@HGgUG3BX\[GNB]JonyJNM[O3Pr
=?>5@LMuK\[BcA5M_IjS(@ JNM[i5WX@BcO1O3BE^<BXWXM[G0JN\bBXI5>5@hGNBEJNM_IjS(@wJTM_i5WX@@h5S(@hg5Jt|}\[G1J3>U@LShMKOQ@\_|JNMKOQPJN>UMlJ AC\bI5\[J1I5@H@HAM[InGN@HO3\[VUGNSh@[r
=?>5@<G3@dM[O3\[Ix|}\KGJ3>5BcO BXOM[YKM[BEIZI5\_Ju[@HG3n|M[GJ3\xOQ@H@hPrL=?>U@LJTM[O3PCO1IU\_JI5@h@dACBXI5YxM_InxG3@dOQ\KV5GTS(@[vI5@Hu[@HGGN@HmV5@dOoJ|}\[GwM[In
G3@dOQ\KV5GTS(@1MKOM<S(\[IjOQ@dKVU@hIUSh@1JN>5@hnShM[II5\[JtOQV5DF@HG0Mu[\[BcA5M[IUS(@BEIuK@hGTOQBX\[IUOHr
UG3\K^*f\[GN\[WXWXM[G3n Ì \_|=?>5@H\[GN@h^ r r `@M[WEGN@HMKACn>UM[AJN>5@ |}\[WXWE\l`BXI5YaG3@dOQVUW]J Z
/)(10.")=_"kK)
'"/%)=
_
24V #<1"@ =&
/)=
1=@!)
! )=
1_
(<X
UG3\K^/J3>5BcO0GN@HO3V5WEJ0B]Jt|}\[WXWE\l`0OJN>UMlJ0JN>5@JN\_JNM[WACV5GTMlJNBE\KI|}\[G0`>5BcST>xM_InJTM[O3P+\ 3 ^MnbiF@i5WX\STPK@HAinbWX\l`@HGg5GNBE\KG3BEJonJNMKOQPCOHv
Sh\[IUO3BXA5@hGNBEI5Y<M_WXW!JongF@HO?\_|BXImuK@hGTOQBX\[IjO&BcO0M[O|}\KWEWX\l`0O Z
o 3 0 43 b m¥ 3 4 ¦cd¥ 3 3 4 ¦cd¥ 3 4 ¦ '
g<g"gh¥ r g [¦
=?>VUOHv[JN>5@ ^MlCBE^LV5^/ACV5GTMlJNBE\KI|}\[G?`>5BcST>bMJNM[O3PShM[Iyij@i5WX\CSTP[@HAyimnBEJNOWX\l`@HG&g5GNBX\[GNB]JonaJNMKOQPCO\[IbMKShSh\[V5ImJ\[|O3>UM_GNBEIUYw\_|
BcO0JN>5@WcM_GNY[@dOoJ0@HImJ3GNnBXIxJ3>U@LS(\KG3GN@HO3gF\[IUACBXI5Y<GN\l`9|}\KG0JN>5@wJTM[O3PBXIxJ3>U@BXImuK@hGTOQBX\[IJTM_i5WX@[r0'@LSHM_IxI5\l` ^<\CACBE|}nqCg5GHr r Ì 1 \_|
f>UM[gCJ3@HG J3\yAC@hJ3@hGN^<BEIU@1JN>5@GN@HO3gj\KIUOQ@JNBE^<@\_|MLJNMKOQOP \ 3 MKO|}\[WXWE\l`0O Z
£IJ3>5BcOO3@HS
JNBE\KIvC`@ A5BXONS(VUONO?OQ\K^<@1BX^<gj\KGQJTM_ImJ?|}@HMlJNV5GN@HO\_|frZ@ jGNOQJgUG3\luK@tJN>UMlJ?JNMKOQPCO?M_GN@ OQBXI5Y[WX@i5WE\CSTPBXI5YL\KIMKShSh\[V5ImJ
\[|;GN@HO3\[V5GTS(@1VUONM_Y[@Kr
Ì
GN@HO3\[V5GTS(@
3 BXIJ3>5@ jGNOQJg5WXMKS(@Kr=?>UBXO?BcOM<S(\[ImJNGNMKACBXS(J3BX\[I`B]JN>JN>5@g5GN@h^<BcOQ@`@OQJNM[GQJN@HA`B]JN>rq=?>5@hGN@(|}\KG3@KvB]J0BcO?I5\_JgF\KONOQBXi5WX@
JN>UMlJtMLJNMKOQPbV5IUAC@HG3YK\m@dO?BEIU>5@hGNB]JTM_IUSh@(z{G3@HWXM_J3@dAyBXImuK@hGTOQBX\[IMl|~JN@hGBEJtM[ShmV5BXGN@HO?MaG3@dOQ\KV5GNSh@[r
1OQBXI5YtMO3BE^<BXWXM[GGN@HMKOQ\KI5BEIUYUvh`@&SHM_IwO3>5\l`JN>UMlJ;M?JNMKOQP ShM[II5\_JO3VCD@hG;M_In1MuK\[BcA5M_IUSh@BEIuK@hGTOQBX\[I Ml|~JN@hGMKShmV5BXG3BXI5Y0MGN@HO3\[VUGNSh@[r
=?>VUOHvK\KIUS(@ MJTM[O3PM[ShmV5BXGN@HOMwGN@HO3\[V5GTS(@0BEJShM_II5\_JV5IUAC@HG3YK\LM[Imn<BXIu[@hGTO3BE\KIr£{J?BcO&JN>5@hGN@(|}\KG3@1S(WX@HM_GJ3>jMlJJNM[O3P<V5IUAC@HGf
M[G3@O3BEI5YKWE@ i5WX\CSTPBEI5Yjr !
=?>5@|}\KWEWX\l`BEIUY<Sh\[GN\[WXWXM[G3n<@dM[O3BEWXn|}\[WXWX\l`0O&|}GN\[^=?>5@h\KG3@H^ r r
&G3BX\[GNB]Jonf@hBXWEBXI5Y&G3\[J3\CS(\KW!BXOt|}GN@h@|}GN\[^AC@dM[ACWX\CSTPOHvUVUImiF\[VUIUAC@HAg5G3BX\[GNBEJonbBXImuK@hGTOQBX\[IjOhvUM[IUAST>UM[BEIxiUWE\CSTPBEIUYKOHr£IJ3>5@|}\[WEz
WX\l`BEIUYUvC`@ A5BXONS(VUONOJ3>U@HO3@ |}@HMlJNV5GN@HO?\_|fr
(
*.
(* (*) % a1@HM[A5WE\CSTPCO\CShShV5Gq\[IUWEna`>5@hIyA5B]D@hGN@hImJ1¥^a\KG3@?JN>UM_Ib\[I5@¦;JNMKOQPCO>5\KWXA<gjM_G3JNO\[|@dM[ST>
\[J3>5@H6G 7 OGN@HmV5BXG3@dAG3@dOQ\KV5GNSh@HOM_J0J3>5@aO3M[^<@ J3BX^a@Kv!M_IUAJN>5@hIxJN>5@hnGN@HmV5@HOQJ0|}\KGJ3>5@LG3@dOQ\KV5GTS(@HO?iF@hBXI5Y>5@hWcAin@dM[ST>x\_JN>5@hGdr VCJ
V5IjAC@hGfv5`>5@HI\[IU@JNMKOQPBXOt@(C@HShVCJ3BXI5Yy`BEJ3>O3\[^<@wGN@HO3\[VUGNSh@HOHv5M_In\[J3>5@HGJNMKOQPShM[IxI5\_J1>5\[WcAxMGN@HO3\[V5GTS(@J3>jMlJ1^Mn@hu[@HG
iF@1IU@h@HA5@HAimnaJN>5BXOJTM[O3P<imny=?>U@h\[GN@h^ r r r=?>jMlJ?BXOHv`>5@hIMwJTM[O3PaBcOY[GTM_ImJ3@dA\[IU@tGN@HO3\[V5GTS(@KvmM[WEWBEJNOG3@dmV5BEGN@HAyG3@dOQ\KV5GNSh@HO&^VUOQJ
iF@ |}G3@H@[rq=?>5BcO?g5GN@huK@hImJNOJN>5@gj\mO3O3BXi5BEWXBEJony\_|M_InbAC@dM[ACWX\CSTPFr
(
) )
*( (# ()
( ) (*
/
>UBEYK>5@hGwgUG3BX\[GNB]JonJNM[O3PZO3VCD@hGTOV5IiF\[V5IUA5@HARg5GNBE\KG3BEJonBXIu[@HGNO3BE\KIv`>5@HIeB]JLBXO`?M_BEJ3BXI5Y|}\KGMxWX\l`@HGg5G3BX\[GNBEJonxJNMKOQPJ3\xGN@hWX@HM[O3@
=?>5\KV5Y[>?f¤MuK\[BcA5O0AC@dM[ACWX\CSTPOHvFV5Iij\KV5IUAC@dAg5GNBE\KG3BEJonBEIu[@HGNO3BX\[IUOHvjM[IUAST>UM[BEIiUWE\CSTPBEIUYUÁFJNMKOQPCO1V5IUAC@HG?f¤OQJ3BXWEWOQV5DF@HG
|}GN\[^*M|}@H`¤JongF@HO\[|;BXIu[@HGNO3BE\KIUOHr;£IJN>5@ |}\[WXWX\l`BEI5YjvC`@wA5BXONS(VUONOJ3>U@ACBEDF@HG3@HIKJJongF@HO\[|BXIu[@hGTO3BE\KIUOJ3>UM_JJNMKOQPCO?^MnyV5IUA5@hGNY[\
`>5@HIG3@dOQ\KV5GNSh@O3>UM[G3BXI5Y<M_^<\[I5YLJ3>U@h^*BXO?^M_IjM_Y[@dAbVjOQBXI5Yfr
Ì1
£IJ3>5BcOOQ@dS
JNBE\KI`@<ACBcO3ShVUONO1O3\[^<@aBXONOQVU@HOtJ3>UM_J ^MnxM_GNBcOQ@L`>5BEWX@aVUOQBXI5YG3@dOQ\KV5GTS(@O3>UM_GNBXI5Ybg5GN\_JN\CS(\[WcOJN\A5@hu[@HWE\KgMG3@dM_WEz JNBE^<@
M[g5g5WXBXSHMlJ3BX\[IjOG3@dmV5BEGNBXI5Y JNMKOQPCOJN\OQ>jM_GN@I5\[ICz{g5GN@h@H^ag5JNM_iUWE@GN@HO3\[V5GTS(@dOhr=?>5@UGTOoJBXONOQVU@J3>UM_J&`@0ACBXONS(VjO3O&BXO&>5\l`§JN\wVUO3@tfRBXI
ACnIUM[^<BXSgUG3BX\[GNB]JonOQnCOQJ3@H^<OHrtV5ijOQ@dKVU@hImJ3WXn[vF`@LACBXONS(VjO3O0J3>5@aOQBEJ3VUM_J3BX\[IUOtBEI`>5BXST>JN>5@LA5B]D@hGN@hImJ1GN@HO3\[VUGNSh@ O3>UM[G3BXI5Yyg5GN\_JN\CS(\[WcO
`@ >UM[AACBcO3ShVUONOQ@dAb`\[V5WcAij@VUO3@(|}VUW r
!" #$" &%')(*
+%
,-
\|M_G BXIZM[WEW\[VUGACBcONS(VUONOQBX\[IjOtGN@hYmM_GTACBEIUYyVUONM_Y[@L\_|?fvF`@a>UM[ABE^<g5WXBcS(BEJ3WXnM[ONOQVU^a@dAJ3>jMlJ J3>5@LJNMKOQPxgUG3BX\[GNB]JNBE@dO1M[G3@aOoJTMlJNBXS[r
?= >UM_JBXOHv5MLJNM[O3P(7 Og5GNBX\[GNB]JonyAC\@dOIU\_J0ST>UM_IUY[@1|}\[GBEJNO?@hImJNBEGN@1WXBE|}@ J3BX^a@/.7|}GN\[^/JN>5@J3BX^<@B]J0M_GNGNBEuK@HO&J3\aJ3>5@JNBE^<@BEJSh\[^<g5WX@(JN@HOHr
£IACnIUM[^<BXSgUG3BX\[GNB]JonOQnCOQJ3@H^<OHv5JN>5@gUG3BX\[GNB]Jon\_|qM<JTM[O3Pb^<BEYK>mJST>UM[I5Y[@`BEJ3>JNBE^<@[r0
1O1MbS(\[IjOQ@dKVU@hIUSh@[vCJN>5@g5GNBX\[GNB]JonS(@hBXWXBEI5YmO
\[|q@hu[@HG3nGN@HO3\[V5GTS(@wIU@h@HAUO0JN\biF@aM[g5g5GN\[g5GNBXM_J3@HWEnG3@dS(\[^<g5V5J3@HA@HM[ST>J3BX^a@aMJTM[O3P7 O1g5G3BX\[GNBEJonST>UM[I5Y[@dOhrt£IZM[AUACB]JNBE\KIvFJ3>5@LulM_WXV5@
\[|J3>U@wf?jfM_IjAyJN>5@ BEI5>U@hGNB]JN@HAg5G3BX\[GNBEJonaulM[WEV5@dO?\_|JN>5@ JNMKOQPCO>5\KWXACBXI5YaG3@dOQ\KV5GTS(@HOM_WcO3\I5@H@HAbJ3\<ij@ST>UM[I5Y[@dA!r=?>5BcO?G3@Hg5G3@dOQ@HImJNO
ML>5BXY[>G3V5I5z JNBE^<@\lu[@hGN>5@dM[A!r=?>5@ >5BXY[>bGNV5IJ3BX^<@\luK@hGN>5@HMKA<^M_P[@dOVUOQ@ \[|f¢BEIACnIUM[^aBcS1g5G3BX\[GNBEJonyOQnCOQJ3@h^OV5IUM_JQJNGNMKS
J3BXu[@Kr
10 #*32/" 4#5)#$6879,-+#*:
";,<(=>?
@#A%B#C;#5D
'@0>UMuK@0OQ\|M[G&ACBcO3ShVUONOQ@dAaJ3>5GN@h@0BX^<gj\KGQJTM_ImJ&GN@HO3\[V5GTS(@O3>UM_GNBXI5Yg5GN\_J3\CSh\[WcO|}\[GqGN@HM[W]zJ3BX^<@?JNMKOQPCO Z g5GNBX\[GNB]JonLBEI5>U@hGNB]JTM_IUSh@g5G3\[J3\CS(\KW
¥ q£o¦(v[>5BXY[>U@HOQJ&WE\CSTPK@hGqg5GN\_JN\CS(\[W;¥:s [¦qM_IUAgUG3BX\[GNB]JonaS(@HBEWXBEIUYwg5GN\_J3\CSh\[W¥ f¦(rK=?>5@OQ>U\[G3JNS(\K^<BEI5YmOqM_IjAM[ACulM_ImJTM_Y[@dO\_|JN>5@HO3@
g5GN\_JN\CS(\[WcO?M_GN@ACBXONS(VjO3O3@HAij@HWE\l`r
qGNBE\KG3BEJon£I5>5@HG3BEJNM[IUS(@&G3\[J3\CS(\KW¥q£o¦ Z =?>5BcOBcOqMO3BE^<g5WX@g5GN\_J3\CSh\[W5M_IjAL@hDF@dS
JNBEuK@hWXn\lu[@HGNSh\[^<@HOJN>5@V5Iij\KV5IUAC@dAag5G3BX\[GNBEJon
BEIuK@hGTOQBX\[IygUG3\Ki5WE@H^/\_|J3GTM[ACBEJ3BX\[IUM[WG3@dOQ\KV5GNSh@O3>UM[G3BXI5YwJN@HST>5IUBXmV5@dOhrq=?>5BcO?g5GN\_JN\Sh\[WFG3@dmV5BEGN@HOJN>5@ ^aBXI5BX^M_WO3V5g5gF\[G3J|}GN\[^
J3>5@a\[gF@hGTMlJNBEIUYO3nOQJ3@H^ M_^<\[IUYM_WXW;J3>5@aGN@HO3\[V5GTS(@aOQ>UM[G3BXI5Yg5G3\[J3\CS(\KWXOt`@<ACBcO3ShVUONOQ@dA!rws0\l`@huK@hGdvjV5IjAC@hGq£o JNMKOQPCO^Mn
OQV5DF@HG?|}G3\K^ ST>UM_BXIi5WE\CSTPBXI5YM_IUAq£o M_WcO3\<A5\m@dO?I5\_J0gUG3@Hu[@hImJAC@HMKACWX\STPCOHr
s0BXY[>5@dOoSJ [\STPK@hGqGN\_JN\CS(\[W{¥:s [¦ Z 's [¢GN@HmV5BXGN@HO?\[IUWEny^<\CAC@HGNM_J3@OQVUg5gj\KGQJ?|}GN\[^/JN>5@\[gF@hGTMlJNBEIUY<O3nCOoJN@h^r£{JtO3\[WXu[@HOJN>5@
ST>UM_BXI<i5WX\STPBXI5YM[IUAAC@HMKACWX\STPLg5GN\[i5WX@h^O\[|!&£orKst\l`@Hu[@hGdv[:s [kSHM_I<^M_P[@0J3>5@0BXImJ3@HG3^<@HA5BXM_J3@0g5GNBX\[GNB]JonJNM[O3PCOV5IUA5@hGNY[\
WXM[G3YK@1BXI5>5@HG3BEJNM[IUS(@hzGN@hWcMlJN@HAbBEIu[@HGNO3BX\[IUO?M_IjASHM_IJ3>5@HG3@h|}\[GN@ SHM_VUO3@JNMKOQPCOJ3\<^<BcO3OJN>5@hBXGtAC@dM[ACWXBEIU@HOHr
qGNBE\KG3BEJonbf@hBXWEBXI5YqGN\_JN\CS(\[W¥?f¦ Z f¢\lu[@hGTS(\K^<@HO&J3>5@O3>5\[G3JNSh\[^<BEIUYKO\_|J3>5@iUMKOQBcSq£o M[O`@hWXWM[O's [§gUG3\[J3\CS(\KWXOHr
fegUG3\[J3\CS(\KWUBcOq|}GN@h@|}GN\[^/AC@dM[ACWX\CSTPaM[IUAyST>UM[BEIbi5WE\CSTPBXI5YUr;£Ibfkg5G3BX\[GNBEJonL\[|MJNMKOQPaBcO&I5\[J?ST>jM_I5YK@HA<V5ImJ3BXWMw>5BXY[>5@HG
g5GNBE\KG3BEJon<JNMKOQPyGN@HmV5@dOoJTOJ3>5@GN@HO3\[VUGNSh@[r;£{JJ3>5@HG3@h|}\[GN@O3VCD@hGTO?^VUST>WX\l`@HGBXI5>5@HG3BEJNM[IUS(@hzGN@hWcMlJN@HAbBEIu[@HGNO3BX\[IUOJ3>jM_I's [r
UG3\K^ JN>5@LM[ij\luK@ACBcO3ShVUO3O3BX\[IUOt`@aShM_IxBXIC|}@HGtJN>UMlJ fBcOt`@hWXWOQV5BEJ3@dA|}\[GVUO3@BXIM_gUg5WEBcShM_J3BX\[IUOt>UMuBEIUYyWXM[G3YK@IV5^iF@hG\_|
JTM[O3PO&M_IUA<^M_InaS(GNB]JNBXSHM_W5GN@HO3\[V5GTS(@dOhv[`>5BEWX@t&£oRij@HBEI5YLM u[@hGNnLO3BX^agUWE@0gUG3\[J3\CS(\KW5BXOOQVUB]JTM_i5WX@?J3\wiF@0VUO3@HA<BXIyO3^<M[WEWFM_g5gUWEBcShM_J3BX\[IUOHr
E
µw· »h¶h·¸"½§µ;¿ ¬ '¬t· x¬t·±0¶h¬0
tIM[ONOQVU^ag5J3BX\[IJ3>jMlJ1`?M[O0BE^<g5WXBXShB]JBEIZM_WXWJ3>U@LONST>5@HACVUWEBXI5YbM[WEYK\[GNB]JN>5^O`@LACBXONS(VjO3O3@HABXIZf>UM_g5J3@hG BcO0JN>UMlJ0JN>5@wJTM[O3PCO0BXIM_I
M[g5g5WXBXSHMlJ3BX\[IyM[G3@BXIUAC@Hgj@HIUAC@HIKJdrq=?>UMlJBXOHv[JN>5@hGN@0BcO&IU\S(\KIUOoJNGNM[BEImJq\KI<J3>5@1\[GTAC@hGqBXIy`>5BcST><J3>U@1ACBEDF@HG3@HImJqJNMKOQPCO&SHM_IiF@0JTM_P[@HIV5g
|}\KGt@(C@dS(VCJNBE\KIr1st\l`@Hu[@hGdvCJN>5BXO1BcO0|M[G0|}GN\[^*J3GNV5@wBXIg5GTM[S(J3BcShM_W;OQBEJ3VjMlJ3BX\[IjOhvF`>5@hGN@\KI5@JTM[O3P^MnI5@h@dAxG3@dOQVUW]JTO0|}GN\[^,M_I5\[J3>5@HG
JTM[O3PFv\KG&JN>5@tJTM[O3PCO&^<BXY[>mJ>jMu[@0JN\iF@ShM_GNGNBE@dA<\[VCJ?BEIS(@HGQJTM_BXIy\[GTAC@hG|}\[GJ3>U@gUG3\Kgj@HG&|}V5IjS
J3BX\[IUBEI5Ya\_|J3>5@ OQnCOQJ3@H^r>5@HIO3VUST>
AC@Hgj@HIUAC@HIUS(BX@HOLM_^<\[I5YJTM[O3PCO@(CBcOoJdvJN>5@bONST>5@HACVUWEBXI5YJ3@dST>5I5BcmV5@HOwA5BXONS(VUONO3@HARBXI¢f>UM_gCJN@hG JNV5GNIe\[VCJwJN\xij@bBEIUO3V yS(BX@hImJLM[IUA
I5@H@HAJ3\<iF@wOQVUB]JTM_i5WXnb^<\CACBEU@HA!r
Ì5
T2 T3
T5 T4
;BEYKV5G3@ ÌKÌZ qGN@HSh@HAC@HIUS(@ @hWcMlJNBE\KIUO3>5BEg
0^<\KI5Yy=MKOQPCO|}\[G0q5M_^<g5WX@ r r
*)# #( 6 +- +$6
,
($(# %+' (
(* # &* 0& *)+6 $#)$*
1 '
)0
' *)
# $ *+$#
+%
#
-$ 6 1
*) $ *' $
#
-$ +$+ '6!-$1
($$$*)0 #
-$
1
0&
-$ $$*) +
(&$6 1 $%
"'#!$ ,
+*
!(#
-
$( /'(
6 &
$1
'@qI5\l`'BEWXWXVUOoJNGNM_J3@JN>5@qVUO3@q\_|JN>5@&M_iF\lu[@M[WEYK\[GNB]JN>5^ JN\0S(\[^<g5V5J3@&M?|}@dM[O3BEiUWE@qONST>5@HA5V5WE@|}\KGMO3@(J\[|JNM[O3PCO`B]JN>AC@Hgj@HIUAC@hIjS(BX@HOHr
$ *
&1@(JN@hGN^aBXI5@M |}@HMKOQBXi5WX@tO3ST>U@HACV5WX@|}\KG&JN>5@tGN@HM[W]zJ3BX^<@?JNM[O3PCOq\[|M JNMKOQP<OQ@hJ
\qb(c/\Ud
c"ggg cR\ m ' |}\[G`>5BcST>J3>5@1g5GN@HS(@hz
AC@HIUS(@G3@HWXM_J3BX\[IUO>jMu[@iF@h@hIZOQ>5\l`IBXI;BEYjr Ì[Ì |}\KG0VUO3@w`B]JN>M<JTM_i5WX@(zACGNBEuK@hIxO3ST>U@HACV5WX@hGdr=?>5@w@h@dS(VCJNBE\KIJ3BX^<@HO0\[|J3>5@JNM[O3PCO
\`b(cR\Ud
c"gg gc/\ m M[G3@ Z 5Cv 6Ì 5 v Cv 1 v M[IUAJ3>5@wSh\[GNG3@dOQgF\[IUA5BEI5YaAC@HMKACWXBEI5@dO0M_GN
@ 5 v 5 v Cv 5 v 4 v[GN@HO3gj@dS
J3BXu[@HWEnKr
)
&
&G3@dS(@dAC@hIUSh@1Sh\[IUOQJ3GTM_BXImJNOM_^<\[I5YLJNMKOQPCOShM[IiF@1>jM_IUACWX@HABXIiF\_JN>1eM[IUAt
JN>5G3\KV5Y[>J3>U@ |}\[WXWE\l`BXI5Ya^a\CACBEjSHMlJ3BX\[IJN\LJN>5@wM_WXY[\KG3BEJ3>U^r
t\<I5\[J0@hIUM[i5WX@ MLJTM[O3PyV5ImJ3BXWM_WXWBEJNO?g5GN@HA5@HS(@dO3O3\[GSh\[^<g5WX@(J3@JN>5@hBXG0@(C@dS(VCJNBE\KIr
f>5@HSTP<JN>5@ JNMKOQPCO`?M_BEJ3BXI5YaJ3\<ij@ @HIUM_i5WX@HA'¥}\KIxM[ShSh\[V5ImJ?\_|;B]JTOg5GN@HAC@dS(@HONO3\[GTO&S(\K^<g5WE@hJ3BXI5YaJ3>5@HBEGt@(C@HShVCJ3BX\[IUOT¦Ml|~J3@HG@huK@hGNn
JNMKOQPbSh\[^<g5WX@(JN@HOHr
'@?>5\l`@Hu[@HG;^LVUOQJGN@h^<@H^iF@hGJ3>jMlJJ3>U@0M[ST>5BX@hulM_iUWE@?O3ST>U@HACV5WcM_iUWE@?VCJNBEWXBEdMlJNBE\KIa\[|UJTM[O3PO`BEJ3>AC@Hgj@HIUAC@HIUS(BX@HO`\[VUWXALij@WX\l`@hG
Sh\[^<gUM_GN@HAJ3\`>5@HIJN>5@aJNM[O3PCO M_GN@LBXIUAC@Hgj@HIUAC@hImJdr<=?>U@hGN@(|}\[GN@[vJN>5@O3ST>U@HACV5WcM_iUBEWXB]JonxGN@HO3V5WEJNO `\[GNP[@dAx\[VCJBXIJN>5@<WXMKOoJwST>UM[gCJ3@HG
`\[V5WcAI5\_J0iF@wM_g5gUWEBcShM[i5WE@ `>5@HIJNM[O3PbAC@Hgj@HIUAC@HIUS(BX@HO@hCBXOQJHr
²
¹ «
£IZ^M[ImnG3@dM_WEzWXB]|}@<M_gUg5WEBcShM_J3BX\[IUOHvGN@HM[W]zJ3BX^<@JTM[O3POM[G3@aGN@HmV5BXG3@dAJN\O3>UM[G3@aI5\[I5zg5GN@h@H^<gCJNM[i5WE@aGN@HO3\[V5GTS(@dOM[^<\[I5YJ3>5@H^az
OQ@HWEuK@HOHr£{|!JNGNMKACBEJ3BX\[IUM[WjGN@HO3\[V5GTS(@0O3>UM[G3BXI5YJN@HST>5I5BcmV5@HOO3VUST>bM[OOQ@H^M_g5>5\KG3@dO&M[G3@tA5@hg5WX\ln[@dA<BEIbJ3>5BcOO3BEJ3VUM_J3BX\[IvV5IiF\[V5IUA5@HA
g5GNBE\KG3BEJonBEIuK@hGTOQBX\[IUO^<BEYK>mJ0\SHS(V5GWX@HMKACBXI5YaJ3\<G3@dM_WEz JNBE^<@JNMKOQPCOJN\a^<BcO3OJ3>5@HBEG0AC@dM[ACWXBXI5@HOHr
Ì4
T1 T3 T2 T5 T4
T1 T3 T2 T5 T4
0 6 8 14 20 25 33 40 50
T1 T3 T2 T5 T4
; BXY[V5GN@ Ì Z C\[WXVCJ3BX\[I\_|5M_^<g5WX@ r r
0 2 8 13 20 30
¥Mm¦b0M_J3@q^<\KI5\_JN\[I5BcSO3ST>U@HACV5WXBXI5Y0ShM[I ONMlJNBXOQ|M[S(J3\KG3BXWEn1ij@&VUOQ@dA|}\[GONST>5@dACV5WXBEI5Y0MKShSh@HONO\_|5OQ@Hu[@HGNM[Wl>UM_GTAG3@dM_WEz JNBE^<@gF@hGNBE\CACBcS
JTM[O3POJN\MS(@hG3JNM[BEIO3>UM_GN@HAS(GNB]JNBXSHM_W!GN@HO3\[V5GTS(@Kr
¥}ij¦
tWEYK\[GNB]JN>5^Oq@(CBcOoJ`>5BcST>ygj@HG3^<BEJO3>UM_GNBXI5Yw\_|MLOQ@hJ\_|!GN@HO3\[V5GTS(@dOBXIJ3>5@@(5ShWEVUO3BXu[@^<\CAC@1M[^a\KI5YJTM[O3PO&\_|ACBED@hGN@hImJ
g5GNBX\[GNB]JNBE@dO?`B]JN>5\[VCJtM[InJNMKOQPCO>UMuBEIUYLJN\<BEIUShV5GtM[ImngUG3BX\[GNB]JonbBEIu[@HGNO3BX\[Ir
¥SH¦>5@HI§MO3@(J\[|0G3@dM_WEz JNBE^<@<JTM[O3POLM_GN@yO3ST>U@HACV5WX@HARVjOQBXI5Y0
M_IjAeOQ>UM[G3@S(GNB]JNBXSHM_WqGN@HO3\[V5GTS(@dOVUO3BEIUYxJ3>5@bg5G3BX\[GNBEJon
Sh@hBXWEBXI5Y g5GN\_J3\CSh\[W¥f¦
vlBEJBXOgF\KONOQBXi5WX@J3>UM_JMtJNMKOQP^<MniF@AC@hIUBE@dALMKShS(@dO3OJN\ M1GN@HO3\[V5GTS(@@hu[@HIL`>U@hILJ3>5@?GN@HO3\[V5GTS(@
BcOI5\[J?GN@HmV5BXGN@HAimnM_Iny\_JN>5@hG?JTM[O3Pr
¥AU¦stBEYK>5@HOQJqWE\CSTPK@hGg5GN\_J3\CSh\[W¥:s [¦;^<M[BEImJTM_BXIUO;J3>5@0JNM[O3PCO`M[B]JNBEIUY1|}\KGqM OQ>UM[G3@dAIU\[ICz{g5GN@h@h^<gCJTM_i5WX@?G3@dOQ\KV5GTS(@BEI;£o;À
\KGNAC@HGHr
¥}@d¦>5@HIbMO3@(J&\[|gF@hGNBX\A5BXSGN@HM[W]zJ3BX^<@?JNMKOQPCOqONST>5@HA5V5WE@dA<VUO3BEI5YL0
O3>UM_GN@0S(@HGQJTM_BXIS(GNB]JNBXSHM_WUGN@HO3\[VUGNSh@HO;VUO3BEI5YLqGNBE\KG3BEJon
£I5>U@hGNB]JTM_IUSh@ &G3\[J3\CS(\KW¥q£o¦
v5O3\[^<@ \_|;J3>5@ JTM[O3PCO?^aBXY[>mJ0O3VCDF@HG0V5IiF\[V5IUA5@HAg5GNBE\KG3BEJonBEIuK@hGTOQBX\[IUOHr
Ì
JN\i5WE\CSTP|}\KG0M[SHKVUBEGNBEIUYJN>5@\_JN>5@hGGN@HmV5BXG3@dAbGN@HO3\[VUGNSh@HOHr
¥ 3¦>5@HI:s [ ¥stBEYK>5@HOQSJ [\CSTP[@HG&G3\[J3\CS(\KWc¦qBXOVUO3@HAM[OJN>5@ g5G3\[J3\CS(\KWF|}\[GOQ>jM_GNBEI5YaOQ\K^<@ShG3BEJ3BcShM[WFGN@HO3\[VUGNSh@HOM_^<\[I5YaM
O3@(J0\[|GN@HM_WEzJ3BX^a@JTM[O3POHv5AC@dM[ACWX\CSTPbShM[I5I5\_J\CShShV5G0ACV5@JN\G3@dOQ\KV5GNSh@O3>UM[G3BXI5YUr
¥PC¦£{|qJNGNMKACBEJ3BX\[IUM[WGN@HO3\[V5GTS(@O3>UM[G3BXI5Yy^<@HST>jM_I5BcOQ^O1OQVUST>ZM[OOQ@H^<M[g5>5\KG3@dOtM_IjAx^<\[I5BEJ3\KGNO1M_GN@wVUO3@HAxJN\O3>UM_GN@MKShS(@dO3Ot\_|
O3@huK@hGTM_WGN@HM[W]zJ3BX^<@JNMKOQPCOtJ3\MbO3BEI5YKWE@aS(GNB]JNBXSHM_W;G3@dOQ\KV5GTS(@[vjI5@hBEJ3>U@hG V5Iij\KV5IUAC@dAxg5GNBE\KG3BEJonBEIu[@HGNO3BX\[IUOHvjIU\[G1A5@HM[A5WE\CSTPCO
SHM_I\SHS(V5Gdr
¥Wc¦>5@HIkMxOQ@hJ\_|gF@hGNBE\CACBcS<GN@HM_WEzJ3BX^a@<JTM[O3PCOwO3ST>U@HACV5WX@HA'VUO3BXI5Y0
6O3>UM[G3@yShG3BEJ3BcShM[WqG3@dOQ\KV5GTS(@HOVUO3BXI5YJ3>5@bg5G3BX\[GNBEJon
Sh@hBXWEBXI5YgUG3\[J3\CS(\KW¥?f¦
vmBE|M JNMKOQPShM[IyOQV5DF@HGBXI5>5@HG3BEJNM[IUS(@0iUWE\CSTPBEIUYwinaM[I5\_JN>5@hG&JNM[O3PL|}\[G?S(@hG3JNM[BEIyA5V5GNM_J3BX\[IvKJ3>U@hI
BEJ0^MnbM_WcOQ\O3VCD@hG0ACBXG3@dS
JBXImuK@hGTOQBX\[IACV5@ JN\<J3>UM_JJNM[O3P|}\KG?J3>5@wONM_^<@ACV5GTMlJNBE\KIr
¥^¦>5@HI¢MZOQ@hJL\_|0gF@hGNBX\A5BXSbG3@dM_WEz JNBE^<@JTM[O3POLO3ST>U@HACV5WX@HAkVUOQBXI5Y'0
*OQ>UM[G3@S(@hG3JNM[BEIkShG3BEJ3BcShM[WGN@HO3\[VUGNSh@HOVUO3BXI5YJN>5@
g5GNBX\[GNB]JonS(@HBEWXBXI5YLgUG3\[J3\CS(\KW;¥ f¦(vB]|MwJTM[O3P \`b1ShM[IbO3VCDF@HGBEIU>5@hGNB]JTM_IUSh@ti5WX\CSTPBEI5YainyM_I5\[J3>5@HG&JTM[O3jP \Ud0|}\KG?Sh@hG3JNM[BEI
ACVUGNM_J3BX\[IvJN>5@hIxBEJ0^MnbM_WcOQ\O3VCD@hG0AC@dM[ACWX\CSTPbMu[\KBXA5M[IUS(@BXImuK@hGTOQBX\[Ib|}\[G?JN>5@ONM_^<@ACV5GTMlJ3BX\[IACV5@ JNj\ \Ud1@h5S(@hg5J3BXI5Y
BEK| \ b AC\@dO?I5\_J0I5@H@HAM_InyGN@HO3\[V5GTS(@Kr
¥}Ij¦>5@HIkMOQ@hJw\_|?G3@dM_WEz JNBE^<@aJNMKOQPCOO3>UM_GN@S(@hG3JNM[BEIRS(GNBEJ3BcShM_W&G3@dOQ\KV5GNSh@HOVUO3BEIUYJN>5@g5GNBE\KG3BEJonSh@hBXWEBXI5Yxg5GN\_JN\Sh\[W¥?f¦(v
JN>5@>5BXY[>5@dOoJ0g5GNBX\[GNB]Jon<JTM[O3PbAC\@HO?I5\[JtOQV5DF@HG0M_InyBXImuK@hGTOQBX\[IjOhr
¥}\¦y>5@HIMLOQ@hJ\_|G3@dM_WEz JNBE^<@JTM[O3POO3>UM_GN@tS(GNBEJ3BcShM_WFGN@HO3\[V5GTS(@dOVUO3BEI5YJ3>5@g5GNBE\KG3BEJon<S(@hBXWXBEI5YLg5GN\_J3\CSh\[W¥ f¦
vKJ3>5@WE\l`@HOQJ
g5GNBX\[GNB]Jon<JTM[O3PAC\@HO?IU\_J0OQV5DF@HGtM_InyBXIu[@hGTO3BE\KIUOhr
¥}gj¦£{JBXObgj\mO3O3BEiUWE@xJN>UMlJBEI¤MkG3@dM_WEz JNBE^<@O3nOQJ3@H^¾@Hu[@HI J3>5@WX\l`@HOQJbg5GNBE\KG3BEJonkJTM[O3P§^Mn O3VCD@hGV5Iij\KV5IUAC@dA g5G3BX\[GNBEJon
BXIu[@hGTO3BE\KIUOV5I5WX@HONOMaO3V5BEJNM[i5WE@GN@HO3\[VUGNSh@(zOQ>UM[G3BXI5YwgUG3\[J3\CS(\KWFBcOVUO3@HAr
¥ ¦>5@HIMLOQ@hJ\_|GN@HM[W]zJ3BX^<@JNMKOQPCOOQ>UM[G3@1S(GNB]JNBXSHM_WFG3@dOQ\KV5GNSh@HOVjOQBXI5YwJN>5@tgUG3BX\[GNB]Jon<S(@HBEWXBXI5Yg5GN\_JN\CS(\[W¥f¦
vMJTM[O3PaSHM_I
V5IjAC@hGNY[\MlJiF@HOQJ0\[I5@ \[|ACBXGN@HS
JdvCBEIU>5@hGNB]JTM_IUSh@[v5\KGMu[\[BcA5M[IUS(@hzGN@hWcMlJN@HABXIu[@hGTO3BE\KIACV5@ JN\M_InJNMKOQPr
¥}G
¦b=?>5@?g5GNBX\[GNB]JonwSh@hBXWEBXI5Yg5G3\[J3\CS(\KW!¥f¦SHM_Iaij@Sh\[IUO3BXA5@hGN@HAJN\1iF@0MO3M_J3BcOo|MKS
J3\KG3n g5GN\_JN\CS(\[WmJN\ O3>UM[G3@MO3@(J\[|jOQ@HG3BcM_WXWXn
GN@hVUONM_iUWE@ g5GN@h@H^ag5JNM_iUWE@ GN@HO3\[V5GTS(@dOM[^<\[I5Y<M<OQ@hJ0\_|GN@HM[W]zJ3BX^<@JNM[O3PCOhr
¥ ON¦£{|g5GNBE\KG3BEJonwS(@HBEWXBEIUYgUG3\[J3\CS(\KW¥ f¦BcOBX^<g5WE@H^<@hImJ3@dALBXI<0I5BEL\Kgj@HGNM_J3BXI5YO3nCOoJN@h^OHvlJ3>5@HIaJ3>5@0Sh@hBXWEBXI5Y g5GNBE\KG3BEJonulM_WXV5@
\[|M<S(GNBEJ3BcShM_W!GN@HO3\[VUGNSh@1`\[V5WcAij@ JN>5@^MlCBE^LV5^6\[|JN>5@g5GNBE\KG3BEJonulM_WXV5@HO?\[|M[WEWJN>5@ JNMKOQPCO?VUO3BEIUYLJN>5BcOG3@dOQ\KV5GTS(@[r
¥~JT¦=?>5@LACV5GTMlJ3BX\[I|}\[Gt`>5BXST>M<WX\l`@hGg5GNBE\KG3BEJonJTM[O3PShM[IBEI5>U@hGNB]JTM_IUSh@i5WE\CSTPM<>5BEYK>5@hGtg5G3BX\[GNBEJonJNMKOQPBXO0M[WXO3\<BXA5@hImJ3BcShM[W
JN\<J3>5@wACVUGNM_J3BX\[I|}\[G`>5BcST>BEJtShM[IMuK\[BcA5M_IjS(@i5WE\CSTPyBEJHr
¥}Vj¦tIUAC@hGf @huK@hI MJTM[O3Pk`>5BcST>AC\@HO<I5\[JyG3@dKVUBEGN@M[InkG3@dOQ\KV5GTS(@ShM_I V5IjAC@hGNY[\'g5GNBE\KG3BEJoneBEIuK@hGTOQBX\[I§|}\[GbO3\[^<@
ACVUGNM_J3BX\[Ir
r0Cg5WcM_BXI J3>5@Zg5G3\Ki5WX@h^OJN>UMlJ^aBXY[>mJM[G3BcO3@xB]|w>UM[GNA GN@HM[W]zJ3BX^<@xJNMKOQPCOyM[G3@^<MKAC@xJN\¢O3>UM_GN@S(GNB]JNBXSHM_W1G3@dOQ\KV5GNSh@HOM[^a\KI5Y
J3>5@H^OQ@HWEuK@HOVUO3BEI5YaJNGNMKACB]JNBE\KIUM_W!\Kgj@HGNM_J3BXI5Y<OQnCOQJ3@h^ g5G3BX^<B]JNBEuK@HOO3VUST>M[OO3@h^M_g5>U\[GN@HO\[G?^<\[I5BEJ3\KGNOHr G3BX@ nb@(Cg5WcM_BXI>5\l`
J3>5@dOQ@ g5GN\[iUWE@H^<OSHM_Iij@\luK@hGTS(\K^a@Kr
r r0Cg5WcM_BXIZVjOQBXI5YM_IeM[g5g5GN\[g5GNBXM_J3@<@(5M[^agUWE@M[OJ3\x`>nZMxShG3BEJ3BcShM[WqG3@dOQ\KV5GTS(@<ShM_IRYK@(JS(\KG3GNV5gCJN@HAZB]|?JN>5@JNMKOQPZVUO3BEI5YBEJBcO
g5GN@h@h^<gCJN@HA!v5M[IUAJ3>5@HIxM_I5\[J3>5@HG?JNM[O3PyBcO?Y[GTM_ImJ3@dAyVUO3@\_|J3>5@GN@HO3\[VUGNSh@[r
5
OQVUB]JTM_i5WX@JNM[O3PbONST>5@HA5V5WEBXI5YM_WXY[\KG3BEJ3>U^ qCg5WXM[BEIn[\KV5GM_IUO3`@hGdr
5r0Cg5WcM_BXIJN>5@y\Kgj@HGNM_J3BX\[I'\_|?g5G3BX\[GNBEJonS(@HBEWXBEIUYxg5G3\[J3\CS(\KWt¥?f¦BXIeOQ>UM[G3BXI5YxS(GNBEJ3BcShM_W&G3@dOQ\KV5GNSh@HO M_^<\KI5YG3@dM_WEz JNBE^<@<JNMKOQPCOHr
Cg5WcM_BXIb>5\l`f BcO0M_i5WX@J3\Mu[\KBXAAC@HMKACWX\STPvCV5IiF\[V5IjAC@HAg5GNBE\KG3BEJonBXImuK@hGTOQBX\[IjOhvCM_IjAST>UM[BEIi5WX\CSTPmBXI5YmOhr
1 r0Cg5WcM_BXIJ3>U@ A5B]D@hGN@hImJJonmgF@HO\[|g5GNBE\KG3BEJon<BEIu[@HGNO3BX\[IUO&J3>UM_J?MJNMKOQP^<BXY[>mJOQVCD@hGACVU@tJN\aMLWE\l`@hGg5GNBE\KG3BEJonaJNMKOQP<`>5@HIbJN>5@
g5GNBE\KG3BEJonS(@HBEWXBEIUYgUG3\[J3\CS(\KW0¥f¦1BXO VUO3@HAZJN\OQ>UM[G3@<S(GNBEJ3BcShM_WGN@HO3\[VUGNSh@HO M_^<\[IUYMxO3@(J\_|?GN@HM_WEzJ3BX^a@aJTM[O3PFrbfM[I'MJTM[O3P
OQV5DF@HGiF\_JN>BXI5>5@HG3BEJNM[IUS(@hzGN@hWcMlJN@HABXIu[@hGTO3BE\KIyM_IUAACBEGN@HS(JBXIu[@HGNO3BE\KIyACV5@J3\<O3\[^<@tWX\l`@HGgUG3BX\[GNB]JonLJNMKOQP £{|;n[\[VM_IUO3`@HGBXI
J3>5@0M G3^MlJNBEuK@[v[Sh\[IUOQJ3GNVUS(JMO3V5BEJNM[i5WE@@h5M_^<g5WX@?J3\S(\KG3GN\[iF\[GTMlJN@nK\[V5GM_IjOQ`@hGdr£{|!n[\KVaM[IUO3`@HGBEIaJ3>U@I5@hYmMlJ3BXu[@Kv_@(Cg5WcM_BXI
`>nyI5\_Jdr
4 r>UMlJAC\Ln[\[VbV5IUAC@HGNOQJNM[IUAinxÄ~Ë UÉ(Ã
Ä~ÅÆlËÂN
É Ã3ÉhÇEÆlÅÉ <Ä~Ë lÉhÃTÈTÄÊ_Ë Cg5WcM_BXIy>5\l`BEJ?SHM_IbM[G3BcOQ@1`>5@hIG3@dOQ\KV5GTS(@HO&M_GN@1O3>UM_GN@HA
BEI@(5S(WXVUO3BEuK@^<\CAC@LBXIZMbG3@dM_WEz JNBE^<@L@hIuBEGN\[I5^<@HIKJdrfM[IBXI5>5@hGNBEJNM_IjS(@(z{GN@hWcMlJ3@dABEIuK@hGTOQBX\[IxiF@L@HWEBX^<BEIjMlJ3@dAM[W]JN\[Y[@hJ3>5@HG ¢£{|
ij@wSh\[ImJNM[BEIU@HA
r0tO3BEIUYwJo`\\[GJ3>UG3@H@1O3@hImJ3@HIUS(@dO@hCg5WXM[BEIb>5\l` f¢ShM_Ibij@VUO3@HA|}\KGGN@HO3\[VUGNSh@tOQ>jM_GNBEI5YLM_^<\[I5YaMO3@(J?\_|JTM[O3PCO&`>5@HIyJN>5@
JNMKOQPCO?M_GN@O3ST>5@dACV5WX@HAVUO3BEI5Yy1rjfM[InK\[V5GO3\[WXVCJ3BX\[IiF@VUOQ@dABEIg5GTM[S(J3BcShM_W!O3B]JNVUMlJNBE\KIUO £{|;IU\_JHvC`>nI5\_J
Ì#5 r?>5@hI&RBXOVUO3@HA|}\[GJNMKOQPONST>5@HACVUWEBXI5YBXIMLGN@HM_WEzJ3BX^a@1M_g5g5WXBcShMlJNBE\KIv@(Cg5WcM_BXIMLO3ST>5@H^<@tin`>5BcST>bOQ>jM_GNBEI5YL\_|ShG3BEJ3BcShM[W
G3@dOQ\KV5GTS(@HOM[^<\[I5YJTM[O3PCO0ShM[Iij@aOQVUg5gj\KGQJN@HA!r BXu[@aM_IM[WEYK\[GNB]JN>5^ BXIgUO3@hVUA5\_zS(\CAC@wI5\[JNM_J3BX\[IJ3\AC@HONS(GNBEiF@wJN>5@LOQJ3@HgUOJN\
>UM_IjACWE@ GN@HO3\[V5GTS(@Y[GTM_ImJM_IUAGN@hWX@HMKOQ@Kr
ÌKÌ r
OQ@hJ?\[|>UM[GNAbG3@dM_WEz JNBE^<@gj@HG3BX\CACBcStJTM[O3PCOIU@h@HAbJ3\<iF@O3ST>5@dACV5WX@HA\[IMVUI5BEgUG3\CS(@dO3O3\[GVUO3BEIUY<t
wr5=?>5@|}\KWEWX\l`BEIUYJTM_i5WX@
S(\KIKJTM_BXIUOaJ3>U@AC@(JTM_BXWXO\[|1JN>5@HO3@xgF@hGNBE\CACBcSJNMKOQPCOM_IjA§JN>5@hBXGyVUO3@\_|J3>5GN@h@xIU\[ICz{g5GN@h@h^<gCJTM_i5WX@xOQ>jM_GN@HA¢G3@dOQ\KV5GNSh@HOHr¤fM_I
J3>5@JNMKOQPCSO \UdLM_IUCA \Uf^a@H@(J1J3>5@HBEGG3@dOQgF@HS(J3BXu[@A5@HM[A5WEBXI5@HO1`>5@HIg5GNBE\KG3BEJonSh@hBXWEBXI5YygUG3\[J3\CS(\KW¥?f¦0BXOtVUOQ@dA|}\[GGN@HO3\[V5GTS(@
O3ST>U@HACV5WXBXI5Y
=;M[O3P 3 3 Ì r
\`b 55 r5 Ì 5
z 5 6Ì 5
\ d
z z z
55
\Uf r55 5
\ n 5 r 6Ì 5 #Ì 5 6Ì 5
\ m 5 5 z z
M[3OBEBEIUJNOtA5BXACSH@HMlMKJ3AC@dO0WEBXI5JN>5@Kr@=?gF@h>5GN@BX\@hAImJ3\_GN|BE@dJNOMKBXOQIhP J3\ >53 @M[ IUA vU 3 BXIUvjACM[BcIUShAxM_J3 @dOtBES(JNO\KWES(VU\K^a^aIjgUOVCBEJNIjM_ACJ3BXBXSH\[MlIJN@J3BXJ3^<>5@[@wr J3=?BX^a>5@L@ACgFV5@hGTGNMlBX\J3BXA\[I\_|q|}\K@HG0MKST`>>5JNBcMKST>OQPMaBXOtJNM[J3O3>UPb@aIUON@hM_@H^<AU@O
Ì r
J3>5@ IUM[^<@HAG3@dOQ\KV5GNSh@tBXIIU\[ICz{g5GN@h@h^<gCJNBEuK@1^<\CAC@Kr
1O3O3V5^<@J3>UM_J0Ml|~J3@HG0MwJTM[O3PyGN@hWX@HM[O3@HOMLG3@dOQ\KV5GNSh@[vBEJA5\m@dOI5\_J0M[SHmV5BEGN@
J3>5@wONM_^<@ \[GM[Imnb\_J3>U@hGGN@HO3\[V5GTS(@Kr
Ì r?>5BXWE@B]J<BXOLBXI§Y[@HI5@hGTM_WqJ3GNV5@yJN>UMlJMu[\KBXA5M[IUS(@BXIu[@HGNO3BE\KIeBEI¢f¨BcOLJ3>5@g5G3BcS(@gUM_BcARJN\ZMu[\KBXAeO3BEJ3VUM_J3BX\[IUOLWE@dM[ACBXI5YxJN\
AC@HMKACWX\STPCOHÁmO3\[^<@hJ3BX^a@dOJTM[O3PO^<BEYK>mJV5IUA5@hGNY[\LMuK\[BcA5M_IjS(@BXImuK@hGTOQBX\[I`>U@hIJN>5@hBXG?G3@dKVU@HOQJq|}\[G?MwGN@HO3\[V5GTS(@1ShM_IbBEIyIU\`?Mn
ShM[VUOQ@AC@dM[ACWX\CSTPCOhrq£WXWXVUOoJNGNM_J3@J3>UBXOtimnS(\KIUOoJNG3VjS
J3BXI5YM_I@hCM[^<g5WE@ JN\yOQ>U\l` J3>jMlJt@Hu[@hI`>5@HIJ3>5@HG3@BcOI5\yST>UM[IUS(@\[|M[In
AC@HMKACWX\STPCOiF@hBXI5YyShM[VUOQ@dA!v5MLJNMKOQPyVUIUAC@hG0?f ^aBXY[>mJtOQJ3BXWEW!VUIUAC@hGNY[\MuK\[BcA5M_IUSh@tBXIu[@hGTO3BE\KIr
CÌ
O3ST>U@HACV5WXBXI5Y
=;M[O3P - 3 3 Ì r % 3
\`b 55 r5 Ì 5 6Ì 5
z 5 6Ì 5 5
\Ud
z z z 6Ì 5
55
\ f r55 5
\ n 5 r 6Ì 5 #Ì 5 6Ì 5 5
5 5 z z
\Um
S(\K3WEBXV5IU^<ACBcIUShOtMlJNBEIj@HOACBXJNSH>5Ml@<JN@gjJ3@H>5G3BX@\CJ3ABX^<\[|&@JNACMKV5OQGTDP MlJN\(BE3?\KIM[IU|}\[A Gt `3?>UBXIUBXSTAC>BcShM<M_J3JT@HM[OO3PBEJNOwIU@hSh@H\[AU^<Og5J3VC>UJT@MlJNIUBEM[\K^aI@dJ3ABX^<G3@[@drOQ\K=?V5GT>5S(@<@ @hBEImIJNG3I5BX\[@HICO z{BXg5IGN@hJN@H>5^a@yg5 J3BXÌ u[v@ ^<\CvACM[@[IUv A'3q Bcr O
-
%
=;M[O3P 3 3 Ì r
\`b 55 r5 Ì 5
z 5 6Ì 5
\ d
z z z
55
\Uf r55 5
\ n 5 r 6Ì 5 #Ì 5 6Ì 5
\ m 5 5 z z
S(\K3 WEBXV5IU^<ACBcIUShO1MlJNBXIU@HOACBcJNSh>5Ml@<JN@gjJN@H>5G3BX@a\CAJ3BX^<\[|&@aJNACMKVUOQDP GNM_\J3BX3 \[IM[IU|}A \KG1 `3 >UBXIUBXSTAC>'BcShM_MyJ3@HJTM[OO3BEPJNOwIUSh@h\[@H^<AUOtg5JNVC>5JT@<MlJNIUBE\KM_I^<J3@dBXA^<GN@[@HrO3\[=?V5>5GT@<S(@w@hImBXIJNG3IUBX@H\[O ICz{BXIg5GNJN@h>5@h@y^<gCJNÌ BEuKv@ ^<v\CM[ACIU@[A'rL
0 WXr W
J3BX^<@V5I5BEJNO>UMuK@1iF@h@HIxOQgF@HShB]U@dABEI^<BEWXWXBc@dS(\KIUA5OHr
Ì Crtf\[IUO3BcAC@hGtMyG3@dM_WEz JNBE^<@wO3nOQJ3@H^`>U\KO3@ JNM[O3PST>UM_GTM[S(J3@hGNBcOoJNBXSHOM_IUAxAC@Hgj@HIUAC@HIUS(BX@HOM_GN@wAC@HONS(GNBXij@dABEIJN>5@w|}\KWEWX\l`BEIUY<JNM_iUWE@Kr
tONOQVU^a@ JN>UMlJtJ3>5@JTM[O3PCO>UMu[@ H@hGN\g5>UM[O3BXI5YyM_IUAGN@hgF@HM_Jt`B]JN>M<gj@HG3BX\CA\_| 5 ^y@dS_r?t@hJ3@hGN^<BEIU@Ma|}@HMKOQBXi5WX@wO3ST>5@dACV5WX@
`>5BcST>Sh\[V5WcAbiF@VUO3@HAinbMaJNM[i5WX@(zACG3BXu[@HIONST>5@HA5V5WE@HGHr
=;M[O3P f\[^<g5VCJTMlJ3BX\[IJ3BX^<@K¥ 3 ¦^y@HS t@dM[ACWXBXI5@y¥ $ 3 ¦^y@dS 1@hgF@hIUA5@hIUShn
\`b r5 z
Ì
5
\ d 5 \ b c/\ f
\Uf 5 \`b
6Ì 5 55
5
\ n \Ud
Ì1 rtgjf@H\[G3IUBX\CO3BcAyAC@h\[G| Ma G3@dM_^WEz OQJN@dBE^<S_rq@ =?OQ>5nC@1OQJ3JN@HMK^6OQPyBEIST>j`M_>5GTM[BcSTS
>JN@hUGNBXu[OQ@ J3BcGNSh@HOM_M_WEzIUJ3ABX^aAC@ @hgFgF@h@hIjGNBEAC\C@hACIUBcShS1BE@dJNOMKOQM_PCGN5O @1\ ACb @dgO3g Shg \UG3BXm iF>U@HAyMu[BX@IhJ3@H>5G3@\a|}g5\[>UWXWXMK\lOQ`BXI5BEI5YYM_JNIUM[Ai5WEGN@K@hrqgFt@HMl@hJJ3@H`G3^<BEJ3>BXI5M@
Ì 5
ML|}@HM[O3BXi5WE@ONST>5@HA5V5WE@ `>5BcST>xS(\KV5WXAiF@VUOQ@dAimnMJTM_i5WX@(zACGNBEuK@hIO3ST>U@HACV5WX@hGdr
=MKOQP f\[^<g5VCJTMlJNBE\KIJNBE^<@m¥ 3 ¦^y@dS 1@HM[A5WEBXI5@y¥ $ 3 ¦^C@HS 1@hgF@hIjAC@hIUShn
\`b Ì 5 z
\ d r5 55 \ b
\Uf #Ì 5 5 \Ud
\ n 5 5 \`b
«¬ [¬0°¬t·±¬0
r
Ua>
>)PwjI?SWIFIHKLNVIc$J)?SPwjIVILZ¤qFI?S>EPRUCV}\b?kF>?SW
J)A8UaPwjILN?RxT?p?ª«?SPJ)LKxT?BUCFHlJ_J)AaHN?ROwUCVPR?nLNV}O)?SUCHK_`JLND;?k>^Q>[J)?RD>Se
jILZ>LZ>EUaV?RtPLN?RVqJ
J)?SPwjIVILZ¤qFI?Ua>GLlJO)?S¤qFILNO?g>kxa?SO^oHNLlJJHN?O?gWQFIVWIUaVqJGjUaO)WQu
UCO)?tO)?S>AaFIOwP?g>ReoUaFIHKJ@_`JAaHN?ROwUCVXP?8PSUCVY\b?UaPwjILN?RxT?SWh\^®>)PwjI?SWQFHKLNVIc
UTWIWQLKJLNAaVUaHcajAT>@JGPATMILK?g>0LNVYUTWIWQLKJLNAaVoJA~JjI?
MIO)LKDUCO)^oPAaM^rACBEUJwUa>«e~
jI?8cTjIAT>@JGPRAaMILN?S>0D$Uy^rVIAaJG\b?8LZWQ?RVqJLZPRUaHJ)AmJ)jI?
MIO)LND$UaO^PATMq^
\IFQJEDUy^
\X?;>[J)OLNMIMb?SW}WQAvuVxa?SO)>LNAaV>.J)jUvJpPRUCV\b?k?|Q?gPFQJ)?SWLNVm>@jIATO@J)?ROEWIFIO)UCJLNAaV>JjUaVJjI?kMOLNDUCO)^ae
jI?
cTjIAT>@JpPRAaMILN?S>ACB.WQLlª«?RO)?RVqJpJ)UT>@Q>nPRUaV~\b?;AvxT?RO)HKAqUaWQ?gWAaV~JjI?$>UaD$?;>HKAaJpUaVWmLNVoPRUa>?0AaB.U>@FXPRP?g>>?|Q?gPFQJ)LKATV~ACB.U8MIO)LND$UaO^T
J)jI?kPATOO)?S>MXATVWQLNVIc;\UaPwFIMDUy^\X?kWQ?gUCHNHKAQPSUvJ?gW5e
! #P$ & #RP"> $# o%5 & R
.?S>LZWQ?S>kJjI?
JOwUaWQLKJLNAaVXUCHFX>@?
ACBEPHNAQPwQ>kLNV]U~PRAaD$MIFQJ)?RO;>@^Q>@J?RDPRHKAQPwQ>kLNV]Um>^Q>[J)?RD UCO)?tF>?BiFHBiATOkJ[u.A~DUCLNV®MIFOMbAT>?S>S§
WQ?RJ?SOD$LNVILKVc$JLND;?SAaFQJw>UCVXW8J)LKD$?k>@J)UaD;MLKVIcXe
LKD$?SAaFQJw>UCO)?pF>@?RBiFIH5J)AtU$O?gUCHK_J)LKD$?pMIO)AacaOwUCD$D$?RO.LNVU$xvUaOLN?J[^tAaB>LlJ)FUvJ)LKATV>S
UaVWtLKJ)>.F>?LNVPRHKFWI?S>
WQ?J)?RO)D$LKVILNVIcGJjI?nBUaLKHNFIO)?AaB#UJwUa>tWQFI?JAGJjI?pD$LN>)>LKVIcGACB6U0WQ?gUaWQHNLKV?ae
LKD$?pAaFIJ)>
UvJ
\XAaJj8JjI?>?RVWQ?SO
UaVWYO)?SPR?RLNxa?SOG?SVWI>$LZ>?S>MX?gPLZUCHNHK^®PRAaVxa?SVILN?RVqJGBiATOtPATD;DGFIVILZPRUCJLNAaVYLNV©WQLZ>[J)OLN\IFQJ)?SW]?RVxLKO)AaVID$?SVTJw>Re
jI?R^]PRUCV\b?}F>@?gW]UT>
LNVWQLZPRUCJAaOw>.BiAaOEMXAq>>LK\HK?pJ)O)UaV>@D$LZ>>LNAaVtBUaFIHKJ)>ATOWQ?RHZUy^Q>RQATOBiAaOVAaVI?R|LZ>@J?RVqJO)?SPR?RLNxa?ROw>Se
LKD$?k>@J)UCD$MILNVIcLZ>F>?BiFIH/LKVm>?RxT?ROwUCH
UaMIMIHNLNPSUvJLNAaVX>Re6.FQJUkMIO)AaD$LNVI?RVqJ
F>@?ACB-J)LKD$?>@J)UCD$MILNVIcGLN>.LNV8D$?S>)>Uaca?nPAaD$DGFIVILZPRUvJ)LKATV8UCD$ATVIckJwUa>>Se6
jI?LZWQ?gU0LZ>J)jUvJ
J)jI?
D$?S>)>)UCca?k>?RVXWQ?ROuATFIHNW}UaHN>ALNVPHNFWQ?0JjI?;PFIO)O?SVqJJLND;?;UCHNAaVIctU8D$?S>)>Uaca?ae
LND;?;>[JwUCD$M>EVIACJnAaVIHN^
cTLKxT?pJjI?GO?gP?SLKxT?ROE>AaD$?
LZWQ?SUGUC\bAaFQJJjI?pUCcT?ACB/U0D$?S>)>Uaca?aT\IFQJPRUaV8UCHZ>@A0\X?F>@?gW$BiAaO.AaOwWQ?SOLNVIckMIFOMbAT>?S>Se
LND$?>@J)UaD;MLKVIcGO?SHKLN?S>AaVtcTAAWtO?gUCHK_J)LKD$?
PRHKAQPw8>?RO)xLNPR?S>Se
%WQLZ>[J)OLN\IFQJ)?SW~>^Q>[J)?RD¥J[^MILZPRUCHNHN^}jUa>AaVI?;PHNAQPwUCJn?gUaPwjmAaBJjI?$VIAQWQ?g>Re Llª«?RO)?RVqJPHNAQPw>LNVdU8>^Q>[J)?RD J)?RVWmJA
WILKxT?RO)ca?
>LKVXP?kLKJnLZ>EUaHKD$Aq>[JELND$MXAq>>LN\IHK?0JAtjXUyxa?J[u.A8PHNAQPwQ>JjXUvJO)FIV}?R|QUTPJ)HK^UvJJjI?;>UaD;?G>@Mb?R?gW5eE
jILZ>EHZUaPwACB>^VPwjIO)AaV^
UaD;ATVIc
Master
C1 C5
C2
C3 C4
LNcaFIO)?o
Q§ ELZ>@JO)LK\IFIJ?SW~HNAQPw ¦ ^VPwjIO)AaVLK¡gUvJLNAaV
jI?DUCLNV0MIO)Aa\IHN?RD uLKJj0JjI?P?SVqJOwUCHNLK¡S?SWPHNAQPw>@^VPwjIO)AaVLK¡gUvJLNAaVk>)PwjI?SD;?LN>#J)jUvJ6LlJ6LZ>>F>)P?SMQJLN\IHN?J)A>LKVIcTHK?MXATLKVqJBUCLNHKFO?Te
EVq^8BUCLNHKFO?pACBJj?D$UT>[J)?ROPRHKAQPw8PSUCF>?S>.\IO)?SUaWIAvuV8ACBJj?k>@^VPwjIO)AaVLK¡gUvJLNAaV>Pwj?RD$?ae LN>@JO)LN\IFQJ?gWPHNAPw
>@^VPwjIO)AaVLK¡gUvJLNAaV
AvxT?ROwPAaD$?g>-J)jILN>>@?Sxa?RO)?jXUCVWQLZPRUaMGAaBXJ)jI?P?SVqJOwUCHNLK¡S?SW0PRHKAQPw0>^VPwjIO)AaVILN¡SUCJLNAaV0>)PwjI?SD;?Te#V$WQLZ>[J)OLN\IFQJ)?SW$PHNAQPw0>^qVXPwjIOATVILN¡SUvJ)LKATV-
J)jI?RO)?
LN>VIApDUa>@J?SOPRHKAQPwuLKJj$O?g>@Mb?SPJ#J)ApujILNPwj;UCHNHI>@HZUyxa?.PHNAQPw>6UaO?JAp\X?>?Jge.FQJgaUCHNHJjI?PRHKAQPwQ>ACBXUp>^>@J?SD£UCO)?DUTWQ?J)A
Mb?RO)LKAQWQLZPRUaHKHN^t?R|QPwjXUCVIcT?EJ)jI?RLNOPHNAQPwO?gUaWQLNVIcT>
UaD;ATVIc;JjI?SD>@?SHKxT?S>Se6
UT>@?gWtAaV
Jj?O?gP?RLNxa?gWJ)LKD$?O)?SUaWILKVIcq>.?SUaPwjPHNAQPwLKVJ)jI?
>^Q>[J)?RDPAaD$MIFIJ?S>JjI?n>@^VPwjIO)AaVLK¡S?SW0JLND;?TqUaVW>?J)>LlJw>PRHKAQPwGUTPRPRAaOwWQLKVcaHN^8>?R?ELNce
ae6EAvu?Sxa?SOSCLKJLZ>MbAT>)>@LN\IHN?
JjUCJ.>AaD$?
PRHKAQPwQ>UCO)?\UaWATO\X?gPATD;?\XUaWWQFIO)LKVc$JjI?0>^Q>[J)?RD1AaMb?ROwUvJLNAaV/e
UaWPHNAQPwQ>
?|QjILN\ILlJHNUaOcT?pWIOLKB{J)> WQO)LlB{Jw>HZUCO)ca?RO.J)jUCVJ)jI?
DUCVFQBUTPJ)FIO?gW}>@Mb?SPRLlzX?SWJATHK?SO)UaVP?Te
UaWPHNAQPw>EDUy^
?Sxa?RV}>@JATMma?S?RMILNVIc$JLND$?GUaHKH/JAacT?J)jI?ROgeIATO@J)FIVUvJ)?RHN^aJjI?G\UaW}PRHKAQPwQ>
PSUCV0\b?.?SUa>LNHK^pLZWQ?RVqJLKz?gWGUaVWJwUCa?SV0PRUaO?ACBXWIFIOLNVIcp>@^VPwjOATVILK¡gUvJ)LKATV\q^pO)? F[?gPJLNVIcJjI?.J)LKD$?.xyUaHKF?S>ACBXUaV^pPRHKAQPwpujILZPwjGWQLKª«?ROw>
\^
UaV^
UCD$ATFIVqJEHNUaOcT?RO.JjXUCVJj?0>@Mb?SPRLlzX?SW\bAaFIVW-e
£D;ATO?LNV>LNWILKATF>MIO)Aa\IHN?RD1LN>EMXAq>@?gW\q^.^¡SUCVqJ)LKVI?kPRHKAQPwQ>Se£.^¡SUaVQ_
J)LKVI?$PHNAQPwLN>nUtJ[u.AC_`BUaPR?SW}PRHKAQPw«eJPRUaV}JOwUCVX>@D$LKJpWQLKª«?RO)?RVqJxvUCHNFI?g>J)AWQLKª«?RO)?RVqJpPRHKAQPwQ>EUCJJ)jI?$>UaD;?0JLND$?aepVdLNce I/ °
t−e
C2
C3 C4
LNcaFIO)? I§.^¡SUCVqJ)LKVI?0HNAQPwtLN>EU; u.AUTP?SW}HNAPw
e e e
C1’ C2 C3 C1"
LKcTFIO? X§6 O)LlB{JE.?J[u.?R?SV
u.A8HKAQPwQ>
LNVO?g>@?SVP?nACB6.^q¡gUCVqJLNVI?0HNAPwQ>
>^Q>[J)?RD¬PRUaOO)^$AaFQJ
J)jI?nUa\XAvxT?>@J?SM>RIUaVW8UCJD;Aq>[J
D4PRHKAQPwQ>ATFQJACB/VPHNAQPwQ>UaO?n\UaW-UaVW? & @PdqJ)jI?RVu?p>jIAvuLNV8J)jI?
BiATHKHNAvuLKVcGJ)jUvJ
J)jI?caAAQW
PRHKAQPwQ>
uLNHKH-\b?k>^qVXPwjIOATVILN¡R?SW8uLlJ)jILNV ACB \bAaFIVW-e
h
r?zOw>@J.>jIAvu©LKVtJjI?BiAa!HNA HKAvuLNVIcJ)jI?RATO?SD%JjUCJ.U0.^¡SUaVqJLNVI?PRHKAQPw$PRUCV8D$Uaa?J[u.A0cTAAWPRHKAQPwQ>.WQLlª«?RO.LNVtJj?RLNO.PRAaD$MIFQJ)?SW
UyxT?ROwUCca?EJLND$?\q^
UvJD$AT>@J e
h
D Br]38?@r]C F E4GIH A 3 47 3 5
3 KJLG MH 3NGO: ?P RQSHG 43NG HG 5TH
0
&UH 73 47!H 7 =3NG9H
5 : 3 V 7
h 3NG 4 365 W8 H: 5M
6J 7 < 7 YX 7 ZG KJ F5 HR[ 365 - 5\X 7 5 3 % 3 7 3 ]%%
0
%4G 4
& Z ^
#
P VATD;JjIMLZFQ>8J?SPwO)jX>SUCeMQJ)?RUaOt>
u.>)?PwjIz?SOwWQ>[FJ
HKLNWIVILNc>)PLNFV>)>DG?SWFIHKJjILNMIAvuOAQPRO?S?g>)UC>@HKAT_J)OLKD$UCV?WJwWQUaLZ>>[J)>8OLN\IPRUCFQVJ)?SW}\b?d>^Q>)>[PwJ)jI?R?SDWI>FIHKLZ?g>WU$AaD0V©FD0PwjFD$HlJ)LKAaMIO)O)?kAQPP?gAT>D$>AaMIOtHK?RUa|
VMIW©O)AaWQ\LZ>[HK?SJ)D¬
OLN\IFQJ)?SW
JjXUCV
JjI?FVILKMOAQP?g>>AaO
>)PwjI?SWQFHKLNVIc$MIO)Aa\IHN?RDe
# !
Ie©j^kLN>LlJVI?gP?g>>)UCO)^pJAk>^VPwjIO)AaVILN¡R?JjI?PRHKAQPwQ>6LNV$UpWQLZ>@JO)LK\IFIJ?SW;O)?SUaHl_`JLND$?
>^Q>[J)?RD LN>)PF>)>Jj?O?SHNUCJLNxa?UaWQxvUaVTJwUCcT?S>
UCVWWQLZ>UTWQxvUCVqJ)Uaca?g>AaB/J)jI?kP?SVTJ)O)UaHKLN¡R?gW
UaVWWQLN>@JO)LN\IFQJ?gWPHNAPw
>@^VPwjIO)AaVLK¡gUvJLNAaV>Pwj?RD$?S>Se
e E?g>PROLN\b?kJj? ]
%% H
7
% 3NGO HG 3 3NGO$UCVWmJjI ? G>PwjI?SD$?S>EBiAaOnOFIVVILKVc
U8>?JpACBO)?SUaHl_`JLND$?kJwUa>>LNV~U
WQLZ>[J)OLN\IFQJ)?SW?SVqxLNOATVID$?RVqJSeATD;MXUCO)?JjI?g>@?EJ[uA;>Pwj?RD$?S>uLlJ)j8O)?S>MX?gPJJAGPRAaD$D0FVILNPSUvJ)LKATVtAvxa?SOjI?gUaW$UCVXW8>)PwjI?SWQFHKLNVIc
MIO)ACzXPRLK?SVP^Te
°a°
Handler Handler
2 1
"FLX:H=3 § WQ1<=HOG$1H=3pN:`-7MRFTKM3I=
XH43>H3
Y[Z\0]L^!_1`a`QbacedP_\f_g9_1h&b2`i 4a3I7:5bSv1FLKM3hNP@O3I=<7A1FL/4Xd9\B9m1<3>Ks9*KM7:FT/Q1C7AFL/3>FT123>=r@O3I=;S @4=<N^G>3I9<91<FTKM3I=MYQH43IH43I9*N:=M79;FL/4X:5L3
9;\B9;13IK*S DaF8EB3r1FLKr3I=*YQH43IH43:Z,R23,9m1<=HOG$1H=3MNA`9HGC2_7h1FLKr3I=*YQH43IH43s27:9tO3I3>/_9;2NiDa/FL/_-FTXOZ Z § Zhw1FLKM3>=zYQH43IH43
GNP/P1C7AFL/97:5T51FLKr3I=<97A=<=<7:/4X:3ErFT/sNP=<EB3I=NA`1<243>FL=f3>~B@4FT=C7i1<FTNP/r1FLKr39>ZjV 7:GC2r1FLKM3>=FL97:9<9;NBG>FL7A13IErDaFT12,727A/E45T3I==NPHB1FL/43PZ
R243627A/OEB5T3I=a=NPHB1FL/43pF8912436`uH/G$1<FTNP/n127A1/43>3E491Nstk3pFT/^gPN:V:3EWDa243I/&124361<FTKM3>=q3~B@4FL=39>Zow13I7PGC2&G>5TNBGCVWFL/Q13I==<H4@B1|
k=l&m7n,oqprtsButnvm7waxty7nvz|{asBzan}x~sujx~sx~y7Dsvrq}z,wm}r~y x
r~nBay7{s{(
x~as ut
2utxtsom7n,oqpn}L6onvDwaxtsBrBS,wuBxts rtsButnvm7waxty7nvz|n}ue
auex~som7n2oqp
onvr~r~sut!nvza{uSxtnxtsj{wr~x~y7nvz/n}Jx~y7Dsxt0xsm}u~suS!sxsszxn utwoosButu~y (sjom7n2o~p6xty7oqp,u=
t1
wd_tickle(); end
}
- FLX:H4=<35JWo
q93pNA`o7r[7A1<GC2E4N:XMRFTKM3>=
FL5T5LH9;1=C7i1<3IEdFT/]-FTXOZ Z 54Zz.0/]"FLXZ Z75B|7hDR7i1<GC2OEBN:X,1FLKr3I=pFL9p9317A1J1<243s9m1C7A=1pNA`7nG3I=;1C7AFL/dG>=FT1F8G>7:5 `uH4/G$1<FTNP/<)2+M12=NPH4X:2
7 0$
1$<)=$+zG>7:5T5vZ6R243
0$ 1$j)=$!+*G>7A5L5 9;3>1<9q1243rD7A1<GC2E4N:XW1<FTKM3I=q1<Nh3>~^@FT=<3zt^\&1243M9@O3GF 3IElE43I7:E45TFL/43n£1 § 1FLKM3
H4/Fb1C9<`u=<N:K1243W9;1<7:=;1<FT/4XnN:`f123s1<7P9;VZM. `1<243M`uH4/G1FLN:/ <)2+WEBN^3I9p/NA1GNPKr@5T3>13s3>gP3>/]7i`£1<3>
= 1<FTKM3sH4/4FT1<927g:3M3>587A@O9;3E|
1<243>/s1<243qDR7i1CGC2EBNPX61FLKr3I=f3>~^@FT=<3I9I|PFL/EBF8G>7A1FL/4Xp1<27i11243q1<7:9VMEB3I7PEB5TFL/43F89KrF89<9;3Es7A/Er1<243q3>~BG>3>@B1<FTNP/s27A/OEB5TFL/4X*@4=NBG>3IEBH4=<3aF89
FL/4FT1F87i13EZo.0/hGI7:93q1<243J1<7P9;VsGNPKM@45T3>139RtO3>`uN:=<3q1<243DR7i1CGC2EBNPX1FLKM3>=R3~B@4FL=<3I96uFvZ 3PZ 12431<7P9;VWG>N:KM@45L31<3I9DaFb1<24FL/hFT1<9aEB37:EB5LFL/43|
1<243>/&123pD7A1<GC2EBNPXz1<FTKM3I=FL9R=<3I931aH9FL/4Xs7 $&%0#"*)2+pG>7A5L5vZ
& no ¡
!#"k> % $&' o) (+* ,,¡ q
3`uNP=3E4FL9<GH9<9FT/4XW7:tONPHB1G>N:KMKM3>=CGF87A5
=<3I7:5bSv1FLKM3pN:@k3>=C7i1FL/4XW9\B9m1<3>Ks9>|OD3zKzH9;1G5L3I7:=5L\,H/EB3>=C9;1<7A/OE,1<243`u37i1<H4=39a/4NP=Ks7A5L5L\
3>~^@k3IG13EdN:`7&=<3I7A5TSv1FLKr3rN:@k3>=C7i1<FT/X&9\B9m1<3>KnZsR24FL96DaFL5L57A589;N&3>/7:t45L3rHO961NeGNPKM@7A=<3z1<243r`u3I7A1H4=<3I9p9H4@4@kN:=13Et^\EBFT3>=<3>/Q1
=<3I7:5bSv1FLKM3*NP@O3I=<7A1FL/4Xe9;\B9;13>Ks9`uN:=93>5L3IG1FL/4Xe7A/]7A@4@=NP@4=F87i1<3zNP@O3I=<7A1FL/4X&9\B9m1<3>K `uNP=7A/]7A@4@5TF8G>7A1FLN:/]7i1p27A/OEZrR2FL9pDN:H5LE
7:5L9NW5L31HO9qH4/OEB3>=C9m1C7A/E&1<243MEBFb3>=<3>/OG3I9qtO3>1mD3I3>/7W1=C7:EBFT1FLN:/O7A5NP@O3I=<7A1FL/4X,9\B9m1<3>K7A/El7W=37A5TSU1<FTKM3zNP@O3I=<7A1FL/4XW9\^9;13IKnZq.0/
1<243a`uN:5L5LNiDaFT/4XO|AD3aFLEB3I/Q1FT`u\*9N:KM3aFTKM@kN:=1<7:/P1o`u37i1<H4=39 =3YQH4FT=<3IErN:`76=<3I7:5bSv1FLKM3NP@O3I=<7A1FL/4Xp9;\B9;13IK&|Q7A/Er39;@k3IG>FL7:5T5L\1<24NP93R127A1
7:=36/4NP=Ks7A5L5L\W7At93>/Q1aFT/&1<=<7PEBFb1<FTNP/7A5NP@O3I=<7A1FL/4XM9;\B9;13>Ks9IZ
- ?5LN^GCV7A/E1<FTKM3I=r93>=<g^FLG>3I9pDaFT12c7PEB3IYQH7A13W=<3I9N:5LHB1FLN:/_7:=3sNP/43WNA`a1<243WKMNP9;1zFLKM@ONP=;1C7A/Q1
F899eH4]S3^/9p. FT/]h=<3I 7:5b+Sv1FLceKMd[3r_\ @=1*NPX:=C7AKM]KM\bFT/4i XOZ q7A=CE=37A5TSU1<FTKM3s7A@@45TF8G>7A1FLN:/_EB3Ig:3>5LN:@Kr3I/Q16N:`£13I/_=3YPHFT=<3I969H4@4@kN:=1NA`1FLKr3I=z93>=<gQF8G39
DaFT12l=<3I9N:5LHB1<FTNP/&N:` 1243*N:=CEB3>=N:`7M`u3>D KMF8G=<NP93IGNP/E49IZR^1FL5T5 /43I==<3I9N:5LHB1FLN:/O9aKs7\,tk3z=<3IYQH4FL=3EhFL/GI7:93pNA`fG3I=;1C7AFL/e9;@k3IG>FL7:5
7:@4@45LFLGI7i1FLN:/O9>Zf?5LN^GCVB9R7A/OEs1FLKM3>=C9a7A=<3J7rg^FT1<7A5@7:=;1aN:`"3>gP3>=<\M=37A5TSU1<FTKM3JN:@k3>=C7i1FL/4XM9;\B9;13IK&Z/,1243pN:1243I=R27A/E
|^1=C7:EBFT1FLN:/7:5
NP@O3I=<7A1FL/4Xs9;\B9;13>Ks9R/4NP=Ks7:5T5L\WEBNM/4NA1@=Nig^F8EB3q1<FTKM3z93>=<g^FLG>3I9DaFT12e9;H G>FT3I/Q15L\W24FLX:2n=39;NP5TH41FLN:/
Z
0 _ 21 +|cedP_PZ\0ct]\0c b
43_g_ e`i w =<3I7:5bSv1FLKM3sN:@k3>=C7i1<FT/4Xl9\B9m1<3>KKzHO9m1*9H4@4@kN:=1*9;1<7A1F8Gs@4=<FTNP=FT1m\5L3>gP3>589>Zlwy@4=FLN:=<FT1m\5L3>g:3I5
9H4@4@kN:=13E,t^\,7:/hNP@O3I=<7A1FL/4Xr9\B9m1<3>K¥FL9aGI7A5L5T3Eh9;1<7A1F8GA|BDa243I/hNP/G3J123p@4=NPX:=C7AKMKM3>=R7:9<9;FLX:/O97r@4=<FLN:=<Fb1m\sgi7A5LH43J1Ns7*1<7P9;V|^1<243
NP@O3I=<7A1FL/4XJ9\B9m1<3>KEBN^3I9 /4N:1oGC2O7A/4XP3FT1t^\zFT1<93>5T`mZ Q1C7i1<FLGR@4=<FLN:=<Fb1m\p5L3>gP3>589o7A=<37:5L9NpG>7A5L5L3I6E 587:9<;>=@?BA2CD7'EF5GAIHJ5GA2?LKM;N7)OP7);RQ$Z [d3EBF89<GH9<9
FL/e9;3G$1FLN:/ Z *127A1q7r1=C7:EBFT1FLN:/O7A5N:@k3>=C7i1<FT/4Xs9\B9m1<3>K¥E4\Q/O7AKMFLGI7A5L5T\hGC27A/4XP3I9123p@4=FLN:=<FT1m\s5T3Ig:3>589RNA`-1<7P9;VB9`u=<N:K¥@4=NPX:=C7AKMKM3>=
7P99FTXP/43IEWg7:5TH3I9f1NrKM7A~BFTKMFL>369;\B9;13>K1<24=NPH4X:2@4HB1IZ^HOGC2,@4=<FTNP=FT1m\M5T3Ig:3I5L9f127A1R7:=3JGC27A/X:3IE,EB\^/7AKMF8G>7A5L5L\rt^\M1<243NP@O3I=<7A1FL/4X
9\B9m1<3>Ky7:=36N:t^g^FLN:H95T\s/NA1q9;1<7i1<FLGJ@4=<FLN:=<Fb1<FT39>Z
S #`,b + #`/. Z\0_1_1d b2ce]hi 4NP=q9HG>G>3I9<9m`uH45N:@k3>=C7i1FLN:/hNA`o7M=37A5TSU1<FTKM3p7A@@45TF8G>7A1FLN:/
|Da243>/43Ig:3I=7M24FTXP2n@4=FLN:=<FT1m\WG=<Fb1<FLGI7A51C7:9V
7:==<FTgP3I9I|o7A/3>~B3IGH41FL/4Xd5LNiD @4=<FLN:=<Fb1m\1<7P9;Vc924NPH45LEtO3nKs7:E43,1<NdFL/9;1<7A/Q1<5T\_\^FL3>58E_123l?
1<NdFT1IZR243h1FLKr3eEBH=<7A1FLN:/c`uNP=
Da24F8GC2,7z24FTXP243>=@4=<FTNP=FT1m\*1<7:9VMD7:Fb1C9ftk3`uNP=3Fb1RF897:5T5LNiD3Er1Nr3~B3IG>HB13FL9YQH7A/Q1<Fb1C7i1FLg:3I5T\M3>~^@=3993IEs7P9?@9PQ8TEU587:7VCEF?BAIH<WX?BA2CD7ZY
?NP/P1<3>KM@kN:=C7A=<\p=37A5TSU1<FTKM3RN:@k3>=C7i1<FT/4X69\^9;13IKs9o27g:31<7P9;V*@4=<3>3>KM@B1<FTNP/z1<FTKM39oNA`k1243aNP=<E43>= NA`7`u3>D KMFLG>=Np93IGNP/E49IZ qNiD3Ig:3>=|
FL/r1=C7:EBFT1FLN:/7:5^N:@k3>=C7i1FL/4Xp9\^9;13IKs9>|i1<243RDNP=<9;1G>7P9;31<7P9;V@=3I3>KM@B1FLN:/*1FLKM3aFL9o1m\Q@FLGI7A5L5T\pN:`O1<243aN:=CEB3>= N:`k769;3GNP/EZ-[d3EBF89<GH9<9
FL/,1<243p/43>~Q193IG1FLN:/W1<27i1a1<24F89a9;FLX:/4F OGI7A/Q15L\s5L7:=XP3587i1<3>/G>\sFL9aGI7AH93IEht^\W7r/4N:/BS @4=<3>3IKr@41FLg:3JV:3>=</43I5UZ . 1aX:N^3I9DaFT124NPHB1q9<7\QFL/4X
1<27i17W=37A5TSU1<FTKM3pN:@k3>=C7i1<FT/XW9;\B9;13>K¤/43I3IE491NW27gP37s@4=<3>3IKr@41FLg:3pV:3I=/3>57:/Ee9;2N:H458En27g:361C7:9V,@4=<3>3IKM@B1FLN:/n1<FTKM3I9NA` 1<243
NP=<EB3I=RNA`o7z`u3IDxKMF8G=<Ns9;3GN:/OE49>Z
check parameters
OS Service
(kernel mode) Trap Application Program
(user mode)
system call
next statement
- FLX:H4=<38#Wo.0/^g:NBGI7i1FLN:/hNA`ow/@k3>=C7i1FL/4Xs^\B9m1<3>K^3>=<g^FLG>36R2=NPH4X:2&w^\B9m1<3>K?7:5T5
w1*1243&=F89VN:`qEBFLX:=<3I9<9;FL/4Xe`u=<N:K 123W`uNBGH9rN:`a124F89MEBFL9<GHO99FTNP/
| 5T3>1rHO9zH4/OEB3>=C9m1C7A/E7A/cFLKM@ONP=;1C7A/Q1*NP@O3I=<7A1FL/4Xd9\B9m1<3>Ks9
G>N:/G>3>@B1Zn?3>=1<7:FT/N:@k3>=C7i1<FTNP/9p9HGC2_7:9p27:/EB5LFT/XlEB3>g^F8G3I9I|"G>=37i1<FT/4Xn@4=<NBG3993I9IL| 5L3sN:@k3>=C7i1<FTNP/9I|
31CGAZ&/43>3E1<NetO3hEBN:/43sFL/
1<243V:3I=/3>5KMNBEB3N:/5T\PZR27A1FL9I|7A@@45TF8G>7A1FLN:/n@4=<N:XP=<7:KM9R7:=3p@4=<3>gP3>/Q13EW`u=<N:K¤G>7:==<\^FT/4XrN:H4112439;3pNP@O3I=<7A1FLN:/9I|7:/E&/43>3E,1<N
=<3IYQH439m11243MN:@k3>=C7i1<FT/X,9;\B9;13IK£12=NPH4X:27&9\^9;13IK G>7A5L5£a1<N&GI7A=<=\&N:HB1J123*=<3IYQH4FL=3EeN:@k3>=C7i1<FTNP/
ZpR24F89=<3I9;1=<F8G$1FLN:/3>/7:t45T39
1<243hVP3>=</43>5f1Nd3>/B`uNP=<G>3hEBF89G>FT@5TFL/43h7:KMN:/4XE4Fb3>=<3>/Q1M@4=NPX:=C7AKs9pFL/7:GIG399FT/Xe12439;3hN:Jt 3m3G$1C9>Zd.0/ G>7P9;3h9;HGC2N:@k3>=C7i1FLN:/O9z7A=<3
/4N:1p@O3I=;`uNP=KM3IEFT/1<243MV:3>=</43I5-KMNBEB3P|EBFTk3I=3I/P1z7:@4@45LFLGI7i1<FTNP/@4=<N:XP=<7:KM9KMFTXP2Q1JFL/Q13>=`u3>=<3MDaFb1<2d37:GC2dNA123>= $ 96NP@O3I=<7A1FLN:/
Zrw/
3>~B7:KM@45T3sN:`7A/_N:@k3>=C7i1<FT/Xl9;\B9;13>K Da243>=<3,7:5T5NP@O3I=<7A1FLN:/9D3I=3s@k3>=`uN:=<KM3IEFT/_HO9;3I=zKMNBEB3WF8961243hN:/G>3s@ONP@4H4587A=NP@O3I=<7A1FL/4X
9\B9m1<3>K p6n£1<24N:HX:2Wp6rFL9o/3I7A=<5L\zN:tO9;NP5T3>13R/4NiDq$Z .0/sp6|P7:@4@45LFLGI7i1FLN:/M@4=<N:XP=<7:Ks9-7:=3R`u=<3>3R1<NzG>7:==<\NPHB1f7A/^\zNP@O3I=<7A1FLN:/
FL/H93>=6KMNBEB3 A|
FL/G5LHEBFL/4XnG=C7:924FL/4XW1<243r9\B9m1<3>K t^\lEB3I5T3>1FL/4X,1<243s9;\B9;13IK 5T39>ZR23*FL/9;1<7AtFT5LFb1m\n1<24F89pG>7A/dt4=<FT/4X&7AtkN:HB16F89
G>5T37A=<5T\6H4/7PG>G>3>@B1C7At45L3fFL/z=<3I7:5bSv1FLKM3f3>/^g^FL=NP/4KM3>/Q1I|i7A/OEF89H9H7:5T5L\GNP/9;F8EB3I=3E6H4/9<7i1F89;`j7:G$1<N:=<\6FT/*X:3>/3>=C7A5P7:@4@45LFLGI7i1<FTNP/9"7P9D3>5L5vZ
.0/]
/4FT~|7&@4=<N^G>3I9<9J=H4//4FT/X&FL/V:3>=</43I5oKrNBEB3sGI7A/4/4N:1Jtk3s@4=<3>3IKr@413IEdt^\lNA1<243>=p@=NBG3993I9IZ.0/]NA1<243>=6DN:=CE49I|1243W
q/4Fb~
VP3>=</43>5F89 WFH<W = EF587:7)C EU?LA2O<7>Z/,1<2436NA1<243>=a27:/E|^1<243
/4FT~h9\B9m1<3>KyEBN^39R@4=3I3>KM@B1@4=<NBG3993I9=H/4/4FL/4XMFT/&123JHO9;3I=aKrNBEB3PZw
G>N:/93IYQH43I/G3pN:`-1<24F89F89a12O7i1q3Ig:3>/eDa23>/l7M5LNiD @=FLN:=<Fb1m\,@4=NBG>3I9<9aKs7AV:397W9\B9m1<3>K¥GI7A5L5U|1243*24FLX:2n@4=<FTNP=FT1m\,@4=<NBG3993I9aDN:H5LE
27gP3z1<NeD7:Fb1pH4/Q1<FT5o1<243W9\^9;13IK GI7A5L5otQ\l1243s5LNiD @4=<FLN:=<Fb1m\l@=NBG3996G>N:KM@45L3139>ZWN:=p=<3I7:5bSv1FLKM3M7:@4@45LFLGI7i1<FTNP/9>|
124F89G>7:H93I967
@4=<FLN:=<Fb1m\FL/^g:3I=<9FTNP/
Z"R23a5TNP/4X:39m19\^9;13IK GI7A5L5L9oKs7\z1<7AVP3RH4@M1N93>gP3>=C7A5^2^H4/EB=<3IE49NA`KrFL5L5TFk9;3GN:/OE49-1NG>N:KM@45L313PZ [dNP=<9;1;S0G>7P9;3
@4=<3>3IKM@B1FLN:/h1FLKM3I9RNA` 9;3Ig:3I=<7:5O2^H4/E4=3E49NA`"KMFL5T5LF89;3GN:/OE49RG>7A/&3I7P9;FL5L\WG>7AHO9;3J24FLX:2,@=FLN:=<Fb1m\M1C7:9VB9DaFT12n924N:=1RE43I7:E45TFL/43I9RN:`1<243
NP=<EB3I=RNA`o7z`u3IDxKMFL5T5LF89;3GN:/OE491NsKMF8991<243>FL=EB3I7PEB5LFT/439>Z
31oH9 /4NiD FT/^g:39m1<FTXQ7i1<3:|iDa2^\p123
/4FT~zV:3I=/3>5BDR7:9 EB3I9FLX:/43E1<NJtk3a/4NP/BSv@=3I3>KM@B1FLg:3FL/z1<24 3 =C9m1o@4587:G>3:Z-.0/r
q/4Fb~|PDa243>/M7
VP3>=</43>5P=NPHB1FL/439;1<7:=;1C91<Nq3~B3GHB1<3:|A7A5L5QFT/Q13I==<H4@B1C97:=3fE4FL9<7At45L3IE
Z"R243FT/Q1<3>=<=H4@41<97:=3f3>/7:t45T3EpN:/5T\p7i`£1<3>="1243N:@k3>=C7i1<FT/4X9;\B9;13>K
=<N:HB1<FT/3GN:KM@45L31<3I9IZ-R2FL9fD7P9o7pg:3I=\3 GFL3>/Q1fDR7\NA`@4=<3I93>=<gQFL/4XJ123FT/Q1<3>X:=<FT1m\zNA`k123V:3I=/43I5E47A1<7p9;1=<HG$1<H4=39>Z-. 19<7g:3E1<243
NigP3>=<243I7PE49"7P99NBGF87i1<3IEDaFT12s9311FL/4Xp7A/E*=3I5T37:9FT/XN:`O5LN^GCVB9o7:/Ez=<3I9H45T13EzFL/*5LNiD3>=o7g:3I=<7:X:3o1C7:9V@4=<3>3>KM@B1<FTNP/z1<FTKM39>ZoR24NPH4X:2
7M/4NP/BS @4=3I3>KM@B1<FTgP3JVP3>=</43>5
GI7A/n=<3I9H45b1aFL/eDNP=<9;1;S0G>7P9;3q1<7P9;Vh=39;@kN:/93J1FLKM3pNA`oH4@&1NW7s93IG>N:/E|BFT1qDR7:9aG>N:/9FLE43>=<3IE&7:G>G>3>@B1C7At45L3
t^\1243&
/4FT~cEB3I9FLX:/43I=<9IZlw1z1<27i1*1FLKr3P|o123h
/Fb~cEB39;FLX:/43I=<9zEBFLE/4NA1z`uN:=<3I93>3WH9<7AXP3WNA`q
q/4FT~]FL/c=<3I7:5bSv1FLKM3,7A@4@5TF8G>7A1FLN:/9IZ
q`fG>N:H4=C9;3P|FT1JG>N:H458En27g:3ztO3I3>/l@kNP9<9;FLt45L3p1Nh3>/9H4=<3zGNP==<3IG1/4399RN:`V:3I=/43I5"E47A1<7W9;1=<HG1H4=<3I9qtQ\&H9FT/X,5LN^GCVB97A1J7:@4@4=<N:@4=<FL7A13
@4587:G>3I9q=<7A1243I=q1<27A/E4FL9<7At45LFL/4XWFL/P1<3>=<=H@B1<9I|t4HB16Fb1JDNPH45LEl27g:3=<3I9H45T13EeFT/FT/G>=37:9FT/Xs1243M7g:3I=<7:X:3J1<7P9;Vn@4=<3>3IKM@B1FLN:/e1<FTKM3PZ
.0/]^3IG:Z Z [OZ [WD3zFL/^g:39m1<FTXQ7i13z24NiD KMN^E43>=</l=37A5TSU1<FTKM3*N:@k3>=C7i1FL/4X,9\B9m1<3>Ks9KM7:V:3z1243*V:3>=</43I5"@4=<3>3IKM@B1FLg:3*DaFb1<24N:HB1J12=NPH4X:2
H936NA` V:3I=/43I5bS 5L3>g:3I57A/E&9;@FT/n5LN^GCVB9IZ
z }oxB0y7z 6xtsr~s<y7uLnvzm
nvzs<Dn,{s<n}#nv srqxty7nvz0y svpvsBrtzsmJ}z{/wu~srLDn2{asBuS}rts<y7z{y7utxty7zvwy7ut0}m7sv
2
Task Queues
6
- FTXPH4=3 [9W lH45b1<FbS
3Ig:3I543I3IEBt7PGCVXH43IH43I9
q/4Fb~l@k3>=<FLN^E4FLGI7A5L5T\lG>N:KM@4HB1<3I91243M@4=<FLN:=<Fb1m\nNA`7W1C7:9Vet7:93IEN:/l1<243r1m\^@O3MNA`f1243r1<7P9;Vl7:/ElFT1<9J3>~^3GHB1<FTNP/d2FL9;1NP=\PZR243
@4=<FLN:=<Fb1m\sN:` 7*1<7P9;Vd
UF89a=<3IGNPKM@4HB13Eh7A1a1243p3I/EhNA` Fb1C*9 3012&1FLKM39;5LF8G3pH9FT/X*1<2436`uN:5L5LNiDaFT/4X*1mDNr3>~B@4=399FLN:/29 W
$
^ =^
v s
Q! #" %$D^
j &'&(& & §
M)
*+,^- M
5 /. § M)
*5 +,/. § &(&'&I &75:
Da243I=3 $
+,^FL9123r@=FLN:=<Fb1m\nN:`f123z1C7:90V
*R7A11<243M3>/EdNA`fFT1<19
+21FLKM3s9;5LFLG>43 35s
QF891243MHB1<FT5LFT7i1<FTNP/NA`1243r1C7:9V
o`uNP=FT1<96
+2l1FLKr3r9;5LF8G3:|7:/7E M)
*8,^FL9q1243rD3>FLX:2Q13En24FL9;1NP=\nN:`?f
H41FL5TFLI7A1FLN:/lN:`1243z1<7P9;9V
f7A11<243z3I/ElN:`Fb1C9
301<2e1FLKM3z9;5LF8G3:6Z =^
aF89R1243*t7:93p@4=<FTNP=FT1m\,N:` 1243p1C7:9V)
a7:/9 E " %$D^
RF89a1<243/4F8G3zg7:5TH3z7:9<9;NBG>FL7A13IE&DaFT102
Z
9;3I=
@4=<NBG3993I9JG>7:/27gP3*/4NP/BS /43>XQ7i1FLg:3z/4FLG>3Mg7:5TH3I9IZzR2^H9>|33IG$1<FTgP3>5L\n1243M/4F8G3Mgi7A5LH43r5TNiD3>=C9q1243M@4=<FTNP=FT1m\ngi7A5LH43MNA`7h@4=<N^G>3I9<9
jFUZ 3:Zotk3>FL/4Xs/4F8G361<N*1<243pNA1<243>=a@=NBG3993I9C$|
V~^@=IZ 7Z 5*27:9Rtk3>3I/&=<3IG>H4=C9;FLg:3I5T\WEB,3 /43EZ
/B`uNP5LE4FT/4XM1<243p=<3IGH=<9FTNP/
|^D36XP321 W
M)
*+,^ M
5 :. § M)
,[ /.5P ;&'&(& &'&(&> & P
. 1GI7A/stk33I7P9;FL5L\*93>3>/M`u=<N:K Vo~B@4=Z Z J1<27i1FT/M1<243G>N:KM@4HB1C7i1FLN:/MN:`k1<243D3>FLX:2Q13EM24F89m1<N:=<\zNA`"?
HB1FL5TFLI7A1FLN:/sN:`7p1<7:9V|A1<243
7PG$1FLg^Fb1m\duFvZ 3PZo@4=NBG>3I9<9;FL/4XMN:=R. :6N:`"1<24361<7P9;VWFL/&1243pFLKMKM3IEBF87i1<3>5L\hGNP/G5LHEB3E,FL/Q13I=gi7A5F89aXPFTgP3>/W1<243pKs7i~BFLKzH4K¥D3IFTXP2P1C7AXP3:Z
<
TCP/IP
Embedded
Host System processor
R243MKs7AFL/FLEB37,tk3>2FT/Ed1<24FL9p7:@4@4=<NP7PGC2F89q1<27i1p1<243M=37A5TSU1<FTKM3rN:@k3>=C7i1<FT/4Xn9\^9;13IK¢=<H4/4/4FL/4XnN:/d1243r1C7A=<X:316tkNP7A=CEl/3>3IE9
1<N,tk3zV:3I@B1J7P9q9Ks7A5L5"7A/OEl9;FLKM@45L3*7:9q@ONQ99FLt45T3PZqR24F89qFLKM@45LFT391<27i11243*N:@k3>=C7i1FL/4X,9\B9m1<3>K¤N:/e1<2431C7A=<X:3>1qtONQ7A=CEnDNPH458En5L7PGCV
g^FL=;1<H7A5KM3>KMN:=<\MKs7A/7:X:3>KM3I/P1a9H4@4@kN:=1I|^/43>FT123>=RDNPH458EWFT1a9H4@4@kN:=1a7A/^\MHB1FL5TFT1FL3I9a9HGC2&7:9RGNPKr@FT5L3>=C9>|^@4=<N:XP=<7:K 3EBFT1N:=C9I|Q3>1<G:Z
R243p@=NBG399N:=N:/h12361<7A=<X:3>1atONQ7A=CE,DN:H458Eh=H4/h123p=37A5TSU1<FTKM36N:@k3>=C7i1<FT/4Xs9\B9m1<3>KnZ
R24324NQ9m1o9;\B9;13IKFL9 7J
/4FT~zNP=-[FL/EBNiD9;S t7:93IE9\B9m1<3>K 9H4@4@kN:=1FL/4X1243R@4=<N:XP=<7:K E43>g:3I5TNP@4KM3>/Q1 3>/^g^FT=<N:/4KM3I/P1|iFT/OG5LHEBFL/4X
G>N:KM@4FL5T3I=<9I|3IEBFT1NP=<9I|5TFLt4=C7A=<\:|G=<NP9<9;S G>N:KM@4FL5T3I=<9I|kE43>t4H4XPX:3I=<931CGAZzR2439;3M7A=<3zKM3IKrNP=\lE43>Ks7A/E4FT/4Xn7A@@45TF8G>7A1FLN:/91<27i16=3YQH4FT=<3
g^FL=;1<H7A5oKM3>KMNP=\9H4@4@kN:=1IZsR243M24NQ9m1F896H9H7A5L5L\GNP/4/43IG13El1<Nn1243M1C7A=<X:316H9FT/Xn7n93>=<FL7:5o@ONP=;1pNP=7&q? .m GNP/4/43IG1FLN:/
U9;3I3r-FLXZ Z ZJR243r=<3I7A5TSv1FLKr3*@4=<N:X:=C7AK¤F89EB3Ig:3I5TNP@O3ElN:/l1243r24NP9;1IZ6. 16FL91<243>/G=<NP9<9mS0GNPKr@FT5L3IE&1<NhXP3>/43I=<7A13zG>N^E43`uN:=J1<243
1C7A=<X:31p@4=<NBG399N:=Zr^Ht9;3YQH43>/Q15L\:|1243s3>~B3IGH41<7At5T3MKMNBEBH45L3sFL9pEBNiDa/5TNQ7:EB3El1<Nh1<243M1<7:=XP31ptkNP7A=CEZs-7:9V^967:=3M3~B3GHB1<3IEdN:/
1<2431C7A=<X:31tONQ7A=CEs7A/Es12433~B3IG>HB1FLN:/WF89GN:/Q1<=NP5T5L3IEs7A1f123q24NQ9m1R9;F8EB3qHO9;FL/4X*7*9;\^K*tONP5TF8GG=<NP9<9;S EB3It4H4XPX:3>=Z-/G>31<243q@4=<N:XP=<7:K
DN:=<VB99HGIG3I9<9;`uH45T5L\:|BFT1F89R`uH93IE&N:/n7 4aJ N:=R}k7:92hKM3>KMNP=\,7:/EhtO3GN:KM39a=37:EB\M1<NstO3E43>@45LNi\:3EWFL/n7:@4@45LFLGI7i1<FTNP/9>Z
?NPKrKM3I=<G>FL7:5-3>~47AKM@45L3I96NA`R24NQ9m1SU1C7A=<X:316=<3I7A5TSv1FLKr3MNP@O3I=<7A1FL/4Xe9;\B9;13>Ks96FL/G5LHEB3W6| q~^[N:=<VB9>|"7A/E /4 R*Z
[d3,3~^S
7:KrFL/43&123I93nG>N:KMKM3>=CGF87A5R@4=<NBEBHG$1C9MFT/^3G$1FLN:/ Z
^Z [d3eDN:H5LE@ONPFT/Q1WN:H41r1<27i1M1<243&1<7A=<X:3>1rNP@O3I=<7A1FL/4X]9;\B9;13>Ks9sEBH3h1<N
1<243>FL=q9KM7:5T5"9;FL>3P|5LFTKMFT13IE&`uH/G$1<FTNP/7A5LFb1m\P|O7:/E&N:@B1<FTKs7A5"EB3I9FTXP/e7:GC24FL3>gP3JK*HGC2ntO3>1;1<3>=q@k3>=`uN:=<Ks7A/G>
3 X:H4=<3I9a127:/h`uH5T5TSU}O3IEBXP3IE
NP@O3I=<7A1FL/4X,9\^9;13IKs9>ZJ4N:=J3~47:Kr@5T3P|1<243z1C7:9Vn@4=3I3>KM@B1<FTNP/e1FLKM3I9NA`o123I93*9\^9;13IKs97:=3N:`o1243rN:=CEB3I=qNA`o`u3IDKMFLG>=Nh9;3GN:/OE49
G>N:KM@7A=<3IEW1NW93>gP3>=C7A52^H4/EB=<3IE49RN:`"KMFL5T5LF"93IG>N:/E49`uNP=R1=C7:EBFT1FLN:/7:5
/4FT~&9\B9m1<3>Ks9IZ
6;& O K#ILI( N6H#TBAG O AT=GH NNKA<C
[3,27gP3,7A5L=<3I7:E4\@kN:FL/P1<3IE_NPHB1z1<27i1rN:/43hNA`a1<243,Ks703mNP=z924N:=1<G>N:KMFT/XP9N:`R1243h1=C7:EBFT1FLN:/O7A5
q/4FT~¤GNBEB3&7A=<FL93I96`u=<N:K 1<243
`j7PG$1R127A1EBH4=<FT/4XM7M9;\B9;13IK G>7A5L5v|47A5L5FT/Q13I==<H4@B1C9R7A=<3Ks7:9V:3E
jE4FL9<7At45L3IEOo`uNP=1<24363>/Q1FL=<36E4H4=<7A1FLN:/hNA`"3>~B3IGH41FLN:/,N:`1<243p9;\B9;13>K
GI7A5L5UZoR24F89f5L3I7PE49f1NrH4/7:GIG3I@B1<7:t45T3DNP=<9;1GI7:931<7P9;VM=<3I9@ONP/931FLKM3I9NA`1<243JN:=CEB3>=NA`"7*9;3GN:/OE|^KM7:V^FT/4Xr
/4FT~^SvtO7:93IEW9\B9m1<3>Ks9
H4/O7:G>G>3>@B1C7At45L3J`uN:=aKMNP9;127:=<Eh=37A5TSU1<FTKM367A@4@5TF8G>7A1FLN:/9IZ
wq/7:@4@4=<NP7:GC2c127A1M2O7:9rtO3I3>/ 1<7:V:3>/t^\c7d`u3>DygP3>/E4N:=C91<NFLKM@4=<Nig:3W1<243n=37A5TSU1<FTKM3&@O3I=;`uNP=Ks7:/G3&NA`J/4N:/BS @4=<3>3IKr@41FLg:3
VP3>=</43>589FL91<243pFT/Q1<=NBEBHG1FLN:/&NA`-@4=3I3>KM@B1<FTNP/h@kN:FL/Q1<9RFL/n9\B9m1<3>K =<N:H41FL/43I9IZo=<3>3>KM@B1<FTNP/,@kN:FL/Q1<9RFL/h1<24363~B3IG>HB1FLN:/&NA` 7M9;\B9;13>K
=<N:HB1<FT/3M7:=3r1<243sFT/O9m1C7A/Q1<97A1pDa24FLGC21<243sV:3I=/43I5E47i1C7e9m1<=HOG$1H=3MF89pGN:/O9;F89m1<3>/Q1IZWw1z9HGC2]@kN:FL/P1C9>|1243sVP3>=</43>5GI7A/]97A`u3>5L\tk3
@4=<3>3IKM@B13El1<N&Ks7:V:3MD7\n`uNP=p7A/^\lDR7AFT1FL/4Xh2FTXP243>=p@4=<FLN:=<Fb1m\e=<3I7:5bSv1FLKM3z1C7:9V^91<N&=<H4/DaFb1<24N:H41zGN:=<=<H4@B1FL/4Xn7A/^\eV:3I=/3>5E47A1<7
9;1=<HG$1<H4=<3I9IZq.0/l1<24F897:@4@4=<NP7:GC2|ODa243I/e123*3>~^3GHB1<FTNP/lNA`f7h9;\B9;13IKGI7A5L5"=<3I7PGC243I97W@4=<3>3IKM@B1FLN:/l@kN:FL/Q1I|k123*VP3>=</43>5-GC243IGCVB9a1<N
93>3FT`7A/^\&24FTXP243>=q@4=FLN:=<FT1m\W1<7P9;VB9a2O7g:3ptk3IGNPKM3=37:EB\PZ. `o1<243>=<3pF89q7i15T37:9;1qN:/43P|FT1@4=<3>3IKM@B1<9R1<243z@=NBG399FL/4XsNA` 123V:3I=/43I5
=<N:HB1<FT/3h7A/OEcEBF89;@7A1<GC24391<243&D7:Fb1<FT/4Xd24FLX:2439m1r@4=FLN:=<FT1m\1C7:9VFLKMKM3IEBF87i1<3>5L\:Z]R243hDN:=C9;1;S0G>7:93s@4=<3>3IKr@41FLN:/c587i1<3>/G>\FL/c1<24F89
1<3IGC24/4F8YQH43R123>=<3`uN:=<3RtO3GNPKr39 123a5TNP/4X:39m1o1<FTKM3atk31mD3>3>/r1mDNpGN:/O9;3GHB1<FTgP3@=3I3>KM@B1FLN:/M@kN:FL/Q1<9IZ w97J=39;H5b1|A123DNP=<9;1;S0G>7P9;3
=<3I9@ONP/93o1FLKM3I9"NA`B1<7P9;VB9FTKM@4=<Nig:39
9;3Ig:3I=<7:5i`uN:58E49-GN:KM@7:=3EJ1Nq124NQ9;3o`uNP=1<=<7PEBFT1FLN:/7:5:N:@k3>=C7i1<FT/Xq9;\B9;13IKM9DaFb1<24N:H41"@4=<3>3IKr@41FLN:/
@kN:FL/Q1<9IZR24F89Ks7AVP3I9R@4=<3>3IKM@B1FLN:/e@kN:FL/Q1;S t7:93IEhN:@k3>=C7i1<FT/4XW9\B9m1<3>Ks99H4FT1<7At5T36`uNP=H93FT/nKs7A/^\&G>7i1<3>XPN:=<FT39RNA` 27A=CE&=37A5TSU1<FTKM3
7:@4@45LFLGI7i1FLN:/O9>|1<24N:H4XP2*FT1f9;1FL5T5^`j7:5T589o9;2N:=1-N:`123=<3IYQH4FL=<3>KM3>/Q1<9-N:`O27:=<E*=37A5TSU1<FTKM3R7A@4@5TF8G>7A1FLN:/9-=<3IYQH4FL=FL/4XJ@4=3I3>KM@B1<FTNP/z587i13I/G\
N:`"1<243N:=CEB3I=aNA`o7r`u3>D KrF8G=<NW93IGNP/E49RNP=5T399IZfwq/4NA1<243>=q7PEBgi7A/Q1<7:X:36NA`-123@4=<3>3>KM@B1<FTNP/n@ONPFT/Q1q7A@@4=NQ7:GC2&FL9a127A1Fb1qFL/^g:NP5TgP3I9
§:§
XP31<91<243p=<3I9N:H4=CG367:9a9N^N:/n7:9
=3I5TFL/YQH4F89;24391243p=<3I9N:H=<G>3:Z
.0/l7MK*H45b1<FT@=NBG399N:=9;\B9;13>Kn|k9;@4FL/e5LN^GCVB97:=3p/N:=<KM7:5T5L\,FLKM@45L3>KM3>/Q13EeH9FT/Xs1243*G>7:GC23GN:23>=<3>/G>\,@4=<NA1<N^G>N:5
HO9;3E|O9HGC2
1<27i1q37:GC2&@4=<N^G>3I9<9;NP=R5TN^N:@O9aN:/e7M5LN^GI7A5G>N:@^\WN:`-1<2435LNBGCVWgi7A=<FL7:t45T3PZfR2433>~47:G$1qE431<7:FT589aN:`-FLKM@45T3IKM3>/Q1<7A1FLN:/eNA`o7s9@4FT/n5LNBGCV,F89
tk3>\PN:/En1<243*9<GNP@O3*NA`o1<24FL9tkNQNPV|k7:/En123zFL/P1<3>=<3I9;13Ee=37:EB3I=qF89=<3`u3I==<3IE&1<N § /Z
3>1H9/4NiD EBF89G>H9<9q24NiD 7h9;@4FL/l5LNBGCV&GI7A/
tk3pFTKM@45L3>KM3I/P1<3IEhN:/n7rH4/4FL@4=NBG>3I9<9;NP=R9\B9m1<3>KnZf/&7rH4/FT@4=<NBG399N:=R9;\B9;13IK&|BDa23>/e7*G>=FT1F8G>7:5=39;NPH4=CG3qF89a=<3IYQH4FL=3Es`uNP=R7rgP3>=<\
924N:=1R1FLKM3:|K*HB1HO7A5
3>~BG>5THO9;FLN:/&FL93I7:9FL5T\,7PG>G>N:KM@45LFL9243IEht^\,EBF897:t45LFT/4XsFL/Q13I==<H4@B1C9>Z/n.0/Q13I5~ <$a 9;\B9;13>Ks9I|B12FL9aF89EBNP/43pDaFT12
1<243 :G>5TF &FT/O9m1<=HG1FLN:/
Z,.0/P1<3>=<=H@B1<97:=3M=<3S 3>/7:t45L3IEdDaFb1<2 :9;1F 4Z,R2^H9I|"9@4FL/_5TNBGCVB96N:/_7nH4/4FL@4=<NBG3I9<9N:=6X:3>1zGN:KM@4FL5L3IEFT/c7P9
GI7A5L5L91<N PG5LF M7:/E :9;1F 4Z
0 31aH9R/4NiD 3~47AKMFL/432NiD 9;3I5b`£S 24NQ9m1a9;\B9;13IKM9R7PE4EB=<3I9<91<2436@4=NPt45L3>K N:`"EB\^/7AKMF8GJ@4=FLN:=<FT1m\r5L3>gP3>589
N:`-_1< 2423p1 +|1<=<ce7PdPEBFb_ 1<FTZNP/\7Act]5"\0
ceb2/4ceFT_1~n` 9 \B9m1<3>Ks9IZf.0/l
/Fb~nt7:93IEn=<3I7:5bSv1FLKM3pN:@k3>=C7i1<FT/4Xs9\B9m1<3>Ks9>|OFT/l7PE4EBFT1FLN:/&1NhEB\^/7AKMF8G6@4=FLN:=<FT1FL3I9I|4=37A5TS
1<FTKM37A/OEzF8EB5L3a@4=FLN:=<FT1FL3I9 7A=<39H4@4@kN:=13EZ "FLXZ Z
q9GC243IKs7i1F8G>7:5T5L\z924NiD9"1243R1<24=<3>3a7gi7AFL5L7:t45T3@4=<FTNP=FT1m\p5L3>g:3I5L9IZ[3a/4NiDct=FL3}\
EBF89<GH9<912439;361<24=<3>3pG>7A13>XPN:=<FT39NA`"@=FLN:=<Fb1m\s5L3>gP3>589>Z
§
Real−Time
Priorities
127
Dynamic
Priorities
254
255 Idle Non−Migrating
Priority
-FLX:H4=<3
1Wf=FLN:=<Fb1m\ 3>g:3I5L9RFL/l^3>5T`£S 24NP9;1
/4FT~n^\B9;13IKM9
/( X¤¡¡
!#"k> $&'o)(+* ,,¡ -q
eF8G=<NP9NA`£1 $ 9[FL/EBNiD9J9;3I=FL3I9NA`NP@O3I=<7A1FL/4Xh9\B9m1<3>Ks97:=3*3~^1=<3>KM3I5T\n@kN:@4H4587A=JFL/dEB39;VQ1NP@GNPKM@4HB13I=<9IZ6[FT/OEBNiD9qNP@O3I=<7A1FL/4X
9\B9m1<3>Ks9J27g:3r3>gPN:5Lg:3IENig:3I=q1<243M5L7P9m161mD3>/Q1m\ g:3M\P3I7A=C9q`u=NPK 1243M/7:FTgP3rp6 jFL9V]@k3>=C7i1<FT/4Xe^\B9;13>KWZreF8G=<NP9NA`£1pEB3>S
gP3>5LN:@k3IE]66FL/]123,3I7:=5LQ\ VfFTXP2P1<FT39>Znp6D7P97ng:3I=\9;FLKM@45T3,N:@k3>=C7i1FL/4Xe9\^9;13IK1<27i1*D7P99;FL/4XP5T3M1C7:9VQFL/4Xl7:/E]H93IE]7
93>XPKr3I/Q13IEWKr3IKMN:=<\sKM7:/7AXP3>KM3>/Q1R9GC243IKM3:Z eFLG>=NQ9;N:`£1VP3>@B1N:/&7A/4/4NPH4/G>FT/4X*/43>D g:3>=C9FTNP/9fN:`66h7A5LKMNP9;13Ig:3>=<\M\:37A=7:/E
37:GC29HG>G>3I9<9;FLg:3*g:3I=<9FTNP/9H4@4@kN:=13IE/43>D`u3I7i1<H4=<3I9IZ66l3>g:NP5TgP3IEn1<N,1<243M[FT/OEBNiD993>=<FL3I9JN:@k3>=C7i1<FT/4X&9;\B9;13IKM9FL/1<243*587i1<3
VfFTXP2P1<FT39>ZrR243MKs7AFL/EBF89;1FL/4X:H4F8924FT/Xh`u37i1<H4=3rNA`1243s[FL/EBNiD9JNP@O3I=<7A1FL/4X&9\B9m1<3>K `u=<N:K 66D7P967,XP=<7:@424F8G>7A5-`u=<N:/Q1;S 3>/OEZ
w993>gP3>=C7A54/3>D¦gP3>=C9;FLN:/9fNA`
[FL/EBNiD9V:3I@B1NP/h7A@@O37A=<FT/4X124=<N:H4XP2W3>/27A/G>3>KM3>/Q1C91<N123Jp6WG>N^E43:|P124369m1<=HOG$1H=3NA`
1<243
G>N^E43EB3IX:3>/3>=C7i13Er1Nr9;HGC2h7A/W3>~Q1<3>/Q1f1<27i1Fb1R27PEstO3GNPKr3g:3I=\MEBF G>H45T11<N*EB3It4H4X*7:/EsKs7AFL/Q1<7:FT/s1<243G>NBEB3:ZoR243[FT/E4NiD9
G>N^E43aD7P9GNPKr@5T3>13>5L\z=<3>Da=<FT1;13I/sFT/ § < 1<NzEB3>gP3>5LN:@r123[FT/OEBNiD9{q 9\B9m1<3>KnZ BFT/G>3a123qGNBEB3aDR7:9G>N:KM@45L31<3>5L\z=<3>Da=<Fb113>/|
[FL/EBNiD9{q9\^9;13IKD7P9oKzHGC2,KrNP=39m1C7At45L3zjE4NQ39f/NA1G>=<7P9;2k-127:/M12433I7:=5LFT3I=p6QS t7:93IEs9\B9m1<3>Ks9>Z R2435L7A13>=g:3I=<9FTNP/9
N:`olFLG>=NQ9;N:`£1 $ 9aN:@k3>=C7i1<FT/4XW9\B9m1<3>Ks9aD3>=<3EB3I9<G3I/E47:/P1C9aNA` 1<243[FL/EBNiD9q{ 7A/E&1<243zp6QSvtO7:93IEn9;\B9;13IKM9qD3I=39<G=C7A@@O3EZ
-FLXZ Z < 9;2NiD961243,X:3>/3I7A5LN:XP\lNA`R1<243Wgi7A=<FTNPH9pNP@O3I=<7A1FL/4Xl9;\B9;13IKM9`u=NPK¢1<243heF8G=<NP9NA`£1z9;1<7:t45L3:Znwq9r7A5L=37:EB\lKM3I/P1<FTNP/43IE
|
9;1<7:t4FT5LFT1m\N:`q7A/G>3I9;1NP=<9zNA`[FL/EBNiD9r{qDR7:9z/4NA1s97A1F89m`j7PG$1<N:=<\:QZ 3IGI7AH93h9;1<7:t4FL5TFT1m\]NA`a123hNP@O3I=<7A1FL/4X9\^9;13IKFL9r7lKs07 3mNP=
G>N:/G>3>=</,FL/,27:=<E,=37A5TSU1<FTKM367A@4@45LF8G>7i1<FTNP/9I|QD3J=39m1<=F8G$1RN:H4=aEBF89<GH9<9;FLN:/O9f1<N*NP/45L\M12436[FL/EBNiD9R{qx7A/EhFb1C9REB3I9<G3I/E47A/Q1C97:/E
EBNM/4N:1FT/OG5LHEB3612366h5LFT/436N:`-@4=<NBEBHG1<9IZ
?NPKr@HB13I=9\^9;13IKs9at7:93IEnNP/e[FT/OEBNiD9q{ 7A/EnFT1<9JEB3I9<G3I/E47:/P1C97A=<3tk3>FL/4XW3>~Q1<3>/9FLg:3>5L\&H9;3EnFT/24N:KM3I9I|N G3I9I|O7:/E
FL/EBH9;1=<F87A5439m1C7At45LFL924KM3>/Q1C9>Z w/MN:=<XP7:/4FLI7i1<FTNP/zNiDa/4FL/4X6[FL/EBNiD9{ 9\B9m1<3>Ks9 KMFTXP2P1tk3FL/Q13>=<3I9;13E1<NpH93R1243IK `uNP=oFb1C9o=37A5TS
1<FTKM3s7A@4@5TF8G>7A1FLN:/9q`uN:=pGNQ9m1p9<7gQFL/4XhN:=6GN:/^gP3>/4FL3>/G>3:ZR24F89JFL9639;@k3IG>FL7:5T5L\&1=<H43MFT/d@4=<NA1N:1m\^@O3M7A@4@5TF8G>7A1FLN:/dE43>g:3I5TNP@4KM3>/Q1J7:/E
7:5L9NsDa243>/nNP/45T\n7M5LFTKMFT13IEn/^H4K*tO3I=qN:`oE43>@45LNi\^Kr3I/Q1<9a7A=<3p=<3IYQH4FL=3EZf.0/n1<243p`uN:5L5LNiDaFT/4XO|4D3zG=<Fb1<FLGI7A5L5T\&7A/7:5T\^I31<243z9H4FT1<7AtFT5LFb1m\
N:`f[FT/OEBNiD96{q `uNP==<3I7:5bSv1FLKM3r7:@4@45LFLGI7i1FLN:/dEB3>gP3>5LN:@4KM3>/Q1Z"FL=C9m1|D3*24FTXP245LFTXP2P1p9N:KM3`u37i1H=39N:`f[FL/EBNiD9J{q 1<27i1p7A=<3
§[
Windows 95
Windows XP
Windows 98
Real−time idle 16
Dynamic critical 15
Dynamic idle 1
Idle 0
-FTXPH4=3 W"7P9;V,f=FLN:=<FT1FL3I9FT/n[FL/EBNiD9a{q
0 [3h2O7:EcEBF89<GH9<9;3E_FL/ ?27:@B13I= n1<27i1MH4/45L3I9<9r7A@4@4=<N:@=F87i1<3W=3>S
Y
9;1*NPH4=CG3W]9\2b 7A~=<]9FT/\ Xe@4=_1N:`a1]!NBG\0NP^!5L9z_/9;H41@3@OJNP\0=;ct1<h3I E]Zt^\_\0]7Aba/_]L^!N:] @ke3>` =C 7i1<FT/Xl9;\B9;13>Kn|-1<7P9;VB9zNA`7e=<3I7A5TSv1FLKr3h7A@4@45LF8G>7i1<FTNP/_Da24FL5T3&7:G>G>3I9<9;FL/4X
9;2O7A=<3IEh=39;NPH4=<G>3I9Ks7\h9HB3>=H4/^tkN:H4/OEB3IE&@4=<FTNP=FT1m\WFL/^g:3>=C9FTNP/9R5T37:EBFL/4Xr1NhEB3I7PEB5TFL/43pKMF8993I9a7:/En3>gP3>/n9;\B9;13>Ky`j7AFL5TH=3PZ
[FT/OEBNiD96{qEBN^396/4NA16@4=<NigQF8EB3r7A/^\l9;H@4@ONP=;1WU9;HGC27:9J@4=<FTNP=FT1m\nFT/243>=<Fb1C7A/G>3:|3>1<GAZ 1<Nn9H4@4@kN:=16=37A5TSU1<FTKM3*1<7:9VB91<N
9;2O7A=<3RG>=FT1F8G>7:54=<3I9N:H4=CG39o7AKMN:/4XJ1<243>Ks93>5Lg:3I9IZ R24FL9fFL9f76KM7 3mN:=f924NP=;1CGN:KMFL/4X6NA`[FL/EBNiD9{ Da23>/MH93IEMFL/s=37A5TSU1<FTKM3
7A@4@5TF8G>7A1FLN:/9IZMBFT/G>3sKMNP9;16=<3I7:5bSv1FLKM3r7:@4@45LFLGI7i1<FTNP/9pEBNn=3YQH4FT=<3M9;27:=FL/4XeG=<FT1F8G>7A5 =<3I9N:H4=CG3967AKMN:/4Xh1<7P9;VB9I|
D3rNPHB15LFL/43
tO3I5TNiD 7*`u3>D @ONQ99FTt5T36DR7\^9FL/nDa24FLGC2nH93>=S 5T3Ig:3>5k`uH4/OG$1FLN:/O7A5LFb1<FT39aG>7A/ntk37:E4E43IE,1NM123p[FT/E4NiD9a{q 9;\B9;13>KnZ
R243z9FTKM@45L3I9;1J7:@4@4=<NP7PGC2h1<N,5L31J=37A5TSU1<FTKM3p1C7:9V^99;2O7A=<3zG=<Fb1<FLGI7A5"=39;NPH4=<G>3I9aDaFT12N:HB1JH4/^tONPH4/EB3Ee@4=<FTNP=FT1m\,FL/^g:3>=C9FTNP/9aF89
t^\GI7A=<3`uH45@=FLN:=<Fb1m\9;3>1;1<FT/4XQ9Da24FL5L3h7:GIYQH4FT=<FL/4Xl7A/E]=<3>5L3I7P9;FL/4Xe5LNBGCV^9IZewq9*9;N^N:/c7P9z7n1C7:9VF89*9HGIG3I9<9;`uH45fFL/_5TNBGCV^FL/4Xl7
/4N:/4Sv@4=<3>3IKM@B1<7:t45T3q=39;NPH4=<G>3:|QFb1C9@4=FLN:=<FT1m\rGI7A/,tk3J=<7:FL93IEr1<Nz1<2432FTXP243I9;1@=FLN:=<Fb1m\ne § Z w9R9;N^N:/h7:97p1<7P9;Vs=<3>5L3I7P9;39o1<243
=3YQH4FT=<3IEl=39;NPH4=<G>3:|FT1<9J@4=<FTNP=FT1m\lG>7:/tk3r=<3I9;1NP=3EZ NiD3>gP3>=|OD3rVQ/NiD 127A16124F89p7A=<=<7:/4X:3IKM3>/Q1qDN:H458El5L3I7PEe1N&587A=<X:3
FT/243>=<Fb1C7A/G>3S =3I5L7A13EWFL/QgP3>=C9;FLN:/O9v^3>3z^3GAjZ Z [^$Z
w/4N:1243I=q@kNP9<9;FLt4FL5TFT1m\nFL91NhFTKM@45L3>KM3>/Q1J1243*@4=<FTNP=FT1m\hG>3>FL5TFL/4X,@=N:1NBGNP5jR?ZO"N,FLKr@5T3IKr3I/Q1q12FL9@4=<NA1NBG>N:5v|D3z/43I3IE
1Nr=39m1<=F8G$1123J=<3I7:5bSv1FLKM31C7:9V^91<Nr2O7g:3q3Ig:3I/,@4=<FTNP=FT1FL3I9JuFvZ 3:Z E§ a | '§ < |ZLZTZL#| "QNP/45L\:ZoR2436=37:9N:/s`uNP=124F89R=39m1<=F8G$1<FTNP/WF89
127A1f[FL/EBNiD9f{ EBN^3I9/NA19H4@4@kN:=1f-.m-x9GC23IEBH45LFL/4Xz7AKMNP/4Xp3IYQH7:54@4=<FTNP=FT1m\1C7:9V^9IZ-. `k1<243q2FTXP243I9;1@4=<FTNP=FT1m\*7:KrNP/4X
7A5L5-1<7:9VB9J/43>3EBFT/X&7h=39;NPH4=CG3zF89 5i/
|k1243I/1243sG3IFT5LFL/4Xh@=FLN:=<Fb1m\nN:`f123r=<3I9N:H=<G>3zF89 5/ § Zp.0/
q/4FT~|"".m N:@41FLN:/
7AKMN:/X*3YPHO7A5@4=<FTNP=FT1m\M1<7P9;VB9RF897gi7AFL5L7:t45L3:|Q1243I=3>`uN:=<3p7A5L5
7g7:FT587At5T3J@4=<FTNP=FT1m\W5L3>g:3I5L9RGI7A/ntO3pHO9;3EW1<NW7:9<9;FLX:/,1NM1<7P9;VB9IZ
;& T=G A R X ' ISKR1MR GT
.0/124F89s9;3G$1<FTNP/
|D3hGNPKM@7A=<3,[FL/EBNiD9M{qy7A/E
/4FT~DaFT12=<3I9@k3IG$1r1Nd123>FL=M9H4FT1<7:t4FT5LFT1m\]`uN:=sEB3>@5TNi\^KM3>/Q1MFT/ =37A5TSU1<FTKM3
7:@4@45LFLGI7i1FLN:/O9>Z
§Ea
§'<
§
Editor
Cross−
compiler
. XRAY+
Libraries Application
PROBE
ROM
Target Board
G>=FT1F8G>7:5^7:@4@45LFLGI7i1<FTNP/9-FT/r123R7:=37:9-9;HOGC2r7P9"KM3EBFLGI7A5BFL/9;1=<H4KM3>/Q1<7A1FLN:/
|A.0/Q1<3>=</431o=<N:HB1<3>=C9>|1<3>5L3>KM31<=F8GREB3>g^F8G3I9I|A@4=<NBG399-GNP/P1<=NP5
7:@4@45LFLGI7i1FLN:/O9>|^7A/Eh7AFL=f1<=<7 GqGNP/Q1=<N:59;\B9;13>Ks9IZ XJ{ {3>H41=<FT/4NrNA3>=C96^.0qS G>N:KM@45LFL7:/P1wq.m9R7:/EsF89FLKM@45L3>KM3>/Q13EWH9FL/4X
7rKMFLG>=NPV:3I=/43I57A=CGC24Fb1<3IG1H4=<3:Z
R2436KMF8G=<N:V:3I=/3>57A=CGC24FT13IG1H4=<3JNA` XJ{ F89a9;24NiDa/&FL/n-FLXZ Z §:§ <Z 3G>7:H9;36N:`123 /43pX:=C7AFL/43E,9<G>7A587AtFT5LFb1m\,NA`1<243pKMFLG>=N:S
VP3>=</43>5 7A=CGC24FT13IG1H4=<3:|kFT16GI7A/ltk3rG>N:J/ OX:H4=<3IEn1<N&7,g:3I=\n9;Ks7:5T5o9FTI3 7,G>=FT1F8G>7:5-7PEBgi7A/Q1<7:X:3FL/24FLX:2dg:NP5TH4KM3rEB3>g^F8G3I9I|Da243>=<3
3Ig:3>/n7 § =3EBHG$1<FTNP/hFL/nKM3>KMN:=<\,GNQ9m1C9RG>7A/n=<31<H4=/&KMFT5L5LFTNP/9RNA`oEBN:5L587A=C9FL/n@4=<N 41Z
{q3>HB1<=FL/4NW7A/OEnFb1C9 ;KMF8G=<N
6
q. G>7:5T5L3IEnf24NA1<N:/
|k7A=<3EB3I9FTXP/43IEh1<NWN:@k3>=C7i1<3p3~^1=<3>KM3>5L\W`j7P9m1N:/l7sgP3>=<\,9;Ks7:5T5"Kr3IKMN:=<\
`uN^NA1<@4=<FT/Q1I|BKs7:VQFL/4X*1243IFT=RFL/G5LH9FTNP/hFL/&@ONP=;1C7At45L3JE43>g^FLG>3I9@kNP9<9;FLt45L3:Z .0/,`j7PG$19| XJ{ 7A/Eh{3IHB1=<FT/NM7:5T=<3I7PEB\M@ONiD3>=[3>tn7A@4@45LFTS
7:/G39>|931;Sv1NP@tkN~B3I9I| W@5L7\P3>=C9>|k3IYQH4FL@4KM3>/Q1pH93IElFL/l1<243rFT/E4H9m1<=F87A5o7:/ElKM3IE4FLGI7A5TSv3YPHFT@4KM3I/P
1 3I5LE49I-Z XJ{{3IHB1=<FL/4N
5 §
Appli− TCP/IP
cation Manager
RT Linux
Hardware
@4=<3>3IKM@B1FT/^HB~pDa243I/43>gP3>=
1<243>\6/43I3IE61<N3~B3GHB1<37A/OEp\^FT3I5LE61<243R?
_1</N
FL/^HB~6N:/45L\6Da243>//N=37A5TSU1<FTKM3o1C7:9V6FL9"=37:EB\q1N=H4/Z
?NPKr@O7A=<3IEM1<N*1<2436KMFLG>=NPV:3>=</43I5k7:@4@4=<NP7:GC2|:1<243J`uN:5L5TNiDaFL/4XM7A=<3J9N:KM3JNA`1<2436FTKM@kN:=1<7:/P1a924N:=1<G>N:KMFT/XP9NA`
1<243pEBH7:5bS V:3I=/43I5
7:@4@4=<NP7:GC2Z
Y ece^ Jb2_ - ]cth ]9\b2`i -7:9VB9s=<H4/4/4FL/4X_FL/ 1<243l=<3I7:5bSv1FLKM3eV:3>=</43I5G>7A/ /4N:1,KM3I7:/4FT/XA`uH45L5T\ H93n124Q 3 FT/^HB~
9;\B9;13IK 9;3I=g^F8G3I9 5L39\^9;13IKs9>|B/43>1mDNP=V^FL/4X|^7A/OEh9N*NP/
ZR2436=<3I7:9N:/,`uN:=12FL9aF8912O7i1aFb`o7*=37A5TSU1<FTKM3J1<7P9;VsFL/^g:N:VP3I97
FL/^HB~M93>=<g^FLG>3:|QFb1DaFT5L5ktO369;HJt 3m3IG1f1Nz1243J97:KM3q@4=<3>3IKr@41FLN:/W@4=<N:t5T3IKM9127A1@4=<N:2FTt4FT1 FT/^HB~s@4=<NBG3993I9 `u=<N:Ktk3>27g^FL/4X
EB31<3>=<KMFT/4F89;1F8G>7A5L5L\:Zswq9p7&=<3I9H45b1|/43ID EB=<FLg:3>=C967A/E]9\B9m1<3>K93>=<g^FLG>3I9JKzH9;1tk3MG>=37i1<3IE9;@k3IG>F OGI7A5L5T\l`uN:=6123s=37A5TSU1<FTKM3
V:3I=/43I5 3>g:3I/Da243>/3YQH4FTgi7:5T3I/P1&9;3I=g^F8G3I9h7A5L=37:EB\ 3~BF89m1W`uNP= FT/^HB~ZR2^H9I|a=37A5TSU1<FTKM37:@4@45LFLGI7i1FLN:/¦E43>g:3I5TNP@4KM3>/Q1
KMFTXP2P13I/Q1<7AFL59FTXP/4F OG>7:/P1qE4H4@45LFLGI7i1FLN:/nN:` G>N^E4FT/4Xs3>kNP=;1ZN:=a3>~B7:KM@45T3P|Da243I/e7M=37A5TSU1<FTKM361<7P9;Vh/43>3E49R1<NsH9;3p/31mDN:=<V
GNPKrK*H4/4F8G>7A1FLN:/9I|^N:=R`uN:=R1<27i1Ks7A1;13I = 5L37:G>G>3I9<9;39>|B7:@4@4=<N:@4=<FL7A136EB=<FTgP3>=C9K*H9;1tO3pDa=<Fb113I/hFL/&1243p=<3I7:5bSv1FLKM3JVP3>=</43>5vZ
Y S \5 c t_ L_1^b2ct]9h
h&gLc \0]hdP_1h&bi -7:9VB9z=<H4/4/FT/4XFL/1<243h=<3I7:5bSv1FLKM3,VP3>=</43>5aEBNd/4NA1stk3>/4,3 41M`u=NPK 1<243ell
S
@4=<NA13G$1<3IEe3I/Qg^FL=NP/4KM3>/Q11<27i81
FL/^HB~e@4=Nig^F8EB3I9q1N,1243r=<3>X:H5L7:=q/4NP/BSv=<3I7:5bSv1FLKM3@4=<NBG3I9<93I9IZq.0/d9;137:E|k1<243>\e=<H4/lH4/@4=N:S
13G$13EnFT/l1243VP3>=</43>5"9;@7PG3PZ?NP/93IYQH43>/Q1<5T\P|O7A/^\h=37A5TSU1<FTKM361<7P9;Vh12O7i1G>N:/Q1<7:FT/9q7WGNBEBFL/4XW3I==<N:=9HGC2l7:9q7WGNP==<H4@B1J?
@ONPFT/Q1<3>=zGI7A/]3I7P9;FL5T\dG>7AHO9;3W7&`j7A1<7A5V:3I=/43I5 `j7AH45T1IZnR24F89F8993>=<FTNPH96@4=<N:t45L3>K 9;FL/G3,KM7:/^\3>K*tO3E4EB3E7:@4@45LFLGI7i1<FTNP/97A=<3
97A`u31m\QS0G=<Fb1<FLGI7A5FT/&/7A1H4=<3:Z
Y 3ctdPc ba_ Z/]\b c eceb
<i .0/]1243hEBH7A5V:3I=/43I5f7A@@4=NQ7:GC2
|1243h=37A5TSU1<FTKM3M1C7:9V^9z7A=<3s/4NA-1 FT/^HB~]@4=<NBG3I9<93I97A1z7A5L5 3ot4H41
@4=<N:X:=C7AKs9oDa=<FT1;13I/WH9FT/X*7z9Ks7A5L59;H4tO9;3>1NA`R6^.0xw.m9Jjwq@4@45LFLGI7i1FLN:/&=<N:XP=<7:KrKM3I=.0/Q13>=`j7:G>3I9C$Z Nr7AXPX:=C7g7A13R1<243
Ks7i1;1<3>=|EBFb3>=<3>/Q1JFTKM@45L3>KM3>/Q1C7i1FLN:/O9N:`fEBH7:5-VP3>=</43>589HO9;3MEBFTk3I=3I/P16wqf.m9>Zpwq967,=39;H45T1I|=<3I7:5bSv1FLKM3z@4=<N:XP=<7:KM9Da=FT1;1<3>/
H9FT/4XMNP/436g:3>/OEBN:= $ 9 4 S
FL/QH4~,g:3I=<9FTNP/,Ks7\W/4N:1=H/hNP/n7:/4NA1<243>= $ 9>Z
Y[Z\0]!9\5#dPdPcth c P^ eb
<i 4 D
FL/^HB~,V:3I=/3>5899H4@4@kN:=1NP/45L\W7z5LFTKMFT13Eh9H4t931aNA`-6^.0 wqf.m9>ZoR243I=3>`uN:=<3:|^7A@4@45LFTS
G>7A1FLN:/nEB3>gP3>5LN:@4KM3>/Q1G>7:/,1C7AVP3JKMNP=3J3N:=1q7A/E,1FLKM3:Z
5
1<24=37:E27A/E45TFL/4Xh124F896@7AXP3z`j7:H45T16F89J=<7:FL93IEe1N&127A1pNA`1<243M@4=FLN:=<FT1m\&N:`123*1<24=<3I7:EdG>7:H9;FL/4Xh1243M@7:X:3z`j7AH45T1IZrR24FL963I/9H4=39
1<27i1q7*12=37:EhFL9a/NA1at45LN^GCVP3IEht^\,7A/^\W5LNiD3I=R@4=FLN:=<FT1m\M124=<3I7PE|43>gP3>/&Da243>/nFT1q9;H4k3I=<9a7r@7:X:3J`j7AH45T1IZ
(n e p ,) (+*
!#"k> ,,¡ -¡
H4=<FT/4XsEB39;FLX:/&7A/Eh@4587i1`uN:=<K3>gi7A5LH7i1<FTNP/&9;1<7:X:3P|^9\B9m1<3>K EB3Ig:3I5TNP@O3I=<9NA`£1<3>/ /EhFb1/3IG399<7A=<\r1NrtO3I/GC24Ks7A=<V,G>N:KM@4HB1<3>=a9;\B9;S
1<3>Ks9>Z
3>1H9 =C9m1J3~47AKMFL/43z2NiD 124F89qF89JEBN:/43z`uN:=1=C7:EBFT1FLN:/O7A5"G>N:KM@4HB1<3>=69;\B9;13IKM9IZJBH4t93IYQH43>/Q1<5T\P|kD3*927:5T5-3~47AKMFL/431<24F89
F899H436`uNP=a=37A5TSU1<FTKM3GNPKM@4HB13I=<9IZf"NMH4/EB3I=<9;1<7:/Eh1243F89<9;H439RFT/^gPN:5Lg:3IE
|4GN:/O9;F8EB3>=R1<243p`uNP5T5LNiDaFT/XM9FT1H7A1FLN:/
Zfw99H4KM3612O7i11<243
NP=XQ7A/4FLI7A1FLN:/&\:N:HeDN:=<Vs`uNP=q3>/Q1<=H9;1<9q\:NPHn1N,93>5L3IG1124 3 ;tk3I9;1 sG>N:KM@4HB1<3>=*u`u=NPK¤124NQ9;3z7gi7:FT587At45L3pFL/n1243*KM7:=VP31$N:/e@4=<FLG>3
7:/En@O3I=;`uNP=Ks7:/G3G>N:/9FLE43>=C7i1FLN:/O9R1NWtk3zHO9;3E&1NW24NQ9m11243*GN:KM@7:/^\ $ 9aD3>tl9Fb1<3:Z. 1FL9@ONQ99FLt45T3127A1q\:NPHlG>7A/l7P9;V,`uN:=t4FLE9
`u=<N:K¤g:3I/EBN:=C9a7A/OEnN:tB1C7AFL/h1<243>FL=q@=F8G3z7:/En@k3>=`uN:=<KM7:/G39@k3IGF OGI7i1FLN:/O9>ZR{NiDx1243rYQH43I9;1FLN:/nF8924NiD DNPH458En\:N:HeEB3>13I=KMFL/43
Da24F8GC2e7AKMN:/Xr7M931NA` GNPKr@HB13I=<9aYQH4N:13IE&t^\,EBFT3>=<3>/Q1g:3I/EBN:=C9DNPH458E,@k3>=`uN:=<K tk3I9;1a`uN:=a\:NPH4=7A@@45TF8G>7A1FLN:!/
q`G>N:H4=C9;3P|^\:N:H=f3>gi7:5TH7A1FLN:/hDNPH45LEWtO3Jg:3I=\s7:GIGH4=C7i1<3qFT`\:NPH,7:G1H7:5T5L\sX:N:137:GC2WN:`
1243JKs7:GC24FL/43`uN:=Da24F8GC2,\:NPHW=<3IG3IFTgP3IE
YQH4N:13*7:/Ee1<243>/7:G1H7:5T5L\n=<7:/l\:NPH4=7:@4@45LFLGI7i1FLN:/N:/l37:GC2lN:`1243IK¢7A/El3>gi7A5LH7i1<3IEg7:=FLN:HO9@k3>=`uN:=<KM7:/G3*@7A=C7AKM3>13>=C99HGC2
7P9=<3I9@ONP/9;31FLKr3z`uN:=JYPH3>=<FT39H4/E43>=E4Fb3>=<3>/Q15LNP7PEeGNP/EBFT1FLN:/9I6Z NiD3>gP3>=|FT1DN:H458EntO3*FT/4`u3I7:9FLt45T31NhGI7A=<=\,124F89N:HB1`u=<N:K
G>NP9;1I|43>kNP=;1|7A/Eh1<FTKM3GNP/9FLEB3I=<7A1FLN:/9IZ/43p@kNP9<9;FLt4FL5TFT1m\,F89R1<27i1\PN:HeG>7:/hH9361mDNM1=C7:EBFT1FLN:/7:5KM31=<F8G>9aH93IE&t^\,gP3>/E4N:=C9f1<N
FL/EBF8G>7A13J12436@k3>=`uN:=<Ks7A/G>3N:`123>FL=GN:KM@4H413>=a9\B9m1<3>Ks,9 Woe.mUeFL5T5LFTNP/h.0/O9m1<=HG1FLN:/9R 3I=aB3IGNP/E7A/OE,* -Jlj-5LNP7A1FL/4X
NPFT/Q1@O3I=<7A1FLN:/9q 3>=q^3GN:/OE$Z NiD3>g:3I=I|47:/n3>gi7A5LH7i1<FTNP/nt7:93IE&N:/&1<243I93KM31<=F8G>9GI7A/nNA`£1<3>/etk324FLX:245L\,KMF89;5L3I7PEBFL/4XZR243
9Fb1<H7i1<FTNP/,F89R9;NrEBFL9X:HO9m1<FT/4X*12O7i1a9;NPKr3IN:/433>gP3>/,@=NP@ONQ9;3EM127A1R7*KMN:=<39H4FT1<7At5T3`uH45L5`uN:=<KNA`"e.mW924N:H5LE,tO3 eF895T37:EBFL/4X
.0/B`uNP=Ks7A1FLN:/e7AtkN:HB1qf=NBG>3I9<9;NP=aB@O3I3IE Z
3>1qH9a3>~47AKMFT/3pDa2Q\,124F89F899NZNWEB3>13I=KMFL/4361243*e.mh=C7i1FL/4XsN:` 7sG>N:KM@4HB1<3>=|
7s@=NPX:=C7AKF89=<H4/eN:/eFT17A/OE&1243=<H4/n1<FTKM3F89KM3I7P9;H=3EZR23/^H4Kztk3>=NA`oFT/O9m1<=HG1FLN:/9FT/e1<243@4=<N:XP=<7:K F89qEBFLg^FLEB3Ent^\,1<243
=<H4/l1<FTKM3M1<NhXPFTgP3z1<243se.ml=<7A1FL/4XhN:`123MG>N:KM@4HB1<3>=-Z qNiD3Ig:3>=|kFb1pF896/4NA19@O3GF 3IEd7:91NnDa27A11m\^@k3rN:`@4=<N:XP=<7:K¥/3>3IE9
1<Nr=<H4/
Z?NP/93IYQH43>/Q1<5T\P|QgP3>/E4N:=C9f1C7AVP3q1<243p5TFLtk3>=1m\WNA`-=H4//4FT/Xr@=NPX:=C7AKs9o1<27i1XP3>/43I=<7A13JN:/45L\M124NQ9;3sjKM7PGC24FL/43FL/9;1=<HG$1<FTNP/9
1<27i1z2O7g:3Mg:3I=\924NP=;1zG>\^G>5T3M1<FTKM39p`uN:=1243IFT=@=NBG399N:=|
=<3I9H45T1FL/4XeFT/c7:=;1<F kGF87A5L5T\lFL/B}O7A13E_e.md=C7i1FL/4XQ9>Z,w9z7n=<3I9H45T1I|-Fb`
\PN:HcKs7AVP3,\PN:H4=rt4H4\^FL/4XdEB3GF89;FLN:/O9zt7P9;3EcNP/_1243eYQH4N:13IEe.m7A/E J]=C7i1<FT/XP9I| 1243I/\:NPH7A=<3,KMNQ9m1M5TFLV:3I5T\1<Ndtk3
5<[
T2 T3
T1
t1 t2
t ts
T2
T1
t1 t2 t3
time
tt p
-FTXPH4=<3 § [Wo-7:9V,=<3>3IKr@41FLN:/nRFTKM3
Interrupt occurs
ISR
T1
t1 t2 t3
time
ti l
- FLX:H4=<3 §a W .0/Q13I==<H4@B1"7i1<3>/G>\,RFTKM3
1243z=3YPHFT=<3IEh.;J4 7i`£1<3>=q7:/eFT/Q1<3>=<=H4@41N^GIGH4=C9IZf.0/Q13I==<H4@B1587i1<3>/G>\,1<FTKM3p`uNP=q7A/n3~47:Kr@5T3p27P9atk3>3>/l924NiDa/nFL/l"FLXZ §a Z
.0/Q13>=<=<H4@B1f587i1<3>/G>\*1<FTKM3JGN:/O9;F89m1C9N:`1243q`uN:5L5TNiDaFL/4XzG>N:KM@ONP/43>/Q1C,9 W-27A=CEBDR7A=<3EB3>587\rFT/&?
¦=<3IG>N:X:/FTIFT/4X61<243qFL/Q13I==<H4@B1|
1FLKM31N&GNPKr@5T3>13p1<243rG>H4=<=3I/P1FT/9;1=<HG1FLN:/
|O1FLKM31N&97gP361243rGNP/P1<3~^1N:`o1243rGH4=<=<3>/Q15L\h=<H4/4/FT/4XW1<7:9V|k7:/En1<243>/e1<N
9m1C7A=1R1243p.;J4Z
[OZ 1L_1d 3]\0_ 1*3 Pceh +cedP_ . 4 ^3>Ks7:@424N:=<3z92^H sFT/4Xh1FLKM3*F896EB(3 O/43IEd7:9q1243*1FLKM3*1<27i163>587A@O9;39qtk31mD3>3I/7
Release Semaphore
Acquire Semaphore
tss
T1
T1
T2 T2
time
Request Semaphore
5a
T2 T3
T1 T1
time
Acquire Request Release Acquire
Semaphore Semaphore Semaphore Semaphore
" FLX:H=3 §
JWo
/^tONPH4/EB3En=<FTNP=FT1m\s.0/^g:3>=C9FTNP/hRFLKr3
FL9aG>N:KM@4HB1<3IEn7:91<24361FLKM3pFb1q1<7AVP3I9`uN:=1243pNP@O3I=<7A1FL/4Xr9\B9m1<3>Ky1NM=3GNPX:/4FL>3J@4=<FTNP=FT1m\WFL/QgP3>=C9;FLN:/ R7A/E&=<H4/&124361C7:9V
24N:58EBFL/4Xr1243p=<3I9N:H=<G>3J7:/Eh9;1<7:=;61
7i`£1<3>1=
GNPKr@5T3>13I9pI Zf^\^KztkN:5LFLGI7A5L5T\P| / Z
a Z #b 9\5#d + 3\] !3b +|cedP_ . 4 R24F89f@7:=<7:KM313I=fFL/EBF8G>7A13I9f123/^H4K*tO3I=N:`
VQFL5LN:t^\Q13I9fNA`"E7i1<7p127A1RGI7A/Wtk3
1=C7A/9;`u3>=<3IEztO3>1mD3I3>/r1mDN1C7:9VB9 DaFb1<24N:HB1HO9;FL/4Xp9;2O7A=<3IE*Kr3IKMN:=<\N:= @kN:FL/P1<3>=C9>Z R24F89o@7:=<7:Kr3>13I=-KM37:9H4=39"1243a3 G>FT3I/G\
NA`"1243E47A1<7M9;1=<HG$1<H4=39R27A/OEB5TFL/4XMKM3I9<97:X:36@7P99FT/X*@4=<FLKrFT1FLg:39>Z
R24384a23I7A589;1N:/3JKM3>1=<FLG6F89aGNPKr@HB13E&7P9a7rD3IFTXP2P1<3IE&7g:3I=<7:X:3qN:`1<243pFLE43>/Q1F 3IE&@7:=<7:KM313I=<29 W
2 / "
Z%$
1
[243I=3P|47 § |ZTZLZT|O7 a 7A=<3J3IKM@4FT=<F8G>7A5L5L\,EB31<3>=<KMFT/43EnGN:/O9m1C7A/Q1<9IZ
4a23I7A589;1N:/3ltO3I/GC24Ks7A=<V%$ 9X:H=3dNA`KM3>=<Fb1nGC27A=C7:G13I=FL>39M1243dV:3I=/43I5bS 27:=<EBDR7A=<3eGNPKzt4FL/7i1<FTNP/NA`z7 9;\B9;13>KnZR24FL9hF89
1<243>=<3`uNP=37sG>N:KM@4=<3>243I/9;FLg:36tk3>/GC2KM7:=VZ qNiD3Ig:3I=I#| 4a23I7A589;1N:/3p27:99N:KM393>=<FTNPH9aEB=C7Dat7:GCVB9IZ-FT=C9m1|B123z7At4FL5LFb1m\,1NWKM3>3>1
EB37:EB5LFL/43I96N:`R7:@4@45LFLGI7i1FLN:/O9s£1<7P9;Vd9GC243EBH45LFT/X&3>1<G:Z F89p/4N:1pG>N:/9F8EB3>=<3IE7i1z7:5T5vZsw589;NO|
123W9;FT~dKM3I7P9;H=3IKr3I/Q16GI7i13IX:NP=FL3I967A=<3
9N:KM3>Da2O7i17:E^S 24NBG67A/E,123>=<3pFL9R/4NM@4=<N:@k3>*= 3mHO9m1<F OGI7i1<FTNP/n7P9RDa2^\WN:/45L\s1<243I939;FT~,KM3I7P9;H=3IKr3I/Q1<9R27gP3tk3>3I/nGC2NP93>/
Z
; FGHJILKKM6NH[OQK#ADC&ISR1R1TBGU ISK 6I
31 *tk3z1<243*1FLKr3*1NnGNPKM@45T3>13r7hG>3>=1<7AFL/e1C7:9V&Da23>/l1<243>=<3*7:=3*/4N,FL/Q13I==<H4@B1C9J7:/Ee5L31 rtO3*123z1<FTKM3r1N&GN:KM@45L31<3
1<243*9<7AKM31C7:9VhDa23>/ 5"4| """MFL/Q13I==<H4@B1C9NBG>G>H4=q@k3>=69;3GNP/EZqR243I/e123*NigP3>=<243I7PEhEBH3z1<N 5 " "" "MFT/Q1<3>=<=H4@41<9@k3>=693IGNP/EnF89
XPFTgP3>/&tQ&\ W .
7:/E,/NA1a123EB3`u3I==<3IEh@7A=1<9IZ
;& ' KTT)( ISG/R1TAG*? I <R1M6K#I
"=F8EBFLKM3>/9FTNP/7A5-KM3I7P9;H4=<3*G>N:/9F8EB3>=C9a1<24=3I3z`j7PG$1<N:=C91<27i1p7i3IG11<243*@k3>=`uN:=<Ks7A/G>3zN:`7W=<3I7:5bSv1FLKM3r9\B9m1<3>KnZpR243I93*F8EB3I/P1<F O3IE
@ 7:=<7:KM313I=<9f7A=<3!W eFT5L5LFTNP/9fN:`
.0/9;1=<HG$1<FTNP/9f=NBG>3I9<9;3E*@k3>=a^3GN:/OElje.m § |QlFT5L5TFLN:/O9fN:`
.0/P1<3>=<=H@B1<9=<NBG3I9<93IEr@O3I=RB3IGNP/E
Ue.m#5P$|4{qH4Kztk3>=N:`".P@O3I=<7A1FLN:/9R 3I=aB3IGNP/Ej{.J4$ZO/OG3J12439;3J1<24=3I36@7A=C7AKM31<3>=C927g:3JtO3I3>/nEB31<3>=<KMFT/43E|B1<243
1<=F8EBFLKr3I/9FTNP/7A5KM3I7P9;H=3sjadRG>7A/&tk3pN:tB1C7AFL/43IEht^\,H9FT/X*1<2436`uN:5L5LNiDaFT/4Xr3~B@4=<3I9<9FTNP/LW
§
j5
Shared Memmory
Analyser
System Call
Output
Timer
5<
!#"%$'&)(+*',-!"%././$0*213"4(+*'576
89"%:+!;*'6<1:+!=">8*06/?>$0@BAC!3*06/?D*',-./$0!3,-!=67(+!=EF5>6GE/*08H(:+*'A
IJ(!#EK./$2"4(LM5>:+,-8=NPORQ/!3:+!">:!,-">6S@D:+!="78H576
8
QT @;EJ*28U(+:*0A/IJ(+!=E*',-./$0!3,-!=67(V"4(+*'576
8R"%:+!W
6<EJ*'6
?XLY"[Z75>I/:#N]\6
!*0,-.<57:H(V"%6^(_:+!="78H576;*28`(+Q
"4(*'(*08_5%La(+!36b15^8U(&c!3dC!#1e(*0Z>!(59Q
"[Z>!f"
S
EJ*28H(:+*'A/I/(!=Eg8H57$'IJ(+*'576-I
8H*06/?,h">6^@i./*0!=1!#8j5>Lk1VQ
!="%.hQ<"%:VE ">:!7l%:V"4(Q
!3:](+Q
"%6hQ
"[ZS*06/?"1!=6^(:V"%$0*'m=!=Ekl^8H57./Q/*28U(+*01="4(!#EklS"%6
Eh13578H($0@
,h">1VQ
*'6/!7NXn/I
:H(+Q/!3:#lk,h"%6S@o:!#"%$'&)(+*',-!9"%././$0*213"4(+*'576
8p"%:+!X*0T 6/Q/!=:!=67(+$'@qE/*08H(:+*'A
IJ(!#E T *'(QPEJ*'dC!=:!=67(8!36
85>:V8">6
Er"71e(+I
"4(+5>:V85>Ls"
8@J8U(+!3,t.
$0"71!=ED"4(?7!357?>:V"%./Q/*213">$'$0@o8H!=.
"%:V"4(+!i$05J13"%(*05>6
8=Nhu6/5>(Q/!=:.<57*'6^(?75>*06/?*06DLY"[Z>57I/:p5%LEJ*08H(:+*0A/IJ(!#ED*',-./$0!3,-!36^(V"4(*05>6<8
*28pLY"%I
$v(&)(+5>$0!3:V"%6
13!>N;n
">I/$'(H&c(5>$0!3:V"%6<1!9*08Z7!3:+@rEJ!#8H*0:+">A/$0!iLM57:8"%LM!(U@^&w1:+*v(+*01="%$j"%.
./$'*213"%(*05>6
8">6
EB*v(X*28!#">8*'!=:(+5o./:+54Z^*2EJ!9LY"%I
$v(&
(+5>$0!3:V"%6
13!i*06DE/*08H(:+*'A
IJ(!#EB*0,-./$0!3,-!36^(+"%(*05>6
8f(+Q
"%6P1!=6^(:V"%$0*'m=!=Er8@J8U(+!3,h8=N9u$'$`E/*08H(:+*'A
IJ(!#EB:+!=">$v&c(*0,-!98@J8U(+!3,h8"%:+!9A
">8!=Er5>6
">6I/6<EJ!3:+$'@S*06/?h157,9,iI/6/*213"%(*05>66/!( T 5>:+xyNzORQ
!=8!f6
!( T 5>:+xS8R">:!f!{J.C!=1e(+!=E(5;E/!3$0*'Z7!3:,-!=8+8">?>!#8s*06b"9(*0,9!=$'@gLY">8Q/*05>6|N
}D!i1="%6BE/!W
6/!i:!#"%$'&)(+*',-!915>,-,iI/6/*213"4(+*'576r">85>6
! Q/!=:!X(Q/!-"%./.
$'*213"%(*05>6
8,-">x>!98H.C!=13*vW<1i~^I
"%$0*v(U@b5>Ls8H!=:ZS*21!XE/!3,h"%6
E
8
(+5-(Q/!135>,-,XI/6
*01="4(*05>66/!3( T 57:xg8I
1VQb">8,h"%{S*0,XI
,EJT!=$0"[@7lJ,-"%{J*',iI/,$0578+8R:+"%(!7lJ!(+1>N'C"%6
Eg(Q
!6/!( T 5>:+xh5>6<1!*'(">1313!3.J(V8"
135>6/6/!#1e(+*'576g?>I<"%:V"%6^(!=!=8`(Q/!p:+!=~^I/!=8H(!#Eg8!3:+ZS*013!f~^I
">$'*'(U@>N]O:+"7EJ*v(+*'576
"%$y6/!3( T 57:x-./:+5%(+5J15>$28R8HI<1VQ">8Rj(Q/!=:6/!3("%:+!fEJ!#8H*0?>6
!=Eh(+5
EJ!=$'*0Z>!=:-HAC!=8H(R!3dC57:H(V9.<!=:HLM57:,h"%6<1!>N]u
AC!=8H(!dy5>:(R6
!( T 5>:+x-8H(:+*0Z>!=8s(+5-"71VQ/*0!3Z>!f?>5S5JE"[Z>!3:V"%?7!.C!3:LM5>:+,-">6
1!7lJ"%6
E,h"%x>!#8_6/5
"%(H(!=,-.J((+5,-!=!(f(Q/!9*'6<EJ*'ZS*2EJI
">$zE/!=">E/$'*06/!=85%L`(+">8xJ83NpORQ/!#8H!i6/!( T 5>:+xJ8"%:+!X*06^(!=6
EJ!=EqLM5>:fI
8!i*06B">././$0*01="4(*05>6<8 T Q/!=:!i$'576/?
EJ!=$0"[@J8f"%6
EqQ/*'?7QBE/"%(+"g$'5^88I/6
EJ!=:pQ/!="[ZS@$'5^">Eq135>6
EJ*'(*05>6<8f">:!9">1=1!3./(+"%A
$'!7N(p*08f6/!=!=EJ$0!=8+8(5b8"[@(Q<"4(8HI
1VQr6/!( T 5>:+xJ8"%:+!
*06
8IJ;1*0!36^(LM5>:I
8!p*'6b:+!=">$v&c(*0,-!p">././$0*01="4(+*'576
83N
w6(Q
*081VQ
"%.J(+!3:#l !bW
:V8H(gEJ*08+1I<888H57,9!oA<">8*01o135>6
13!3.J(V8;1576
1!=:6/*06/?P:+!="%$'&c(*0,9!q135>,-,XI
6/*01="4(+*'576|N
SI
A
8H!#~^I/!36^($0@>l !
135>6
8*0E/!3:Q
5 T :+!=">$v&c(*0,-T !X157,-,XI/6/*213"%(*05>6o13">6qAC!i8I/./.C5>:(!=Eb*06q,iI/$v(+*'.
$'!-">1=1!=8+86/!3( T 57:xJ8=Nn*'6
">$'$0@>l T !XEJ*2813I
88Q/5 T :!#T"%$'&
(+*',-!157,-,XI/6/*213"%(*05>6b13">6AC!8HI
./.<57:H(+!=E*06.
"71Vx>!3(H&w8 T *'(+1VQ/!#Eg6
!( T 5>:+xS8=N
oi+C= i¢¡o£o3¤f¥z9£¦=£¨§too33¤f¥z3i£b
w6o(+Q/*28f8!=1(*05>6 T !iEJ*28+1I
8+8";LM! T "%.
./$'*213"%(*05>6
8 T Q/5^8H!X8+"4(+*08HLY">1(57:@gLMI/6
1e(+*'576/*06/?*28Q/!="[ZS*0$'@bEJ!3.C!36<EJ!36^(576o(Q
!iI/6<EJ!3:+$'@S*06/?
6/!3( 57:xy© 81="%.
">A/*0$'*'(U@b(5b8HI
./.<57:H(p:+!="%$'&c(*0,9!-157,-,XI/6/*213"%(*05>6|N}D!h8HQ
5>I/$2EqAC!=">:(+Q/!=8!h"%./.
$'*213"%(*05>6
8*'6D,-*'6<E Q/*0$0!i(+:@S*06/?
(+5rI/T 6
E/!3:V8U(V"%6
EPZ4"%:+*05>I
8*28+8HI/!#8*06K:+!="%$'&c(*0,9!15>,-,iI/6/*213"4(+*'576
8XE/*08+1I
8+8!=EP$2"4(!=:X*06ª(Q
*08i1VQ
"%.J(+!3:#NrO:+"7EJ*v(+*'576
"%$0$0T @>l:!#"%$'&)(+*',-!
135>,-,XI/6
*01="4(*05>6<8 T !=:!I<8H!#E-*'6hQ
">:+E-">6
Eh8H5>La(`:+!="%$'&c(*0,9!">././$0*01="4(+*'576
8]:+I/6/6/*06/?*06;EJ*28U(+:*0A/IJ(+!=Eh./:+5J1!#88]135>6^(:+5>$
">././$0*01="4(+*'576
8
8I
1VQP">8.C5 T !=:p./$0">6^(+8=l"[ZS*'576/*2138=l«1VQ/!3,-*213">$]./:5J13!=8+815>6^(+:57$)l|">IJ(57,957A/*0$'!#83l!(+1>N;¬5 T !3Z7!3:#lk(Q/!;13I/:+:!=67("7EJZ4"%6
13!3,-!36^(+8p*06
135>,-,XI/6
*01="4(*05>6(!#1VQ/6/57$'57?>*0!=8RQ
"78,h">EJ!*'(.<5^88*0A/$'!pLM57:8I/./.C5>:(*06/?h"%././$0*213"4(+*'576
8*06b,-">6S@EJ*'dC!=:!=6^("%:+!=">8R8I
1VQo">8=jZS*0E/!35
A/:+57"7E/13"78U(">6
EP"%././$0*213"4(+*'576
8p5>6D(+Q/!;w6^(!=:6/!3(X8HI<1VQP"78pA
"%6
x^*06/?<l8H(5J1Vxo(+:+"7EJ*'6
?
l«!3&135>,-,-!3:V1!7l«!(V1%Nw6B(+Q/!hLM57$'$05 T *'6
?
l T !
:+!3ZS*0! T "iLM! T 5>L«(Q
!=8!"%././$0*213"4(+*'576
8=N
®°¯
±k²³¯/´>µ=²¶[·)±¸º¹²«µ#»<¼F¯Jµ=·)»<±s½gw6F">6F"%I/(5>,h"%(!=EªLY">1e(+5>:+@D"B8H!3(i5>L:57A<5>(+8913"%:+:+@r5>I/(X(Q
!,h"%6SIJLY"71e(+I/:*06/?r"71e(+*'ZS*'(*0!=8=N
¬!3:+!>l%(+Q/!6
!( T 5>:+xX8H.<"%6
8j"X8H,h"%$0$
?7!357?>:V"%./Q/*21_"%:+!="p*06;"¾«u¿À!36SZS*':+5>6
,9!=6^(=NORQ
!:57A<5>(+8j135>,-,XI
6/*01="4(+!"%,-5>6
?p(Q/!=,-8!3$0Z>!#8
">6
E T *v(+Qb(Q/!135>6^(:+5>$0$'!=:I
8*'6/?h"-:+!=">$v&c(*0,-!p135>,-,XI
6/*01="4(+*'576.
:5>(5J157$k*',-./$0!3,-!36^(+!=Eb5>6b" T *0:!=$'!#88R,-!=E/*'I/,ÂÁY8!3!n*0?
NRÃ>Ã>ÄN
ORQ/!15>6^(+:57$'$0!3:j135^57:+E/*'6
"%(!#8(Q/!f">1e(+*'ZS*'(*0!=8]5>Ly(Q/!:+5>AC5%(#NORQ
!,-!=8+8">?>!=8](Q
"%(j(Q/!:57A<5>(+8j135>,-,XI/6
*01="4(! *'(Q;(Q/!135>6^(:+5>$0$0!3:
:V"%6/?7!fLM:57,6/576J&13:*'(*213">$k"%6
E6/576J&c:+!=">$v&c(*0,-!p$'57?>?>*06/?-*06JLM5>:+,h"4(*05>6(5hQ
*'?7Q/$'@1:+*v(+*01="%$«">6
EQ
"%:VE:!#"%$'&)(+*',-T !15767(+:57$k*'6/LM5>:+,-"%&
(+*'576|N]¿"4(+I/:V"%$0$'@7l>(+Q/!:+!=">$v&c(*0,-!157,9,iI/6/*213"%(*05>6;8@S8H(!=, T 57I/$0E-AC!p13"%$0$0!=E-I/.C5>6h(+5i8I/./.C5>:(`(+Q/!=8!135>,-,XI/6
*01="4(*05>6h:+!=~^I/!#8U(V8
T *'(Q T *2EJ!3$0@gZ4"%:+@S*'6
?98!3:+ZS*013!p~^I
">$'*'(U@;:+!=~^I/*0:!=,-!36^(+8=N
¹²«µ#»<¼K¯/µ=ÅSÆDÇiÈÅ^¼F·Y´>¯
ÉCʯ/´%µ#»
¶[Ë]½Ìs5>6
8*0E/!3:z"1VQ/!=,-*01="%$^LY">1(5>:+@ T Q/*21VQXI
8!=8*'(+8!{J*28U(+*'6/?p¾«u¿Í8H!3(I/.iLM5>:]135>6^(:+5>$0$'*06/?">6
E
Î
ROBOT
CONTROLLER
ROBOT
n *'?7I/:+! Î j5>AC5%(Ìs57,9,iI/6/*213"%(*05>6*'6o"%6buI/(5>,h"%(!=Ebn<">1e(+5>:+@
ROBOT
,-5>6
*v(+5>:+*'6/?9(+Q/!.
">:+">,9!3(!=:+8R5>L(+Q/!X1VQ/!=,9*213">$k./$2"%6^(5>6o"-:+!=">$v&c(*0,-!fA<">8*08=NsORQ/!8!36<8H57:+8_(+:+">6
8H,-*'((Q/!8+"%,-./$0!=Eb.<"%:V"%,-!(+!3:
Z4"%$0I/!#8i"%(i.C!3:+*'5JEJ*21;*06^(!3:+Z4"%$28(+5q(+Q/!135>,-./IJ(+!3:i(Q
"%(9"71e(+89">8X(Q
!1576^(:+5>$0$'!=:=NrORQ
!135>6^(:+5>$0$'!=:X157,-./IJ(!#8(+Q/!b15>:+:+!=1e(+*'576
8
6/!#1!#88+"%:+@q(+5o(Q/!.
"%:V"%,-!3(!3:V8">6
ED(:V"%6
8,-*v(V8(+Q/!=8!h(5r(Q/!">1e(+I
"4(+5>:V8">8i"%6
E T Q
!36K:+!=~^I/*0:!#EkNoORQ/!=8!13:*'(*213">$`">1(*0ZS*v(+*'!#8
./:+5J1!=!=E"%$05>6/? T *v(+Qb5%(Q
!3:6/576J&13:*'(*213">$|">1(*0Z^*'(*0!=88I
1VQb">8R$05>?7?>*06/?
lS!&,h"%*0$08=l/"%6<E8I/:+Z>!=*'$0$0">6
1!7lS!(+1>N
±yµ#Å^¶[±Å^µ ¯ #ÅSÆ i¯/± |·Y±¸ ¹ É)·Y´7¯Jµ=·)»<± >½w6F"%6Fw67(+!3:+6/!(&cA<">8!=EPA
">6/xS*'6/?D"%./.
$'*213"%(*05>6|lzA
">6/xª1I
8H(57,9!=:+8i13">::+@r57IJ(
(+Q/!3*0:A
">6/xS*'6/?9(+:+">6
8"71e(+*'576
8RI
8*'6/? T !3AbA/:+5 T 8H!=:+8_*06(Q/!X135>,9LM5>:(5%L(Q/!=*':Q/5>,-!=8=N`ORQ/57I/?>Q(Q
*08*08R5>La(!36q135>6
8*2EJ!3:+!=Eg(5hAC!
Z7!3:+@XEJ!=8*0:+">A/$'!7l4LM5>:j(Q/*28z(Q
!w67(+!3:+6/!(jA<"%6/xS*06/?"%./.
$'*213"%(*05>6
8z6/!=!=Ei(5AC!!3{^(+:!=,-!3$0@X8H!#1I/:+!"%6<Ei:+!3$0*2"%A/$0!EJI/!R(5p(+Q/!8!36
8*'(*0Z>!
6
"%(I/:+!-5%Ls(Q/!-W
6<"%6
13*0">$z(:V"%6
8+">1(*05>6
8f*06^Z75>$0Z>!#EkN9ORQ
!=8!-">././$0*01="4(+*'576
8"%$28H5Q
"[Z7!98H(:+*'6
?>!36^(EJ!=$0"[@q:+!=~^I/*0:+!3,-!36^(+8=N 6/$0!=8+8"
(+:+">6
8"71e(+*'576q*08p135>,-./$0!(!#Er*06B(*0,9!7ly(Q/!h8!3:+Z>!=:,h"[@b(*0,-!-5>IJ(p$'!#">EJ*06/?(5:! U!=1(*05>6r5>L`I
8!3:p:+!=~^I/!=8H(+8p">6
Er1="%6B1="%I
8!9I
8H!=:
EJ*28+8"%(*28ULY"71e(*05>6«N
®°²ÉMµ#·Y¼KÅSÆ·Y¯o®°²ÉMµ#·Y´7¯ 3µ7½sw6o"9,XI
$v(+*',-!=E/*0"-,iI/$v(+*01=">8H("%./.
$'*213"%(*05>6|lJ,h"%6S@;:+!=13!3*0Z>!=:+8s$'5J1="4(!#Eb"4(?>!=5>?>:V"%.
Q/*01="%$0$'@hEJ*'dy!3:+!36^(
./$2">13!=8_:+!=1!=*'Z7!,iI/$'(*0,9!#EJ*2"i*06JLM57:,h"4(+*'576;LM:+5>,"i,XI
$v(+*',-!=E/*0"h8!3:+Z>!=:=NORQ/!p,XI/$'(*0,-!=EJ*2"9*'6JLM57:,h"%(*05>6*08RI
8I
">$'$0@h*'6(Q
!LM57:,
5>Lz8H(:+!=">,9*06/?9ZS*0EJ!=5h"%6
Eb"%I<EJ*'5<N]O«:V"%6
8,-*08+8*'576"%6<Eg./:+5J1!#88*'6
?i5>L(+Q/!=8!*'6/LM5>:+,-"%(*05>6Q
"[Z>!W
:+,:+!=">$v&c(*0,-!:+!=~^I/*0:!=,-!36^(+8=N
±yµ#Å^¶[±Å^µ _ÅSÉYÅ zÈ»C±yË]½ ]57 *28">$'$z8!((+5g:+!3Z75>$0IJ(*05>6/*0m3!XZ>5>*21!i15>,-,iI/6/*213"4(+*'576|N ]57 À8H(+"%6<E/8LM57: ]57*013!X54Z>!=: zl Q/!3:+!
:+!LM!3:V8_(5-(+Q/!w6^(!=:6/!3( j:+5%(5J135>$C(Q
"%(I/6
EJ!=:$0*0!=8"%$0$|w6^(!=:6
!(157,9,iI/6/*213"%(*05>6|N _@;I
8*06/? ]5> ./Q/576/!=8">6
E(!#1VQ/6/T 5>$05>?7@
576/!f1="%6,-">x>!f./Q/576/!f1="%$0$08s(+Q/:57I/?>Qw6^(!3:+6/!3(=N]ORQ/!pA<!=6/!W
(R*28s(Q
"%(=l
"78j(+Q/!">1(I
">$CZ75>*21!(:V"4;1*08R13">::+*0!=EhAS@-(Q
!fw6^(+!3:+6/!(#l
]57 G*28_LM:+!3!5>:13578H(+8_,XI<1VQ$0!=8+8_(Q<"%6o"%6b">1(I
">$y(!3$0!3.
Q/5>6/!1="%$0$)lJ!#8H.C!=13*0">$'$0@;54Z7!3:R$'576/?hEJ*28U(V"%6
13!=8=N
ORQ/!h6
!( 5>:+xq!36
13:@S.J(V8Z>57*013!h8H*0?>6
">$08p*06^(5qE/"%(+"b.
"71Vx>!3(+8"4((+Q/!g8!36
E/!3:!=6
Eª"%6
EPEJ!#1:+@S.J(+8*'(*067(+5oZ>57*013!;13"%$0$28"4((+Q/!
:+!=13!3*0Z>!3:!=6
EkT NqORQ/*28!=6
1:+@S.J(*05>6K">6
EPEJ!=13:@S.J(+*'576ª*08LM:57, ">6ª"%6
">$'57?q8H*0?>6
">$ÁM*cN !>Nq"bZ>57*013!;13">$'$aÄp*067(+5rEJ*0?>*'(+">$s8*'?76
"%$Á)E/"4(V"
.
"71Vx>!3(+8VÄj(+Q
"4(*28R./$2">13!=8R5>6(Q
!6/!( T 5>:+x;"%6
Eb">?7"%*06;(+Q/*28*08EJ!=13:@S.J(+!=E*'6^(5h">6
"%$05>?-8H*0?>6<"%$28"4(R(Q/!:+!=13!3*0Z>!=:_!=6
EkN
]57
">././$0*01="4(+*'576
8"%:+!i6
5>:+,-">$'$0@qI
8!=E *'(Qª"o8*',-./$0!h,-*013:57./Q/5>6
!-">6
ED15>,-./I/(!3:i8H.C!=">x>!3:V8=lkA/IJ(X (!=$'!=./Q/576/!=81="%6
">$085gAC!iI<8H!#Eklk./:+54Z^*2EJ*06/?g">6r!{J.C!3:+*'!=6
1!i*0E/!3T 6^(*213">$«(+56/57:,h">$«(+!3$0!3./Q/576/*06/?
N ]5> "%./.
$'*213"%(*05>6
8f"%6
EB8H!=:ZS*21!#8:+!=~^I/*0:!XW
:,
:+!=">$v&c(*0,-!pE
"4(+"i(+:+">6
8ULM!=:8HI
./.<57:H(#N
3¤ 9£b¤¥
w6b(+Q/*088H!#1e(+*'576|l T !EJ*08+1I<88"9LM! T A
">8*01135>6
13!3.J(V88I
1VQq">8~^I
">$'*'(U@g5>L]8!3:+ZS*013!p.
"%:V"%,-!(+!3:V8"%6
E(+:+"%;113"4(+!3?75>:+*'m#"4(*05>6g(Q
"%(
">:!p*0,9.C5>:(+">6^(_(+5-I/6
EJ!=:+8H(+">6
EJ*06/?-5>I/:EJ*28+1I
8+8H*05>6<8R*'6(Q
!:!#8U(5%L(Q/*281VQ
">.J(!=:=N
Ã
A/:V"%x7!=8=l
!3(+1%Nf"%:+!X1576/6/!#1e(!#Eo"%6
Er15>6^(+:57$'$0!=E(+Q/:57I/?>Qq"Ì_u¿NkORQ/!i!36
EJ&)(+5%&!36
Eb$0!36/?>(Qq5>L`"Ì_u¿ *08I
8I
"%$0$0@$0!=8+8(+Q
"%)6 (*
,-!(+!3:V83NzS*06
1!7l=(+Q/!`.
:57.
"%?^"4(*05>6(*0,-!`5>LJ"fÌ_u¿K*28|Z7!3:+@8,h"%$0$)l#LMI/6
1(*05>6
">$'$0@"Ì_u¿KA<!=Q
"[Z>!#8|$0*'x7!`"$05S1="%$%A
I
8«*06"135>,-./IJ(+!3:#N
ORQ/!f./:+!=8!36^(E/"[@h"%IJ(+5>,-5%(+*'Z7!!=$'!#1e(:+5>6
*01=8`*28sLY"%*0:$0@;8H57./Q/*28U(+*01="4(+!=Ekl *'(Qb"%IJ(+5>,h"4(+!=E;!=6/?>*06/!f,h"%6
">?>!3,-!=67(R8H@J8H(!=,-8=lSLMI/!=$
*06 U!=1(*05>6|lJ"71e(*0Z>!8HI
8.C!36
8*'576|l^A/:+">xS*'6/?<l7$0*0?>Q^(*06/?
lS"%*0:&135>6
EJ*'(*05>6
*'6/?<l78!=13T I/:*'(U@>lS"%6<Eh1!36^(+:+">$<$05J1Vx^*06/?<Nu 15>6<8H*2EJ!3:V"%A
$'!">,-5>I/6^(
5>L_*06JLM5>:+,h"4(+*'576B!3{J1VQ<"%6/?7!-">,-5>6/?(Q/!#8H!;135>,-.C5>6/!=67(V8*28:!#~^I/*':+!=E|N;ORQ/!;1576^Z7!36^(*05>6<"%$z,-!(Q
5SED5>L_6/!3( T 57:xS*06/?b8HI
1VQª135>,9&
";W
$'!#83lk.
:*06^(!3:V8=lCnJ4u 38!3:+ZS*013!=8=l<!3(+1%N¾u¿8(U@S./*213">$'$0@b5>.C!3:V"4(!9"4(E/"4(V";:V"4(+!=8!{/1!=!=EJ*06/? Î */5oA
.
8">6
Eq,h"%6S@b./:+!=8!36^(fE
"[@
¾u¿8XÁM?>*0?7">A/*'(j(Q/!=:6
!(+8VÄs5>.C!3:V"4(+!p"%( 7Î 6 A/.
8=Nj¾«u¿8"%:+!fI
8HI<"%$0$'@;*0,-./$0!3,-!36^(!#EI
8H*06/?hA/:+57"7E/13"78U(R6/!3( T 57:xJ8=N
±yµ#Å^¶[±Å^µ>½_ORQ/!w6^(!3:+6/!3(=l785>,-!3(*0,9!#8]13">$'$0!=E-8*',-./$0@i%(Q/!¿!(=l p*28]" 57:$2E *2EJ!8H@J8H(!3, 5%Ly15>,-./I/(!3:`6/!( 5>:+xJ8«&"6
!( 5>:+x
5>L/6/!( T 5>:+xJ8|*06 T Q/*21VQI
8!3:V8"%(">6^@p576/!s135>,-./IJ(+!3:z13"%6«l4*vL/(+Q/!3@pQ
"[Z7!j.CT !3:+,9*28+T 8H*05>6|l4?7!(*'6JLM57:,h"%(*05>6LM:+5>,º"%6ST @p5%(+Q/!3:157,9.
T IJ(!=:
">6
E;85>,-!(+*',-!=8`(+">$'xhEJ*0:+!=1e(+$'@9(+5iI
8!3:V8`"%(s5>(Q/!=:_135>,-./IJ(+!3:V8`I
8*06/? ]57 zN7}D!,iI
8H(sQ/5 T !3Z7!3:jAC!f" T "%:+!5%L«(Q/!LM5>$0$'5 T *06/?( T 5
EJ*28H(*06
1e(+*'576
83s(Q
!*'6^(+!3:+6/!(iÁY$'5 !3:V13"78H!f*aÄ*28"%6S@15>$0$0!=1e(+*'576b5%Lj8H!=.
"%:V"4(+!p./QS@S8*213"%$«6/!( 5>:+xJ83l/*06^(!=:+135>6/6/!#1e(+!=EAS@";135>,-,-5>6
fg,-*0$'*'(+">:@gI/6
EJ!=:(Q/!u ku¿`OÀ./:5 U!=1(=l/"%6<E54Z7!3:s(*0,-!Q
">8?7:5 T 6*'6^(+5-"9?7$'57A
"%$k157,-,XI/6/*213"%(*05>6(5S5>$«5%L,-57:!f(Q<"%6
Î ÃJl */*/*i157,9.
IJ(!=:6/!( T 5>:+xJ8j(+Q
"4(8Q
">:!"-157,9,-576"7E/EJ:+!=8+8H*06/?-81VQ/!=,-!>N
> ?@BADCEFGIHJ
KL EMN
PO?QHSR
!#"%$'&)(+*',-!"%././$0*213"4(+*'576
86
!3!=EK?>I
">:+">67(+!3!#8:!=?7">:+EJ*06/?b(+Q/!8!3:+ZS*013!g~^I
"%$0*'(U@BLM:+5>, (Q
!I/6<EJ!3:+$'@S*06/?r6
!( 5>:+xqLM5>:i(Q
!3*0:98+"4(+*08H&
LY"71e(57:@B5>.C!3:V"4(+*'576
83NORQ/!g8!3:+ZS*013!-~^I
">$'*'(U@D!{J.<!#1e(+!=EP5%L_(Q
!gI/6
E/!3:+$'@S*06/?o6/!( T 5>:+xq*285>La(!36ª!3{J./:!#88!=EBT *06P(!3:+,h85>L13!3:(+">*'6
T I
">$'*'(U@q5>LRS!=:ZS*21!oÁ T 5S/Ä.
"%:V"%,-!(+!3:V83N-!#"%$'&)(+*',-!;"%.
./$'*213"%(*05>6
8fI
8I
">$'$0@qQ
"[Z7!-8H(:+*06/?>!=67(:+!=~^I/*0:!=,-!36^(+8f5>6B(Q
!-LM5>$0$'5 T *06/?
T 5Sb.
"%:V"%,-!3(!3:V8=_A<"%6
E *2ES(+Q|lk,h"4{J*',iI/, EJ!=$0"[@b*06q(:V"%6<8H,-*288*'576|lyEJ!3$2"[@ U*v((!3:#lk$0578+8:V"4(+!>lk"%6
EqA/$'5J1VxS*06/?g./:+5>A<"%A/*0$'*'(U@>Np}D!
!=$0">A<57:+"%(!(Q/!#8H! T 5S;.
">T :+">,-!(!=:+8_*06(Q/!pLM57$'$05 T *'6
?
N
UÅSÉY¯7Ë]½pu8I
1313!=8+8ULMI/$zEJ!=$'*0Z>!=:@5%L`"g.
">1Vx7!(AS@o"g135>,-,XI/6
*01="4(*05>6r6/!( 5>:+xg*06B"g:!#"%$'&)(+*',-!X">././$0*01="4(*05>6BEJ!3.C!36
E
86/5>(576/$'@
576;:!#1!=*'ZS*06/?(Q
!.
"71Vx>!3(s*067(V">1(=lSA/IJ("%$28H5X5>6h(+Q/!(+*',-!p"4( T Q/*01VQg*v(R*08_:+!=T 13!3*0Z>!=E|NL|(+Q/!(+*',-!(Q/!f6/!3( T 57:xi(+">x>!=8`(59EJ!3$0*0Z>!3:_"
V
u8"-.
">1Vx7!(+8s(+:+"[Z7!3$k*06b"96/!3( 57:xylS(+Q/!3@,-"[@gI/6
EJ!=:?759EJ*'dy!3:+!36^("%,-5>I
67(5>L~^I/!=I/*'6
?;EJ!3$2"[@J8"4(EJ*'dC!=:!=67(6
5SE/!=8=Nju$28H5<l
.
"71Vx>!3(+8R,h"[@;(+:+"[Z7!3$k*06qEJ*vdy!3:+!36^(T .<"4(Q<813">I
8*'6/? U*'(H(+!3:#N 7*'(H(!=:*28I/6
"71313!3.J(V"%A/$0!*'6o,h">6^@"%./.
$'*213"%(*05>6
8=l/!=8.C!=1*2"%$0$0@g*06o,-">6S@
Q
">:+E9:+!=">$v&c(*0,-!R">././$0*01="4(+*'576|l>"%6<Ei*06;85%La(j:+!="%$'&c(*0,9!">././$0*01="4(*05>6<8j8HI<1VQ9"78],XI/$'(*0,-!=EJ*2""%.
./$'*213"%(*05>6
8=Nw6-"pZS*2EJ!35">././$0*01="4(+*'576|l
U*'(H(+!3:1="%6b8HQ/5 T I/.o">8R./*21e(+I/:+!f:+!3,h">*'6/*06/?h8H(*0$'$kLM57:1!=:H(V"%*06g(+*',-!>N
w6G,-">6S@K"%././$0*213"4(+*'576
8=ljA/IJdy!3:V8h"4(9(Q/!b:+!=13!3*0Z>!3:-13">6FAC!bI
8H!#Eª(+5P135>6^(:+5>$ U*'(H(!=:=NGw6F(+Q/*28h"%././:+57"71VQ|l]:+!3,-54ZS*'6/? U*v((!=:
:+!=~^I/*0:!#8R15>$0$0!=1e(+*'6
?i.
"71Vx>!3(+8_*'6bA/I/dC!=:+8">6
EgQ
5>$2EJ*'6
?i(+Q/!3,$'576/?-!36/57I/?>Qg(5h"%$0$'5 T (Q/!8$'5 T !=8H(R.
">1Vx7!(+8s(+5-">::+*0Z>!*06(*0,-!(+5
AC!X./$2"[@>!#E*'6r135>:+:!#1e(8!=~^I/!=6
1!7NORQ/!i">,957I/6^(5%L]A/I/dC!=:f8.
">13!:!#~^I/*':+!=Eo1="%6oAC!iEJ!3(!=:,-*06/!=ELM:+5>, (Q
!.<!#"%xb:V"4(!">6
Eb(+Q/!
EJ!=$0"[@ U*'(H(!=:=NORQ/!X8*'m=!5%L](+Q/!XA/I/dC!=: T 5>I/$2Eb*'6qLY">1e(fA<!i?>*0Z>!=6AS@
SNn/57:!{/">,9.
$'!7lC";8*06/?>$0!ZS*0E/!35
85>I/:V1!(:V"%6<8H,-*'(H(*06/? V *iLM:V"%,-!=8R.C!3:8!=135>6
E|lJ!=">1VQ15767(V"%*06/*06/?;Ã5oA5%LzE/"4(V"9">6
E!{J.C!3:+*'!=6
1*06/?-" U*'(H(+!3:5>L Î 8!=135>6
Ekl 5>I
$0E
:+!=~^I/*0:! = */5oAo5>L]A/IJdy!3:p8H.
"71!X"%((Q
!iEJ!#8U(+*'6
"%(*05>6b(+5;!3$0*',-*06
"4(+! U*'(H(+!3:#N j:+54Z^*2EJ*06/?;"-(+*'?7Q7(fEJ!3$2"[@ U*'(H(+!3:fA<57I/6
Eq1="%6o:+T !=EJI<1!
(+Q/!A/IJdy!3:+*'6
?9:+!=~^I/*0:+!=E"4((Q
!:!#1!3*0Z>!=:=N
9¯/±
Æ !h·YƵ=Ès½RORQ/*08.
"%:V"%,-!(+!3:_*'6<EJ*01="4(+!=8_(Q
!:+"%(!p"4( Q/*21VQb"91576/6/!#1e(*05>6 5>I/$2EgAC!8H!=:ZS*21!#EgAS@h(+Q/!p6/!( T 5>:+xyN]JIJ;1*0!36^(
A
">6
E T *2ES(Qb*28:+!=~^I/*0:!#Eh(5;8I
8H(+">*'6(Q/!:+!=~^I/*0:+!=Eg(Q/:+5>I/T ?7Q/./IJ(RLM57:"%6b"%././$0*213"4T (+*'576|N
2s» ¶4¯Jµ#Å<½_¾|5^88:+"%(!REJ!36
5%(!#8(Q/!.C!3:V1!=67(V"%?7!`5%Ly"%$0$^(:V"%6
8,-*v((!=Ei.
"71Vx>!(V8|(+Q
"4(],h"[@AC!_$0578H(]EJI/:+*'6/?f(+:+">6
8H,-*288*05>6|N ]"71Vx>!3(+8
*06q";1576/6/!#1e(*05>6o,h"[@A<!i$'5^8U(E/I/!(5"hZ4"%:+*'!3(U@g5%L]:+!="78H576
88HI<1VQq">8E/!3$2"[@gAC5>I/6
EbZS*05>$2"4(+*'576|l<EJ!=$0"[@ U*v((!=:H&A<57I/6
EoZS*05>$2"4(+*'576|l
A/I/dC!=:54Z7!3:
5 T l["%6
EiE/"4(V"135>:+:I/./(*05>6|"N !f"4(V"135>:+:I
.J(*05>6*28*'6<8H*0?>6/*'W<1="%6^(*06W<A/:!_5>./(*21`,-!=E/*0"f"%6
Ei13">6XAC!s*0?>6/57:!#Ekl T Q/!3:+!="78
E/"%(+";135>:+:I
.J(*05>6b*288*'?76/*vWC13"%6^(*06 T *':+!3$0!=8+8,-!=E/*0"
N#!*'dC!=:!=6^("%./.
$'*213"%(*05>6
8"%:+!8H!=6
8H*'(*0Z>!p(+5;$0578+8:V"4(!p(+5gEJ*'dC!=:!=6^(!{S(!=6^(+8=N
u././$0*01="4(*05>6<8$0*0x>!`.
:5J1!#881576^(:+5>$>:+!=~^I/*0:+!`m3!=:5$'5^88:V"4(! T Q/*0$'!R"%./.
$'*213"%(*05>6
8$'*0x>!s,XI/$'(*0,-!=EJ*2"f13"%6i8HI
8H(+">*'69"13!3:(+"%*06i">,-5>I/6^(
5>L$0578+8U&:V"4(!7N
9ÉY»|´ |·)±¸ ¶4» ¯ z·YÉ)·MµVË]½ _$05J1Vx^*06/?o./:+5>A<"%A/*0$'*'(U@r*28(+Q/!g.
:57A
"%A/*0$0*v(U@B5%L"o6/! T 15>6
6/!=1(*05>6ª*28:+! U!=1(!#EPA^@B(Q
!">E/,9*28+8H*05>6
135>6^(:+5>$y,-!=1VQ
">6/*28H, 5>Lz"96/!3( T 57:xyN
ORQ/!:+!=~^I/*0:+!3,-!36^(+85%L]EJ*vdy!3:+!36^(:+!=">$v&c(*0,-!"%././$0*213"4(+*'576
8 *'(Qo:+!=8.<!#1e((+5h(Q/!i"%AC54Z>! T 5^.
">:+">,9!3(!=:+8R,h"[@;AC!Z>!=:@EJ*'La&
LM!=:!=67(#Njn/57:_!3{/"%,-./$0!>l/1!=:H(V"%*06">././$0*01="4(*05>6<8_8I
1VQb">8_6/576J&c*06^(T !=:+"71e(*0Z>!(!=$'!=Z^*28*'576">6
E">I
EJ*05iA
:5^">E/1=">8H(*06/?X:+!=~^I/*0:!p8H(:+*'6/?7!36^(
AC5>I/6<E/8`576 U*'(H(!=:RA/IJ("%:+!,-5>:+!5>:_$'!#88`*'6<8H!=6
8H*'(*0Z>!(59EJ!3$2"[@>N} Q/!3:+!="783lS8!36
85>:_E/"4(V"./:+5J1!=8+8*'6/?*06"
@^&cAS@^& T *':+!"%*0:+13:+"%La(`*28
I
8I
">$'$0@XZ7!3:+@i8!36
8*v(+*'Z7!R(5EJ!=$0"[@7l>*cN !7Nz5>6/$0@iEJ!=$0"[@J8z5>Lk8I/AJ&,-*'$0$0*08!=135>6
E/8j:+">6/?>!R*06h:!#1!3*0ZS*'6
?8H!=6
8H57:j8H*0?>6<"%$28]"%:+!">1313!3.J(V"%A/$0!>Nw6
135>6^(:V">8H(=l4(+:+"7EJ*'(*05>6
">$
157,9.
IJ(!=:`157,9,iI/6/*213"%(*05>6h"%./.
$'*213"%(*05>6
8j8I
1VQ;"78zW
$0!R(:V"%6
8HLM!3:#l>!=$'!#1e(:+5>6
*01R,h"%*0$cl7"%6<E-:!=,95>(!$05>?7*'6h"%:+!
6/576J&:!#"%$'&)(+*',-!"%.
./$'*213"%(*05>6
8=NzORQ/! T 5^9,-!3(:+*01=8]LM5>:_8HI<1VQ;"%././$0*213"4(+*'576
8`">:!Z7!3:+@iEJ*'dy!3:+!36^(`LM:+5>, T Q
"4( T !E/*08+1I
8+8!=E9LM5>:s:!#"%$'&
(+*',-!p"%././$0*213"4(+*'576
8=l^">6
E-(U@S./*213"%$0$0@-"[Z7!3:V"%?7!_.<">1Vx>!3(sEJ!=$0"[@h"%6<E;"[Z>!=:+">?>!R(Q
:57I/?>Q/.
IJ(_">:!135>6
8*2EJ!3:+!=Ekl^:V"4(Q
!3:j(+Q
"%6 T 57:+8H(H&w13"78H!
.
"71Vx>!3(_EJ!=$0"[@h57: 5>:V8U(&1=">8!R(Q/:+5>I
?>Q/./I/(=NjORQ/!#8H!p"%./.
$'*213"%(*05>6
8sQ
"[Z>!f"%$28H598U(+:*21e(R:+!3$0*0">A/*'$0*'(U@9:+!=~^I/*0:+!3,-!36^(+8_8*'6
13!f">6S@;15>:+:+I/.J&
(+*'576i5>L<.
">:H(V8z5%LC"fT EJ5J1I
,9!=6^(`13"%69,h"%x7!`(+Q/!R!36^(*0:!EJ5J13I/,-!36^(]I/6SI
8">A/$0!>Nw6
EJ!3!#EX,iI
1VQ95%L
(+Q/!157,-./$'!3{J*v(U@5>L
(Q
!R(:V">EJ*'(*05>6
">$
6/!3( T 57:x.
:5>(5J157$08]">:*28H!#8LM:57,°(Q
!6/!3!#EXLM57:]$'5^88H&cLM:!=!_135>,-,XI/6
*01="4(*05>6-AC!( T !3!=69E/"%(+"%&c57:*0!36^(!#E6/576J&:!#"%$'&)(+*',-!"%./.
$'*213"%(*05>6
8=N
u6/5%(+Q/!3:6
5%(+">A/$0!;!{/"%,-./$0!h5%L"o8.<!#1*'W<1;8!3:+ZS*013!h:!#~7I
*':+!3,-!36^(5J1313I/:V8p*'6F1=">8!-5%LZS*0EJ!=5b(:V"%6
8,-*08+8*'576
83N *2EJ!35q(:V"%6
8H&
,-*288*'576
8p"%:+!iZ7!3:+@q8H!=6
8*v(+*'Z7!i(+5b.
">1Vx7!(p$'5^88!=8f8H*06
13!i(+Q/!=8!h8HQ
5 T I/.P">S8
*21Vx>!=:+8f5>:p?7$'*'(+1VQ/!#8f5>6B(Q/!;EJ*28./$0"[@q8+1:+!3!=6|N ]57*013!
E/"%(+"i.
">1Vx7!(R8H*0m3!#8_">:!(Q/!=:!3LM5>:+!EJ!=$'*0AC!3:V"4(!=$'@hx7!3.J(8,-">$'$C(+5i,-*06/*',-*0m3!f(Q
!.
"71Vx>!3(*0m="4(+*'576gEJ!=$0"[@J8_"%6
E;(59$'*0,-*v(R(Q
!!3dC!#1e(5%L
.
"71Vx>!3($'5^88!=8=NORQ/!98U(V"%6
E
"%:VE $ , &AS@^(!X13!3$0$8*'m=!LM57:u] O 56
!( T 5>:+x;LM5>:f!{/">,9.
$'! T ">81VQ/578!36o.
:*0,h"%:+*'$0@gLM57:(+Q/!XAC!36
!W/(p5%L
(+Q/!Z>57*013!p">././$0*01="4(+*'576
83N
(g*28;*0,-.<57:H(V"%6^(h(5G13"4(+!3?75>:+*'m=!b"D(+:+"%;1o8H57I/:+13!oA
">8!=E576*'(+8;(:V"4;1b?>!=6/!3:V"4(+*'576 1VQ
"%:V">1(!3:+*28U(+*01=83N JI
1VQ 13"4(+!3?75>:+*'m#"4(*05>6
AC!=135>,-!=8_6/!#1!=8+8+"%:+@-LM5>:_(Q/!p6/!3( 57:x9(+59AC!" ">:!5%L(Q/!13"%(!=?>5>:+*0!=8s5%L«(+Q/!f(:V"4;1LM:57,EJ*'dC!=:!=67(85>I/:V1!#8jLM57:R*v(R(5-AC!"%A/$0!
(+5?>*0Z>!~^I
">$'*'(U@95%L|8H!=:ZS*21!?7I
"%:V"%T 6^(+!3!=8=N«ORQ/!(T :V"4;1?7!36/!=:+"%(!=E9AS@-"8H57I/:V1!1="%6hAC!13"%(!3?75>:+*'m=!=E9A
"78H!#E-5>6-(Q
!:V"4(!"4( T Q/*21VQ
E/"%(+"q">:!h?7!36/!=:+"%(!#EBAS@B(Q/!8H57I/:+13!-LM5>:X(:V"%6
8,-*08+8H*05>6P576K"b6/!( T 5>:+xyNbORQ
!hLM5>$0$'5 T *06/?q">:!-(+Q/:!=!;*0,9.C5>:(+">6^(i13"%(!3?75>:+*'!#8p5%L
(+:+"%h1(+Q
"4(">:!157,-,9576/$0@;!36
135>I/6^(+!3:+!=EkN
Ç s¶4¯ K´/½iÌ R(+:+"%h1g"%:+*08!=8iEJI/!(5PÌs576
8H(+"%6^( _*'(-"4(!E/"4(V"q?7!36/!=:+"%(*05>6|N !f"4(V"o(+:+">6
8H,-*288*05>6ª*06^Z75>$0Z>!#EP*'6KQ<">E
:!#"%$'&)(+*',-!">././$0*01="4(*05>6<8"%:+!I
8I
"%$0$0@bÌ R (:V"4;1>NRn
5>:!{/"%,-./$0!>l<.<!=:*05JEJ*01XE/"4(V"h?>!=6/!3:V"4(+!=EAS@8!36
85>:V8"%:+!!3{J">,-./$'!#8
5%LjÌ _ (+:+"%h1>N
"-.<!=:*05JEb*'6 Q
*01VQbW/{J!#Eo8H*0m3!#Eb.
">1Vx7!(+8"%:+!?>!36
!3:V"4(!#E *v(+QrEJ!(+!3:+,-*'6/*28H(*218H.<">1*06/?;">6
Eo"%6b*2EJ$'!i.<!=:*05JEkNRw6q"%6/5>(Q/!=:
E/"4(V";*28?7!36/!=:+"%(!#EqEJI/:+*'6
?g.C!3:+*'5JE/85%Ls8*0$'!=6
1!7NpORQ
*08f:+!=8I/$v(V8*06r576J&5%dª8H57I/:+13!=8 T Q/!3:+!W/{J!#Er8*'m=!=EqE/"%(+"*08?>!=6/!3:V"4(+!=E
EJI/:+*'6
?5>6.C!3:+*'5JE/8|">6
Ep6/5E/"%(+"*28k?7!36/!=:+"%(!=EpEJI
:*06/?*2EJ$0!j.<!=:*05JE/8=N|} Q/*0$'!_8H*0$'!=6
1!j8I/./.
:!#88*'57613"%6p./:+5JEJI
13!`8H*0?>6
*vW<1="%6^(
:!#EJI
1(*05>6
8«*'6(+Q/!`A<"%6
E T *2ES(+Q:!#~^I/*':+!3,-!=67(V83l#(+Q/*08*28«">1VQ
*'!=Z>!=E"%(«(+Q/!s13578H(«5%L/Q
"[ZS*06/?(+5:!#1576
8U(+:I<1e(|(+Q/!`57:*0?>*06
"%$>(:V"4;1
"4(f(Q/!9:+!=1!=*'Z7!3:#Nu6/5>(Q/!=:!{/"%,-./$0!X5>L R°(:V"4;1X*28p157,9.
:!#88!=EoZS*2EJ!35b8*'?76
"%$283N!#EJI/6
E
"%6
13@q*'6DEJ*0?>*'(*0m3!=EBZS*0E/!35
E/"4(V";*28fZ>!3:+@oQ/*0?>Q|N(*28(Q/!=:!3LM5>:+!X5%La(+!36P157,9.
:!#88!=EoI<8H*06/?b8HI
1VQD"%$0?>57:*'(Q/,h8f">8 5 ` 6 lyA<!3LM5>:+!iAC!3*06/?*'6^(:+5JEJI
13!=E
*'6^(+5(Q/!(:V"%6
8,-*08+8*'576h6/!( T 5>:+xyN«(_8Q/57I/$0E;A<!f1$0!="%:`(Q
"%(sZ4"%:+*2"%A/$0!A/*'(_:V"4(+!(:V"%6
8,-*08+8*'5769*28s*'6^(!=6
EJ!#E-(5i,-">x>!AC!((!=:
I
8!f5>LA<"%6
E T *2ES(+Q*06o"%./.
$'*213"%(*05>6
8R8I
1VQ"78_(:V"%6
8,-*08+8*'5765>L157,-./:!#88!=EZS*0E/!35-5>:"%I<EJ*'5<N
`»<¶[¯
Æ·)´ s¶4¯ K´/½pw6ª8.<57:+"7EJ*01i(+:+"%h19Z4"%:+*2"%A/$0!98*0m3!=ED.
"71Vx>!3(+8p"%:+!-?>!36
!3:V"4(!#Eq*06PA/I/:V8U(V83N;S.C5>:V">EJ*21i(:V"4;195J131I
:I/6
EJ!=:
Z>!=:@h:V"%:+!f13*':V1I
,-8H(+">6
1!#83N]n
5>:!{/">,9.
$'!f(:V"4;1f?>!=6/!3:V"4(+!=EAS@g"%$2"%:+,,-!=8+8">?>!=8_AC!3$05>6/?-(+59(Q/*2813"%(!=?>5>:+@>N
5q">6S@iQ
">:+E;:!#"%$'&)(+*',-!">././$0*01="4(*05>6<8s8I
1VQ;">8_"%I/(5>,h"%(!=E;,-">6SIJLY">1(I/:+*'6
?X8H@J8H(!=,-8=l^*'6
E/I
8U(+:*2"%$C./:+5J1!=8+8`135>6^(:+5>$C"%./.
$'*213"%(*05>6
8=l
Q/*0?>Q/&8.<!=!=EDE/"4(V""713~^I/*28H*'(*05>6P8@S8H(!=,h83lk!3(+1%Nh8.
"%6D"b8H,h"%$0$z?>!=5>?>:V"%.
Q/*01="%$z"%:+!="783Nw6P8I
1VQD8*'(I
"%(*05>6
8=l|$05S1="%$]"%:+!="6/!3( T 57:xJ8
Á)¾«u¿8+ÄI
8I
">$'$0@b(I/:+6D5>IJ(f(5A<!9(+Q/!-./:!3LM!3:+:!#Eq1VQ/57*013!XLM57:f6
!( 5>:+x^*06/?<Nfw6B(Q
!=8!98*v(+I
"4(+*'576
8=l|"EJ!#EJ*213"4(+!=EB.<57*'6^(&)(+5%&.<57*'6^(
6/!3( T 57:xh*28I
8I
">$'$0@gEJ*';1I/$'((5;EJ!=./$054@g"%6
E,h"%*06^(+"%*06b"%6
E*28"%$2T 8H5-6/5>(13578H(H&!dy!=1(*0Z>!>N
w6;"i¾«u¿Xl>(+Q/!3:+!*28s"X8H*06/?>$0!8Q
"%:+!=Eh1VQ<"%6/6/!=$<">6
E-5>6/$0@-5>6/!6/5JEJ!13">6h(:V"%6<8H,-*'(s"4(R"%6S@X(+*',-!7NzORQ
!¯/´7´>Å X¯J¶ ·Yµ3¶4¯Jµ=·)»<±
.C5>$0*013@Í5%LX"K6
!( T 5>:+xGEJ!3(!3:+,-*'6
!=8 T Q/!36À"F6/5JEJ!B1="%6 (+:+">6
8,9*'(g576 (Q/!P1VQ
">6/6/!3$cN ORQ/!Bµ3¶4¯/± =¼F· =·)»<±´>»C±yµ3¶4»<ÉX.<57$'*21@
EJ!3(!=:,-*06/!=8sQ/5 $05>6/?(+Q/!f6/5JEJ!1="%6h(+:+">6
8H,-*'(=N]ORQ/!#8H!( 5i.<57$'*21*0!=8_"%:+!(57?>!3(Q/!=:_1="%$0$'!#E;¯/´>´7Å i´>»C±yµ3¶4»<É`µ=ÅS´[ȱ· k²Å ">6
E
">6
Eb"X(+:+">6
8,9*28+8H*05>6b15767(+:57$k./:+5S13!=8+8_(Q
"%(EJ!(+!3:+,-*'6/!#8RLM5>:Q
5 T $05>6/?h"96/5JEJ!X1="%6b15767(+*'6SI/!p(+5hI
8!(+Q/!X1VQ
">6/6/!=$)N _!LM57:! T !
EJ*28+1I
8+8`Q
5 T :+!=">$v&c(*0,-!157,-,XI/6/*213"%(*05>6g1="%6;AC!"71VQ/*0!3Z>!#E-*'6"X¾«u¿l T !EJ*2813I
8+8`85>,-!A
"78H*21"78H.C!=1(+8_"%AC5>IJ(R¾«u¿8s(Q
"%(_"%:+!
13:I
13*0">$y(5-I/6
E/!3:V8U(V"%6
EJ*06/?-5>I
:8HI/A<8H!#~7I
!36^(EJ*08+1I<88*'576
8=N
MSEF
M @B
ORQ/!=:!"%:+!( T 5X,-" U5>:_¾«u¿
"%:V1VQ/*'(!#1e(I
:!#8z(Q
"%(_">:!6
5>:+,-">$'$0@9I
8H!#EkN]ORQ/!=8!">:!(+Q/!fA/I
8_"%6
E9(+Q/!:+*06/?X"%:V1VQ/*'(!#1e(I
:!#8B8 Î : l . < N
ORQ/!#8H!( T 5i"%:V1VQ/*v(+!=1(I/:+!=8`I
8H!fEJ*'dC!=:!=67(">1=1!#88s15>6^(+:57$/(!#1VQ/6/*2~^I/!=8=Nz}B!W
:+8H(sA
:*0!
@hEJ*28+1I
8+8j(+Q/!=8!( T 5i¾u¿ "%:V1VQ/*v(+!=1(I/:+!=8=l
">6
E8I/A
8!=~^I/!=6^($0@ T !pE/*08+1I
8+8_(Q
!">8+8H5J1*2"4(+!=E">1313!=8+815767(+:57$C(!=1VQ
6/*0~^I/!#83N
9² z¯ #ÅSƹg¶4´#È·Mµ#ÅS´%µ=²¶4Å >½]w6A/I<8U&A
">8!=Ep">:+1VQ/*'(!#1e(+I/:!#83l3(Q/!`6/5JEJ!=8"%:+!z135>6/6
!=1e(+!=Ef(+5R(Q/!s6/!( 5>:+x13">A/$0!]I
8H*06/?O_&w8Q
"%.C!=E
6/!3( T 57:xb*06^(!3:LY">13!i135>6/6/!#1e(+5>:V8"78f8Q/5 T 6q*06Bn*0?
NiÃ/NO«!=:,-*06
"4(+*'6
?.C5>*06^(+8p"%:+!X./$2">13!=EB"4(p!=">1VQBT !36
Er5%Lj(+Q/!-6/!( T 5>:+xb13"%A
$'!7N
ORQ/!=:!i*08p"8H*06/?>$0!i8Q
">:!#Eq1VQ
"%6
6/!3$LM5>: T Q/*21VQq(Q
!X(+:+">6
8H,-*'(H(+*'6/?6/5JEJ!=8p135>6^(!=6
EkNpORQ/!i,-5^8U(p15>,-,-5>6
$'@oI
8!=Eq./:5>(5J157$«LM57:
"7131!#88`15>6^(+:57$J*'6-(+:+"7EJ*v(+*'576
"%$
A/I
8j6
!( T 5>:+xS8j*08z(+Q/!pÌ_">::+*0!3:jS!36<8H4! 5qI/$v(+*'.
$'!fu1313!=8+8 T *'(QÌs57$'$0*08*05>6 !!3(!#1e(*05>6qÁÌR 5qu +>Ì !pÄ
8 Î;:1< N-w6BA
I
8p6/!( 5>:+xJ83l Q
!36B( 55>:,-5>:+!96/5JEJ!=8f(+:+">6
8H,-*'(.
">1Vx7!(+8p8*',iI/$'(+"%6
!35>I<8H$0@>ly(+Q/!3@q54Z7!3:+$0">.q*06B(+*',-!h"%6<Eq(+Q/!h:!3&
8I/$'(*06/?f8*0?>6
">$^?7!(VT 8?^"%:+A/$0T!=EkNzSI
1VT Qi">6X!=Z>!36^(z*08]1="%$0$'!#EX"f157$'$0*08*05>6|Nu135>$0$'*28*'576!36^(+">*'$28:!3(:V"%6
8,-*08+8*'5765%L/(+Q/!157::+I/.J(+!=EXE
"4(+"
N
w6ªÌR 5qu +7Ì !6/!( 5>:+xJ83ly"%6S@b6/5JEJ!-13"%6B"4("%6S@(*0,9!-8!36
8!X(+Q/!-1VQ
"%6/6
!3$(5bEJ!(+!3:+,9*06/! Q/!(+Q/!3:f(+Q/!91VQ<"%6/6/!=$*28f*0E/$'!7N
u6/5JEJ!(:V"%6
8,-*v(V8i"r.
T ">1Vx7!(i576/$0@D*'L*'(-8!36<8H!#8(+Q/!1VQ<"%6/6/!=$`(+5BAC!*0EJ$0!>N _IJ(#l](Q/*28-EJ5S!=8i6/5%T (-?>I<"%:V"%6^(!=!h(Q
"%(X(+Q/!3:+! T *0$0$
AC!i6
5135>$0$'*28H*05>6<83NS!3Z7!3:V"%$6/5JEJ!=8f,-*'?7Q^(p8!36
8!(+Q/!-1VQ
"%6/6
!3$(5A<!9*0E/$'!-"4(f(Q/!-8+"%,-!(+*',-!-*'6<8U(V"%6^(f">6
Er8H(+">:H((:V"%6
8,-*v((*06/?
8*',iI/$'(+"%6
!35>I<8H$0@>lS:+!=8I/$v(+*'6
?i*06"-157$'$0*28H*05>6|NzORQ/!f(:V"%6<8H,-*'(H(*06/?96/5JEJ!=8R1="%6">$085-EJ!(+!=1e("9157$'$0*08*05>6 T Q/!=6*'(5J131I
:+8=NORQ
!3:+!LM5>:+!
T576/Q/!>*0$0N]!¾«(">:V:"%?76
!8,-.
:*v(57(.
*06/"%??^"4"p(*0.
5>"761Vx>EJ!!3(#$2"[l>@J"p8_6/*'5J6
EJ13:! !#T ">85>!fI/$2(E-Q/!1VQ/./!=:+1V5>xXA<LM"%5>A/:`*0$'"*'(U@h135>5%$0$'L]*281*'5757$'69$0*28H">*06
5>E 6
8=T N 57I/$0E9*0,-,9!#EJ*2"4(!=$'@-8H(5>.9(+:+">6
8H,-*'(H(+*'6/?<l>*'Lk*v(sE/!(!#1e(V8
j(Q/!=:6/!3(i*28h"r¾u¿8U(V"%6
E
"%:VEªA
">8!=EF5>6 ÌR 5qu +7Ì !">1=1!=8+8915>6^(+:57$)N !I/!(5D*v(V8-I/A/*2~7I
*v(U@7ljQ/*0?>QG8.C!3!=E|ls8*',-./$0*013*v(U@
">6
Eq$05 T 15^8U(#l|](+Q/!3:+6/!(pQ
"7854Z7!3:(Q/!9@>!#"%:V8!=,-!3:+?>!=EB">85>6/!-5>Lj(Q/!-,-578H(p./:!3LM!3:+:!#Eq¾«u¿./:5>(5J157$)N(*28f(Q/!=:!3LM5>:+!X6/5>(
8I/:+./:*28*'6/?;(Q
"%(f,h"%6S@o"4((!=,9./(+8fQ
"[Z>!XA<!=!36r,h"7EJ!X*06q(+Q/!i.<">8H((5EJ!=8*0?>6q./:+5%(+5J15>$28A<">8!=Eo576r](+Q/!3:+6/!(f(58HI
./.<57:H(f:!#"%$'&
(+*',-!;157,-,XI/6/*213"%(*05>6|N;¬5 T !=Z>!=:=ly(+Q/!;$05>?>*213">$z:*06/?o"%:V1VQ/*'(!=1(I/:+!-.<5^88!=8+8!=8p8H*0?>6
*vW<1="%6^(">EJZ4">67(V"%?7!=8p54Z>!=:](Q
!3:+6/!(EJI/!-(+5
*'(+8X*'6/Q
!3:+!36^(iEJ!3(!3:+,-*'6
*08H(*21;">1=1!#88">:A
*v(+:+"%(*05>6P,-!=1VQ
">6/*08, *'6K135>6^(:V">8H((5o(+Q/!g135>$0$'*28H*05>6PA
"78H!#EP,-!=1VQ
">6/*08,t5>L](Q
!3:+6/!(#N
n
5>:9!{/"%,-./$0!>l]*06F](+Q/!3:+6/!3(X(Q
!EJ!=$0"[@P*06K,-!=8+8">?>!h(+:+">6
8,9*28+8H*05>6ª*06
1:+!="78H!#8X"78(+Q/!g(+:+"%;1h*'6<1:+!=">8!=8=N 6
EJ!=:iQ/*0?>QF(:V"4;1
8*v(+I
"4(+*'576
8=lS(Q/!p(+Q/:57I/?>Q
./IJ("%6<Eg,h"4{J*0,XI/,EJ!3$2"[@g"%$0,-578H(A<!#15>,-!I/6<">1313!3.J(V"%A/$0!>N
(+!3:+,9*06/57$'57?>@/Äz(+59"9O«57x>!=6*06/?9$'5J13">$k"%:+!="6
!( T 5>:+xCNw6"i:+*'6/?>&cA<">8!=E;">:+1VQ/*'(!#1e(+I/:!7l^(Q/!f6/5JEJ!=8R">:!p"%:+:+">6/?>!#E-*'6b"i:*06/?i">6
E
(+Q/!g6/5JEJ!#8(+:+">6
8H,-*'(X*06P(I/:+6ªI
8I
"%$0$'@BLM5>:91!=:H(V"%*06ª./:!#EJ!(+!3:+,-*'6/!#EP.<!=:*05JE/85>L(*0,9!7NqORQ/!3:+!LM57:!7l«(+Q/!h(+:+">6
8H,-*288*05>6ªEJ!3$2"[@J8
">:!./:+!=EJ*21e(V"%A/$0!o"%6
EG13"%6AC!,h"7EJ!o8HIJ;13*'!=67(+$'@G8H,h"%$0$">89.C!3:h:+!=~^I/*0:!=,-!36^(=NORQ/!3:+!LM57:!7ls">8-">$':+!="7EJ@P,9!=6^(*05>6/!#EF!#"%:+$'*0!3:#l
:+*'6
?%&A
">8!=E"%:V1VQ/*v(+!=1(I/:+!=8R"%:+!p5%La(+!36b./:+!LM!3:+:+!=E;*06b:!#"%$'&)(+*',-!"%.
./$'*213"%(*05>6
8=N
¬5 !=Z>!3:#l7(Q/!p:+*'6/?-"%:V1VQ/*'(!#1e(I
:!f8HIJdy!3:V8sLM:57,"XLM! *0,-.<57:H(V"%6^(./:+5>A/$0!3,h8=Nzn*0:+8H(=lJ">6^@hA
:!#"%xh*06g(+Q/!p:*06/?-13"%6A/:+*'6
?X(+Q/!
QT /57$'!gT 6/!( T 5>:+xBEJ5 T 6«NbORQ
*08i,h"%x>!#8:+!3$0*0">A/*'$0*'(U@B5>LR:+*06/T ?o6/!( T 5>:+xJ8"o,h" U57:X1576
1!=:6«Nbn
I/:(Q/!=:=lz:+*'6/?r*08i"o.<5S57:W/((+5q(+Q/!
$0*'6
!="%:R(+5>.C5>$05>?7@h6/5>:+,h"%$0$'@hLM57I/6
E*06,-5^8U(">8+8!3,XA
$'@;$0*06/!=8">6
E5%(Q
!3:"%.
./$'*213"%(*05>6
8=NjORQ/*28R,h">EJ!:+!=8!=">:+1VQ/!=:+8`(5-$05S5>xhLM57:"%6
">$v(+!3:+6
"4(+*'Z7!(!#1VQ/6/5>$05>?7@ Q
*01VQg1="%6;Q<"[Z>!(+Q/!"7EJZ4"%6^(+">?>!5>L«AC5%(QgA/I
8R"%6
E;:*06/?i">:+1VQ
*v(+!=1e(+I/:+!>NzORQ/*08s$0!=Eh(+5(+Q/!fE/!3Z>!=$'57./,-!36^(
5>Lj(Q/!i(57x>!=6qA/I
8p"%:V1VQ/*'(T !#1e(I
:!7Npu (57x>!=6qA/I
8p"%:V1VQ/*'(!#1e(I
:!i*08f"gA
I
8fA
">8!=Eq">:+1VQ
*v(+!=1e(+I/:+!>l T Q/!3:+!X(+Q/!-8U(V"4(*05>6<8576q(Q
!iA/I<8
">:!9$'57?>*213">$'$0@q"%:+:+">6/?>!#Eb*'6ª":*06/? T *'(QD!=">1VQD8U(V"4(+*'576BxS6/5 T *06/?(Q/!h">E
EJ:!#88f5>L`(Q
!;8U(V"4(*05>6r(5b*'(+8%$0!La(Vb"%6
ED%:+*'?7Q^(+rÁ)8H!=!
n*0?
N $^ÄN
} Q/!=6Í(Q/!B$'57?>*213">$:*06/?K*28;*06/*'(*2"%$0*'m=!=EklR(+Q/!rQ
*'?7Q/!=8H(g6SI/,XAC!3:+!=E 8H(+"%(*05>6 ?7!(+8"K1VQ
">6
1!b(+5K*'6
*v(+*0"%(!r*'(+8;(:V"%6
8,-*08+8*'576|N
uLa(!3:135>,-./$0!(+*'6/?9(+:+">6
8H,-*288*05>6hLM57:R"9./:+!=E/!(!=:,-*06/!=E;(*0,-!>lJ(+Q/!8U(V"4(*05>6.
">8+8!=8s(Q/!fLM:V"%,-!f(:V"%6
8,-*08+8*'576;.<!=:,-*288*05>6;(+5-*v(V8
*0,-,9!#EJ*2"4(!ÁM$0!La(57::+*'?7Q7("78.C!3:(+Q/!X135>6SZ>!=67(+*'576o">EJ57.J(!#E
ÄR6/!=*'?7Q^AC5>:AS@b8H!=6
EJ*06/?g"h8.<!#1*2"%$15>6^(+:57$yLM:+">,9!i13"%$0$0!=Eb"-(57x>!=6|N
=
MSAU
MSAU
MSAU
MSAU
MSAU
n *0?>I
:! V juº*'6/?hu:+1VQ/*'(!#1e(+I/:!
ORQ/!i(57x>!=6o./:57.
"%?^"4(+!=8">:57I/6
E(+Q/!i$05>?7*01="%$:*06/?
Npu_("%6S@g(+*',-!95>6/$0@(Q/!i(57x>!=6qQ/5>$2EJ!=:*28.C!3:+,-*v((!#Eo(5g(:V"%6
8,-*v(fLM:V"%,-!=8=N
S*06
13!5>6/$0@g576/!8H(+"4(+*'576o"4("9(+*',-!Q/57$0E
8R(Q/!(5>x7!36b*06q"-:*06/?h6/!3( 57:xyl
135>$0$'*28H*05>6<813"%6b6/5>(5J1313I/:=N_u6o*0,-.<57:H(V"%6^(.<57*'6^((+5
:+!=">$'*0m3!p*28(Q<"4((+Q/!./QS@J8H*213">$k5>:VEJ!3:*'6 T Q/*21VQb(Q/!i8U(V"4(*05>6<8"%:+!15>6
T 6/!=1(!=E(+5-(Q/!i13"%A
$'!*286/5>(*',-.C5>:(+">67(#N_ORQ
*08*28AC!=1="%I
8!
(+Q/!13"%A
$'!*08_*06/Q/!3:+!36^(+$'@;"iA/:+57">E
13">8H(`,-!=E/*'I/,blJ!#">1VQ8H(+"%(*05>6;:+!=13!3*0Z>!#8`!=Z>!3:+@9LM:+">,-!(:V"%6<8H,-*'(H(!#Ekl/EJ*281="%:VEJ*06/?(+Q/578!(+Q
"4("%:+!
6/5>(p"7E/EJ:+!=8+8H!#Eb(5b*'(=N} Q
!36P"8H(+"%(*05>6r.<">8+8H!#8(+Q/!9(5>x7!36|lk*'(p(:V"%6
8,-*v(V8"8.<!#1*2"%$(57x>!36rLM:+">,-!>l|8.<!#1*'W<13">$'$0@q">E/E/:!#88!=Eb(+5
*'(+8$05>?7*01="%$k6/!=*'?7QSA<57:*'6(Q
!:*06/?
lJ*0:+:!#8H.C!=1(*0Z>!p5%L T Q/!3:+!f(Q
"%(8H(+"4(+*'576*28./QS@J8*01="%$0$'@;$05J13"%(!=E576g(+Q/!X13">A/$0!>N](*28"%$28H5 T 5>:(Q
6/5>(*06/?;(+Q
"4(p,h"%6S@o8U(V"4(+*'576
8576o(Q/!96/!3( T 57:x,h"[@6
5%(AC!96/5%(p*'6q(Q/!9:*06/?DÁaLM5>:f!>N ?
Np8H(+"4(+*'576
8 Î7Î l Î (h*'6r(Q/!-n*'?<N $SÄeNpORQ/!
5quÌ./:+5%(+5S135>$k"%$2859.
:54ZS*2EJ!=8sLM5>:"7E/EJ*06/?h8U(V"4(+*'576
8_(5<l/"%6
E:+!3,-54ZS*'6/?-8H(+"4(+*'576
8_LM:+5>,(+Q/!$'57?>*213">$C:+*06/?
N
n*0?>I/:+!
$ ]¾|57?>*213"%$k*06/?h*06o"9O5>x7!36 _I
8
X [¥+C3 i ¡o£o¤f¥]9£¦3£ G§
S5>La(:+!=">$v&c(*0,-!X157,9,iI/6/*213"%(*05>6r1="%6oAC!iI
8!=Eo(5g8I/./.C5>:(f85%La(f:!#"%$'&)(+*',-!X">././$0*01="4(*05>6<8*06B";¾u¿ 8 ,;< NfJ5%La(p:!#"%$'&)(+*',-!X135>,9&
,iI/6/*213"4(+*'576h6/!( T 5>:+xJ8]"%:+!6/5%(s!{J.<!#1e(+!=E-(+5./:+54Z^*2EJ!">6^@9"%A
85>$0IJ(+! T 5^9?>I<"%:V"%6^(!=!=8(5(Q/!">././$0*01="4(+*'576
83NzORQ/!=@i576/$'@9!36<8HI/:+!
./:+*05>:+*v(+*'m=!=Eh(+:!#"4(+,9!=6^(LM5>:R:!#"%$'&)(+*',-!p,-!=8+8">?>!#8_85i(Q
"%((Q/!,-!=8+8+"%?>!fEJ!="7EJ$0*'6/!,-*288R:V"4(+*'5bÁaLM57::!#"%$'&)(+*',-!p,-!=8+8">?>!#8+Äs13">6AC!
x7!3.J(R(5;"9,-*06/*',iI/,">6
E(Q/!:+!=">$v&c(*0,-!p,9!#88+"%?7!=8R13">6AC!./:+54ZS*0EJ!#Eg8H(+"%(*28U(+*01="%$k?>I<"%:V"%6^(!=!=8_5>6bEJ!3$2"[@;AC5>I/6<E/83N
:
5JEJ*213">$'$0@*06oA/I/:V8H(+8=Nw6q./:+!=8!36
13!5%LjA/I/:V8H(+8=l
*'(AC!=157,-!=8Z7!3:+@EJ*';1I/$'(f(5g8I
8H(+"%*06b(Q
!X?>I<"%:V"%6^(!=!=8_(5;(Q/!i:!#"%$'&)(+*',-!(+:+"%h1>N
ORQ/!=:!3LM5>:+!>l^(Q
!fA
I/:+8H(+8_6/!=!=Eg(59A<!8,-5^5>(Q/!#E;LM57:8HI
8H(+">*'6
*'6/?i(Q
!p8H(+"%(*28U(+*01="%$y?>I<"%:V"%6^(!=!=8s5>6E/!=">E/$'*06/!pA<57I/6
E/8_LM57:R:!#"%$'&)(+*',-!
,-!=8+8+"%?>!#8s(5-Q/5>$2EkN
!35769">6
E;SQ/*06;EJ!3Z7!3$05>.C!=Eh"fW/{J!#ES&c:V"4(+!R(:V"4;1e&w8,95S5>(Q/*06/?"%$0?>57:*'(Q/,bNzORQ/*28`"%$0?>57:*'(Q
, *28]A
">8!=E-5769(Q/!6
!( 5>:+x *2EJ!
(+:+">6
8H,-T *288*05>6P$'*0,-*v(V83Nqn
:57,t(+Q/!;(+:+">6
8,9*28+8H*05>6D$'*0,-*v(V83lz(+Q/!;*06/./IJ(9$'*0,-*v(iLM5>:i!=">1VQª6
5SE/!;*'6P(+Q/!8@J8U(+!3, T "78EJ!=:*0T Z>!#EkNoT ORQ/!
(+:+"%h18H,-5S5%(+Q/!3:#l T Q/*21VQF*289./$0"71!#EªA<!3( T !=!36F(Q/! 5quÌ$2"[@>!=:i"%6<EKOÌ J+4 °$2"[@>!3:#l]8H,-5S5%(+Q
89"q6/576J&c:+!=">$v&c(*0,-!8H(:+!=">,Â85
(+Q
"4(R?>I
">:+">6^(!3!#8z(5i:!#"%$'&)(+*',-!,-!#88+"%?7!=8j*28s6/5%(_A<!fZS*'57$0"%(!=E|NORQ/!(:V"4;1&8,-5^5>(Q/*06/?135>6
13!3.J(_*08R"¾«!="%xS@ _I
1Vx>!3(s"%$0?>57:*'(Q
,
1="%$0$'!#Eg">8Ìs:+!=EJ*'( _I
1Vx>!3( !!3.J(+QªÁcÌ !fÄNJ(Q
">8s( T 5i.
">:+">,-!(!=:+8Ì !º"%6
E!3LM:!#8HQ z!3:+*'5JEqÁ) sÄN/ORQ/!=8!f( T 59.
"%:V"%,-!3(!3:V8
">:!-W/{J!#ED8H(+"%(*213">$'$0@>NqÌ ! *28(Q
!;,h"4{J*',iI/,t6SI/,iA<!=:X5>LR13:!#EJ*v(V8(+Q
"4(i">:!h"7E/EJ!=ED(+5b(Q/!A/I
1Vx7!(X"4(!=Z>!=:@B:!3LM:!#8HQ|N(X*28
">$085o(Q
!g,h"4{J*0,XI/,Â6SI/,XAC!3:95%L13:!#EJ*'(+8(+Q
"4(h"oA/I<1Vx>!(-13">6KQ/5>$2EkND º*28(+Q/!:+!LM:+!=8Qª.C!3:+*'5JE *'(Q Q
*01VQª(+Q/!A/I
1Vx>!3(X*28
:+!3./$0!36
*08Q/!=E T *'(Q6/! T 1:+!=EJ*'(+8=N]ORQ/!p:+"%(*05hÌ !+4 *28`(+Q/!"[Z>!=:+">?>!?7I
"%:V"%6^(+!3!=Eh(Q/:+5>I/?7Q/./IJ(RLM57T:_6
5>6J&T :!#"%$'&)(+*',-!f,-!=8+8">?>!=8=N
ORQ/!6SI/,iA<!=:5>Lz13:!#EJ*v(V8*06b(Q/!A/I<1Vx>!(*28E/!36/5>(!=Eb"78R(Q/!i1I/:+:!=6^(R6
!( T 5>:+xg8HQ<"%:+!;ÁcÌ_¿
ÄeN
} Q
!36b(Q
!6SI/,XAC!3:5>Lz"[Z4">*'$2"%A/$0!
13:!#EJ*v(V8]*28].<5^8H*'(*0Z>!7l>A/I/(`*08`8H,h"%$0$0!3:z(Q<"%6-(Q
!R(Q/!8*0m3!5%Lk"p,-!=8+8">?>!_(5AC!(+:+">6
8H,-*'(H(+!=Ekl^1:+!=EJ*'(+8j">:!">$'$05 T !#E(+5A<!A<57::+5 T !#EkN
S5<l«(+Q/!hA
">$0">6
1!h5>LR13:!#EJ*v(V813">6PA<!#15>,-!;6
!3?7"%(*0Z>!h"4(X">6S@q(*0,-!>NbORQ/!Ì_¿D,h"[@BA<!#15>,-!h6/!=?7"%(*0Z>!-*vL13:!#EJ*v(V8Q
"[Z7!hA<!=!36
AC5>:+:5 T !=E|Nsu_(!=Z>!=:@:!3LM:!#8HQ|l/(Q/!i6^I
,XAC!3:5>Lj1:+!=EJ*'(+8*'6b(+Q/!XA/I<1Vx>!(XÁÌ_¿/Ä*28I/.yE/"4(+!=Eo"78LM5>$0$05 T 83Ì_¿ ,-*'6FÁÌ_¿
Ì !ilCÌ !fÄN<ORQ
"%(R*28=lCÌ !°"%,-5>I
67(5>L13:!#EJ*v(V8"%:+!p:!=./$0!36/*28HQ
!=Ekl/8I/A U!#1e((5-(+Q/!$0*',-*'((Q
"%(fÌ_¿EJ5S!=8R6
5%(!{/13!3!=EqÌ !iN
} Q/!=6B"g6/5>6J&:+!="%$'&c(*0,9!X,9!#88+"%?7!i">::+*'Z7!=8RLM:+5>, (+Q/!9OÌ +[ j&c$2"[@>!=:=lJ(+Q/!-8H,-5S5%(+Q/*'6
?g,-!=1VQ
">6/*28H,13">::+*0!=857IJ((+Q/!iLM5>$0$'5 T *06/?
8H(!=.
83
!#"%$& (')(*+,-.
/0 (1!2"%$& ('()* +.,-3-4(5.768-4(39( !. 0/
$: !;8)-) $<=.78 $
>
4(8.>: !?@$'&..);&$- >A
ORQ/!EJ*28"7EJZ4"%6^(+">?>!;5>L(Q/!W/{J!=ES&:V"4(!;(:V"4;1g8,-5^5>(Q/*06/?o(+!=1VQ/6
*0~^I/!*08X(Q<"4(i*'(-*08i6/5%(9Z>!=:@)
!3{S*0A/$0!"78(Q
!6/!3( 57:x *2EJ!
*06/./IJ(p$0*',-*'(*28W/{J!#Eo5>6
13!(Q
!9EJ!=$0"[@:+!=~^I/*0:!=,9!=6^(+85>Lz(Q/!9:!#"%$'&)(+*',-!,-!#88+"%?7!=8">:!xS6/5 T 6«NORQ/!(+:+">6
8,9*28+8H*05>6o:VT "4(+!5%L]T (+Q/!
6/576J&:!#"%$'&)(+*',-!s85>I
:+13!=8|*28$'*0,-*v(+!=E9"%6
EX?>!3(+8:!#EJI
13!=EX"78|(+Q/!R6SI/,XAC!3:z5%L<6/5JEJ!=8*06
1:+!="78H!#8|5>6X(Q/!¾u¿N4ORQ/!=:!3LM5>:+!>l4"%6i*'6<1:+!=">8!
*06g(+Q/!p6SI/,XAC!3:R5%Lz8U(V"4(+*'576
83lS$0!="7E/8s(5-"9E/!=1:+!="78H!*'6b8H(+"4(+*'576;(+:+"%h1?>!=6/!3:V"4(+*'576
8s$'*0,-*v(V83NjORQ/*28R8HQ
5 T 8sI
."78_"9157::+!=8.C5>6
EJ*06/?
EJ!#1:+!="78H!*'6g(Q/:+5>I/?7Q/./IJ(R5%L6/5>6J&:+!="%$'&c(*0,9!(:V"4;1%N(*08R">$085XZ7!3:+@9.C!=8+8*',-*28U(+*01f8H*06
13!*'(_*28_A
">8!=Eg5>6 57:+8H(H&w13"78H!1="%$21I/$2"4(+*'576
8
576B(+Q/!h(+5%(+">$](:V"4;1h">::+*'Z4">$:V"4(+!=8*06D(Q/!8H@J8H(!3,bBN T !=5>6P"%6
EªSQ/*06ªQ
"[Z7!9.
:57.<5^8H!#EB">6P"7E/"%./(*0Z>!-T (:V"4;1-8,95S5>(Q/!=:(Q
"%(
"7E/EJ:+!=8+8H!#8`(+Q/!8Q/5>:(+135>,-*'6
?78_5%L(Q/!iÌ !°">$'?75>:+*v(+Q/,$8 Î * < N
*283lj(Q/!b6/5JEJ!#89">:!"%$0$'5 T !=ED(+5B*06
13:!#">8!;(Q
!3*0:i(+:+">6
8,9*28+8H*05>6K$0*0,9*'(+8=l`*'L(+Q/!bIJ(*0$'*0m="%(*05>6G5%L(+Q/!A
I
8-*089$05 T NF\6K(Q
!5>(Q/!=:
Q
">6
Ekl Q/!=6;(Q
!IJ(+*'$0*0m="4(+*'576g5>L|(Q/!fA/I
8sAC!=157,-!=8_Q/*0?>Q|l^(Q
!6/5JEJ!#8s(:V"%6
8,-*v((*06/?X6/576J&:!#"%$'&)(+*',-!,-!=8+8+"%?>!#8jQ
"[Z7!(+59EJ!#1:+!="78H!
(+Q/!3*0:h(T :V"%6<8H,-*288*'576Í$'*0,-*v(V83N
w6 5>:VEJ!3:-(+5ª*',-./$0!3,-!=67("%6 ">E/">.J(*0Z>!3&c:V"4(+!(:V"4;1o8H,-5S5%(+Q/!3: T Q/*01VQ T 5>I/$2E,-!3!(g(Q/!rE/!3$2"[@
:+!=~^I/*0:!=,-!36^(+895%Lf:!#"%$'&)(+*',-!.
">1Vx7!(V83l_"%6
EG"4(-(Q/!q8+"%,-!(*0,-!o./:54ZS*2EJ!*',-./:+54Z>!#EF"[Z>!=:+">?>!h(+Q/:+5>I/?7Q/./IJ(-LM5>:-6/576J&:!#"%$'&)(+*',-!
.
"71Vx>!3(+8=l7(+Q/!pLM5>$0$05 T *'6/?9( T 5-./:57A/$0!3,h8R,XI
8H(A<!:+!=85>$0Z>!#Ek
E ¬5 T (5hEJ!(+!=1("91VQ<"%6/?7!f*06b6/!( T 5>:+xhIJ(+*'$0*'m#"4(+*'576 F
E ¬5 T (5h">E/">.J(R(Q/!p(+:+">6
8,9*28+8H*05>6$'*0,-*v(V8R(5h"-EJ!3(!=1(!#E1VQ<"%6/?7G! F
ORQ/!8H57$'IJ(+*'576D(Q
"%(XQ
">8XA<!=!36ª./:+5>.C578!=ED*28(+Q
"4((+Q/!;6SI/,iA<!=:X5%L135>$0$'*28H*05>6<8.<!=:I/6/*'(X(+*',-!13"%6PAC!;I
8!=Eª"78X"b,-!="78HI/:+!
5>Lj6/!( T 5>:+xgIJ(+*'$0*0m="4(+*'576|NORQ
*08*08"g8*',-./$0!i">6
Eo"%.
./:5[{J*0,h"4(! T "[@(5E/!(!=:,-*06/!X6
!( T 5>:+xgIJ(+*'$0*'m#"4(+*'576r"4(p"%6S@g(+*',-!7Nw6o(+Q/!
,
135>$0$'*28H*05>6«Nz\LC135>I/:V8!>l4(+Q/!R$'5 T !3:zAC5>I/6
E95>LC D*28W/{J!=EiA^@i8H57,9!R./:+!=E/!W
6/!#EXZ4">$'I/! `,-*'6|N} Q/!=6-"p135>$0$'*28H*05>6i*08]E/!(!#1e(+!=Ekl^"%$0$
13:!#EJ*v(]A/I<1Vx>!(V8]"%:+!_E/!3./$0!(+!=E-"%6
E9 D*28jEJ5>I
A/$'!#EkNzORQ/!RI/./.C!3:jAC5>I/6<Ei5>LC D*28W/{J!=E9AS@X"p1!=:H(V"%*06X./:+!=EJ!3W
6/!#EiZ4">$'I/! `,h"4{kN
ORQ/!!3{J.<!=:*0,-!36^(+">$«:+!=8I/$v(V8Q
"[Z7!8HQ/5 6(+Q
"4(AS@I
8*'6/?-(+Q/!X"7E/"%.J(+*'Z7!p(:V"4;18,-5^5>(Q/*06/?;8+1VQ/!3,-!p(+Q/!X,-!=8+8+"%?>!EJ!#">EJ$0*06/!
,-*288:V"4(+*'5^8ÁaLM57::!#"%$'&)(+*',-!p,-!=8+8">?>!=8VÄ_13">T 6AC!x>!=.J( T !3$0$|I/6
EJ!=:(Q
!,9*0$0$'*«8!=135>6
E
8:+">6/?>!LM5>:"%6S@g"%:+A/*'(:V"%:+@;"%:+:*0Z4"%$y:V"4(!pLM57:
(+Q/!6/576J&c:+!=">$y(*0,-!,-!=8+8">?>!=8=N`ORQ/*28(+!=1VQ/6
*0~^I/!(+Q/5>I
?>Qb!;1*0!36^(LY">*'$28R(+5;./:+54Z^*2EJ!EJ!3(!3:+,-*'6
*08H(*21:+!="%$'&c(*0,9!135>,-,XI
6/*01="4(+*'576|N
¬!36
13!*v(*288HI
*v(V"%A/$0!5>6/$0@hLM57:8H5>La(:!#"%$'&)(+*',-!p8H@J8H(!3,h8">6
Eb13"%66/5>(8HI/.
.<57:H(Q
">:+E:!#"%$'&)(+*',-!157,-,XI/6/*213"%(*05>6|N
¨+C3 i ¡o£o¤f¥]9£ 3£ G§
}D!;Q
"7EªEJ*08+1I<88!=EP8!3Z>!=:+">$]!{/"%,-./$0!;"%.
./$'*213"%(*05>6
8*'6FS!#1e(+*'576 = N Î l|LM57: T Q/*21VQPQ
"%:VED:!#"%$'&)(+*',-!;135>,-,XI/6
*01="4(*05>6P*06K"q¾«u¿
!=6^ZS*0:576/,-!36^(i*28i6/!=13!=8+8">:@7ND¬"%:VEª:!#"%$'&)(+*',-!"%././$0*213"4(+*'576
8i5%La(!=6F*06SZ>5>$0Z>!;(:V"%6
8,-*08+8H*05>6F5%LpÌ R(+:+"%h18I
1VQF">8i.C!3:+*'5JEJ*21
8!36
85>:8*0?>6
">$08=Nw6ªQ<"%:VEB:+!=">$v&c(*0,-!;"%./.
$'*213"%(*05>6
8=lEJ!3(!=:,-*06/*08H(*21h./:+!=E/*01(+"%A
*'$0*v(U@D5%L6/!3( 57:xBEJ!3$2"[@q(V"%x>!#8./:+!=13!=EJ!=6
1!h54Z7!3:
ORQ/*2857.<!=6
8I
.b(Q/!.C578+8*'A/*0$0*v(U@5%L]I
8*'6
?gB5qu LM57:8+1VQ/!=E/I/$'*06/?h,-!=8+8+"%?>!#8R*'6B"-6/!( 5>:+xEJ!=./$054@^*06/?;"-?7$'57A
"%$|.
:*05>:+*v(U@^&A
">8!=E
./:+5%(+5J15>$cN ¬5 T !3Z>!=:=ls( T 5ª*',-.C5>:(+"%6^(g.
:57A/$'!=,h8;"%:+*08! T Q/*0$'!q(:+@^*06/?ª(+5K*0,9.
$'!=,9!=T 6^(B5qut5>:g !n ,-!=8+8">?>!q8+1VQ/!=EJI
$'*06/?
">$'?75>:+*v(+Q/,h8sI<8H*06/?h"-?>$05>A
">$y./:*05>:+*'(U@7&A
"78H!#E;81VQ
!=EJI/$0*06/?-./:5>(5J157$)
Î N} Q/!36(+Q/!p(:V"%6
8,-*08+8*'5765>Lz"9.
"71Vx>!(*28I/6
E/!3: T "[@7l^*'(1="%6/6/5>(A<!8H(57./.<!#EA<!3LM5>:+!p(Q/!p(+:+">6
8H,-*288*05>6*08135>,-./$0!(!">6
E
(Q/!9:+!3,h"%*06/*06/?gA/*'(+8p5>Lj(Q
!i.
"71Vx>!3(+8(:V"%6
8,-*v((!=EB"4("g$2"4(+!3:f(*0,-!>Nw6B5%(+Q/!3: T 57:+E
83lyI/6/$0*0x>!i(Q/! T "[@g(V">8xS8p135>I/$2EqAC!
./:+!3!3,-.J(+!=EgLM:57,Ì I<8">?>!>lS.
"71Vx>!3(_(+:+">6
8,9*28+8H*05>6
8R1="%6/6/5>(A<!,-!=">6/*06/?%LMI/$0$0@g./:+!3!=,9./(!=E1VQ
">6/6/!3$«I
8">?>!7N
Ã/Nu?>$05>A<"%$j./:+*05>:+*v(U@B./:5>(5J157$`13">6ª6/5%(i*'6
8H(+">6^(+"%6
!35>I<8H$0@BEJ!3(!=:,-*06/!;(+Q/!;,-!=8+8">?>!-(+Q
"4(9Q
">8(Q/!;Q
*'?7Q/!=8H(X./:+*'57:*'(U@>Nou8
T*'6/!LM5>8:+Q
,-"%"%$0$|(*085>!36|!N *0657I/:8I/A
8!=~^I/!36^(EJ*2813I
8+8H*05>6
8R*28R(+Q
"4( T Q
"%(*0857AJ(+">*'6
!=E*'6b./:V">1(*21!p*28RA
">8!=E5>6b85>,-! T Q
"%(5>IJ(VE/"4(+!=E
_5%(+Qr(+Q/!=8!-./:+5>A/$0!3,h8pZS*'57$0"%(!h85>,-!-5%L`(+Q/!hA
"78H*219./:!=,-*08!=8f(+Q
"4( !3:+!9,h"7EJ!9LM5>:B5qu(+5o5>.J(+*',h">$'$0@r8+1VQ/!=EJI
$'!9(+"78HxJ8=N
ORQ/!=:!3LM5>:+!>l*vLB5ru *28I
8!=ED(+5r81VQ
!=EJI/$0!;,-!=8+8+"%?>!#8p*'6G"o?>$05>A
">$j./:+*'57:T *'(U@q./:+5%(+5J15>$cl(Q/!"%AC54Z>!-,-!36^(*05>6/!#ED( T 5r./:57A/$0!3,h8
T 5>I/$2E:!#8U(+:*21e(R(Q
!">1VQ/*0!3Z4"%A
$'!8+1VQ/!=EJI
$0">A/$'!pIJ(+*'$0*0m="4(+*'5765>L(+Q/!1VQ
">6/6/!3$y(+5-Z>!3:+@;$05 T Z4"%$0I/!#83N
9»<²±ÆÅSƺ¹g´7´>Å ´[ÈÅSƲÉY·)±¸½iw6PAC5>I/6<EJ!=Eª"7131!#88p8+1VQ/!=E/I/$'*06/?<l«:+!="%$'&c(*0,9!-?7I
"%:V"%6^(!=!=8(5o,-!=8+8+"%?>!#8p"%:+!9.
:54ZS*2EJ!=ErA^@
AC5>I/6<EJ*'6
?;(Q
!i">1=1!#88(*0,9!i5%Lj!=Z>!3:+@g6
5SE/!(5g(Q/!91VQ
"%6
6/!3$cNORQ/*28*06o(+I/:6r*',-./$0*'!#8(+Q
"4((Q/!X(*0,-!XLM57: T Q/*21VQr"h.
"71Vx>!3(,h"[@
Q
"[Z7!-(5 T "%*'(XAC!LM57:!;*'(i*28(+:+">6
8,9*'(H(+!=Eª*28AC5>I
6
EJ!=E|Nru$05S1="%$_81VQ/!#EJI/$0*'6
?r"%$0?>57:*'(Q/, *08XI
8!=ED(5DEJ!(+!3:+,-*'6/!;(Q/!5>:VEJ!3:*06
T Q/*21VQb.
">1Vx7!(V8_">:!(+">x>!=6I/.bAS@"96/5JEJ!pLM57:R(:V"%6
8,-*08+8*'576rN
.
"71Vx>!3(`(:V"%6<8H,-*288*'576;AS@hA/:+57">E
13">8H(*06/?<N«} Q/!=6"i6/5JEJ!f6/!3!#E/8s(5i(:V"%6
8,-*v(",-!=8+8+"%?>!LM5>: T Q/*21VQg6/59:+!=8!3:+Z["%(*05>6 T ">8s,h">EJ!7l
*'(sW<6
E/8"LM:+!3!p8$'5>(_AS@;1576
8I/$v(+*'6
?(Q
!p1="%$0!36
E
"%:s">6
E;:+!=8!3:+Z>!#8](+Q/!:+!=~^I/*0:+!=Eh(+*',-!f*'6^(+!3:+Z[">$yA^@-A/:+57"7E/13"78U(+*'6
?(Q/!p:+!=8!3:+Z4"4(*05>6
*06JLM5>:+,h"4(+*'576-(5X">$'$C6/5JEJ!=8=NzuÀ13">$'!=6
E/">:H&A
">8!=E9./:+5%(+5J15>$
*08_8H*0,-./$0!>l^!;1*0!36^(=lJ">6
E T 57:xJ8]Z7!3:+@ T !3$0$ T Q
!36g">$'$<,9!#88+"%?7!=8]*06h(+Q/!
8@J8U(+!3,">:!p.C!3:+*'5JEJ*21p"%6
E./:+!=EJ*21e(V"%A/$0!>N
w6(Q/!pLM57$'$05 T *06/?
l T !EJ*08+1I<8885>,-!p*',-.C5>:(+">67(.
:5>(5J157$08sLM:+5>, !#">1VQ5%L«(+Q/!=8!p(Q
:!=!p1="4(+!3?>57:*0!=8_5>L./:+5%(+5S135>$283N
C SADC E EF4AD
H M4
4@SC E
u
LM! T *0,-.<57:H(V"%6^(?>$05>A
">$k./:*05>:+*'(U@;"%:+A/*v(+:+"%(*05>6A
">8!=E./:+5%(5J135>$28_">:!f(+Q/!pLM5>$0$'5 T *06/?<N
Priority Arbitration
Transmission Interval
n *0?>I/:+! (J j:+*'57:*'(U@;u:+A/*'(:V"4(+*'576">6
EO:V"%6
8,-*08+8H*05>6w6^(!3:+Z4"%$28
Priority bits
msb lsb
N1 10 0 1 0 1 0
N2 16 1 0 0 0 0
N3 20 1 0 1 0 0
n *'?7I/:+! = j:+*'57:*'(U@;u:+A/*'(:V"4(*05>6b]{/">,9.
$'!
`:*05>:+*v(U@o">:A/*'(:V"4(+*'576o(*0,-!h*08E/*'ZS*2EJ!=EB*'6^(+5W
{S!#EB8*0m3!=ED8$'5>(+8=N9ORQ/!hEJI
:+"%(*05>6r5>Ls!#">1VQP8H$05%(EJI/:V"4(+*'576B*28f(U@S./*01="%$0$'@o,h"7EJ!
!#~7I<"%$J(+5!36
EJ&)(+5%&!36
E9./:+5>.
">?7"%(*05>6-EJ!3$2"[@X5>L<(+Q/!,-!=EJ*0I/,bN]Ly(Q/!8H$05%(`8*'m=!*28],h">EJ!">6S@i8,-">$'$0!3:z(+Q
"%6-(+Q/*283l7(Q/!=6-(Q/!./:*05>:+*'(U@
Transmission
n *0?>I
:! : `:*05>:+*'(U@-u:A
*v(+:+"%(*05>6*'6 *0:(I
">$«OR*',-! `:5>(5J157$
(+5i(+Q/!./:+*'57:*'(U@h5%LQ/*0?>Q/!#8U(./:+*'57:*'(U@;,-!=T 8+8+"%?>!*v(Q<">8=NjORQ
"4(*28_(T Q/!$05 T !=:R*08_(+Q/!./:+*'57:*'(U@h5%Lz"i,-!#88+"%?7!(+Q
"4("96/5JEJ!Q
"783lS(+Q/!
,-5>:+!(+*',-!*'( T "%*'(+8=Nzu_(`(Q
!!{J./*0:V"4(*05>6h5>Ly(Q/! T ">*v(+*'6/?(*0,9!7l^(Q/!6/5JEJ!8!36
8!=8j(Q/!f8U(V"4(+I
8j5>Lk(Q/!f1VQ
"%6/6
!3$cNLk(+Q/!1VQ
">6/6/!=$
*28
A/I<8H@7l/(Q
!36b(Q
*08,9!#"%6
8(Q
"%("-Q/*0?>Q/!=:./:+*'57:*'(U@;,-!=8+8+"%?>!*28AC!3*06/?h(+:+">6
8H,-*'(H(+!=Eo"%6<Eb*v(6
!3!=E
8(5 T "%*'(I/6^(*0$z"%6b*0E/$'!.C!3:+*05SE|N
S5<l4*vL<*v(W
6
E/8«(Q<"4((:V"%6
8,-*08+8H*05>6*28z"%$0:!#">EJ@(+">xS*'6/?./$2">1!7l#(Q/!=6X*'( T "%*'(+8«LM5>:(Q/!_6/!3{^(LM:V"%,-!>l45>(Q/!=: T *28H!`*v(]8U(V"%:(+8«(5(:V"%6
8,-*v(#N
N2
Propagation Time
N1
n *0?>I/:+! , `:57A/$'!=,*'6 *':(I
">$«OR*0,9! `:5>(5J157$
} Q
"%(X8HQ
5>I/$2ErAC!h(+Q/!;EJ*'dC!=:!=6
1!h*06 ">*v(p(*0,-!=85>Ls( 5b6/5JEJ!=8 Q/*01VQPQ
"[Z7!-,9!#88+"%?7!=8 Q/5^8H!-./:+*'57:*'(*0!=8E/*vdy!3:AS@q576/!GF
_!=1="%I
8!X5>L](Q/!9./:+5>.
">?7"%(*05>6oEJ!3$2"[@b*'6r(TQ/!96/!3( T 57:xyly";6/T 5JEJ!-13">6q6/T 5%(p*06
8U(V"%6^(+">6/!357I
8$'@bEJ!T (+!=1( T Q/!=6B">6/5%(+Q/!3:6/5JEJ!98H(+">:H(V8
(+:+">6
8H,-*288*05>6rEJI
:*06/?b"%:+A/*v(+:+"%(*05>6|Nu8"g:+!=8I/$'(=lyI/6/$0!=8+8f(Q/! T "%*'((+*',-!-*08p"%(f$0!="78U(">8f$2"%:+?>!i"78(+Q/!-./:+5>.
">?7"4(+*'576b(*0,-!>lk(+Q/!
LM57$'$05 T *'6
?f.
:57A/$'!=, T 5>I/$2E95S1=1I/:#Nu88I/,-!R(Q<"4(j( T 5p6/5JEJ!=8]¿ Î "%6
E-¿ÃfQ<"[Z>!_(Q/!=*':].
:*05>:+*v(+*'!#8]EJ*'dC!=:jAS@X5>6
!>NzuLa(!=:`¿ Î 8H(+">:H(V8
(+:+">6
8H,-*'(H(+*'6/?<ly*vLR¿Ã T "%*'(+8LM5>:">6^@(+*',-!9$'5 T !3:(Q
">6q(Q
!i./:+5>.<"%?7"%(*05>6b(+*',-!>ly(+Q/!36B*v(13">6r6/5>(fEJ!3(!#1e(p(Q/!i(:V"%6<8H,-*288*'576o5%L
¿ Î ">6
E T 5>I/$2Er8H(+">:H((:V"%6
8,-*v((*06/?
NiORQ/*08 T 5>I/$2Eq$0!="7Eo(+5135>$0$'*28H*05>6B"%6
Er*'6
135>:+:!#1e(f./:*05>:+*'(U@b">:A
*v(+:+"%(*05>6|NORQ/*28fA<57I/6
E/8f(+Q/!
EJ*'dy!3:+!36
13!A<!3( T !=!36(Q/! T "%*'(R(*0,9!#85%L( T 5i6/5JEJ!#8R(Q<"4(Q
"[Z7!f135>6
8!=13IJ(*0Z>!p./:+*'57:*'(*0!=8=N
>
Us` , *^ÃJN (*28"9./:+*'57:*'(U@;A
"78H!#E;(+5>x>!=6b:*06/?-./:+5%(5J135>$cNjORQ/!Q/!="7EJ!3:5>Lz"9(+5>x7!36b15>6^(V"%*06
8_( T 59W
!=$0E
83`"-.
:*05>:+*v(U@-W<!3$2Eo"%6
E"
,-5JEJ!pW
!=$0EkN]w6(+Q/*08./:5>(5J157$)l^(+5>x>!=6">$v(+!3:+6
"4(+!=8RAC!( T !3!=6g( T 5-,95JEJ!#83j"9:+!=8!3:+Z4"4(*05>6,-5SE/!>l
">6
E"iLM:+!3!p,-5JEJ!>N
Î>Î
Packet P
Payload Header
n *0?>I
:! . j^(+:I<1e(I
:!5>L"-O«57x>!=6*06bU`` , *^ÃJN (
Mode bit
w6o:+!=8!3:+Z4"4(*05>6,-5JEJ!>lC.
">1Vx7!((+:+">6
8H,-*288*05>65S1=1I/:V8=NRORQ
!./:+*'57:*'(U@;5%Lz(+Q/!X,-!=8+8+"%?>!f(+Q
"4(f*08AC!3*06/?g(:V"%6
8,-*v((!=Eb*28:+!3?7*08H&
(+!3:+!=Eq*06q(+Q/!9Q/!="7EJ!3:f5%Lj(+Q/!i(5>x7!36r"788Q/5 T 6B*'6Dn*0?
N . Npu8f,9!#88+"%?7!=8.
">8+8(Q/:+5>I/?7Qo(Q
!i:+*'6
?
ly!3Z7!3:+@6/5JEJ! T *'(QD.<!=6
EJ*06/?
,-!=8+8+"%?>!#8*06
8.<!#1e(V8f(Q/!-:+!=8!3:+Z["%(*05>6oW<!3$2Er*06r(+Q/!9(57x>!36BQ/!="7EJ!3:#Niu6/5JEJ!9Q
"[ZS*06/?"Q/*0?>Q/!=:p./:*05>:+*'(U@o,9!#88+"%?7!>ly:+!3?>*28H(!3:V8*v(V8
./:+*05>:+*v(U@o*06D(Q/!-./:+*'57:*'(U@bW
!=$0ED5%Ls(Q/!hQ
!=">E/!3:#Ni} Q/!=6D(Q/!-(+5>x>!=6B:+!(+I/:+6
8(5(Q/!;8!36<EJ*'6
?6
5SE/!>l«*'(./IJ(V8f(Q/!-(+5>x7!36D*'6BLM:!=!
,-5JEJ!;"%6<Er:+!3$0!="78H!#8*'(=N;u8f(Q/!-(+5>x7!36D.
">8+8H!#8(Q/:+5>I/?7Qr(+Q/!h:+*'6/?<lk(Q
!h6/5JEJ!9(Q
"%(,-"7EJ!9(Q/!h:+!=8!3:+Z4"4(+*'576B8!3*0m3!=8f(+Q/!-(57x>!=6|l
./I/(+8*'(*'6^(+59:+!=8!3:+Z4"4(+*'576g,-5JEJ!>l
">6
E8U(V"%:(+8_(:V"%6<8H,-*'(H(*06/?<N
ORQ/!=:!">:!( T 5-*0,-.<57:H(V"%6^(:!#8HI/$'(+8">A<57IJ((Q
*08.
:5>(5J157$)N
ÈÅS»
¶4ÅS
$9:;#/¼0:!=<<½
)&?> A @CÁ B?
DFE7
'Ä 6HGI1"$
5BJ
)&K#:L0:! ?!"$#"$&'#%(&'
)(&&'
)
*&&'M
*C+
-N,.#%#ON#/EP0/
)1&K(23"$4#%#R5Q:
)#%&C65
*%4S.
7RT 8&'3#%"'5"$#&'(
)&&'
*+-,
p¶4»|»C³+½_u 6/5JEJ!E/5^!#8R6/5%(8H(+">:H(R(+:+">6
8H,-*'(H(+*'6/?9(+Q/!6/!{S(.
"71Vx>!3(RI
67(+*'$c
E (Q
">8135>,-./$0!(+!=Eg(:V"%6
8,-*08+8H*05>65%L(Q/!$2">8H(A/*'(=N
E (Q
">8:+!=13!3*0Z>!#Eh(Q
!Q/!="7EJ!3:5>L«(57x>!=6A
"71VxyN
ORQ/!=:!3LM5>:+!>l^(Q
!p(:V"%6
8,-*08+8H*05>6g(*0,-!*08R(+Q/!Q/*0?>Q/!=:5%L(Q/!p( T 5-Z[">$'I
!=8=N U
ÈÅS»
¶4ÅSW ¼ V|5½ XYZ
[Q\1"]"'
*"'
^_#/0/1?(
[Q\ZKO:!"CQA
a`\1"&'
*7,!"N#%?b!&zà > A@CÁ B?DFE7RÄ T
p¶4»|»C³+½n*':V8H(=lz(Q
!g:+!=8!3:+Z["%(*05>6P,-5JEJ!;,XI<8U(-15>,-./$0!(+!gAC!LM57:!g">6S@B5>(Q/!=:X6/5JEJ!g(:V"%6
8,-*v(V8X"%6<Eª8H!#15>6<EJ$'@B(Q
!g6/5JEJ!,XI
8H(
:+!=13!3*0Z>!(Q/!pLM:+!3!6/5JEJ!f(+5>x>!=6|N
n
5>:W
:V8H(=lz*v(X(+"%x7!=c8 > A@CÁ B?DFE7Äi"%6
EDLM57:X8!=1576
Eª"%$285o*v(i"%(X,-578H((+">x>!#c8 > A@*Á B?DFE^Ä(+*',-!>NqORQ
!3:+!LM5>:+!>l(Q
!h(5>(+"%$`(*0,-!g"
Q/*0?>Q
!3:./:+*'57:*'(U@h.
"71Vx>!(,h"[@ T "%*'(*08R?7*'Z7!36A^@Ã > A@*Á B?D$E7ÄeN
U
d E
4
4AD
D MN C
w6D(Q
*08p./:+5%(+5J15>$clk(+*',-!h*28EJ*'ZS*2EJ!=ED*06^(5LM:+">,-!=8">88Q/5 T 6B*'6ªn*'?<N Î */Nh`Z>!3:+@o6/5JEJ!-,h"%*06^(+"%*06
8f(+Q/!;1I/:+:+!36^((+:+">6
8,9*28+8H*05>6
T./:+*0*06
5>EJ:+5*v(UT @-*2Á 8 \ef*v(+DLQ/g*'6 hgC \Äele
T ">Q/6
!=8E :! g \he g8H">(+6
"%E :(+g8sC(+h:+gb">6
:+8H!,-LM!=*':+(H8(+*'(6/5;?<Ns(+Q/\!X6$05 "-T 1!357:$'$0">*28H6
*0Eo5>6|Q/lS*0!=?>Z>Q/!3!=:+:@-./6/:+5J*05>EJ:+!p*v(U*'@76<N1u°:+!=">6/85J!=EJ8`!X(Q
(!Q
"%Z[(">$'Q
I
"7!85>"hL$0,-5 !#88+ÁM"%*cN ?7!7! N],hT Q/"%57x>!#8!8
T
\e33pÄ_"%6<E576"iLM:+!3!pLM:V"%,-!p!3Z7!3:+@h6/5JEJ!:!#EJI
13!=8R$05 T ÁM*cN !7Nj,h"%x7! \e+iiÄN
T
*j ADC
4
K SAD0
' D MN C
u69!3{/"%,-./$0!5%LC1="%$0!36
E
"%:&cA
"78H!#EX8+1VQ/!=E/I/$'*06/?p*28z(Q/!E/@^6<"%,-*01R:+!=8!3:+Z4"4(+*'576(!#1VQ/6/*2~^I/!>Nw69(Q/*28]./:+5%(+5S135>$cl%!="71VQi6
5SE/!,-">*'6^(V"%*06
8
"K1="%$0!36
E/!3:gE/"%(+"ª8H(:+I
1e(+I/:+! T Q/!3:+!q*06JLM5>:+,h"4(*05>6 ">A<57IJ(;(Q
!r">1=1!=8+8-(+*',-!q:+!=8!3:+Z4"4(*05>6<8-5%Lp(Q/!B?>I
">:+">6^(!3!#EF,-!#88+"%?7!=8h"%:+!
ÎÃ
n*0?>I/:+! Î */]n
:+">,9!#8R*'6(+Q/!} *'6<EJ5 T &cA<">8!=E j:+5%(5J135>$
,h"%*06^(+">*'6/!#EkNX} Q
!36ª"g,-!#88+"%?7!XLM57: T Q
*01VQD6/5b:!#8H!=:Z4"%(*05>6qQ
"78fA<!=!36PEJ5>6/!-@7!("%:+:*0Z>!#8"%("6/5JEJ!7lk(Q
!96
5SE/!-"%(H(+!3,-.J(+8f(+5
:+!=8!3:+Z>!"LMIJ(I
:!(*0,-!*06^(!3:+Z4"%$CAS@9A
:5^">E/1=">8H(*06/?X " %"$'&&1#1QA`(5-"%$0$<6/5JEJ!#83N]s">1VQ;6/5JEJ!I/.g576g:+!=13!3*0.J(s5>Lk(Q/!p15767(+:57$
,-!=8+8+"%?>!I
.CE/"%(!#8`*'(+8_13">$'!=6
E/"%:_">1=15>:VEJ*06/?>$0@>NORQ/*28`6/5JEJ!13"%6gZ>!3:+@X!3;1*0!36^($0@-Q
"%6
E/$'!fEJ!(+!3:+,9*06/*28U(+*01.<!=:*05JEJ*21,-!=8+8">?>!#83l>">6
E
(+Q/!3:+!*286/5g54Z>!3:+Q/!#">E*'6r./:*05>:+*'(U@"%:+A/*'(:V"4(+*'576I
6/$'*0x>!X(Q/!i5%(+Q/!3:fEJ*08+1I<88!=Eb./:+5%(+5J15>$28=NR¬5 T !=Z>!=:=l<*v(fA<!#15>,-!#8Z>!=:@EJ*'h13I/$'(
(+5Q<"%6
EJ$0!h"%.C!3:+*'5JEJ*219,-!=8+8">?>!=8f"%6<ED8.C5>:V">EJ*21X,-!#88+"%?7!=8*'6D(Q
*08p./:+5%(+5J15>$cN-ORQ/!3:+!LM57:!i(Q/*28./:+5%(+5J15>$z*28pI
8!=EB5>6/$0@q*06BZ7!3:+@
8*',-./$0!8@S8H(!=,h83N
i¡o£ o ¨§t¤¤ ]¥;¤9
}D!hEJ*08+1I<88fU`s , *7Ã/N $"%6
EB`O¬`">8( T 5.C5>./I/$2"%:p!3{J">,-./$'!#8f5%LsAC5>I
6
EJ!=ED">1=1!#88f./:+5%(+5S135>$283Nw6B(Q
!-LM5>$0$'5 T *06/?
l T !
EJ*28+1I
8+8_(Q/!#8H!p( T 5-./:+5%(5J135>$283N
sO¬s8H(+">6
E/89LM5>:;!="%$'&c(*0,9!osO¬`6/!(#NÍ`O¬s*28h!=6/Q
"%6<1!=8-OÌ +[ "%6
E./:+54ZS*0EJ!#89:!#"%$'&)(+*',-!.<!=:HLM57:,h"%6<1!
?7I
"%:V"%6^(!=!=8`(5-:+!="%$'&c(*0,9!">././$0*01="4(*05>6<8 T *'(Q
5>IJ(,-5JEJ*'LM@^*06/?-!{J*28U(+*'6
?-j(Q/!=:6
!(Q
"%:VE T "%:+! 8 1Î , < Nj¿!( T 5>:+x-(:V"%6
8,-*08+8H*05>6<8s1="%6
Lj,-5>:+!(+Q
"%6B5>6/!i*'6
*v(+*0"%(5>:V8(+:@(+5*06/*'(*2"4(!9`O¬`R&,-5JEJ!i"%((Q
!98+"%,-!(+*',-!7l|"%$0$6/5JEJ!#8576/$0@b"71VxS6/5 $'!#EJ?>!8 *'(+1VQ
,-!=8+8+"%?>!#8i(5D(Q/!o*06/*'(*2"4(+5>: T *'(QG(Q/!q8,h"%$0$'!#8U(h ! ">,9576/?B(Q/5^8H!(Q<"4(;Q
"[Z7!">$':+!="7EJ@ªA<!=!36 ">1VxS6/5 T $0!=E/?>!=E|NGT u6Í*06/*'(T *2"4(57:
576/$'@b8!36
E/8"%6q"71Vx^6
5 T $'!#EJ?>,-!36^((+5g"%6/5>(Q/!=:*06/*'(*2"4(57:*'Lj*v(V86
5SE/! ! *288,h"%$0$'!=:(+Q
"%6o*'(+85 T 6|Nw6o(+Q/!i1=">8!5%Lj$0578+85%L](+Q/!
"71Vx^6
5 T $'!#EJ?>,-!36^(#l<57: T Q/!=6B85>,-!X6/5JEJ!-EJ5S!=86/5>(f:+!=13!3*0Z>!(+Q/!; T *v(V1VQJ&c(5%&wsO¬` A
:5^">E/1=">8H(=lC5>: T Q/!36D8H57,9!i6/5JEJ!=8f"%:+!
EJ!#">Ekl/(Q/!=6b(Q/!*06/*'(*2"4(57:(*0,-!=857IJ(EJI
!p(5h6/576J&c:+!=13!3*0ZS*'6/?95%Lj">$'$y(+Q/!X">1VxS6/5 $0!=E/?>,-!36^(+8=N]uLa(+!3:"9W
{S!#E6^I
,XAC!3:5>L:+!(+:*0!=8=l
*'(1576
1$0I
EJ!#8_(Q
"%((Q/!6/5JEJ!#8_(Q
"%(EJ*2E6
5%(">1VxS6/5 T $0!=E/?>!">:!EJ!#">E T Q/*21VQ*'(T 1576SZ>!3@J8s(5h">$'$k5>(Q/!=:$'*0Z>!6/5JEJ!#83N
ORQ/!psO¬`À,-5SE/!I
8!=8R"X(*0,-!=Eg(5>x7!3681VQ/!=,-!(+5i./:+54ZS*0E/!A
">6
E *2ES(Q?>I
">:+">6^(!3!#83Nzu_("%6S@9(*0,-!(+Q/!3:+!f*08_5>6
$'@h576/!
:+!=">$v&c(*0,-!&:!#~7I
!=8H(_.C!3:6/5JEJ!">6
E!="71VQ:+!=">$v&c(*0,-!f:+!=~^I/!#8U(8.<!#1*'W
!=8_(+Q/!:+T !=~^I/*0:!#E;(+:+">6
8H,-*288*05>6gA<"%6
E T *2ES(+Qo*'6(!=:,h8R5>L(+Q/!
">,957I/6^(`5%L«E
"4(+"X*v(_6/!3!#E/8`(5i8!36<E;EJI/:+*'6
?X"W/{J!#Eh*'6^(+!3:+Z[">$
5>Lk(*0,9!f13">$'$0!=E 5rOOD& 5q"%{S*0,XI
,O5>x7!36;5>(+"4(+*'576gOR*0,9!7N]ORQ/!
5q"%{J*',iI/,O5>x>!=6¬5>$2EJ*06/?hOR*',-!*2813"%$21I
$0"%(!=EgLM5>:!#">1VQ6/5JEJ!A
">8!=E5>6(Q
*08*06JLM57:,h"4(+*'576DÁ)"%,-5>I
67(5>LE/"%(+"-"%6
E 5qOzOÄeN
u6b"[Z7!3:V"%?7!1576
8H(+"%6^(A
">6
E T *2ES(Qb*28R:!#8H!=:Z7!=EhLM57:!="71VQ8!=8+8H*05>6«N
Î1V
(+Q/!zOg*06JLM57:,h"4(+*'576576g(+Q/!p(57x>!=6|N
> 4j
Î$
*08z(+Q/!1VQ<"%6/6/!=$
IJ(+*'$0*0m="4(+*'576oEJI/!f(5-(+Q/!6/5JEJ! HN
|¯/¼ zÉY Å C<½RSI/./.C578!f"X6/!( 5>:+xhEJ!=8*0?>6/!#EhI
8*'6/?9U`s , *^Ã $X./:+5%(+5J15>$<Q
">8s(+Q/:!=!6/5JEJ!#83Nj¿5JEJ! 6
!3!=E
8j(+5X(+:+">6
8H,-*'(
Î $5>LsE/"4(V"g!=Z>!=:@ V *0*%>7Np¿T 5JEJ! i6/!3!#E/8(5(:V"%6
8,-*v( Î Ã $5%LsE
"4(+"!3Z7!3:+@I(*/*/>7N¿5JEJ! X6/!=!=E/8(+5g(+:+">6
8H,-*'(
Î Ã $ 5>LzE
"4(+"9!=Z>!3:+@ (/*/*%>7NjS!3$0!=1("98I/*'(+">A/$'!OOzOÀLM5>:(+Q/!6/!3( T 57:x;">6
Eb15>,-./I/(!p(Q
!p(5>x7!36bQ/57$0EJ*06/?9(*0,-!LM5>:!#">1VQ
6/5J EJ!7N
»<É)²«µ#·Y»C±`½sn/:+5>, "%6!à {/*0"%* ,-*06
"4(+*'576;5%L(Q/!f,-!=8+8">?>!#83l7(Q/!p8Q/5>:(!#8U(EJ!="7EJ$0*'6/!p"%,-576/?i">$'$y,-!=8+8">?>!#8j*28R/Ã */*/>7NzORQ/!3:+!LM57:!7l T !
1="%6b8H!=$'!#1e())A Ã Î *0*%>>N]ORQ/!1VQ
">6/6/!=$kIJ(*0$'*0m="%(*05>6oEJI/!p(+59(Q/!EJ*'dy!3:+!36^(6/5JEJ!=8 T 5>I
$0EAC!>
Î */* (. */ = * V V :0*0: */* = Î ( /Ã (%>
Î *
Î */* Ã */* V :0: = =/V ( = >
1 = V 0
* /
*
U
Î(
5
T,XQ/I
!31V:+Q! ( :V"4;*28j1p(+13Q/">!f68*0ACm3!!f">5%1=L«1,-57,9!=8+,-8+"%5J?>E/! "%(!=
E R*06blJ"%"96
6/E !3 ( 57*28`:x *'(+8_.C*'(!3Q
:+5>*'5JIJEk(Nz(+Q/}D!!p,-1=!="%8+6g8">">?>$v(+!=!38_:+6
Q
"4"[(+ZS!3*06/$0@-?9Z^(*05-! T ,-(+*08+Q/8_*28R(Q
,9!3!3*0:(:+EJ*01!="7(EJ59$0*'*'6/6<!#EJ83*0N1="4(+!Q/5 T
T T
E ²¯/¶[¯
±yµ=ÅSÅ p¶[» z¯ ·)ÉY·Yµ+Ë # # & &4½CORQ/!?>I
">:+">6^(!3!.
:57A
"%A/*0$0*v(U@-"4(R1VQ
"%6/6
!3$
I/(*0$'*0m="%(*05>6 Á 6 Á ÄÄj*06
EJ*213"%(!#8j(+Q/!
./:+5>A
">A/*'$0*'(U@-(Q
"%("i,-!#88+"%?7!f8!( T *'(QbIJ(+*'$0*'m#"4(+*'576°,-!3!3(+8">$'$k,-!=8+8+"%?>!pEJ!#">EJ$0*'6
!>N
Unsaturated
Saturated
Unschedulable
n *0?>I/:+! Î ÃJjJ1VQ
!3,h"4(+*01!=./:+!=8!36^(+"%(*05>6g5>L 5q!=8+8">?>!S!(V8
}D!6/5 ./:+54ZS*0EJ!">6o*'6^(+I/*v(+*'Z7!X!3{S.
$0">6
"4(+*'5765>Lz(Q/!i,9!3(:+*01=83NORQ
!!36^(*0:+!.<57./I/$2"4(+*'576o5%L`8@^6<1VQ/:576/5>I<8R,9!#88+"%?7!=81="%6oAC!
EJ*0ZS*0E/!=Ei*'6^(T 5f(+Q/:!=!_13$0"788!=8zEJ!=.<!=6
EJ*06/?p5>6X(Q/!8+1VQ/!=EJI
$0">A/*'$0*'(U@5%dy!3:+!=E9">8z8HQ
5 T 6X*069n*0?
N Î ÃJNORQ/!=8!s(Q/:+!3!1$2">8+8!=85%L<,-!#88+"%?7!=8
">:!pA/:+*'!
@;!3{S.
$0">*'6/!#Eg*06(Q/!pLM57$'$05 T *06/?
N
± #¯Jµ#²«¶4¯Jµ#Å^Æ ´[ÈÅSƲÉ)¯ zÉYÅC½ORQ/!X,-!=8+8+"%?>!i8H!3(f*06o(Q
*08p1$2">8+8f"%:+!X81VQ
!=EJI/$2"%A
$'!9"%6
Eo:+!3,h">*'6r8+1VQ/!#EJI/$2"%A/$0!X!=Z>!36B"4La(!=:f">6S@
,-!=8+8+"%?>!p8*'m=!f*288$'*0?>Q^(+$'@;*06
13:!#">8!=EkN
w6P$05 A
">6
E *2ES(Qª6/!3( 57:xJ8=l|./:+*'57:*'(U@^&cA<">8!=Eq.
:5>(5J157$ 5>:+xJ8pA<!3(H(+!3:# Q
!3:+!=">8"%(Q/*0?>Q/!=:A
"%6
E *0ES(+Q
8=l«(+Q/!;AC5>I/6
E/!=E
"7131!#88s./:+T 5%(+5S135>$ TT 57:xJ8`A<!3(H(T !=:=NjORQ
!.C!3:LM5>:+,h"%6
13!5%L(Q/!f./:+*'T57:*'(U@^&E/:*0Z>!=6h./:T 5>(5J157$<*06/*'(*2"%$0$'@h*0,-./:+54Z>!=8_T ">8`(Q
!fA<"%6
E T *2ES(+Qg*28
*06
1:+!="78H!#EklSA/IJ(8H(+"%:(+8`(5-EJ:+5>.5%doA<!=@>576
Eg"91!=:H(V"%*06g.C5>*067(#NjORQ/*28s*28R"%?^"%*06
8U(_(Q
!*06^(I/*'(*05>6(Q
"%(.<!=:HLM57:,h"%6<1!5>L"i./:5>(5J157$
8Q/5>I
$0E*',-./:+54Z>!"78`(+Q/!A
">6
E T *2ES(Qo*28R*'6<1:+!=">8!=E|N
Î1=
GP(U) 802.5
802.4
high Bandwidth
802.4
GP(U) 802.5
U
n *0?>I/:+! Î1V 6 Á Ä_Z7!3:V8HI<8 (*0$0*'m#"4(*05>6o"%(¾«5 T ">6
E¬*'?7Q _">6
E T *2ES(Q<8
} Q/!=6ª(Q
!gA
">6
E *2ES(QG*08X*'6
13:!#">8!=EPAC!3@75>6
Eª"B1!3:(+">*'6ªZ4">$'I/!7lz(Q/!EJ!=13:!#">8!h*'6F(:V"%6
8,-*08+8*'576B(+*',-!13"%I<8H!#8(Q
!gLM:V"%,-!
(+:+">6
8H,-*288*05>6(*0,9!nKT (5hAC!$'!#88(Q
">6(+Q/!p(57x>!=6:+5%(V"4(+*'576;(*0,-f! E/Njw6(+Q/*0813"78H!7lJA<!3LM5>:+!f:+!3$0!="78H*06/?h"96/! T (57x>!=6|lJ(Q
!p(:V"%6
8H&
,-*'(H(*06/?96/5JEJ!Q<">8`(5 T "%*'(`LM57:`(+Q/!(5>x7!36-(+5i:+!(+I/:6h!=Z>!=6g"4La(+!3:s(Q/!(:V"%6
8,-*08+8*'576h5%Lk(Q
!LM:V"%,-!*28_15>,-./$0!(+!(+5X(+:+">6
8H,-*'(`(+Q/!
6/!3{S(.
">1Vx7!(#NsORQSI
8=lJ(Q/!X!dy!=1e(+*'Z7!LM:V"%,-!p(:V"%6
8,-*08+8*'576g(+*',-!X*06b(Q
*081=">8!*08 E;"%6
E(+Q/!LM:V">1e(+*'576b5%Lz(Q/! T "78U(+!=EA
"%6<E T *0EJ(Q
*28Á4E%&n]Ä+%n_N<ORQ/!./:+5>.<"%?7"%(*05>6g(*0,9!*28*06
EJ!=.<!=6
EJ!36^(5>L(+Q/!A
">6
E *2ES(Qo">6
EQ/!36
13!13">6AC!1576
8*0EJ!=:!#E"78"-1576
8U(V"%6^(=NsORQ/!
(+5>x>!=6r(+:+">6
8,9*28+8H*05>6B(*0,-!;EJ!=13:!#">8!=8 T *v(+QP*'6
13:!#">8*'6
?A<"%6
E T *2ES(+Q|T NgORQ/!=:!3LM5>:+!>ly(Q
!;.<!=:+13!36^(+">?>!95%L T "78U(+!=EBA
"%6<E T *0EJ(QP*'6/&
13:!#">8!=8 T *v(+Qb*'6
13:!#">8!*06bA
"%6<E T *0EJ(Q|N
ORQ/!X(*0,-!=Er(5>x7!36q.
:5>(5J157$EJ5S!#86/5>(f!3{JQ/*'A
*v(f(Q/*28p"%6/57,h"%$0@>lyA<!#13">I
8H!9"g6
5SE/!i*28.C!3:+,-*v((!#Eq(+5g(+:+">6
8H,-*'(f135>6^(*06SI/5>I
8$0@
EJI
:*06/?-*v(V8">8+8*'?76/!=E;(*0,9!8$05%(=N
w6"%$0$C1=">8!=8=l7*'(13"%6gA<!8!3!36;(Q
"%(s(+Q/!p?>I
">:+">67(+!3!.
:57A
"%A/*0$0*v(U@-:+!3,h"%*06
8_1$0578!(5 Î "78`$05>6
?i">8s(+Q/!I/(*0$'*0m="%(*05>6g*28_$'!#88`(Q<"%6
u XN/ORQ/!3:+!f*08R"98HQ
">:.EJ:57.g*06g(+Q/!f?>I
">:+">67(+!3!./:57A
"%A
*'$0*v(U@h"%(_IJ(+*'$0*0m="4(+*'576Z4">$'I/!#8R1$0578!(5-u XN/ORQ/*08E/!3,-5>6
8H(:V"4(+!=8`(Q
"%(
u *28s":+5>A
I
8U(_,-!=">8I/:+!5%L«"[Z7!3:V"%?7!.<!=:HLM57:,h"%6<1!5>L|:!#"%$'&)(+*',-!6/!3( 57:xJ8=N¿5 l !1="%6;8I/,-,h"%:+*'m=!5>I
:`5>A<8H!=:Z4"4(+*'576
8`"78
"7EJZ>!=:+8!3$0@*0,-.
">1(f,-!#88+"%?7!=8 *'(QP8Q/5>:(fEJ!#">EJ$0*06/!=8=NORQSI
83lk"%(f$05 A
"%6<E *0EJ(Q
8f./:+*'57:*'(U@^&E/:*0Z>!=6o./:5>(5J157$*28A<!3(H(!=:8HI
*v(+!=E
(+Q
"%6(Q
!p(*0,9!#E(5>x7!36./:+5%(5J13T 5>$CLM5>::+!=">$v&c(*0,-!p">././$0*01="4(+*'576
83N T T
802.5
802.4
ABU
Bandwidth
n*'?7I/:! Î $
]uA
85>$0IJ(+! s:+!=">xJEJ5 T 6 (*0$'*0m="%(*05>6 ]!3:V8HI
8 _">6
E T *2ES(Q
Î;:
Host Host
(Sender) (Receiver)
n *0?>I
:! Î (/]u°S*',-./$0! 5o5JEJ!=$k5%L(Q/!w6^(!=:6
!(
core router
ORQ/!Rw6/?7:!#88:+5>IJ(+!3:]*28(Q/!:+5>I/(!3:]"%(H(+"71VQ/!=E9"4(z(+Q/!8H!=6
EJ!=:=© 8z!36
E|N(j*28(Q/!RW<:+8H(]*'6^(!=:HLY"71!_(5p(+Q/!E/"4(V"p8H!=67(jAS@(+Q/!8!36
EJ!=:
Q/5^8U(#NORQ/!-(U@S.C!;5%LR./QS@J8H*213">$]$'*06/xDI
8!=EP"4(X"b$0*'6
xB,h"[@qAC!g"( T *28U(+!=ED.
"%*0:X1="%A/$0!>l"W
A<!=:5>./(*21;13">A/$'!7l">6
ED!3Z>!=6 T *':+!3$0!=8+8
$0*'6
xCNjORQ
!fw6^(+!3:+6/!(8!3:+Z^*21!*08R.
:54ZS*2EJ!=EgA^@"%6gw6^(+!3:+6/!(S!=:ZS*21! j:+54Z^*2EJ!=:fÁYH sÄN/ORQ/!3:+!LM57:!7l7(+Q/!E/"4(V"9.
">8+8H!#8s(Q/:+5>I/?7Q;(+Q/!
H © 8s:+5>IJ(+!3:V83NzORQ/!=8!p"%:+!(!=:,-!=E">8_157:!:57IJ(!=:+8=NORQ
!EJ!=6
8H*'(U@h5%L«(Q/!#8H!:57IJ(!=:+8s*08sZ>!=:@-Q/*0?>Q"4(s(Q/!fH G!36
EklJ8*'6<1!fQ^I
?>!
">,957I/6^(f5>L_E/"%(+"b"%6<Eq$0*'6/xJ8f(U@S./*213">$'$0@q1576^Z7!3:+?>!9"4(p(Q/!-H zN|n
:57,(Q/!h135>:+!i:+5>IJ(+!3:V83ly(+Q/!hE/"4(V"*08LM5>: T "%:VEJ!=Eq(Q/:+5>I/?7Qq(+Q/!
!=?>:+!=8+8s:+5>I/(!3:V8pÁY"%((Q/!:+!=13!3*0Z>!3:R!=6
E
Äs(59(+Q/!157::+!=8.<576
EJ*06/?9:!#1!3*0Z>!=:+8=N
!#"%$'&OR*0,-!X157,-,XI/6/*213"%(*05>6o13">6qAC!i8I/./.C5>:(!=Eb576b(Q/!iw6^(!3:+6/!3(AS@.
:54ZS*2EJ*'6
?h./:!3LM!3:+!36^(*2"%$«(:+!="%(,-!36^((+5gE/"4(V"h5%L`13!3:&
(V"%*06D8!36
E/!3:V8(+Q
"4(Q
"[Z7!X!=67(+!3:+!=Er*'6^(5o"15767(+:+"71e( T *v(+QB(+Q/!-H zN _IJ(pLM5>:f(Q
"%(E/"4(V"g.
"71Vx>!3(+8p8HQ
5>I/$2EqQ
"[Z7!iAC!3!=6D13$0"788*'W
!=E
AC!LM57:!-(+:+">6
8H,-*288*05>6|Nhu_((Q
!;15>6
6/!=1(*05>6P8H!3(H&I/.D(*0,9!7l«(+Q/!;8!36
EJ!=:./:+54Z^*2EJ!#8f(Q/!hH T *'(QP( T 5b.
"%:V"%,-!(+!3:V83(Q
!h(:V"4;1
8.<!#1*'W<13"%(*05>6"%6
E;(Q/!p8H!=:ZS*21!f8H.C!=13*vW<1="4(+*'576|N]ORQ/!H FI
8!=8`(Q
*08_(+59EJ!3(!=:,-*06/! T Q
!(Q
!3:R*v(13">6"7131!=.J(s57:RQ
">8`(59:!3LMI
8!(+Q/!
13$'*0!36^(:+!=~^I/!=8H(=N9(X1VQ/!#1VxS8LM57:p(Q/!h:+!=85>I/:V1!#8f5>6B(Q/!h.C578+8H*0A/$0!-:57IJ(!#85>Ls(+Q
"4(.<">1Vx>!3(pE
"4(+"
Nhu$'(!3:+6
"%(*0Z>!3$0@>l !h13">6D8+"[@q*'(
(+:*0!=8(5W
6
ED".
"4(+QGÁYI/6/*213">8H(5>:f,XI/$'(*213"78U(:+5>IJ(+*'6
?^Ä(Q
"%(pQ<">8(Q/!-6/!#1!#88+"%:+@:+!=85>I
:+13!=8(5b8"%(*28ULM@b(+Q/!-:!#~7I
T *':+!=E T 5^bLM57:
(+Q/!8H.C!=13*vW<!=E(:V"4;1f.
"4((!=:6(5hAC!?>!=6/!3:V"4(+!=E;AS@g(Q/!85>I/:V1!7N
Lf(Q/!b6/!3( 57:xG">1313!3.J(V89(Q/!o135>6/6/!#1e(+*'576:+!=~^I/!#8U(#lj(+Q/!36Í*'(;./:57,-*08!=8i(Q<"4(h(Q
!qE/"4(V"r(+:+">6
8,9*28+8H*05>68H!=:ZS*21! *'$0$,-!3!3(
ÁY5>:!3{/1!3!#E
ÄR(+Q/T !i13$'*0!36^(&8.<!#1*'W
!=Eq.<!=:HLM57:,h"%6<1!AC5>I/6
E
83Nf¬5 T !3Z>!=:=l/(Q/!i?>*0Z>!36o?7I
"%:V"%6^(+!3!:+!3,h"%*06
8Z4">$'*2Eo5>6
$'@*vL](+TQ/!i13$'*0!36^(&
?7!36/!=:+"%(!=EF(:V"4;1:+!3,h"%*06
8 T *'(Q/*06Í(Q/!q8.C!=1*'W
!#E(:V"4;1A<57I/6
E/8=NLp(Q/!q13$'*0!36^(h(+:+"%h1bZS*05>$2"4(+!=8i(Q/!r./:!#8H.C!=13*vW<!=EG(:V"4;1
AC5>I/6<E/83l/(Q/!=6(+Q/!6/!3( T 57:xh,h"[@gEJ:+5>..
"71Vx>!(V83lS57::!#8HQ
">.<!f(+Q/!p(:V"4;1%N
u6/5%(+Q/!3:f*',-.C5>:(+">67(p157,9.C5>6
!36^(f5>L](Q/*28p"%./.
:5^">1VQo*28(+Q/!i.
:5>(!=1(*05>6q?7*'Z7!36o(+5;(+Q/!i:+!=">$v&c(*0,-!i135>6/6/!#1e(+*'576
83Np¿5>(!i(Q
"%(
(+Q/!g6/!3( T 57:xD8H!=:ZS*21! T *0$0$`,-!3!3(X(Q
!g?>*0Z>!=6ª.<!=:HLM57:,h">6
1!;AC5>I
6
E/8X"78$05>6/?B">8(+Q/!13$'*0!36^(i(:V"4;1h:+!3,h"%*06
8 T *'(Q/*06K(+Q/!;(+:+"%La&
W<1h8.C!=1*'W<1="4(*05>6«l«*0::+!=8.<!#1e(+*'Z7!i5>Ls(+Q/!hA<!=Q
"[ZS*'57:5%LR5%(+Q/!3:13$'*0!36^(+8=Ng¿5 T lk(Q/*28.C!3:LM5>:+,h"%6
13!-1="%6/6
5%(AC!h?>I
">:+">67(+!3!#Eklk*vLR(+Q/!
135>6/6/!#1e(+*'576
8"%:+!-6/5%(./:+5%(+!=1(!=EBLM:+5>,(+Q/!;,-*28HAC!3Q
"[ZS*06/?ªÁM57:,-">$'*21*05>I<8+Äf:+!=">$v&c(*0,-!-">6
ED6/5>6D:+!="%$'&c(*0,9!;85>I
:+13!=8=N-O5q"[Z>57*0E
ZS*05>$2"4(*06/?(Q
!h?>I
">:+">67(+!3!#8,h">E/!i(+5o:!#"%$'&)(+*',-!-1576/6/!=1(*05>6
8=l|(+Q/!h6/!3( T 57:xo,iI
8U(!=*v(+Q/!3:!3{J./$'*21*'($0@B135>6^(:+5>$(+Q/!h*'6
./IJ(:V"4(!#8
576"D.C!3:&135>6/6/!#1e(+*'576GA
"78H*28-*cN !7N8HQ
">./*06/?ª"%6
EG.<57$'*21*06/?P5%Lf(Q
!qE/"4(V"/l_5>:h">EJ57.J(g8+1VQ/!=EJI
$'*06/?ª"%$0?>57:*'(Q/,h8i(Q<"4( T *0$'$EJ5K85
Î1,
O:+"%;11VQ
">:+"71e(+!3:+*'m#"4(*05>6h*28"i,95JEJ!=$k5%L(Q/!E/"%(+"i?>!36
!3:V"4(*05>61VQ
"%:V">1(!=:*28U(+*01=8j5>L"98H57I/:+13!>Nz¿57:,h"%$0$0@;"X(+:+"%;1*28R1VQ
"%:V">1(!3:&
*0m3!#ErAS@qAC5>I/6<EJ*'6
?*'(+8Z>5>$0I/,-!>N-uA<57I/6
ED5>6B(Q
!9Z75>$0I/,-!-5%L`(+Q/!9(:V"4;1-13">6BAC!-I
8H!#EB(5bA<57I/6
Er(Q/!;">,-5>I/6^(p5%Ls6
!( T 5>:+x
:+!=85>I/:V1!#8z(Q<"4(R,-"[@9Q
"[Z7!(5iA<!f:!#8H!=:Z7!=E9(+5X./:+54ZS*0EJ!(Q/!:!#~7I
*':+!=E;~^I
">$'*'(U@95%L8!3:+ZS*013!=8=N !I/:*06/?915>6
6/!=1(*05>6;!#8U(V"%A/$0*08Q/,-!36^(#l
:+!=85>I/:V1!#8j"%:+!./:+54ZS*0E/!=E-A
"78H!#E-5>6h(+Q/!(+:+"%h11VQ
"%:V">1(!=:*0m="%(*05>6-"%6
Eh:+!=85>I
:+13!:!#~7I
*':+!3,-!36^(V83NzORQ/!3:+!">:!,h">6^@-8.<!#1*'W<13"%(*05>6
,-5JEJ!3$28./:+5>.C578!=Eg*'6(+Q/!$'*'(!=:+"%(I/:+!fLM5>:R(+:+"%h1p1VQ
">:+"71e(+!3:+*'m#"4(*05>6«N«}D!EJ*08+1I<88"iLM! T *0,9.C5>:(+">6^(5>6/!#83N
# 0&i¼K»|ÆÅ^ÉH½
ORQ/!-Á kl 7Ä`,95JEJ!=$yA<57I/6
E/8"(:V"4;185>I
:+13! T *'(Qb".C!="%xh:V"4(+!>N]u
15>6
6/!=1(*05>68+"4(+*08HW
!#8Á kl 7Ä`,-5SE/!3$clJ*vdo(+Q/!
_5%(+Qg(+Q/!.C!="%x"%6
E"[Z>!=:+">?>!:+"%(!=8R5>L«(+:+"%h1f*06(Q/*28,-5JEJ!3$|*28R?>*0Z>!=6AS@
N
ORQ/*289,-5SE/!3$./:+54ZS*0EJ!#8i"B(+*'?7Q7(-AC5>I/6
EGLM57:;Ì R (:V"4;1%Nn/:+5>,n*0?
N Î-= *'(g13">6FAC!b8!3!=6F(+Q
"4(-LM57:;Ì R (:V"4;1A<5>(Q
(+Q/! T 57:+8H(f1=">8!9">6
Eo(+Q/!h"[Z>!3:V"%?7!.
">1Vx7!("%:+:*0Z4"%$«(*0,9!#8"%:+!X(+Q/!-8">,9!7NX¬5 T !3Z7!3:#lCLM5>:pA/I/:V8U(U@(+:+"%h1iI
8!-5%Lj(+Q/*08p,-5JEJ!=$(+5
8.<!#1*'LM@(+:+"%h1R1VQ
">:+"71e(+!3:+*08H(*21j:+!=8I/$'(+8z*069Z7!3:+@1576
8H!=:Z4"%(*0Z>!_:!#8H57I/:+13!s:+!=8!3:+Z4"4(+*'576|l4$'!#">EJ*06/?f(5p$05 T IJ(+*'$0*0m="4(+*'576-5%L
(+Q/!:+!=8!3:+Z>!=E
:+!=85>I/:V1!#83N
#U¶ &i¼K»|ÆÅSÉU½
w6B(Q/*28,-5JEJ!3$z(+Q/!-(*0,-!;"4{J*28*28EJ*0ZS*0EJ!#ED*'6^(5b*06^(!3:+Z4"%$28f5%Ls$0!36
?%(QPO !=">1VQ«l|13"%$0$0!=ED"gLM:V"%,-!7N9u135>6/6/!#1e(+*'576B8+"4(*28HW
!=8hÁY:=l OÄ
,-5JEJ!3$clC*vL]*'(?>!=6/!3:V"4(+!=86
5;,-5>:+!p(Q
">6o:=N O
A/*v(V85>L](:V"4;1p*'6B"%6S@g*06^(!3:+Z4"%$OpN
w6b(Q
*08,-5SE/!3$cl<:*28(+Q/!XI
./.<!=:AC5>I/6<Eo5>6b(+Q/!
"[Z7!3:V"%?>!9:V"4(!g54Z>!3:p(+Q/!"[Z7!3:V"%?7*'6/?*067(+!3:+Z4"%$sOpNORQ/*28,-5JEJ!3$_*08X*'6K85>,-!g8!36<8H!g8*0,9*0$2"%:(+5o(Q/!DÁ l Ä,-5JEJ!3$cNqORQ/*28
,-5JEJ!3$y"%$285./:+54Z^*2EJ!#8j"p(*0?>Q^(_A<57I/6
E-LM57:RÌ RÍ(:V"4;1>N¬5 T !=Z>!3:#l%LM57:`A/I
:+8H(U@X(+:+"%;1*v(_:!#8HI
$v(V8j*06;Z>!=:@-1576
8H!=:Z4"%(*0Z>!:+!=85>I/:V1!
:+!=8!3:+Z4"4(*05>6«l^$0!="7EJ*06/?9(5-$'5 T IJ(*0$0*'m#"4(*05>6b5>L(+Q/!:!#8H!=:Z7!=Eh:+!=85>I
:+13!=8=N
# 1&i¼K»«ÆÅSÉU½
w6P(+Q/*08i,-5JEJ!3$cl ª8H.C!=13*vW<!=8(+Q/!g,-*06/*0,XI/,Â*067(+!3:&">::+*0Z[">$z(*0,-!gAC!( T !3!36P( T 5q.
"71Vx>!3(+8=N r8H.C!=13*vW
!#8(+Q/!;,h"4{J*0,XI/,
.
"71Vx>!3(p8*'m=!9">6
Eq*08p"1!=:H(V"%*06r*067(+!3:+Z4"%$z54Z>!=: T Q/*21VQB(Q/!-5>A<8H!=:Z4"4(+*'576
8">:!9Z4"%$0*0E|N *28f(Q
!-"[Z7!3:V"%?7!*'6^(!=:H&w"%:+:+*'Z4"%$(*0,-!
!
AC!( T !3!=6r.
"71Vx>!(p54Z>!=:f">6S@o*'6^(+!3:+Z[">$)N9S5"b135>6/6/!#1e(+*'576B8+"4(*28HW
!=8(Q/*28p,-5JEJ!3$]*'Ls*'(8"%(*28UW
!#8-Á D 7Ä,-5JEJ!3$]"%6<Eq(+Q/!
"
"[Z7!3:V"%?>!`*'6^(!=:H&w"%:+:+*'Z4"%$>(*0,-!5%LC135>6
8!=13IJ(*0Z>!s.
">1Vx7!(V8*28z$2"%:+?>!3:(Q<"%6 sEJI/:+*06/?f">6S@*'6^(!=:Z4">$J5%L
$0!36/?>(Q9eN%¬!=:!R*06X(+Q/*08z,-5JEJ!=$
(+Q/!h.<!#"%xq:V"4(+!h"%6
Er(Q/!;"[Z7!3:V"%?7!:+"%(!-5%Ls(Q/!-(+:+"%;19">:! + D"%6
E + #Nh¿5>(!=8f(+Q
"4((+Q/*28,-5SE/!3$j./:+54ZS*0E/!=8
"
AC5>I/6<E/8]LM57:`AC5%(Qg.<!#"%x9:+"%(!">6
Eh"[Z>!=:+">?>!_:+"%(!5>LC(+Q/!(+:+"%;1%NzORQ/*08s,-5JEJ!3$<./:54ZS*2EJ!=8jA<!3(H(!=:_1VQ<"%:V">1e(+!3:+*'m#"4(+*'576i5>L RÍ(:V"4;1
# #
135>,-.
"%:+!=E;(5hAC5%(+QPÁ l ÄR">6
EPÁM:#l OÄs,-5JEJ!3$283N
# D &9¼K»|ÆÅ^ÉH½
w6D(Q
*08X,95JEJ!=$ *08(Q/!;,h"%{S*0,XI
,tA/I/:V8H(X8H*0m3!;">6
E q*08(Q/!;$05>6
?(+!3:+, "[Z7!3:V"%?>!i:+"%(!h5>Ls(+Q/!g85>I/:V1!9(:V"4;1>l«:+!=8.<!#1e(*0Z>!=$'@7N
$ %
uZ>!3:V"%?7!(+:+"%h1i*2813"%$21I
$0"%(!=EBAS@KÁM6SI/,iA<!=:5%Ls.<">1Vx>!3(+8f?>!=6/!3:V"4(+!=Eo54Z7!3:p$2"%:+?>!iE/I/:+"%(*05>6<Ä +JÁY$0">:?7!iEJI/:V"4(+*'576<ÄeN9u1576/6/!=1(*05>6
&$ '%
8+"4(+*08HW
!=89Á D SÄl|*'LsEJI/:+*'6
?"%6S@b*067(+!3:+Z4"%$5%L`$0!36/?>(Qr((+Q/!i6SI/,iA<!=:5>L`A/*'(+8f?>!=6/!3:V"4(+!=EbAS@b(Q
!9135>6/6/!#1e(+*'576q*'6r(Q
"%(f*06^(!=:Z4"%$*28
$0!=8+8_(Q
">6 7(=N _I/:V8U(,h"[@g135>,-!54Z7!3:_(EJI/:V"4(+*'57657:_6
5%(A<!#13">I
8H!p*'(*08RZ7!3:+@h*'6JLM:+!=~^I/!=6^(8H596/5-5%LA/*v(V8?>!=6/!3:V"4(+!=Eg*08R$0!=8+8
$ (%
)$ *%
Î1.
13$'5^8H!=:s(+5h*v(V8$05>6/?i(!=:, "[Z>!3:V"%?7!:V"4(+!>N
i¡¥z=£
\6
13!;"(:V"4;1h85>I/:V1!hQ
"788.<!#1*'W
!=EP*'(+8p(+:+"%;1;1VQ
"%:V">1(!=:*28U(+*01=8p"%6
ED*'(+8 T 5SB:!#~7I
*':+!3,-!36^(V8f(5o(+Q/!;6/!3( 57:xyl«*'( "%*'(+8pLM57:
(+Q/!X6/!3( T 57:x(5">1313!3.J((Q/!i:!#~^I/!=8H(AC!LM57:!*'(f1="%6r8H(+">:H(*v(V8(+:+">6
8H,-*288*05>6
8=NORQ/!X6
!( T 5>:+x576o*v(V8.
">:H(p1VT Q/!=1VxJ8*'Ls"7T EJ!=~^I
"%(!
:+!=85>I/:V1!h*28X"[Z4">*'$2"%A/$0!;"%$05>6
?q"%6S@B.<"4(QPLM:+5>,Â85>I/:V1!h(+5rEJ!#8U(+*'6
"%(*05>6P(+5q,-!3!(i(Q/!EJ!3,h">6
EkNq57IJ(!8H!=$'!#1e(*05>6 ÁYI/6/*213">8H(i57:
,iI/$v(+*01=">8H(VÄsLM57:"98!=8+8*'576EJI
:*06/?9(Q/!135>6/6
!=1e(+*'576!#8U(V"%A/$0*28HQ/,-!=67(./Q<">8!>N
?QH @B E
ÌsI/:+:+!36^(jw6^(!3:+6/!3(`./:+5%(5J135>$28zI
8H!:+5>I/(*06/?"%$0?>57:*'(Q/,h8j8I
1VQh">8](Q/!8Q/57:H(+!=8H(j.
"4(+Qh:57IJ(*06/?*06 Q/*01VQ-(+Q/!:+5>IJ(+*'6
?13"%6-AC!5>./(*'&
,-*0m3!=E9LM57:j8H57,-!,9!3(:+*01 T *v(+Q/5>IJ(](V"%xS*06/?*'6^(+5">13135>I/6^( T Q/!3(Q/!=:](Q
!:!#~^I/*':+!=Ei:+!=85>I/:V1!R*28j">1(T I
">$'$0@i"[Z4"%*0$2"%A/$0!>N]Ìs5>6
8!=~^I/!=67(+$'@7l
(+Q/!B
5 T 8j,9*0?>Q^(`AC!:+5>I/(!=E954Z7!3:](+Q/!.
"%(Q
8j(Q
"%(s"%:+!I/6
">A/$0!(598HI/.
.<57:H(j(+Q/!3*0:`:+!=~^I/*0:+!3,-!36^(+8 T Q/*'$0!5>(Q/!=:`.
"%(Q
8`,9*0?>Q^(`!3{J*08H(
T135>Q/6/*26/1VQP!#1e1(+*'5>57I
6
$083ErNzQ
!"[#Z>8H!-!#"%8:V"%1V(Q/*28U!3W<:V!=8zEoQ
"[(+Z>Q/!!h6/8H5.C!=13./*vW<:!=57EB.<5^:8H!#!#~7E I
*':+!3 ,-!3"$6^(V83N9
AORQQ/5>*0_:8 LT %5>I/&'$2EB"$#$'
!#a"> EoFb#\(+5b&1ONA/:"$!#">1VQq
A5>Q L_13Q/5>,-*21VQh,-54*v(Z>(!3!=:VE 157T ,-5^!Rr(Q/?>!#I<8H"%!:V"%./6^:(57!=A/!=$08!3,b(+5 N
ORQ/!.
:*0,h"%:+@h?>57">$08_5>L T 5S;:+5>IJ(+*'6
?9T ">:!7 T
E O«5h8!3$0!=1(R:+5>I/(!=8_(+Q
"4(1="%6,-!3!(13!3:(+">*'6 T 5^g:!#~^I/*':+!3,-!=67(V83l
E O«5-*06
1:+!="78H!(Q
!IJ(*0$'*0m="%(*05>6b5%L(Q/!6
!( T 5>:+xCN
} Q/*0$0!-E/!(!=:,-*06/*06/?":+5>IJ(+!>l T 5So:+5>IJ(+*'6/?b8+1VQ/!3,-!=8f6/5>(f576/$0@r1576
8H*2EJ!=:(+Q/!9(5>.C5>$05>?7@o5%Ls"6/!3( 57:xylyA/IJ(">$085g(+Q/!-:!3&
~^I/*0:!=,-!36^(5%L(Q/!
5 T lS(+Q/!:+!=85>I/:V1!p"[Z4"%*0$0">A/*'$0*'(U@h5%L«(+Q/!$0*'6/xJ8=l
"%6<Eg5>(Q/!=:.<57$'*21*0!=8R(+Q
"4(,h"[@hAC!8H.CT!=13*vW<!=EAS@;(Q
!f6
!( T 5>:+x
"7EJ,-*'6/*28H(:V"4(57:+8=NORQ
!3:+!LM5>:+!>l T 5^9:+5>IJ(+*'6
? 57I/$2E-A<!f"%A/$0!(5W
6
E;"X$'576/?>!=:`"%6
E-$0*0?>Q^($0@^&c$057"7EJ!=E9.
"%(Q;:V"4(+Q/!3:`(Q
">6-(Q/!f8HQ/57:H(&
!#8U(.
"%(QB(Q
"%(,h"[@qA<!hQ
!="[ZS*'$0@^&c$057"7EJ!=E|N T T 5Sq:+5>IJ(+*'6
?b8+1VQ/!=,9!#8"%:+!9(Q/!=:!3LM5>:+!i!3{S.C!=1(!#Er(+5oA<!h,-57:!h8I
1313!=8+8ULMI/$z(+Q
"%6D(+Q/!
(+:+"7EJ*v(+*'576
"%$k:+5>I/(*06/?h81VQ/!=,-!=8_*'6b,-!3!3(*06/? T 5^g?>I<"%:V"%6^(!=!=8=N
>
@B E C EF P
ORQ/!9157,9.
$'!3{S*'(U@5%Lj" T 5^:+5>I/(*06/?g"%$0?>57:*'(Q
,EJ!=.<!=6
E/85>6o(+Q/!i1VQ/5^8H!=6 T 5^b1576
8H(:V"%*067(V88I
1VQq">8Q/5>.r135>I/6^(#l<A
">6
E T *2ES(Q«l
EJ!=$0"[@7l/EJ!3$2"[@^& U*'(H(+!3:!3(+1%NjORQ
! T 5Sg135>6
8H(:V"%*06^(+81="%6A<!EJ*0ZS*0E/!=E*'6^(+5i(+Q/:+!3!pA/:+57">E1$2">8+8!=8 8 Î-.;< N
¾«!(fE«ÁM*cl ÄpEJ!=6/5%(+!i"1VQ/578!36q135>6
8H(:V"%*06^(LM57:(+Q/!-$'*06/xªÁM*cl ÄNXn/57:f">6S@.<"4(Q ?ÁY*)l lkxyl0N'N0N$clC,;Äl«"g135>6
8H(:V"%*06^(fE 5>I
$0E
AC!p(!=:,-!=E #/O:O
`\3l
*'L]E|Á _Ä °E|ÁM*cl Ä ºE|Á l x/Ä N0N0N ºE|ÁY$)l ,;ÄeNjn/57:!{/"%,-./$0!>lJ!=6
ES&c(5>&c!=6
EgEJ!=$0"[@g*08">6">E
EJ*v(+*'Z7!15>6<8UT (+:+">*'6^(
">6
E*08R!#~7I<"%$y(5-(+Q/!8I/,5>L(+Q/!EJ!3$2"[@;5>L«(Q
!*'6<EJ*'ZS*2EJI
">$k$'*06/xJ8*06(+Q/!.
"%(Q|N 7*'(H(!=:=l/13578H("%6
EQ/57.b135>I/6^("%:+!"%$28H5-">E
EJ*v(+*'Z7!
135>6
8H(:V"%*06^(+8=N
u 1576
8H(:V"%*067(R*28_(!3:+,-!=ME ([C
*#
`\3l
*'L CÁ #Ä CÁ D SÄ CÁ :D /Ä CÁ -D$>bÄNjn/57:_!3{/"%,-./$0!>lJ:+!3$0*0">A/*'$0*'(U@;15>6<8U(+:+">*'6^(
*28R,XI/$'(*0./$0*01="4(+*'Z7!>NjORQ/!:+!3$0*0">A/*0$'*'(U@;5%Lz"9.
"4(+Q*28?7*'Z7!36gAS@g(Q/!./:+5JEJI
1(R5>L(+ Q/ !:+!3$0*0">A/*'$0*'(U@;5%L(Q/!*06
EJ*0ZS*0EJI<"%$|$0*'6
xS8=N
Ìs:+5 13:5>La(j./:+54Z>!=E9(+Q
"4(_(Q
!./:+5>A/$0!3,5>LkW
6
EJ*06/?9.
"4(+Qg8HI
A U!=1(`(5X( 5i5>:s,957:!f">E/E/*v(+*'Z7!"%6<E +[57:j,XI/$'(*0./$0*01="4(+*'Z7!1576
8H(:V"%*067(V8
*06i">6^T @p.C578+8H*0A/$0!s135>,XA
*'6
"%(*05>6*28¿ ]&w157,-./$'!3(! 8 Ã Î < Nz¬5 T !3Z7!3:#l3(+Q/!_./T :5S5>L/5%L
¿ j&UÌs57,-./$'!3(!=6/!=8+8«*28A
">8!=EX5>6(+Q/!_"788I/,-.J(+*'576
8
Ã*
*06
EJ!=.<!=6
EJ!36^(f.
"%:V"%,-!(+!3:V8R*'6q1=">8!5%Lz.
">1Vx7!(8 T *v(V1VQ/!=Eb6
!( T 5>:+xS8=T N`u8"h:+!=8I/$'T (=l/.C5>$0@S6/5>,-*2"%T $">$'?75>:+*v(+Q/,h8R$'*0x>! _!=$'$0,h"%6J&wn/57:+E
">6
E(Q/!X!{S(!=6
EJ!=E !* UxS8H(:V"/© 8">$'?75>:+*v(+Q/, 8 ;Î :1< !{J*28U(LM57:157,-./IJ(*06/?;:+5>I/(!=8 *v(+QoQ/5>.q135>I/6^(=lCEJ!3$2"[@>l<"%6
E U*'(H(+!3:135>6
8H(:V"%*06^(+8=N
w6^(!=:!#8U(+*'6
?>$0@>l«A<"%6
E T *2ES(+QP">6
EDQ/5>.ª135>I/6^(X1576
8H(:V"%*067(V8"%:+!-,957:!-*0,-.<57:H(V"%T6^((Q
">6D(Q/!gE/!3$2"[@q5>: U*'(H(+!3:i135>6
8H(:V"%*06^(+8=l«8*'6
13!
(+Q/!=8!;( T 5r"%:+!-(5D"o$2"%:+?>!;!3{^(+!36^(9E/!(!=:,-*06/!=EPAS@D(Q
!gA
">6
E T *2ES(QF">6
EªQ/57.K157I/6^(91576
8H(:V"%*067(V8"%6<EK"%$28H5o,-5^8U(9:!#"%$'&)(+*',-!
8!3:+ZS*013!=8p:+!=~^I/*0:!hA
">6
E T *2ES(QK"78X">6D!#88!36^(+*0">$`1576
8U(+:+">*'6^( T Q/*0$0!h(Q/!gQ/5>.ª157I/6^(i1576
8H(:V"%*067(XE/!(!=:,-*06/!=8!dy!=1e(+*'Z7!;:+!=85>I/:V1!
IJ(+*'$0*0m="4(+*'576|N
w6b(+Q/!$2">8H(( 5;E/!=13"7EJ!=8=l<8!3Z7!3:V"%$|">$'?75>:+*v(+Q/,h8Q
"[Z>!AC!3!=6o./:+5>.C578!=E(5g"7E/EJ:+!=8+8R(Q
!XZ4"%:+*'57I
8R./:+5>A/$0!3,h8">8+8H5J1*2"4(+!=E *'(Q
I/6
*01=">8H(s"%6
E-,iI/$'T (*213">8H(`:+5>IJ(+*'6
?
NjÌs5>,-./:+!3Q/!=6
8H*0Z>!R:+!3ZS*0! T 8j5>LkI/6/*213">8H(`"%6<E-,XI/$'(*213"78U(s">$'?75>:+*v(+Q/,h8zLM5>: T 5^i:+5>IJ(+*'6/?">:!"[T Z4">*'$'&
">A/$'!X*'Q6 8 ÃJl =;< BN 5qI/$v(+*',-!#EJ*0""%./.
$'*213"%(*05>6
8=l T Q/*21VQo:!#~^I/*':+!,XI
$v(+*01=">8H( T 5^:+5>IJ(+*'6
?
l<">:!AC!=135>,-*06/?hZ>!=:@*',-.C5>:(+"%6^(">6
Eo"%:+!
TT *25SEJ;!3$0:+@;5>IJAC(+!3*'*06
6/?
?-l/I
"%86<!=E;E(+*'Q/6!3,h6b"%*06^6SZ7@;!=8H8H(5>*0La?7("%:(!#!"%"i$'&)(+LM*'! ,-!p*',-"%./.C./5>$0*2:13(+"4"%(+6^*'(576
./8=:+N5%(+w5S613(5>Q
$283!N LM57$'$05 T *06/?
l T !fEJ*28+1I
8+88H57,-!*288I/!#8s:+!3$0!3Z4">67(_(5-,iI/$v(+*01=">8H(
T
¡oV¥z3¤|¥i¡¥]3£
w6^(!=:6
!(*08W
6
EJ*06/?-?>:+5 T *'6
?iI
8!p*'6b,h"%6S@;85%La(:+!=">$v&c(*0,-!f">././$0*01="4(*05>6<83Nzw6o">E/E/*v(+*'576g(+5hZ^*2EJ!=5%&5>6J&wEJ!3,h">6
EklJ"%6
Eg(!=$'!#1576JLM!3:&
!=6
1*06/?
ly,h"%6S@bEJ*28U(+:*0A/IJ(+!=Er">././$0*01="4(+*'576
8:+!=~^I/*0:+!,XI/$'(*213"78U(p157,9,iI/6/*213"%(*05>6|N 6 *'ZS*06/?g!#">1VQr85>I/:V1!i"%6q*06
EJ!=.<!=6
EJ!36^(p.<57*'6^(&
(+5%&.<57*'6^(f135>6/6
!=1e(+*'576o(5!="71VQrEJ!=8H(*06
"%(*05>6q*28">6qI/6
"71313!3.J(V"%A/$0!i">././:+57">1VQbAC!=1="%I
8!X5>L](Q/!9.<5>(!=67(+*0">$ T ">8H(+">?>!5>Lj:!#8H57I/:V1!=8=N
ORQ/!i15>,-,-5>6q">././:+57"71VQ*28(+5g1576
8U(+:I<1e(LM57:!="71VQo8H57I/:+13!"h,XI
$v(+*01=">8H((:+!3!X135>6/6
!=1e(+*'576|N`"71VQZ7!3:(!3{576b";,XI/$'(*213"78U((+:!=!
:+!3./:+!=8!36^(V8s!=*v(+Q/!3:"i:+5>I/(!3:R57:"iQ
578H(=N
\6/!1="%6b8"[Z7!f"9?>:+!="%(RE/!="%$«5%L:+!=85>I
:+13!=8_AS@;Q
"[ZS*'6
?i(+Q/!8H57I/:V1!=88Q
">:!f:!#8H57I/:V1!=8 Q/!=6/!3Z7!3:R.C578+8H*0A/$0!>Njn/57:!{/"%,-./$0!>lJ*06
">6b">I
EJ*05;1576JLM!3:+!36
13!>l/576/!;ÁM57:"4(A<!#8U("9LM! T ÄR.C!35>.
$'!8.<!#"%x"4(">6^@g(*0,-!>N_w6b8I
1VQq"hT 8+1!=6
"%:+*'5<l T !1="%6oEJ!3W
6/!X"-,iI/$v(+*01=">8H(
?7:57I/."78R5>6/! T Q/!=:!f(+:+"%h1LM:+5>,"-8!(5>L85>I/:V1!#8`(+:+"[Z7!3:V8H!p85>,-!15>,-,-5>6:+5>IJ(+!3:V8_">6
E(:V"%6
8,-*08+8*'576g$0*'6/xJ8=N
ORQ/! T 5Si:57IJ(*06/?pLMI/6
1(*05>6h*06;"p,XI/$'(*213"78U(_"%././$0*213"4(+*'576-*'6SZ>57$'Z7!=8W
6
E/*'6/?i"f(:+!3!:+5S5%(!#Ei"%(s"85>I/:V1!">6
E-154Z>!=:*06/?p"%$0$/(+Q/!
:+!=13!3*0Z>!3:V8=l T *'(Q!3Z7!3:+@h.
"4(+QgLM:+5>,(+Q/!8H!=6
EJ!=:s(+59(Q/!p:+!=1!=*'Z7!3:V8s8+"4(+*08HLM@S*'6
?X(+Q/! T 5^g:!#~7I
*':+!3,-!36^(#NORQ/!f(+:!=!p135>6
8H(:+I
1(*05>6g*06
,iI/$v(+*01=">8H(*06/?">:!XI
8HI<"%$0$'@b.C!3:LM5>:+,9!#Eo*06o( T 5gA
">8*01 T "[@J8=8H57I/:+13!&A
">8!=Eb">6
Eq157:!3&cA<">8!=EkN}D!X6
5 T EJ*08+1I<88f"-LM! T :57IJ(*06/?
./:+5%(+5J15>$28_A<!=$'576/?>*06/?9(5-(+Q/!=8!f( T 5-A/:+57"7Eg1="4(!=?>57:*0!=8=N
B H @B MN
SA
w6(Q
!pLM5>$0$'5 T *06/?
l T !EJ*2813I
88_( T 5-*',-.C5>:(+">67(85>I/:V1!3&cA<">8!=Eh:+5>IJ(+*'6
?9.
:5>(5J157$08=N
U ® # U· =µ=¯/±´>Å ÅS´%µ#»
¶®°²ÉMµ=·)´>¯ =µ g»C²«µ#·Y±¸ p¶4»<µ=»|´7»<É &
! 5q 8 V < *0,9.
$'!=,9!=6^(+8;85>I/:V1!3&cA<">8!=EP(+:!=!=8 *'(QÍ:!=Z>!=:+8!g.
"%(QLM5>: "%:VEJ*'6
?
l]./:+I/6/*06/?ª"%6
EG?>:V"4La(+*'6
?
N(;:!=$'*0!=8-576F(+Q/!
!3{J1VQ<"%6/?7!5>L>E/*08H(+">6
1!pZ>!#1e(+5>:RI/.yE/"4(+!=8+9">,-5>6/?-T 6/5JEJ!#83N]`"71VQZ7!=1(5>:R!=T 67(+:@15>6^(V"%*06
8s(Q/!EJ!#8U(+*'6<"4(*05>6b"%6<EE/*08H(+">6
1!p*06JLM5>:&
,h"4(+*'576b!{J./:+!=8+8H!#Eg*06(!3:+,h85%L]6SI/,iA<!=:5%LzQ/5>.<83N`ORQ
!=8!I/.CE
"4(!#8"%:+!8H!=6^(5>6!="71VQ$0*06/xyNsORQ/!,iI/$v(+*01=">8H(EJ*28U(+:*0A/IJ(+*'576(+:!=!
*28_(Q/!=6q1:+!="%(!=E|N
® Ê #U®°²ÉMµ#·Y´7¯ 3µ sÅ^± È»<¶[µ=Å =µ ¯Jµ=ÈÀÊ·M¶ 3µ & »<²µ=·)±¸ p¶4»<µ=»|´7»<É
5B\p `n 8 Î Ã < *08i"q,XI
$v(+*01=">8H(X!{S(!=6
8*'576ª(5r(Q/!o\p `n I/6/*213"78U(9$'*06/x^&8H(+"%(!;:+5>I/(*06/?q./:+5%(+5S135>$cNqw6\p snÀ!#">1VQª:+5>IJ(+!3:i.<!3&
:+*'5JEJ*213">$'$0@P8H!=6
E/8$0*06/xª8U(V"4(!#8(+5r"%$0$`5>(Q/!=:X:+5>IJ(+!3:V8*06ª(Q/!g6/!( T 5>:+xJ83Nqs">1VQP:57IJ(!=:A/I/*0$2E/8XI
.F"q157,-./$'!3(!6/!( T 5>:+xr,h"%.«N
} *'(Qg(Q/*28`*06JLM57:,h"4(+*'576h!="71VQ;:57IJ(!=:`*28`">A/$'!(5915>,-./I/(!(+Q/!8Q/57:H(+!=8H(`.
"4(+Q;(+5!3Z7!3:+@9EJ!#8U(+*'6<"4(*05>6g*'6h(+Q/!f6/!( T 5>:+xXI
8*06/?(+Q/!
!* UxJ8H(:V"/© 8p8HQ/57:H(+!=8H(.
"%(QD"%$0?>5>:+*'(Q/, 8 Î :1< N 5B\p `nÍ!3{S(!36<E/8(Q/!#8H!9$'*06/xq8H(+"%(!=8(5b"%$285g*06
1$0I
EJ!9*'6/LM5>:+,-"%(*05>6r">A<57IJ(p?>:+5>I/.
,-!3,iA<!=:+8Q/*0.
8=N;`">1VQD:+5>IJ(+!3:">EJZ7!3:(*28H!#8(Q/!;.
:!#8H!=6
1!-5%L_,XI/$'(*213"78U(?7:57I/.D:!#1!3*0Z>!=:+8f"4((+"71VQ/!=EB(5b*'(=NgORQ
!3:+!LM5>:+! 5B\p sn
1="%6r135>6
8H(:+I
1e(p"g8Q/5>:(!#8U(&c.<"4(Qr,XI/$'(*213"78U((:+!3!>ly*cN !7Nf(Q/!9.
"4(+QoLM:+5>,(Q
!985>I/:V1!(5g!#">1VQq:+!=13!3*0Z>!=:*06q(Q
!i,iI/$v(+*01=">8H((+:!=!X*28
ÃÎ
B )
A
$
K
PO QR 9@SCFE MNAD0 @ E
w6h(+Q/!135>:+!&A
">8!=EX(:+!3!1*'(!3A<"%$0$)l A
"%$0$ Î "%./.
:5^">1VQ|l4W<:+8H(s"135>:+!LM5>:_",XI/$'(*213"78U(`(:+!3!*28s8!3$0!=1(!#EkNORQ
!EJ*'dC!=:!=6^(s:+!=1!=*'Z7!3:V8]8H!=6
E
(+Q/!3*0:8I/A
8+1:+*'AC!X:+!=~^I/!#8U((+5;(+Q/*08f157:!7N`">1VQb*06^(!3:+,-!=EJ*2"4(+!X:+5>IJ(+!3::+!3,-!=,XAC!3:V8(Q
!*'6^(+!3:LY">1!LM:57, T Q/*21VQo(+Q/*08:+!=~^I/!=8H(Q
"78
AC!3!=6:+!=13!3*0Z>!=E;*'65>:VEJ!3:_(+5i*06
1$0I
EJ!p*'(*'6^(5i(Q
!pE/*08H(:+*'A
IJ(*05>6(:+!3!7N} Q
!36b"i85>I/:V1!p8!36
E/8RE/"%(+"X(59(Q
!,iI/$v(+*01=">8H(?>:+5>I/.|l^(+Q/!
.
"71Vx>!3(:!#">1VQ/!#8f"oW
:+8H(5>6/&)(+:!=!9:+5>I/(!3: Q/*01VQD(+Q/!36ª:+!3./$0*213"4(+!=8p(+Q/*28.
"71Vx>!(576K"%$0$](Q/!g5>6J&c(:+!3!-*067(+!3:LY">13!=8!3{J13!3.J(X(Q/!h576/!
LM:+5>, T Q
*01VQ(Q
!.
">1Vx7!(13"%,-!pLM:+5>,bN T
® U® ® ¶4»C²«µ#·Y±¸ p¶[»<µ=»«´>»CÉ
`:5>(5J157$kw6
EJ!3.C!36<EJ!36^S( 5oI
$v(+*01=">8H(XÁ j 5BÄ 8 $ < ">8(Q/!6<"%,-!*v(V8H!=$vLj8I/?>?7!=8H(+8R*28*06
EJ!3.C!36<EJ!36^(5>Lz">6S@gI/6
E/!3:+$'@S*06/?h./:+5%(5J135>$cNj(
135>6
8*08H(+85%L]( 5g,iI/$'(*213">8H(:+5>I/(*06/?g./:+5%(+5J15>$28= !!36<8H! 5o5JEJ!bÁ ! 5rÄ ` 5">6
ErS.
">:+8! 5q5SE/!Á) 5rÄ ` 5ªNy}B!96/5 T EJ*28+1I
8+8
,iI/$v(+*01=">8H(=NjORQSI
8=l/"%6o"%.
T ./:5^">1VQ;$0*0x>!!3Z7!3:V8H! ]"%(Qn$05S5SE/*'6/?-(+Q
"4 ( <5^5JE/8E
"4(+">?>:V"%,h8s(5-!3Z7!3:+@h,XI/$'(*213"78U(:+5>I/(!3:#N
T>,95>:+!#xb88+I/"%6/?7!=$0!=8=8+l78pA
*vIJ( (T "%"%:+!f6^(+5%8(Q
(5 !3: U57*'*06P8!p"g6/5%,i(I/*0$'6S(Z>*2135>">$0Z>8H(!#E;?>:+*05>6bI/,X.«NXI/$'OR(*2Q/13"7*28p8U(R*08pLM5>"b: 1"%!=67:VEJ(+!3*'6
:&c?
A<N ">8!=Eq">././:+57">1VQ«l T Q
!3:+!i:+5>IJ(+!3:V8p8H!=6
Eq!3{S.
$'*21*'( U5>*06
T T
"%(Q/!=:j(+Q
"%6;715>:+!=
l ` 5b&w 5I
8H!#8](+Q/!6/5>(*05>6h5>L«":!=6
EJ!=m3Z>57I
8].C5>*06^(fÁY sÄeNS`"71VQ-?>:+5>I/.h*28`"7885J1*2"4(!#E95>6/!9ÁM5>:s,-5>:+!#Ä
zN|¿! T ?>:+5>I/.D:+!=1!=*'Z7!3:V88!36<ED U5>*06
,9!#88+"%?7!=8(5b(+Q/!h zN«¾«*'x7!;Ì ROplk!#">1VQD*'6^(!=:,-!#EJ*0"%(!-:+5>IJ(+!3:p(+">x>!#8f"7EJZ4"%6^(+">?>!95%L
(+Q/!=8!i U5>*06
;,-!=8+8+"%?>!#8(+5gI/.yE/"4(+!X(+Q/!-EJ*08H(:+*0A/IJ(*05>6r(:+!3!7N !f"4(V";*288I/!=EqA^@o"8H57I/:V1!*28W<:+8H(!=6
13">.
8HI
$0"%(!=Eq*'6BI/6/*213">8H(f">6
E
(+Q/!36o8!36^((5-(+Q/! A<!3LM5>:+!A<!=*'6
?;EJ*08H(:+*0A/IJ(!#E*'6(Q
!,XI/$'(*213"78U((+:!=!;Áa(Q
!p(:+!3!*28RI/6/*2EJ*':+!=1(*05>6
">$2ÄN`n/57:R(Q/5^8H!pZ7!3:+@g">1(*0Z>!
85>I/:V1!#83l/">6
EbAC!=13">I
8!?>5>*06/?-(+Q/:57I/?>Qo"h ÍAC!LM57:! U5>*06/*'6
?;"-:!#1!3*0Z>!=:*08,-5SE/!3:V"4(!=$'@!;1*0!36^(#l jU¿ +% 5 !=6
"%A/$0!=8(Q/!X13:!3&
"%(*05>65%L]"9 `nP(+:!=!:5S5%(+!=E"4((Q
*0885>I
:+13!>Nz(*08R(+QSI
8$0!=8+8EJ!3.C!36
E/!36^(5>6(Q/!13!36^(!=:$'5J1="4(*05>6(Q<"%6rÌ ROpN
B
?QH SA
E $'!#">E/8_(+5h"9E/!=8H(*06
"4(+*'57657IJ(5%L(Q/!p(+:!=!>l
E EJ5S!=8R6/5>(Z^*05>$2"4(+!f(Q/!EJ!=$0"[@15>6<8U(+:+">*'6^(=lJ">6
E
E ,-*'6/*0,-*'m=!"-8H!=$'!#1e(*05>6LMI/6
1(*05>6|N
w69(Q
!R8!=135>6
Ei./Q
"78H!7l4(Q
!8H!=$'!#1e(!#E9$'*06/xJ8]"%:+!_8!36^(](+5(+Q/!85>I/:V1!_6/5JEJ!>l Q/!3:+!_(Q/!RAC!=8H(j$'*06/xi$ Q/*21VQi,-*06/*',-*0m3!#8z(Q/!8!3$0!=1(*05>6
LMI/6<1e(*05>6*2891VQ
578!36|NPw6G(Q/!(Q/*0:VEF./Q<">8!>lj"%6u ! !,-!=8+8">?>!;*28-8H!=6^(iT (+5D"7E/EK$R(+5r(+Q/!g(+:!=T !>NFORQ
*089./:+5J1!=E/I/:!15767(+*'6SI/!#8
I/6^(+*'$z!3Z7!3:+@E/!=8H(*06
"4(+*'576q*08*06
1$0I
EJ!#Eq*06q(Q
!X(+:!=!>NpORQ/*08f"%$0?>57:*'(Q
,:+!=~^I/*0:!#8*06^(!36<8H*0Z>!i,XI/$'(*0./$0!i,-!=8+8+"%?>!X!{/1VQ
"%6
?>!=8=NO T 5
*0,-.<57:H(V"%6^(]./:57A/$0!3, T *'(Q B*08(Q<"4(](Q
!R135>,-,XI
6/*01="4(+*'576X54Z>!=:Q
!=">E*08Z>!=:@Q
*'?7Q9">6
E(+Q
"4(j!=Z>!3:+@p6/5JEJ!R6/!3!#E/8(5f,h"%*06^(+"%*06
"9?>$05>A<"%$|8H(+"4(+!>N
Ã>Ã
5>LfEJ*'dC!=:!=6^( T 5Sª:+!=~^I/*0:!=,-!36^(+8=lj5>6
!"%(h"B(+*',-! 8 Ã/* < Ns">1VQF:+5>I/(!3:9x>!=!3.
89*06JLM5>:+,h"4(+*'576G:+!3?^"%:VEJ*'6
?o(Q/! T 5Sª$0!3Z7!3$R5%Lf*v(V8
U57*'6B,9!#88+"%?7!=85>6/$0@/ÄeNORQ/! U57*'6B,9!#88+"%?7!XQ
T"78(+5g(+:+"[Z7!3$(5(Q/!h135>:+!X5%L`(Q/!9(:+!3!iA<!3LM5>:+!X(+Q/! U5>*06B1="%6B8I
1=1!3!#Ekl|8*'6
13!i!#">1VQ
:+5>IJ(+!3:px>!=!3.
8 T 5So*06JLM5>:+,h"4(*05>6D"%AC5>IJ(EJ5 T 6<8U(+:!#"%,,-!3,XAC!3:V8p5>6
$'@7NiORQ/!hEJ!=$0"[@q">6
Er$0578+8f:!#~^I/*':+!3,-!=67(p5%Ls,9!=,XAC!3:V8p,h"[@
AC!iEJ*'dy!3:+!36^(=lCA/IJ(f(Q/!iA
"%6<E T *0EJ(Qq:+!=~^I/*0:!=,-!36^(*28">8+8I/,-!=E(5A<!X(Q/!98">,-!>NORQ/! T 5^:+!=~^I/*0:!=,9!=6^(+8">:!6
5%(f135>6
8*2EJ!3:+!=E
*06P(Q/!h:+5>I/(*06/?
l«(Q/!=@D">:! UI
8H(X?>I<"%:V"%6^(!=!=EDEJI/:+*'6/?b(+Q/!h(+:!=!;15>6<8U(+:I
1(*05>6P"%6
EB(+Q/!36ª*'(X*28,h"%*067(V"%*06/!=EDAS@r:+!=8H(:+*21e(*06/?b(+Q/!
8I
1313!=8+8R5%L U5>*06,-!#88+"%?7!=8=N
}D!o13"%68H57,-!(*0,-!=8-:+!=EJI<1!(Q/!bA
">6
E *2ES(Q "%6<EKA/IJdy!3:;8.
"71!:!#8H!=:Z7!=EªLM57:h"r,iI/$v(+*01=">8H(h?>:+5>I/."4(9(Q/!o:+5>IJ(+!3:V8i">6
E
$0*'6
xS8(:V"[Z>!=:+8!=EAS@b,957:!p(+Q
"%6r5>6/!i,XI/$'(*213T "78U((+:!=!XI
8*06/?g"h:+!=85>I/:V1!:+!#J!3: j"4(*05>6o.
:5>(5J157$k(Q
"%(f135>6
8*0E/!3:V8(Q
!i"%?7?>:+!3?^"4(!
:+!=~^I/*0:!=,-!36^(5%L«(+Q/!,XI
$v(+*01=">8H(?>:+5>I/.">8" T Q/5>$0!>N]w6oEJ!=!=EklS(+Q/*28*08(Q/! ./:+5%(5J135>$cN
@4 MN
K L A E D MN C O H R
Í*288H57$'!=$'@g"9:+!=85>I/:V1!:!#8H!=:Z4"%(*05>6g.
:5>(5J157$)Nz(">8+8I/,-!=8s(Q
"%((Q/!,iI/$'(*213">8H(R(:+!3!Q
"78RA<!=!36o8!(I/.bAS@h(Q/!:+5>I/(!3:V8_5%L
(+Q/!6/!( T 5>:+xyNuEJ,-*08+8*'5765>L"-6/! T ,iI/$v(+*01=">8H(1576/6/!=1(*05>6*08RQ<"%6
EJ$0!=EAS@h(+Q/!">EJ,-*288*05>6b15>6^(+:57$C,-5JEJI/$0!*06b"9$05 T !=:R$0"[@7!3:#N
!#8U(V"%A/$0*08Q/!#8"%6
Eb,h">*'6^(+">*'6<8" &'
Z0."$_LM5>:!=">1VQoEJ!#8U(+*'6<"4(*05>6q">6
EbI
8!=8*'((+5;8H!=6
Eo1576^(:+5>$|,-!=8+8+"%?>!#8_LM:57,!#">1VQ
EJ!#8U(+*'6<"4(*05>6«Nu 8*'6
x(:+!3!R*28j"p8H.
">6/6/*06/?f(:+!3!_(Q<"4(]*08j:5S5%(+!=Ei"4(](Q
!EJ!=8H(*06
"4(+*'5769">6
E915>6
6/!=1(+8]"%$0$J(+Q/!8H57I/:+13!=8*06-"f,iI/$v(+*01=">8H(
?7:57I/.|N(*08f57AJ(+">*'6/!#EqAS@o(+:+"71*06/?g*06r(+Q/!9:!=Z>!3:V8!iEJ*0:!#1e(+*'576qLM:+5>,(Q
!-E/!=8H(*06
"4(+*'576q(5!3Z7!3:+@o8H57I/:+13!9">$'576/?;(+Q/!-.
"4(+Q
8f*'6D"
,iI/$v(+*01=">8H((:+!3!7N
p¶4»<µ=»|´7»<É `Å^¶4¯Jµ#·Y»C±`½o`"71VQª:57IJ(!=:iI<8H!#EKAS@ª"r,iI/$v(+*01=">8H(i?7:57I/.K,h"%*06^(+"%*06
8X( T 5r(U@S.<!#8i5>L*06JLM5>:+,h"4(*05>6« ¯Jµ#È 3µ#¯Jµ=Å
"$!&1!"'`#
* NiORQ/!-.
"%(QP8U(V"4(!95%L_!="71VQB85>I/:V1!9*08p135>6
13!3:+6/!=EB"%AC5>IJ(p(Q
!9.<"4(QDI
8!=ErA^@q(Q/!h85>I/:V1!7NX ÀI
8!=8f(+Q/*28
*06JLM5>:+,h"4(+*'576g(+59,h">*'6^(+">*'6(+Q/!8H*06/xh(+:!=!=8R5>L(+Q/!EJ!=8H(*06
"%(*05>6|N
*08X":+!=13!3*0Z>!=:H&5>:+*'!=6^(!=Eq./:5>(5J157$)NhORQ
"%(*08=l|(+Q/!h:!#1!=*'Z7!3:p5%L"bE/"4(V%" <5 *06/*v(+*0"%(!#8"%6
ED,h"%*06^(+">*'6
8f(+Q/!h:+!=85>I/:V1!
:+!=8!3:+Z4"4(*05>6rI
8H!#EqLM57:p(Q
"%(
5 T N9¿5%(+!i(+Q
"4(!#">1VQD:57IJ(!=:f:+!=13!3*0Z>!#8":+!=8!3:+Z["%(*05>6qT ,-!#88+"%?7!XLM:+5>, !#">1VQB5%L`(+Q/!hEJ5 T 6
8H(:+!=">,
$0*'6
xS8f*06q(+Q/!i,iI/$'(*213">8H(f(:+!3!-"%6
Eq8!36<E/8f5>6/$0@b5>6/!9:!#8H!=:Z4"%(*05>6o,-!=8+8">?>!*06^(5*v(V8fI/.
8H(:+!="%,$0*'6
xCNORQ
!i:+!=8!3:+Z4"4(*05>6q8H(+"%(!95%L
!#">1VQE/!=8H(*06
"4(+*'576*281576
1!=:6/!#E *'(Qb:+!=85>I/:V1!#8s8!(">8*2EJ!LM57:R(Q/!EJ!#8U(+*'6<"4(*05>6(5h8I/./.C5>:(R(Q/!:+!=~^I/*0:!#E T 5SyNJORQ/!p6
"%,-!p5%L
(+Q/!EJ!=8H(*06
"%(*05>6PÁM:+!=8!3:+Z>!3:eÄs"%6
ET (Q
!"%,-5>I/6^(:+!=8!3:+Z>!=Eg"%:+!p">,-5>6/?9(Q
!*'6JLM57:,h"%(*05>6g.
:54ZS*2EJ!=EAS@h(Q/!:+!=8!3:+Z4"4(+*'576;(+">A/$0!>N
u.
"%(QP,-!=8+8">?>!9*08"o135>6^(:+5>$z,-!=8+8+"%?>!h8!36^(AS@B"b8H57I/:V1!h"%6
ErLM5>: "%:VEJ!=ErA^@r(Q/!h:+5>I/(!3:V8f*'6ª"b,iI/$v(+*01=">8H(p(:+!3!>N;s">1VQ
85>I/:V1!i8H!=6
E/8*v(V8W
:V8H(.
"%(Qr,-!#88+"%?7!A<!3LM5>:+!X*'(p135>,-,-!36
13!=8(:V"%6
8,-*08+8H*0T 5>6q">6
Eq8!36
E
88I/A
8!=~^I/!=67(f.
"4(+Qq,-!=8+8">?>!#8.<!=:*05JEJ*'&
1="%$0$'@7Nu,9576/?(+Q/!*06JLM5>:+,h"4(*05>6;1="%:+:*0!=Ei*06;!="71VQ9.<"4(Qh,-!#88+"%?7!5%L|"85>I/:V1!R*28](Q
B!
5 T 8H.C!=13*vWC13"4(+*'576h5%Lk*'(+8j,-!#88+"%?7!8U(+:!#"%,bN
ÃV
(+Q
"4((+Q/!:57IJ(!=:R.<!=:HLM57:,h88I
1VQ"9(+!=8H("%6
Eg(Q<"4((Q
! 1="%6*'6^(+!3:V">1e( T *'(Q(Q
!p(!=8H(=N
ORQ/!pEJ!#8U(+*'6
"%(*05>68H!=6
E/8_*v(V8_W
:V8U(R:!#8H!=:Z4"%(*05>6;,-!=8+8+"%?>! Q/!36*'(R:+!=13!3*0Z>!#8s"i.
"4(+Qg,-!=8+8+"%?>!LM:57, "i85>I
:+13! Q/5^8H!,-!=8+8">?>!
8H(:+!=">, *v( T *28HQ
!=89(5P:+!=13!3*0Z>!>NÍuLa(+!3: T ">:+E
8i*'(;8H!=6
E/8-:+!=8!3T :+Z4"4(*05>6G,-!=8+8">?>!=8i.C!3:+*'5JEJ*213">$'$0@ª(5P,h"%*06^(+">*'6:!#8HT !=:Z4"%(*05>6|NORQ/!
,h"%*06^(!=6
"%6
13!5>L:+!=8!3:+Z["%(*05>6P(+Q/:57I/?>QG.<!=:*05JEJ*21g,-!=8+8+"%?>!#8*28 T Q
"4(h8H!3(+8- "%.
">:H(iLM:57, ,95^8U(-5%L(Q/!5%(+Q/!3:-:+!=85>I/:V1!
:+!=8!3:+Z4"4(*05>6./:+5%(+5S135>$283NsORQ/*08*08R(+Q/!X85;13">$'$0!=ME &1-,H&'3#%3"%6
E*28R(Q/!X./:!3LM!3:+:!#EE/!=8*'?76b1VQ
5>*21!pLM5>:"%././$0*213"4(+*'576
8_(Q<"4(">:!"%:+!
EJ@S6
">,-*01p*06o6
"4(+I/:+!>N`¬5 !=Z>!3:#lS(Q
!6/!3!#ELM5>:!#">1VQQ/578H((5h.C!3:+*'5JEJ*213">$'$0@;(+:+">6
8,9*'(,-!=8+8">?>!#8_LM5>:(+Q/!./I/:+.<5^8H!5>L:+!LM:+!=8Q/*06/?
*'(+8_8U(V"4(+!=8s,-">*'6^(V"%*06/!=EhAS@-T :+5>IJ(+!3:V8j$0!=">E
8](59"Q/*0?>Q
!3:`.
:5>(5J157$
54Z>!=:Q
!=">E|NORQ/*28`54Z7!3:+Q/!="7E9*08_8H57,-! T Q
"%(s$0!=8+8H!=6/!=EhAS@i(Q/!LY">1(
(+Q
"4(1576^(:+5>$,9!#88+"%?7!=8:!#~7I
*':+!i$05 T !3:54Z7!3:+Q/!="7Eb(Q<"%6BE
"4(+",-!=8+8">?>!#83N5o!=:?7*'6/?5%LR15>6^(+:57$,-!=8+8+"%?>!#8LM:+5>, ">$'$zQ/5^8U(V8f">6
E
LM57: T "%:VEJ*06/? T Q
!36/!=Z>!3:_(+Q/!3:+!*08R6
596
! T 8U(V"4(!p*06JLM5>:+,h"4(+*'576|lS(Q/!.
:5>(5J157$k54Z>!3:+Q/!#">E;1="%6LMI/:H(+Q/!3:A<!:+!=EJI<1!=E|N
u W
$'(!=:_*28"i$'*28U(5>L6
">,9!#8_5%L85>I
:+13!=8 Q/578!,-!#88+"%?7!8H(:+!="%,h8R13">6gI
8!f(Q/!p:+!=85>I/:V1!#8j:+!=8!3:+Z>!#E-LM5>:_(Q
!pE/!=8H(*06
"4(+*'576|Nju
EJ!#8U(+*'6<"4(*05>6(+Q
"4( T "%6^(V8"9W
$v(+!3:*06
13$'I
E/!=8T (+Q/!pW
$'(!=:*06*'(+8:!#8H!=:Z4"%(*05>6g,-!#88+"%?7!>Nj} Q/!=6o6/5-W
$'(!=:*08"%././$0*0!=EklC"%$0$«8H57I/:V1!=8R*06
(+Q/!,XI/$'(*213"78U(?7:57I/.g,h"[@;I<8H!p*'(+8:+!=85>I/:V1!#83N
] ¤ o3£ £ 93¤=£
u8`"%$0:+!=">E/@iEJ*2813I
8+8H!#Ekl^85>,-!,-!#1VQ
"%6/*28, (+5:!=?>I/$2"4(+!R(Q/4!
5 5%Lk.
"71Vx>!(V8]*06h(Q/!6/!( 5>:+xX*28j6
!3!=E/!=EklS8H5(Q
"%(`(Q
!?>:+!3!#EJ@X57:
,h"%$0*21*05>I
8_:+!="%$'&c(*0,9!f5>:R6/576:+!=">$v&c(*0,-!f85>I
:+13!=8_EJ5i6
5%(6/!3?^"4(+T *'Z7!3$0@;"4dy!=1e(R(+Q/! T 5^h?7I
T "%:V"%6^(+!3!=8s?>*0Z>!=6;(+595>(Q/!=:15>6
6/!=1(*05>6
8=N
SQ<"%./*06/?r">6
EP.<57$'*21*06/?r">:!;(Q/!,9!#1VQ
"%6
*08,h8I
8!=EP(+5q!36
8I/:+!h(Q
*08=NqO">A/$0! = N Î 8I/,-,-">:*0m3!#8(+Q/!;x>!=@DE/*vdy!3:+!36
13!=8XA<!3( !=!36
8Q
"%.
*'6/?h">6
E.<57$'*21*06/?
NsORQ/!1VQ/5>*21!AC!( T !3!=6 T Q/*01VQb576/!f(5hI
8!EJ!3.C!36<E/8576g(+Q/!(U@S.<!5>Lz">././$0*01="4(+*'576">6
E*v(V88.<!#1*'W<1 T T 5^
:+!=~^I/*0:!=,-!36^(+8=N
ȯ ·)±¸ »CÉY·)´>·Y±¸
#Å^´>µ=D· C<Å
!
"
$#%'&(
)*+#
, !
"
-#&+
.*0/( .
%12*0/( , ,*+343456" 74'
8 *+343456" 74'
89),*:
$*%-1!
78
;o¯/±ÆÉ)·Y±¸ 9²¶ =µ <=
"
-?>@ 7&:AB1'&( *4! >CA
DE*+#F(0
1
G
8
"'H4%I5C /!5@FJ?
"34*:*%5CF?
78 ),*:
$*
"34*:*%5CF8
¹g=Æ C/¯/±yµ=¯
¸<Å K/(*%5C
"'
"345@
"
"5@*+L =* K/+*+5C
$! >C7AB =*4: 5@F!8
EJ:+5>.
.<!#E.<">1Vx>!3(+8=N
U· =¯
Æ C/¯/±yµ#¯/¸CÅ
M%N5@:"* O >PA!
- =*4: 5@F8 M% 7 =*%F%#!$*%Q
7B
G" 734
8
O"%A
$'!7N = N Î ]O«:V"4;1SQ
">./*'6
?hZ>!3:V8I
8 z5>$0*013*'6/?
S!=Z>!=:+">$z(:V"4;1;8Q
"%./*06/?q">6
EP.<57$'*21*06/?o(+!=1VQ/6
*0~^I/!#8X"%:+!;"[Z4"%*0$0">A/$0!>Nw6P(Q/!gLM5>$0$'5 T *06/?
l T !;EJ*08+1I<88i"%6ª*0,9.C5>:(+">6^((:V"4;1
8Q
"%.
*'6/?h">6
Eg.C5>$0*21*06/?-(!#1VQ/6/*2~7I
!>N
Ã$
if sufficient
Packets Packet tokens, remove tokens
and transmit
Wait packet outgoing link
n*'?7I/:! Î : ]O«57x>!=6 _I
1Vx7!(} *v(+Qo¾|!=">xS@g"4(+!XÌs5>6^(:+5>$
@4M
Q E 7
KA A
C
u .C5>.
I/$0">:](!#1VQ/6/*2~^I/!I
8!=E-*06-8Q
">./*'6
?"%6
E-.C5>$0*013*'6
?*08z(+5>x7!36-A/I
1Vx7!( *'(Qh$0!="%xS@i:+"%(!1576^(:+5>$K8 Î;:1< N]u8j8Q/5 6-*'6;n*0?
N Î;: l>"
A/I<1Vx>!(_13"%6hQ
5>$2EhI/.h(+5X1!=:H(V"%*06h./:!#8H.C!=13*vW<!=E-6SI/,XAC!3:s5%Lk(+5>x>!=6
8=NO5>x7!3T 6
8j">:!">E/EJ!#E9(5X(Q/*28jA/I<1Vx>!(R">8zLM57$'$05 TT 8=N¿! T (57x>!=6
8
(+Q
"4(,-*0?>Q^(A<!;"7E/EJ!#Eq(+5b(Q/!hA/I<1Vx>!(#l">:!h"%$ T "[@S8?>!=6/!3:V"4(+!=ED"4(X":V"4(!-5>L_:p(+5>x>!=6
8p.C!3:X8!=135>6
EkN-LR(Q
!hA/I
1Vx>!3(15>6^(V"%*06
8
$0!=8+8j(+Q/!36A;(+5>x>!=6
8 T Q/!36g"(57x>!36g*08_?>!=6/!3:V"4(+!=Ekl7(Q
!6/! T $'@-?7!36/!=:+"%(!=Eh(5>x7!36h*28R">E/EJ!#E-(5i(Q
!A/I<1Vx>!(#S5%(Q
!3: T *08!(Q
!6/! T $'@
?7!36/!=:+"%(!=E;(57x>!36*28*'?76/5>:+!=E|lS">6
E(Q/!p(+5>x7!36A/I
1Vx>!3(:!=,-">*'6<8_LMI/$'$ T *v(+QA(+5>x>!=6
8=N
w6b$0!="%xS@;:V"4(+!15767(+:57$)l/" "%*'(*06/?-.
"71Vx>!(*28R(+">x>!=6LM57:(:V"%6<8H,-*288*'576576/$0@;*vLz(+Q/!3:+!*08"4($0!=">8H(5>6
!p(5>x7!36*'6b(+Q/!A/I
1Vx7!(#N
Lz!36/57I/?>Q(+5>x>!=6
8"%:+!p6/5%("[Z4T">*'$2"%A/$0!f*'6b(+Q/!A/I
1Vx7!(=l/(Q/!=6(+Q/!.
"71Vx>!3(R!=*v(+Q/!3: T "%*'(+8I/6^(*0$k(Q/!A
I
1Vx>!3(Q
">8R!=6/5>I/?7Q(5>x7!36
8R*06
1=">8!i5>L_"b8HQ<"%.C!3:#Niw6P13"78H!95%L"g.C5>$0*21!3:#lk(+Q/!h.
">1Vx7!(p*08p!=*v(+Q/!3:E/*08+13">:+EJ!#Eq57:f*28p,h"%:+x>!#ErEJ5 6|N-ORQ/!9(57x>!=6B*28p:!=,-54Z>!=E|lk*vL
(+:+">6
8H,-*288*05>6q5>L`(Q
!i.
"71Vx>!3((V"%x>!#8.
$0"71!>N _!=13">I
8!(Q
!3:+!91="%6rAC!h"4(,-578H(fAB(57x>!=6
8*06B(Q/!-T A/I
1Vx7!(#ly(Q/!-,h"4{J*0,XI/,A/I
:+8H(
8*'m=!5%Lj"h$0!=">xS@7&A/I
1Vx7!(&c.C5>$0*013!=%E
5 *08Aq.
">1Vx7!(V83NRn/I/:(Q
!3:+,957:!7l
AC!=1="%I
8!p(Q/!X(57x>!36b?7!36/!=:+"%(*05>6b:+"%(!*28:#l/(+Q/!,h"4{J*0,XI/,
6SI/,iA<!=:j5%Lk.
"71Vx>!(V8(Q
"%(s13">6-!36^(!=:]T (Q/!6/!( T 5>:+x5%L|">6^@X*'6^(!=:Z4">$/5%Ly(*0,-!5%Ly$0!36/?>(Q-(`*28]:( A«NzORQSI
8=l%(+Q/!(+5>x>!=6-?>!36
!3:V"4(*05>6
:V"4(+!>l>:#lS8H!=:Z7!=8z(+5X$0*',-*'(`(Q
!$05>6/?>&)(+!3:+, "[Z>!=:+">?>!R:V"4(!"%( T Q/*21VQ-(Q
!.
"71Vx>!(_13"%6h!=6^(!3:`(Q/!6/!( T 5>:+xyNORQ/*28`(!=1VQ
6/*0~^I/!13"%6;">$085
AC!I
8!=E(5-.C5>$0*013!p(Q/!.C!=">x;:+"%(!"%$05>6
? T *'(Qb$05>6/?>&)(+!3:+,"[Z>!=:+">?>!:V"4(+!>N
¤ q ¡o=3£
¤ £oz
Switch
Output
Buffers
fixed delay
Switch
Switch
u8H*0,-./$'!,-5SE/!3$_5%L"%6Kw6^(+!3:+6/!(9*08i"r157$'$0!=1(*05>6ª5>L8H!=6
EJ*06/?r"%6<Eª:!#1!=*'ZS*06/?q6/5JEJ!#8X"%6<Eª6/!( 5>:+xB8 *'(+1VQ/!#83Nru_(9!3Z7!3:+@
8 T *v(V1VQ|l](+Q/!3:+!,h"[@PAC!,h"%6S@ª*06
157,-*'6/?D"%6
EF,h"%6S@P5>IJ(+?>5>*06/?D15>,-,iI/6/*213"4(+*'576K$0*'6/xJ8-">898Q/5 T 6KT *06n*0?
T N Î1, N !!3.C!36<EJ*'6
?
/Ã (
./:+5JEJI
1(5%LE/!3$2"[@ U*v((!=:=l
">6
Eg(Q/!,h"4{J*0,XI/,.
">1Vx7!("%:+:*0Z4"%$k:V"4(+!f">6
E.
">1Vx7!(8H*0m3!7N
O:+"%;1?7!(V8RA/I/:V8U(+*'!=:"%6
EA/I/:V8U(+*'!=:"4La(+!3:*'(.
">8+8H!#8s(Q/:+5>I/?7Q!#">1VQ8 *'(+1VQ|l<"%6
E*v(,h"[@;6
59$05>6
?>!3:8+"4(+*08HLM@;*'(+885>I/:V1!p1VQ
">:+"71e&
(+!3:+*'m#"4(*05>6«NzORQ
*08*28RAC!=13">I
8!>lS(Q
!~7I
!3I/*06/?;"4(!#">1VQb8 T *'(+1VQQ
">8"-A
I/T 6
1VQ/*06/?-!dy!=1(5>6(Q/!.<">1Vx>!3(+8_5%Lz"h8H!#88*05>6|N
n
5>:!3{J">,-./$'!7l<*'L`";135>6/6/!#1e(+*'576q8"%(*28UW
!#8XÁ D JÄ"%((Q
!X8H57I/:V1!>l
(Q/!=6q*'(+8 57:+8H(13"78H!p(+:+"%;11VQ
"%:V">1(!=:*0m="%(*05>6 UI
8U(fA<!3LM5>:+!
(+Q/!*'(Qb8 T *v(V1VQgAC!=157,-!=8pÁ D JÄel T Q/!3:+! "%6
E T *08s(+Q/!p$'5J13">$CE/!3$2"[@9AC5>I
6
E;LM57:`(+Q/!1576/6/!=1(*05>6
$ %
Çi»C±yµ3¶4»<É)ÉY·)±¸Æ· =µ=»<¶[µ=·)»<±s½;ORQ/!;:+5>$0!h5%LR(Q
!h(:V"4;1;EJ*28H(5>:(*05>6PQ
">6
EJ$0*'6
?q*08(Q/!=6P(5q,-5JEJ*'LM@D(Q/!;*06/./I/(X(:V"4;1-!=*v(+Q/!3:iA^@
:+!=135>6
8H(:+I
1e(+*'6
?9*'((5h*'(+85>:+*'?7*'6
">$|8H57I/:V1!p1VQ
"%:V">1(!3:+*28U(+*01=8s57:AS@EJ!=:*0ZS*'6/?9(+Q/!6/! T (+:+"%h1p1VQ
">:+"71e(+!3:+*'m#"4(*05>6"4((+Q/!!36^(:V"%6<1!
(+5p(Q/!8 T *'(+1VQh">8+8HI
,9*06/?p(+Q/! T 57:+8H(`13"78H!R,iI/$v(+*'.
$'!3{S*06/?<Nzu6/5%(+Q/!3: T "[@(+5Q
"%6<EJ$'!R(+Q/!(+:+"%h1R.<"4(H(+!3:+6hEJ*08H(57:H(+*'576-*08z(+515767(+:57$
*'(`"4(j!=Z>!3:+@8 T *v(V1VQ9AS@:+!=135>6
8H(:+I
1(*06/?(+Q/!R(:V"4;1_5%Lk"p1576/6/!=1(*05>69(5p*'(+8j85>I
:+13!_1VQ
">:+"71e(+!3:+*'m#"4(*05>6«N«u$0$/6/576J& T 5>:+x^&135>6
8!3:+ZS*'6
?
EJ*28+1*0./$'*06/!#8./:+5>.C578!=E;*06(Q/!$0*'(!3:V"4(+I/:+!fI<8H!f(Q
*08R(+!=1VQ/6
*0~^I/!7NjORQ/!3@g8!3.<"%:V"4(!f(+Q/!8H!=:Z7!3:_*'6^(+5-( T 5h157,-.<576/!36^(+8
Î Nu
:+"%(!15767(+:57$'$0!3:#
(15>6^(+:57$08_(+Q/!EJ*28U(+5>:(*05>6g576b!=">1VQb1576/6/!#1e(*05>6I
8*'6
?9:+!3?7I/$2"4(57:+8_"%6<E">$'$05J13"%(!=8_A
">6
E T *2ES(Q(+5-(Q/!=,N
Ã/Nu 81VQ/!#EJI/$0!3:#
(5>:VEJ!3:R(+:+">6
8H,-*288*05>6g5>L.<">1Vx>!3(+8_5>6bEJ*'dC!=:!=6^(15>6
6/!=1(*05>6
8">6
Eg.
:54ZS*2EJ!p54Z>!3:R1576/6/!#1e(*05>6oEJ!=$0"[@hAC5>I
6
E/8=N
u 8H!=:ZS*21!iE/*08+1*0./$0*'6/!9Q/!=$'.
8*28H57$0"%(! T !3$0$'&cAC!3Q
"[Z7!=Eb?7I
"%:V"%6^(!=!=E(+:+"%h1i8H57I/:V1!=8LM:57,*'$0$v&AC!3Q
"[Z7!=Eq85>I/:V1!#83lC6/!3( T 57:x$'5^">E
I<1e(I<"4(*05>6"%6
EFA<!#8U(&c!3dC57:H(9(:V"4;1>NKORQ/!*0$0$v&A<!=Q
"[ZS*'6
?rI
8!3:h"%6<EK,h"%$'LMI/6
1(*05>6/*06/?D!=~^I/*0./,-!36^(9,h"[@K8!36
EF.
">1Vx7!(V8(+5r(+Q/!
8 *v(V1VQF"4(9"oQ/*0?>Q/!=:i:V"4(+!h(Q/!=6FEJ!#1$2"%:+!=EkNqORQ/!6/!( 5>:+xr$057"7)E
I
1(I
"%(*05>6K,h"[@P13"%I<8H!;Q
*'?7Q/!3:i*'6
8H(+">6^(+"%6
!35>I<8X"%:+:+*'Z4"%$`:+"%(!
!=TZ>!36PLM:+5>,Â"r85>I
:+13!>l T Q/*01VQFQ
">8i8"%(*28UW
!#ED(Q/!g(:V"4;T 1;135>6
8H(:V"%*06^(i"4((+Q/!g!=6^(:V"%6
13!;5%L(+Q/!g6/!3( T 57:xyNbw6ª(+Q/!1=">8!;5%LAC!=8H(
!3dC57:H((:V"4;1%lk8*'6
13!X(+Q/!i(:V"4;1*28f6/5%(1576
8U(+:+">*'6
!=E(Q
!3@q13">6rZ7!3:+@ T !3$0$]13"%I<8H!915>6
?>!=8H(*05>6q">6
ErE/*08:I
.J((+Q/!98!3:+ZS*013!(+5g(+Q/!
T !3$0$v&AC!3Q
"[Z7!=E;?7I
"%:V"%6^(+!3!=E;(:V"4;1p8H57I/:V1!=8=N
A M H M4
4@SC E
E ME C E
4
n
5>:j8I/./.C5>:(*06/?pA<!#8U(j!3dC57:H(j8!3:+Z^*21!7l>1576SZ>!36^(+*'576
"%$S8H!=:ZS*21!EJ*2813*'.
$'*06/!=8`8HI
1VQ-">8]nzÌ_n]57:]:57I/6
Ei:57A/*'6-8!3:+Z^*21!#8z"%:+!R8IJ;1*0!36^(#N
¬5 T !=Z>!3:#l>.C!3:_1576/6/!=1(*05>6;.C!3:LM5>:+,h"%6
13!?>I<"%:V"%6^(!=!=8]6/!=!=Eh,-57:!!=$0">A<57:+"%(!8!3:+ZS*013!EJ*2813*'.
$'*06/!=8=N]uÀ8!3:+ZS*013!EJ*2813*'./$0*06/!1="%6;AC!
Ã=
13$0"788*vW<!=ED">8p!3*'(Q
!3: T 5>:+x7&w1576
8!3:+Z^*06/?;57:p6/5>6J& T 5>:+x7&w1576
8!3:+Z^*06/?<Nw6D" T 5>:+x^&135>6
8!3:+ZS*'6/?EJ*08+1*0./$0*'6
!>l"b8!3:+Z>!=:f*28p6/!=Z>!3:*2EJ$0!
T"%LaQ/(!3!=: 69(Q/Q/!=*01V:!Qo*2"-8j"p.
"7.
1V"7x>1V!3x>(R!(zAC!=(+1355>8H,-!=6
!=Ek8N!3$0w*'6-?7*'"pA/$06
!p5>(6J5h& T AC57!:8x^!3&w:+1Z^57*26
18H!#!=Ek:N`ZS*0uº6/?8!3EJ:+*2Z>8+1!=*0:./*0$'*086/">!7$'l>$05!="71V!=QiEg.<(">5;1Vx>8!3!36
(]E*08j5>"76
8$'8@g*0?>(6/Q/!#!Ei.
">"7691Vx>!=!3$'*0(+?>8 *0A/*0$'Q/*'(U*21V@Qo(+*'"%,-:+!f!>lS!="f$'*0?>(*0*0A/,-$0!!
">6
EK*'(9T *2896/!3Z7!3:-*2EJ$'!b">8i$05>6/?P">8X(Q/!=:!b"%:+!g!=$'*0?>*0A/$0!.<">1Vx>!3(+8X(5P8H!=6
EkNKuT ,9576/?B(Q/!b./:+5>.C578!=EK8!3:+ZS*013!EJT *28+1*0./$'*06/!#83l ZS*':(I
">$
13$'5J1Vxyl }n T l^
Ì_n T l !!3$2"[@^& ! !
"%:+! T 5>:+x^&135>6
8!3:+ZS*'6/?<l T Q/!3:+!"78 7*v((!=:H&w ! !XlJ^(+5>.J&w"%6
EJ& 6 5<l^¬lJÌR K"%:+!6/576J& T 57:x^&
135>6
8!3:+ZS*'6/?-EJ*2813*'.
$'*06/!>N
O5B.
:54ZS*2EJ!!=6
ES&c(5>&c!=6
E T 5Sª?7I
"%:V"%6^(!=!=8X(5P*06
EJ*0Z^*2EJI
">$1576/6/!=1(*05>6
8=l`:+!=">$_(*0,9!q8!3:+ZS*013!E/*08+1*0./$0*'6/!#8-6/!3!#EK(+5ª8HI/.
./$'@
85>$0IJ(*05>6<8_LM5>:#.C!3:15>6
6/!=1(*05>6A
"%6
E T *0ES(+Qo"%6
EEJ!3$2"[@g">$'$05J13"4(+*'576*06o"-8H*06/?>$0!8 T *'(+1VQ«N
(h./:+54ZS*0EJ!#8X$05J13">$_.C!3:LM5>:+,h"%6
13!?7I
"%:V"%6^(+!3!=8(5ª"D15>6
6/!=1(*05>6G"%(-"P8 T *v(V1VQ|NFORQ/!=:!b"%:+!!=8+8H!=67(+*0">$'$0@D(Q/:+!3!o">././:+57">1VQ
!=8(+5
A
">6
E T *2ES(Qo">6
EbEJ!3$2"[@;"%$0$'5J1="4(*05>6(5hEJ*'dy!3:+!36^(1576/6/!=1(*05>6
8R*06o"-8H*06/?>$0!8 T *'(+1VQ«
Î N®°²ÉMµ=·)ÉYÅ C<ÅSÉpÊ|¶4¯/¼F·Y±¸ µ=¶4¯Jµ=ÅS¸<Ë]½g(X*28I
8!=EPAC5%(+Qª*'6^(57.J&">6
ES& 6 5o"%6
Eª¬ 8!3:+Z^*21!;E/*08+1*0./$0*'6/!#83No¾«!(XI
8i1576J&
8H*2EJ!=:5>6
!$'!=Z>!=$«LM:V"%,-*06/?hW
:V8U(#Nw6q576/!$0!3Z7!3$LM:+">,9*06/?<lC"%(!="71VQo6/5JEJ!>lC$05S1="%$(*0,-!i"4{J*28*28E/*'ZS*2EJ!=Eo*06^(5gW/{J!=Eo*06^(!3:+Z4"%$28
(:V"4;1-5%L"q135>6/6
!=1e(+*'576|l T Q/!3:+!-(Q
!"[Z>!=:+">?>*06/?*'6^(!=:Z4">$`*28XOpN !*28"7EJZ4"%6^(+">?>T !h5%L576/!;$0!3Z>!=$jLM:V"%,-*06/?o*08(Q/!g(:V">EJ!3&c5>d
A<!3( T !=!36i(Q/!?>:V"%6SI/$2"%:+*v(U@p5%LyA
">6
E T *2ES(Qh"%$0$05S1="4(+*'5769">6
Ei(Q/!EJ!=$0"[@XA<57I/6
EkN]ORQ/!#8H!RLY"71e(57:+8]">:!_*06^Z7!3:V8H!=$'@X./:57.<57:H(+*'576
"%$cN
O«554Z>!=:+135>,-!(Q
*08f,XI
$v(+*'./$0!iLM:+">,9!-8*'m=!X*28*06^(:+5JEJI
1!#EkN _IJ(f*06B(Q/!#8H!981VQ/!=,-!9">$085;(+Q/!3:+!i">:!98H5,-">6S@o./:57A/$0!3,h8"78
$'5 T !3:I/(*0$'*0m="%(*05>6
85%L]A
">6
E T *2ES(Q|Nu6/5>(Q/!=:fEJ*28+">EJZ4"%6^(V"%?>!p5>L]LM:+">,9*06/?h(+!=1VQ/6
*0~^I/!*28*v(V8*06/!;1*0!36<1@b*'6oQ<"%6
EJ$0*06/?;(+Q/!
5%LRLM:V"%,-*'6
?q8U(+:+"%(!3?7*'!#83Nb¬5 T !3Z7!3:#l«*'(i8IJdC!=:+8LM:57, "bQ
*'?7QKEJ!3?7:!=!h5%L157,9.
$'!3{S*'(U@>Nbw6
8!3:(*05>6ª*06^(5q"q85>:(!#ED./:*05>:+*'(U@
~^I/!3I/!p*28"%6q\9ÁM$05>?-¿Ä./:57A/$0!3,bl T Q/*21VQ1="%6bA<!I
6
">1=1!3./(+"%A
$'@g8$05 T LM5>:Q/*0?>Qo8.<!=!=E6/!3( T 57:xyN
V N®°²ÉMµ=·)ÉYÅ C<ÅSÉÊRÇXÊ ;²ÅS²ÅC½(9*08iI
8!=Eª(+5r*0,-./$'!=,-!36^(-8H(+"%(*21;./:+*05>:+*v(U@P81VQ
!=EJI/$0!3:V8=NB¾|!=Z>!=$08X5%L(Q
!nzÌ_nzK~7I
!3I/!#8
157::+!=8.<576
E(5;.
:*05>:+*v(U@$0!3Z>!=$08=N`"71VQq1576/6/!=1(*05>6o*28"788*0?>6/!#E";./:*05>:+*'(U@">6
Eo"%$0$.<">1Vx>!3(+8RLM:+5>, (+Q
"4(p15>6
6/!=1(*05>6q"%:+!
*'6<8H!=:H(+!=E;*06^(59(Q
!nÌ_n]g~^I/!=I/!p5%L(Q
"%(./:*05>:+*'(U@h$'!=Z>!3$cDN 5oI/$'(*0./$0!15>6
6/!=1(*05>6
8R13">6AC!">8+8H*0?>6
!=Eh(+59(Q/!8+"%,-!f./:*05>:+*'(U@
$'!=Z>!=$)N ]">1Vx7!(+8`"%:+!81VQ
!=EJI/$0!=E;*'6nÌ_n]-5>:VEJ!=:jLM:+5>,(Q/!Q/*0?>Q/!#8U(&c./:+*05>:+*v(U@i6/5>6J&!3,-.J(U@h~^I/!=I/!LM57:`(+:+">6
8H,-*288*05>6|NORQ/!=8!
81VQ
!3,-!p*08RI
8!=E*06(Q/!ÌR ÍEJ*2813*'.
$'*06/!>N
ORQ/!R5>6/$0@X:+!=8H(:+*21e(*05>6i*'6-I
8*06/?,XI/$'(*0$0!3Z>!=$/nÌ_n]9~^I/!3I/!RLM57:j8U(V"4(+*01R./:+*05>:+*v(U@8+1VQ/!=E/I/$'!=:+8z*28z(+Q
"4(](+Q/!6SI/,XAC!3:]5>LyEJ*'dy!3:+!36^(
EJ!3$2"[@bA<57I/6
EBZ4"%$0I/!=8(Q<"4(13">6BAC!-./:54ZS*2EJ!=Eo(5(Q/!-1576/6/!#1e(*05>6<8f">:!9AC5>I/6
E/!=EBA^@b(+Q/!-6SI/,XAC!3:p5%L_./:+*'57:*'(U@b$'!=Z>!3$28f5%L
(Q/!8@J8U(+!3,bN
ORQ/!=:!">:!f!=8+8H!=6^(*2"%$0$'@h( T 59(U@S.<!#8R5%L(:V"4;1p81VQ/!#EJI/$0*'6
?-E/*08+1*0./$0*'6/!#83
Ã:
E o»<± »
¶ GÇi»<± #Å7¶C|·)±¸)U· =´7· zÉY·)±ÅC½`w6b"i6/5>6J& T 5>:+x-135>6
8!3:+ZS*'6
?9EJ*28+1*0./$'*06/!7lJ!=">1VQ.
">1Vx7!(R*08"788*0?>6/!#EklS!3*'(Q/!=:!{S&
./$0*013*v(+$'@7lJ5>:R*',-./$0*21*'($0@>l
">6g!3$0*0?>*0A/*'$0*'(U@h(*0,-!>NjORQ/!p8H!=:Z7!3:_*0E/$'!#8ÁM6/5>(_(+:+">6
8,9*'(H(+*'6
?-">6S@;E/"4(V"7Ä T Q/!366/5-E/"4(V"i*28_!3$0*'?7*'A
$'!7N
} Q/!3(Q/!=:i"q8!3:+ZS*013!;EJ*2813*'./$0*06/!;*28 5>:+xB1576
8!3:+Z^*06/?o57:6/5>6/& 5>:+xr1576
8!3:+Z^*06/?q"%dC!#1e(+8XA/IJdy!3:i:!#~7I
*':+!3,-!36^(V83lzEJ!3$2"[@B">6
E
EJ!=$0"[@ U*'(H(+!3:#NG}D5>:+xK1576
8!3:+Z^*06/?DEJ*08+1*0T ./$0*'6
!=896/!3!#EF$0!=8+89A/IJdy!3:;">T 6
EG1="%I
8!b8HQ/57:H(+!3:-EJ!3$2"[@ªA/IJ(;1="%6/6/5>(hA<57I/6
EEJ!3$2"[@ U*v((!=:
(+*'?7Q7(+$'@7NORQ/!i5>./.C578*v(+!*28(+:I/!LM5>:6
5>6J& T 57:x1576
8H!=:ZS*06/?;EJ*2813*'.
$'*06/!=8=_(Q/!=@b6/!3!#Eo";$2"%:+?>!3:A
IJdC!=:=lk1="%I
8!$05>6/?7!3:EJ!=$0"[@7l
A/I/(
} Q/!3(Q/!=:z*v(]*28z:!#~7I
*':+!=E(5f./:54ZS*2EJ!R8U(V"4(*28H(*213"%$S57:zE/!(!=:,-*06/*28U(+*01s?>I
">:+">6^(!3!#83NORQ/!R./:57.<!=:H(+*'!#85%L<4"
5 (+Q
"4(j"%:+!_:!#~7I
*':+!=E
(+5A<!?7I
"%:V"%6^(!=!=EXA^@(Q/!8+1VQ/!3,-!7NORQ/!RLM57I/:j157,-,9576
5 T ./:+5>.C!3:(*0!=8(+Q
"4(`">:!R5>La(!36-?7I
"%:V"%6^(!=!=Ei"%:+!sI/T .
.<!=:jA<57I/6
E95>6-$0578+8
:V"4(+!>lS(Q
! T 57:+8H(H&w13"78H!A
"%6
E T *0ES(+Q|l/(+Q/!I/./.C!3:A<57I/6
E/8R576b~^I/!=I/*06/?hEJ!3$2"[@>l/">6
EbEJ!3$2"[@ U*'(H(!=:=N`J5>,-!81VQ
!3,-!=8R576/$'@g?>I
">:+">67(+!3!
576/!i57:f85>,-!i5%Lj(+Q/!=8!i.
:57.<!=:H(+*'!#83Nu15>,-./:+!3Q
!36
8*'Z7!i">6
"%$0@J8H*285>L`Z4"%:+*'57I
8(+:+"%;1iEJ*28+1*0./$'*06/!#89ÁYA<5>(Q T 57:xo1576
8!3:+Z^*06/?g">6
E
6/576 T 5>:+xg135>6
8!3:+ZS*'6/?SÄ`">6
Eg(Q/!=*'::+!3$2"4(+*'Z7!f135>,-.
">:*28H5761="%6A<!pLM57I/6
E*'6 8 /Ã ( < N
w6(Q/!pLM57$'$05 *06/?
l !W<:+8H(EJ*08+1I<88R"iLM! T
T 57:x;135>6
8!3:+ZS*'6
?iEJ*2813*'.
$'*06/!=8=l
">6
E8I/A
8!=~^I/!=6^($0@ T !EJ*2813I
8+8"XLM! T 6/576J& T 57:x^&
135>6
8!3:+ZS*'6/?-8!3:+Z^T *21!pEJ*2T813*'.
$'*06/!=8=N
d )
4
K LBE
E ME C E
B
w6(Q
*088I/A
8!=1(*05>6|l T !EJ*2813I
88"iLM! T *0,-.<57:H(V"%6^( T 57:x;135>6
8!3:+ZS*'6
?98!3:+ZS*013!fEJ*28+1*0./$'*06/!#83N
ÅS·)¸<Èyµ#Å^Æ Ê«¯/·Y¶ k²ÅS²·)±¸ # Ê %&4½]}n T 8 :;< Q
"78!3Z75>$0Z>!=ErLM:+5>, n$0I/*2Eªn
"%*0: T I/!=I/*06/?KÁYnzn T Äl">$085bx^6
5 T 6P"78 ]">1Vx7!(
6 !=6/!3:V"%$0*'m=!=E `:5J13!=8+8H57:iSQ
">:*06/?GÁ 6 _/ÄeNzw6Gnzn T (Q/!=:!*08-"D8H!=.
"%:V"4(+!gnUn\~^I/!=I/!;LM57:-!=">1VQG15>6
6/!=1(*05>6F8Q
"%:+*06/?q(+Q/!
8+"%,-!g$0*06/xyN !I/:+*06/?B">6^@D(+*',-!b*'6^(+!3:+Z[">$ Q
!36K(+Q/!3:+!b"%:+!;!{/">1($0@K¿6
5>6J&!3,-.J(U@ª~^I/!3I
!=8=l](Q/!b8!3:+Z>!3:98H!=:Z7!=8(Q/!b¿.<">1Vx^&
!3(+8-"4(9(Q/!Q/!#">Eª5>L(Q/!o~^I/!=I/!=898H*0,XI
$v(V"%T 6/!=5>I
8$'@7l]!="71VQF"4(9(Q/!:V"4(!5%L Î +4¿(QF5>L(Q
!$0*'6
xK8H.C!3!#EkNKnzn T "%$0$05 T 8iEJ*'dy!3:+!36^(
135>6/6/!#1e(+*'576
8f(5bQ
"[Z7!-E/*vdy!3:+!36^(8H!=:ZS*21!h8Q
"%:+!=8=N9unzn T *281VQ
"%:V">1(!=:*0m3!#EoAS@r¿.<5^8H*'(*0Z>!-:+!=">$]6^I
,XAC!3:V8 %D 9l«!#">1VQ
135>:+:!#8H.C5>6
E/*'6/?p(+55>6
!~^I/!3I/!7N]u_(s"%6S@i(*0,9!(Q/!f8H!=:ZS*21!:V"4(+!LM5>:_"6/5>6/&c!=,9./(U@9~^I/!=I/!*<*08`!{/">1($0@Á
Ä T Q/!3:+!
pÁ
Äf*28(Q/!h8!(p5%L`6
5>6J&!3,-.J(U@q~^I/!=I/!=8p"%6<EDÌ *28(Q/!-$0*'6
xq8H.C!3!#EkNiORQ/!=:!3LM5>:+!>lknzn T 8!3:+Z>!#8.<">1Vx>!3(+8*'6D6/576J&c!=,-.J(U@o~7I
!3I/!#8
"713157:+E/*'6/?(5b(+Q/!3*0:8!3:+Z^*21!h8Q
"%:+!=8=Nhnzn T *08*0,-./:V">1e(+*01="%$j"78p*v(X"788I/,-!=8f(+Q
"4((+Q/!;8H!=:Z7!3:13">6ª8H!=:Z7!9">$'$j135>6/6/!#1e(+*'576
8 *'(Q
6/576J&!3,-.J(U@b~7I
!3I/!#88*',iI/$v(V"%6/!=5>I
8$0@"%6<Eb(Q
"%((Q
!(:V"4;1*28*06JW
6
*v(+!3$0@bE/*'ZS*28H*0A/$0!>Nw6q"h,-57:!:+!=">$'*28H(*21p.
">1Vx7!(8@J8U(+!3,bl
T 576/$'@
576/!15>6
6/!=1(*05>6h13">6i:+!=13!3*0Z>!8H!=:ZS*21!"4(j"f(+*',-!"%6<E9">6i!=6^(*0:!.
"71Vx>!3(z,iI
8H(zAC!8!3:+Z>!#EAC!LM5>:+!"%6
5%(Q
!3:].
"71Vx>!(j1="%69A<!8!3:+Z>!#EkN
4j
Rd
S
K LBE
E ME C E
4
¿5>6J& T 75 :x;135>6
8!3:+ZS*'6
?9EJ*28+1*0./$'*06/!#8 T !=:!p6/5>(R?7*'Z7!36bEJI/!*0,-.<57:H(V"%6
13!f!#"%:+$'*0!3:RAC!=1="%I
8!p5%L( T 5-,h"%*06:+!="78H576
8=N
E j:+!3ZS*05>I
8$'@(Q/!,h" U5>:j.C!3:LM5>:+,h"%6
13!*'6
E/*013!=8 T !3:+!R(Q
!"[Z>!=:+">?>!EJ!3$2"[@X5>L|"%$0$/(Q
!.
">1Vx7!(V8j"%6
E9(+Q/!"[Z7!3:V"%?>!s(Q
:57I/?>Q/.
IJ(
5%L(Q/!8!3:+Z>!3:#N} *v(+Qb"96/576J& T 57:xh1576
8!3:+Z^*06/?9EJ*08+1*0./$0*'6
!>l
"9.
"71Vx>!(R,h"[@hA<!Q
!3$2Eg*06(Q/!8!3:+Z>!3:_!3Z7!36 T Q/!36(Q
!8H!=:Z7!3:
*08R*2EJ$0!>NjORQ/*28,h"[@;*06
1:+!="78H!(Q
!"[Z>!3:V"%?7!EJ!=$0"[@h5>L(+Q/!.
"71Vx>!(V8R"%6
EbEJ!#1:+!=">8!(Q/!"[Z7!3:V"%?>!(Q/:+5>I
?>Q/./I/(R5>L(+Q/!8!3:+Z>!3:#N
E T I/!3I
*'6/?K">6
"%$0@J8H*28h85PLY"%:g"788I/,-!=E5>6
$'@"ª8H*06/?>$0!q8!3:+Z>!3:h!=6SZ^*0:+5>6/,-!36^(#N ORQ/!o.C5%(+!36^(*2"%$f">EJZ4"%6^(V"%?>!#8-5%Lp6/5>6/& T 5>:+x
1576
8H!=:ZS*06/?oEJ*2813*'./$0*06/!=8X*'6K6
!( 5>:+x>!=EB!36SZS*0:576/,-!36^( !3:+!h6/!3Z7!3::+!=">$'*0m3!#EPw6ª?>I
">:+">67(+!3!#EB.C!3:LM5>:+,h"%6
13!;8H!=:ZS*21!7l«(+Q/!
,-5>:+!*',-.C5>:(+"%6^(.C!3:LM5>:+,h"%6
13!T *'6<EJ!{b*08(Q/!i!36
EJ&)(+5%&!3T 6
EbEJ!=$0"[@A<57I/6
Eo:V"4(+Q/!3:(+Q
"%6b(+Q/!i"[Z7!3:V"%?7!fEJ!=$0"[@7NRw6q">E/EJ*'(*05>6«l
EJ!3$2"[@X6
!3!=E
8](5AC!AC5>I
6
EJ!=E-*06;"6/!3( 57:xS*06/?p!36SZS*':+5>6
,9!=6^(j:+"%(Q/!=:](Q
">6 UI
8H(s*06;"8H*06/?>$0!6/5JEJ!7N]ORQ/!3:+!LM57:!7l4(Q/!"%AC54Z>!
:!#">85>6
8`LM5>:6
5%(I
8*'6
?96
5>6J& T 57:x;135>6
T 8!3:+ZS*'6
?9EJ*28+1*0./$'*06/!#8EJ5h6/5%(Q/57$0Eb">6^@h,-57:!7N
Ã,
uG:!=?>I/$2"4(+5>:«"%(«(+Q/!`!=67(+:+">6
1!s5%LJ(+Q/!`6/!3{S(z8!3:+Z>!=:|Q/5>$2E/8«(Q/!_.
"71Vx>!(«LM5>:|(+Q/*28.C!3:+*05SEA<!3LM5>:+!`*'(*28«,h"7EJ!`!=$'*0?>*0A/$0!j(5A<!_81VQ
!=EJI/$0!=E|N
Delay Bound
PreAhead
Switch i−1
Arrival Departure Deadline
Switch i
Arrival Eligible Deadline
n *0?>I
:!Ã*
]">1Vx>!3(J!3:+Z^*21!p*06 >*'(H(+!3:& ! !
7*v((!=:H&p ! !*28i*'$0$'I<8U(+:+"%(!=EP*06Gn*0?
NPÃ*/l Q/*21VQF8Q/5 8(+Q/!./:57?>:+!=8+8p5%L"r.
">1Vx7!((+Q/:57I/?>QK( 5r"7E H">13!36^(98!3:+Z>!=:+8=Now6
(+Q/!bW
:V8U(g8!3:+Z>!=:=l](+Q/!o.
"71Vx>!(h?75%(;8H!=:Z7!=E j:+!=T uQ
!=">E8!=T 1576
E/8-AC!LM57:!b*'(+8;EJ!#">EJ$0*06/!>NÀS5<ls*06(Q/!oT 6
!{S(g8H!=:Z7!3:#l`*'(;*08-,h"7EJ!
!=$'*0?>*0A/$0!(5A<!X8!36^(f5>6/$0@"%La(!=: j:+!=uQ/!="7Eb8H!#15>6<E/83NJ*'6
13!(+Q/!3:+!*28"g135>6
8H(+">6^(EJ!3$2"[@AC!( T !3!=6b(Q/!i!3$0*'?7*'A
*'$0*v(U@(+*',-!=85%L](+Q/!
.
"71Vx>!3("%(( T 5h"7E H">13!36^(8H!=:Z7!3:V83l^(Q
!.
">1Vx7!(8H(:+!="%,13"%6AC!./:+54Z^*2EJ!#E"-EJ!=$0"[@ U*'(H(+!3:A<57I/6
EkN`u88I/,-*06/?-(Q/!=:!*286/5-:+!3?7IJ&
$2"4(+5>:j"4(z(+Q/!EJ!=8H(*06
"%(*05>6-Q/578H(=l%(Q/!!=6
ES&c(5%&!36<EiEJ!=$0"[@ U*v((!3:`A<57I/6
E9*08](Q/!8+"%,-!">8(+Q/!$'5J1="%$/EJ!=$0"[@AC5>I
6
E-"4(z(Q/!$0"78U(j8!3:+Z>!3:#N
*06^(5bLM:V"%,-!=8=l T Q
*01VQK">:!-.C!3:+*'5JE/8X5%L8H57,9!;135>6
8H(+">6^($'!=6/?%(+QKOpN^(+5>.J&w"%6
EJ& 6 5qEJ!3W
6/!#8EJ!3.<"%:(*06/?q"%6
Eª">::+*0Z^*06/?LM:V"%,-!=8pLM57:
!#">1VQ$'*06/xyNsu_(!#">1VQb8 T *'(+1VQ|l/(Q/!X">::+*0Z^*06/?iLM:+">,-!5%Lz!=">1VQ*06
157,9*06/?-$0*'6/x*28,h"%./.C!=E(5-(+Q/!EJ!=.
"%:(*06/?-LM:V"%,-!p5%L(Q/!57IJ(.
IJ(
$0*'6
x;AS@h*'6^(:+5JEJI
13*'6/?-"-1576
8U(V"%6^(EJ!3$2"[@ E/l T Q/!=:! * & E N]u13135>:VEJ*06/?X(+5X(+Q/!^(57.J&w"%6
ES& 6 5-EJ*08+1*0./$0*'6
!>lS(Q
!(+:+">6
8,9*28+8H*05>6
5>L_".
">1Vx7!((+Q
"4(Q
"78p"%:+:*0Z>!#Eo5>6D"%6S@o$'*06/xq$jE/I/:*06/?b";LM:V"%,-!iL_8Q/5>I
$0EB"%$ T "[@J8A<!-.C578H(.C5>6/!#ErI/6^(+*'$z(+Q/!-A<!=?>*06/6/*06/?5>L`(+Q/!
6/!3{S(LM:+">,9!7lS(QSI
8R(+Q/!8!3:+Z>!3:_:+!3,h"%*06
8R*2EJ$'!I
67(+*'$|(Q/!=6!=Z>!=6*'L(+Q/!3:+!"%:+!f.
">1Vx7!(+8~^I/!=I/!=EgLM5>:R(+:+">6
8,9*28+8H*05>6|N
ORQ/!fLM:V"%,-*06/?h8U(+:+"%(!3?7@h*'6^(+:5JEJI
13!=8_(+Q/!./:+5>A/$0!3, 5>L135>I/./$0*06/?-A<!3( !=!36oEJ!3$2"[@hAC5>I/6
Eb">6
EgA<"%6
E *2ES(+Qb">$'$05J13"%(*05>6?>:V"%6SIJ&
$2"%:+*v(U@7N_ORQ
!XEJ!3$2"[@g5>Lj"%6S@.<">1Vx>!3("4(";8*06/?>$0!8 T *'(+1VQo*28AC5>I
6
EJ!=EqA^@gT ( T 5-LM:V"%,-!(+*',-!#83NO5;:!#EJI
13!pT (Q/!9EJ!3$2"[@>l
"g8H,h"%$0$0!3:O
*28EJ!=8*0:!#EkN]¬5 !3Z>!=:=lJ8*'6<1!O*28"%$28H59I
8!=Eg(5h8.<!#1*'LM@h(:V"4;1f*v(*28_(*0!=Eg(5-A
">6
E *2ES(Qo">$'$05J13"4(+*'576g?7:+">6^I
$0">:*'(U@>Nu8+8HI/,-*06/?h"
W/{J!#Eb.
">1Vx7!(8*'T m=! zlJ(Q/!i,-*'6/*0,XI
,?7:+">6^I
$0">:*'(U@h5%L]A
">6
E T *2ES(Qq">$'$05J13"4(+*'576b*08 J+4T OpN/O5;Q
"[Z7!p,957:! <!{J*'A
*'$0*v(U@*06q"%$0$'5J13"%(*06/?
A
">6
E *2ES(Q«l^57:_8,h"%$0$'!=:sA<"%6
E *2ES(+Q"%$0$05S1="4(+*'576h?>:V"%6SI/$2"%:+*v(U@7l7"$2"%:+?>!=:`O *28`.
:!3LM!3:+:!#EkN(R*28_13$'!#"%:`(Q
"%(_$05 EJ!3$2"[@9A<57I/6
Eg">6
E
W
6
!?>T :V"%6SI/$2"%:+*v(U@-5%LA
"%6<E T *0EJ(T Qq"%$0$05S1="4(+*'57613">6/6/5>(RAC!">1VQ
*'!=Z>!=E8*',iI/$v(V"%6/!=5>I
8$0@h*'6o"iLM:+">,-*'6/?h8H(:V"4(+!3?>@gT $'*0x>!^(+5>.J&w"%6
EJ& 6 5<N
T2 Frame
T1 Frame
Ã.
">6
EoEJ*'h13I/$'((+5;*',-./$0!3,-!=67("%6<ELM:+">,9*06/?g8H(:V"4(+!3?7@8IJdC!=:LM:+5>,(Q
!iEJ!=.<!=6
EJ!36<1*0!=8A<!3( !=!36q~^I/!3I
*'6/?EJ!3$2"[@">6
Eo?7:+">6^I
$0">:H&
*'(U@o5%L`A<"%6
E T *2ES(+Q|NiO5?7!("%:+5>I/6<Eb(Q/!#8H!9./:+5>A/$0!3,h8=lkm3Q
">6/?">6
Ern
!3:+:+">:* 8 Ã =;< lk./:+5>.C578!=T Er"4(!3&UÌs576^(:+5>$0$'!#Eq^(+"%(*21e& j:+*'57:*'(U@
T Q/!=:!=*'6(Q
!pLMI/6
1e(+*'576b5%Lz:+"%(!15767(+:57$CLM:57,EJ!3$2"[@g135>6^(:+5>$yQ
"78RA<!=!36qEJ!#15>I
./$'!#Eg*06(Q/!E/!=8*'?765>L8!3:+Z>!3:#N
Regulator 1
Regulated Traffic Priority level
Regulator 2 1
input output
n
Regulator h
!#">1VQª:+!3?>I
$0"%(5>:X*08i:!#8H.C5>6<8H*0A/$0!hLM5>:-8HQ<"%./*06/?o(+Q/!g*06/./IJ(9(:V"4;1h5>L(Q/!b157::+!=8.C5>6
EJ*06/?q135>6/6/!#1e(+*'576ª*'6^(5r(Q/!EJ!=8*0:!#EP(:V"4;1
.
"%(H(+!3:+6|N .C5>6P"%:+:*0Z4"%$5%Ls!#">1VQq.<">1Vx>!3(=lk"%6B!3$0*'?7*'A
*'$0*v(U@b(+*',-!9*08p1="%$21I/$2"4(+!=Er">6
Er"788*0?>6/!#Eb(5(Q/!9.
"71Vx>!(pAS@(Q/!-:+!3?>I
$0"%(5>:#N
ORQ/!.
">1Vx7!(X*289Q/!3$2Eª*06K(+Q/!g:+!3?7I/$0"%(57:(*0$'$R*'(+8i!3$0*'?7*'A
*'$0*v(U@D(+*',-!A<!3LM5>:+!gAC!3*06/?rQ
">6
EJ!#Eª(5r(Q/!81VQ
!=EJI/$0!3:iLM5>:X(:V"%6
8,-*08+8*'576|N
ORQ/!8H(+"%(*21.
:*05>:+*v(U@;8+1VQ/!#EJI/$0!3:V8s.
:54ZS*2EJ!?7I
"%:V"%6^(+!3!=8s5>6bEJ!=$0"[@;">6
EE/!3$2"[@7& U*'(H(!=:A<57I/6
EkNjORQ
!p8+1VQ/!#EJI/$0!3:*28R*',-./$0!3,-!36^(+!=EA^@
",XI/$'(*0$0!3Z>!=$]nÌ_n]q~^I/!=I/!>l Q/*21VQB8!3:+Z>!#8(+Q/!-.
">1Vx7!(+8">1=15>:VEJ*06/?;(+5*'(+8f./:+*05>:+*v(U@b*cN !7NpW
:+8H(p.
">1Vx7!(*06q(+Q/!-Q/*0?>Q/!#8U(f./:*05>:+*'(U@
6/576J&!3,-.J(U@g~^I/!=I/!>NjORQ/!=:!">T:!f( T 5X(U@S.C!=85>L:+!3?7I/$0"%(57:+8=
V*
5>IJ(+./IJ(;5>L(Q
!o:!=?>I/$2"4(+5>:-8"%(*28ULM@ª(+Q/!KÁ 3,-*'6|l3f"[Z>!>lsHÄi(:V"4;1,-5SE/!3$cl T Q/*0$0!(+Q/! ! ª:!=?>I/$2"4(+5>:9!36
8I/:+!=89(+Q
"4(h(+Q/!
5>IJ(+./IJ((+:+"%h1f5>L(+Q/!:!=?>I/$2"4(+5>:R*28!{/">1($0@h(Q
!X8">,-!p"78_(Q/!57IJ(.
IJ((:V"4;1f5%L(Q
!:!=?>I/$2"4(+5>:"4((+Q/!./:+!3ZS*'57I
88!3:+Z>!3:#N
ORQSI
83lJ*'L«(+Q/!p(:V"4;1p8+"4(*28HW
!=8s(Q
!;Á 3,-*06|l 3f"[Z>!>lSHÄR1VQ
">:+"71e(+!3:+*'m#"4(*05>6;"%(6/!( T 5>:+xh!36^(:V"%6<1!>lSAC5%(+Q(U@S.C!=8R5>L:+!3?>I
$0"%(5>:V8
T1VQ
*'"%$0$z:V">!36
1(8!=I/::+*0!Xm="%(+(Q
*05>"46|(fN (Q
!957IJ(.
IJ(f5>L`(+Q/!i:+!3?7I/$2"4(57:=l T Q/*21VQr*28f(Q/!9*06/./IJ(p(5(Q
!-8+1VQ/!#EJI/$0!3:#l T *0$0$j8"%(*28ULM@(Q
!-8+"%,-!i(:V"4;1
ORQ/!i81VQ/!#EJI/$0!3:*06q";8!3:+Z>!=:ÌR I
8!=8"h6
5>6J&./:+!3!3,-.J(+*'Z7!8U(V"4(+*01.
:*05>:+*v(U@.<57$'*21@yC*v(f"%$ "[@J88!3$0!=1e(V8(+Q/!X.
"71Vx>!3("4((+Q/!
Q/!#">E-5>L|Q/*'?7Q/!=8H(s.
:*05>:+*v(U@9~^I/!3I/!(Q
"%(s*28j6/5>(s!=,9./(U@>N]ORQ/!f K81VQ
!=EJI/$0!3:sQ
">8s"6SI/,iA<!=:`5%L|.
:T *05>:+*v(U@i$'!=Z>!=$08 T *v(+Q;!="71VQh./:*05>:+*'(U@
$0!3Z7!3$
135>:+:!#8H.C5>6
E/*'6/?(5"E/!3$2"[@A<57I/6
EkN]s">1VQ-15>6
6/!=1(*05>6-*08`">8+8H*0?>6/!#E(+5"p./:+*'57:*'(U@$0!3Z>!=$
EJI/:+*06/?1576/6/!=1(*05>69!=8H(+">A/$'*28Q/,-!36^(
(+*',-!>N 5qI/$v(+*'.
$'!135>6/6/!#1e(+*'576
813">6AC!">8+8H*0?>6/!#Eh(+5i(+Q/!8+"%,-!p./:*05>:+*'(U@h$'!=Z>!3$clJ"%6
E"%$0$k.
"71Vx>!(V8_5>6(Q/!135>6/6/!#1e(+*'576
8R">8+8H5J1*2"4(+!=E
T *'(Qo"9./:+*'57:*'(U@;$0!3Z>!=$|"%:+!f">./.C!36
EJ!#E(5-(Q
!!36
E5%L(Q/!~^I/!=I/!pLM5>:R(+Q
"4(./:+*05>:+*v(U@;$0!3Z7!3$cN
ORQ/!i81VQ/!#EJI/$0!3:*06q";8!3:+Z>!=:ÌR I
8!=8"h6
5>6J&./:+!3!3,-.J(+*'Z7!8U(V"4(+*01.
:*05>:+*v(U@.<57$'*21@yC*v(f"%$ "[@J88!3$0!=1e(V8(+Q/!X.
"71Vx>!3("4((+Q/!
Q/!#">E-5>L|Q/*'?7Q/!=8H(s.
:*05>:+*v(U@9~^I/!3I/!(Q
"%(s*28j6/5>(s!=,9./(U@>N]ORQ/!f K81VQ
!=EJI/$0!3:sQ
">8s"6SI/,iA<!=:`5%L|.
:T *05>:+*v(U@i$'!=Z>!=$08 T *v(+Q;!="71VQh./:*05>:+*'(U@
$0!3Z7!3$
135>:+:!#8H.C5>6
E/*'6/?(5"E/!3$2"[@A<57I/6
EkN]s">1VQ-15>6
6/!=1(*05>6-*08`">8+8H*0?>6/!#E(+5"p./:+*'57:*'(U@$0!3Z>!=$
EJI/:+*06/?1576/6/!=1(*05>69!=8H(+">A/$'*28Q/,-!36^(
(+*',-!>N 5qI/$v(+*'.
$'!135>6/6/!#1e(+*'576
813">6AC!">8+8H*0?>6/!#Eh(+5i(+Q/!8+"%,-!p./:*05>:+*'(U@h$'!=Z>!3$clJ"%6
E"%$0$k.
"71Vx>!(V8_5>6(Q/!135>6/6/!#1e(+*'576
8R">8+8H5J1*2"4(+!=E
T *'(Qo"9./:+*'57:*'(U@;$0!3Z>!=$|"%:+!f">./.C!36
EJ!#E(5-(Q
!!36
E5%L(Q/!~^I/!=I/!pLM5>:R(+Q
"4(./:+*05>:+*v(U@;$0!3Z7!3$cN
ÌR
*28"bA<!3(H(+!3:X8+1VQ/!=E/I/$'*06/?q">$'?75>:+*v(+Q/,t8*'6
13!h*v(*28!#">8@o(5o*0,-./$'!=,-!36^(i"%6<EB*28EJ!=Z>57*0EB5%L./:+5>A/$0!3,h8fLY"71!=EDAS@r5>(Q/!=:
8+1VQ/!=E/I/$'!=:+8=N
o
w6^(!=:6
!(f`6/?>*06/!=!3:+*'6/?;O">8xbn/5>:V1!ÁMU`On]Ä ./:+5>.C578!=Eo8!3Z7!3:V"%$|,-5JEJ!3$28LM5>:.
:54ZS*2EJ*'6
? T 5^b"788I/:V"%6
13!=8_(5w6^(!3:+6/!3(H&A
">8!=E
">././$0*01="4(*05>6<83N-ORQ/!=8!-,-5SE/!3$28"%:+!91="%$0$'!#E 7 O/1 &f5>: #%"$L
31C"L'&eN;ORQ/!-,-5JEJ!3$28p:!#~^I/*':+!i(Q
"%((Q/!;135>6/6/!#1e(+*'576
8
:+!=~^I/!#8U(+*'6/? T 5S;,iI
8U(LM57$'$05 T 13!3:(+">*'6b./:+5J1!=E/I/:!#8s(5;"[Z4"%*0$y(Q/! T 5^yN/ORQ/!=:!">:!f(Q
:!=!,-" U5>: T 5S;,-5JEJ!3$28R(+Q
"4(Q
"[Z7!pA<!=!36
./:+5>.C578!=E|NORQ/!#8H!">:!w6^(+!3?>:V"4(+!=E-S!3:+ZS*013!=8ÁYw6^(VS!=:Z/Äel !*vdy!3:+!36^(*2"4(+!=E;S!=:ZS*21!#8Á!*vd|S!=:Z/Ä]">6
E-$0"78U(+$'@ 5oI/$'(*'& `:5>(5J157$/¾«">A<!=$
*'(+1VQ
*'6/?KÁ 5 `¾/ÄeN !*'dkS!=:ZB*08X"%6D*',-./:+54Z>!=,9!=6^(p576Bw6^(eS!3:+Z T Q/*0$'! 5 `¾r*28".
">1Vx7!(H&cLM5>: T "%:VEJ*'6
?g81VQ
!3,-!-Q
"[ZS*'6/?(+Q/!
"7EJT Z4"%6^(+">?>!=8_5>LAC5%(Qbw6^(VJ!3:+Zg"%6
E !*vd|S!=:ZyN
;j
4
A
HJ
KL EMN
w6^(!=?>:V"4(+!=EqS!=:ZS*21!=8iÁMw6^(VJ!3:+ZJÄBo5 5JEJ!3$ *'6<1$0I
EJ!=8( 5h(U@S.<!#85>L`8H!=:ZS*21!=8(+"%:+?>!3(!#E(5 "%:VE:+!=">$v&c(*0,-!(:V"4;1>_?7I
"%:V"%6^(+!3!=E
>" 6
E./:!#EJ*21e(*0Z>!8!3:+ZS*013!>Nj(*06^(!=?>:V"4(!#8_(Q/!#8H!8!3:+ZS*013!=8 T T *'(Qq135>6^(:+5>$0$'!#Eg$0*06/x8Q
">:*06/?
l/">6
T E*v(*08E/!=8*'?76/!=E(5 T 5>:+x T !3$0$ T *'(Q
,iI/$v(+*01=">8H(">8 T !=$'$">8I/6/*213">8H((+:+"%h1>Nw6^(+8!3:+Z:+!=~^I/*0!3:V8!{J./$0*21*'(:+!=85>I/:V1!p:+!=8!3:+Z["%(*05>6(5gA<!9EJ5>6/!7l T Q
*01VQo*06o(I
:6o:+!=~^I/*0:!#8
5 T &w8.<!#1*'W<1p8U(V"4(!p*06(Q/!:+5>IJ(+!3:V83N
ORQ/!w6^(+!3:+6/!(jQ
"78z(5AC!I
8!=E-"78j"157,9,-576i./$2"4(LM5>:+,°LM57:jA<5>(Qh:+!=">$v&c(*0,-!R">6
E96/5>6/&c:+!=">$v&c(*0,-!s(+:+"%;1"%6
Ei(QSI
8`./:+!=1$0I
EJ!#8
(+Q/!6/!3!#E(5;EJ!#8H*0?>6b"-.
">:+">$'$0!3$k*06JLM:V">8H(:+I
1e(+I/:!fLM57::!#"%$'&)(+*',-!p(:V"4;1>N 8!5%Lz!{J*08H(*06/?hw6^(!=:6
!(H&$2"[@>!3:R./:+5%(+5J15>$jÁY!>N ?
N0l/ sÄsLM57:
:+!=">$v&c(*0,-!E/"%(+"i*08s./:+5>.C578!=E;85X(+Q
"4(R!=135>6/57,X@95%L135>,-,XI
6/*01="4(+*'576"%6<Eh*'6^(+!3:+5>.C!3:V"%A/*0$'*'(U@-A<!3( T !=!36w67(eS!3:+Zh"%6
Eg6/5>6/&cw6^(VJ!3:+Z
6/!3( T 57:xJ8j1="%6;AC!f:!#"%$0*'m=!=EkNzORQ/!3:+!8Q/5>I
$0EhAC!p"8H*06/?7$'!f8H!=:ZS*21!,-5JEJ!3$CA/IJ(R.
"71Vx>!(_81VQ/!#EJI/$0*'6
?i"%6<Eh">EJ,-*288*'576g1576^(:+5>$
,-!#1VQJ&
">6/*08,1="%6bZ4"%:+@>N
"!$#%&'!)(**,+-.#/0
1
2
$3#
$+%#454,6
78#9
:;#1<
=#/0>3#?=$@
<#?=$
<
%>*%#
%
<1:* A.@
#+6B#
C#9.
%> %6D
<" 45#2#"#/0>3#
C#9E.
2
F
V/Î
135>,-./$0!(!7l T Q/!=6"9:+5>IJ(+!3::+!=1!=*'Z7!=8R"9.
">1Vx7!(#lS(Q/!13$0"788*vW<!3:R.<!=:HLM57:,h8"-1$2">8+8*vW<1="4(+*'576"%6<Eg*06
8!3:(+8_(Q
!.
">1Vx7!(*'6o"-8.<!#1*'W<1
~^I/!=I/!A
">8!=E576b(Q/!X13$0"788*'W<13"%(*05>6:!#8HI/$'(=N_ORQ/!.
"71Vx>!3(8+1VQ/!#EJI/$0!3: T *0$'$|(Q/!=6q81VQ/!#EJI/$0!(Q
!.
">1Vx7!(">1=157:+EJ*06/?7$'@h(+5h,-!3!(*v(V8
T 5S;:+!=~^I/*0:!=,-!36^(+8=N
n*0?
N Î7Î 8Q/5 83lCQ/5 (Q
!=8!i157,-.<576/!36^(+8,-*'?7Q^(W/(f*'6^(5"%6q :57IJ(!=:(Q<"4(pQ
">8A<!=!36r!3{S(!36<EJ!=Eb(+5g./:+54ZS*0E/!*'6^(+!3?>:V"4(+!=E
8!3:+ZS*013!=8=N«ORQ/!_:57T IJ(!=:Q
T "78( T 5A/:5^">EpLMI
6
1e(+*'576
"%$JEJ*0ZS*08*'576
8=k(Q/!_LM57: T "%:VEJ*06/?.
"%(QXAC!3$05 T (Q
!RE/5>I/A/$0!_Q/5>:+*'m=5>6^(+">$>$0*'6
!>l>">6
E(+Q/!
A
"71VxS?>:+5>I/6
E15JEJ!"%AC54Z>!f(+Q/!$'*06/!7N`ORQ/!pLM5>: T "%:VEJ*'6
?i.
"%(Q5%L(Q/!:+5>I/(!3:*28!3{S!#1IJ(+!=ELM5>:!=Z>!=:@;.<">1Vx>!3(R">6
E,XI
8H((Q
!3:+!LM5>:+!
AC!Q/*0?>Q/$0@;5>./(*0,9*0m3!#EkN]w6
EJ!=!=Ekl
*'6b,-578H(157,9,-!=:+13*0">$C:+5>I/(!3:V8=l^*'(*28*',-./$0!3,-!=67(+!=E*06Q<"%:VE T ">:!7N
ORQ/!gLM5>: ">:+E/*'6/?r.
"4(+QK*08-EJ*0ZS*0E/!=Eª*06^(5B(Q/:+!3!8H!#1e(*05>6<83h*06/./IJ(hEJ:+*'Z7!3:#l]w6^(!3:+6/!3(XLM5>: "%:VEJ!3:#l">6
EK57IJ(.
IJ(-E/:*0Z>!=:=NDORQ/!
w6^(!=:6
!(_LM5>: T T ">:+EJ!=:s*06^(!=:./:+!(V8j(+Q/!p FQ
!=">E/!3:#Nzn
5>:R!="71VQ;.
"71Vx>!(#lJ"%6gw6^(+!3:+6/!(RLM5>: T "%:VEJ!3:sT !{J!=13IJ(!#8_"98I/*v(+!&wEJ!3.C!36<EJ!36^(1$2">8H&
8*vW<!3:"%6
Er(Q
!36P.
">8+8!=8(Q/!h.
"71Vx>!3(p">6
Eq*'(+813$0"788(5(+Q/!;"%./.
:57./:*2"4(+!X57IJ(./I/(E/:*0Z>!=:=N9u13$0"788*'W
!3:p,XI<8U(AC!9AC5%(+QB?7!36/!=:+">$
">6
E!;1*0!36^(=Njn
5>:!3;1*0!36
13@>l
"-157,-,9576,-!#1VQ
"%6/*28,8Q/5>I/$2EA<!I<8H!#E;LM57:A<5>(Qb:+!=85>I/:V1!p1$2">8+8H*'W<1="4(*05>6b"%6<Eg:+5>IJ(+!p$'5S5>xSI/.«N
ORQ/!57IJ(.
IJ(EJ:+*'Z7!3:R*',-./$0!3,-!=67(V8R(Q
!.
">1Vx7!(81VQ
!=EJI/$0!3:#N
ORQ/!A
">1VxS?7:57I/6
E-15JEJ!*08R8*',-./$0@-$'5^">EJ!#Eh*'6^(+5X:+5>IJ(+!3:`,-!=,957:@h">6
Eh!{J!#1IJ(+!=EhAS@h"?7!36/!=:+">$v&./I/:+.<5^8H!Ì NSORQ/!=8!A<">1Vx^&
?7:57I/6
Eh:+5>IJ(+*'6
!=8R1:+!="%(!E
"4(+"98H(:+I
1e(+I/:!#8s(Q
"%(135>6^(:+5>$<(Q
!LM57: T "%:VEJ*06/?X.
"%(Q|N]ORQ/!p:+5>IJ(+*'6
?i"%?7!36^(R*',-./$0!3,-!36^(V8_"i.
">:H(+*013I/$0">:
:+5>IJ(+*'6
?.
:5>(5J157$j"%6
EDA/I/*0$2E/8"b:+5>IJ(+*'6/?oE/"%(+">A
">8!>N;ORQ/!h:+!=8!3:+Z4"4(+*'576B8!(I
.K"%?>!=6^(p*0,-./$0!3,-!36^(+8(Q/!h./:+5%(+5J15>$]I<8H!#Er(+5q8H!3(
I/.B:!#8H57I/:V1!X:+!=8!3:+Z4"4(+*'576
83NfL_"7EJ,-*08+8*'576r15767(+:57$?7*'Z7!=8(Q/!hS\ -LM5>:";6
! :+!=~^I/!#8U(#lk"%././:+5>.
:*2"4(+!X1VQ
"%6
?>!=8f"%:+!X,h"7EJ!X(+5
(+Q/!i13$0"788*vW<!3:">6
Eb.
"71Vx>!(f81VQ/!#EJI/$0!3:fE/"4(V"%A
"78H!(+5;*0,9.
$'!=,9!=6^((+Q/!iEJ!#8H*0:+!=E T T 5^kN<n*'6<"%$0$'@7lC!=Z>!=:@:57IJ(!=:8I/./.C5>:(+8">6r"%?7!36^(
LM57:_6
!( T 5>:+xh,-">6
"%?7!3,-!36^(#NORQ/*28"%?7!36^(R,XI
8H(A<!"%A
$'!f(59,-5JEJ*vLM@g(Q/!13$0"788*vW<!3:R"%6
E.
">1Vx7!(81VQ
!=EJI/$0!3:E/"%(+">A
">8!=8`(5h8!(I/.
135>6^(:+5>$0$'!#E$'*06/x8Q
">:*06/?;"%6<Eg(+5g8!("7EJ,-*08+8H*05>6o135>6^(:+5>$k.C5>$0*013*'!#83NRORQ/!*0,-./$0!3,-!36^(+"%(*05>6bLM:V"%,-! T 5>:+xhLM57:"-Q/578H(*28?7!36/!=:+">$'$0@
8*',-*0$0">:p(5b(+Q
"4(LM57:"b:57IJ(!=:=l T *'(QD(+Q/!;">E/E/*v(+*'576D5>LR">././$0*01="4(+*'576
83Nh"%(Q/!=:(Q<"%6DA<!=*'6/?bLM57: T "%:VEJ!#Ekl|Q/5^8U(E/"%(+"b5>:+*0?>*06
"4(+!=8
">6
Eo(+!3:+,9*06
"%(!=8*06B"%6B"%././$0*213"4(+*'576|Nu6D"%././$0*213"4(+*'576q6/!=!=EJ*06/?b";:+!="%$'&c(*0,9! T 5^LM57:f%"
5 T ,iI
8U(85>,-!3Q/5 T *06SZ>5>x7!X"$'5J13">$
:+!=8!3:+Z4"4(*05>68H!3(I/.o">?>!36^(#N
u88U(V"4(!#E!="%:+$0*'!=:_w6^(eS!3:+Z;Q
"78RA<!=!36oEJ!=8*0?>6/!#E;(+5h./:54ZS*2EJ!( T 59(U@S.<!#85%Lz8H!=:ZS*21!#83
E 6 I
"%:V"%6^(+!3!=ES!3:+ZS*013!fLM5>:"%.
./$'*213"%(*05>6
8R:+!=~^I/*0:+*'6/?iW/{J!=EbEJ!=$0"[@hAC5>I
6
E
E j:+!=EJ*21e(+*'Z7!S!3:+ZS*013!LM5>:`">././$0*01="4(+*'576
8]:+!=~^I/*0:*06/?./:+5>A
">A/*0$'*28U(+*01E/!3$2"[@XAC5>I/6
E|NzORQ
!*0,9.
$'!=,9!=6^(+"4(+*'576
8]5>LC(+Q/!?7I
"%:V"%6^(+!3!=E
8H!=:ZS*21!"%6<E9(Q/!.
:!#EJ*01(*0Z>!8!3:+ZS*013!R">:!E/!W
6/!#E-*'6-(+Q/!?7I
"%:V"%6^(!=!=Ei8H!=:ZS*21!nzÌ 8 1Î V < "%6
E9(+Q/!135>6^(:+5>$0$'!#EX$057"7E-8H!=:ZS*21!
E A/*2~^I/*'(5>I<8_E/!3./$054@S,9!=6^(_*28_:!#~7I
*':+!=E-LM57:R?>I
">:+">67(+!3!#E;8H!=:ZS*21!7Nw6
13:!=,-!36^(+">$yE/!3./$054@S,9!=6^(_5>LzÌs5>6^(:+5>$0$0!=ES&w¾|5^">E;S!=:ZS*21!
*08R.C578+8*'A/$0!fA^@EJ!3./$054@S*'6
?hÌs5767(+:57$'$0!=EJ&¾«57">ES!3:+ZS*013!f">6
E GLMI/6
1(*05>6
">$'*'(U@g"%(_(+Q/!AC5%(H(+$'!=6/!=1Vxg6/5JEJ!=8R5>L"9EJ5>,h"%*06
"%6
Eg(I
6/6/!3$0*06/?-(Q/! Í,-!=8+8+"%?>!#8_54Z>!3:_5%(+Q/!3:.<"%:(R5>L(+Q/!EJ57,-">*'6«N
VÃ
$H
K LBE MN
O5h54Z>!=:+135>,-!(+Q/!$0*',-*'(+"%(*05>6
85>Lw6^(eS!3:+Zyl/U`OnF./:57.<5^8H!#E !*'dC!=:!=67(+*0"%(!#EqS!3:+ZS*013!=8Á !*'dkS!=:Z/Ä 8 Î ( < l Q/*01VQb*288*',-./$0!3:">6
E
-, 5>:+!X8+13">$0">A/$'!7N !*vd|S!=:Zb:+!=EJ!3W
6/!=8(Q/!9 jZ $gOs@S.<!i5%LsS!=:ZS*21!gÁ)O\p/ÄW
!3$2Eo5>: jZ = O:+"%;19Ìs$2">8+8 _T @^(!i"78EJ*'dy!3:+!36^(*2"4(+!=E
8!3:+ZS*013!Á!p/Ä]W<!3$2EkN]ORQ/!W
:V8U(_8H*'{9A
*v(V8`5>LC(+Q/!W<!3$2Eh"%:+!13"%$0$0!=Eh">8 !fÌs5SE/!.<57*'6^(#l Q/*21VQ Q/!=6;,h"%:+x>!=E-EJ*'dy!3:+!36^($0@i*06
EJ*213"%(!#8
(+Q/!A<!=Q
"[ZS*'57:ÁMxS6/5 T 6b">8R.C!3:&cQ/57.AC!3Q<"[Z^*05>:57: `¬ Ä_!#">1VQ:57IJ(!=:_*28:+!=~^I/*0:!#Eh(+5;T "%././$0@hT (+59*06
EJ*0ZS*0E/I
"%$|.<">1Vx>!3(+8=N
ORQ/!*'6/LM5>:+,-"%(*05>6ª:+!=~^I/*0:!#EPAS@B(+Q/!gA
IJdC!=:i,h">6
"%?7!3,-!36^(i">6
EK8+1VQ/!=EJI
$'*06/?q,-!=1VQ<"%6/*28H,h8i*08i13">::+*'!#E *v(+Q/*06K(Q
!g.
"71Vx>!(#N
ORQ/!=:!3LM5>:+!>l/EJ*'dy!3:+!36^(*2"4(+!=Eb8H!=:ZS*21!#8EJ5h6/5%(:+!=~^I/*0:+!p8.C!=1*2"%$8H*0?>6
">$'*06/?-./:+5%(+5S135>$28_(5;135>6^(:+5>$y(+Q/!,-!=1VQ
">6/T*08,h8R(Q<"4("%:+!pI
8!=E
(+5B8!3$0!=1e(-EJ*'dC!=:!=67(i(:+!="%(,-!36^(XLM57:X(+Q/!*'6
E/*'ZS*2EJI
"%$_.
"71Vx>!(V83NªÌs5>6
8!=~^I/!=6^($0@>l(Q/!b"%,-57I/6^(X5%L8H(+"%(!*'6JLM57:,h"%(*05>6|l T Q/*21VQK*28
:+!=~^I/*0:!#EB(5qAC!g,h"%*06^(+">*'6/!#ED.<!=:X6/5JEJ!7l*28.
:57.<57:H(+*'576
"%$z(+5o(Q/!6SI/,XAC!3:i5%L8H!=:ZS*21!;13$0"788!=8">6
EP6/5%(i./:57.<57:H(+*'576
"%$j(5o(+Q/!
6SI/,iA<!=:5%L]"%././$0*213"4(+*'57%6 <5 T 83l T Q/*21VQ*08,h" U5>:R*',-./:+54Z>!=,-!36^(_54Z7!3:Rw6^(VS!=:ZyN
u 1I<8U(+5>,-!3:,iI
8U(Q
"[Z7!8H!=:ZS*21!f$'!=Z>!3$|">?>:+!3!=,9!=6^(pÁcJ¾«ufÄ *v(+Q*'(+8RH G*06b5>:VEJ!3:_(+59:+!=13!3*0Z>! !*'d|S!3:+ZyN`u6oJ¾«uº8.C!=1*'W
!#8
(+Q/!;1$2">8+8p5%L8H!=:ZS*21!-8HI
./.<57:H(+!=EP"%6<Eq(+Q/!;"%,-5>I
67(5>L`(+:+"%h1hT ">$'$05 T !=Eq*06P!="71VQD13$0"788=Nhu6KJ¾«u1="%6PAC!;8U(V"4(*2195>:EJ@S6
">,-*01>N
^(V"4(+*01J¾u8">:!f6/!3?75%(+*0"%(!=Eg5>6b"9:!=?>I/$2"%:#l7!7N ?<Nz,9576^(Q/$0@g"%6<Eg@7!="%:+$0@>lSA
">8*283N`ÌsI
8H(57,9!=:+8 T *'(Q !@^6<"%,-*01J¾u8R,iI
8U(I<8H!p"
8*'?76
"%$0*06/?i.
:5>(5J157$)lJ!7N ?<Nz zlJ(+5h:!#~^I/!=8H(RLM5>:8!3:+Z^*21!#8_5>6bEJ!3,h"%6<EkN
;j
4 4@ 4
M E
BADC C
) E HJ
KL MSEF
M @B
Á 5qn]Ä1$2">8+8*vW
!=:=l T Q
*01VQo.C!3:LM5>:+,h8R(Q/!i8H!=T $'!#1e(*05>6bA
"78H!#E5>6(Q/!i15>,iA/*06
"4(+*'5765>L]5>6/!57:,-5>:+!fQ
!=">E/!3:W
!=$0E
83lC8HI
1VQo"788H57I/:V1!
"7E/EJ:+!=8+83lJEJ!#8U(+*'6
"%(*05>6o">E
EJ:!#88=l^(U@S.<!3&c5>Lz8!3:+ZS*013!AS@^(!7l/./:+5%(5J135>$28s !il
85>I/:V1!f.C5>:(6^I
,XAC!3:"%6<EEJ!#8U(+*'6<"4(*05>6b.C5>:(6^I
,XAC!3:#N
s¶4¯ K´ÇX»C±Æ·Yµ=·Y»C±Å7¶ 7½oO«:V"4;1g135>6
E/*v(+*'576/!3:V8LM57:, (+Q/!,-5^8U(-ZS*v(V"%$R.
"%:(i5>L"rE/*vdy!3:+!36^(*2"4(+!=EG8H!=:ZS*21!=8X6/!( 5>:+xyNDORQ
!3*0:
?757"%$]*28f(5q">././$0@B135>6
EJ*'(*05>6
*'6/?LMI/6<1e(*05>6<85>6B(Q
!;./:+!3ZS*'57I
8$'@q13$0"788*vW<!=ED.
">1Vx7!(V8f"713135>:VEJ*'6
?(+5o"b./:!#EJ!W<6/!=EPTO:+"%h1;Ìs$2">8+8
S.C!=13*vWC13"4(+*'576b*'6oJ¾«uXN
u
(:V"4;1p1576
EJ*'(*05>6/!=:1576
8H*28H(+8R5%Lz5>6
!f57:,-5>:+!5>L(+Q/!pLM5>$0$'5 T *06/?-157,9.C5>6
!36^(+8=
5o!3(!=:=]uºEJ!=Z^*21! T Q
*01VQ,-!=">8I/:+!=8s(Q
!p(!3,-.C5>:V"%$k./:+5>.C!3:(*0!=8R5>Lz"i(+:+"%h1p8H(:+!=">,8H!=$'!#1e(+!=EA^@"h1$2">8+8H*'W
!3:#N
5q">:x7!3:#uºE/!3ZS*013!f(Q
"%(8H!3(+8R(+Q/! !foÌs5JEJ! z5>*067(R*06b"9.
"71Vx>!3(RA<">8!=E5>6 T !=$'$'&E/!W
6/!#Eg:+I/$0!=8=N
SQ<"%.C!3:#`u°EJ!=Z^*21!p(+Q
"4(E/!3$2"[@S8.
">1Vx7!(+8 T *'(Q
*'6q"9(+:+"%h18H(:+!=">,(5;1="%I
8!p(Q
!X8U(+:!#"%,(+5;1576JLM5>:+, (+5;8H57,9!E/!W
6/!#E(:V"4;1
./:+5%W<$'!hÁ)J!3!XS!#1e& V N = ÄN
!:57./.C!3: + z5>$0*21!3:#uºE/!3ZS*013!f(Q
"%(EJ*08+13">:+E
8R.
">1Vx7!(+8_A
"78H!#Eg5768.C!=1*'W
!#E:+I/$0!=8ÁcS!3!XS!#1%N V N = ÄeN
.
">:H(+*013I/$2"%:EJ*0:!#1e(+*'576DÁ)13"%$0$0!=EbEJ*'dC!=:!=67(+*0"%(!#E8!3:+ZS*013!=8_AC!3Q
"[ZS*05>:"%?7?>:+!3?^"4(![ÄeNz`"71VQ8!3:+ZS*013!p13$0"788R*28"7885J1*2"4(!#E T *'(Qq" `¬ fN
s¬ R8">:!9EJ!W<6/!=EB*'6r(!=:,h8f5%L`AC!3Q<"[Z^*05>:p1VQ
">:+"71e(!=:*28H(*2138:+!3$0!3Z4"%6^(f(5b8H!=:ZS*21!i./:54ZS*28H*05>6
*'6/?h.C5>$0*21*0!=8=l|"%6
Er6/5%(p*'6r(!=:,h8f5%L
.
">:H(+*013I/$2"%:]*0,9.
$'!=,9!=6^(+"4(+*'576
8=N s¬ R8],h"[@i">$085pA<!8.C!=1*'W
!#E-*'69(!=:,h8`5%LC(Q/!=*':j:+!=85>I
:+13!_.
:*05>:+*v(U@X:!=$0"%(*0Z>!_(55>(Q/!=: `¬ _8=l>57:
*06g(+!3:+,h8s5>L|(Q
!3*0::!=$0"%(*0Z>!57A
8!3:+Z[">A/$0!(:V"4;1f1VQ
"%:V">1(!=:*28U(+*01=83N]ÌsI/:+:!=67(+$'@-(+Q/!3:+!p"%:+!(+Q/:!=!.
:57.<5^8H!#E `¬ _8s(+Q
"4("%:+!A
:*0!
@
EJ!#813:*0AC!=EA<!=$'5 T N
,h"%6S@;5%L(Q/!#8H!.<">1Vx>!3(+8R">8R.C578+8*'A/$0!"%6
Eb"788H5S5>6b">8_.C578+8H*0A/$0!A/IJ( T *'(Q/57IJ("%6S@;?7I
"%:V"%6^(+!3!=8=N
E u8+8HI
:!#E;n/57: T "%:VEJ*06/?gÁYun]Ä s¬ Í*28R"X,-!=">6
8sLM5>:R"X.
:54ZS*2EJ!3:_EJ*vdy!3:+!36^(+*0"%(!=E8!3:+Z^*21!#8`EJ57,h"%*06;(595%dy!3:EJ*'dy!3:+!36^(_$0!3Z7!3$28
5%LLM5>: T ">:+EJ*06/?-">8+8HI
:+">6
1!#8jLM57: G.<">1Vx>!3(+8R:+!=13!3*0Z>!=E;LM:57,"h1I<8U(+5>,-!3:EJ*'dy!3:+!36^(*2"4(+!=E8H!=:ZS*21!=8REJ57,h"%*06|N
V/V
!fS&135>,-./$0*0">67(-6/5JEJ!,XI
8H(-!=~^I
"%$R57:i!3{J13!3!#EF"D15>6/W
?>I/:V"%A
$'!:+"%(!>NKORQ
!sn
(:V"4;18Q/57I/$0EFA<!o">$'$05J13"4(+!=EP(+Q/*28-:+"%(!
*'6<EJ!3.C!36
E/!36^($0@g5>L«(Q
!*'6^(!=6
8*v(U@5%L">6S@;5%(+Q/!3:R(+:+"%h1p"%(H(!=,-.J(*06/?-(5-(+:+">6
8*v(R(Q
!6/5JEJ!>N
§
E !=">$v&c(*0,-!r157,-,XI/6/*213"%(*05>6 :+!=~^I/*0:!=,-!36^(+8h5>LX"%./.
$'*213"%(*05>6
8"%:+!o!{J./:+!=8+8H!#EÍ*'6 (+!3:+,h8;5%LX13!3:(+">*'6~^I
">$'*'(U@G5>L8H!=:ZS*21!
Á T 5S/Ä.
">:+">,-!(!=:+8=Npu :+!=">$v&c(*0,-!X./:+5%(+5S135>$?>I
">:+">6^(!3!#8R(Q
! T 5Sb:+!=~^I/*0:!=,9!=6^(5%Ls">6B">././$0*01="4(*05>6«lC576
1!i*v(">1=1!=.J(+8f"
1576/6/!=1(*05>6:!#~^I/!=8H(=N
E !=">$v&c(*0,-!157,9,iI/6/*213"%(*05>69./:5>(5J157$08]">$'$05 T A<5>(Q-6/5>6/&c:+!=">$v&c(*0,-!R">6
E-:+!="%$'&c(*0,9!R,-!=8+8+"%?>!#8(5AC!Q
">6
EJ$0!=E9*'6-(+Q/!8+"%,-!
LM:+">,-! T 5>:+xCN
E w6g(+Q/!w6^(!=:6/!3(!36SZS*':+5>6
,9!=6^(=lS5>6/$0@85%La(:+!=">$v&c(*0,-!p135>,-,XI
6/*01="4(+*'576*288HI
./.<57:H(+!=EkN
Î N^(+"%(! T Q
!(Q
!3:9@>5>Iª135>6
8*0E/!3:(+Q/!hLM57$'$05 T *'6
?r8U(V"4(+!3,-!36^(+8(5qAC! 5>:iÊy¹ 2 XN >I<8U(+*vLM@P@>57I/:X">6
8 T !3:X*'6K!#">1VQ
13"78H!7N
ÁY"^Ä^(+:!#"%,-*06/?h15>,-./:+!=8+8!=E;ZS*2EJ!35-(+:+">6
8,9*28+8H*05>6*08">6!3{/"%,-./$0!f5>L:+!=">$v&c(*0,-! RÁYZ4"%:+*0">A/$'!pA/*'(:V"4(![Ä`(:V"4;1%N
ÁMA<ÄORQ/!rZ^*0:(I
">$(*0,-!q./:+5%(5J135>$*28;"%6 !3{/"%,-./$0!o5%L"ªA<57I/6
EJ!#E ">1=1!=8+89(U@S.<!r5%L81VQ
!=EJI/$0*06/?ª*'6"P,iI/$'(*0./$'!B">1313!=8+8
6/!3( T 57:xyN
ÁY1=Äw6À"PAC5>I
6
EJ!=EÀ">1313!=8+8-(57x>!=6:+*06/?K./:+5%(+5S135>$I<8H*06/?ª!3*'(Q
!3:;(+Q/!r.
:57.<57:H(+*'576
"%$57:;(Q
!q$'5J1="%$(+:+">6
8,9*28+8H*05>6(*0,-!
">$'$05J13"4(+*'5768+1VQ/!=,9!#83lS(+Q/!8I/,h8R5%L(Q/!8@S6
1VQ/:+5>6/57I
8`A<"%6
E T *2ES(+Q
8 !=~^I
">$08 Î N
ÁYE
Ä 6
EJ!3:6/5>:+,h"%$y:!#"%$'&)(+*',-!f(:V"4;1p1576
EJ*'(*05>6
8=lS(Q
!,-"%{J*',iI/,EJ!=$0"[@g8IJdy!3:+!=EAS@;(Q
!fQ
*'?7Q/!=8H(./:+*'57:*'(U@h.
">1Vx7!(V8_"%(
"h8 *v(V1VQ Q/!36o"9,XI/$'(*'&$'!=Z>!3$nUnz\°~^I/!=I/!&A
"78H!#E8!3:+ZS*013!pE/*08+1*0./$0*'6/!*28EJ!=./$054@>!=E T 5>I/$2EgAC!$05 T !=:15>,-.
">:!#E;(+5
ÁM?SÄ;w6D(Q
!hZ^*0:(I
">$v&c(*0,-!h./:5>(5J157$)l8HI/.
.<5^8H!9(Q<"4((Q
!hQ/*'?7Q/!=8H(./:+*'57:*'(U@o.
"71Vx>!(p(+Q
"4(X"b6/5JEJ!-6/!=!=E/8(5b(:V"%6<8H,-*'("%(
85>,-!*06
8U(V"%6^(5>L(+*',-!*28,bNORQ/!36LM57:!;13*'!=67( 5>:+xS*'6
?95>Lz(Q/!.
:5>(5J157$)l
E/I/:*06/?h./:+*05>:+*v(U@g">:A
*v(+:+"%(*05>6b*'6^(+!3:+Z[">$
(+Q/!6/5JEJ!8Q/5>I
$0E T "%*'(LM5>:Ã H>(+*',-!I/6
*v(V8T A<!3LM5>:+!8U(V"%:(*06/?9(:V"%6
8,-*08+8*'576|NÁ 9*28R(Q/!X./:57.
"%?^"4(+*'576EJ!=$0"[@;*06
(+Q/!6/!( T 5>:+xyN Ä
ÁMQ<ÄORQ/!h135>I/6^(+E/5 T 6r./:+5%(+5S135>$]8Q/5>I/$2E T 57:xo8I
1313!=8+8ULMI/$0$0@q*':+:+!=8.<!#1e(*0Z>!95%L T Q/!(+Q/!3:p(+Q/!-./:+*'57:*'(U@q"%:+A/*'(:V"4(*05>6q(:V"%6
8H&
,-*288*'576
8h8H(+"%:( T *v(+Q!=*v(+Q/!3:-(+Q/!o,h8HA5>:h$28AG!=6
EF5>L(+Q/!o./:+*'57:*'(U@ªZ4"%$0I/!>l_">8-$05>6/?ª">8-">$'$6/5JEJ!#8h"%?7:!=!576F(+Q/!
135>6SZ>!=67(+*'576|N
ÁY*2Ä`Z>!36 T Q/!=6o"-?>$05>A
">$k./:*05>:+*'(U@7&A
"78H!#E;,-!=8+8">?>!(:V"%6
8,-*08+8*'576*288I/./.C5>:(!=EAS@"-:+!=">$v&c(*0,-!157,9,iI/6/*213"%(*05>66/!(&
T 5>:+xylS45qu ÁM:V"4(+!p,9576/5%(+5>6/*21p"%$0?>57:*'(Q/,;Äs81VQ
!=EJI/$0*06/?-5%Lz:!#"%$'&)(+*',-!p,-!=8+8">?>!=8_*28R*'6
!dy!=1e(+*'Z7!>N
Á Än
5>:(+:+">6
8H,-*'(H(+*'6/? R :+!=">$v&c(*0,-!-(:V"4;1h"%,-576/?(+">8xJ8p54Z>!=:"o¾«u¿Xl"o1="%$0!36
E/">:H&A
"78H!#Eq:+!=8!3:+Z["%(*05>6B./:5>(5J157$
T Á 6 5>I/$2Á EÍfÄR@S*'*2!=8_$0E(Q/Q/!*'?7?7I
Q/!3"%::V"%66^(!=!Á .
Ä-:57(+A
Q
"%"%A/6À*0$0*v!3(U*'@;(Q/"%!=(:IJ"ª(*0$'?7*0m=$'57"%A
(*0"%5>$6 ./:*0Ä 5>:+*'(U@7&A
"78H!#Ekls57:"ªAC5>I
6
EJ!=EÀ">1313!=8+8-(U@S.<!B5%L./:+5%(+5S135>$cN
ÁYxJÄw6P,XI
$v(+*'./$0!hAC5>I/6
E/*'6/?q"[Z7!3:V"%?7!X:V"4(!h1VQ
">:+"71e(+!3:+*'m#"4(*05>6r5%LRA/I/:V8U(U@o(+:+"%;1%lk(+Q/!;$2"%:+?>!3:f*28p(Q/!;"[Z7!3:V"%?7*'6/?*'6^(+!3:+Z[">$
(+Q/!$'5 T !3:R*28R(Q
!:+"%(! T *v(+Q T Q/*01VQ(Q
!8H57I/:+13!p*08RAC5>I/6<EkN
V$
ÁYw6r(+Q/!Á D Ä,-5SE/!3$z(Q
!i,-*06/*',iI/, *06^(!3:V"%:+:+*'Z4"%$«(*0,-!9AC!( T !3!=6r.
"71Vx>!3(+8*08fAC5>I/6
E/!=EBA<!=$'5 T AS@ 3,-*06
">6
E(Q/!$2"%:+?>!#8U(R.
">1Vx7!(8H*0m3!*28RAC5>I/6
E/!=Eb"%AC54Z>!fAS@S,h"4{
Ä
ÁY,hÄORQ/!,h"4{J*',iI/,EJ!3$2"[@h8HI/dC!=:!#E-A^@-.
"71Vx>!3(+8jI
6
EJ!3:R",iI/$'(*0$'!=Z>!3$ynÌ_n]h~^I/!=I/!A<">8!=E;8!3:+ZS*013!EJ*2813*'./$0*06/! T 5>I/$2EhAC!
$05 T !=:_(Q
">6(+Q
"4(*06o"iLM:+">,9*06/?>&cA
"78H!#Eg8!3:+ZS*013!fEJ*28+1*0./$'*06/!I/6<EJ!3:8*0,9*0$2"%:R(:V"4;1p1576
EJ*'(*05>6
8=N
ÁM6<Äw6"%6S@-./:+"71e(+*01="%$C:!#"%$'&)(+*',-!135>,-,XI
6/*01="4(+*'576;./:+5%(5J135>$cl T !f1="%6;!3{J.<!#1e(R(Q
"%(s(+Q/!f?>I
">:+">67(+!3!.
:57A
"%A/*0$0*v(U@oÁ 6 _Ä](+5
AC!1$0578!_(5*fLM5>:]I/(*0$'*0m="%(*05>6-$'5 T !3:z(+Q
"%69(+Q/!uZ7!3:V"%?>! _:!#"%xJEJ5 T 6 (*0$0*'m#"4(*05>6oÁ)u Ä]">6
E 6 T 57I/$2Ei">././:+57">1VQ
Î ">8_(+Q/!IJ(+*'$0*'m#"4(+*'576*06
13:!#">8!=8_A<!=@>576
Eu N
ÁM5SÄ;Lk"13!3:(+">*'6i(57x>!36/&c.
"788*06/?6/!3( T 57:xpQ
"78]"1VQ<"%6/6/!=$/13">.
">13*v(U@5>L Î *0*/5oA
.
83l#(+Q/!369(Q
!_Us` , *^ÃJN (ÁM.
:*05>:+*v(U@^&A
">8!=E
./:+5%(+5J15>$aÄ T 57I/$2E.
:54ZS*2EJ!pQ/*'?7Q/!3:?7I
"%:V"%6^(+!3!p./:+5>A
">A/*'$0*'(U@g157,9.<"%:+!=Eg(5hU`s , *7Ã/N $oÁa(+*',-!#E(5>x7!36./:+5%(5J135>$aÄs"%(
Z7!3:+@;$'5 T 1VQ
"%6
6/!3$kIJ(+*'$0*0m="4(+*'576
8=N
ÁM.<ÄORQ/!135>I/6^(VEJ5 T 6:+!=">$v&c(*0,-!p?>$05>A
">$C.
:*05>:+*v(U@;135>,-,XI
6/*01="4(+*'576./:+5%(+5J15>$|8Q/57I/$0E T 5>:+x;8HI
1=1!#88HLMI/$0$'@*':+:!#8H.C!=1(*0Z>!f5%L
T"78RQ/$'!357(6/Q/?h!=:">(+8Q/"%!X$0$k.
6/:5J*05>EJ:+!#*v(U8@b"%"%?7:+:A/!=!*'(:V57"46g(+*'(+57Q/6!(+1:+57">6^6
Z78!3,96^*2(8+*08H5>*06«5>6
N 88U(V"%:( T *'(Qq!=*v(+Q/!3:(Q/!i,h8HAq57:$28HAr!36
Eo5>Lz(Q/!9./:+*'57:*'(U@gZ4"%$0I/!7l
Á)~SÄ`Z>!36 T Q/!=6o"-?>$05>A
">$k./:*05>:+*'(U@7&A
"78H!#E;,-!=8+8">?>!(:V"%6
8,-*08+8*'576*288I/./.C5>:(!=EAS@"-:+!=">$v&c(*0,-!157,9,iI/6/*213"%(*05>66/!(&
T 5>:+xylS45qu ÁM:V"4(+!p,9576/5%(+5>6/*21p"%$0?>57:*'(Q/,;Äs81VQ
!=EJI/$0*06/?-5%Lz:!#"%$'&)(+*',-!p,-!=8+8">?>!=8_*28R6/5%(Z7!3:+@h!dy!=1(*0Z>!>N
Ã/N#!@S6
">,-*011VQ
"%6/?7!=8z(+5(+Q/!:+!=8!3:+Z>!#E9:!#8H57I/:+13!=8]*28_"%6h*0,9.C5>:(+">6^(_EJ*28U(+*'6
?>I/*28HQ
*'6/?91VQ
"%:V">1(!=:*28U(+*01R5>Lk(Q/!f K./:+5%(+5S135>$cN
8*'6
?oLM5>I/:X5>:W<Z>!;8!36^(!=6
1!#8!{J./$2"%*06ªQ/5 T º./:+5%(5J135>$j*28X1="%.
">A/$'!g5%LEJ@S6
"%,-*213">$'$0@B1VQ
">6/?>*06/?b(+Q/!g:+!=8!3:+Z4"4(*05>6
8U(V"4(+I
8R5%Lz"h15>6
6/!=1(*05>6bEJI/:+*'6/?9(+Q/!$'*'LM!p(*0,-!5%L(Q/!135>6/6
!=1e(+*'576|N
6/!3?7$'*0?>*0A/$0!15>,-.
">:!#Eh(+5-OOT zO
"%6
E(+Q
"4((+Q/!6/!( T 5>:+xhA
">6
E T *2ES(Qb*28 Î 5oT A/.<83N
¿5JEJ!
6 Î Î */*pA Î *9,h8H!#1
V(
, NUEJ!36^(+*vLM@g(Q/!pLY"71e(57:+8 T Q
*01VQo1576^(:+*'A/I/(!f(5;EJ!=$0"[@ U*v((!3:*'6b:+!=">$v&c(*0,-!p135>,-,XI
6/*01="4(+*'576
8R*'6b.
"71Vx>!3(H&w8 T *'(+1VQ/!#Eg6
!( T 5>:+xS8=N
u8+8HI
,9!9(+Q
"4("1!3:(+">*'6D:+!="%$'&c(*0,9!-"%.
./$'*213"%(*05>6B:!#1!3*0Z>!#8pE/"4(V""%(f(+Q/!-:+"%(!95%L Î */5qA/.
8=N9ORQ/! T 5So?>I<"%:V"%6^(!=!(5(+Q/!
"%./.
$'*213"%(*05>6.<!=:,-*'(+8"-EJ!3$2"[@ U*'(H(+!3:5>L]/Ã *%,;S!=1>N`Ìs5>,-./IJ(+!p(Q/!A/I/dC!=::!#~^I/*':+!3,-!=67("4((+Q/!:+!=1!=*'Z7!3:#N
. NÌs5>6
8*2EJ!3:(Q/!iI
8H!i5%L](+*',-!=Eo(5>x7!36q.
:5>(5J157$`ÁMUs` , *7ÃJN $^Ä*'6o(+Q/!LM57$'$05 T *06/?g8*v(+I
"4(+*'576|N}D!XQ
"[Z7!LM5>I
:6/5JEJ!#8*06q(+Q/!
8H@J8H(!=,NzORQ/!:+!=">$v&c(*0,-!_:+!=~^I/*0:+!3,-!36^(]*08](Q
"%(j6/5JEJ)! AC!"%A
$'!_(5p(+:+">6
8,9*'(jI/.J(+5 A/*'(+8`54Z>!3:z!#">1VQ9.<!=:*05JEi5>LyE/I/:+"%(*05>6
,-*0$'$0*aS!=135>6
E/8=l T Q/!=:! ">6
E ">:!f?>*0Z>!=6*06(Q/!p(V"%A/$0!AC!3$05 T N
¿5SE/!
Î */l */*0*
Î
$ (/*/l */*0*
1Î = . */l */*0*
1Î = . */l */*0*
ÌsQ/5S578!8I/*'(+"%A
$'!OOzO°Áa(V"%:+?>!3(s(+5>x>!=6g:+5%(V"4(*05>6;(*0,9![ÄR"%6
Eg5>AJ(V"%*068I/*'(+"%A
$'!fZ4"%$0I/!=8R5>L Áa(+5%(+">$y6^I
,XAC!3:5%LA/*v(V8_(Q
"%(
13">6gAC!(+:+">6
8,9*'(H(+!=EgA^@g6/5JEJ! 54Z>!3:_!3Z7!3:+@;1@J1$0!>N Äiu8+8HI/,-!f(Q<"4(R(Q/!p./:+5>.<"%?7"%(*05>6-(+*',-!p*08R6
!3?>$0*0?>*0A/$'!p157,-.
"%:+!=E-(+5
OOzOÀ"%6<Eg(+Q
"4((+Q/!8@S8H(!=, A
">6
E T *2ES(Qb*28 Î 5oA
.
83N
Î */NRL@>5>IK">:!;135>6
8H(:V"%*06/!#ED(5qI
8!g">6ª!{J*08H(*06/?rj(Q/!=:6
!(9¾u¿LM57:i"bLY"71e(+5>:+@D">IJ(57,-"%(*05>6ª"%.
./$'*213"%(*05>6|l T Q
"%(i"%:+!h(+Q/!
EJ*'dC!=:!=67(R./:+5%(+5S135>$28](+Q
"4(R@>57Ig13">6gI
8!(+5i8I/./.C5>:(R135>,-,XI
6/*01="4(+*'6/?i:!#"%$'&)(+*',-!(+">8xJ
8 F} Q
*01VQ5%L|(+Q/!f">$v(+!3:+6
"4(+*'Z7!=8`(Q
"%(
@>57IgQ
"[Z7!f*2EJ!=67(+*vW<!=E@>57Ig(+Q/*'6
x T 5>I/$2E T 5>:+xhAC!=8H( F 6 *0Z>!p@75>I/:R:+!=">85>6
*'6/?^83N
Î7Î NÌs5>6
8*2EJ!3:9" Î */5oA/.<8(57x>!=6J&c:+*06/?q6/!3( T 57:xP5>.C!3:V"4(+*'6
?qI/6
EJ!=:9(Q/!./:+*'57:*'(U@^&cA
"78H!#ED./:5>(5J157$fÁYU`s , *^ÃJN (>ÄeNPn/57:X(+Q/*28
6/!( T 5>:+xyl`(+Q/! T "%$0xK(+*',-!r*28gÃP,;S!#1q"%6<EF(+Q/!qLM:V"%,-!o$0!36/?>(Q *28 Î *7Ã$ _@^(!#83N !!3(!=:,-*06/!o(Q
!qLM:V">1e(+*'576Í5%L T "78U(+!=E
A
"%6<E T *0EJ(QgEJI
!(+5(Q
! T "%*'(j(*0,-!:+!=~^I/*0:+!=E9LM5>:s(Q
!(+5>x>!=6-(5i:!3(I/:+6h(5X(Q/!(:V"%6<8H,-*'(H(*06/?i6/5JEJ!"%La(!3:s(:V"%6<8H,-*288*'576h5%L
"9LM:+">,-!*08157,9.
$'!3(!>Nu_((+Q/!X?7*'Z7!36bA
">6
E T *2ES(Q T 5>I/$2Eo"hAC5>I/6<EJ!=Eo"7131!#88./:5>(5J157$|.C!3:LM5>:+,AC!(H(+!3: Fª]{J./$2"%*06b@>57I/:
"%6
8 T !3:#N
Î ÃJNÌs5>6
8*2EJ!3:" Î */5oA/.<8p(57x>!36P:+*'6
?6
!( T 5>:+xCNORQ/! T "%$0xo(*0,-!;*08 Î ,;S!=1>NORQ/!-LM:V"%,-!;8*'m=!h*08 ( Î ÃgAS@^(!#83N !!3(!=:,-*06/!
(Q/!,h"4{J*',iI/, (*0,9!LM5>: T Q/*21VQF"o,-!=8+8">?>!h,h"[@PI/6
EJ!=:?75o./:+*'57:*'(U@B*06SZ>!=:+8*'576PI/6
EJ!=:iUs` , *^ÃJN $q"%6
EKU`` , *7Ã/N (
./:+5%(5J135>$283N
Î-V NÁY"^Ä;UEJ!=6^(*'LM@-"%(s$0!="78U(s( T 5LY"71e(+5>:V8 T Q/*21VQg15767(+:*0A/IJ(+!(+5XEJ!3$2"[@ U*v((!3:R*06;:+!="%$'&c(*0,9!15>,-,iI/6/*213"4(+*'576
8`">6
E-!{J./$2"%*06;Q/5 T
(+Q/!3@13"%I<8H! U*'(H(!=:=N
ÁMA<Ä} Q
"%(f*28(Q/!-EJ*'dC!=:!=6
1!iA<!3( T !=!36B!{J!=13IJ(*05>6o(+*',-!-"%6
Er:!#8H.C5>6<8H!(+*',-!95%Ls";(+"78Hx Fw6 T Q
"%(p13*':V1I
,-8H(+">6
1!#81="%6
(+Q/!3@A<!EJ*'dy!3:+!36^( F
V/=
$
Î* (/*
Î* .*
/Ã * Î *0*
ÌsQ/5S578!8I/*'(+"%A
$'!OOzO°Áa(V"%:+?>!3(s(+5>x>!=6g:+5%(V"4(*05>6;(*0,9![ÄR"%6
Eg5>AJ(V"%*068I/*'(+"%A
$'!fZ4"%$0I/!=8R5>L Áa(+5%(+">$y6^I
,XAC!3:5%LA/*v(V8_(Q
"%(
13">6;A<!f(+:+">6
8H,-*'(H(+!=E;AS@-6/5JEJ! 54Z>!=:`!=Z>!3:+@h1@J1$0!>N Äiu8+8HI/,-!(Q
"%(s(+Q/!f./:57.
"%?^"4(+*'576-(*0,9!p*28 Î ,-*'$0$0*2S!#1p"%6
E-(+Q
"4(R(+Q/!
A
"%6<E T *0EJ(Qb5%L(Q/!6/!3( T 57:xh*28 Î */5oA/.<83N
Î (JNu Á D SÄ(:V"4;11VQ
">:+"71e(+!3:+*'m#"4(*05>65%Lj"h1!=:H(V"%*06o.
">1Vx7!(8 T *v(V1VQ/!=E:+!=">$v&c(*0,-!(:V"4;1p*281VQ
">:+"71e(!=:*0m3!#EgAS@"h.<!#"%x(:V"4;1
Á |Äj5%L Î *0*.<">1Vx>!3(+8j">6
Eh"[Z>!=:+">?>!s(:V"4;1R:V"4(!iÁ JÄz5%L Î *p.<">1Vx>!3(+8].C!3:_8H!#1576
EkNzORQ/!.
"71Vx>!(`8*0m3!*28 ( Î ÃfAS@7(+!=8=Nu88I/,-*06/?
$ (%
(Q
"%((Q
!g.
"71Vx>!(V8I/6
E/!3:+?>5r"o,h"%{S*0,XI
, ~^I/!=I/*'6
?rEJ!3$2"[@D5%SL (*>,;S!=1h"%(i!="71VQP5%L(Q
!8 T *v(V1VQ/!=8=l T Q<"4( T 5>I
$0EPAC!;(+Q/!
$ %
(:V"4;1p1VQ
"%:V">1(!=:*0m="%(*05>6g"%La(!3:R(+Q/! Î *%(Qb8 T *'(+1VQ5>6(+Q/!:57IJ(!7N
Î-= NÌs5>6
8*2EJ!3:9" Î */5oA/.<8(57x>!=6J&c:+*06/?q6/!3( T 57:xP5>.C!3:V"4(+*'6
?qI/6
EJ!=:9(Q/!./:+*'57:*'(U@^&cA
"78H!#ED./:5>(5J157$fÁYU`s , *^ÃJN (>ÄeNPn/57:X(+Q/*28
6/!( T 5>:+xyl`(+Q/! T "%$0xK(+*',-!r*28gÃP,;S!#1q"%6<EF(+Q/!qLM:V"%,-!o$0!36/?>(Q *28 Î *7Ã $ _@^(!#83N !!3(!=:,-*06/!o(Q
!qLM:V">1e(+*'576Í5%L T "78U(+!=E
A
"%6<E T *0EJ(QgEJI
!(+5(Q
! T "%*'(j(*0,-!:+!=~^I/*0:+!=E9LM5>:s(Q
!(+5>x>!=6-(5i:!3(I/:+6h(5X(Q/!(:V"%6<8H,-*'(H(*06/?i6/5JEJ!"%La(!3:s(:V"%6<8H,-*288*'576h5%L
"9LM:+">,-!*08157,9.
$'!3(!>Nu_((+Q/!X?7*'Z7!36bA
">6
E T *2ES(Q T 5>I/$2Eo"hAC5>I/6<EJ!=Eo"7131!#88./:5>(5J157$|.C!3:LM5>:+,AC!(H(+!3: Fª]{J./$2"%*06b@>57I/:
"%6
8 T !3:#N
Î : NÌs5>6
8*2EJ!3:" Î */5oA/.<8p(57x>!36P:+*'6
?6
!( T 5>:+xCNORQ/! T "%$0xo(*0,-!;*08 Î ,;S!=1>NORQ/!-LM:V"%,-!;8*'m=!h*08 ( Î ÃgAS@^(!#83N !!3(!=:,-*06/!
(Q/!,h"4{J*',iI/, (*0,9!LM5>: T Q/*21VQF"o,-!=8+8">?>!h,h"[@PI/6
EJ!=:?75o./:+*'57:*'(U@B*06SZ>!=:+8*'576PI/6
EJ!=:iUs` , *^ÃJN $q"%6
EKU`` , *7Ã/N (
./:+5%(5J135>$283N
Î-, NÌs5>6
8*2EJ!3:(Q/!iI
8H!i5%L](+*',-!=Eo(5>x7!36q.
:5>(5J157$`ÁMUs` , *7ÃJN $^Ä*'6o(+Q/!LM57$'$05 T *06/?g8*v(+I
"4(+*'576|N}D!XQ
"[Z7!LM5>I
:6/5JEJ!#8*06q(+Q/!
8H@J8H(!=,NzORQ/!:+!=">$v&c(*0,-!_:+!=~^I/*0:+!3,-!36^(]*08](Q
"%(j6/5JEJ)! yAC!"%A
$'!_(5p(+:+">6
8,9*'(jI/.J(+5 yA/*'(+8`54Z>!3:z!#">1VQ9.<!=:*05JEi5>LyE/I/:+"%(*05>6
z,-*0$'$0*28H!#15>6<E/83l T Q
!3:+! ]"%6
E ]"%:+!f?7*'Z7!36*'6(+Q/!p(+">A/$'!pAC!3$05 T N
$
Î* (/*
Î* .*
/Ã * Î *0*
ÌsQ/5S578!8I/*'(+"%A
$'!OOzO°Áa(V"%:+?>!3(s(+5>x>!=6g:+5%(V"4(*05>6;(*0,9![ÄR"%6
Eg5>AJ(V"%*068I/*'(+"%A
$'!fZ4"%$0I/!=8R5>L Áa(+5%(+">$y6^I
,XAC!3:5%LA/*v(V8_(Q
"%(
13">6;A<!f(+:+">6
8H,-*'(H(+!=E;AS@-6/5JEJ! 54Z>!=:`!=Z>!3:+@h1@J1$0!>N Äiu8+8HI/,-!(Q
"%(s(+Q/!f./:57.
"%?^"4(+*'576-(*0,9!p*28 Î ,-*'$0$0*2S!#1p"%6
E-(+Q
"4(R(+Q/!
A
"%6<E T *0EJ(Qb5%L(Q/!6/!3( T 57:xh*28 Î */5oA/.<83N
Î-. NR}B57I/$2EB*'(XAC!;">EJZS*28">A/$0!i(+5oI
8!;"%6ª](+Q/!3:+6/!(X¾u¿*06ª"bQ
"%:VEB:!#"%$'&)(+*',-!;"%.
./$'*213"%(*05>6P8HI<1VQP"78pLY">1(57:@r">IJ(57,h"4(*05>96 F
>I<8U(+*vLM@;@75>I/:">6
8 T !=:=NzjZ4"%$0I
"%(!f(Q/!.
:5^8_">6
Eb1576
8R5%LI
8H*06/?;">6j(Q/!=:6/!3(H&A
">8!=Eg./:+5%(5J135>$k*06b8I
1VQb"%6b"%./.
$'*213"%(*05>6|N
Ã/*/NSI/?7?>!=8H(g"K8+1VQ/!3,-!b(+Q
"4(b13"%6 Q
!3$0. Q
"%6
E/$'!r">.<!=:*05JEJ*21q"%6
E 8.C5>:V">EJ*21b,-!=8+8">?>!=8-*06"ª:+!=8!3:+Z4"4(*05>6ºÁ)13"%$0!36<E/"%:&cA<">8!=E
Ä
./:+5%(5J135>$ T *v(+Q/5>I/(,-">xS*'6/?-,h" U57:1VQ
"%6/?7!=8s(5-(+Q/!./:+5%(+5S135>$cN
U*v((!=:5%L]Ã *%,;S!#1%N`Ìs5>,-./I/(!p(Q
!A/IJdy!3::+!=~^I/*0:!=,-!36^(R"%((Q/!:+!=13!3*0Z>!=:=N
V:
8 Ã < JQ/*'?^"%6/?ÌsQ/!=6-">6
E p$0">:+"f¿">Q/:V8U(+!=ES(#N
u6h54Z7!3:+Z^*0! T 5>Ly~^I
">$'*'(U@^&c5>La&8!3:+ZS*013!`:+5>IJ(+*'6
?LM57:z(Q/!6
!{S(j?>!=6/!3:V"4(+*'576XQ/*0?>QJ&w8.<!=!=E
6
!( T 5>:+xS8= `:5hA
$'!=,-8f"%6<Eo8H57$'IJ(+*'576
8=N
(!G "$0 /1
*#&&'7 "L#&'
)&&
*% #ON
)&'C"'
*b1
* -,f
[Q/
3#%
I
*O/4l<¿54ZyN + !!#1%N -Î ././, N
N )+*+,-)/6
8 ( < kN
N 6 5>$0!=8H(+">6/*cNFu8U(+5>.J&w"%6
EJ&c?75B~^I/!3I
*'6/?BLM:V"%,-! T 5>:+xDLM5>:h1576/?>!#8U(+*'576K,h"%6
">?>!3,-!=67(#N 0 & 212(43 5 a^&
(6
%(
*#
*&5X5"$L
31C"LN#O76K"LR 686 Z
#/O/1 Z
*#\626;XlJ.
"%?7!=8 ,:9C1Î , l/S!3.J(+!3,iA<!=: 1Î ./. */N
V/,
uXN!!3,-!=:+8RyN.p!=8Q
"[Zi">6
EgyN/SQ
!36/x7!3:#N|u6
">$'@J8*08s"%6
E;8*0,XI/$2"4(+*'576;5%L«"LY"%*0:s~^I/!3I
*'6/?9"%$0?>57:*'(Q/,bN 6K"LRO
AQ%&_F, X7
-Î ./.0. N
8 .< ^"%,-!#8n_9N pI
:5^8H!X">6
E p!3*'(Qr}ºNy578+83N % 31"(!G "$0%
AQ CX O/G MXK/"$R#:LJN z!="%:V85>6b`EJI
1="4(+*'576qu8*0"
l
/Ã */*^ÃJN
8 Î>Î <
^\&'31N&el ]57$)N . : ( 9yÎ * : l -Î ./. (/N
8Î Ã <
! T0l 5q">:+1VQ 1Î ./. $
N
8Î $ <
"$#%&1#/1C
*%&N(N1CG %"$0
ZQ%l ]5>$cN Î Á)¿5
N V Äe à ,0=-9 à . Ã/l 7I/6/! 1Î .0./V N
8Î ( < !3(=N
">$)N
kN _$0">x>! !XN _$2">1V%x 5KNCÌ_"%:+$085>6«Nu6b">:+1VQ
*v(+!=1e(+I/:+!LM57:EJ*vdy!3:+!36^(+*0"%(!=Eb8!3:+ZS*013!=8=N ) -"4l !!#1%N -Î ./.0, N
8 Î1=< ¾`N yQ
"%6/?yN !!=!3:+*'6/? !XNk`8H(:+*06ryN|SQ/!36
x>!3:f"%6
E !XN y">./.
"%$2"/N8HZS.|u 6/! T :!#8H57I/:+13!:!#8H!=:Z4"%(*05>6o./:+5%(+5S135>$cN
(!G "$0
#1QA# 1
3lCJ!3.J(+!3,XAC!3: 1Î ./.0V N
u6
EJ:+! T yN
O"%6/!=6^A<"%I/,bN !"(!G "$0&eN j:+!36^(*21!p¬">$'$«5%Lw6<EJ*0"
l 1Î .0. : ÁYORQ/*0:VEsEJ*v(+*'576<ÄeN
8 Î;:;<
ÌN ]!36/x4"4(+:+">,h"%6/*">6
EÍOpN_yNÌsQ/*0I/!3Q|N SI/./.C5>:(*06/?K:+!=">$v&c(*0,-!(:V"4;1b5>6Í!(+Q/!3:+6/!3(=N 6K"$ RT"4
5L#% R
7
8 Î1,<
^\&'31N& a^\&'
il
.
"%?7!=8Ã , Ã 9 Ã ,/= l -Î ./. $<N
8 Î1.< _*06q}P"%6/?g">6
EBÌsQ
">5%& >Io¬5>I|Nfu 8I/:Z7!3@5>6q,iI/$'(*213">8H(:+5>IJ(+*'6
?g"%6
Eq*v(V8~^578!{S(!=6
8*'576|R./:57A/$0!3,h83ly"%$0?>57:*'(Q
,-8=l<">6
E
.
:5>(5J157$08=8N
N1CG %"$0 #1QA# 1
l ]5>$cN Î $CÁY¿5<N Î Äl/n/!3A
:I
">:@Ã */*0*/N
8 Ã* <
(!G "$0%
AQ>l 7I/$0@Ã *0*7ÃJN
8Ã Î < zN
}P"%6/?;">6
E
NkÌs:5 T 1:+5%La(#N T 5^8:+5>IJ(+*'6/?-LM57:8I/./.C5>:(*06/?;:+!=85>I/:V1!p:+!=8!3:+Z4"4(*05>6«N
Z%"'#% -, %!
*#%;X5"$#&(-,
%(
*#
*<l<S!=.J(=N -Î ./.0= N
¬XN yQ
"%6/?<NS!3:+ZS*013!XEJ*2813*'./$0*06/!=8LM5>:?7I
"%:V"%6^(+!3!=E.C!3:LM5>:+,h"%6
13!8H!=:ZS*21!*06q.
"71Vx>!(8 T *'(+1VQ/*06/?;6/!3( T 57:xJ8=N 6K"$ LO
ZQ&7-,
8 Ã/( <
4
_l ]57$)N , (/Á Î *7Äl
\f1e(57A<!=: 1Î .0. (JN
¬XN CQ<"%6/?;">6
E !XNyn/!=::V"%:+*cNs"%(!&w1576^(:+5>$«8H(+"%(*21e&./:*05>:+*'(U@g~^I/!3I/*06/?</N 6?"$RO
ZQ&F,
121243 5.*%6 ;#;"L#
8 Ã =<
1
)&1\6 Xpl
.
"%?7!=8Ã>Ã : 9 Ã V/= l 1Î .0./V N
V/.
"!$#%&('*),+.-/#021314&5+7682),+.94:3#8#<;=),9>:?)$9!$#@&.!,AB#02-/9C4B)D:E9FG;3H)DI24;13!,9J68#%:$:),K4#%:,#L;32)$/FM9B!E),K4#8+.!:,C46868#%:$:?FMC4&9B1J'
#%!$2),+.9ONQP CR6DKS:T),9B!,+.3A!$#%UVC3+.!$#8-/#8V)$:L9J6868C3!/WK3#8SX689V),!$9&.&5+.3AY:TJ:T),#8-4#8#%;4:0)$9-/+5V)D2+.Z2ZC31J)$9 ;4H),#=:T)$H)$#"9F)$K3#
689V),!$9&.&5#<;:TJ:T),#8-=N[
FM#8W#8\J-/13&5#<:]9F:TC46DK^:,J:?)$#8-_:]+.468&5C4;3#"4#)?W`9!$a-_24A#%-b#%V)0:TJ:T),#8-=cd+54;3C4:?)$!,+72&`69BB)$!,9B&
:,J:?)$#8-=c4;XYCJ),9B13+.&59)@:,J:?)$#8-=N_efK3#%3#8gB#8!]:T),9!$+.3A>4;X13!,9J68#%:$:T+.3A>&.!,AB#/-/9C3V)$:9Fh;32)$>+7:i!,#<UBC4+5!$#%;jc>;4H)$k4:,#
-_2R2A#%-/#8V)l:,J:?)$#8-m+7:lC4:T#<;jNonhK3#4#8#%;0FM9!p;3H)D2k4B:T#-_24A#8-/#%B)p:, :T),#%-qFM9!p:T),9!D2AB#G2R;013!$9J6#<:,:,+54A92FR&.!,AB#Gg9B&5C4-b#<:
9Fl;32)$/24;r),K4#kR:,+.6+7:,:,C3#%:h+.>!,#%&.2),+.94&s;4H)$k4:,#-/42AB#8-/#8V):TJ:T),#%-/:@tvuEwx`XP3y`K4zg#k{#8#8=13!$92FMCR:T#%&5I;J+7:$6C4:$:T#<;r+.
:T)$4;32!D;b;3H)D2k4B:T#h&.+()$#8!DH),C4!,#:,C46DK_:E|5}2cB~3cHR4;bW#EB:,:,C3-/#`),K42)p),K3#!,#<;J#%!l+7:&5!$#%B;J@F2-/+.&5+72!pW+5),K/)$K3#%:,#+7:,:,C3#%:%NonhK3#
FM9J6CR:92Fs)$K3+.:`6DK41J),#%!+.:G!,#<2&5'v)$+5-/#;4H)$k4:,#-_24A#%-b#%V)G:TJ:T),#8-_:tuonwxhP4yo),KRH)`!,#CR:T#<;/+5I;32)$@+.V),#%4:T+.g#!,#<2&5'v)$+5-/#
1313&.+.6%H),+.9R:8c3:,C46DK=:h3#8)?W9B!,a_-_2R2A#%-/#8V)E:TJ:T),#8-_:%cJ+5R;JC4:T),!$+.&O69V)$!,9B&s:,J:?)$#8-_:%c42CJ)$913+.&.92)E:TJ:T),#%-/:%cJ#)D62N
[:p),!D;3+()$+59B42&{;3H)D2k4B:T#E:,J:?)$#8-_:;394cV!,#<2&5'v)$+5-/#E;32)$2kR:,#:TJ:T),#%-/:2&7:T9]:,#8!$g#:!$#81{9B:,+5),9!$+.#%:o92FO&72!$A#gB9&.C3-/#%:G92F;32)$
4;Y13!,9Hg +7;J#/#I6+.#8V)0:T),9B!$A#cj!$#)$!,+.#8gH&vcl24;Y-_23+.13C3&7H)$+59B92F;3H)D3NIE9HW`#8gB#8!<cj),K4#8!$#I2!$#/"FM#%W
+.-/1R9B!T)D2V)];J+5{#%!,#%46#<:
k{#)?W`#8#%")$!$B;J+5),+.94&s4;>!,#<2&5'v)$+5-/#i;3H)D2k4B:T#<:8N
E<(hJ {.z88p28v%2h`83<<%$ 4zVV<TVzz,GVz.<V v$(GB<TVHzTE `(zp?]2 7V2z7H
?M T$ Gj<?? 7%LB<TJ$(i(z04<T7(<?`(]2BT%L3<B<TVHzT322<$ 3z%VVH]z@22.M *Vz8
BBV %
eY#h#8&72k{9!DH),#),K4#%:,#`+7:$:TC3#<:l+5L),K3+7:6DK41J),#%!%N¡¢)pW9BC3&.;Lk{#%69B-/#h68&5#<2!),K42)p),K3#<:T#h+7:,:,C3#<:-_a#h;J#%:,+5ABb4;b;J#8gB#8&.913-/#8V)o92F
/:$H),+7:TF6)$9!$/!,#<2&5'v)$+5-/#@;3H)D2k4B:T#i21413&5+7682),+.9"-0C46DK>-/9!$#i;3+(I6C4&()4;"689-/13&.+.6%H)$#%;>69-/14!,#<;_)$9L)$!$B;J+5),+.94&s;4H)$k4:,#
1313&.+.6%H),+.9N
nhK3+7:06DKR21J)$#8!0KR:LkR#%#8^9B!,AV23+.£8#<;YB:]FM9B&5&.9HWE:%N¤eX#"¥4!D:?)0k4!,+.#¦4#8\J-/+53#"¤FM#8W
1313&.+.6%H)$+59B4:]3#%#%;J+.3AY:TC3141R9B!T)b92FE
!$#%&('*),+.-/#E;3H)D2k4B:T#BN§E#8\ )%cVW#!$#8g +.#8W¨:T9B-b#9Fs),K3#EkR:,+.6689468#81J)D:+./),!D;J+5),+.94&3;3H)D2k4B:T#h)$#%6DK34+.UVC3#)$K4H)`2!$#`!$#8&.#8gHB)p)$9
)$K3#];J+7:,68C4:,:,+.94:`+.r)$K3+.:©KR21J)$#8!<NGP C3k4:,#%UVC3#%B)$&5BcJW#i#%&.kR9B!$2),#+.-/13&.+.6%H),+.9R:h92F)$K3#i),#%-/1R9B!$&O6DK42!D6),#8!$+7:?)$+.6%:92Fo;3H)Db+5=
!$#%&('*),+.-/#i;4H)$k4:,#Noªl+5R2&.&5Bc3W#@;J+7:$6C4:$::T9B-/#i689468C3!$!,#%46I689V),!$9&j13!$92)$9J69&7:),K42)68"k{#@C4:,#%;>+5>!$#%2&5'*),+.-b#@;32)$k4:,#%:%N
« ¬®"¯]°²±¤³´¶µ·±¤±¤³8¸8¹¯ºo¸8»L¼=½¾»0¿®À´E¯]³DÁ{Âø8°
´¶Äůºl¯]Æ=¯@½l´E½
¡Ç"),K3+7:h:T#<6)$+59BrW`#!$#8g +.#8WÈ0FM#8WÉ:,-b14&5#i21314&5+7682),+.94:G),K42)3#8#<;_),9/C4:,#!,#<2&5'v)$+5-/#i;3H)D2k4B:T#<:8NonhK3#%:,#i21313&.+768H)$+59B4:`2!$#)$K3#
!$#813!$#%:,#8V)DH),+.g#<:9F`>6!$9B:$:?'Ç:,#%6)$+59B92Fh21314&5+7682),+.94:K4zg +.3A>:T),!$+.3A#%B)),+.-/+54A>!$#%UVC3+.!$#8-/#8V)$:%NL[C34;J#%!$:T)$4;J+.3A"9FG)$K3#%:,#
1313&.+.6%H),+.9R:hW9BC3&.;"&.#)EC4:hg +.#8WÊ),K3#@+7:,:,C3#<:;3;J!$#%:$:,#%;I+.>),K3#]:,C3k4:,#%UVC3#%V):,#%6),+.94:h+.¤b13!,9B1R#%!1R#%!$:,1{#%6)$+5gB#N
ËiÌHÍOÎBÏVÐ<Ð_Ñ0Í{ÒsÓ8ÌHÍ{Ô?Õh[:&5!$#%B;J_;J+.:$6CR:,:,#%;"+5=Öp\3-b14&5#b}9FoP #<6b}N.}c +5R;JC4:T),!$+.&s689V),!$9&j:,J:?)$#8-_:h2!$#C4:,C4&5&.IH),)$6DK4#%;_)$9
:,#84:,9!D:4;B6)$C4H)$9!D:8NinhK3#L:,#8R:T9B!$:-/93+5),9B!)$K3#b:T)$2),#L92F:,9-/#0!$#%&('¢W`9!$&.;=13!$9J6#<:,:,#%:%c{4;=)$K3#b689V),!$9&.&.#8!D:E-_23+.13C3&7H)$#
)$K3#igz&5gB#%:%NG©9V),!$9&s;J#%68+.:,+.94:h2!$#-_B;J#ik4:,#%;r9I)$K3#i+5413CJ)E;3H)DL4;>69V)$!,9B&5&.#8!h69BJ¥4AC4!$2),+.9_14!$-b#8),#%!$:%N¡Ç413CJ);32)$
!,#/A#%3#8!DH)$#%;XFM!$9-×¥R#8&7;Y;3#8g +.68#%:]:,C46DKd:0:T#%4:T9B!$:%cj)$!$4:T-/+5)T)$#8!D:8cl24;:,W+()D6DK3#%:i)$K4H)b2!$#/68934#%6)$#%;X),9=)$K3#r689V),!$9&.&5#%!%Ø :
;32)$_B68UVC3+7:T+5),+.9>+5V)$#8!,F6#<:8cR24;=2&7:,9LFM!$9-Ù92)$K3#8!689V),!$9&.&.#8!D:g +7/+5V)$#8!,'¢689V),!$9&.&5#%!6943#%6),+.94:%NGnhK3#]+.313C3);3H)D_24;")$K3#
689V),!$9&.&5#%!p693¥4AC3!DH)$+59B014!$-/#),#%!$:l!$C3/+5V)$9i:,#8gB#8!D2& -/#8AV2k V),#%:o9F{+.JFM9B!,-_H)$+59BL#%g#%0FM9B!-/9 ;3#8!DH),#%&50&.!,AB#`:,J:?)$#8-_:8Noª39B!
:,C46868#%:$:?FMC4&O91{#8!DH)$+59B>9Fo_)?V14+.6%2&O13!$9J6#<:,:689V),!$9&O1313&.+.6%H),+.9c3),K4#]gH2&.g#]69BV),!$9&jK4B:h),9_k{#06DK4+5#%g#%;>W+5),K=)$K3#06%6C3!D68
9F`rFM#8WÚ-/+.&5&.+G:,#%6894;3:%N0nhK3#%!,#8FM9!$#cs)$K3#_;3H)D2k4B:T#L),!D24:$6),+.94:K4zgB#]),9=k{#_69-/13&.#)$#%;XW+()$K3+.rFM#8WÛ-/+5&.&5+7:,#%69B4;3:%cO#8gB#8
}
©94:,+7;J#8!0),K3#>1R#%!,+.9J;J+76r;32)$AB#83#%!$2),#<;kVd),#8-/1{#8!DH)$C3!,#>:T#%4:,9!<NXnhK3#r),#8-/1{#8!DH)$C3!,#>:T#%4:,9!])$!$4:,-b+5)$:b:$2-/13&.#%;
),#%-b1{#8!DH)$C3!$#;3H)DX1{#8!$+.9 ;3+.6%2&.&5Q),9),K4#69BB)$!,9B&5&.#8!<c:$zQ#%g#%!,®} Y-/+5&.&.+.:,#%6894;3:%NÊ[:_3#%W )$#8-/1R#%!$2),C3!$#!$#%B;J+54AB:
kR#<69B-b#@zgH2+.&72k3&.#cV),K4#@9&7;r)$#8-/1{#8!DH),C4!,#@;32)$bkR#<69B-b#]:T)$&5#@4;"!,#i!$#%;JCR6#%;r),9I!$6DK4+5gH2&j;32)$4N
k4:T9B&5C3),#igH2&.+.;J+5)?I+.V),#8!$gH2&j9F 2-/:,#%6N
<; 7=
>=
tkRyh[E!$#i),#%-b1{#8!DH)$C3!$# < ? bc b-_:,#%6bc L-/:,#%6 ]2R;"14!,#<:,:,C3!$# 2k4!%c.} -_:T#<62c B~z-_:,#%6 h!$#8&7H),+.g#%&5"69R:T+7:?)$#8V)
8= "; "= 8
k
"; &
'F = 8= "; "=
k
ÍRÔ (Ó Í{Ò /tVyh)$#8-/1R#%!$2),C3!$# z>? bc I-_:,#%6Ic _-/:,#%6 b4;¤13!$#%:$:TC4!,# bk4!%c.} I-/:,#%6c b-_:T#<6 /2!$#]!,#%&.2),+.g#%&5=69BJ'
:,+.:T),#%V)%N
";
'F = = :; "= &
tkRy),#%-b1{#8!DH)$C3!$# < ? bc L-_:,#%6/c 0-/:,#%6 ]4;r14!,#<:,:,C3!$# 2k4!%c.} -_:T#<62c B~H-_:,#%6 h!,#i39)h!$#8&7H)$+5gB#8&.r69B4:,+.:T),#%B)<N
"; &
F = = "; "=
oÔÏ jÕ +.g#80),K42)E!$#8&7H),+.g#`69B4:T+7:T),#8R6]:,#)pu %1{9B:,+()$+59BOc g#8&.9J6+5)?cH6%6#%&5#%!$2),+.9 4; } p24;]FM9&5'
&.9HW+54Ah;4H)$h+5),#%-_: Útv~ $~ $~ 8yc mtv $~ , 8yc
aAb gc e A; +? @B ; $O
iLK"j
)$K3#8"!,#%&.2),+.g#8&.I69B4:,+.:T),#%B)
$O#$i"$:# -=:O
iLK"j:# $O
iLK"j *FIHJLJ:KL) NMGOPKE; $O
iLK"j <k
'k
6DK3#<6Da#<;@),KRH)p),K4#`AB+5gB#8/:T#8)p92F{;4H)$+7:o392)p!$#8&7H)$+5gB#8&.]69R:T+7:?)$#8V)%cB:T+.46#`FM9B!lgB#8&.9J6+5)?024;b6%6#%&5#%!$2),+.9 t*~ />~ ?V~ y Ê} 4N -=-= Q = )% (
9J6868C3!<cJWK3#8b&.9HWÈ13!$+59B!,+5)?_)$!$4:,B6)$+59Br+7:K39&7;J+.3AIb&59J6Da"9=_;3H)DL+5),#%-=cR2R;"/K3+.AK=13!$+.9!$+()?/)$!$4:,B6)$+59B"3#%#%;J+.3A/)$K3#
;32)$+()$#8-mWh2+5)$:lC3V)$+5& )$K3#&.9HW^13!$+.9!$+()?),!D2R:,B6),+.90!,#%&5#<:,#%:),K3#h&.9 6DasNl[Q)$!$4:$6)$+59B]-/+5ABKV)lC3R;J#8!$A9&59B3Ak4&59J6Da +54A;J#%&.zJ:%c
:,+5R6#i2 /92),K4#8!`92),K4#8!`),!D24:$6),+.9IWK4+.6DK"-b+.AKV)`K4zg#68UVC3+.!$#%;/)$K3#@;3H)D]k{#FM9!$#+()hW9BC3&7;IK39B&.;r+()`),+.&5&j+5)$:h689-/13&.#),+.9c 4;
-/9B:T)h),!D24:$6),+.94:h!,#iC4:,C42&.&.I92Fo&59B3A_;JC3!DH)$+59BI)? 1R#<:8N
¡Ç_)$K3#EFM9B&5&.9HW+.3A]W`#+.&5&.C4:T),!DH),#K39HWf;J#%B;J&.9 6DaJ:682_9J6%6C3!`+5>8~ C4:T+.3Ab2I#8\J-/13&5#BNp©9B4:,+.;J#%!)$K3#FM9B&5&.9HW+.3A0:,#%UVC3#8R6#
9FoB6),+.9R:k r)?W9L),!D24:$6),+.94 :
2R; WK3+76DK"4#8#%;=B686#<:,:)$9/)?W9_;32)$b+()$#8-_:E;j}@4;";R~JN
$
!#"$%!#"$
$ &!#"$%!#"$
[:,:,C3-/#),K42')
K4B:hK3+5ABK3#8!h13!$+.9!$+()?/)$K42( N :?)D2!,)$:`!,C433+.3Ab¥4!$:T)E24;r&59J6DaJ:;32)$L+()$#8-Ù;R~JNp[F)$#8!:,9-/#),+.-b#Bc)
;32)$b+5),#8-¾;j}@k{#8+.3A/K3#8&7;>kV
N§E9HW@c )$K3#i),!D24:$6),+.94 :
2R; 2!$#kR9),K¤;J#%B;J&.9 6DaB#%;jN
$ $
1 > 2 ! A A!)>" 1 9 6 9$G7A! 4C @ A7);;A7; ), -H4C 1 ;/9$G7 0 7$J:K7);9 1 !H9 )0 @ !
; @ 9 1 A! :- ,
7");A7 ), - 9 0)@ !
; @ 9 1 A! 4F 1 ;IG"A 1 !?9$G)7 @ 9 @ 1 9)7' -A,
,)-H0 7;A" )7 9$G7 A8!)>)" 1 9 @ ; > ""$ N ;
-:,
1 > 25E0&132B4C&6ADAE$0&13254F
6$6 9$G7A! @ L) 0 9 4F
7");A7 4CN@#1 9
;/> 0 9$G7="$ O ,)-H4C L#"$#; -:,
~Lj'Ç Z+.=B;3;J+5),+.9"),9_k{#8+.3A/FM!$#8#FM!,9B-
13!$+59B!,+5)?_+.VgB#8!D:T+.9cV+7:E&.:,90FM!$#8#iFM!$9-Ù;J#%B;J&59J6DaJ:%N
Ö\ 1{#8!$+.-b#%V)$2&!,#<:TC3&5)$::TK49HWÊ)$K4H)!,#<2&5'v)$+5-/#]689468C3!,!$#8R6"689V),!$9&13!,9),9J69B&.:Ek4:,#%;=9BX~8#j'Ç ¨9C3),1{#8!,FM9!$-Ù13!$92)$9J69&7:
k4B:T#<;9B#8+5),K4#8!]8~ #Q9B!iL~ j'¢1e oNsnhK3+.:i!$#%:,C3&5)-/+.AKV)@2131{#%!)$9"k{#/C33#8\ 1{#%6),#<;jc:,+5468#LC44;J#8!0~LO'¢fW9B!,a=+7:iW`B:?)$#%;
;JC4#)$90)$!$4:,B6)$+59Br2k{9!,),+.94:9J6868C3!,!$+.3A]WK3#%3#8gB#8!h0K3+.AK4#8!`13!,+.9!$+5)?L)D:,a_!,#<UVC3+5!$#%:0!$#%:,9C4!$68#E&59J6DaB#%;Ik _L&59HW`#8!13!,+.9!$+5)?
)$!$4:,B6)$+59BONIE9HW`#8gB#8!<cs),K3#_!$#%:,C3&5)0682k{# =?C4:T),+5¥4#%;YFM!$9-·),K3#/FM9B&5&.9HW+54A=6894:,+7;J#8!DH)$+59BON E3&.+5aB#/)$B:TaJ:@:,K42!$+54A>!$#%:,9C4!$68#%:
+.V),#8!$-/+(),),#%B)$&5BcJ),!D2R:,B6),+.9R:hC34;J#%!8~ Y9B46#i)$K3#8>68UVC3+.!$#;32)$4c3K39&7;"),K3#%- C3V)$+5&j)$K3#8+.!689-/13&.#),+.9=9B!E2k{9!,),+.9ONpnhK C4:%c
)$K3#0;32)$_K39B&.;3+53A/)$+5-/#L92Fb),!D24:$6),+.9=+7:69B-/142!D2k3&.#),9_)$K3#]&.+(FM#0),+.-/#]92Fo),K4#]),!D2R:,B6),+.9>WK3+76DK¤+.:C4:,C42&.&5>UVC3+()$#0&.93ARN
n!$4:$6)$+59B4:`W+()$K¤!,#<:T9BC3!D6#i69V)$#8V),+.9Oc )$K3#8!$#FM9B!,#iC3R;J#8!$A9_:,#8!$+.&j#\J#%68CJ),+.9=C34;3#8!8~ #Y!$2),K3#%!h),K4=:,#8!$+72&.+5£<2k3&.#i#\J#%68CJ'
)$+59BONpnhK3+.:`+.-/13&5+.#%:)$K4H)6DK42R6#%:92Fl;J#%B;J&5+.3#-/+.:$:T#<:Gk _K3+.AK4#8!`13!,+.9!$+5)?0)$!$4:,B6)$+59B4:GC44;J#8!8~ #-_z/kR#i-/9!$#E)$K42r),K42)
+.X8~ #j'Ç oN3¡ÇL~ Y)$K39C3ABK¤),K4#06DK42R6#%:92F68B:,6%;J#<;>!,9B&5&k46DaJ:E!,#@&.#%:$:8c{k3CJ)),K3#Lzg#8!D2AB#),!D24:$6),+.9=#\J#%68CJ),+.9=)$+5-/#<:
K4zgB#k{#8#%=!,#%1R9B!T)$#%;r),9_k{#@&59B3A#%!%N
ËiÌ ÍRÌ M&Ó mÑ0Ï vÔ Ò ¨ËiÌHÍ4Ó<ÍOÎÍ{Ô O#8)]C4:i39HW
;J+.:$6CR:,*: G!,+.9!$+5)?X©#8+.&5+.3A !$92)$9 689&t h© yFM9B!];3H)D2k4B:T#<:8N E4&5+.a# h© ÈFM9B!
!$#%:,9C3!D6#@:,K42!$+.3AI2-/94A/)$:,aJ: A`© ¨+.;32)$2kR:,#]69R6C3!$!,#%46"69V)$!,9B&;J9 #%:392)-_a#@C4:,#]92FV>13!$+59B!,+5)?I+.3K3#%!,+5)$46#BN
6#%+5&.+54ALFM9B!Eb!,#<;"91{#8!DH),+.9N
nhK3#i13!$+.9!$+()?I68#8+.&5+.3A_!$C3&5#i+7:h),K4#FM9B&5&.9HW+.3A4N
Ê7Vz,H$ 3=7
<%?$(z>H%8,?¤IV<TI4 ¢%i i3V%?<><b,VV `VH=3V > Gz>2 M _2Gz
V<$H$ 4_.
z8T$(<bziV<TL3 *% 3z2jHV@</7%HvM ?@8z( (zLoV B<T03 *%?%
¡¢F)$K3#8!$#I+7:0&.+(),),&.#"689V),#%B)$+59B^24;^+5V),#%!TFM#%!,#%46#"2-/93A=)$!$4:$6)$+59B4:%c-/9B:T)0)$!$4:$6)$+59B4:@W`9C3&7;k{#":,C46868#%:$:?FMC3&.&.XgH2&.+5'
;32),#<;jN E4;3#8!EK3#<zg I&59V;"69R;J+()$+59B4:K39HW`#8gB#8!<c)$K3#8!$#]68"k{#@&72!$A#i C3-0k{#8!9F)$!$4:,B6)$+59B4:),K42)F2+.&s),K3#]gH&5+7;3H)$+59Br)$#%:T)
4;_2!$#E2k{9!,),#<;jNlnhK4+.:-/+5ABKB)&5#<;b),9L:T#%g#8!$#!$#%;JC46),+.9/+._),K3!$9C4AK313C3)24;_:,K4!,1/+.46!$#%B:T#+.r;J#<;J&.+54#E-/+.:$:T#<:8NonhK C4:%c)$K3#
1{#8!,FM9!$-_2468#]92F < ©©È13!$92)$9 689&7:6%2:,K39HW I-_2!$a#<;¤;J!,9B1H)K3+5ABK¤&59V;3:%NEeY#L49HWq;3+.:$6C4:$:IFM#8W +.-/1R9B!T)D2V)9B1J),+.-/+.:T),+76
689468C3!,!$#8R6I69BV),!$9&s13!$92),9J689&7:8N
Í4Ì % JÌ "Ñ/Ñ ¡Çb),K4+.:G13!,9),9J69B&vcz)$!$4:$6)$+59B4:o!$#%;b2R;LC41{;32),#E;32)$i+5),#%-/:pFM!,#%#8&.cB:T),9B!,+.3A),K4#8+.!C31s;3H)$#%:p+.V),9]13!$+5gHH)$#
W`9!$a13&768#N¤nhK3#<:T#_C31s;32),#%:b2!$#_-_;J#r13C3k3&.+.6I93&.Y2)]),!D2R:,B6),+.9d689-/-/+()])$+5-/#BNx#8FM9!$#I=),!D2R:,B6),+.9+7:0&5&.9HW#<;)$9
* :
}
Throughput
Pessimistic
Optimistic
SCC
u#<2&5'v)$+5-/#b;3H)D2k4B:T#<:),K4#8!$#FM9!$#])$#84;),9"kR#/;J#%:,+.A3#<;:+53'*-/#8-/9B!,¤;32)$2kR:,#0:TJ:T),#%-/:%N¡ÇJ'*-/#%-b9B!,¤;32)$k4:,#%:;J9"zWhz
W+5),K>;J+.:,a/¡ < #%B)$+5!$#8&.cJ4;/),K4#8+.!h:,+.-b14&5+5¥4#%;";J#%:,+.Atv69-/14!,#<;/),9b69BVgB#8V),+.9R2&R;4H)$k4:,#%:Dyo-/+.3+5-/+.£8#<:-/#<:,:$2AB#E14:$:,+53ARN
P +.-/+5&72!)$9>49J'¢!,#<2&5'v)$+5-/#b;J+.:,aV'*kR:,#%;;32)$k4:,#%:%cj+53'*-/#8-/9B!,¤;32)$2kR:,#%:13!,9Hg +7;J#/;3H)D2k4B:T#L+5V),#%A!$+()?=)$K3!$9C3ABK),K4#bCR:T#b92F
nhK3## ),!$#8-/#%wx¨!$C3V),+.-b#@689-/1R9B3#8V)`+.:h;J+.!,#<6)$&5_&.+54a#%;I),9L),K3#@1313&.+.6%H),+.9cB#%&5+.-/+542),+.3AL),K3#i3#%#%;_FM9B!h!,#%-b9),#13!,9J68#%;JC3!$#
6%2&.&.:FM!$9- #\J#%68CJ),+.9142),KONrn9=13!$9HgV+7;J#/1{#8!,FM9!$-/46#_4;14!,#<;J+.6)$k3+5&.+5)?c# E)$!,#%-b#<wxÛC4:,#%:i+5)$:@9HW-/#8-/9B!,-_42AB#8!
)$!$4:,B6)$+59B4:8N
µ×À
[),!D2R:,B6),+.9i+7:C43+()92FJ#\J#%68CJ),+.9@+.0;32)$k4:,#21314&5+7682),+.9Ocz24;i+7:69R6#813):T+.-/+5&72!O),9h)D:,a+.]39BJ'Ç;3H)D2k4B:T#
21314&5+7682),+.9ON
=?9B!G;J+5{#%!,#%46#<:Gk{#)?W`#8#%r@)D:,ab4;I]),!D24:$6),+.9_+.46&.C4;J#K3+5ABKr;32)$]CR:,A#Ek b),!D24:$6),+.94:%Nª4C3!,),K3#%!%c +5)+7:GgB#8!$
;J+5_68C3&5)L)$913!$#%;J+76)L),!D24:$6),+.9d!$#%:,1R9B4:,#_),+.-/#%:b;JC3#"),9+7:$:TC3#<:0:,C46DKQB:0¡ < :$6DK3#<;JC3&.+53ASt;J+7:,aB6868#%:$:$yclk4CJ{#%!,+.3ARc
69B46C3!$!$#8468r69BB)$!,9B&vc{69B-b-/+5)2R;=!,#<69Hg#%!,r13!,9),9J69B&.:EC4:T#<;jc4#8)$6NE[:I69B4:T#<UVC3#8468#c3!$#%&('*),+.-/#0;32)$2kR:,#%:C4:,#%;=+.
K42!D;"!,#<2&5'v)$+5-/#i21313&.+768H)$+59B4:2!$#i!$!,#%&5I;3+.:,aV'*k4B:T#<;jN
:,#I92F^21314!,9B13!,+7H)$#I69B46C3!$!$#846813!$92)$9 689&+7:L+5-/1{9!,)$2V)])$9-/#8#8)0),!D2R:,B6),+.9d;J#<;J&.+.3#%:%NnhK3#>:?)D24;3!$;dL~
13!$92),9J689&VWK3#8bC4:,#%;L+5b!,#<2&5'v)$+5-/#h;3H)D2k4B:T#<:!$#%:,C3&5)$:l+.L-_2 @13!$9k4&5#%-/: &.94A4;]C3413!,#<;J+76)$k3&.#h;3#8&7z :%cHC3 k{9C34;3#%;
13!$+59B!,+5)?_+5 gB#8!D:T+.94:%cJ24;>;J#<;J&.9J6Da :%N
tVyrª49!p)$#8-/1R9B!$&4;32)$C4:,#%;/+./i!$#%&('*),+.-/#21313&.+768H)$+59BOcB@:,#)9Fs;4H)$)$K4H)+7:Gk4:,9&.CJ),#%&506894:,+7:?)$#8V)%cB+.:pABC42!D2V)$#8#%;
)$9_kR#@!$#8&7H)$+5gB#8&.I69R:T+7:?)$#8V)%N
tMkRy>nhK3#1R#%!TFM9B!,-_46#9F{)$K3#L~ O'*1e 13!$92)$9J69&4+.:GkR#8)T),#%!G)$K42I),K3#EkR:,+.6L~ =13!$92)$9J69&RWK3#8/)$K3#;4H)$069V)$#8V),+.9
-b9B3AI)$!$4:$6)$+59B4:E+7:&59HW@csk3C3))$K3#L1{#8!,FM9!$-_2468#0k{#%689-/#%:W`9!D:T#@)$K42),K3#bk4B:T+76LL~ ^14!,9),9J69B&C3R;J#8!K3+.AK
;32)$/69BV),#8V)$+59B>-b9B3Ab),!D24:$6),+.94:%N
t6%y=L~ j'¢1e Z13!,9),9J69B&jC4:,#%;"+5¤69B46C4!,!$#8468I69BB)$!,9B&s+5=!$#%2&5'*),+.-b#@;32)$k4:,#%:`+7:hFM!,#%#FM!,9B- ;J#%B;J&.9 6DaJ:%N
t;4y=L~ j'Ç Q13!$92),9J689&4CR:T#<;I+."69B46C4!,!$#8468_69V)$!,9B&4+."!$#%&('*),+.-/#;32)$2kR:,#%:%c+7:GFM!$#8#FM!$9-13!$+59B!,+5)?b+5 g#%!$:,+.9I2R;I+7:
&.:,9bFM!,#%#FM!$9-Ù;J#%B;J&59J6DaJ:%N
tM#<y 4;J#8!),K4# < ©©G'ÇxE©14!,9),9J69B&C4:,#%;@+.L689468C3!$!,#%4669V)$!,9B&+.0!$#%2&5'*),+.-b#;3H)D2k4B:T#<:8c<9468#E),!D24:$6),+.9@!$#%6DK4#%:
)$K3#@gH2&.+.;32),+.9>13K4B:T#BcJ+()E+7:ACR2!D2V),#%#%;r689-/-/+()$-/#8V)%N
tF$y>¡Çri!$#%&('*),+.-/#;32)$2kR:,#-/42AB#8-/#8V)G:,J:?)$#8-=cV_91J)$+5-/+7:?)$+.669B46C3!$!$#8468069BB)$!,9B&t < ©©hy13!$92),9J689&4:,K39C4&.;/k{#
C4:,#%;=+5Fl),K3#06DK49+76#@+7:k4:,#%;>13C4!,#%&5"9=1R#%!TFM9B!,-_46#_tM1{#8!D6#%V)$2AB#@92Fl)$B:TaJ:h-/#8#8),+.3A_),K4#8+.!;J#%B;J&.+53#<:$yh6894:,+7;J#8!,'
2),+.94:%N
tMA y < ©©G'ÇxE©X13!,9),9J69B&!$#%UVC3+.!,#<:69B-b-/+5)T)$+53A),!D2R:,B6),+.9i)$96DK4#%6DaFM9!o1R9V:,:,+.k3&5#`69BJ¦4+76)$:W+5),KL&5!$#%B;J@69B-b-/+5)T)$#%;
)$!$4:,B6)$+59B4:`kR#8FM9!$#+5)6%2=69-/-/+5)%N
tMKRy>nhK3#I:,#8!$+72&.+5£<H),+.9X9!D;J#8!@C44;J#8!]=1{#%:$:,+5-/+7:?)$+.6_689468C3!,!$#8R669BV),!$9&p13!$92)$9 689&o+7:i),K3#I:$2-/#_:@),K3#I689-/-/+(),),+.3A
9B!$;J#%!h92Fl),K3#i)$!$4:,B6)$+59B4:8N
t+7y>u#<2&5'v)$+5-/#];32)$k4:,#%:)? 13+7682&.&.IC4:,#iu[E¡?wÚ;3+.:,aJ:`FM9!E;32)$/:?)$9!D2AB#;JC4!,+.3A_:TJ:T),#%-
91{#8!DH)$+59BON
t =,y < 1J)$+5-/+7:?)$+.6@©9R6C3!$!,#%46I©9V)$!,9B< < ©©hy13!$92)$9J69&7:CR:T#<;/FM9!69B46C4!,!$#8468b689V),!$9&R+5"!,#<2&5'v)$+5-/#;3H)D2k4B:T#<:G2!$#
FM!$#8#iFM!$9- ;3#%;3&59J6DaJ:8N
taJy>[&5& < ©©13!,9),9J69B&.:l#<:,:,#8V),+72&.&.@1R#%!TFM9B!,- FM9B!,Wh2!D;@gH2&.+7;3H)$+59B4: =?C4:?)k{#FM9B!,#`)$K3#8+.!69B-b-/+5),-/#8V)<c+*N #BNl),!D24:$6),+.9
gH2&.+7;3H)$#%:h+5)$:,#8&5FlW+5),K¤2&.!$#%;3r69B-b14&5#8),#%;r),!D2R:,B6),+.9R:8N
~3NEÖp\J13&72+.rK39HWÉ/!,#<2&5'v)$+5-/#i;3H)D2k4B:T#@;J+5s#8!D:`FM!,9B- _69BVgB#8V),+.9R2&s;3H)D2k4B:T#BN
4NEÖp\J13&72+."bFM#%WÊ13!D6),+768&s1313&.+.6%H)$+59B4:h!,#<UVC3+5!$+.3A0)$K3#@C4:,#i92FpL!$#%&('*),+.-/#@;3H)D2k4B:T#BN
?RNefK4H)`;J9]9BC_C34;J#%!$:T)$4;/k =J> 6CFE8P HIE=JE ¤9HWf2!$#h),#8-/1{9!D2&{;3H)D@;J+(s#8!$#8V)FM!,9B-Ú)$!$B;J+()$+59B42&R;3H)D +.g#:,9-/#
#\32-/13&.#%:`9F)$#8-/1R9B!$&O;3H)D3N k k
e
69B4:T+7:T),#8V)<N
NefK4H)o+7:)$K3#`!,9B&5#92FR 4N687A4@OC;CF>@7A4@B 4&687= CF6P CN6=J6 4&6P<+.b;3H)D2k4B:T# IefK @+7::,#8&.#%6),+.909FR2L21313!$914!,+7H)$#69B46C4!,!$#8468
69BB)$!,9B&H13!$92),9J689&2+.-/1R9B!T)D2V)j),9E-/#%#))$K3#p)$+5-/#8&.+.3#%:$:O!$#%UVC3+.!,#%-/#8V)$:sFM9B!j),!D2R:,B6),+.9R: rÖp\J13&72+.)$K3#G;J+5s#8!$#8V)682),#%A9!$+.#%:
"k
13!$92),9J689&s+.:hk{#%:T):,C3+()$#%;>C34;3#8!EWK42)E6+.!$68C3-_:?)D2468#%:%N
JNefK r+7:Eb),!D;J+5),+.9R2&~b13K4B:T#@&.9J6Da +53At*8~ #yk4:,#%;=689468C3!,!$#8R6r689V),!$9&j13!$92)$9J69&j-_z"392)Ek{#0:,C3+()D2k3&.#iFM9!C4:T#@+.
!,#<2&5'v)$+5-/#@;32)$2kR:,#%: ¤Öp\J13&72+."K49HW®),K4#@),!D;J+5),+.9R2&8~ #Y13!,9),9J69B&O68"k{#]#\ )$#84;J#<;"),9_-_2aB#+5):,C3+5)$2k4&5#FM9!C4:T#@+.
!,#<2&5'v)$+5-/#i;3H)D2k4B:T#@1313&.+.6%H),+.9R:8N
k
}<~
| ~z]uE-/a !,+7:TK442>uE2ABKVCN E=JELK&E9 >E7 E> > 7"="B9;=?> 9DNp6 !$zWh'ÇE+.&.&vc4~ B~3N
Le
| H][Ek4!$K42-ÙPJ+5&.kR#%!$:,K42),£
c i9B!T)$KOc32R;=PJC4;32!D:,K42ON E=JELK&E9@>"B9;=J>
687A4&> =D9DN6 !DzWh'¢+5&.&*cJ~ JN
e 8=
| ?20P 9B3A 0N{24; +5C¤e N PsNE+5V)D2+.3+54A/),#8-/1{9!D2&l69R:T+7:?)$#8468 #o#%:$:,+5-/+7:?)$+.6igJ:%N391J)$+5-/+7:?)$+.6L69B46C3!$!$#8468r69BB)$!,9B&vN
CFE79 EI4 = : 679 67 7 6 PQ>&H> E7AH E=JE 7L:G7A>&>@C;:G7c 3t y c < 6),9BkR#%!@} JN
[ =
=
}%