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I's © commitmen support, and investi at being part of GE can bring, nalysis just got easier, Find out more, Visit www.gelifesciences.com/incell IN Cell Analysis | Whatman | GE S Ntroducing the new IN Cell Analyzer 2000 imagination at workEDITORIAL 1459 Harmonizing Global Science Alan -Lesne end ough Teton NEWS OF THE WEEK 1464, Rejection of Anthrax Study Kicks Up Dus Stormin Oklahoma 1465 Deforestation Moves to the Fore in Copenhagen 1466 Chagnon Critics Ovestepped Bounds, Historian Says 1467 NIH Approves First New Lines; Many More on the Way 4467 From Scence’s Online Daly News Site 1468 Plans for London ‘Cathedral of Science! Umeited 1468 Thalassemia Treatment Succeeds, With a Caveat 1469. From the Science Policy Blog 1470 SNP Study Supports Southern ‘Migration Route to Asia 4471 Internet Blackade in Kijiang Puts a Stain on Science NEWS FOCUS 1472. Sunlight in Your Tank Biorass Fa Stats Sethe ight 1476 HIV Natural Resistance Field Finally Overcomes Resistance 4478 What's for Dinner? Researchers Seek (Our Ancestors’ Answers LETTERS 1490. Political Pressures Ettect ‘on Repository Sites 1. Winograd Response ung ond 00 Mpa wwwsciencemag.org SCIENCE VOL326 COVER Viewed from the inside ofa fractured rice eat clisf the ice pathogenic bacterium Xanthomonas oryae pr. ryicola invade through a stoma othorsonas species inject host els with unusual DNA binding proteins ‘alles transcription activato-ike TAL effectors to up-regulate genes ‘portant fr infection. Two ties in this issue (pages 2501 and 1509; ‘sated Perspective, page 1491) decipher TAL effector target specicty and show that ne spectctis canbe engineered Image: Adom Bogdanove and Harty Horerfowe Stete Univers: {alse color: Yoel KatsScience Not Much Novel Under the Sun 1.8 Schonbexgerand SH. Rosenbaum Medical Report's Static Charge Sparks Shock A te Response Raper andS Long 1482 CORRECTIONS AND CLARIFICATIONS BOOKS ET At, 1483, Emicing Tales of Scence— Some Suggestions from 2008 1688, Two from Japan tay POLICY FORUM 1497 Sustainable Floodplain Through Large-Scale Recoonection to Rivers LL Opperman tal PERSPECTIVES 1499 Strongly Driven Spin 8.0. Geedot and Otters 1490. Two Missions, One Microquasar G Binomi faportp 1512 149% DNA Binding Made Easy DF Votes end Xorg 14693. ANew Look at Aging Aerosols M0.Andisor 1494 AReinnervating MicroRNA RH. Bown REVIEW 1496, Lumpers and Splitters: Darwin, Hooke, and the Search for Order Léerty CONTENTS continued >> 11 DECEMBER 2009 page 1472 page 1483 DEPARTMENTS. 1455. This Week in Science 1460. Editors Choice 1462. Science Saft 1463 Random Samples 1559 New Products 1560. Sclence Careers 1449Automated sample and assay technologies by QIAGEN Automated solutions from sample to result: The widest choice of sample processing protocols Low-, medium-, and high-throughput automation Leading solutions for molecular diagnostics Plug-and-play automated sample preparation Quantitative, realtime PCR detection Automated analysis of DNA fragments and RNA . . . . . . High-resolution sequence-based DNA detection and quantification . : . @ i HPV testing e Making improvements in life possible — www.giogen.com Sample & Assay TechnologiesCONTENTS L BREVIA 1525. Evolution of Organi Aerosols inthe atmosphere LL Jimeer tab static but they evlvedamatcaly within hours to days ofr formation 4501 ASimple Cipher Govern DNA Recognition by TAL effectors, ML Mascon end) Bagdonove ‘aci-ased code to tage effector SS mpechvep 139%; Resench selon. 1509 1830 ACamplete Skeleton ofa Late Tass Saurischian and the Ealy Evolution RESEARCH ARTICLES of Dinosaurs 5 Nes Acomplet theropod ron New Merc implies originating rom South Aneta 41502. Cell-Specifc information Processing in Segregating Populations of Eph Receptor Ephrin-Eipressing Cells dvgensen a A proteomic tratgy elucidates signaling wirwts ban lktermmmneeshog 1592 An Analytical Solution te the Kinetics "rough ephrin protein an thee ceptors of Breakable Filament Assembly EP Moone 1509 Breaking the Code of DNA Binding e Srey pets pelea re reveatd by analytical theory. ‘iia eecters with new spectctes have been constructed that mimic proteins injected 1888 Alfred Heterochromatin Binding int plan alls by pathogens bya Hybrid Sterility Protein in s Pespetve 1991: Bei p25 Drosophila Sibling Species 1. yes and 5. nk REPORTS Amale sterility protein tocalzes to heerodomatin and leads t ther decondemsation, 1512. Modulated High-Energy Gamma-Ray Emission from the Microquasat Cygnus X3 ihetem! Colao ‘Gamma-ray emission from the jet of an 1541 Mapping Human Genetic Diversity in Asia to cee Inet onsen Conran 1816 Orgarc Norlaie Memory Tasos pik areract pe ste forFlosbieSewor Bays ret 1s Posey Selected Goose A cciid Govican Iutaton Reduces Plsodum vax _memory-type devices is demonstrated Density in Southeast Asians Sevan neanriaoe C lathe 41520. Gigahert Dynamics ofa Strongly Driven teens curing mean a oct te Single Owtum Spin pratt bed pase noms Coraasea ‘Fast spin-flips are observed in the nitrogen 1549 MicroRNA-206 Delays ALS Progression vocaney centers in diamond, and Promotes Regeneration of psec ae Nrromasclar Synapeera Mice 1522 Meteoite in Ears Mate A la 2 : Sipe a late cretion Seat: interac in response footer neon iy ‘for the Atmosphere and sloms disease progression. Nee pes nn tgs . 1554 Norbin Is an Endogenous Regulator page 1538 formation contrived ile to the evolution hs atmosphere of Metabtropic Glutamate Receptor 5 Signaling Mong etal The poten Norbin epuates sccunulation brain eallmembranes CONTENTS continued >> wwwsciencemag.ocg SCIENCE VOL326 11 DECEMBER 2009 1451Freedom of Expression Assays and Panels for Human Targets of Your Choice Now online: reatmeready.roche.com Custom assay soleotion and custom panel configuration (nthe RealTime ready Configurator Fore soncerexoth ny Ne fru in ingot proces. Function tested custom qPCR assays are now only a few clicks away with the new RealTime ready Configurator. Use this free online assay selection and shopping tool to order single assays or to configure your ‘own custom panels on LightCycler” 480 Multiwell Plates. | Analyze your knockdown experiments or microarray results in the context of complex biological pathways or signaling cascades. lm Conveniently select assays and configure your custom panel with interactive pathway maps or pre-selected targets. Simply add cDNA and master mix to run these pre-plated, dried assays on your LightCycler* 480 Instrument. Rely on function tested qPCR assays based on proven Universal ProbeLibrary technology. Visit www.realtimeready.roche.com to learn more or to start configuring your next assay. focne biagnasics Gm Rete Apple Selene Wisk Ponte 82372 Penzberg, GermanySCIENCEONLINE CONTENTS i SCIENCEXPRESS ser cioncexpress. org ‘Adaptive Evolution of Pelvic Reduction ‘in Stcklebacis by Recurrent Deletion ‘ofa Pit Enhancer YF Chen etal Lose of a tesie-spectc enhancer exlane multiple parle sss ofthe pelvic are Instileback populations. s0,126hclenee. 1182213 Tubercalous Granuloma tnduction via Interaction ofa Bacterial Secreted Protein with Host Epitheium WE Nolan et Eplthlia ells pay 2 olen tubercular granuloma formation and mycobacterial vience, s0.1126cence 3179863 Global Analysis of Short RNAS Revels ‘Widespread Promoter-Proximal Stalling ‘and Arrest of Po lin Drosophila SS Nachoe ‘The ini transcribe sequence pays Key role so.12élaience 181421 lapetus: Unique Surace Properties and a Global Color Dichotomy from Cassini Imaging EDenk etal 30:126/lene. 2177088 Formation of lapetus’ Extreme Albedo Dichotomy by Exogenicaliy Triggered Thermal Ie Migration LR Spencer ond Denk ‘Thermal migration of ater ie explains the observed Celor asymmetry of Saturn’ unusual moon, apes sO.162hiene 3177132 SCIENCENOW ‘wnrwesloneenoworg Highlights From Our Dally News Coverage Lose Genes, Gain Weight Some obese patients ae missing 3 chunk ‘of one of their chromosomes. ‘Why Your Older Brother Didnt Share Siting pecking order mats ethos less cooperative tan her sibling ‘An Introduction to Monkey Grammar? Primates produce ew alarm callin ay that might resemble human language. wwwsciencemag.org SCIENCE VOL326 SCIENCESIGNALING ssiencesignling.org ‘The Signal Tensduction Knowledge Enveonment RESEARCH ARTICLE: Only Subset of MetActvated Pathways Are Required to Sustain Oncogene Addiction A dorama Calls adie to diferent oncogenic receptor tyrosine kinases develop common dowrstteam mechanisms to sustain maligency RESEARCH ARTICLE: Delivery of microRNA'126 by Apoptotic Bodies Induces CXCL12-Dependent Vascular Protection A Teneo ah elie raease imiroRNA containing microvesdes to modulate the responses of weighbering elle and reduce REVIEW: racking the Phosphatase Code: Docking Interactions Determine Substrate Specificity oy and. Cyt Studies ofthe mois that guide interactions between thospataces and calla protelo provide Into phosphatase selectivity JOURNAL CLUB: To Be 78 or Noto Be 78? Signaling Pathways in a Versus 75, Tell Maturation Le Actbald issubstantaly ferent rom Hatin the mouse. [NETWATCH: Domain Cub Browser Proteoaie analysis organizes proteins into don clu that share similar domain composition in Protein Databases. [NETWATCH: SMART (Simple Modular ‘Architecture Research Tool) Explore protein domains and compare domain _axchitectur; in Protein Databases, SCIENCECAREERS ‘wnw sciencecareers.org/eareer_mogazine Free Corser Resources for Scientist Dealing With a Lab Leader's Death S Cosine ‘The death ofa prncpa imestigator leaves behind a Scientific ap, racial problems, and arieving ‘alleaues, Killer Whale Biologist Vocalzes UW Nenketroman ‘Ni Danie Shapio is leaving scientific esearch to produce radio programs aout science and the people wha do scence. In Person: A Dream tab in Romania union 1989 was 2 momentous yea or Romaria, butt yas not ut the mi-2000s that Tar Woean found Fesourceso establish acatting-edge lab a home 11 DECEMBER 2009 SCIENCETRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE wv cioncetransltionslmediine.og Imegrating Medione and Science PERSPECTIVE: Parallel Paths to Predictive Biomarkers in Oncology—Uncoupling cof Emergent Biomarker Development and Phase I al Execution 2 Sor ana Y00 Predictive biomarkers on be infegrated int phase lina aby a are of approaches CONWENTARY: Traversing the Valley of Death— [A Guide to Asessng Prospects for Translational success B.S Colerond& Cott Rigorous methods are required te move basic scence ‘nt effective heaps RESEARCH ARTICLE: A Role for AV in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyitis and Multiple Sclerosis ‘A Jogedc eal Rat genetics implicates anew gene inthe stiology of multiple sclerosis in European populations SCIENCEPODCAST ‘vv aciancemag.org/mutimecla/podcast Free Weetiy Show Downaad the 11 December Science Podcast to hear abouta newly discvered Late asic dnesau Sustainable laodplain management, solar fe, and more ORIGINSBLOG blogs sciencemag.crg/origins Aletoy of Begnnings SCIENCEINSIDER blogs sciencemag.org/sciencsinsider ‘Saonce Policy Nowe ae Analyse Seceetiea ease eociare PSspomenccereencactons MVAAAS 1453,Restriction Enzymes from New England Biolabs ‘With 55 years oF experience in enzyme technology, New England Biolabs leads the industry inthe study and improvement of | Dee eee eta en eee eae ee ee HPF enzymes bring a new level of flexibility when choosing reaction conditions, including volume, incubation time and buffer compatiblity. pee ee ee eee ee Reduced star activity with HF Enzymes from NEB DNA AMPLIFICATION Sera Tee Advantages: + Selection ~ More specifies than anyother sppie + Convenience ~ Optimal activity for over 160 enzymes ina single baer EX] + Quality — stat + Innow: of the-art production and stringent QCs jon — HF enzymes engineered for reduced ste activity + Performance - Guaranteed (new enoLaND ioLabs:. ents Nites ery PLoS RNA ANALYSIS ere)TAL Order Xonthomonas bacteria attack their plant hosts by delivering their on transcrption-activatr-ike {AL proteins into the plant col nucleus and alter the plant's gene regulation (se the Perspective by \Voytas and Joung). Moscou and Bogdanove (1501, published onine 29 October: se the cover) and Boch eta. (1508, published online 29 Octobei) have now discovered how te similar but not identical repeats inthe TAL proteins encode the specficty needed forthe proteins to find their targets. Each repeat is specific for one DNA base pata specificity encoded by hyper variable amino acid positions. Combining several repeat with ifferent aminoacids inthe hyper- variable positions allowed the production of effectors that targeted new DNA sites. Microquasar Spotted Icroquasarsare binary starsjtems where a oral star sheds matter onto a neation tar ora blackhole generating xray radiation and jets of matsial moving at reat speeds. Mico quasars have proved dificult to detect in high energy gamma rays > 100 megaeectron vols) Using the Ferm Large Area Telescope, Abdo eo (p.1512, published onine 26 November; see the Pecspectve by Bignami) now report the detection of variable garvna-ay emission tom the micia- quasar Cygnus X3. The gama as mad lated atthe orbital period of Cygnus 3, ads ‘atations correlated wit the radio emission axiginating from the microquasar’s relativistic ets. An Odd Sort of Revolution Joseph Hooker was the director of the Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew, London, when Charles Darvin and alfred Wallace were presenting thei wwwsciencemag.org SCIENCE VOL326 ideas bout evolution by natural selection. Hooker va a good friend of Darwin's and an ardent ally of evolutionary thinking, who came to realize that rat- tural selecton would hav tle impact onthe taxon omist’s endeavor. Endersby (p. 1496) revies 3 ‘anomic practice in the 19th century, axguing that the concept of evolution was almost aside show in the energetic debate about whether to {roup varieties ito single species or whether to dlvide species into endless varieties. On the one hand, Hooker was a “lumper,” who found it hard totolerate the thought of species constantly ‘among Triassic dinosaur fauna and emerging, because hindered hisaraly #@B sis af glabal pattems of species richness. (nthe other hand, Darwin's vision recanciled bath modes of classification in revealing the genealogy of life on Earth Quick Spin Flips {Quantum computation hold the tantalizing promise af vastly improving the efiency of tae ditional computers. Among the many solid-state Candidates for storing and manipulating quantum informatio, ritragen vacancy cetesndiamond are especialy tractive because they can be used oom temperature ard say operational for mie Usecands ata time. Tous this coherence time efficient, tis impotant to achieve fast manipu- lation ofthe spins in the system. Fuchs eta. 41520, publshed onine 19 Novemby; se the Peispectiveby Gerardat and Ohber) used ss of strong microwave magnetic field 0 robe the dmamicsof singe spins in itrgen vacancy center. In this ‘strong-diving” noninear regime, extremely quik spin fips of es than a ranoseconé in duration were observed fering the possibilty that up toa miton operations could be performed ona single spin during is coherence tine 11 DECEMBER 2009 << Dissecting Ephrin-Receptor Interaction Ephrins are transmembrane proteins that bind ephrin receptors ‘onadjacent cells, leading to propagation of biochemical signals within both cells. Jargensen etal. (p. 1502) devised a may to use differential isotopic labeling to disting ‘to express either the receptor or the ligand and to monitor bidi- rectional signaling events by mass spectrometry ofthe labeled peptides when the cells were mixed together. Signaling net works mere constructed, and the information processing by the ‘wo interacting cell types was modeled. Changes in signaling within cells expressing just the ligand (ephrin) caused changes {in the signal processing during the adjacent cel’ response to binding of the ephrin receptor. cells engineered Early Dinosaur Discovery (Our understanding of the evolution of ealy inasaurs is hampered by limited material, espe ily compared tothe many lrassc and Creta- evs samples, Nesbit etal (9.1530) provide complete view of Late Tras theropod based on several nearly complete skeleton rom New Mexico. The dinosaur elucidates the tkely ‘elationships between early theropods and shoves tat sme prominent laure nee already derived by this ime. Comparison other cary species sug- dest that Tassie Noth SN smerica aura were dese but not endemic perhaps ating rom ester migrants trom South America Gas Leak Inspection The slit potion of ath was formed rm ace fan of material and debris formed in the pi tive Sola System. Earth’ eal evolution included the diferetiaion of ts nero andthe develop iment of primordia atmosphere. Hea noble ses inthe atmosphere oul have been acquired fring the nit aeceton proces of may have accumulte ater hough gravitational late ‘eptue. Holland etal (p. 1522) show that Ki and Xe rapped inthe upper mate have atopic signatures characteristic of earl Sole System material similar to meteorites rather han thse of ‘the madn atmosphere ard oceas, Tus, noble 8s trapped within the yuna Earth did ot con- ‘bute to Eat’ later atmospheric compaston 1455Jer AlCl aa) EclerContinued rom page 1485 Framework for Change Organi aerosols makeup 200 90% ofthe particulate mas of the troposphere and are important factors in both climate and human heath However, thei sources and removal pathways ae very uncertain, and ther atmospheric evolution i poorly charateried imenez etal (9.2525; 3¢ethe Perspective by Andreae present an integrated framewark of exgaic aerosol compastonal evolution ‘nthe atmosphere, based on madel rests and field and laboratory data tat simulate the dynamic aging behavior of organic aerosls. Parties became mare xiied, more hygtacopc ad ss volatile with age, as they become oxygenated exgariaeisols. These results should lad to better preditons of climate and air quali. Dissecting Amyloid Formation ‘amyl Fibs are associated wth nical disorders ranging fom Aheme’s disease to type I dae bets. Their self-assembly can be described bya master equation that aks into account ruceation- dependent polymerization and ragmentation. Knowles et al (p. 1533) nou present an analytical solution tothe maser equation, which shows that amyloid gronth Kinetic aten limite by the fragmentation rate rather than by the rate of primacy suceaten I addition the results reveal relationships between system properties (scaling la) that provide mecharistic insight not only into amyloid growth, but lo tno related self-assembly presses Patterns of Early Migration ‘nodes to gain insight into varius migrations hat must have happened during movement of ea humans int sia ard the subsequert populating ofthe largest continent on Earth the HUGO Pan-Asian SNP Consortia (p. 1541 araiyeed genetic variation in almast 2000 individual representing 73 Asian and {wo morfsian populations. The result sugges tha there may ‘have been a single major migration of people into Asia and a subsequert south-to-narth migration across the continent. While ‘most population om the ime nus grup end to cuter togetherin terms of elaednes, several domo ustering instead with their geographic neighbors, suggesting either sub- stata recent ming among he population or language replacement. Furthermore, data fom indigenous Tananese pop lations appear tobe inconsistent withthe idea of a Tawan ‘homeland fo Austronesian populations. An Innervative Small RNA -Amyiophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) sa relentless disease characteried by progres degeneration of motor neurons that control muscle movement, leading to muscle atrophy and paralysis. Wiliams et ‘al (9,549; ee the Perspective by Brown) show that a small noncoding RNA thats selectively expressed i steletal muscle, miR-206, senses motor neuron injury ols and helps ameliorate realtant nucle damage by promoting regeneration of neuromuscular synapses. Expresion of mie 206 was dramatically induced in a mouse model af ALS, and when this RNA Was removed from mice by genetic manipulation, the deste progressed at faster at, The salutary effects of miR-206 ‘appear tobe mediated through a signaling pathway in muscle all irvoving histone deacetylase 4 anu fibroblast grt actor modulator, activation of which lads toceleseof actors that promote rnerve-muscle inracions Norbin Knockout ‘Metabotopic lutamate receptors (lu are crcl neurotransmitter sensors implicated i con- tal neuronal function ike lating ard memory and in diseases ofthe nervous system, Wang eta (p.1554) searched fo proteins that interact mth mGluRSa and identified a previously unrecognized component ofthe receptor signaling complex. The protein Norbin dec interacted with he racep= tot Loss of Norbin in mice or cutred cells showed that is necessary forthe accuraatonof rilufSa in the ell membrane, fr normal modulation of synaptic plasty, and for some behav- tora responses. wwweciencemag.org SCIENCE VOL326 11 DECEMBER 2009 This Week in Science Science Careers in Translation Want to build relationships with clinical orbasic scientists? Get advice onthe best, way to conduct a ctncal and translational Science career? There's no bette place to explore these eas, and to build new scintifcelatlonships, than CTSNet, the new online community fom Science, Science Careers, and AAAS made possible by the Burroughs Wellcome Fund. ‘There's no charge fr joining, and youl enjoy acess to: {© Practica and speci information on navigating a carerin clinical or tranlational research © opportunites to connect with other scientists including peers, mentors, and 12 Access tothe resources ofthe work's leading mltdsiplinary professional socetyand those of cut partner organizations CConnaet with CTSeilet now at: ‘Community. SclenceCareers.org/CTS