სამართლის ჟურნალი,სტატიაა PDF

samarTlis Jurnali
#1, 2016
UDC (uak) 34(051.2)
s-216
mTavari redaqtori
irakli burduli (prof., Tsu)
saredaqcio kolegia:
levan aleqsiZe (prof., Tsu)

giorgi daviTaSvili (prof., Tsu)
avTandil demetraSvili (prof., Tsu)
besarion zoiZe (prof., Tsu)
guram naWyebia (prof., Tsu)
Tevdore niniZe (prof., Tsu)
nugzar surgulaZe (prof., Tsu)
paata turava (prof., Tsu)
lado Wanturia (prof., Tsu)
giorgi xubua (prof., Tsu)
laSa bregvaZe (T. wereTlis sax. saxelmwifosa da
samarTlis institutis direqtori)
gunTer toibneri (prof.,
frankfurtis universiteti)
lourens fridmani (prof.,
stenfordis universiteti)
bernd Sunemani (prof.,
miunxenis universiteti)
peter heberle (prof.,
bairoiTis universiteti)
© ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis

gamomcemloba, 2016
ISSN 1987-7668
Sinaarsi
medea maTiaSvili
col-qmris mkvleloba Zvel qarTul samarTalSi .................................................................... 5
naTia CitaSvili
mediaciis eTikis regulirebis farglebi da eTikis standartiT boWvis adresatebi ...24
giorgi amiranaSvili
garigebis formis funqciebi .........................................................................................................48
nino ioseliani
Seusabamod maRali saxelSekrulebo pirgasamtexlo da sasamarTlos roli
samoqalaqo interesebis dacvis sferoSi ..................................................................................62
guliko kaJaSvili
mtkicebulebis uzrunvelyofisa da uzrunvelyofis garantiis roli
saqmiswarmoebaSi ..............................................................................................................................75
Tamar lakerbaia
distanciurad dadebul xelSekrulebebSi momxmarebelTa uflebebis dacvis
evropuli modeli xelSekrulebis uaryofis uflebis magaliTze................................... 87
solomon menabdiSvili
vertikaluri SeTanxmebisa da SezRudvebis konkurenciulsamarTlebrivi Sefaseba ...98
ana ramiSvili
instituciuri investorebis aqcioneruli aqtivizmis adgili korporaciuli
marTvis qarTul sistemaSi da misi gavlena saerTaSoriso Serwymis garigebebze ......115
salome fruiZe
gamoxatvis uflebis mimarTeba pativisa da reputaciis pirovnul uflebebTan ......133
ekaterine qardava
Sromis samarTlis ganviTareba evrointegraciuli procesebis fonze .........................148
aleqsandre wulaZe
sasamarTlo mediaciis konceptualuri xedva .......................................................................161
dimitri gegenava
konstituciuri SeTanxmebis zogierTi teqnikuri da samarTlebrivi problema .......184
eka kaveliZe
undoblobis votumis, rogorc politikursamarTlebrivi meqanizmis, gaazreba ......196
laSa margiSvili
saxelmwifos teritoriuli organizacia – konfliqtebis daZlevis gza Tu
erovnuli TviTgamorkvevis forma ...........................................................................................208
3
samarTlis Jurnali #1, 2016
lana canava
Zalauflebis dabalansebis sakiTxi naxevrad saprezidento respublikaSi ................226
beqa ZamaSvili
diskriminaciasTan efeqturi brZolis mizniT saxelmwifos mier
gansaxorcielebeli RonisZiebebi .............................................................................................250
paata javaxiSvili
saerTo sasamarTloebis gadawyvetilebaTa sakonstitucio kontroli:
samxreT kavkasiis saxelmwifoebis gamocdileba da perspeqtivebi ................................262
giorgi TumaniSvili
braldeba da misgan gadaxra sisxlis samarTlis saqmis arsebiTi ganxilvis dros .....274
giorgi dgebuaZe
meTauris (ufrosis) sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgebloba
umoqmedobisaTvis saerTaSoriso sisxlis samarTalSi....................................................... 287
kaxa wiqariSvili
danaSaulSi Tanamonawileobis dros mizezobrivi kavSiris sakiTxi
qarTul da angloamerikul sisxlis samarTalSi .................................................................314
daviT wulaia
danaSauli da danaSauloba, rogorc codvis gamovlinebis formebi
(normatiuli aspeqtis analizi) ..................................................................................................326
Tamar RvamiCava
kasaciis mizani da farglebi administraciul procesSi ...................................................338
liana giorgaZe
miwis samSeneblosamarTlebrivi statusi .............................................................................. 349
daviT makariZe
individualuri administraciul-samarTlebrivi aqtis samarTlebrivi buneba .........363
ilia wiklauri
saqarTvelos finansTa saministros sistemaSi sagadasaxado davis ganxilvis
modelis SedarebiTi analizi ......................................................................................................378
marina gariSvili
gamoxmaureba prof. i.a. isaevis monografiaze – „kanonis miTologemebi.
samarTali da literatura“ .......................................................................................................392
niklas lumani
xelisuflebis cikli da samarTali demokratiebSi ............................................................396
saxelmZRvanelo principebi avtorTaTvis .............................................................................406
4
medea maTiaSvili * 1
col-qmris mkvleloba Zvel qarTul samarTalSi
winamdebare statia exeba col-qmris mkvlelobis sakiTxs Zvel qarTul samar-

TalSi. naSromis mizania: daadginos, Tu rogor regulirdeboda colis/qmris
mkvleloba Zvel qarTul samarTalSi, ganisazRvros am danaSaulis amkrZa-
lavi Sesabamisi normebi da gamoikveTos meuRlTa pasuxismgebloba. am miznis
misaRwevad Seswavlilia samarTlis pirdapiri (pozitiuri, saeklesio da Cve-
ulebiTi samarTlis normebi) da arapirdapiri (hagiografiuli da istoriu-
li Zeglebi) wyaroebi. Sedegad dadgenilia, rom, Zveli qarTuli samarTlis
mixedviT, colis/qmris mkvleloba danaSaulia. qarTuli pozitiuri samarTa-
li icnobs rogorc colis mkvlelobis zogad Semadgenlobas, ise calke gamo-
yofs mruSi colis mkvlelobis sakiTxs (danaSaulze waswrebisa da am motiviT
Cadenili danaSaulebis CaTvliT). danaSaulia qmris mkvleloba. mkvlelobis
am saxes icnobs vaxtang VI-is samarTali da somxuri samarTali.
sakvanZo sityvebi: qmris mkvleloba, colis mkvleloba, meuRlis mkvlelo-

ba, mruSi colis mkvleloba, ubralo/udanaSaulo colis mkvleloba, qmris
ufleba colze, colis dasja, zneobrivi danaSauli, mruSoba, virze Sesma,
Caqolva.
1. Sesavali
colisa da qmris urTierTobebis maregulirebeli normebi uxvadaa Zvel qarTul

samarTalSi. maT Soris vxvdebiT colis/qmris sicocxlis uflebis dacvis garantieb-
sac.
Zveli qarTuli ojaxi patriarqaluri iyo – coli emorCileboda qmars. es wesi
moqmedebda rogorc individualur, ise did ojaxSi, magram, miuxedavad amisa, ojaxis
ufros mamakacs ar hqonda ganusazRvreli Zalaufleba colze, mas ar SeeZlo misi mok-
vla. Tumca qarTuli samarTali garkveul gamonaklissac uSvebda da, zogierT SemTxve-
vaSi, qmris uflebas colis sicocxleze misi braleulobis mixedviT gansazRvravda.
ra Tqma unda, Zveli qarTuli samarTali icavda qmris sicocxlis uflebas da
mkacrad sjida am danaSaulis Camden qalsac. amasTan, gansxvavebiT colis mkvlelo-
bisagan, qarTuli sjuldeba am wesidan raime gamonakliss ar icnobda da, miuxedavad
qmris braleulobisa, aseTi qmedebis Camdens pasuxismgeblobas akisrebda.
winamdebare statiis mizania dadgindes, Tu rogor regulirdeboda Zvel qarTul
samarTalSi colis/qmris mkvleloba, ganisazRvros am danaSaulis amkrZalavi Sesabami-
si normebi da gamoikveTos meuRleTa pasuxismgebloba. am miznis misaRwevad ganxiluli
*
Tsu-is iuridiuli fakultetis doqtoranti.
5
iqneba Zveli qarTuli samarTlis normebi da samarTlis istoriis arapirdapiri wyaro-

ebi – hagiografiuli da istoriuli Zeglebi.
statiaSi colisa da qmris mkvleloba individualurad aris ganxiluli. colis
mkvleloba pirobiTad iyofa udanaSaulo da mruSi colis mkvlelobis saxeebad. cal-
kea Sefasebuli colis mkvleloba, „SuSanikis wamebis~ mixedviT. statiis meore nawilSi
ganxilulia mkvlelobis meore saxe – qmris mkvleloba, mocemulia am danaSaulis mare-
gulirebeli normebi da erTi realuri saqmis analizi.
2. colis mkvleloba
2.1. colis mkvleloba „SuSanikis wamebis~ mixedviT
pirveli werilobiTi Zeglis, „SuSanikis wamebis~, saTanadod Seswavlisa da gaaz-

rebis gareSe warmoudgenelia ojaxSi Zaladobis, kerZod ki, fizikuri Zaladobis erT-
erTi formis, colis mkvlelobis, sakiTxis ganxilva Zvel qarTul samarTalSi. rogorc
samarTlianad aRniSnavs e. gabiZaSvili: àrc erT hagiografiul Zeglze ar dawerila
imdeni wigni da samecniero statia, arc hagiografiuli teqsti gamocemula imdenjer,
arc erT qarTul hagiografiul nawarmoebs ar gamouwvevia imdeni aJiotaJi, rac „SuSa-
nikis wamebis~ irgvliv xdeboda~.2 arc samarTlis istoriiT dainteresebul mecnierebs
dautovebiaT igi yuradRebis gareSe. Tavis droze iv. javaxiSvilma,3 i. surgulaZem,4 g.
nadareiSvilma,5 i. futkaraZem6 da sxvebma araerTi sayuradRebo mosazreba gamoTqves
am nawarmoebis Sesaxeb. Tumca sakiTxi – aris Tu ara varsqenis moqmedeba legitimuri
da, Sesabamisad, saxezea Tu ara ojaxSi Zaladoba, pasuxgaucemeli darCa. marTalia,
zemoT moyvanili avtorebi Zegls konkretulad ojaxSi Zaladobis kuTxiT ar ganixi-
lavdnen, magram TiToeuli maTgani cdilobda, Seefasebina varsqenis qmedeba da pasu-
xi gaeca kiTxvisTvis – hqonda Tu ara pitiaxSs colis wamebisა da mkvlelobis ufleba.
amocanis amoxsnas, upirvelesad, swored is garemoeba arTulebs, rom „SuSanikis wameba~
Cvenamde moRweuli pirveli werilobiTi Zeglia. aranairi sakanonmdeblo Tu sxva saxis
dokumenti, romelic naTels mohfenda V saukunis saqarTvelos samarTlebriv mdgoma-
reobas, ar arsebobs. mecnierebi Ziebas Tavad teqstis da V saukunis Sesaxeb arsebuli
istoriuli masalis safuZvliani SeswavliT cdiloben.
gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom „SuSanikis wameba~ hagiografiuli nawarmoebia da is
mxolod arapirdapiri wyaroa istoriisa. Tumca is faqti, rom avtori mTavari gmiris
2
gabiZaSvili e., Sromebi, I, monografiuli narkvevebi, Tb., 2010, 151.
3
javaxiSvli iv., istoriis mizani, wyaroebi da meTodebi winaT da axla, I, Zveli qarTuli
saitorio mwerloba (V-XVIII ss), Tb., 1945, 45-54.
4
surgulaZe iv., narkvevebi saqarTvelos politikur moZRvrebaTa istoriidan, Tb., 2001, 8.
5
ix.: nadareiSvili g., ganqorwinebis wesi feodalur saqarTveloSi, stalinis saxelobis
Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi, 63, Tb., 1956, 229-231; nadareiSvili g., qalis
uflebrivi mdgomareoba feodalur saqarTveloSi, Jurn. `sabWoTa samarTali“, 3, maisi-
ivnisi, 1968, 56-57.
6
futkaraZe i., naSromi qarTuli saojaxo samarTlis istoriis sakiTxebze, Jurn. `sabWoTa
samarTali“, 2, marti-aprili, 1968, 88-91.
6
medea maTiaSvili, col-qmris mkvleloba Zvel qarTul samarTalSi
Tanamedrovea, Zegls udides upiratesobas sZens. Sesabamisad, rogorc ar unda gaez-

viadebina an, piriqiT, daekninebina movlenebi iakob xucess, mis mier aRwerili ambavi
udidesi sarwmunoobis matarebelia, amitom zemoT dasmul kiTxvebze pasuxebic Tavad
teqstSi unda iqnes napovni.
„SuSanikis wameba~ klasikuri hagiografiuli nawarmoebia, sadac aRwerilia misi
mTavari gmiris, SuSanikis, sarwmunoebisaTvis Tavganwirvis ambavi. samecniero lite-
raturaSi arsebobs mosazreba, rom gansxvavebiT sxva hagiografiuli nawarmoebisagan,
„SuSanikis wamebas~ uCveulo mowamebrivi forma udevs safuZvlad da amis mizezad is
saxeldeba, rom aq qristiani mowame msxverpli ar upirispirdeba oficialur politi-
kur-religiur Zalas.7 am mosazrebis avtori gaxlavT e. gabiZaSvili. mecnieri SuSani-
kis dapirispirebas qarTlis pitiaxSTan, upirvelesad, ojaxur konfliqtad moiazrebs:
„SuSaniks, marTalia, upirispirdeba oficialuri Zala varsqenis, qarTlis pitiaxSis,
saxiT, magram mis moqmedebas SuSanikis winaaRmdeg ar udevs safuZvlad arc politiku-
ri da arc religiuri motivebi, aramed SuSanikis gadawyvetileba, aRar icxovros ga-
mazdeanebuli meuRlis ojaxSi. varsqenis erTaderTi mizani SuSanikis ojaxSi dabrune-
baa~.8 amasTan, mecnieri ar uaryofs konfliqtis sazogadoebriv sarCulsac: „qristiani
qali mTeli Tavisi arsebiT darwmunebulia, rom gamazdeanebul meuRlesTan cxovreba
qristianuli sarwmunoebis siwmindis xelyofaa~.9 mosazreba, rom SuSanikisa da varsqe-
nis konfliqti, upirvelesad, ojaxuri dapirispirebaa, sakmaod gavrcelebulia samec-
niero literaturaSi. am poziciis mimdevaria iv. javaxiSvilic. misi azriT, varsqenis
moqmedeba ganpirobebulia SuSanikis wasvliT qmris saxlidan da misi mrisxanebac swo-
red am faqts ukavSirdeba.10 am azrs srulad iziarebs n. janaSiac.11 konfliqts „reli-
giur-politikuri mdgomareobiT~ da „ojaxuri aspeqtiT ganpirobebuls~ uwodebs v.
inauric.12 gansxvavebuli pozicia aqvs r. siraZes. misi TqmiT, „erTi pirovnebis dacema
(am SemTxvevaSi varsqenisa) an erTi ojaxis tragedia, esaa saerTo-saqveyno ubedureba,
Tanamdevari Cveni cxovrebisa. amitom Cven ver aRviqvamT „SuSanikis wamebas~ rogorc
ojaxur dramas~.13
`SuSanikis wameba~ mTavari gmiris, SuSanikis, mowamebrivi cxovrebisa da misi tra-
gikuli aRsasrulis mxatvruli gamosaxulebaa. Zeglis Seqmnis upirvelesi mizani re-
ligiisTvis Tavdadebuli gmiris gaidealeba da misi Tavganwirvis mniSvnelobis xazgas-
maa. Tumca uaryofa imisa, rom „SuSanikis wameba~ ojaxuri dramaa da igi misi moqmedi
pirebis, SuSanikis da varsqenis, pirovnul konfliqtsac asaxavs, ar SeiZleba. azrTa
sxvadasxvaobas swored am konfliqtis realuri safuZveli iwvevs – religiuri/poli-
tikuri uTanxmoeba Tu pirovnuli wyena, an iqneb orive erTad. gasaTvaliswinebelia,
7
gabiZaSvili e., Sromebi, I, monografiuli narkvevebi, Tb., 2010, 265.
8
iqve.
9
iqve, 265-266.
10
javaxiSvli iv., istoriis mizani, wyaroebi da meTodebi winaT da axla, I, Zveli qarTuli
saitorio mwerloba (V-XVIII ss), Tb., 1945, 45.
11
janaSia n., SuSanikis wameba, istoriul-wyaroTmcodneobiTi gamokvleva, Tb., 1983, 253.
12
inauri v., varsqen pitiaxSis tragedia, Tb., 2004, 3.
13
siraZe r., qarTuli agiografia, Tb., 1987, 39-40.
7
rom nawarmoebi sarwmunoebriv motivebzea Seqmnili, misi mTavari gmiri politikuri

Tanamdebobis piria da mas winaaRmdegoba sakuTar ojaxSi, meuRlisgan xvdeba, amitom
konfliqts safuZvlad rogorc pirovnuli wyena, ise religiuri uTanxmoeba udevs.
amasTan, dapirispirebis mizezebi SuSanikisa da varsqenisTvis SesaZloa gansxvavebu-
lic iyos. SuSanikisaTvis konfliqtis mizezi, pirvel rigSi, sarwmunoebrivia (iakob
xucesi swored am xazs atarebs mTavari gmiris mowamebrivi cxovrebis aRwerisas), Tum-
ca es ki ar gamoricxavs, aramed gansazRvravs mis pirovnul dapirispirebas qmarTan.
rogorc marTebulad aRniSnavs n. janaSia, SuSanikis usiamovneba varsqenTan mis iranSi
wasvlamde daiwyo da axal safexurze gadavida swored qmris mier mazdeanobis miRe-
bisa da gandgomis Semdeg.14 xolo varsqenisTvis meuRlesTan konfliqti, upirvelesad,
pirovnulia, magram mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli politikur da religiur faqtoreb-
Tan. nebismier SemTxvevaSi, meuRleTa piradi konfliqti saxezea da, Sesabamisad, „SuSa-
nikis wameba~, Cvenamde moRweul pirvel werilobiT nawarmoebebTan erTad, dRevandeli
SefasebiT, ojaxSi Zaladobis amsaxvel pirvel nawarmoebadac SeiZleba iqnes miCneuli,
sadac qmari Zaladobs, awamebs da, sabolood, klavs sakuTar cols. imis dasadgenad,
aqvs Tu ara V saukuneSi mas amisi ufleba, unda dadgindes Zvel qarTul ojaxSi moqmedi
wesebic. am sakiTxs exeba g. nadareiSvili. mecnieris marTebuli SeniSvniT, teqstidan
irkveva, rom ojaxi Sedgeboda qmris, colisa da Svilebisagan da, SesaZlebelia, zogi-
erTi msaxuric ojaxis SemadgenlobaSi Sedioda.15 naTelia, rom ojaxi patriarqaluria
da misi ufrosi, ojaxis Tavi, varsqen pitiaxSia. qali emorCileba mamakacs da ar aris mi-
si Tanaswori. V saukunisaTvis es qalis bunebrivi mdgomareobaa, rac teqstidanac Cans.
swored amas adasturebs SuSanikis aRSfoTeba purobis dros jojikis colis saqciel-
ze, rodesac es ukanaskneli mamakacebTan erTad zis sufrasTan da miirTmevs - „odes
yofil ars aqamomde, Tumca mamaTa da dedaTa erTad eWama puri?!“16 Tumca mogvianebiT
SuSaniki nawilobriv azrs icvlis da ukmayofilebasac ki gamoTqvams mamaTa da dedaTa
amqveyniur uTanasworobaze: „ganvisajneT me da varsqen pitiaxSi mun, sada-igi ara ars
TvalReba¡ winaSe msajulisa mis msajulTa¡sa da meufisa mis meufeTa¡sa, sada ara ars
rCeva¡ mamkacisa da dedakacisa¡, sada me da man swori sityva¡ vTqvaT winaSe uflisa Cve-
nisa iesu qriste¡sa~.17 es faqti mecnierebs yuradRebis miRma ar darCeniaT. magaliTis-
Tvis, iv. javaxiSvilic18 da n. janaSiac19 aRniSnaven SuSanikis poziciis araTanmimdev-
rulobas – Tavdapirvelad is mamaTa da dedaTa Tanasworobis winaaRmdegia da Semdgom
Tavadve gamoTqvams guliswyromas am uTanasworobis gamo. Tumca, sxva mecnierebisagan
gansxvavebiT, n. janaSia ar emxroba mosazrebas, rom SuSaniki qalisa da mamakacis Tanas-
worobis ideis momxrea.20 avtori SuSanikis am gancxadebas varsqenze SurisZiebis gzad
14
janaSia n., SuSanikis wameba, istoriul-wyaroTmcodneobiTi gamokvleva, Tb., 1983, 250-251.
15
nadareiSvili g., qarTuli samarTlis istoriis narkvevi, Tb., 1971, 53.
16
iakob xucesi, SuSanikis wameba, qarTuli mwerloba, I, Tb., 1987, 230.
17
iqve, 240-241.
18
javaxiSvili iv., istoriis mizani, wyaroebi da meTodebi winaT da axla, I, (V-XVIII s), Tb.,
1945, 45-46.
19
20
iqve, 278.
8
aRiqvams: „varsqenTan brZolis gangrZobas igi imqveynadac apirebs. sikvdilis winac ki,
rodesac xSirad apatieben xolme mtrebs yovelgvar Secodebas, SuSaniki ar molbeba.
igi muqariT ambobs, rom Tavis sityvas ityvis uflis winaSe, raTa varsqeni daisajos
rogorc ekuTvnis~.21 avtori dedoflis mier Tanasworobis ideis mxardaWeras qristi-
anul moZRvrebaSi gabatonebuli ormagi standartiT xsnis: „qristianebi Tumc aRia-
rebdnen yvelas winaSe Tanasworobas, amave dros sruladac ar miiCnevdnen saWirod am-
qveynad yvelas socialur Tanasworobas~.22 g. nadareiSvilic exeba genderul sakiTxs
SuSanikis wamebaSi da dasZens, rom, martvilobis mixedviT, qali mamakacis saojaxo xe-
lisuflebis mZime uRels atarebs~.23 mecnieri am garemoebas V saukunisaTvis damaxasi-
aTebels uwodebs da amis dasadastureblad qarTveli istorikosis, juanSeris, mier
damowmebuli vaxtang gorgaslis anderZis Sesaxeb cnoba moaqvs, sadac mefe Tavisi dis
gaTxovebis sakiTxs ase wyvets: „ukeTu arRara Semoviqce cocxali, da¡ Cemi xuaranZe
SerTon mirians.~24 cxadia, rom V saukuneSi qali subieqti ar aris, is obieqtia, igi emor-
Cileba mamakacs, romelic uflebamosilia, anderZiT gankargos misi bedi, magram, miu-
xedavad amisa, mxolod is faqti, rom V saukuneSi qali sqesTa Tanasworobaze, Tundac
araamqveyniur cxovrebaSi, saubrobs, Zalian mniSvnelovania. marTalia, SuSanikisTvis
organulia, maSindeli Cveulebisamebr, dedaTa da mamaTa cal-calke puroba, Tavsabu-
raviT siaruli da qmris morCileba, magram is grZnobs am wesis usamarTlobas. swored
am ukmayofilebis gamoZaxilia: „sada ara ars rCeva¡ mamakacisa da dedakacisa¡~. am peri-
odSi qalisa da mamakacis Tanabaruflebianobaze saubari warmoudgenelia. dadastu-
rebulia faqti, rom qali mamakacs emorCileba, rom is misi sakuTrebaa. swored amitom
aris SuSanikis gancxadeba revoluciuri da, Sesabamisad, im epoqisTvis Tanasworobis
ideis gamoxatvis tolfasi.
mosazreba, rom varsqeni ojaxis upirobo ufrosia, romelsac emorCileba ojaxis
yvela wevri, metad gavrcelebulia samecniero literaturaSi da praqtikulad davas
ar iwvevs. magaliTisaTvis, g. jamburia aRniSnavs: „didia varsqenis ufleba misi ojaxis
wevrebze: colze, Zmaze da sxv. ufro didi Cans es ufleba mis msaxurebze, romelTac
Zalian eSiniaT varsqenisa – ar cemos an ar moklas kidec~.25 S. mesxia yuradRebas amax-
vilebs terminze – „ufali~. misi marTebuli SeniSvniT, iakob xucesi erT-erT epizod-
Si varsqens ase mimarTavs: „ufalo, ra¡sa egre iqm da ity¢ egreT borotsa?~26 avtoris
ganmartebiT, „ufali Cveulebriv RmerTis epiTeti iyo, magram „miwieri RmerTebis~:
batonis, patronis, mesakuTre-mflobelis mniSvnelobiTac ixmareboda~.27 kidev ufro
kategoriulia g. nadareiSvili. misi azriT: „qmari colis SeuzRudav batonad warmog-
21
22
iqve, 278.
23
nadareiSvili g., qalis uflebrivi mdgomareoba feodalur saqarTveloSi, Jurn. `sabWoTa
samarTali~, 3, maisi-ivnisi, 1968, 56.
24
qarTlis cxovreba, s. yauxCiSvilis redaqciiT, I, Tb., 1955, 151, ix. naSromidan: nadareiSvili
g., qalis uflebrivi mdgomareoba feodalur saqarTveloSi, Jurn. `sabWoTa samarTali~,
3, maisi-ivnisi, 1968, 56.
25
jamburia g., qarTuli feodalizmis sakiTxebi, Tb., 2007, 19.
26
saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, II, tomis redaqtori S. mesxia, Tb., 1973, 141.
27
iqve.
9
vidgeba. qmari cols cems, sapyrobileSi amwyvdevs da a.S. erTi sityviT, mas daaxloebiT
iseTi xelisufleba gaaCnia colis mimarT, rogorc batons monis mimarT~.28 Tavis sxva
naSromSi mkvlevari paralels avlebs III-V saukuneebis sparsul did ojaxTan. avtoris
TqmiT: „ojaxis ufrosi – „dutak sardari SeuzRudavia Tavis uflebebSi colebis mi-
marT. yovel SemTxvevaSi, rogorc amaze matikinis mixedviT SeiZleba vimsjeloT, sax-
lis ufross ufleba aqvs moklas coli, gayidos igi monad da sxv.~.29 varsqenis Zalado-
bas legitimurad ar miiCnevs da, Sesabamisad, am periodSi ojaxSi qmris ganusazRvrel,
despotur xelisuflebas uaryofs i. futkaraZe.30 mkvlevari varsqenis moqmedebas „dam-
pyroblebis potenciuri da realuri mxardaWeriT ganpirobebul Zaladobad~ acxadebs
da gamoricxavs mis mier „uflebis ganxorcielebas~.31 metic, avtoris TqmiT, am peri-
odis saqarTveloSi qmars ar unda hqonoda ufleba, „savsebiT calmxrivad da TviTne-
burad gadaewyvita meuRlis piradi cxovrebis umniSvnelovanesi sakiTxebi, mas colis
azrisTvis seriozuli angariSi unda gaewia~.32 rTuli saTqmelia, Tu ra igulisxmeba
meuRlis „piradi cxovrebis umniSvnelovanes sakiTxebSi~, magram, nebismier SemTxveva-
Si, ra mniSvnelobisac ar unda yofiliyo raime yofiTi problema, warmoudgenelia, V
saukuneSi qmars colis azris gaTvaliswineba da, miT umetes, Tanxmoba dasWirveboda
raime gadawyvetilebis miRebisas. cnobilia, rom qali XX saukunemde mSoblebis gare-
Se sakuTari qorwinebis Taobazec ki ver iRebda gadawyvetilebas,33 mas, faqtobrivad,
ar hqonda memkvidreobis miRebis ufleba34 da mTlianad damokidebuli iyo mamakacis
nebaze, amitom V saukuneSi qmris mier „colis azrisTvis seriozuli angariSis gaweva~
gamoricxulia.
iqidan gamomdinare, rom „SuSanikis wameba~ ojaxuri dramaa, is mniSvnelovan cno-
bebs Seicavs Zveli qarTuli ojaxis da, maT Soris, meuRleebis damokidebulebis Sesa-
xeb. saqarTveloSi metad gavrcelebuli zneobrivi danaSaulisTvis gaTvaliswinebu-
li sasjelis, virze Sesmis, Sesaxeb pirvel cnobasac swored „SuSanikis wameba~ Seicavs.
28
nadareiSvili g., qalis uflebrivi mdgomareoba feodalur saqarTveloSi, Jurn. `sabWoTa
samarTali“, 3, maisi-ivnisi, 1968, 56.
29
nadareiSvili g., qarTuli samarTlis istoriis narkvevi, Tb., 1971, 55.
30
futkaraZe i., naSromi qarTuli saojaxo samarTlis istoriis sakiTxebi, Jurn. `sabWoTa
samarTali~, 2, marti-aprili, 1968, 90.
31
iqve.
32
futkaraZe i., qarTuli saojaxo samarTlis istoriis sakiTxebi, Jurn. `sabWoTa samarTali~,
2, marti-aprili, 1968, 90.
33
XX saukunis dasawyisSi qalis uuflebo mdgomareobas eZRvneba h. abaSiZis statia
`qarTveli mahmadiani qalis xma“, sadac avtori aRwers mSoblis SeuzRudav Zalauflebas
Svilis gaTxovebis sakiTxis gadawyvetisas: `mSoblebi maT ise epyrobian, rogorc gasayid
nivTs, siyvaruli xom maTTvis akrZalulia, mama irCevs sasiZod iseT kacs, romelic mis
qaliSvils erTxelac ar unaxavs, da atans qals sakuTari nebiTa da gankargulebiT“.
abaSiZe h., qarTveli mahmadiani qalis xma, gaz. `baTumis gazeTi“, 18, 1914, naSromidan:
beqaia m., Zveli qarTuli saqorwino tradiciebi aWaraSi, baTumi, 1974, 97.
34
memkvidreobis miRebis uflebis uzrunvelyofas iTxovdnen qarTveli qalebi XX saukunis
dasawyisSic. 1917 wels gamovida pirveli qarTuli feministuri gazeTi `xma qarTveli
qalisa“, romlis pirvel nomerSi, rubrikaSi, `ras viTxovT Cven“, naTqvamia: `gauqmebul
iqnas dRevandeli samemkvidreo privilegia mamakacisa da TiToeul Svils, qalia igi Tu
vaJi, edvas Tanaswori wili ded-mamis qonebaze“. ras moviTxovT Cven, yovelkvireuli
sapolitiko da saliteraturo gaz. `qarTveli qalis xma“, 1, 1917, 5 aprili, 1.
10
am faqts yuradReba miaqcia g. nadareiSvilma. mecnieris dakvirvebiT, ZeglSi naxsene-

bi „karad karauliT~ swored virze Sesmis Cveulebis amsaxveli termini iyo, romelic
qmris mier damnaSave colis virze sajarod Sesmas gulisxmobda.35 avtoris marTebuli
SeniSvniT, samwuxarod, es Cveuleba mxolod V saukunis saqarTvelosTvis ar iyo dama-
xasiaTebeli – daviT batoniSvilis gadmocemiT, miuxedavad imisa, rom mis dros aseTi
ram ukve kanoniT akrZaluli gaxldaT, 1805 wels bodbisxevelebs qiziySi qmris mito-
vebasa da meZavobaSi mxilebuli qali barbare virze SeusvamT da kardakar Camoutare-
biaT.36 metic, cnobebi am sasjelis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb XIX-XX saukuneebis masalebSic
moipoveba.37 cnobilia, rom Zveli qarTuli samarTali, garkveul SemTxvevebSi, qmars
colis mkvlelobasac ki patiobda, Tu mas mruSobis dros wauswrebda.38 amitom V sau-
kuneSi qmris batonoba colze gasakviri namdvilad ar gaxldaT. Tumca im SemTxvevaSic
ki, rodesac qmari cols sjida, rogorc wesi, es iyo reagireba qalis mier Cadenil dana-
Saulze, magaliTad: mruSobaze, qmris Seuracxyofaze da sxv. sakiTxavia, SuSanikis Sem-
TxvevaSi iyo Tu ara saxeze raime danaSauli? anu ra uZRoda win varsqenis Zaladobas?
am kiTxvebze pasuxis gasacemad ganxiluli iqneba Tavad teqsti. varsqenis gamaz-
deanebis Semdeg SuSaniki tovebs sasaxles, misi Tanxmobis da nebis gareSe midis sasaxli-
dan. varsqeni ase reagirebs am faqtze: `Sen Cemi xati daamxu, da sagebelsa Cemsa nacari
gardaasx da Seni adgili dagitevebies da sxvad warsrul xar~.39 igi Tavs Seuracxyofi-
lad Tvlis SuSanikis qmedebis gamo. amaze SuSaniki pasuxobs: `da viTarca Sen Semoqmedi
Seni uvar hyav, egreca me Sen Seuracx gyav~.40 niSandoblivia, rom SuSanikis saqciels
uaryofiTad mxolod varsqeni ar afasebs. dedofals amis gamo gareSe pirebic kicxaven.
magaliTisTvis, jojiki, SuSanikis demarSs aseve kategoriulad gmobs: `da¡ Cveni xar
Sen, nu warswymed saxlsa amas sadedoflosa.~ maSasadame, SuSanikis qmedeba – sasaxlis
datoveba, qmris mitoveba, dagdeba varsqenisaTvis didi damcirebaa da, Tanac, es mxo-
lod misi subieqturi Sefaseba ar aris. V saukuneSi colis aseTi qmedeba qmris „xatis
damxobaa~ da saxlis „warwymedaa.~ erTmniSvnelovania, rom qmris dagdeba udris mis Se-
uracxyofas, gansakuTrebiT, Tu qmari pitiaxSia. SuSaniki ar uaryofs amas, is Tavadac
qmris Seuracxyofad afasebs sakuTar qmedebas. metic, dedofali ganzrax moqmedebs
ase qmris dasjis an/da gamosworebis mizniT. cnobilia, rom qmris/colis dagdeba kri-
minalizebuli iyo Zvel qarTul samarTalSi. danaSaulis obieqti ojaxis, rogorc in-
35
nadareiSvili g., ganqorwineba qarTuli samarTlis mixedviT, ganteveba, gancalkeveba, da
sakuTriv ganqorwineba, rogorc ganqorwinebis wesis ganviTarebis safexurebi, qarTuli
samarTlis istoriis sakiTxebi, I , Tb., 1973, 314-315.
36
bagrationi d, saqarTvelos samarTlisa da kanonmdeblobis mimoxilva, ap. rogavas
redaqciiT, Tb., 1959, 983; naSromidan: nadareiSvili g., ganqorwineba qarTuli samarTlis
mixedviT, ganteveba, gancalkeveba, da sakuTriv ganqorwineba, rogorc ganqorwinebis
wesis ganviTarebis safexurebi, qarTuli samarTlis istoriis sakiTxebi, I, Tb., 1973, 315-
316.
37
daviTaSvili g., danaSauli da sasjeli qarTul CveulebiT samarTalSi, Tb., 2011, 459.
38
vaxtang VI-is samarTlis wignis 42-e muxli, me-9 nawili, samarTali vaxtang meeqvsisa,
teqsti daadgina da saZiebeli daurTo i. doliZem, 1981, 194.
39
40
iqve.
11
stitutis, dacvis garda, meuRlis pativi da Rirsebac iyo. amitom V saukuneSi colis
mier qmris dagdeba upirobod didi danaSauli unda yofiliyo.
erTi SexedviT, gamodis, rom SuSaniki Tavad Zaladobs, pativsa da Rirsebas ula-
xavs qmars, magram sakiTxi ase martivad ar dgas: SuSanikis moqmedeba varsqenis uzneo
saqcielze reagirebaa – is icvlis sarwmunoebas, Sahis Svilis SerTvis pirobas debs,
Ralatobs samSoblos. g. nadareiSvilis azriT, SuSaniks eqneboda ufleba, qarTuli
qristianuli epoqis kanonebis mixedviT, varsqenTan ganqorwinebisa.41 magram avtori
eWvqveS ayenebs am periodSi varsqenis gamgeblobaSi qarTuli qristianuli kanonebis
moqmedebas.42 gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom SuSaniki ara marto midis saxlidan da tovebs
qmars, aramed is umorCilobasac acxadebs. pirveli Serigebis mcdeloba varsqens mis
mier gamarTul purobaze aqvs, sadac dedofali jojikis colis qalisTvis „Seuferebe-
li~ saqcielis gamo protests gamoTqvams da uxeSad epyroba mas. swored aq iwyeba var-
sqensa da SuSaniks Soris fizikuri dapirispireba: „maSin iwyo ujerosa ginebad varsqen
da ferxiTa TvisiTa dasTrgunvida mas. da aRiRo astami da uxeTqna mas Tavsa, da Cah-
fla da Tvali erTi daubuSta~.43 qristianoba Tavad awesebda qmris morCilebas: „colni
T¢sa qmarsa daemorCileniT, viTarca ufalsa~, „rameTu qmari ars Ta¢ colisa, viTarca
qriste Ta¢ ars eklesiisa, da igi Tavad ars macxovari guamisa~, „aramed viTarca ekle-
sia damorCilebul ars qristEsa, egreca colni – T¢sTa qmarTa yovelTa~. (efeselTa,
5, 22-24). magram moqmedebda ki es piroba qmris mier qrstianobis uaryofis Semdegac?
naklebad savaraudoa, rom cols mazdeani qmris, anu piris, romelmac uRalata RmerTs,
morCilebis valdebuleba kvlav hqonoda. Tumca es wesi moqmedi iqneboda mxolod qri-
stianobis sruli batonobisa da saeklesio xelisuflebis Zlierebis periodSi. cnobi-
lia da teqstidanac irkveva, rom V saukuneSi saeklesio fena realur xelisuflebas
moklebuli iyo da mTlianad emorCileboda saero mmarTvels. aseve gasaTvaliswinebe-
lia maSindeli politikuri situaciac. S. mesxias dakvirvebiT, „varsqenis es SeuzRu-
davi Zalaufleba da sruli Seuvaloba, albaT, mniSvnelovanwilad eyrdnoba iranele-
bis Zalas~.44 faqtia, rom, Zeglis mixedviT, SuSanikis ufleba, win aRudges qmars da ar
daemorCilos mas, ar Cans. piriqiT, „SuSanikis wameba~ swored varsqenis mier ganxor-
cielebul Zaladobas aRwers da mis Zalauflebas usvams xazs. marTalia, xucesi gmobs
pitiaxSis saqciels, magram saeklesio xelisuflebis didi winaaRmdegoba da qmediTi
reagireba varsqenis qmedebebze ZeglSi ar ikveTeba.
sainteresoa saistorio wyaroebis ganxilva SuSanikis wamebis Sesaxeb. „cxovreba
vaxtang gorgaslisas~ avtori juanSeri exeba V saukunis mTavar ojaxur dramas da ase
aRwers mas: „viTar movida da cna colman misman SuSanik qmrisa misisagan dateveba¡ sju-
lisa qristEsi, arRara erCda igi colad. da daiviwya siyvaruli qmrisa T¢sisa¡ da yo-
velTa guliTa Seudga igi qristEsa aRsrulebad mcnebaTa misTa~.45 juanSeri ar afasebs
41
nadareiSvili g., ganqorwineba qarTuli samarTlis mixedviT, qarTuli samarTlis
istoriis sakiTxebi, I, Tb., 1973, 314.
42
iqve.
43
44
45
juanSeri, cxovreba vaxtang gorgaslisa, qarTlis cxovreba, I, Tb., 2012, 182.
12
am epizods da mxolod varsqenis reaqcias gadmoscems: „maSin varsqen Seudga mravalRo-

ned pirvelad liqniTa da vedrebiTa da niWsa micemiTa, Semdgomad Seagdo satanjvel-
sa didsa, romlisa sigrZisagan ara davweren Ruawlni wmidisa SuSanikisni da mokla igi
qmarman misman, varsqen erisTavman~.46 maSasadame, am cnobis mixedviT, varsqenma jer awa-
ma da Semdeg mokla coli. mniSvnelovania, rom juanSeri ara marto varsqenis mier co-
lis wamebas aRwers, ris Sedegadac igi gardaicvala, aramed pirdapir kvalifikacias
aZlevs pitiaxSis moqmedebas - „mokla igi qmarman misman, varsqen erisTavman~.47
cxadia, arsebobs somxuri wyaroebic „SuSanikis wamebis~ Sesaxeb. amasTan, Zegli
mTlianad ar aris somxurad naTargmni da mxolod originalis mokle Sinaarss warmo-
adgens.48 magaliTad, swored aseTi saxis wyaroa uxtanesis Txzuleba „istoria gamo-
yofisa qarTvelTa somexTagan~, romlis 67-e Tavi SuSanikis wamebas exeba.49 marTalia,
Zegli ramdenime detaliT gansxvavdeba originalisgan,50 magram, samwuxarod, raime da-
matebiTi informacia wamebis an, sazogadod, V saukunis saojaxo yofis Sesaxeb arc ux-
tanesTan ar ikiTxeba. gamodis, rom Cvenamde moRweul ZeglebSi, rogorc saistorio,
ise literaturulSi, pirdapiri Sefaseba am ojaxuri konfliqtisa, erTi mxriv, SuSani-
kis qmedebebisa, misi sasaxlidan wasvlis da qmris daumorCileblobis, da, meore mxriv,
varsqenis pasuxismgeblobis an uflebis ganxorcielebis Sesaxeb, ar moipoveba. Tumca
arsebobs erTi qarTuli istoriuli cnoba varsqenis sikvdilis Sesaxeb, riTac das-
turdeba misi sikvdiliT dasja SuSanikis mkvlelobis gamo.51 mecnierebaSi es cnoba did
azrTa sxvadasxvaobas iwvevs da ar aris gaziarebuli umravlesobis mier. magram unda
aRiniSnos, rom sxva wyaro pitiaxSis sikvdilis Sesaxeb ar aris SemorCenili. cnobilia,
rom „SuSanikis wamebaSi~ ar aris naxsenebi varsqenis sikvdili, amis erT-erT mizezad,
gavrcelebuli mosazrebiT, Zeglis Sedgenis TariRi miiCneva.52 marTlac, iakob xuce-
sisTvis cnobili rom yofiliyo varsqenis sikvdili, is aucileblad moixseniebda am
faqts TxzulebaSi, gansakuTrebiT maSin, Tu am sikvdilis mizezi misi dasja iqneboda
46
47
48
abulaZe i., qarTuli da somxuri literaturis urTierToba, IX-X ss., gamokvleva da
teqstebi, Tb., 1944, 0172.
49
uxtanesi, istoria gamoyofisa qarTvelTa somexTagan, somxuri teqsti qarTuli
TargmaniTa da gamokvlevebiT gamosca z. aleqsiZem, Tb., 1975, 386-393.
50
naSromis ganxilvisas z. aleqsiZe saubrobs erT detalze, rac Cvenamde moRweuli mar-
tvilobis qarTuli da somxuri versiebisagan gamoyofs somexi istorikosis nawarmoebebs.
saxeldobr, uxtanesi ase aRwers varsqenis mier SuSanikis eklesiidan sasaxlemde Trevis
faqts: varsqenma SuSaniki `jer aTria quCebze da gzebze, scema da daumsxvria mas piri
da yba...“ arc qarTuli da arc somxuri versia martvilobisa ar icnobs am epizodis
am detalebs, Cvenamde moRweul versiebSi ar aris naxsenebi arc quCebi da arc gzebi.
ix., uxtanesi, istoria gamoyofisa qarTvelTa somexTagan, somxuri teqsti qarTuli
TargmaniTa da gamokvlevebiT gamosca z. aleqsiZem, Tb., 1975, 388.
51
52
ix. iakob curtaveli, SuSanikis wameba, giorgi merCule, grigol xanZTelis cxovreba,
teqti gamosacemad moamzades, leqsikonebi da gamokvleva daurTes z. sarjvelaZem, k.
daneliam, e. giunaSvlma; redaqtori e. gabiZaSvili, Tb., 1986, 43; kekeliZe k., Zveli qarTuli
mwerlobis istoria, I, Tb., 1951, 105-106.
13
dedoflis wamebis gamo. juanSeri varsqenis sikvdils ase aRwers: „maSin bakur, mefeman
qarTvelTaman, mouwoda yovelTa erisTavTa da Semokribna laSqarni farulad da ware-
marTa varsqen velsa gare dga kidesa mtkvarisasa, sada SeerTvis mdinare anakertisai
mtkuarsa, daesxa da Seipyra varsqen da daWres wulilad asoni misni, damohkides xesa.
xolo guami SuSanikisi warmoiRes didiTa pativiTa da dahfles curtavsa~.53 rogorc
iTqva, es epizodi did vnebaTaRelvas iwvevs samecniero literaturaSi. yuradsaRebia,
rom, zogadad, juanSeris naSromis reputacia metad araerTgvarovania. mecnierTa na-
wili miiCnevs, rom masSi bevri ararealuri ambavia moTxrobili, is naxevrad mxatvrul
nawarmoebadac ki moixsenieba.54 Sesabamisad, misi Sefaseba varsqenis dasjis motivebis
Sesaxebac didi kiTxvis niSnis qveS dgas. magaliTad, iv. javaxiSvilis SeniSvniT, mosaz-
reba, TiTqos varsqeni colis mkvlelobis gamo mokles, „mermindeli mematianes wadi-
lia~ da ar Seesabameba sinamdviles.55 misi azriT, amis dasturia is faqti, rom varsqeni
SuSanikis gardacvalebidan 12 wlis Semdeg iqna mokluli, amitom nakleb savaraudoa,
rom vaxtang gorgasali mas 12 wlis Semdeg gausworda.56 pitiaxSis sikvdils politikur
sarCuls udebs vaxtang inauric. misi TqmiT, varsqeni „mefem gawira politikuri da ara
religiuri mizniT~.57
marTlac, gasaziarebelia iv. javaxiSvilis mosazreba imis Taobaze, rom varsqenis
dasjis dros vaxtang gorgasals „sarwmunoebrivi mosazrebebiT ar uxelmZRvanelia~.58
rTuli warmosadgenia, rom gorgasals 12 weli dasWirveboda varsqenis dasasjelad da
es maSin, rodesac pitiaxSis saqcieli cnobili iyo maSindeli sazogadoebisaTvis da aS-
kara gakicxvasac imsaxurebda. amis dasturia „SuSanikis wamebis~ bolo scena, rodesac
dedofals pativiT emSvidobebian. n. janaSias marTebuli dakvirvebiT, marTalia, epis-
koposi samoeli piradad ar eswreba SuSanikis dakrZalvas, magram is Tavis TanaSemwe
ioanes agzavnis.59 mecnieris azriT, es faqti aSkara dadasturebaa imisa, rom „qarTlis
eklesia udides mniSvnelobas aniWebda SuSanikis mowameobriobas, riTac kidev erTxel
saqveynod ikicxeboda varsqeni da misi saqcieli~.60 Tavad nawarmoebSi erTmniSvnelo-
vania avtoris, iakob xucesis, poziciac. es gasakviric ar aris, literaturuli Janris
da avtoris dedoflisadmi damokidebulebis gaTvaliswinebiT. is faqti, rom varsqenis
qmedeba V saukuneSi garkveul gakicxvas iwvevs, Zalian mniSvnelovania, magram mtkice-
ba imisa, rom varsqens ar hqonda SuSanikis dasjis ufleba, rom masze ar vrceldeboda
qmris xelisufleba, agreTve metad rTulia. safiqrebelia, varsqenis qmedebisadmi pro-
tests maSindel sazogadoebaSi da saeklesio wreebSi, upirvelesad, is ganapirobebs,
rom dedofali sarwmunoebisaTvis ibrZvis da ara is, rom qmarma coli awama da mokla.
amasTan, es aRSfoTebac ar aris aSkarad gamoxatuli da varsqens, misi poziciidan ga-
53
54
55
javaxiSvili iv., Txzulebani Tormet tomad, I, Tb., 1979, 326-327.
56
iqve, 327.
57
inauri v., varsqen pitiaxSis tragedia, Tb., 2004, 18.
58
javaxiSvili iv., Txzulebani Tormet tomad, I, Tb., 1979, 327.
59
60
iqve, 262.
14
momdinare, pirdapir veravin ver upirispirdeba. sasuliero pirebic masTan mowiwebiT

iqcevian da mxolod dedoflis nugeSiT Semoifarglebian. ra Tqma unda, aseTi viTare-
ba saerTod ar aris gasakviri V saukunisaTvis. amitom juanSeris poziciac varsqenis
dasjis motivis Sesaxeb missave survils unda mieweros. Tumca mematianis arazusti in-
terpretaciac didi informaciis matarebelia. gamodis, rom, istorikosis SefasebiT,
varsqeni imsaxurebs dasjas misi colis mkvlelobis gamo, anu, misi azriT, pitiaxSs ar
unda hqonoda legitimuri ufleba, ewamebina da, sabolood, moekla dedofali. magram
aqac ar Rirs iluziis Seqmna, TiTqos XI saukunisaTvis zogadad colis mkvlelobis re-
gulacia xdeba da ojaxSi Zaladobis forma – colis mkvleloba nebismier SemTxveva-
Si akrZalulia. naTelia, rom juanSeris poziciac damyarebulia SuSanikis mowamebriv
sikvdilsa da mis Tavganwirvaze sarwmunoebis gamo.
amrigad, V saukunis Zegli „SuSanikis wameba~ unikalur informacias gvawvdis ma-
Sindeli saojaxo yofis Sesaxeb. marTalia, SuSanikis motivebi Rrmad sarwmunoebrivia,
magram saojaxo konfliqti saxezea – coli tovebs qmars, ar emorCileba mas da amis ga-
mo iRebs sastik sasjels – cemas, dilegSi Camwyvdevas, borkilebis dadebas, TmiT Tre-
vas, da, sabolood, sikvdils. varsqens amisaTvis pasuxs aravin ar sTxovs. is misi colis
baton-patronia. marTalia, varsqenis qmedeba iwvevs sazogadoebis uaryofiT ganwyo-
bas, garkveul gakicxvasac, magram misi poziciidan gamomdinare, mas pirdapir veravin
upirispirdeba. sabolood, vaxtang gorgasali varsqens sikvdiliT sjis, magram amis
realuri safuZveli pitiaxSis mier Cadenili saxelmwifo Ralatia da ara misi colis
wameba da mkvleloba. maSasadame, Cvenamde moRweul werilobiT masalaze dayrdnobiT,
SesaZlebelia davaskvnaT, rom V saukuneSi ojaxSi Zaladobis maregulirebeli normebi
saqarTveloSi ar arsebobda.
2.2. mruSi colis mkvleloba
qarTuli pozitiuri samarTali icnobda colisa da qmris sicocxlis xelyofis

amkrZalav normebs, rac gamoricxavda qmris absolutur uflebas colze. Tumca isic
aRiniSna, rom zogierT SemTxvevaSi qarTuli sjuldeba gamonaklissac iTvaliswineb-
da da qmars colis mkvlelobisTvis am ukanasknelis braleulobis gaTvaliswinebiT
sTxovda pasuxs. amis sailustraciod ganxiluli iqneba vaxtang VI-is samarTlis wignis
42-e muxli, romelic pasuxismgeblobis gamomricxvel garemoebebs CamoTvlis: „amaTi
sisxlis ar iTxovebis da arc gaCndebis~ da maT ricxvSi me-9 nawilSi asaxelebs qmris
mier moRalate colis mkvlelobasac – `Tu kacman Tavisi coli bozobaze daaxelos
da moklas, arc Zmisagan, arc naTesavisagan sisxlis ar eTxovebis~.61 moRalate colis
mkvlelobis patieba ar niSnavda qmris ganusazRvreli Zalauflebis arsebobas col-
ze. am muxliT kanonmdebeli iTvaliswinebda „bozobaze daxelebis~ anu Ralatis dros
waswrebis faqts, qmris emociur mdgomareobas da swored amitom gamoricxavda mis pa-
suxismgeblobas. g. nadareiSvilis marTebuli ganmartebiT, is, rom qmars ar aqvs ganu-
sazRvreli xelisufleba colze, amave muxlis sxva punqtiT gaTvaliswinebuli kidev
61
samarTali vaxtang meeqvsisa, teqsti daadgina da saZiebeli daurTo i. doliZem, Tb., 1981,
194.
15
erTi pasuxismgeblobis gamomricxveli garemoebiTac dasturdeba, romlis mixedviT,

„Seuracxyofil qmars ara marto colis, aramed colis sayvarlis mokvlis uflebac eZ-
leoda~.62 metic, Ralatis SemTxvevaSi kanonmdebeli iviwyebs socialur uTanasworo-
bas da ymas batonis mokvlis uflebasac ki aZlevs, Tu `mas Tavis colTan mwoliares
waaswrebs~.63 gamodis, rom colis Ralats, rogorc misi mkvlelobis Cadenis motivs,
kanonmdebeli gansakuTrebul yuradRebas uTmobs, iTvaliswinebs im zians, rac am qme-
debam miayena qmars da swored amitom patiobs mas umarTlobis Cadenas. ra Tqma unda,
Zegli pasuxismgeblobisagan aTavisuflebs mxolod mamakacs da aseTi qmedebis Cade-
nas, anu moRalate qmris mokvlas colis mier, ar miiCnevs arc pasuxismgeblobis gamom-
ricxvelad da arc Semamsubuqebel garemoebad. es gasakviric ar aris, radgan cnobi-
lia, rom Zvel saqarTveloSi mruSoba metwilad qalebis danaSaulad iyo miCneuli da,
Sesabamisad, sasjelic mxolod maT moelodaT am qmedebisaTvis. Tumca niSandoblivia,
rom braleuli colis mkvlelobas yvela qarTuli samarTlis Zegli ar miiCnevs pasu-
xismgeblobis gamomricxvel garemoebad. vaxtang VI-is samarTlis krebulSi arsebuli
somxuri samarTali aseT qmedebas ar patiobs mis Camdens da, Sesabamisad, sjis amsru-
lebels – `Tu kacman, vinca Tavisi coli moklas bozobisTvis, misis sisxlis mzRveve-
li iyos samarTalSi, amitom rome R-Tn bozobisTvis gaSveba brZana, ara Tu sikvdili.~64
aseTsave xazs atarebs daviT batoniSvilis samarTlis 75-e muxli, magram gansxvavebiT
somxuri samarTlisagan, metad mkacrad, simboluri talioniT, marjvenis mokveTiT,
sjis danaSaulis subieqts: „vinca colsa zeda moklas kaci da anu TviT coli, moekve-
Tos marjuena da anu Jam ramodenamde samefosa samuSavosa warigzavnos mpyrobelad,
miT rome gamumaxvelobiTa da sjulisa gardamavlobiTa iqmna igi kacis-mkulel, rame-
Tu ara mouTmina man samarTalsa da TviT qmna man gansja, romelica ara jer iyo misda.~65
naTelia, rom qarTuli samarTali araTanmimdevrulia am sakiTxTan mimarTebiT. marTa-
lia, vaxtang IV-is samarTlis wigni Tavisi mniSvnelobiTa da gavleniT gacilebiT maR-
la dgas, vidre zemoT dasaxelebuli Zeglebi, amasTan, somxuri samarTali vaxtang VI-is
samarTlis kodeqsis nawilia da mxolod damatebiTi, Semavsebeli funqcia aqvs, magram
mocemuli kolizia mainc mniSvnelovania. igi miuTiTebs imaze, rom qmris mier colis
mkvleloba, aseTi „legitumuri~ safuZvlis gamoc ki, kiTxvis niSnis qveS idga. albaT,
swored amitom kanonmdebeli (daviT batoniSvili) usamarTlod miiCnevda vaxtang VI-is
samarTlis wignis danawess da Tavisi sakanonmdeblo aqtiT cdilobda, Seecvala dadge-
nili wesi. is, miuxedavad colis braleulobisa, sjida mkvlel qmars.
sainteresoa, ra damokidebuleba hqonda msgavsi SemTxvevebis mimarT qarTul Cve-
ulebiT samarTals. zogadi wesis mixedviT, qmars colis sicocxleze ufleba ar hqon-
da, magram sakiTxavia, SeeZlo Tu ara mas, moekla mruSi coli. am sakiTxs exeba d. jala-
baZe fSavis CveulebiTi samarTlis ganxilvisas. avtors ori magaliTi mohyavs:66 pirve-
62
nadareiSvili g., Zveli qarTuli saojaxo samarTali, Tb., 1974, 49.
63
iqve.
64
qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, I, vaxtang VI-is samarTlis krebuli, teqstebi gamosca,
gamokvleva da leqsikoni daurTo prof. i. doliZem, Tb., 1963, 286.
65
samarTali batoniSvilisa daviTisa, teqsti gamosca da gamokvleva daurTo d. furcelaZem,
Tb., 1964, 48.
66
jalabaZe d., danaSauli da sasjeli qarTul CveulebiT (xalxur) samarTalSi, (fSavis
CveulebiTi samarTlis mixedviT), Tb., 2003, 55.
16
li exeba sacolis mkvlelobas. saqmro klavs sacoles, radgan am ukanasknelma piroba

ar Seasrula da sxvas gahyva colad;67 xolo meore SemTxvevaSi ki, qmari klavs cols,
romelic jarSi wasul meuRles ar daeloda da sxvas misTxovda.68 d. jalabaZis azriT,
radgan am ambis mTxrobelebi arafers amboben am pirTa dasjis Sesaxeb, es garemoeba „eW-
vis qveS ayenebs aseTi motiviT Cadenili mkvlelobis dasjadobas da igi SurisZiebis
erT-erT, samarTliT daSvebul, formad unda miviCnioT~.69
mruSi colis dasja ucxo ar iyo qarTuli CveulebiTi samarTlisTvis. iseTi sas-
jelebi, rogorebicaa: Caqolva, virze Sesma, cxviris moWra da gaxeibreba, swored ase-
Ti danaSaulis Camdeni pirisTvis iyo gankuTvnili. amasTan, bolo ori sasjeli qmris
iniciativiTa da xeliT sruldeboda. magram, miuxedavad amisa, naklebad savaraudoa,
rom saqarTveloSi, da masTan fSavSic, qmars mruSi colis mokvlis ufleba hqonoda.
miT umetes, rTulad warmosadgenia, rom dawunebul saqmros moekla sacole da amis-
Tvis sasjeli ar mieRo. amis dasturia vaJa-fSavelas mier moyvanili cnoba saqmroebis
dawunebis Sesaxeb. avtoris TqmiT, „diaci Tu aSkarad daiwunebda qmarsa da am dawune-
bas unamusobiT, moRalatobiT daamarilebda, maSin qmari amisTana cols daasaxiCreb-
da. anu, rogorc fSaveli ityvis, „gaaxaibrebda~ – mosWrida cxvirs an xels, moaklebda
dedakacs kacis Tval-gulis misasvlels Tvisebas – silamazes~.70 Sesabamisad, am cno-
bidan irkveva, rom saqmros hqonda ufleba, daesaxiCrebina damwunebeli da ara moekla
igi. igive wesi moqmedebs xevsureTSic. s. makalaTias cnobiT, qmris dawunebisTvis qals
cxvirisa da bera TiTis moWra uqadda, radgan „pativmoyvare xevsuri colis gaqce-
vas did Seuracxyofad Tvlida, samwunebros ar iRebda da qalis mSoblebs mtrobda~.71
fSavSi qmris mier mruSi colis dasjis imave formaze saubrobs m. kovalevskic. mecni-
eris ganmartebiT, qmars SeeZlo, mruSi coli daesaxiCrebina, rac iwvevda mis gagdebas
saxlidan.72 am SemTxvevaSic avtori arafers ambobs misi mkvlelobis Sesaxeb. qmris uf-
lebas, moklas mruSi coli, gamoricxavs m. kovalevski svaneTSic. avtoris ganmartebiT,
qmars aranairi mizezis gamo ar SeeZlo colis mokvla svaneTSi – maSinac ki, Tu qali
mas Ralatobda, qmari msgavsi qmedebisTvis mainc daisjeboda.73 centraluri kavkasiis
xalxebSi moRalate colis mkvlelobis sakiTxs ixilavs v. iToniSvili. mkvlevris gan-
martebiT, marTalia, mTxrobelebi saubroben imaze, rom mruSi colis mkvleloba qmris
ufleba iyo, magram amavdroulad aRniSnaven, rom aseTi qmedebisTvis qmari SesaZloa,
colis naTesavebis SurisZiebis obieqti gamxdariyo.74 mecnieris TqmiT, zogadi wesis
mixedviT, moRalate colis sikvdiliT dasja CeCneT-inguSeTSi dasaSvebi ar iyo.75 ada-
Tis mixedviT, kacs SeeZlo, „mruSobaSi daWerili kaci moekla, xolo colisTvis cxviri
67
jalabaZe d., danaSauli da sasjeli qarTul CveulebiT (xalxur) samarTalSi, (fSavis
CveulebiTi samarTlis mixedviT), Tb., 2003, 55.
68
iqve.
69
iqve.
70
vaJa-fSavela, eTnografiuli werilebi, tf., 1937, 127.
71
makalaTia s., xevsureTi, tf., 1935, 183.
72
Ковалевский М., Первобытное право, II, Симья, М., 1886, 94.
73
iqve, 49.
74
iToniSvili v., centraluri kavkasiis mTielebis saojaxo yofa, I, naxebisa da osebis
saojaxo yofa, Tb., 1969, 84.
75
iqve.
17
moeWra da gaegdo~.76 adiReelebis SemTxvevaSi ki, „sasjeli mruSi colisTvis damokide-

buli iyo qmarze, romelsac SeeZlo, is moekla an daesaxiCrebina, an Seercxvina (yuris
an Tmebis moWriT) da amgvarad daebrunebina mSoblebisaTvis~.77
gamodis, rom qarTuli CveulebiTi samarTlis mixedviT, qmars mruSi colis mok-
vlis ufleba ar unda hqonoda. mas SeeZlo, daesaja igi – daesaxiCrebina da gaegdo ki-
dec, magram qals, am „sapatio~ mizeziTac ki, dausjelad ver moklavda.
maSasadame, Zveli qarTuli samarTali calke yuradRebas uTmobs mruSi colis
mkvlelobis sakiTxs. vaxtang VI-is samarTlis wigni pasuxismgeblobis gamomricxvel
garemoebad miiCnevs „bozobaze~ colis „daxelebas~. gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom kanoni
qmris mier coli danaSaulze waswrebis dros mkvlelobis Cadenas gulisxmobs da ara
mruSi colis mokvlas, zogadad. Tavis mxriv, somxuri samarTali da daviT batoniSvi-
lis samarTali qmars moRalate colis mkvlelobas ukrZalavs da mas aseTi qmedebis-
Tvis pasuxismgeblobas akisrebs. rac Seexeba CveulebiT samarTals, msgavsad pozitiu-
ri samarTlis normebisa, mruSi colis mkvleloba aqac danaSaulia. qmars SeuZlia, da-
sajos qali, daasaxiCros da gaagdos, magram ver moklavs mas.
2.3. udanaSaulo colis mkvleloba
vaxtang VI-is samarTlis wignis 62-e muxlis mixedviT, udanaSaulo colis mkvle-
loba mkacrad isjeboda. saxeldobr, qmars sisxli unda gadaexada mokluli colis oja-
xisTvis da damatebiT mieRo Semdegi sasjeli: „sakanonosi kaTalikosma icis~.78 amasTan,
gaurkvevlobis SemTxvevaSi, qmars evaleboda, Tavi „ficiT, mduRariT an SanTiT~ gae-
marTlebina. garda am danaSaulisa, Tavis marTlebis aseTi forma gaTvaliswinebuli
iyo mxolod mefis Ralatis, didebulis mkvlelobis an eklesiis ZarcvaSi eWvmitanili
pirebis gamosavlenad.79 amasTan, cnobilia, rom daTqma „sakanonosi kaTalikosma icis~,
niSnavda aseTi saqmis saeklesio sasamarTlosTvis gadacemas. vaxtang VI-is samarTlis
wignis kvalificiuri Semadgenlobebi, maT Soris ojaxis wevrTa mkvlelobis saqmeebi,
samefo da sakaTalikoso sasamarTlos gansjadi iyo da, zog SemTxvevaSi, umaRles sas-
jels da sikvdiliT dasjasac iTvaliswinebda.80 al. vaCeiSvili gamoTqvams mosazrebas,
rom daTqma `Tqven iciT~ an `Cven viciT~, erTi mxriv, gadascems saqmes sxva araordi-
narul sasamarTlos da, amasTan, imdenad ganusazRvrelia, rom SesaZloa, swored sik-
vdiliT dasjas gulisxmobdes.81 danamdvilebiT imisi Tqma, rom udanaSaulo colis
mkvleloba iwvevda sikvdiliT dasjas, rTulia, radgan muxlis Semadgenloba pirdapir
ar azustebs sasjels. danaSauli iTvaliswinebs sisxls rigis mixedviT, magram, radgan
76
iToniSvili v., centraluri kavkasiis mTielebis saojaxo yofa, I, naxebisa da osebis
saojaxo yofa, Tb., 1969, 85.
77
okujava k., XIX saukunis eTnografiuli cnobebi SavizRvispira adiRebis Sesaxeb, Tb., 2003,
31.
78
201.
79
nadareiSvili g., Zveli qarTuli saojaxo samarTali, Tb., 1974, 49.
80
vaCeiSvili al., narkvevebi qarTuli samarTlis istoriidan, I, Tb., 1986, 105.
81
iqve,
18
saqme saeklesio sasamarTlos gadaecemoda, gamoricxuli araa, msgavsad qmris an Zmis

mkvlelobisa, aqac vivaraudoT, rom kanonmdebeli umaRles sasjels gulisxmobs, sul
mcire, uSvebs aseT SesaZleblobas.
zemoT ganxiluli iyo CveulebiTi samarTlis normebi mruSi colis mkvlelobis
Taobaze da iTqva, rom qarTuli CveulebiTi rjuli qmars amis uflebas ar aZlevda.
Sesabamisad, miT umetes, gamoricxuli iyo qmris mier ubralo anu udanaSaulo colis
mkvlelobis daSveba.
siaxle ar aris is faqti, rom CveulebiT samarTalSi axlo naTesavis sicocxlisa
da janmrTelobis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli rigi danaSaulebisa kerZo samarTaldarRve-
vad ganixileba.82 Sesabamisad, aseTi danaSauli pasuxismgeblobis gamomricxveli an Se-
mamsubuqebeli garemoebaa.83 saerTo wesis mixedviT, gvaris SigniT sisxls ar iRebdnen,
xolo ojaxis wevris mkvlelobis SemTxvevaSi, mxolod moraluri gakicxviT Semoifar-
glebodnen.84 Tumca sisxlis gadasaxadisgan gaTavisufleba, cxadia, ar niSnavs aseTi
qmedebis daSvebas, waxalisebas an/da qmris uflebis ganxorcielebas. is garemoeba, rom
umetesad saqarTveloSi ojaxis wevris mkvlels sisxls ar axdevineben, ganpirobebu-
li iyo ekonomikuri faqtoriT. gvaris SigniT sisxlis aRebas azri ar hqonda, radgan
aseT SemTxvevaSi ojaxi ormagad zaraldeboda. amas Tavis droze yuradReba miaqcia
m. kovalevskim da es garemoeba danaSaulis sajaro sawyisis ararsebobiT axsna.85 Tum-
ca saqarTvelos zogierT regionSi colis mkvleloba, ise rogorc ojaxis sxva wevris
mkvleloba, sisxlis gadasaxads iTvaliswinebda, magram amis paralelurad iyo regio-
nebic, sadac aseTi gadasaxadi dawesebuli ar yofila. magaliTad, xevsureTSi colis
mkvlelobisTvis sisxli ar iyo gaTvaliswinebuli da dawesebuli iyo mcire gadasaxa-
di: „qmarma rom coli moklas an mamam Svili, „dedeulebs~ xuTi Zroxa unda misces.~86
maSin, rodesac mamis an Zmis mkvlelobisTvis xevsuruli sjuli sisxls iTvaliswineb-
da. magaliTad, mamis mkvlelobis SemTxvevaSi meore Svils SeeZlo mkvleli ZmisTvis na-
xevari sisxli gadaexdevinebina,87 xolo Zmis mkvlelobis dros, mokluli Zmis SviliS-
vilma Tavsisxli moiTxova da miiRo kidec.88 qmars ar hqonda colis mokvlis ufleba
svaneTSic.89 Tumca gansxvavebiT xevsureTisagan, aq colis mkvleloba „Cveulebriv sis-
xlis aRebas iwvevda~.90 gamodis, rom qarTuli CveulebiTi samarTali qmris mier colis
mkvlelobas krZalavda da damnaSaves Sesabamisad sjida.
Zveli qarTuli samarTali iTvaliswinebda colis mkvlelobis Semadgenlobas da
ojaxis sxva wevrebis msgavsad, mis sicocxlesac icavda. vaxtang VI-is samarTlis wig-
82
83
iqve, 220.
84
am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT ix. daviTaSvili g., danaSauli da sasjeli qarTul CveulebiT
samarTalSi, Tb., 2011, 214; qarTuli CveulebiTi samarTali, m. kekelias redaqtorobiT, III,
Tb., 1991, 75.
85
Ковалевский М., Первобытное право, II, Симья, М., 1886, 34.
86
makalaTia s., xevsureTi, tf., 1935, 88.
87
oCiauri al., piradi arqivi, xevsuruli rjuli, xelnaweri, rveuli 2, 13, 1945; ix., naSromidan:
88
baliauri n., sworfroba xevsureTSi, Tb., 1991, 80.
89
niJaraZe b., istoriul-eTnografiuli werilebi, Tb., 1962, 111.
90
19
ni calke muxls uTmobs colis mkvlelobas da qmars sisxlis gadaxdiT da sakanonoTi

emuqreba. qarTuli CveulebiTi samarTalic, msgavsad pozitiurisa, qmars ar aZlevs
colis mokvlis uflebas da msgavs SemTxvevas danaSaulad miiCnevs.
3. qmris mkvleloba
3.1 Zveli qarTuli samarTlis normebi qmris mkvlelobis Sesaxeb
vaxtang VI-is samarTlis mixedviT, mZime danaSaulTa kategorias miekuTvneboda

da aseve, savaraudod, sikvdiliT isjeboda qmris mkvlelobisaTvis. Zeglis 65-e muxli
qmris mkvlelobis Semadgenlobaa, subieqti colia, obieqti – qmris sicocxle, dana-
Saulis xerxi SeiZleba iyos qmris mokvla wamliT an sxva saSualebiT. rac Seexeba gan-
sjadobas, kanonmdebeli mas ase gansazRvravs: `Tu iseTi ram eqnas rom emarTlebodes,
Tqveni iciT. da Tu ubralod mokla, egec Tqven iciT. RmerTman nu qnas, da Tu Cvens Jam-
Si moxda, Cven viciT.~91 maSasadame, Tu danaSauli Cadenili iqneboda `Cven JamSi~, anu ka-
nonmdebeli mefis periodSi, maSin saqmes, savaraudod, samefo sasamarTlo ganixilav-
da, xolo Semdgom – msgavsad sxva ojaxis wevris mkvlelobisa, saeklesio sasamarTlos
gansjadi gaxdeboda. amasTan, am ukanasknels evaleboda danaSaulis motivis gamor-
kveva da braleulobis sakiTxis dadgenac – „aseTi ram qnas, rom emarTlebodes, Tqven
iciT~. rTuli saTqmelia, ra SeiZleboda yofiliyo colisTvis aseTi qmedebis patiebis
an Semsubuqebis safuZveli. SesaZloa, mxolod varaudi, rom, Tu coli qmars am ukanas-
knelis braleuli qmedebis gamo moklavda, sasamarTlos SeeZlo, gaeTvaliswinebina es
garemoeba. qmris braleuli qmedeba ki SeiZleba yofiliyo SemTxveva, rodesac qmari mas
tanjavda, cudad epyroboda an Seuracxyofas ayenebda. amis Tqmis saSualebas gvaZlevs
Tavad ZeglSi arsebuli norma, romelic krZalavs qmris mier colis mimarT fizikur
Zaladobas da amiT icavs colis janmrTelobas, pativs da Rirsebas (64-e muxli).
qmris sicocxlis uflebas somxuri samarTlis 169-e muxlis meore nawilic icavs,
romlis mixedviTac: `Tu dedakacman Tavisi qmari moklas sasukidune wamliTa anu sxu-
aT riTac saqmiT, imrigad samarTliT aqac gardaaxdevinon da saiqiosac gardaxdes.~92
aqac, msgavsad vaxtang batoniSvilis samarTlisa, danaSaulis Cadenis xerxad wam-
liT an sxva saSualebiT qmris mkvlelobaa dasaxelebuli. amasTan, gansxvavebiT colis
mkvlelobisagan (169-e muxlis pirveli nawili), kanonmdebeli qmris mkvlel dedakacs
gaTvaliswinebul sasjels saiqioSic axdevinebs.
maSasadame, qarTuli pozitiuri samarTali qmris mkvlelobas danaSaulad miiC-
nevs da sjis qmris mkvlel qals. kerZod, mkvlelobis am saxes icnobs vaxtang batoniS-
vilis samarTali da somxuri samarTali. es ukanaskneli cols sasjels saiqioSic ax-
devinebs. vaxtang batoniSvilis samarTlis mixedviT, aseTi danaSaulisaTvis, msgavsad
sxva ojaxis wevrebis mkvlelobis Semadgenlobebisa, sasjelis saxe pirdapir mocemuli
91
202.
92
qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, I, vaxtang VI-is samarTlis krebuli, teqstebi gamosca,
gamokvleva da leqsikoni daurTo prof. i. doliZem, Tb., 1963, 286.
20
ar aris, magram ivaraudeba, rom msgavsi danaSaulisaTvis SesaZloa, sikvdiliT dasja

yofiliyo gaTvaliswinebuli.
3.2 qmris mkvlelobis erTi saqmis Sesaxeb
sakiTxavia, rogori iyo meuRlis mkvlelobis Sesaxeb sasamarTlo praqtika Zve-

lad, ramdenad gamoiyeneboda zemoT dasaxelebuli normebi cxovrebaSi. am WrilSi
samecniero literaturaSi erTi metad saintereso cnoba moipoveba. saxeldobr, n. xi-
zanaSvili (urbneli) aRwers XIX saukuneSi momxdari gaxmaurebuli saqmis Sesaxeb, ro-
melsac sazogadoebaSi didi azrTa sxvadasxvaoba gamouwvevia da maSindeli presis yu-
radRebac daumsaxurebia.93 saqme Seexeboda colis, pupi tuRuSis, mier qmris, daTika
tuRuSis, SekveTiT mkvlelobis faqts.94 saqmis viTareba aseTi iyo: guriaSi mcxovreb
pupi tuRuSs gauCenia sayvareli da masTan erTad leCxumSi gaqceula. qalis es saqcie-
li didi gakicxvis sagani gamxdara, magram amiT daTika tuRuSis ubedoba ar dasrule-
bula, misi gvami Sobis wina Rames tyeSi upoviaT dasaxiCrebuli. sabolood, dadginda,
rom mis cols SekveTiT mouklavs qmari – `pupis sxvebisTvis moekvlevinebina qmari~ –
ambobs xizanaSvili.95
informacia am saqmis Sesaxeb gazeT „iveriaSi~ 1895 wlis 8 aprilis ibeWdeba. sta-
tiis avtori xalxis mier inicirebul da gamomZieblis mier mxardaWeril „samxedro sa-
samarTlos~ moTxovnis ideas akritikebs da mkvlelobas „Cveulebriv mkvlelobad~ ix-
seniebs, gamomZieblis mecadineobas ki upasuxismgeblobad afasebs: `Tu dRes, Cveuleb-
riv, mkvlelobisaTvis xalxi samxedro wess Txoulobs da administracias da sasamar-
Tlo warmomadgenelni amas uwoneben, xval rom xalxma romelime SemTxvevis gamo linCis
wess mihmarTos, vin aris damnaSave~.96 momdevno wlis 1 martis nomerSi korespondenti
kvlav exmianeba am sakiTxs da mkiTxvels saqmis Sedegebs acnobs: pupi da misi Tanamzrax-
velebi daiWires, saqme quTaisis olqis sasamarTlom ganixila: „sasamarTlos, rogorc
TviTon gamotexilan damnaSaveni, as. bolqvaZe da bes. imnaZe mkvlelebad ucvnia da ga-
uTavisuflebia jorbenaZe, romelzec uTqvamT damnaSaveT, mkvlelobaSi eg ar eriao.
xolo braldebulisaTvis yovelgvari uflebis CamorTmevis Semdeg madnebSi muSaoba
gadauwyvetia. pupi tuRuSisaTvis 15 wliT, silovan baramiZisaTvis 20 wliT, xolo as-
lan bolqvaZisa da besarion imnaZisaTvis aTi wliT. 27 Tebervals tfilisis samosamar-
Tlo palatam ganixila es saqme da quTaisis olqis sasamarTlo ganaCeni daamtkica.~97
TavisTavad mocemuli saqme Zalian sainteresoa, is XIX saukunis ojaxSi Zalado-
bis, kerZod colis mier qmris mkvlelobis, praqtikis Sesaxeb informacias gvawvdis, sa-
idanac dgindeba, rom am dros moqmedi sisxlis samarTlis kanonis mixedviT, SekveTiT
qmris mkvlelobisaTvis sasamarTlo braldebuls madnebSi muSaobas ufardebda. am pe-
93
xizanaSvili n., rCeuli iuridiuli nawerebi, Tb., 1982, 527-533.
94
iqve.
95
iqve, 527.
96
lali, gaz., ìveria“, 72, 1895, 8 aprili, SabaTi, 1-2. <http://dspace.nplg.gov.ge/bitstream/1234/
60833/1/Iveria_1895_N72.pdf> [28 maisi, 2015].
97
gaz., ìveria~, 48, 1896, 1 marti, paraskevi, 2. <http://dspace.nplg.gov.ge/bitstream/1234/66569/1/
Iveria_1896_N48.pdf> [28 maisi, 2015].
21
riodSi vaxtang VI-is kodeqsi ukve gauqmebulia da moqmedebs ruseTis imperiis kanon-
mdebloba. Sesabamisad, colis/qmris mkvlelobisadmi Zveli qarTuli samarTlis damo-
kidebulebis dasadgenad es cnoba ar gamodgeba, Tumca metad sayuradReboa am saqmis
Taobaze n. urbnelis statia, sadac avtori danaSauls Zveli qarTuli samarTlis mi-
xedviT ganixilavs.98 avtoris TqmiT, mxolod Zveli qarTuli sisxlis samarTlis gaaz-
rebiT SeiZleba gairkves is didi mRelvareba, rac am danaSaulma maSindel sazogadoeb-
Si gamoiwvia: `Tu lanCxuTis sazogadoeba Txoulobda, rom daTika tuRuSis mkvlelebi
sarCobelazed unda CamohkidoT, amis gavlena Zveli samarTlis gavlenaa, xalxs albaT
jerac ar daviwyebia, rom pupis danaSauli metad rTuli da mZimea~.99 n. urbneli pupis
ara mxolod qmris mkvlelobaSi, aramed Zvel qarTul samarTalSi akrZaluli danaSa-
ulis, mruSobis CadenaSidac edaveba – „pupis wagvra da mruSeba calke danaSauls Se-
adgenda. TavisTavad wavida es diaci, Tu solovan baramiZem waiyvana, sul erTia, orive
SemTxvevaSi qmars gawbileba miayenes~.100 qalma jer daagdo da gaawbila qmari da Semdeg
`Tavis boroteba qmris mokvliT daabolova~.101 n. urbnelis TqmiT, Zvel saqarTveloSi
qmris mkvlelobis Cadena warmoudgeneli iyo – „Znelad Tqmula da gagonila~.102 swored
amitom vaxtang VI-is samarTali ki iTvaliswinebda aseT Semadgenlobas, magram misi sim-
Zimis gaTvaliswinebiT danaSauls sasjels ar uCenda da saqmes gansasjelad mefes da
kaTalikoss gadascemda.103 pupis SemTxvevaSi es danaSauli motiviTac damZimebuli iyo,
amitom xalxis moTxovna, CamoexrCoT damnaSaveni, avtors gasagebad miaCnia. marTalia,
qarTuli samarTali, somxurisgan gansxvavebiT, qals garkveul statuss aZlevda, mag-
ram „qarTveli qalic qmris mona da mosamsaxure iyo da Zvelad aseT arsebas rom qmari
moekla, daswvavdnen, Cahqolavdnen xolme~.104 maSasadame, n. urbnelis cnobiT, Zvelad
saqarTveloSi qmris mkvlelobisTvis SesaZloa, coli CaeqolaT an daewvaT. marTalia,
Zveli qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi msgavs sasjelebs pirdapir ar iTvaliswinebs, mag-
ram, radgan qmris mkvlelobisTvis sasjeli ganusazRvrelia, danaSauli ki metad mZi-
me, gamoricxuli araa, rom damnaSaves sikvdiliT dasjiT gasworebodnen da, masTan, Ca-
qolviT an dawviTac. cxadia, n. urbnelisTvis cnobili unda yofiliyo Zvel saqarTve-
loSi gabatonebuli praqtika da Cveuleba da, savaraudod, swored am codnas eyrdnoba
misi zemoT dasaxelebuli mosazrebac.
98
urbneli, sisxlis samarTlis mematianedan, qmris mokvla, gaz., ìveria~, №50, 1896, 3 marti,
kvira, 1-3; < http://dspace.nplg.gov.ge/bitstream/1234/66571/1/Iveria_1896_N50.pdf> [28 maisi, 2015].
agreTve ix. xizanaSvili n., rCeuli iuridiuli nawerebi, Tb., 1982, 527-533.
99
xizanaSvili n., rCeuli iuridiuli nawerebi, Tb., 1982, 528.
100
xizanaSvili n., rCeuli iuridiuli nawerebi, Tb., 1982, 530.
101
iqve, 532.
102
iqve.
103
iqve.
104
iqve.
22
4. daskvna
Zveli qarTuli samarTali icnobs colisa da qmris mkvlelobis amkrZalav nor-

mebs. qarTuli pozitiuri samarTali calke gamoyofs mruSi colis mkvlelobis sa-
kiTxs. vaxtang VI-is samarTlis wigni pasuxismgeblobis gamomricxvel garemoebad mi-
iCnevs „bozobaze~ colis „daxelebas~. amasTan, gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom kanoni qmris
mier colis danaSaulze waswrebis dros mkvlelobis Cadenas gulisxmobs da ara mru-
Si colis mokvlas, zogadad. Tavis mxriv, somxuri samarTali da daviT batoniSvilis
samarTali qmars moRalate colis mkvlelobas ukrZalavs da mas aseTi qmedebisTvis
pasuxismgeblobas akisrebs. rac Seexeba CveulebiT samarTals, msgavsad pozitiuri sa-
marTlis normebisa, mruSi colis mkvleloba aqac danaSaulia. qmars SeuZlia, dasajos
qali, daasaxiCros da gaagdos, magram mas ver moklavs.
Zveli qarTuli samarTali iTvaliswinebs colis mkvlelobis zogad Semadgen-
lobasac. saxeldobr, qarTuli samarTali udanaSaulo, ubralo colis mkvlelobas
krZalavs. vaxtang VI-is samarTlis wigni calke muxls uTmobs aseTi saxis mkvlelobas
da qmars sisxlis gadaxdiT da sakanonoTi emuqreba. qarTuli CveulebiTi samarTalic,
msgavsad pozitiurisa, qmars ar aZlevs colis mokvlis uflebas da aseT qmedebas dana-
Saulad miiCnevs.
garda pirdapiri wyaroebisa, colis mkvlelobis Sesaxeb garkveul informacias
vigebT pirveli qarTuli werilobiTi Zeglis, „SuSanikis wamebis~, mixedviTac. nawarmo-
ebi unikalur informacias gvawvdis maSindeli saojaxo yofis Sesaxeb. Txzulebis teq-
stisa da V saukunis sxva istoriuli dokumentebis analiziT irkveva, rom am periodSi
ojaxSi Zaladobis maregulirebeli normebi saqarTveloSi ar arsebobda.
rac Seexeba qmris mkvlelobas, Zveli qarTuli samarTali aseT mkvlelobas dana-
Saulad miiCnevs da mkacrad sjis qmris mkvlel qals. kerZod, mkvlelobis am saxes ic-
nobs vaxtang VI-is samarTali da somxuri samarTali. es ukanaskneli cols sasjels sai-
qioSic axdevinebs. vaxtang batoniSvilis samarTlis mixedviT, aseTi danaSaulisaTvis,
msgavsad sxva ojaxis wevrebis mkvlelobis Semadgenlobebisa, sasjelis saxe pirdapir
mocemuli ar aris, magram ivaraudeba, rom msgavsi danaSaulisaTvis SesaZloa, sikvdi-
liT dasja iyos gaTvaliswinebuli.
23
*
naTia CitaSvili
mediaciis eTikis regulirebis farglebi da

eTikis standartiT boWvis adresatebi
mediaciis sakanonmdeblo mowesrigebis kvaldakval eTikis wesebis drouli

dadgena Sesabamisi praqtikis srulfasovani ganviTarebisaTvis gardauva-
li aucileblobaa. eTikis standartebiT boWvis adresatebad saerTaSoriso
praqtikaSi ganixilaven ara mxolod mediators, aramed mediaciaSi monawile
mxareTa warmomadgenlebs, mesame pirebs, mediaciis administrirebis ganma-
xorcielebel samediacio centrebs – e.w. `servisprovaiderebs~. mediaciis
eTikis standartebis arseboba Sesabamisi sferos profesiad formirebis –
`profesionalizaciis~ – maniSnebelia, rameTu misi warmomadgenlebi sakuTar
profesiul qcevebze pasuxismgeblobas kisruloben zemoaRniSnuli standa-
tebis Sesabamisad.
statiaSi ganxilulia mediaciis eTikis regulirebis aucilebloba sa-
qarTveloSi da arsebuli gamowvevebi, eTikis normebis aRsrulebis sirTule,
eTikis standartebiT boWvis subieqtebi da im sakiTxTa wre, romelTa mowes-
rigebac mizanSewonilia, moicvas mediaciis eTikis kodeqsma.
sakvanZo sityvebi: mediaciis eTika, mxareTa TviTgamorkveva, miukerZoeb-

loba, interesTa konfliqti, kompetencia, konfidencialuroba, procesis
xarisxi, reklamireba, mediaciiT momsaxurebis safasuri, mediaciis xarjebi.
*
samarTlis doqtori, Tsu-is iuridiuli fakultetis asistent-profesori.
madlobas vuxdi germaniis akademiuri gacvlis samsaxurs (DAAD) moniWebuli kvle-
viTi stipendiisTvis, romlis farglebSic SesaZlebeli gaxda berlinis humbold-
tis universitetis iuridiuli fakultetis, berlinis saxelmwifo biblioTekis
da hamburgis maqs plankis saxelobis sazRvargareTis qveynebisa da saerTaSori-
so kerZo samarTlis institutis kvleviTi resursebis gamoyenebiT winamdebare publika-
ciis momzadeba.
24
naTia CitaSvili, mediaciis eTikis regulirebis farglebi da
`mediacia moiTxovs formalur wesebs,

magram imedi maqvs, rom isini cotaa.
winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, Cven davkargavT arss~ 
I. Sesavali
saqarTveloSi mediaciis institucionalizaciis gzaze akademiuri sferos war-

momadgenlebi da praqtikosebi erTsulovnad Tanxmdebian, rom eTikis wesebis drouli
dadgena mediaciis praqtikis srulfasovani ganviTarebisTvis gardauvali aucileb-
lobaa.
eTika, misi arsis gaTvaliswinebiT, moklebulia zusti gansazRvrebis SesaZleb-
lobas. zogadad, is SeiZleba ganimartos rogorc garkveuli profesiuli jgufisaTvis
aRiarebuli qcevis wesebis erToblioba.1 èTikurad iTvleba damkvidrebul profesi-
ul standartebTan Sesabamisi qceva.~2 `misi Seswavla gulisxmobs moraluri gadawyveti-
lebebis kvlevas, maTi avkargianobis gansazRvras moraluri valdebulebebis TvalTa-
xedviT.~3 `tradiciuli samarTlebrivi gansazRvrebis Sesabamisad, eTikuri miemarTeba
moralur qcevas, qmedebas, motivs an profesiuli qcevis standartis maxasiaTeblebs.~4
èTikis normebis ganmtkiceba Sesabamisi sferos profesiad Camoyalibebis maniS-
nebelia,“5 radgan `TviTregulirebadi profesiebi, rogorc wesi, iTxoven maTi warmo-
madgenlebis gansazRvruli eTikis normebisadmi daqvemdebarebas.“6 eTikis wesebis dad-
gena metyvelebs, rom Sesabamisi sferos warmomadgenlebi mzad arian, ikisron pasuxis-
mgebloba sakuTar profesiul qmedebebze.7
mediaciis eTika Tvisebrivad gansxvavebul konceptualur analizs moiTxovs,
radgan aq iuristis profesiuli qcevis standartebi da mediatoris eTikis normebi ur-
TierTgadajaWvulia. `rTulia eTikuri da mediatoris saqmianobis standartebTan Se-
sabamisi qcevis gansxvaveba. magaliTad, mediatoris konfidencialurobasa da neitra-
lurobasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi imTaviTve eTikurs miemarTeba, Tumca, mediato-
ris profesiis ganviTarebasTan erTad, maT Soris sazRvrebi bunebrivad gaimijneba~.8
**
Letter from Jacob A. Stein, Esq., Partner, Stein, Mitchell and Mezines, Washington, D.C. to Carrie Menkel-
Meadow, Professor of Law, Georgetown University Law Center, April 29, 1997, miTiTebulia: Menkel-
Meadow C., The Silences of the Restatement of the Law Governing Lawyers: Lawyering as Only Adversary
Practice, Georgetown University Law Center, 10 Geo. J. Legal Ethics 631, 1997, 631.
1
Wilson B., Mediation Ethics: An Exploration of Four Seminal Texts, 12 Cardozo J. Conflict Resol., 2010-2011,
122.
2
Merriam Webster’s Collegial Dictionary 398 (10th ed., 1993), miTiTebulia: Kovach K.K., Mediation,
Principles and Practice, 3rd ed., Thomson West, United States of America, 2004, 395.
3
iqve.
4
Black’s Law Dictionary, 573, 7th ed. 1999.
5
Shapira O., A Theory of Mediator’s Ethics, Cambridge University Press, 2016, 35; Schein E.H., Professional
Education: Some New Directions, 1972, 8-9, miTiTebulia: Kovach K.K., Mediation, Principles and Practice,
3rd ed., Thomson West, United States of America, 2004, 395.
6
Kovach K.K., Mediation, Principles and Practice, 3rd ed., Thomson West, United States of America, 2004, 395.
7
Pritchard M.S., Professional Integrity: Thinking Ethically, Univ. Pr. of Kansas, 2006, 87.
8
25
`mediaciis eTikis normebiT umTavresad ikrZaleba qceva, romelic emsaxureba me-

diatoris, mxaris, warmomadgenlis an misi klientis mier usafuZvlo da arasaTanado
sargeblis miRebas“,9 an upiratesobis mopovebas sxva pirebis xarjze.10 èTikis stan-
dartebis dadgenis aucilebloba Tanabrad miemarTeba ara mxolod mediators, aramed
mediaciaSi monawile mxareTa warmomadgenlebs da mesame pirebs. amasTan, umniSvnelo-
vanesia eTikuri valdebulebebis dadgena mediaciis provaideri organizaciebisTvi-
sac, romlebic administrirebas uweven mediaciiT momsaxurebas“11 da am gziT Sesabamisi
praqtikis ganviTarebaze mniSvnelovnad zemoqmedeben.
statiaSi ganxilulia mediaciis eTikis regulirebis aucilebloba saqarTveloSi,
arsebuli gamowvevebi, eTikis normebis aRsrulebis sirTule, eTikis standartiT boW-
vis subieqtebi da im sakiTxTa wre, romlis mowesrigebac mizanSewonilia, moicvas medi-
aciis eTikis kodeqsma.
II. mediaciis eTikis regulirebis aucilebloba da

arsebuli gamowvevebi
èTikuri qcevis standartis arseboba bevri profesiisTvis Tvisebrivi maxasia-

Tebelia, Tumca mediatoris qcevis wesebis dadgena imTaviTve gulisxmobs konceptu-
alur winaaRmdegobas mediaciis bunebasTan, rameTu misi arsobrivi niSnuli nebayof-
lobiToba da aramboWavi xasiaTia, xolo procesis moqniloba – mediaciis erT-erTi
umTavresi upiratesoba.12
`mediaciis procesis moqniloba ganapirobebs farTo speqtris davebis mediaci-
is farglebSi gadawyvetis SesaZleblobas. mkacri qcevis wesebis dadgena mediators am
moqnilobas daakargvinebs.“13 `gansxvavebuli stilisa da teqnikis mediaciisTvis gan-
viTarebis SesaZleblobis misaniWeblad aucilebelia mediaciis eTikis standartebis
elastikurobis uzrunvelyofa. rogorc eTikuri normebisaTvis araTavsebadia zedme-
ti moqniloba, ise mediaciisaTvis arsobrivad Seusabamoa garkveuli CarCoebis, stan-
dartebis daweseba da maTi mkacri aRsrulebis uzrunvelyofa.
vinaidan mediacia interdisciplinur sferosTan dakavSirebuli kategoriaa, ro-
melime momijnave profesiuli eTikis standartebis avtomaturi gavrceleba masze,
bunebrivia, ar iqneba gamarTlebuli. aseve, ar SeiZleba iTqvas, rom mediatorebi maTi
Tavdapirveli, ZiriTadi profesiis eTikis wesebiT unda iyvnen SeboWilni, rameTu es
wesebi SesaZlebelia, uadgilo, SeuTavsebeli aRmoCndes mediaciis konteqstisaTvis.14
mediaciis eTikis standartebis dadgenis procesSi mniSvnelovan arsobriv dab-
rkolebad SesaZlebelia ganxilul iqnes mediaciis sferos interdisciplinuri xasi-
9
Riskin L.L., Awareness and Ethics in Dispute Resolution and Law, Why Mindfulness Tends to Foster Ethical
Behavior, Tex. L. Rev., Vol. 50:493, 2009, 496-498.
10
Shapira O., A Theory of Mediator’s Ethics, Cambridge University Press, 2016, 187.
11
12
iqve.
13
iqve, 400.
14
iqve, 397.
26
aTi, wesebis aRsrulebis uzrunvelyofis mkacri meqanizmebisa da sanqciebis dauSveb-

loba, Tavad mediaciis regulirebisadmi daqvemdebarebisa da misi aucileblobis dasa-
buTebis sirTule.15
eTikuri dilema warmoiSoba maSin, rodesac mediatori, Tavisi profesiidan ga-
momdinare, SezRudulia sxva profesiis, magaliTad: eqimis, iuristis, fsiqologis,
pedagogis, profesiuli eTikis standartebiT da gamosayenebeli qcevis wesebis gan-
sazRvris sakiTxi dgeba dRis wesrigSi. Sesabamisad, `qcevis wesebis konkurenciasTan
erTad mniSvnelovani xdeba uflebamosili instituciis gansazRvra, romelsac SeeZle-
ba, aamoqmedos sanqciebi da pasuxismgeblobis zomebi eTikis wesebis darRvevaze rea-
girebis saxiT.“16 zogadad, es institucia SeiZleba iyos mediaciis provaideri organi-
zacia, saagento, mediatorTa asociacia, savaldebulo mediaciis ganmaxorcielebeli
sasamarTlo da sxv. Tumca, rodesac mediatori imavdroulad sxva profesiis eTikis
normebiTac aris SezRuduli, pasuxismgeblobis damkisrebeli subieqtis gansazRvra
erTmniSvnelovnad SeuZlebelia.
nebismieri sferos eTikisaTvis saerToa arajerovnebis, sicruis, interesTa kon-
fliqtisa da arakeTilsindisierebis prevenciis mizani. Tumca, saerTo jamSi, sxva sfe-
ros profesiuli standartebi araTu arsobrivad SeuTavsebelia mediaciasTan, aramed
xSirad pirdapir ewinaaRmdegeba mediatoris neitralurobis princips,17 rac kidev er-
Txel gamokveTs mediaciis sferoSi damoukidebeli eTikuri standartebis dadgenis
aucileblobas.18
eTikis regulireba pirdapir ukavSirdeba Sesabamisi wesebis aRsrulebis uzrun-
velyofas. eTikis, rogorc samarTlebrivad aramboWavi19 standartebis, aRsrulebis
sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT arsebobs midgoma, rom eTikis kodeqsis, rogorc aseTis, dam-
tkiceba davis gadawyvetis sferoSi moqmedi msxvili da gavleniani organizaciebis20
mier21 TavisTavad uzrunvelyofs mediatorTa am windaxedulebisa da qcevis standar-
tebiT SeboWvas.22 Tumca, gansxvavebuli mosazrebis Tanaxmad, wesebis SesrulebisaTvis
aucilebelia, pasuxismgeblobis zomebis gansazRvra, rogorebicaa: mediatoris li-
cenziis CamorTmeva, saqmianobis SezRudva, mediatorTa asociaciebis mier discipli-
15
16
iqve, 401.
17
iqve, 397.
18
procesSi mediatorad monawile advokatis advokatTa profesiuli eTikis wesebiT boWvis
sakiTxze ix. Furlan F., Blumstein E., Hofstein D.N., Ethical Guidelines for Attorney-Mediators: Are Attorneys
Bound by Ethical Codes for Lawyers When Acting as Mediators?, 14 J. Am. Acad. Matrimonial Law, 1997, 267-
331.
19
Ware S.J., Principles of Alternative Dispute Resolution, 2nd ed., Concise Hornbook Series, Thomson West, 2007,
323.
20
rogoric iyo, magaliTad, mediatorTa qcevis modeluri standartebis mimRebi aSS-is
arbitraJis, advokatTa da konfliqtebis mogvarebis sami asociacia.
21
Young M., Rejoice! Rejoice! Rejoice, Give Thanks and Sing: ABA, ACR and AAA Adopt Revised Model
Standards of Conduct for Mediators, Appalachian Journal of Law, Vol. 5, 2006, 195.
22
Waldman E., Mediation Ethics, Cases and Commentaries, Jossey-Bass, A Wiley Imprint, United States of
America, 2011, 10.
27
nuri pasuxismgeblobis dakisreba, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, sisxlis an samoqalaqo pasu-

xisgebaSi micema.23
zemoaRniSnuli gamowvevebis miuxedavad, im gavlenis gaTvaliswinebiT, rac me-
diaciam SeiZleba moaxdinos pirovnebaTa cxovrebaze, mediatoris qcevis regulire-
ba gardauvali aucilebloba xdeba. amitomac, xsenebuli ori mniSvnelovani interesis
dacvis gaTvaliswinebiT, mediatoris qcevis mowesrigeba unda ganxorcieldes misTvis
moqmedebis Tavisuflebis garkveuli farglebis SenarCunebiT.“24
amasTan, mediatoris qcevis eTikurad Sefaseba mediaciis monawile sxva pirebis
mxridan da profesiuli avtoritetis, reputaciis dacva SeuZlebelia garkveuli we-
sebis arsebobis gareSe. amitomac eTikuri qcevis standartebis dadgena imTaviTve ara
mxolod mediaciaSi monawile sxva pirebis, aramed TviT mediatoris dacvis uzrunvel-
yofis meqanizmia.
III. mediatorTa eTikis kodeqsis regulirebis farglebi

1. aSS-isa da evropis qveynebSi moqmedi eTikis kodeqsebi da
regulirebis saerTo standartebi
mediaciis eTikis standartebis SemuSavebisas mniSvnelovania dadgindes im saer-

To sakiTxTa wre, farglebi, romlebic sazRvargareTis qveynebis umravlesi eTikis ko-
deqsis mowesrigebis sferoSi eqceva.25 evrokavSiris masStabiT moqmedebs mediatorTa
qcevis evropuli kodeqsi.26 damoukidebeli kodeqsebi miiRes, magaliTad, saxelmwifo-
ebma: avstriam, bulgareTma, saberZneTma, poloneTma, maltam, rumineTma.27 calke un-
da gamoiyos iuridiuli sazogadoebis (inglisi da uelsi) samoqalaqo da komerciuli
mediaciis praqtikis kodeqsi,28 iuridiuli sazogadoebis (inglisi da uelsi) saojaxo
mediaciis praqtikis kodeqsi29, davebis efeqtiani gadawyvetis centris (CEDR) qcevis
kodeqsi neitraluri pirebisaTvis30, Mediation College-is mediatorebis praqtikis kodeq-
23
floridis uzenaesma sasamarTlom aSS-is masStabiT pirvelad daasabuTa eTikis wesebis
aRsrulebis meqanizmebis ganmtkicebis aucilebloba. am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT
dawvrilebiT ix. Bernand P., Garth B. (eds.), Kovach K.K., Enforcement of Ethics in Mediation in ABA
Section of Dispute Resolution, Dispute Resolution Ethics, A Comprehensive Guide, 2002. ix. aseve, Alfini J.J.,
Press Sh. B., Stulberg J.B., Mediation, Theory and Practice, Reporter’s Notes, 3rd ed., LexisNexis, 2013, 435.
24
25
magaliTad, maTi gansazRvris mizniT, aSS-is floridis StatSi Catarda 80 mediatoris
gamokiTxva im sakiTxebis Sesaxeb, romlebmac isini eTikuri dilemis winaSe daayena. ix.
26
European Code of Conduct for Mediators, 2004, <http://ec.europa.eu/civiljustice/adr/adr_ec_code_conduct_
en.pdf>.
27
Esplugues C., Louis M., New Developments in Civil and Commercial Mediation, Global Comparative Pers-
pectives, Ius Comparatum, Springer International Publishing Switzerland, 2015, 55.
28
Law Society (England and Wales) Code of Practice For Civil/Commercial Mediation, 2009.
29
Law Society (England and Wales) Code of Practice For Family Mediation, 2009.
30
CEDR Solve Code of Conduct for Neutrals, 2008.
28
si31, Core Solutions Group-is mediatorTa qcevis kodeqsi (Sotlandia)32, Civil Mediation Council
-is kodeqsis proeqti mediatorTa praqtikisTvis33, NMI (holandia) mediatorTa qcevis
kodeqsi,34 Cepani-is (belgia) mediatorTa eTikuri qcevis wesebi35 da IMI-is profesiuli
qcevis kodeqsi.36
CamoTvlil eTikis kodeqsTa umravlesoba aerTianebs iseTi sakiTxebis mowes-
rigebas, rogorebicaa: interesTa konfliqti, miukerZoebloba, neitraluroba, medi-
atoris roli, mxaris TviTgamorkveva, ojaxisa da bavSvis interesebis dacva, proce-
sis xarisxi, mediatoris mier procesze uaris safuZvlebi, kvalifikacia, akreditacia,
dazRveva, konfidencialuroba, mediaciis xarjebi/momsaxurebis anazRaureba, media-
ciis reklamireba, profesiuli movaleobebi.37
eTikis wesebis dadgenis sferoSi pirvel liderad, aSS-is masStabiT, SeiZleba Ca-
iTvalos kolorados Statis davebis gadawyvetis centri38, romelmac 1982 wels pirve-
lad SeimuSava mediatorTa qcevis kodeqsi. es aqti amave wels miiRo kolorados media-
ciis sabWom39 da sxva msgavsi tipis organizaciebma. 1986 wels msxvilma interdiscipli-
nurma asociaciam – davebis gadawyvetis specialistebis sazogadoebam (SPIDR)40 – miiRo
eTikis wesebi da gaavrcela maTi moqmedeba davis gadawyvetis procesSi monawile yvela
neitralur pirze, maT Soris mediatorze.41 mas Semdeg aSS-is masStabiT miRebul iqna
eTikis momwesrigebeli 100-ze meti aqti, rogorc zogadad mediaciis, ise mis dargob-
riv sferoebSi.42
aSS-is masStabiT miRebul eTikis kodeqsTa Soris mniSvnelovnad gamoirCeva me-
diatorTa qcevis modeluri standartebi43, romlebic saerToa yvela sferos mediaci-
31
College of Mediators Code of Practice For Mediators, <www.collegeofmediators.co.uk>.
32
Core Solutions Group Code of Conduct for Mediators, Scotland, <www.core-solutions.com>.
33
Civil Mediation Council – Draft Code of Good Practice for Mediators, 2009.
34
Code of Conduct for NMI Registered Mediators, <www.nmi-mediation.nl>.
35
Cepani (Belgium) Rules of Good Conduct, <www.cepani.be>.
36
IMI Code of Professional Conduct, <www.IMImedaition.org>.
37
Riskin L. L., Awareness and Ethics in Dispute Resolution and Law, Why Mindfulness Tends to Foster Ethical
Behavior, Tex. L. Rev., Vol. 50:493, 2009, 498; Kovach K.K., Mediation, Principles and Practice, 3rd ed.,
Thomson West, United States of America, 2004, 402.
38
CDR Associates in Boulder, Colorado.
39
Colorado Mediation Council.
40
Society of Professionals in Dispute Resolution iyo yvelaze msxvili interdisciplinuri asociacia,
romelic SeuerTda sxva organizaciebs konfliqtebis gadawyvetis asociaciis (Association
of Conflict Resolution (ACR)) dafuZnebis mizniT. ix. Kovach K.K., Mediation, Principles and Practice, 3rd
ed., Thomson West, United States of America, 2004, 397.
41
42
Standards for Private and Public Mediators in the State of Hawaii, 1986 (revised in 2003); ABA Model Rules
of Professional Conduct and ABA Model Code of Professional Responsibility, 1983; A Draft of Principles of
ADR Provider Organizations, CRP-Georgetown Commission on Ethics and Standards in ADR, 1999, 2000-
2002; Standards of Practice for Lawyer Mediators in Family Disputes (Adopted by the House of Delegates of
the American Bar Association, August 1984); Special Standards of Practice for Postal Service Mediations, 1998;
Academy of Family Mediators, Texas Association of Mediators (TAM), National Association of Social Workers
and other providers’ Ethical Guidelines for Mediators da sxv.
43
Model Standards of Conduct for Mediators, AAA, ABA, ACR, 1994, Revised 2005. es aqti miRebul iqna
1994 wels aSS-is arbitraJis, advokatTa da konfliqtebis mogvarebis sami asociaciis
29
isTvis.44 winamdebare statiaSi mediaciis eTikis kodeqsis regulirebis farglebi, misi

mniSvnelobidan gamomdinare, swored am aqtis magaliTze iqneba ganxiluli.
mediatorTa qcevis modeluri standartebi ganamtkicebs Semdeg 9 princips:
mxareTa TviTgamorkvevas, miukerZoeblobas, interesTa konfliqts, kompetencias,
konfidencialurobas, procesis xarisxs, mediaciis reklamirebas, momsaxurebis safa-
surs/sxva xarjebs da mediaciis praqtikis ganviTarebas.45
2. mediatorTa qcevis modeluri standartebiT ganmtkicebuli

principebi
2.1. mxareTa TviTgamorkveva (Self-determination)
mxareTa TviTgamorkveva mediaciis fundamenturi safuZvelia,46 romelic media-

torTa qcevis modelur standartebSi pirveli wesis saxiT aris ganmtkicebuli. 1994
wlis aqtSi, 2005 wels ganxorcielebuli cvlilebebis Sesabamisad, mxareTa TviTga-
morkvevis ufleba Semoifargleba ara mxolod mediaciis dasasruls mxareTa mier ga-
dawyvetilebis miRebis TavisuflebiT, aramed vrceldeba mediaciis procesis mosamza-
debel stadiaze da Semdgom mis yvela mniSvnelovan etapze.47
sasamarTlo mediaciis dros mxareTa mier SeTanxmebis miRweva sasamarTlos mxri-
dan imTaviTve fokusirebuli molodinia. aseTi molodini sasamarTlos xSirad aqvs me-
diatoris mimarTac. es erTgvari `wnexi“, bunebrivia, aCens safrTxeebs mxareTa nebis
avtonomiisa da TviTgamorkvevis uflebis srulad realizebis kuTxiT48 da uaryofiT
gavlenas axdens mediatoris centralur valdebulebaze – waaxalisos mxareTa TviTga-
morkvevis procesi.49
mxaris TviTgamorkveva, mediatoris neitraluroba da mis mier profesiuli rCe-
vis micemis SezRudva urTierTganmapirobebel kavSirSia erTmaneTTan, rac xSirad
gavlenas axdens mediatoris rolisa da CarTulobis farglebze mediaciis procesSi.
mier. 2005 wlis seqtemberSi imave organizaciebis mier aRniSnul aqtSi ganxorcielda
cvlilebebi, riTac igi Seusabames mediaciis praqtikas.
44
Alfini J.J., Press Sh. B., Stulberg J.B., Mediation, Theory and Practice, Reporter’s Notes, 3rd ed., LexisNexis,
2013, 612.
45
Sherill J.A., Ethics for Lawyers Representing Clients in Mediation, 6 Am. J. Mediation, 2012, 29-30; Ware S.J.,
Principles of Alternative Dispute Resolution, 2nd ed., Concise Hornbook Series, Thomson West, 2007, 323.
46
Bartlett F., Mortensen R., Tranter K., Alternative Perspectives on Lawyers and Legal Ethics, Reimagining the
Profession, Routledge Research in legal Ethics, London and New-York, 2011, 207; Waldman E., Mediation
Ethics, Cases and Commentaries, Jossey-Bass, A Wiley Imprint, United States of America, 2011, 12; Model
Standards of Conduct for Mediators, 2005, Standard I (1).
47
2013, 617, 619.
48
Welsh N., The Thinning Vision of Self-determination in Court-Connected mediation: the Inevitable price
of Institutionalization, Harvard Negotiation Law Review, Vol. 6, 2001, 1; Alfini J.J., Press Sh. B., Stulberg
J.B., Mediation, Theory and Practice, Reporter’s Notes, 3rd ed., LexisNexis, 2013, 619; Model Standards of
Conduct for Mediators, 2005, Standard I (B).
49
Shapira O., A Theory of Mediator’s Ethics, Cambridge University Press, 2016, 161; Alfini J.J., Press Sh. B.,
Stulberg J.B., Mediation, Theory and Practice, Reporter’s Notes, 3rd ed., LexisNexis, 2013, 619-620, 622.
30
kerZod, Tu mxares ar aqvs saTanado codna mediaciiT gansaxilvel sakiTxTan dakavSi-

rebiT,50 ramdenad uflebamosilia mediatori, miawodos mas Sesabamisi samarTlebrivi,
finansuri Tu teqnikuri Sinaarsis informacia, an misces rCeva? am SemTxvevaSi erTma-
neTs upirispirdeba mediatoris neitralurobis valdebuleba da, amasTanave, misi mxa-
reTaTvis xelSewyobis movaleoba informirebuli gadawyvetilebis misaRebad.51
Tu mediatorma unda waaxalisos mxareTa nebis avtonomiasa da TviTgamorkvevaze
damyarebuli procesi, maSin man unda uzrunvelyos, rom mxareTa mier gadawyvetileba
miiRebodes saTanado informaciis flobisa da gacnobierebis gaTvaliswinebiT.52 xSi-
rad mediaciis procesSi maRalia mxaris samarTlebrivi informaciis saWiroeba. Tu iq-
neba molodini mediatorisgan amgvari informaciis gacemisa, maSin `SesaZlebelia, misi
roli mniSvnelovnad dauaxlovdes warmomadgenlis profesiul valdebulebas. aseT
SemTxvevaSi mediatorisa da warmomadgenlis roli urTierTmfaravi xdeba, rac, eTikis
TvalsazrisiT, bevr winaaRmdegobas aCens.“53
aSS-is modeluri standartebi saojaxo da ganqorwinebis mediaciis praqtikis Se-
saxeb54 dasaSvebad miiCnevs mediatoris mier informaciis miwodebis SesaZleblobas mi-
si gamocdilebisa da treningiT miRebuli codnis farglebSi, magram im daTqmiT, rom
igi ar iqneba samarTlebrivi Sinaarsis.55 es standartebi mediators aniWebs uflebamo-
silebas, gavides procesidan, Tu mxareebi apireben gaucnobierebeli gadawyvetilebis
miRebas, an Tu erTi mxare cdilobs, gamoiyenos mediaciis procesi meore mxareze usa-
marTlo upiratesobis mosapoveblad.56 am midgomis sapirispirod, alabamis eTikis ko-
deqsis molodinia, rom `mediatori ganixilavs mxareebTan ganqorwinebis SemTxvevaSi
qonebis ganawilebis Sesaxeb sasamarTlos SesaZlo da savaraudo gadawyvetilebas.“57
dominirebuli midgomis Tanaxmad, mediatorma mxolod unda waaxalisos mxareTa
mier damoukidebeli samarTlebrivi konsultaciis miReba advokatisgan an warmomad-
genlis CarTuloba58 samarTlebrivi riskebis prevenciisTvis. mediatorTa qcevis mo-
deluri standartebi swored xsenebul midgomas aviTarebs.59 Tumca amis uaryofiT Se-
50
mediaciaSi arainformirebuli mxaris monawileobis Sesaxeb ix. Herring J., Legal Ethics, Oxford
University Press, Great Britain, 2014, 310.
51
Shapira O., A Theory of Mediator’s Ethics, Cambridge University Press, 2016, 161; Kovach K.K., Mediation,
Principles and Practice, 3rd ed., Thomson West, United States of America, 2004, 403.
52
Nolan-Haley J., Informed Consent in Mediation: A guiding Principle for Truly Educating Decision-making,
Notre Dame Law Rev., Vol. 74, 1999, 775. ix. aseve, Bush R. A. B., Efficiency and Protection or Empowerment
and Recognition? The Mediator’s Role and Ethical Standards in Mediation, Fla. Law Rev., Vol. 41, 1989, 253,
278.
53
America, 2011, 13.
54
Model Standards of Practice for Family and Divorce Mediation, 2000.
55
iqve, Standard VI (B), 2000.
56
mediatoris uflebis Sesaxeb saTanado safuZvlebis arsebobisas SeaCeros, Sewyvitos
an gavides procesidan. ix. Riskin L.L., Awareness and Ethics in Dispute Resolution and Law, Why
Mindfulness Tends to Foster Ethical Behavior, Tex. L. Rev., Vol. 50:493, 2009, 498.
57
Waldman E., Mediation Ethics, Cases and Commentaries, Jossey-Bass, A Wiley Imprint, United States of America,
2011, 12.
58
Bush R. A. B., Efficiency and Protection or Empowerment and Recognition? The Mediator’s Role and Ethical
Standards in Mediation, Fla. Law Rev., Vol. 41, 1989, 253, 280.
59
Model Standards of Conduct for Mediators, 2005, Standard I (2).
31
degad isic ganixileba, rom advokatis CarTuloba an damoukidebeli eqspertis mowveva

saqmis samarTlebrivad Sesafaseblad xSirad mxareebisTvis mediaciis xarjebis mniS-
vnelovan zrdas ganapirobebs.60
mediaciis eTikur principebs Soris ar arsebobs raime dadgenili ierarqia, ar Se-
iZleba, winaswar ganisazRvros romelime standartis imTaviTve aRiarebuli prima fa-
cie upiratesoba da universaluroba.61 mediaciis fundamentur principebs Soris go-
nivruli balansis dacviT unda Sefasdes konkretuli principis gamoyenebis farglebi
saqmis individualizaciis pirobebSi. magaliTad, TviTgamorkvevis ufleba dominire-
bulad SeiZleba iyos warmodgenili im saqmeebSi, sadac mxareebi Tanabrad arian kompe-
tenturebi da informirebulebi mniSvnelovani sakiTxebis Sesaxeb da maT mier misaRebi
gadawyvetileba gavlenas ar axdens mesame pirebis an sazogadoebis interesebze, maSin,
rodesac procesis samarTlianoba da xarisxi mniSvnelovan da wamyvan principad war-
modgeba, rodesac mxareTa SeTanxmeba gavlenas axdens im pirebis keTildReobaze, rom-
lebic ar imyofebian molaparakebis magidasTan da ar arian CarTulni gadawyvetilebis
miRebis procesSi.62
2.2. miukerZoebloba (Impartiality)
mediatorTa qcevis modeluri standartebis Tanaxmad, mediatorma procesi un-

da warmarTos miukerZoeblad63 da Tavidan aicilos iseTi qceva, romelic qmnis amgvar
STabeWdilebas.64
mediatorisTvis dauSvebelia mikerZoeba an upiratesoba, romelic emyareba medi-
aciis monawilis pirovnul maxasiaTeblebs, ganaTlebas, Rirebulebebs, rwmenas, medi-
aciaSi monawileobis xasiaTs an nebismier sxva faqtors. mniSvnelovania, rom, am stan-
dartebis Tanaxmad, miukerZoebloba miemarTeba ara mxolod mxares, aramed mediaciis
nebismier monawiles.65
mediatorTa qcevis modeluri standartebi uflebas aniWebs mediators, uari
Tqvas procesSi monawileobaze da SemdgomSi nebismier etapze gavides procesidan, Tu
misi mxridan SeuZlebelia miukerZoeblobis principis dacva.66 modeluri standarte-
bis reformis gaerTianebulma komisiam ganixila sakiTxi, ramdenad mizanSewonili iyo,
mediaciidan gasvlis uflebis gamoyenebas winapirobis saxiT damateboda daTqma, ìm
pirobiT, rom procesze uari SesaZlebelia romelime mxaris interesebisaTvis zianis
60
61
62
Waldman E., Mediation Ethics, Cases and Commentaries, Jossey-Bass, A Wiley Imprint, United States of America,
2011, 14.
63
2013, 418.
64
65
Model Standards of Conduct for Mediators, 2005, Standard II (B) (1); Alfini J.J., Press Sh. B., Stulberg J.B.,
Mediation, Theory and Practice, Reporter’s Notes, 3rd ed., LexisNexis, 2013, 621.
66
Model Standards of Conduct for Mediators, 2005, Standard II (A) (C).
32
miuyeneblad“.67 sabolood, komisiam am winapirobis gansazRvra mediaciidan gasvlis

uflebis gamoyenebisaTvis mizanSewonilad ar miiCnia. 68
2.3. interesTa konfliqti (Conflicts of Interest)
interesTa konfliqtis sakiTxi pirdapir dakavSirebulia mediatoris neitralu-

robasa69 da miukerZoeblobasTan.70 neitralurobis principi aRiarebulia mediaciis
ideologiis konstituciur safuZvlad. is aucilebeli winapirobaa ara mxolod media-
ciis procesis saTanadod warmarTvisTvis, aramed, zogadad, davis gadawyvetis formis
mediaciad saxeldebisTvis. mediatoris mier neitralurobis daucveloba mediaciis
arsebobas fundamentur safuZvels aclis.71
mediatorTa qcevis modeluri standartebis regulirebidan gansakuTrebiT un-
da gamoiyos mediatoris valdebuleba, winaswar uari Tqvas mediaciis procesze, an –
SemdgomSi, misi aucileblobis warmoSobisTanave, arsebuli Tu potenciuri interesTa
konfliqtis SemTxvevaSi. Tu orive mxare, miuxedavad mediatoris mier Sesabamisi gare-
moebis gamJRavnebisa, Tanxmobas acxadebs procesSi mis CarTulobaze, mediators eni-
Weba uflebamosileba, ganagrZos procesSi monawileoba.72 Tu mediatoris interesTa
konfliqti safrTxes uqmnis TviT mediaciis procesis urRvevobas da keTilsindisi-
erebas, maSin mediatori unda Camoscildes process im SemTxvevaSic ki, rodesac arse-
bobs mxareTa gamokveTili Tanxmoba misi monawileobis Sesaxeb.73
`mniSvnelovania: mediatoris neitraluroba ramdenad gulisxmobs mediaciis mo-
nawile piris mimarT mediatoris mier momavalSi sxva tipis, magaliTad, samarTlebrivi,
finansuri konsultaciis an sxva momsaxurebis gawevis uflebamosilebis SezRudvas;
dasaSvebia Tu ara, mediatorma warmarTos mediaciis procesi, romlis mxare misi yofi-
li partniori, klienti an sxvagvarad dakavSirebuli piria, Tu warsuli urTierTobis
Sinaarsi araviTar SemxeblobaSi ar aris mediaciiT gansaxilvel davasTan?“.74 magali-
Tad, Tu mediatori ganqorwinebulia, Camocilebul unda iqnes Tu ara is ganqorwinebis
saqmeebisgan, garkveuli periodis ganmavlobaSi Tu samudamod? Tu mediatori avtosa-
gzao SemTxvevaSi mohyva, unda gaemijnos Tu ara is msgavs sakiTxebTan dakavSirebul
saqmeebs? neitraluroba gulisxmobs interesis ararsebobas saqmis konkretuli Sede-
gis mimarT.75 magram, Tu mediatori dainteresebulia, rom mxareebma miaRwion SeTanxme-
67
Model Standards of Conduct for Mediators, 2005, Standard II (B) (1).
68
2013, 621.
69
70
71
Zamir R., The Dispowering Relationship Between Mediator Neutrality and Judicial Impartiality: Toward a New
Mediation Ethic, 11 Pepp. Disp. Resol. L.J., 2010-2011, 467.
72
Model Standards of Conduct for Mediators, 2005, Standard III (C).
73
2013, 622; Model Standards of Conduct for Mediators, 2005, Standard III (E).
74
75
Wilson B., Mediation Ethics: An Exploration of Four Seminal Texts, 12 Cardozo J. Conflict Resol., 2010-2011, 122.
33
bas, gansakuTrebiT maSin, rodesac SeTanxmebiT mediators warmoeSoba damatebiTi biz-

nesis warmarTvis SesaZlebloba, neitralurobis principi, bunebrivia, eWvqveS dgeba. 76
mediatorTa qcevis modeluri standartebis Tanaxmad, interesTa konfliqtis
SezRudva vrceldeba rogorc uSualod mediaciis procesze, ise mis Semdgom period-
ze. mediators ekrZaleba iseTi urTierTobis damyareba mediaciis romelime monawi-
lesTan, romelic Tavisi SinaarsiT gaaCens eWvs mediaciis procesis keTilsindisierad
Catarebis mimarT.77 Tu mediatori amyarebs pirovnul an profesiul urTierTobebs
mxareebTan, mediaciaSi CarTul sxva individebTan an organizaciebTan, maSin man unda
gaiTvaliswinos, ra droa gasuli mediaciis dasrulebidan, rogoria urTierTobis an
profesiuli momsaxurebis xasiaTi, raTa Tavidan iqnes acilebuli interesTa konfliq-
ti an misi arsebobis safuZvliani eWvi.78
2.4. kompetencia (Competence)
mediatorTa qcevis modeluri standartebis Tanaxmad, mediatorma SesaZlebe-

lia, warmarTos mediacia, Tu mas aqvs sakmarisi da aucilebeli kompetencia mxareTa
molodinebis dasakmayofileblad. nebismieri piri SesaZlebelia, iqnes SerCeuli medi-
atorad Tu mxareTa SefasebiT mas aqvs saTanado kompetencia da kvalifikacia.79 msgav-
si regulirebiT modelurma standartebma mediatoris kompetencia gaaTavisufla xe-
lovnuri da biurokratiuli barierebisgan da misi arCevani mxareTa Tavisufal nebas
daukavSira.80 analogiur midgomas aviTarebs aSS-is erovnuli standartebi sasamar-
Tlo mediaciis programebisaTvis.81
mediatori valdebulia, CarTuli iyos saganmanaTleblo programebSi unarebis
gaumjobesebisa da codnis amaRlebis mizniT da uzrunvelyos misi kvalifikaciis Sesa-
xeb informaciis xelmisawvdomoba mxareebisaTvis. Tu mediaciis procesSi gamovlinde-
ba, rom mediators aRar aqvs SesaZlebloba, kompetenturad warmarTos procesi, maSin,
aseT viTarebaSi, man unda miiRos aucilebeli zomebi – gavides mediaciis procesidan
an moiTxovos Sesabamisi daxmareba.82
2.5. konfidencialuroba (Confidentiality)
konfidencialuroba mediaciisaTvis ganmsazRvreli upiratesoba da fundamen-

turi safuZvelia. amitomac igi mowesrigebulia rogorc calkeuli qveynis kanone-
76
Kovach K.K., Mediation, Principles and Practice, 3rd ed., Thomson West, United States of America, 2004, 402-403.
77
78
Model Standards of Conduct for Mediators, 2005, Standard III (F); Alfini J.J., Press Sh. B., Stulberg J.B.,
79
Model Standards of Conduct for Mediators, 2005, Standard IV (A) (1).
80
2013, 623.
81
National Standards for Court-Connected Mediation Programs, Center for Dispute Settlement and Institute of
Judicial Administration, 1992, Standard 6.1. Qualifications of Mediators.
82
Model Standards of Conduct for Mediators, 2005, Standard IV (A) (2) (3), (B).
34
biT,83 aseve mediaciis eTikis kodeqsebiT. Sesabamisad, konfidencialurobis dacva ro-

gorc sakanonmdeblo, ise eTikuri da fiduciuri84 valdebulebaa.85
aSS-Si 2003 wels miRebuli mediaciis unificirebuli aqtiT86, mxareebs mieniWaT
konfidencialurobis pirobaTa damoukideblad gansazRvris privilegia, kanoniT
dadgenili imperatiuli daTqmebis gaTvaliswinebiT. mxareTa es SesaZlebloba aisaxeba
aseve mediatorTa qcevis modelur standartebSic.87
mediatorTa qcevis modeluri standartebis ganmartebidan gamomdinareobs, rom
mediatori valdebulia, daicvas im informaciis konfidencialuroba, romelic mis-
Tvis cnobili gaxda mediaciis procesSi. im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu mxareebi acxadeben Tan-
xmobas informaciis gamJRavnebaze, mediatori ar aris valdebuli, ganaxorcielos aR-
niSnuli.88
mediatorma unda waaxalisos mediaciis procesSi da mis miRma konfidencialuro-
bis moqmedebis farglebis zusti gansazRvra da swori gaazreba mxareTa mier. amasTan,
mediatori, romelic CarTulia mediaciis swavlebis, kvlevis an Sefasebis procesSi,
valdebulia, uzrunvelyos mediaciis monawile pirebis vinaobis anonimuroba. amave
dros, aragonivrulia masze im valdebulebis dakisreba, rom yovel konkretul Sesas-
wavl sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT mediaciis monawile pirebisgan miiRos nebarTva konfi-
dencialurobis dacviT swavlebis, kvlevis an Sefasebis warmarTvis Sesaxeb.89
mediatorTa qcevis modeluri standartebi awesebs or gamonakliss konfidencia-
lurobis principidan. kerZod, mediatorma SesaZlebelia gaamJRavnos informacia ori
garemoebis Sesaxeb: gamocxaddnen Tu ara mxareebi daniSnul mediaciaze da miaRwies Tu
ara maT SeTanxmebas.90
2.6. procesis xarisxi (Quality of the Process)
mediatorTa qcevis modeluri standartebis pirveli wesis Tanaxmad, mediatori

valdebulia, mxareTa TviTgamorkvevis ufleba daabalansos da Seufardos xarisxiani
mediaciis procesis91 warmarTvis movaleobas.92 mediaciis eTikis kodeqsebi Seicavs mi-
83
2013, 422.
84
Garner B. (ed.), Black’s Law Dictionary, 8th ed., Thomson West, 2004, 1315.
85
Wendel B. W., Professional Responsibility, Examples and Explanations, Aspen Publishers, United States of
America, 2007, 138.
86
Uniform Mediation Act, 2003.
87
ix. Model Standards of Conduct for Mediators, 2005, Standard V(D).
88
iqve, Standard V (A)(1). es wesi, bunebrivia, ar vrceldeba im informaciaze, romlis mediaciis
procesis sxva monawilisaTvis gadacema sTxova mediators informaciis gamcemma mxarem
kerZo Sexvedris farglebSi (ix. Standard V (B)) .
89
2013, 625.
90
Model Standards of Conduct for Mediators, 2005, Standard V (A)(2); Alfini J.J., Press Sh. B., Stulberg J.B.,
91
Model Standards of Conduct for Mediators, 2005, Standard VI (A) (B) (C).
92
iqve, Standard I (1).
35
TiTebas mediatorTa savaldebulo treningsa da kvalifikaciaze mediaciis xarisxiani

da kompetenturi momsaxurebiT uzrunvelsayofad.
mediatorma unda warmarTos mediaciis procesi imgvarad, rom uzrunvelyofili
iyos windaxeduleba, drouloba, usafrTxoeba, yvela saTanado piris daswreba, mxare-
Ta srulfasovani monawileoba, proceduruli samarTlianoba, mxareTa kompetentu-
roba, informirebuloba da monawileTa Soris saTanado pativiscema.
mediatori mxolod maSin unda dasTanxmdes procesis warmarTvas, rodesac mas aqvs
SesaZlebloba, saTanado yuradReba gamoiCinos mediaciis procesis efeqtianobisTvis93
da daakmayofilos mxareTa gonivruli molodinebi mediaciis procesis xangrZlivobis
mimarT. mediatori da mxareebi SesaZlebelia, SeTanxmdnen mediaciis procesis garkve-
ul etapze srulad sxva pirebis daswrebis an maTi monawileobis gamoricxvis Sesaxeb.
mediatoris roli arsebiTad gansxvavdeba sxva profesiis warmomadgenlis ro-
lisgan, amitom dauSvebelia uflebamosilebaTa aRreva. mediatorisTvis nebadarTu-
lia, urCios mxareebs davis gadawyvetis sxva proceduris gamoyeneba. maTive Tanxmo-
biT, mediators SeuZlia, CaerTos procesSi sxva, magaliTad, davis gadawyvetis ufle-
bamosilebiT. am SemTxvevaSi Sesabamisi sferos eTikis wesebi iwyebs amoqmedebas, ris
Sesaxebac dawvrilebiT unda ecnoboT mxareebs.
mxares, romelsac aqvs mediaciis procesSi monawileobis, sakiTxebis gaazrebis,
gadawyvetilebis miRebis an sxvagvari sirTule, mediatorma xeli unda Seuwyos am sir-
Tuleebis daZlevaSi da waaxalisos mis mier TviTgamorkvevis uflebis realizeba.
Tu mediaciis dros gamovlindeba, rom procesis gamoyeneba xdeba samomavlo kri-
minaluri qmedebis gansaxorcieleblad, maSin mediatori valdebulia, daiyolios mona-
wile, uari Tqvas am qmedebis sisruleSi moyvanaze, gadados an Sewyvitos mediacia. medi-
atorTa qcevis modeluri standartebiT mas ar ekisreba mediaciis farglebSi gamJRav-
nebuli kriminaluri ganzraxvis Sesaxeb Sesabamisi organoebisTvis Setyobinebis val-
debuleba. amis mizezia is garemoeba, rom SesaZlebelia, kanoniT an mxareTa SeTanxmebiT
ar iyos gansazRvruli konfidencialurobis principidan amgvari gamonaklisi da, aseT
SemTxvevaSi, mediatori CaiTvleba konfidencialurobis principis damrRvevad.94
konfidencialurobis principidan zemoaRniSnul gamonakliss adgens bevri qvey-
nis mediaciis kanoni95 da Sesabamisi sajaro interesis dacva sakanonmdeblo SezRudviT
miiRweva.
93
2013, 424.
94
am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT ix. Shapira O., A Theory of Mediator’s Ethics, Cambridge University Press,
2016, 119.
95
magaliTad, Maryland Statute, Virginia Code, miTiTebulia: Sharp D., The Washington, D.C. Lawyer
and Mediation Confidentiality: Navigating the Complex and Confusing Waters, 7 Appalachian J. L., 2007-
2008, 200; floridisa da niu-jersis Statebis regulaciebi, miTiTebulia: Menkel-Meado C.,
Plapinger E., Model Rule for The Lawyer as Third-Party Neutral, Preamble, CRP Georgetown Commission
on Ethics and Standards in ADR, 2002, 13, <http://www.cpradr.org/Portals/0/Third%20Party%20netural%20
create%20new%20cover%20page%202012.pdf>. evrokavSiris qveynebSi konfidencialurobis
principidan msgavsi gamonaklisebi dadgenilia Semdeg aqtebSi: Bulgaria Mediation Act (Art.7),
Estonia Conciliation Act (Section 4 (5)), German Mediation Act (Section 4), Greece, Law on Mediation in
Civil and Commercial Disputes (Art. 10), Ireland, Draft General Scheme of Mediation Bill (Head 10) da sxv.
dawvrilebiT konfidencialurobis principis Sesaxeb evrokavSiris kanonmdeblobaSi ix.
Trevor M.B., Palo G., EU Mediation Law and Practice, Oxford University Press, 2012.
36
2.7. reklamireba (Advertising and Solicitation)

mediatorTa qcevis modeluri standartebiT ikrZaleba mediatoris mier mcdari
informaciis gamoyeneba mediaciis servisis reklamirebis, mediatoris kvalifikaciis,
gamocdilebisa da momsaxurebis xarjebis Sesaxeb informaciis gavrcelebis procesSi.
man ar unda gasces garantia komunikaciis garkveuli SedegiT dasrulebis Sesaxeb. me-
diatorma SesaZlebelia mxolod daadasturos Tavisi garkveuli kompetencia, akredi-
tacia, romelic aRiarebulia kvalifikaciis mimniWebeli saxelmwifo an kerZo organi-
zaciis mier. mediatorma ar SeiZleba gamoiyenos komunikaciis raime formiT sxva pirTa
saxelebi maTi nebarTvis gareSe.
2.8. momsaxurebis safasuri da sxva xarjebi (Fees and Other Charges)
eTikis kodeqsebi xSirad ganamtkiceben mediatorTa movaleobas ufaso mediaciis

procesebis SeTavazebis, sazogadoebis cnobierebis amaRlebisa da mediaciis ganviTa-
rebis sxvagvari xelSewyobis kuTxiT.96 zogadad, am sakiTxebis eTikis kodeqsiT mowes-
rigeba Semoifargleba mediaciis xarjebis gonivrulobis gansazRvriT. gauTvaliswi-
nebeli xarjebis dakisrebis akrZalvac regulirebis mniSvnelovani mimarTulebaa. gan-
xiluli SezRudvis safuZveli isev mediatoris neitralurobaSia, rameTu mas ar SeiZ-
leba, hqondes interesi saqmis Sedegis mimarT.97
mediatorTa qcevis modeluri standartebis Sesabamisad, mediatorma momsaxure-
bis safasuris gansazRvris procesSi unda ixelmZRvanelos iseTi faqtorebiT, rogo-
rebicaa: gansaxilveli saqmis tipi da kompleqsuroba, mediatoris kvalifikacia, davis
ganxilvisaTvis aucilebeli dro da mediaciis momsaxurebis arsebuli tarifebi. mom-
saxurebis safasuri unda ganisazRvros imgvarad, rom ar moxdes mediatoris neitra-
lurobisa da miukerZoeblobis xelyofa.
2.9. mediaciis praqtikis ganviTarebis xelSewyoba

(Advancement of Mediation Practice)
mediatorma xeli unda Seuwyos mediaciis praqtikis ganviTarebas mediaciis sfe-

roSi mravalferovnebis waxalisebiT, mediaciis xelmisawvdomobis zrdiT, mediaciis
mimarT sazogadoebis cnobierebis asamaRleblad saganmanaTleblo procesSi monawi-
leobiT, axalgazrda mediatorebis mxardaWeriT, gansxvavebuli azris pativiscemiTa
da mediaciis profesiis gaumjobesebisaTvis sxva mediatorebTan TanamSromlobiT.98
IV. eTikis zogadi standartebi mxarisa da warmomadgenlisaTvis

mediaciis eTikis standartebis dadgena gulisxmobs ara mxolod mediatoris,
aramed mxarisa da misi warmomadgenlis eTikuri boWvis farglebis gansazRvrasac, rac
96
97
iqve, 404.
98
Model Standards of Conduct for Mediators, 2005, Standard IX (A) (B). mediatoris am valdebulebis
Sesaxeb ix. Shapira O., A Theory of Mediator’s Ethics, Cambridge University Press, 2016, 179-180.
37
uzrunvelyofs maT keTilsindisier monawileobas mediaciis procesSi.99 amis aucileb-

loba ganpirobebulia im faqtiT, rom zemoaRniSnuli pirebi mediaciis SeTanxmebisaT-
vis Sinaarsobrivad ganmsazRvrel da xSirad ufro aqtiur rols asruleben mediator-
Tan mimarTebiT.100
mediatorTa qcevis modeluri standartebis preambulaSi ganmtkicebulia advo-
katis valdebuleba, mzrunvelobiT daicvas klientis poziciebi da, rogorc momla-
parakebeli, orientirebuli iyos klientisaTvis sasargeblo Sedegis miRwevaze, sxva
monawileebis mimarT keTilsindisieri mopyrobis moTxovnaTa dacviT.101 preambulidan
gamomdinare, advokati SesaZlebelia CarTuli iyos mediaciis procesSi neitraluri
mesame piris saxiT,102 warmomadgenlobiTi uflebamosilebis gareSe, mxareTa mier davis
gadawyvetis xelSewyobisaTvis.103
`mediaciis procesSi CarTuli mxareebi iboWebian maTi profesiuli eTikis nor-
mebiT. SesaZlebelia, mediaciis procesSi gansaxilveli saqme dakavSirebuli iyos maTi
samsaxurebrivi gulgrilobis sakiTxTan, magaliTad, eqimsa da pacients Soris urTi-
erTobaSi eTikuri valdebulebebis darRvevasTan. bunebrivia, es standartebi media-
ciis farglebSic agrZelebs moqmedebas.“104 `Tu mediaciaSi warmomadgenlad CarTulia
advokati, bunebrivia, masze vrceldeba advokatTa profesiuli eTikis kodeqsi, Tumca
misi, rogorc warmomadgenlis, roli mediaciaSi, arsobrivad distancirebulia sasa-
marTloSi klientis warmomadgenlobis funqciisgan.“105
mniSvnelovania advokat-warmomadgenlis im eTikuri valdebulebis analizi, ro-
melic moqmedebs mediaciis procesis dawyebamde – kerZod, unda amcnos Tu ara advokat-
ma mxares mediaciis alternativis arsebobis Sesaxeb.106 xSirad advokatis es valdebule-
ba ganmtkicebulia sakanonmdeblo doneze, Tumca praqtikaSi dadasturebulia aseve ad-
vokatTa naklebi daintereseba mediaciis Sesaxeb klientis srulyofilad informire-
bis kuTxiT.107 doqtrinul donezec aRiareben, rom advokat-warmomadgenlis es valde-
99
mediaciis procesSi klientisa da warmomadgenlis keTilsindisieri monawileobis
valdebulebis Sesaxeb ix.: Wolski B., On Mediation, Legal Representatives and Advocates, 38 U.N.S.W.L.J.,
2015, 7; Sherill J.A., Ethics for Lawyers Representing Clients in Medaition, 6 Am. J. Mediation, 2012, 37-38;
2013, 305-325; Kovach K.K., Lawyer Ethics in Mediation: Time for a Requirement of Good Faith, 4 Disp. Resol.
Mag., 1997-1998, 9-13.
100
101
ix. Standards of Conduct for Mediators, Preamble, §2, miTiTebulia: Sherill J.A., Ethics for Lawyers
Representing Clients in Mediation, 6 Am. J. Mediation, 2012, 30.
102
Zaleniene I., The Main Features and Development Trends of Mediation in Lithuania: the Opportunities for
Lawyers, Jurisprudence 2010, 1(119), 233.
103
warmomadgenlis eTikuri valdebulebebis Sesaxeb sasamarTlos, mediaciis programis
administraciis, mxareTa da mediatoris mimarT ix. Wolski B., On Mediation, Legal Representatives
and Advocates, 38 U.N.S.W.L.J., 2015, 1-47.
104
Wolski B., On Mediation, Legal Representatives and Advocates, 38 U.N.S.W.L.J., 2015, 1-47.
105
iqve.
106
am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT ix. Berger M.J., Should an Attorney be Required to Advise Client of ADR
Options? Geo J. Legal Ethics, Vol. 13, 2000, 427; Sander F.E.A., Prigoff M.L., Should there be a Duty to Advise
of ADR Options, A.B.A.J., Vol. 76, 1990, 50.
107
Herring J., Legal Ethics, Oxford University Press, Great Britain, 2014, 313.
38
buleba farTod unda ganimartos da moicvas man molaparakebis strategiis, SeTanxmebis

alternativebisa da davis gadawyvetis procedurebis klientTan ganxilvis valdebu-
leba.108 amerikis advokatTa asociaciis profesiuli pasuxismgeblobis109 2.1. wesis me-5
komentaris Tanaxmad, advokatma unda acnobos mxares davis alternatiuli gadawyvetis
im formis Sesaxeb, romelic SesaZlebelia Seadgendes sasamarTlo warmoebis gonivrul
alternativas.110 amasTan, vinaidan Sesabamisi aqtebiT dadgenili ar aris sxva profesiis
warmomadgenlebisaTvis zemoaRniSnuli valdebulebis sawinaaRmdego danawesi, Sesaba-
misad, klientis informirebis valdebuleba maTzec vrceldeba.111
mniSvnelovania, rom niu-iorkis advokatTa asociaciis komitetma daadgina iuri-
diuli firmebis pasuxismgebloba maTi iuristebis mier eTikuri valdebulebebis dar-
RvevebisaTvis, radgan es sakiTxebi organizaciis kontrolirebad sferos ganakuTvna.112
V. eTikis standartebi mediaciis provaideri organizaciebisa da

sasamarTlos saqmianobis konteqstSi
mediaciaSi monawile pirebis garda, eTikuri valdebulebiT iboWeba mediaciis

provaideri kerZo organizaciebi, samTavrobo saagentoebi da savaldebulo mediaciis
ganmaxorcielebeli sasamarTloebi.113 saerTaSoriso doneze aRiarebulia, rom Zalian
maRalia mediaciis arajerovani praqtikis ganviTarebis riski avtoritetuli organi-
zaciebisa da saxelmwifo dawesebulebebis saqmianobis eTikuri standartebiT boWvis
ararsebobis pirobebSi. magaliTad, `mediaciis provaideris mier saqmis mediaciisaTvis
gadacemis procesSi mniSvnelovania, rom moxdes konfidencialurobis dacva, miuker-
Zoebeli da kompetenturi mediatoris saTanado proceduriT SerCeva, saqmeTa umrav-
lesobis erTi mediatorisaTvis gadagzavnis an mosamarTlis mier konfidencialuri
informaciis miRebis prevencia, raTa ar warmoiSvas interesTa konfliqtis arsebobis
safuZvliani eWvi.“114 aseve, mediaciis kerZo provaiderebis mogebis miRebis interesi
SesaZlebelia aCendes maT mier eTikuri kompromisebis daSvebis albaTobas.115
108
Cochran R.F., Legal Representation and Next Steps toward Client Control, Attorney Malpractice for the
Failure to Allow Client to Control Negotiation and Pursue Alternatives to Litigation, Wash. and Lee Law Rev.,
Vol. Vol. 47, 1990, 819; Wermbrod M.L., Comment, Could an Attorney Face Disciplinary Actions or Even
Legal Malpractice Liability for failure to Inform clients of Alternative Dispute Resolution, Cumb. L. Rev. Vol.
27, 1996-1997, 791.
109
ABA Model Code of Professional Responsibility, 1983, miTiTebulia: Compendium of Professional
Responsibility, Rules and Standards, ABA 2008 ed., American Bar Association, United States of America, 2007,
195.
110
Zaleniene I., The Main Features and Development Trends of Mediation in Lithuania: the Opportunities for
Lawyers, Jurisprudence 2010, 1(119), 234.
111
112
Raske H.J., Promoting Better Supervision, A.B.A.J., Vol. 79, 1993, 32.
113
America, 2011, 339.
114
115
America, 2011, 339.
39
`mediaciis provaiderebis an kerZo pirebis mier mediatorisaTvis saqmis gadag-

zavnisas mniSvnelovania ganisazRvros, dasaSvebi da eTikuria Tu ara mediatoris mier
mediaciis momsaxurebis safasuris ganawileba gadamgzavni individisa Tu institutis-
Tvis.“116 Tu es nebadarTulia, maSin saeWvo xdeba, ganisazRvros, ramdenad neitraluria
is motivi, ris safuZvelzec xdeba mediaciisaTvis saqmis gadacemis procesSi mediato-
ris SerCeva.
saerTaSoriso standartebi awesebs sasamarTloTa pasuxismgeblobas maT daqvem-
debarebaSi arsebul an im mediatorTa qmedebebze, romelTac sasamarTlos mier egzav-
nebaT mediaciis saqmeebi gansaxilvelad. amavdroulad, sasamarTlo ixsnis amgvar pa-
suxismgeblobas, Tu sasamarTlos miRma programis farglebSi piri mediatorad airCi-
es mxareebma sasamarTlos CarTulobis gareSe.117
aSS-Si mediaciis provaideri organizaciebis eTikuri valdebulebebi gansazR-
vrulia jorjTaunis eTikisa da ADR standartebis damdgeni komisiis mier aqtiT – ADR
provaideri organizaciis principebis proeqti (SemdgomSi – jorjTaunis principe-
bi).118 es aqti, romelic vrceldeba rogorc mediaciis kerZo, ise saxelmwifo provaide-
rebze, individebze, SemuSavda 1999 wels, sajaro ganxilvisTvis gamoqveynda 2000 wels
da sabolood miRebul iqna 2002 wels.119
1991 wels aSS-Si davebis gadawyvetis centris, sasamarTlo administrirebis in-
stitutisa da 18-wevriani mrCevelTa sabWos TanamSromlobis farglebSi savaldebulo
mediaciis ganmaxorcielebeli sasamarTlos eTikuri valdebulebis ganmtkicebis miz-
niT iqna miRebuli aSS-is erovnuli standartebi sasamarTlo mediaciis programebi-
saTvis (SemdgomSi – erovnuli standartebi).120
jorjTaunis principebi ganamtkicebs mediaciis provaideri organizaciebis
iseT eTikur valdebulebebs, rogorebicaa: momsaxurebis xarisxisa da kompetenturo-
bis uzrunvelyofa, jerovani informireba, samarTlianoba da miukerZoebloba, daba-
li Semosavlis mqone mxareebisaTvis momsaxurebis xelmisawvdomobis uzrunvelyofa,
interesTa konfliqtis gamJRavneba, gasaCivrebis meqanizmebis danergva, organizaciis
neitraluri subieqtebis eTikuri standartebisadmi daqvemdebareba, mcdari da Sec-
domaSi Semyvani komunikaciis akrZalva, konfidencialurobis garantiebis Seqmna.121
msgavsad, erovnuli standartebiT ganmtkicebul iqna iseTi eTikuri valdebule-
bebi, rogorebicaa: mediaciis xelmisawvdomobis, informirebuli Tanxmobis mopovebis,
saqmeTa swori SerCevis, momsaxurebis xarisxis, Sefasebisa da gasaCivrebis procedure-
bis uzrunvelyofa sasamarTlo mediaciis ganxorcielebis procesSi.122
116
117
Judicial Administration, 1992, Standard 2.1.
118
A Draft of Principles of ADR Provider Organizations, CRP-Georgetown Commission on Ethics and Standards
in ADR, 1999, 2000-2002.
119
America, 2011, 340.
120
Judicial Administration, 1992.
121
Kovach K.K., Mediation, Principles and Practice, 3rd ed., Thomson West, United States of America, 2004, 426-
427.
122
America, 2011, 340.
40
1. mediaciis procesis xarisxisa da mxaris Tavisufali

arCevanis uzrunvelyofa
jorjTaunis principebi da erovnuli standartebi mediaciis provaiderebs akis-

rebs valdebulebas, SesaZleblobis farglebSi uzrunvelyon maTi kontrolis sfero-
Si CaniSnuli mediaciis procesis xarisxianad Catareba.123
`saxelmwifo provaiderebis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi sxva Sinaarsis riskebi aRmo-
cendeba. nebayoflobiTi mediaciis arsebobisas mxare Tavisuflad irCevs mediators,
xolo sasamarTlo mediaciis pirobebSi, bunebrivia, igi moklebulia Tavisufali ar-
Cevanis SesaZleblobas. amitomac provaideris valdebuleba, uzrunvelyos mediaciis
proceduruli da arsebiTi xarisxiT warmarTva, pirdapir kavSirSia mxaris Tavisufa-
li arCevanis uflebasTan. mxaris arCevanis ararseboba, Tavad gansazRvros sasurveli
mediatoris CarTuloba, pirdapirproporciulad zrdis provaideri organizaciis
eTikur valdebulebas, uzrunvelyos kvalificiuri, xarisxiani savaldebulo media-
ciis procesi mxareTaTvis.“124
amave dros, jorjTaunis principebi adgens, rom provaider organizacias SeuZ-
lia, gamoricxos procesis xarisxis uzrunvelyofis valdebuleba mxareTa da sazoga-
doebisTvis sajaro mimarTviT.125
1.1. mediatoris unarebi da kompetencia, rogorc xarisxiani

mediaciis procesis garanti
jorjTaunis principebisa da erovnuli standartebis mixedviT, provaideri or-

ganizaciebis valdebulebis – uzrunvelyon mediaciis procesis xarisxiani warmarTva
– SesrulebisTvis aucilebladaa miCneuli saTanado unarebisa da kompetenciis mqone
mediatorisaTvis saqmis gadagzavna.
jorjTaunis principebis Tanaxmad, vinaidan mediacia multidisciplinuri sfe-
roa, specialuri sakvalifikacio moTxovnebisa da gamocdebis winapirobis saxiT arse-
bobis gareSe, mediatoris kompetencia xSirad ukavSirdeba treningebis, unarebis swav-
lebaze dafuZnebuli ganaTlebis, swavlebis sferoSi gamocdilebis arsebobas da mis
praqtikul konteqstTan dakavSirebas.126
erovnuli standartebi da jorjTaunis principebi Tanabrad uaryofen mediato-
ris sakvalifikacio winapirobad raime akademiuri xarisxis gansazRvris saWiroebas.
piriqiT, aRniSnuli aqtebis ganmartebiT, sasamarTlom ar unda daawesos iseTi barie-
rebi, romlebic gamoricxavs mediatorTa mravalferovnebas sqesis, rasisa Tu eTniku-
ri TvalsazrisiT.127
123
in ADR, 1999, 2000-2002, Principle 1 (Quality and Competence of Services).
124
America, 2011, 339-340.
125
in ADR, 1999, 2000-2002, Principle 1, Quality and Competence.
126
iqve, Principle 1, Ensuring Competence and Quality in Dispute Resolution Practice, Report №. 2, of the SPIDR
Commission on Qualifications, April 1995.
127
41
erovnuli standartebi gansazRvravs 9 unars, romlebic aucilebelia mediato-

risaTvis xarisxiani procesis uzrunvelsayofad. es unarebia: molaparakebis procesis
aRqmisa da warmomadgenlis rolis swori gaazreba, mxareTa poziciebis interesebad
gardaqmna, maTi daxmareba – SeuTanxmeblobis SemTxvevaSi Seafason mediaciis process
miRma davis gadawyvetis SesaZlo alternativebi, ndobis mopoveba da mimReblobis Se-
narCuneba, mediaciiT gadauwyveteli sakiTxebis gamoxSirva, SemoqmedebiTi alterna-
tivebis waxaliseba, mxareTa daxmareba – gansazRvron gadawyvetilebis miRebis pro-
cesSi saxelmZRvanelo principebi da kriteriumebi, miiRon Tavisufali da informi-
rebuli gadawyvetileba da Seafason, ramdenad Sesrulebadia miRweuli SeTanxmeba.128
erovnuli standartebiT ganisazRvreba, rom, Tu saqmeSi relevanturia mxare-
Ta samarTlebrivi Sinaarsis interesebi, maSin mediatoris kompetenciis mniSvnelovani
komponentia im iuridiuli Sedegebisa da alternativebis winaswar Sefaseba-Sejereba,
romlebic SesaZlebelia mxarisaTvis iyos prognozirebadi davis gadawyvetis sxva pro-
ceduris arCevis SemTxvevaSi.
2. informaciis miwodeba da interesTa konfliqtis gamJRavnebis

valdebuleba
erovnuli standartebi akisrebs sasamarTlos saganmanaTleblo rols, romelic

gamoixateba sasamarTlos eTikuri valdebulebiT, miawodos mxareebsa da warmomadgen-
lebs, sul mcire, 17 saxis informacia, dawyebuli mediaciis xarjebisa da proceduris
SetyobinebiT, dasrulebuli mediatoris gadawyvetilebis miRebis uflebamosilebis
ararsebobisa da mxareTa mier SeTanxmebis miuRwevlobis SemTxvevaSi sasamarTlosadmi
mimarTvis uflebis ganmartebiT.129
jorjTaunis principebis Tanaxmad, mediaciis provaiderma organizaciebma SesaZ-
lebelia, daamyaron iseTi instituciuri kavSirebi, ramac SesaZlebelia, safrTxe Se-
uqmnas maT mier administrirebuli procesebis neitralurobas. kerZo provaiderebma
SesaZlebelia, TavianT mudmiv klientebTan urTierToba gamoiyenon garantirebul da
winaswar navaraudev Semosavlis wyarod. am safrTxis ganeitralebis saSualebad jor-
jTaunis principebi adgens gamWvirvaleobasa da organizaciis mier mxareebisgan in-
formirebuli Tanxmobis winaswar miRebis uzrunvelyofas.
individi mediatorebis msgavsad, provaider organizaciebsac evalebaT im ur-
TierTobebis Sesaxeb mxareebisTvis informaciis gamJRavnebis valdebuleba, visTanac
imyofebian, an warsulSi iyvnen garkveul SemxeblobaSi da rac SeiZleba aCendes neit-
ralurobis eWvs.130
128
129
iqve, standard 3.2.
130
America, 2011, 341.
42
3. procesis xelmisawvdomobis uzrunvelyofa
erovnuli standartebis Tanaxmad, mediaciis xelmisawvdomoba ar unda ganisazR-

vrebodes iseTi kriteriumebiT, rogorebicaa: mxareTa mier momsaxurebis safasuris
gadaxdis an warmomadgenlis yolis SesaZlebloba, fizikuri naklis ararseboba an in-
glisur enaze saubrisa da informaciis aRqmis unari.131
jorjTaunis principebi, provaideris valdebulebis ganmtkicebiT, miiRos yvela
gonivruli zoma dabali Semosavlis mqone mxareebisaTvis procesis xelmisawvdomobis
uzrunvelsayofad,132 akisrebs afilirebul neitralur pirebs, SesTavazon davis ga-
dawyvetis procedura sabazro fasze naklebi tarifiT an anazRaurebis gareSe.133
4. samarTliani da miukerZoebeli procesis garantiebis Seqmna
erovnuli principebi avaldebulebs mediaciis provaiderebs, uzrunvelyon, ma-

Ti kontrolis farglebSi, fundamenturad samarTliani da miukerZoebeli mediaciis
procesis Catareba.134 procesis fundamenturi samarTlianoba ganisazRvreba Semdegi
kriteriumebiT:
mxareTa mier neitraluri damxmaris Tavisufali arCevis xelmisawvdomoba;
mxareTa SesaZlebloba, uzrunvelyofilni iyvnen adekvaturi samarTlebrivi
warmomadgenlobiT da saqmis samarTliani ganxilvis procedurebiT;
sakmarisi xangrZlivobis sesiebis arseboba da gonivruli xarjebis samarTliani
gadanawileba.
erovnuli standartebi akisrebs valdebulebas sasamarTlos, gamoiyenos auci-
lebeli da specialuri zomebi, raTa, warmomadgenlis gareSe, monawile mxareebma ga-
akeTon mediaciis Sesaxeb informirebuli da Tavisufali arCevani da maT ecnoboT ga-
dawyvetis SesaZlo alternativebis xelmisawvdomobis Sesaxeb.135
5. mediaciisaTvis saqmis gadagzavnis saTanado pirobebis momzadeba da

mosalodneli Sedegebis kompleqsuri Sefaseba
saqmis mediaciisaTvis gadacemis procesSi sasamarTlom unda gaiTvaliswinos, Tu

ra gavlenis moxdena SeuZlia amas sasamarTloze, mxareebze an sxva pirebze.136 erovnu-
li standartebi adgens im garemoebebs, romelTa arsebobac mediaciisaTvis saqmis ga-
131
132
in ADR, 1999, 2000-2002, Principle IV, Accessibility of Services.
133
iqve, Principle IV, Comment.
134
in ADR, 1999, 2000-2002, Principle III.
135
136
iqve, Standard 4, Selection of Cases and Timing of Referral.
43
dacemis damabrkolebelia. magaliTad: mediaciiT gansaxilveli qmedeba iwvevs sajaro

cenzuras, garkveuli wesebis ganmeorebiTi darRveva moiTxovs erTian midgomas sasa-
marTlos mier pasuxismgeblobis gansazRvrisas, mxareebi an/da warmomadgenlebi ver
axerxeben efeqtian molaparakebas.137
erovnuli standartebis Tanaxmad, savaldebulo mediaciis CatarebisaTvis auci-
lebelia gansazRvruli pirobebis Seqmna. kerZod, aseTi momsaxureba unda iyos saxel-
mwifos mier dafinansebuli, mxareebi Tavisufalni unda iyvnen gadawyvetilebis miRe-
bis arasaTanado wnexisgan, hqondeT procesSi monawileobis SeuzRudavi SesaZleblo-
ba, informirebulebi unda iyvnen mediaciisgan savaraudo molodinebis Sesaxeb, hqon-
deT procesSi sakuTari warmomadgenlebis CarTvis SesaZlebloba.138
im SemTxvevaSic ki, rodesac saqmis mediaciisaTvis gadacema wesebis saTanado
dacviT aris ganxorcielebuli, erovnuli standartebi mouwodebs sasamarTlos, mii-
Ros specialuri zomebi susti mxaris139 interesebisaTvis (magaliTad, romlebic arian
ojaxuri, fsiqologiuri an fizikuri Zaladobis msxverplni140) da uzrunvelyos maTi
informireba, savaldebulo mediaciaSi CarTvis miuxedavad, maTi mxridan kompromisisa
da sarCelze uaris Tqmis valdebulebis ararsebobis Sesaxeb.141
6. mediaciis procesis monitoringisa da zedamxedvelobis

dasaSvebi farglebi
erovnuli standartebis Tanaxmad, sasamarTlom unda uzrunvelyos im mediator-

Ta warmarTuli procesebis monitoringi da zedamxedveloba, romelTac gadaegzavnaT
saqmeebi gansaxilvelad, raTa SenarCunebul iqnes procesis xarisxianad warmarTvis
mudmivoba.142
monitoringis am funqciis realizeba xdeba damkvirveblis CarTviT, klientTa da
mosamarTleTa SefasebebiT da ganxiluli davebis Sedegobrivi monacemebis analiziT.
mediatorTa saqmianobis xarisxis asamaRleblad sasamarTlom mudmivad unda uzrun-
velyos damatebiTi treningebis SesaZlebloba an Tanamediatorebis CarTva mediaciis
procesSi.143 mediatorTa mier eTikuri valdebulebebis darRveva pirdapir iwvevs me-
diaciis institutis diskreditacias. aRniSnulis prevenciisTvis sasamarTlos unda
hqondes berketebi, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, moxsnas mediatori reestridan, an Sewyvi-
tos saqmeebis misTvis gadagzavna.144
137
iqve, Standard 4.2.
138
Judicial Administration, 1992, Standard 5.1, Mandatory Attendance.
139
mediaciaSi susti mxaris monawileobis Sesaxeb ixileT Herring J., Legal Ethics, Oxford University
Press, Great Britain, 2014, 310.
140
141
iqve, Standard 11.0-11.2, Inappropriate Pressure to Settle.
142
iqve, Standard 6.5.
143
America, 2011, 346.
144
44
7. Sefasebis meqanizmebisa da gasaCivrebis procedurebis danergva
eTikuri valdebulebebis Sesrulebis uzrunvelsayofad sasamarTlom unda Se-

agrovos raodenobrivi da xarisxobrivi monacemebi, romlebic Seexeba davis monawile
mxareTa mier mediaciis procesis legitimurobisa da samarTlianobis Sefasebas, davis
gadawyvetis ricxovnobasa da xarjebis efeqtianobas.145
sasamarTlom, romelmac gadaagzavna saqme mediaciaSi gansaxilvelad, unda uz-
runvelyos mxareTaTvis gasaCivrebis procedurebis danergva mediatoris procesSi
monawileobasa da sxva darRvevebTan dakavSirebiT.146 gasaCivrebis procedurebi unda
iyos Tanabrad samarTliani rogorc davis monawile mxareebisTvis, ise neitraluri me-
same pirisaTvis – mediatorisTvis.147
provaiderma organizaciebma unda uzrunvelyon am procedurebis Sesaxeb infor-
maciis maRali sizustiTa da naTeli formiT gamoqveyneba. amasTan, Zalian mniSvnelo-
vania, rom gasaCivrebis SesaZlebloba dasaSvebia, miemarTebodes mediatoris qcevas an
provaideri organizaciis romelime wesis darRvevas, da igi ar SeiZleba, iqnes gamoye-
nebuli mxareTa mier rogorc miRweuli SeTanxmebisgan Tavis daRwevis saSualeba.148
8. konfidencialurobiT dacvis politikis SemuSaveba
èrovnuli standartebi da jorjTaunis principebi Tanabrad aRiareben konfi-

dencialurobis mniSvnelobas, Tumca ar gansazRvraven konfidencialurobiT dacvis
dasaSveb farglebs an misi SezRudvis safuZvlebs.“149 àRniSnuli aqtebi ganamtkiceben
mediaciis provaideri organizaciebis valdebulebas, SeimuSaon maTi saqmianobis miz-
nebisa da kanonis Sesatyvisi politika konfidencialurobis dacvis sferoSi im piro-
biT, rom aRniSnuli standartebi iqneba naTlad Camoyalibebuli da miwodebuli kon-
fidencialurobiT daculi pirebisaTvis.“ 150
jorjTaunis principebis Tanaxmad, provaiderma organizaciam unda miiRos yvela
mniSvnelovani zoma, raTa daicvas konfidencialurobis is farglebi, rac dawesebulia
kanoniT, gansazRvrulia mxareTa, organizaciis an mediatoris mier.151
erovnuli standartebi awesebs sasamarTloTa valdebulebas, SeimuSaon kanonis
Sesabamisi konfidencialurobis dacvis politika, romliTac detalurad ganisazR-
145
146
iqve, Standard 2.6, Complaint Mechanism.
147
in ADR, 1999, 2000-2002, Principle IV, Complaint and Grievance Mechanisms.
148
iqve, Principle VI.
149
America, 2011, 347.
150
in ADR, 1999, 2000-2002, Principle IX, Confidentiality, (a)-(c).
151
iqve, Principle IX, Confidentiality.
45
vreba aRniSnuli principiT dacul mediatorTa wre, saqmeebi, dacvis farglebi, privi-
legiis mqone pirebi da principidan dadgenili gamonaklisebi. 152
im pirobebSi, rodesac sasamarTlos uwevs konfidencialurobiT uzrunvelyofi-

li miznisa da konfidencialurobis dacvis safasuris urTierTSefardeba da upirate-
si interesis gamokveTa, man unda ixelmZRvanelos mediaciis procesis keTilsindisi-
erebisa da urRvevobis dacvis umTavresi amocaniT.153
erovnuli standartebis Sesabamisad, mediaciis konfidencialurobis politika
ar unda iTvaliswinebdes imaze naklebi standartiT dacvis SesaZleblobas, rac mxare-
Ta SemaTanxmebel procedurebSia gansazRvruli.154
9. mediaciis eTikis kodeqsis dadgena
erovnuli standartebi da jorjTaunis principebi provaider organizacias akis-

reben mediaciis eTikis kodeqsis miRebis valdebulebas masTan afilirebuli neitra-
luri mesame pirebis saqmianobis praqtikis dasaregulireblad. msgavsad, mediatorTa
qcevis evropuli kodeqsi155 Seicavs mowodebas mediaciis ganmaxorcielebeli organi-
zaciebisaTvis, gaavrcelon am kodeqsis moqmedeba maTze daqvemdebarebul mediato-
rebze,156 an SeimuSaon ufro detaluri eTikis normebi mediaciis servisis im Tavisebu-
rebebisa da stilis gaTvaliswinebiT, romelTac isini sTavazoben kompaniis saxeliT.
mediatorTa qcevis evropuli kodeqsis Tanaxmad, provaiderma organizacieb-
ma SesaZlebelia, aseve daadginon dargobrivi mediaciis kodeqsebi saojaxo da samom-
xmareblo davebis sferoSi.157 mediatorTa qcevis modeluri standartebis mixedviT,
provaideri organizaciebi, mediaciis programis administratorebi, sasamarTlo da am
sferoSi arsebuli sxva dawesebulebebi uflebamosilni arian, mediatorebs am organi-
zaciebis wevrobis an maT reestrSi Caricxvis winapirobad daudginon mediaciis eTikis
zemoaRniSnuli wesebisadmi daqvemdebareba.158
mediaciis eTikis kodeqsis dadgenisas provaiderebma unda ixelmZRvanelon medi-
aciis procesis erTianobisa da urRvevobis, keTilsindisierebisa da neitralurobis
waxalisebis mTavari miznebiT.
152
153
iqve, Standard 9.1.
154
iqve, Standard 9.1. (d).
155
European Code of Conduct for Mediators, 2004, <http://ec.europa.eu/civiljustice/adr/adr_ec_code_conduct_
en.pdf>.
156
Boulle L., Nesic M., Mediator Skills and Techniques: Triangle of Influence, European Code of Conduct for
Mediators , Athenaeum Press, Great Britain, 2010, 642.
157
iqve.
158
Young M., Rejoice! Rejoice! Rejoice, Give Thanks and Sing: ABA, ACR and AAA Adopt Revised Model
Standards of Conduct for Mediators, Appalachian Journal of Law, Vol. 5, 2006, 199.
46
VI. daskvna
kvlevis safuZvelze SesaZlebelia iTqvas, rom eTikuri standartebis arseboba

uzrunvelyofs rogorc mediatorTa saqmianobis regulirebas, ise mTlianad qveynis
masStabiT moqmedi mediaciis programebis gamarTul funqciobas.159 mediaciis eTikis
wesebis SemoRebiT uzrunvelyofili sami umTavresi mizani naTlad gamoikveTa media-
torTa qcevis modeluri standartebis preambulaSi: mediatorTa qcevis regulireba,
monawile mxareTa informireba da sazogadoebis ndobis amaRleba mediaciis, rogorc
davis mogvarebaze orientirebuli procesis, mimarT.160
saqarTveloSi mediaciis eTikis standartebis SemoReba iqneba wingadadgmuli
nabiji mediatoris `profesiad“ formirebis gzaze. amasTan, is moemsaxureba sajaro
interesis ganxorcielebas da praqtikosi mediatorebis angariSvaldebulebis dawe-
sebas.161
eTikuri standartebis dadgena mediaciis saxelmwifo da kerZo provaiderebis-
Tvis, gansakuTrebiT, mniSvnelovani iqneba sazogadoebis ndobis mopovebisa da cnobi-
erebis amaRlebis kuTxiTac. igi waaxalisebs moqalaqeTa iniciativas, nebayoflobiT
ndoba gamoucxadon mediacias, rogorc eTikur standartebze dafuZnebul process.
159
America, 2011, 347-348.
160
mediaciis eTikis regulirebis aRniSnul Tanmdev Sedegebze ixileT: Rozdeiczer L., Campa
A.A., Alternative Dispute Resolution Manual: Implementing Commercial Mediation, The World Bank Group,
IFC, 2006, 51.
161
Wilson B., Mediation Ethics: An Exploration of Four Seminal Texts, 12 Cardozo J. Conflict Resol., 2010-2011,
120.
47
giorgi amiranaSvili *
garigebis formis funqciebi
statiaSi gaanalizebulia, Tu ra mizans emsaxureba garigebis forma, ra aris

misi funqcia. naSromSi ganxiluli ramdenime umniSvnelovanesi funqcia naT-
lad warmoaCens TiToeuli maTganis daniSnulebas Tanamedrove samarTalSi,
maT Soris, eleqtronuli komerciis konteqstSi. saboloo jamSi, ganxorci-
elebuli kvleva iZleva im daskvnis gaziarebis saSualebas, rom garigebis
TiToeuli forma mimarTulia ramdenime funqciis erTdrouli realizacii-
saken.
sakvanZo sityvebi: garigebis forma, formis funqcia.
1. Sesavali
filosofosTa azriT, arsebobs wesebi, romlebic adamians met-naklebad xel-

sayreli saSualebebiT uzrunvelyofs, raTa Seqmnas uflebisa da movaleobis iseTi
struqtura, romlis mixedviTac, is sakuTar cxovrebas kanonis farglebSi warmarTavs.
es is wesebia, romelTa safuZvelze, adamians eZleva ufleba, gaaformos xelSekrule-
ba, daweros anderZi, mindobiloba, zogadad, daamyaros samarTlebrivi urTierToba
sxvebTan. swored aseTi wesebi iZleva SesaZleblobas, pirma gamoiyenos da daicvas Ta-
visi ufleba.1
sociologiuri perspeqtividan samarTali SeuZlebeli iqneba formalizaciis
gareSe da amis dasasabuTeblad unda aigos formis Teoria ise, rom igi sulac ar ewi-
naaRmdegebodes Sinaarss. Tuki samarTlis formalizmi sasargebloa, igi unda iyos
sasargeblo imdenad, rom Sinaarsobrivad aRwevdes raimes. rodesac forma ar Seesa-
bameba Sinaarss, formalizmi paTologiaa, mas ar eqneba sasurveli efeqti da amitom,
saboloo jamSi, iqneba aramdgradi. formalizmi da formalizacia emsaxureba imis Se-
narCunebas, rac arsebiTia SinaarsSi. rodesac formalizacia kargad muSaobs, maSin mi-
si mizani igivea, rac mTeli Sinaarsisa.2
bunebrivia, xelSekrulebis namdvilobis winapirobad kanoniT an mxareTa SeTan-
xmebiT dadgenili formis dacva, garkveulwilad, aferxebs saxelSekrulebo urTi-
erTobis swrafad da moqnilad ganviTarebas;3 meore mxriv, formalobas drois dakar-
*
Tsu-is iuridiuli fakultetis doqtoranti, mowveuli leqtori.
1
harti h.l.a., pozitivizmi da samarTlisa (kanonisa) da moralis gamijvna, wignSi: dvorkini
r.m. (red.), samarTlis filosofia: Zalian mokle Sesavali, Tb., 2010, 10-11.
2
Stinchcombe A. L., When Formality Works: Authority and Abstraction in Law and Organizations, University of
Chicago Press, Chicago, 2001, 2-3.
3
ZlieriSvili z., cercvaZe g., robaqiZe i., svanaZe g., cercvaZe l., janaSia l., saxelSekru-
lebo samarTali, Tb., 2014, 89.
48
giorgi amiranaSvili, garigebis formis funqciebi
gvasa da fulTan dakavSirebuli uxerxulobebic axlavs: formaSi daSvebuli Secdoma,

araiSviaTad, imuqreba, ararad aqcios savsebiT seriozuli nebis gamoxatva. dabolos,
formebi advilad iyineba, drois moTxovnilebas CamorCeba da arapopularuli xdeba.
amgvar SemTxvevaSi, Cndeba uTanxmoeba normasa, romelic formis dacvas moiTxovs, da
samoqalaqo brunvas Soris, romelic cdilobs, mas gverdi auaros.4 Tumca werilobi-
Ti formis moTxovna mxolod uxerxulobasa da SezRudvas ar iwvevs misi monawileebi-
saTvis. ar SeiZleba, saTanadod ar Sefasdes garigebis werilobiTi formis dadebiTi
mniSvnelobac. garigebaTa mTeli rigis werilobiTi formis moTxovnis dadgeniT, ka-
nonmdebeli miiswrafvis, daicvas samoqalaqo brunvis monawileTa interesebi, uzrun-
velyos misi stabiluroba da usafrTxoeba, daicvas gamoucdeli subieqtebi samoqa-
laqo samarTalurTierTobis arakeTilsindisier monawileTa mxridan maTi borotad
gamoyenebisagan.5 Sesabamisad, kanonmdebeli xelSekrulebis formasTan dakavSirebul
garkveul wesebs iseT SemTxvevaSi gansazRvravs, rodesac Tavad saxelSekrulebo ur-
TierTobis stabilurobis uzrunvelsayofad aris amis saWiroeba da formis dawesebas
Sesabamisi mizani aqvs.6
rogorc civiluri, ise saerTo samarTlis sistemis saxelSekrulebo samarTal-
Si aRiniSneboda saxelSekrulebo formalobis Sesustebuli mniSvnelobis xangrZlivi
istoriuli tendencia. adreuli samarTlebrivi sistemebi iyo formalisturi da òbi-
eqtivisturi~. es antikuri formalizmi dakavSirebuli iyo magiur azrovnebasTan, rac
kvlav SeiZleba igrZnobodes zogierT wesSi antikuri romis samarTlis adreuli peri-
odidan.7
formalurma moTxovnebma SeiZleba Seasrulos sxvadasxva funqcia; yvela ar aris
dakavSirebuli individebis dacvasTan TviTdamazianebeli xelSekrulebisagan. ro-
gorc politikis instrumentebi, maTi funqcia gamoixateba imiT, rom xelSekrulebis
dadeba gaxdes ufro rTuli da, am gziT, ufro windaxeduli (avtonomiuri), saboloo
jamSi ki, ufro metad keTildReobis amamaRlebeli. samarTlebrivi reJimebis umeteso-
ba xelSekrulebis garkveuli kategoriebis namdvilobisa da iZulebiT ganxorcieleba-
dobisaTvis iTxovs formalobis dacvas.8
Tanamedrove saxelSekrulebo samarTalSi arsebuli formaluri moTxovnebis
ganxilvisas cimermani aRniSnavs, rom isini, yvela, SemoRebul iqna, raTa miRweuliyo
garkveuli sakanonmdeblo miznebi: garigebis mtkicebis gaadvileba, gaazrebuli Se-
Tanxmebis SesaZlebloba da, amgvarad, naCqarevi da windauxedavi gancxadebis Tavidan
4
denburgi h., pandeqtebi, tomi pirveli, zogadi nawili, tf., 1928, 243. am sakiTxTan da-
kavSirebiT, aseve, ix.: Wanturia l., saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari, wigni
mesame, valdebulebiTi samarTali, zogadi nawili, 328-e muxli, Tb., 2001, 110; Чантурия Л.,
Свобода и ответственность: право и правосудие постсоветской эпохи, Изд. “САНИ”, Тбилиси, 2004, 70;
Татаркина К.П., Форма сделок в гражданском праве России, Изд. ТУСУРа, Томск, 2012, 55-56.
5
Татаркина К.П., Форма сделок в гражданском праве России, Изд. ТУСУРа, Томск, 2012, 56.
6
ZlieriSvili z., cercvaZe g., robaqiZe i., svanaZe g., cercvaZe l., janaSia l., saxelSekrulebo
samarTali, Tb., 2014, 89.
7
Cserne P., Freedom of Contract and Paternalism: Prospects and Limits of an Economic Approach, Palgrave
Macmillan, New York, 2012, 106.
8
iqve, 107.
49
acileba, an – sanotaro damowmebis SemTxvevaSi – samarTlebrivi konsultaciis uzrun-

velyofa.9
garkveuli garigebisaTvis samarTlebrivi sistemebi iTxovs SedarebiT mkacri
formalobis dacvas. aseTia calmxrivi valdebuleba, an didi gavlenis mqone garigeba,
romelic, ZiriTadad, dakavSirebulia qorwinebasa da memkvidreobasTan.10
miuxedavad imisa, rom dadgenili zomebi gansxvavdeba iurisdiqciebis mixedviT,
formaloba, aseve, ufro mkacria, sxva Tanabar pirobebSi, rodesac garigebas aqvs di-
di gavlena. es exeba uaRresad pirad gadawyvetilebas, sadac gansakuTrebuli mniSvne-
loba mibmulia arCevanis avtonomiurobasa da auCqareblobasTan, rogorebicaa: suro-
gatuli dedobis, qorwinebis an memkvidreobasTan dakavSirebuli zogierTi garigeba.
rogorc ukve amtkicebdnen ostini, savini, ieringi da iurisprudenciis sxva klasiko-
sebi, iuridiuli formaloba sasargebloa individebis dasacavad naCqarevi gadawyve-
tilebisagan. rbili paternalizmis perspeqtividan formaloba muSaobs rogorc seri-
ozulobis maCvenebeli. formalur moTxovnaTa mTavari ekonomikuri funqcia isaa, rom
xelSekrulebis dadeba gaxdes ufro rTuli, am gziT, ufro windaxeduli, da, Sedegad,
ufro meti albaTobiT, keTildReobis amamaRlebeli.11
zogierTi avtoris SefasebiT, forma ar aris TviTmizani, aramed igi sxvadasxva
miznis miRwevis saSualebaa da ganpirobebulia am miznebiT.12 Sesabamisad, gasaziarebe-
lia mosazreba, rom garigebis formis funqciebis Seswavla iZleva im miznebis ukeT ga-
gebis saSualebas, romelTa miRwevac SeiZleba kanoniT, an mxareTa SeTanxmebiT nebis
gamovlenis garkveuli saSualebis dadgeniT.13
statiaSi gaanalizebulia, Tu ra mizans emsaxureba garigebis forma, ra aris misi
funqcia, maT Soris, eleqtronuli komerciis sferoSi.
2. garigebis formis calkeuli funqciis daxasiaTeba
qvemoT ganxiluli iqneba garkveuli mniSvnelobis matarebeli ramdenime fun-

qcia, rac garigebis kanoniT dadgenil ama Tu im formas SeiZleba axasiaTebdes.
2.1. sicxadis funqcia
werilobiTi formiT xelSekrulebis dadeba saSualebas aZlevs mxareebs, zustad

gamijnon molaparakebis procesi da uSualod garigebis dadebis faqti. zepirad nebis
gamovlenisas (gansakuTrebiT, xelSekrulebis pirobaTa xangrZlivi ganxilvisas), SeiZ-
leba warmoiSvas dava, TiToeul mxares, xelSekrulebis dadebasTan dakavSirebiT Ta-
visi azris gamoTqmisas namdvilad surda Tu ara partniorTan saxelSekrulebo urTi-
9
Zimmermann R., The Law of Obligations: Roman Foundations of the Civilian Tradition, Cape Town, Wetton and
Johannesburg, 1990, 86.
10
Macmillan, New York, 2012, 107-108.
11
12
kereseliZe d., kerZo samarTlis uzogadesi sistemuri cnebebi, Tb., 2009, 285.
13
50
erTobaSi Sesvla, Tu ganixileboda sakiTxi mxolod misi dadebis savaraudo SesaZleb-

lobaze. xelSekrulebis werilobiTi gaformebis moTxovna saSualebas iZleva, ufro
zustad dadgindes Tavad misi dadebis faqti, uzrunvelyofs garigebis dadebis faqtis
sicxades (Abschlußklarheit).14
kanonmdebeli miiswrafvis, moaxdinos kerZo pirTa stimulireba, rom maTi nebis
gamovlenis aqti sakmarisi sizustiTa da gansazRvrulobiT gamoxatavdes maT ganzrax-
vas, raTa misi Sinaarsi drois nebismier momentSi erTgvarovnad aRqmuli da gaazrebu-
li iyos yvela dainteresebuli piris mier, sasamarTlos CaTvliT, da adgens moTxovnas
ama Tu im tipis garigebis martivi werilobiTi formiT dadebis Taobaze.15
xelSekrulebis werilobiTi forma mxareebs SeiZleba daexmaros xelSekrulebiT
gaTvaliswinebuli da gauTvaliswinebeli, zepirad SeTanxmebuli pirobebis gamijvni-
sas. amasTan, xels Seuwyobs imis dadgenas, Tu ramdenad SeiZleba xelSekrulebis weri-
lobiTi formiT gauTvaliswinebeli SeTanxmebis gamoyeneba saxelSekrulebo urTier-
Tobis miznisaTvis. xelSekrulebis dadebis Semdgom naTlad Camoyalibebuli werilo-
biTi xelSekruleba saSualebas aZlevs mxareebs, xelSekrulebis pirobebis Sesabamisad
imoqmedon.16
2.2. ganzraxvis seriozulobis/gafrTxilebis funqcia
zogierTi avtoris mixedviT, formaluri garigeba mravali upiratesobiT sar-

geblobs. misi meSveobiT, aqtis mTel seriozulobas mxareebi ufro igneben, winaswar
molaparakebaSi erTgvari wesrigi myardeba.17
erT-erT safuZveli, romliTac xdeba garigebis formis dadgena, aris kanonmdeb-
lis miswrafeba, `gamoiwvios pirebSi, romlebic axorcieleben aqts, sruliad awonil-
dawonili, seriozuli neba~18. Tu kanoniT, an mxareTa SeTanxmebiT gansazRvrulia gari-
gebis werilobiTi forma, misi monawileebi iZulebuli arian, daxarjon mis gaformeba-
ze gansazRvruli dro da Zalisxmeva (SeTanxmebis teqstis Sedgena da SeTanxmeba, misi
14
formis swored am funqcias gulisxmoben, rodesac aRniSnaven, rom formaluri garigebis
meSveobiT TviT garigebis damTavreba aSkarad imijneba winaswari molaparakebisgan:
denburgi h., pandeqtebi, tomi pirveli, zogadi nawili, tf., 1928, 243. am sakiTxTan
dakavSirebiT, agreTve, ix.: Wanturia l., saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari,
wigni mesame, 328-e muxli, Tb., 2001, 110; Чантурия Л., Свобода и ответственность: право и
правосудие постсоветской эпохи, Изд. “САНИ”, Тбилиси, 2004, 70.
15
Белов В.А., Гражданское право, Общая часть, Т. II, Лица, блага, факты, Изд. “Юрайт”, М., 2011, 635. am
sakiTxTan mimarTebiT, aseve, ix.: Todua m., vilemsi h., valdebulebiTi samarTali, 2006,
106; xubua g., ToTlaZe l. (red.), ganmartebiTi iuridiuli leqsikoni, berlini, 2012, 114;
Treitel G., The Law of Contract, 11th ed., Sweet & Maxwell, London, 2003, 176.
16
17
denburgi h., pandeqtebi, tomi pirveli, zogadi nawili, tf., 1928, 243.
18
Митюков К.А., Курс римского права, второе издание, Лито-типография Товарищества И.Н. Кушнерев
и Ко, Киев, 1902, 43, cit. Татаркина К.П., Форма сделок в гражданском праве России, Изд. ТУСУРа,
Томск, 2012, 58.
51
xelmowera, zogierT SemTxvevaSi, damowmeba notariusTan). ivaraudeba, rom aseT dros

mxareebi ufro seriozulad aRiqvamen iuridiul moqmedebas, romelsac isini axorcie-
leben. SemTxveviT naTqvami sityvebi an xumrobiT micemuli dapireba, zogjer, SeiZleba
iqnes gagebuli kontrahentis mier rogorc seriozuli nebis gamovlena, Tumca, realu-
rad, aseTi ar iyos. werilobiTi dokumentis Sedgenisas brunvis subieqtebi, rogorc
wesi, acnobiereben, rom maT mier xelmowerili dokumenti mimarTulia samarTlebri-
vi Sedegis dadgomisaken. mxareebi yovelTvis ar arian mzad, werilobiT daadasturon
is, rasac erTmaneTs zepirad hpirdebian. werilobiTi formis moTxovna akavebs brun-
vis monawileebs naCqarevi nebis gamovlenisa da windauxedavad garigebis dadebisagan,
adasturebs mxareTa ganzraxvis seriozulobas (Übereilungsschutz).19
formaluri moTxovnebi SemoRebul iqna sami politikuri mosazrebis safuZvel-
ze, romelTagan pirvelia is, rom formas ganzraxuli aqvs mxareebis (an erT-erTi mxa-
ris) gafrTxileba, rom isini apireben mniSvnelovani aqtis Sesrulebas, rac moxsenie-
bulia rogorc gafrTxilebis funqcia (Warnfunktion).20
sxva avtori ki formis damdgeni normis am funqcias, rom ganmcxadebelma nebis ga-
movlenis Sinaarsi sakmarisad gaiazros, prevenciul funqciad moixseniebs.21
amrigad, werilobiTi formiT dadebuli xelSekruleba atarebs gamafrTxilebel
funqcias.22 xelSekruleba arsebobs xelSesaxebi saxiT. amdenad, xelmoweris Taobaze
gadawyvetilebis misaRebad mxareebs kidev erTxel dafiqrebisa da kargad gaanalizebis
saSualeba eZlevaT, dadon Tu ara xelSekruleba mocemuli pirobebiT.23 formis gamaf-
rTxilebeli efeqti swored imiT gamoixateba, rom pirma SeiZleba ufro didxans iyoy-
manos, sanam saTanado wesiT gaaformebs beWeddasmul dokuments, vidre es moxdeboda
zepiri dapirebis gacemis win.24
19
20
Markesinis B.S., Unberath H., Johnston A., The German Law of Contract: A Comparative Treatise, 2nd ed.,
Hart Publishing, Oregon, 2006, 84. qmedebaSi gacnobierebulobis amaRlebas, romelzec piri
iZleva Tanxmobas, emsaxureba xelmowera da misi es Tavisebureba germanul iuridiul
literaturaSi gamoyofilia rogorc gafrTxilebis funqcia (Warnfunktion): Laborde C.M.,
Electronic Signatures in International Contracts, Peter Lang GmbH, Frankfurt am Main, 2010, 29.
21
kropholeri i., germaniis samoqalaqo kodeqsi, saswavlo komentari, Tb., 2014, §125, veli 1,
50.
22
fuleris klasikuri gamijvnis mixedviT, gamafrTxilebeli funqcia aris saxelSekrulebo
formalobis sami funqciidan erT-erTi, rac gulisxmobs imas, rom formaloba aiZulebs
mxareebs Senelebasa da imaze fiqrs, ras akeTeben isini: Cserne P., Freedom of Contract and
Paternalism: Prospects and Limits of an Economic Approach, Palgrave Macmillan, New York, 2012, 110.
23
samarTali, Tb., 2014, 89. am sakiTxis Taobaze, aseve, ix. Wanturia l., saqarTvelos
samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari, wigni mesame, 328-e muxli, Tb., 2001,110; Чантурия Л., Свобода
и ответственность: право и правосудие постсоветской эпохи, Изд. “САНИ”, Тбилиси, 2004, 70.
24
Treitel G., The Law of Contract, 11th ed., Sweet & Maxwell, London, 2003, 176. aRsaniSnavia, rom
germanuli samarTlis mixedviT, eleqtronuli formis gamoyeneba gamoricxulia zogierTi
samarTlebrivi moqmedebisaTvis, ra SemTxvevaSic wina planze gamodis ganmcxadeblis
dacva naCqarevi gadawyvetilebisagan (e.w. werilobiTi formis prevenciuli funqcia):
kropholeri i., germaniis samoqalaqo kodeqsi, saswavlo komentari, Tb., 2014, §126a, veli
1, 54.
52
Zalze xSirad norma, romelic iTxovs formis dacvas, asrulebs ganzraxvis seri-
ozulobis dadasturebis funqcias, anu icavs gamocdilebis armqone saqmian adamianebs
naCqarevi gadawyvetilebis miRebisagan. misi arsi isaa, rom am adamianebs sakmarisi dro
hqondeT iseTi pirobebis mosafiqreblad da maTi Sesrulebis dasadgenad, romelTa
Tanaxmad, garigeba seriozuli ganzraxvis Sesabamisad dadebulad CaiTvleba, da, ami-
tom, misi ganxorcieleba SeiZleba uzrunvelyos sasamarTlom. bevri adamianisa da, gan-
sakuTrebiT, araspecialistisaTvis, werilobiTi forma niSnavs, rom zepiri ganxilvis
periodi dasrulda da mxareebi dganan sakuTari ganzraxvis seriozulobis damowmebis
aucileblobis winaSe.25
rodesac norma miznad isaxavs mxareTa dacvas aCqarebisagan mniSvnelovani an saf-
rTxis Semcveli garigebis dadebisas, aseT SemTxvevaSi, is piri, vis dacvasac norma isa-
xavda miznad, dacvis gareSe rCeba, Tuki igi zepirad dadebs garigebas.26
ganzraxvis seriozulobis dadasturebaze, rogorc garigebis formis funqciis
erT-erT mniSvnelovan aspeqtze, Tavis erT-erT gadawyvetilebaSi yuradReba gaamax-
vila saqarTvelos uzenaesma sasamarTlom. kerZod, werilobiTma formam unda daicvas
garigebis monawileebi naCqarevi gadawyvetilebis miRebisagan. werilobiTi dokumen-
tis wakiTxvam da masze xelmoweriT gamowveuli pasuxismgeblobis gancdam nebismieri
gonieri adamiani unda daafiqros, Tumca praqtikaSi es yovelTvis ase ar xdeba. mar-
Talia, erT-erT sxva gadawyvetilebaSi uzenaesma sasamarTlom werilobiT dokumen-
tze xelmowera imis dasturad CaTvala, rom garigebis monawile icnobda garigebis Si-
naarss, praqtika, xSirad, amis sapirispiros aCvenebs, gansakuTrebiT, roca saqme exeba
xelSekrulebis standartuli pirobebis gamoyenebas, romlebzec xelSekrulebis mo-
nawile, rogorc wesi, brmad awers xels. miuxedavad amisa, werilobiTi forma seriozu-
lobis mniSvnelovani winapirobaa.27
2.3. mkafioobis funqcia
werilobiTi formis upiratesoba isaa, rom nebis gamovlenis es saSualeba ganawy-

obs garigebis mxareebs, ufro mkafiod Camoayalibon misi Sinaarsi. garda amisa, ro-
gorc samarTlianad amtkiceben, `Tu zepiri garigebis detalebi ..., drois garkveuli
25
cvaigerti k., kotci h., SedarebiTi samarTalmcodneobis Sesavali kerZo samarTlis sfe-
roSi, t. II, xelSekruleba, usafuZvlo gamdidreba, deliqti, Tb., 2001, 53. am sakiTxTan
dakavSirebiT, aseve, ix.: ZlieriSvili z., cercvaZe g., robaqiZe i., svanaZe g., cercvaZe
l., janaSia l., saxelSekrulebo samarTali, Tb., 2014, 191; biolingi h., lutringhausi
p., saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis calkeuli moTxovnis safuZvlebis sistemuri
analizi, Tb., 2009, 30; mariamiZe g., valdebulebiTi samarTali, zogadi nawili, I nawili,
I gamocema, Tb., 2011, 37. imisaTvis, raTa nebis gamovlenis mimRebi darwmundes nebis ga-
movlenis seriozulobaSi, nebis gamovlena unda gakeTdes garegnulad cnobadi xerxiT,
mag., beWeddasmuli, an skanirebuli xelmoweriT, TariRis dasmiTa da sxva analogiuri
saSualebiT: kropholeri i., germaniis samoqalaqo kodeqsi, saswavlo komentari, Tb., 2014,
§126b, veli 4, 56.
26
Wanturia l., saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari, wigni mesame, 328-e muxli,
Tb., 2001, 112. am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, aseve, ix. boelingi h., Wanturia l., samoqalaqo
saqmeebze sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebaTa miRebis meTodika, meore gamocema, Tb., 2004, 232.
27
Wanturia l., samoqalaqo samarTlis zogadi nawili, Tb., 2011, 336-337.
53
periodis gasvliT, SeiZleba waiSalos misi monawileebisa da sxva pirTa mexsierebidan,

werilobiTi teqsti iZleva garigebis pirobebis aRdgenis saSualebas nebismier dros,
rodesac es saWiroa~.28 moqmedebs prezumfcia, rom qaRaldze obieqturad gamoxatuli
asaxavs piris nebas, romelic debs garigebas. nebis gamovlenis werilobiT gaformebis
aucileblobam SesaZloa, gavlena moaxdinos garigebis Sinaarszec, ramdenadac, arcTu
iSviaTad, mxareebi werilobiTi dokumentis Sedgenisas cdiloben, Camoayalibon Tavisi
neba ufro gasagebad, naTlad da mkafiod. werilobiTi gaformebis aucileblobam Se-
saZloa, aseve, ganawyos mxareebi, SeaTanxmon is pirobebi, romlebic garigebis zepirad
dadebisas ar iqneboda daTqmuli, e.i., werilobiTi forma uzrunvelyofs garigebis Si-
naarsis formulirebis mkafioobas (Inhaltsklarheit).29
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsi xelSekrulebas dadebulad miiCnevs, Tu mxare-
ebi yvela arsebiT pirobaze SeTanxmdnen, saamisod gaTvaliswinebuli formiT. arsebi-
Ti pirobebi Camoyalibebuli unda iyos kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli iseTi obieqturi
formiT, rac maT adekvatur gagebasa da ganmartebas uzrunvelyofs. cxadia, Tu xel-
Sekrulebis pirobebis zusti Sinaarsis dadgena ver xerxdeba, mis samarTlebriv Sede-
gebze saubari saR azrs moklebuli iqneba.30 amdenad, xelSekrulebis formis funqciaa
mxareTa mier gamovlenili nebis sworad asaxva da sakanonmdeblo damagreba. xelSekru-
lebis forma mis monawile mxareTa nebis gamovlenas amagrebs da srulad asaxavs mas.31
saboloo jamSi, formis gaTvaliswineba SedarebiT uzrunvelyofs xelSekrule-
bis damdebi mxareebis daculobas mosalodneli gaugebrobisagan. maT naklebad Seeq-
mnebaT urTierTgamomricxavi da mravalmniSvnelovani gamonaTqvamis, uCveulo debu-
lebis, standartuli pirobis bundovanebisa da nebis gamovlenis ganmartebasTan da-
kavSirebuli problema.32
2.4. mtkicebis funqcia
erT-erTi mTavari funqcia, romelsac asrulebs garigebis werilobiTi forma,

aris mtkicebulebiTi (Beweisfunktion). werilobiTi dokumentis Sedgenisas mxareTa neba
poulobs obieqtur gamoxatulebas da iRebs ganmtkicebas drois xangrZlivi periodis
ganmavlobaSi. nebis gamovlenis Sinaarsi SeiZleba dadgindes ara mxolod nebis gamov-
28
Покровский Б.В., Понятие и значение письменной формы сделок в советском гражданском праве, Труды
института философии и права Академии Казахской ССР., Т. 4., Алма-Ата, 1960, 164, cit.: Татаркина
К.П., Форма сделок в гражданском праве России, Изд. ТУСУРа, Томск, 2012, 59.
29
Татаркина К.П., Форма сделок в гражданском праве России, Изд. ТУСУРа, Томск, 2012, 59. amdenad,
dokumentis moTxovna, aseve, amartivebs SeTanxmebis Sinaarsis dadgenis problemas: Treitel
G., The Law of Contract, 11th ed., Sweet & Maxwell, London, 2003, 176.
30
samarTali, Tb., 2014, 52. Sesabamisad, garigebis werilobiTi formis dacvis mizania
xelSekrulebis Sinaarsis zustad gansazRvra: xubua g., ToTlaZe l. (red.), ganmartebiTi
iuridiuli leqsikoni, berlini, 2012, 114.
31
32
pepanaSvili n., biznes samarTali: saerTaSoriso biznesis samarTlebrivi regulireba, Tb.,
2011, 148.
54
lenis momentSi, aramed droTa ganmavlobaSi, misi dadebis Semdgom. dokumenti, rome-
lic Seqmnes mxareebma da romelic asaxavs xelSekrulebis monawileTa nebas, aris ga-
rigebis dadebis mtkicebuleba, romelic adasturebs misi dadebis ara mxolod faqts,
aramed mxareTa mier SeTanxmebul pirobebsac. werilobiTi forma, rogorc mtkicebu-
lebis Seqmnis saSualeba, gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania iseTi garigebis dadebisas,
romelsac aqvs didi mniSvneloba ara mxolod maTi monawileebisaTvis, aramed mesame
pirebisTvisac.33
im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac mxareebi, xangrZlivi zepiri molaparakebis Sedegad mi-
aRweven garkveul SeTanxmebas, da am SeTanxmebas xelSekrulebas uwodeben, ra Tqma un-
da, SesaZlebelia, rom maT Soris ganviTardes Sesabamisi saxelSekrulebo urTierToba.
xSir SemTxvevaSi, saxelSekrulebo urTierTobebis Tanmdevi procesi da Sedegia, rom
xelSekrulebis mxareebs Soris amave xelSekrulebasTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebze war-
moiSvas garkveuli xasiaTis dava. davis sagani, SesaZloa, Tundac, Tavad is sakiTxi iyos,
daido Tu ara mxareTa Soris xelSekruleba. bunebrivia, aseTi sakiTxebis samtkiceblad
saWiroa, mxareebma warmoadginon garkveuli saxis mtkicebuleba. Sesabamisad, calkeu-
li tipis xelSekrulebisaTvis dawesebuli werilobiTi forma, aseT SemTxvevaSi, sauke-
Teso mtkicebulebaa xelSekrulebasTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebTan mimarTebiT.34
garigebis dadebis dros, ama Tu im formaluri moTxovnis dacvis aucileblobis
Sesaxeb kanonis normis SemoRebisas, kanonmdebels garkveuli mizani aqvs.35 am SemTxve-
vaSi formis damdgeni normis funqcia aris is, rom nebis gamovlena ufro advilad da-
samtkicebeli gaxdes.36
werilobiTi forma xelSekrulebis namdvilobis damatebiTi pirobaa da imitom
damkvidrda samarTalSi, rom, mtkicebis procesSi borotad ar gamoyenebuliyo mowmis
Cveneba.37 mowmis Cvenebis gamoricxva nakarnaxevi unda iyos, samarTlebrivi politikis
TvalsazrisiT, mtkicebulebis am saSualebis arasaimedoobiT.38
33
Татаркина К.П., Форма сделок в гражданском праве России, Изд. ТУСУРа, Томск, 2012, 59-60. formis
swored am funqcias gulisxmoben, rodesac miuTiTeben, rom formaluri garigebis
meSveobiT, garigebis damamtkicebeli sabuTi ufro damarwmunebeli xdeba: denburgi h.,
pandeqtebi, tomi pirveli, zogadi nawili, tf., 1928, 243.
34
samarTali, Tb., 2014, 89. am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, agreTve, ix.: Todua m., vilemsi h.,
valdebulebiTi samarTali, 2006, 106. Wanturia l., saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis
komentari, wigni mesame, 328-e muxli, Tb., 2001, 110; xubua g., ToTlaZe l. (red.), ganmartebiTi
iuridiuli leqsikoni, berlini, 2012, 114; Чантурия Л., Свобода и ответственность: право и
правосудие постсоветской эпохи, Изд. “САНИ”, Тбилиси, 2004, 70.
35
cvaigerti k., kotci h., SedarebiTi samarTalmcodneobis Sesavali kerZo samarTlis sfe-
roSi, t. II, xelSekruleba, usafuZvlo gamdidreba, deliqti, Tb., 2001, 60.
36
50.
37
Wanturia l., saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari, wigni mesame, muxli 328, Tb.,
2001, 108; Чантурия Л., Свобода и ответственность: право и правосудие постсоветской эпохи, Изд.
“САНИ”, Тбилиси, 2004, 68.
38
cvaigerti k., kotci h., SedarebiTi samarTalmcodneobis Sesavali kerZo samarTlis
sferoSi, t. II, xelSekruleba, usafuZvlo gamdidreba, deliqti, Tb., 2001, 60.
55
maSasadame, formas is daniSnulebac aqvs, rom igi nebis gamovlenis mtkicebis ga-
rantiaa. formis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi, veravin SeZlebs mis dadasturebas.39
saqarTvelos uzenaesma sasamarTlom garigebis formis funqciis erT-erT mniS-
vnelovan aspeqtad swored mtkicebis gaadvileba gamoyo da aRniSna, rom werilobiTi
dokumentis arseboba, ra Tqma unda, aiolebs garigebis monawileTa nebis dadgenas da
amiT mtkicebis process.40
2.5. sakonsultacio funqcia
zogierT SemTxvevaSi, garigebis dasadebad kanoni adgens ara mxolod werilo-

biTi dokumentis Sedgenis aucileblobas, romelic ganasaxierebs mxareTa nebas, ara-
med, aseve, gansazRvravs piris aucilebel monawileobas, romelic flobs specialur
iuridiul codnas, rogoricaa notariusi. notariusis CarTva, garigebis gaformebis
procesSi, garantirebuls xdis mxareebs, miiRon maT mier ganxorcielebuli nebis ga-
movlenis iuridiuli mniSvnelobisa da Sedegis ganmarteba, rac, Tavis mxriv, mimarTu-
lia iuridiulad ufro kompetenturi monawilis mxridan borotad gamoyenebis preven-
ciisaken. notariusis monawileoba saSualebas iZleva, uzrunvelyofili iyos im pirTa
Tanasworoba, romlebic deben garigebas, da amiT daculi iyos iuridiulad naklebad
ganaTlebuli mxaris interesi. garigebis sanotaro damowmebis moTxovna, zogadad, mi-
marTulia SesaZlo iuridiuli Secdomis prevenciisaken kompleqsuri garigebis dade-
bisas. es funqcia axasiaTebs mxolod garigebis yvelaze mkacr – sanotaro – formas da
ewodeba sakonsultacio (Beratungsmöglichkeit).41 amdenad, formis damdgeni normis fun-
qcia SeiZleba iyos is, rom naTlad dadgindes ganmcxadeblis informirebuloba misi
nebis gamovlenis samarTlebrivi mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb.42
formis dacvis moTxovnas ganzraxvis dadasturebis funqcia aqvs, rodesac miu-
TiTebs, rom mocemuli garigeba unda daamowmos iuridiuli ganaTlebis mqone damouki-
debelma Tanamdebobis pirma.43 kanonmdebeli moiTxovs sanotaro formas garigebisaT-
vis, romelsac aqvs gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba samoqalaqo brunvisaTvis, an romelic
asrulebs sakvanZo rols masSi monawile pirebisaTvis, aseve, garigebisaTvis, romelic
ideba gansakuTrebul garemoebaSi.44
germanuli samarTlis mixedviT, notariusi sajaro damowmebiT adasturebs imas,
rom xelmowera, an, xmis micemisas, xelis aweva ganxorcielda, an aRiarebul iqna misi
TandaswrebiT, da rom, nebis gamomvlenis SemTxvevaSi, saqme exeba damadasturebel war-
39
zoiZe b., sakonstitucio kontroli da RirebulebiTi wesrigi saqarTveloSi, Tb., 2007, 26.
40
Wanturia l., Wanturia l., samoqalaqo samarTlis zogadi nawili, Tb., 2011, 336-337.
41
42
50.
43
cvaigerti k., kotci h., SedarebiTi samarTalmcodneobis Sesavali kerZo samarTlis
sferoSi, t. II, xelSekruleba, usafuZvlo gamdidreba, deliqti, Tb., 2001, 53.
44
Белов В.А., Гражданское право, Общая часть, Т. II, Лица, блага, факты, Изд. “Юрайт”, М., 2011, 635.
56
weraSi miTiTebul pirs. damadasturebeli warwera aris xelmoweris namdvilobis mtki-

cebuleba; igi ar exeba nebis gamovlenis Sinaarss; amdenad, werilobiTi formis dafiq-
sirebuli nebis gamovlena arsebobs kerZo dokumentis saxiT. sajaro damowmeba kanonis
mier gansakuTrebiT moiTxoveba im nebis gamovlinebis mimarT, romlis safuZvelzec
unda ganxorcieldes sajaro reestrSi registracia. am xerxiT arauflebamosili pi-
ri moklebuli iqneba SesaZleblobas, moaxdinos yalbi registracia, romelic sargeb-
lobs sajaro ndobiT.45
gansakuTrebiT rTuli an mniSvnelovani samarTlebrivi Sedegis mqone garigebis
dadebisas kanonmdebels surs, rom uzrunvelyos monawile mxareTaTvis maT mier gari-
gebasTan dakavSirebiT ganxorcielebuli moqmedebis Sedegis Sesaxeb konsultaciisa
da ganmartebis miReba samarTalSi garkveuli da neitraluri eqspertisagan.46 amdenad,
notariuss, sanotaro moqmedebis ganxorcielebis garda, ufleba aqvs, saWiroebis Sem-
TxvevaSi, pirs iuridiuli konsultacia gauwios saxelSekrulebo urTierTobis `far-
glebsa~ da Sedegze. sanotaro forma amcirebs xelSekrulebis baTilad cnobis risks
udavo saqmeebSi Tavisi monawileobiT, rac gamoixateba mxareebisaTvis miukerZoebeli
konsultaciis gaweviT, avTenturi dokumentebis SedgeniT; notariusi xels uwyobs sa-
marTlebrivi usafrTxoebis sistemis Seqmnas.47
gasaziarebelia mosazreba, rom garigebis sanotaro formisaTvis sakonsulta-
cio funqcias aqvs yvelaze arsebiTi mniSvneloba, magram es forma asrulebs sxva fun-
qciebsac, kerZod: sanotaro damowmeba, aseve, uzrunvelyofs xelSekrulebis dadebis
sicxades da misi Sinaarsis formulirebis mkafioobas, icavs mxareebs windauxedavi,
naCqarevi garigebis dadebisagan, asrulebs mtkicebulebiT funqcias. Tumca am formi-
saTvis ganmsazRvrelia swored sakonsultacio funqcia.48
2.6. sainformacio funqcia
xelSekrulebis werilobiTi gaformeba, zogjer, mimarTulia mesame pirTa intere-

sis dacvisaken, e.i., werilobiTi forma asrulebs sainformacio funqcias (Erkennbarkeit
für Dritten).49 „Erkennbarkeit für Dritten“-is sityvasityviTi Targmani niSnavs `cnobadobas me-
same pirebisaTvis~, Tumca, zogierTi avtoris mosazrebiT, funqciis amgvari saxelwo-
deba ar asaxavs mis Sinaarss. amitom, rogorc Cans, ufro sworia, werilobiTi formis am
funqcias ewodos sainformacio.50
werilobiT dadebuli xelSekrulebis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani mizani momxma-
reblisaTvis samarTlebrivi informaciis miniWebaSic gamoixateba. kerZod, saxelSek-
45
57.
46
boelingi h., Wanturia l., samoqalaqo saqmeebze sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebaTa miRebis
meTodika, meore gamocema, Tb., 2004, 232.
47
SoTaZe T., sanivTo samarTali, Tb., 2014, 456.
48
49
iqve, 61-62.
50
iqve, 62.
57
rulebo formulari mraval sakanonmdeblo normas Seicavs xelSekrulebis monawile-

Ta uflebisa da movaleobis gasamijnavad. amitom Tanamedrove kanonebi, momxmareblis
interesis dacvis mizniT, mraval xelSekrulebas iTvaliswinebs, romelTaTvisac sa-
valdebuloa werilobiTi forma.51
informirebis mizani aixsneba imgvaradac, rom calkeuli tipis xelSekruleba
unda Seicavdes iseT normebs, romlebic garkveuli xasiaTis samarTlebriv sakiTxebs
zedmiwevniT ganmartavs. aseTi ganmartebis saWiroeba SeiZleba ganpirobebuli iyos
xelSekrulebis mxareTa statusis gansxvavebiT. magaliTad, banksa da rigiT moqalaqes
Soris gaformebuli xelSekruleba unda Seicavdes ganmartebas procentze, xelSekru-
lebis Seusruleblobis gamo dasakisrebel jarimaze, pirgasamtexlosa da sxva arsebiT
sakiTxebze.52
imisaTvis, raTa gamarTlebuli iyos normis sainformacio da dokumentirebis mi-
zani, nebis gamovlenis Sinaarsi sabeWdi niSnebis meSveobiT (asoebi da cifrebi) ise un-
da dadgindes, rom igi vargisi iyos mudmivi reproduqciisaTvis. dokumentTan erTad,
mxedvelobaSi miiReba nebismieri sxva iseTi saSualeba, romelic iZleva nebis gamovle-
nis mimRebis mier gancxadebis Senaxvisa da reproducirebis saSualebas. amaSi Tanabrad
Sedis rogorc Cveulebrivi qaRaldisa da eleqtronulad gacemuli dokumentebi, ise
tele- da kompiuteruli faqsimiluri Setyobineba, eleqtronuli fosta, failis sa-
xiT Senaxuli monacemi da, aseve, vebgverdi, romelic, rogorc wesi, vargisia Sesanaxad.
mxedvelobaSia misaRebi isic, rom, rodesac adresats ara aqvs nebis gamovlenis miRebis
teqnikuri SesaZlebloba, saxezea ara formis darRveva, aramed vlindeba gancxadebis
misvlis xarvezi. eleqtronuli formis msgavsad, im pirma, romelic samoqalaqo brun-
vaSi monawileobs eleqtronuli fostis misamarTisa Tu faqsis nomris miTiTebiT, un-
da dauSvas mis mimarT Sesabamisi saSualebiT wardgenili nebis gamovlenis moqmedeba.53
51
Wanturia l., saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari, wigni mesame, 328-e muxli,
Tb., 2001, 110. am sakiTxis Taobaze, aseve, ix. Чантурия Л., Свобода и ответственность: право и
правосудие постсоветской эпохи, Изд. “САНИ”, Тбилиси, 2004, 70-71. maSasadame, am SemTxvevaSi,
formas aqvs damcavi funqcia, rac imiT gamoixateba, rom igi gamoiyeneba saxelSekrulebo
urTierTobis susti mxaris dasacavad, garantiiT, rom igi uzrunvelyofilia werilobiTi
CanaweriT xelSekrulebis pirobebze. magaliTad, dasaqmebuli werilobiT unda iyos
informirebuli Tavisi dasaqmebis detalebze: Treitel G., The Law of Contract, 11th ed., Sweet
& Maxwell, London, 2003, 176. zogierTi avtoris SefasebiT, Zvel formebSi mWidrod iyo
gadaxlarTuli ritualuri zeimuroba da Sinaarsis zustad da TvalnaTliv gadmocemis
miswrafeba. magram, male, win wamoiwia formalobis dacviTma funqciam. amiT aixsneba is
faqti, rom postklasikuri periodis erTaderTi cnobili formula gaxda garigebis
dokumenturi Canaweri, rac, bevr SemTxvevaSi, tipuri moTxovnaa sxvadasxva garigebis
dadebis formisadmi: cvaigerti k., kotci h., SedarebiTi samarTalmcodneobis Sesavali
kerZo samarTlis sferoSi, t. II, xelSekruleba, usafuZvlo gamdidreba, deliqti, Tb.,
2001, 52.
52
53
kropholeri i., germaniis samoqalaqo kodeqsi, saswavlo komentari, Tb., 2014, §126b, veli
2, 55-56.
58
2.7. kontrolis funqcia
rogorc literaturaSi miuTiTeben, garigebis werilobiTi forma asrulebs, ase-

ve, kontrolis funqcias (Kontrolfunktion). zogierTi avtori aRniSnavs, rom werilobiTi
forma ukeT, vidre sxva, àmsubuqebs kontrolis ganxorcielebas dadebul garigebaTa
kanonierebaze~54. marTlac, Tuki garigeba dadebulia werilobiT, maSin misi pirobebis
gasacnobad, da maSasadame, kanonis SesaZlo darRvevis gamosavlenad, sakmarisia doku-
mentis teqstis gacnoba. akontrolos, zedamxedveloba gauwios mxareebis mier dade-
buli garigebis kanonierebas, SeuZlia mxolod pirs, romelic ar aris dainteresebuli
mis dadebaSi, romelic ar monawileobs masSi. amitom, werilobiTi forma asrulebs kon-
trolis funqcias, mxolod, Tuki misi Sinaarsis kanonierebaze zedamxedvelobas axor-
cielebs specialuri subieqti. aseTia, sanotaro formis dros notariusi an sxva piri,
uflebamosili sanotaro moqmedebis ganxorcielebaze, romelic valdebulia, Seamow-
mos, xom ar ewinaaRmdegeba warmodgenili garigebis proeqti kanons. xelSekrulebis
martivi werilobiTi formiT gaformebisas mxareebs SeuZliaT, damoukideblad, speci-
aluri subieqtis monawileobis gareSe, Seadginon werilobiTi dokumenti. amitom, er-
Ti SexedviT, SeiZleba Candes, rom martivi werilobiTi forma ar asrulebs kontrolis
funqcias. Tumca davis warmoSobisas mxareebi mimarTaven sasamarTlos mis mosagvareb-
lad. amasTan, sasamarTlo valdebulia, yovelmxrivad gamoikvlios da Seafasos war-
modgenili mtkicebulebebi, Seamowmos, Seesabameba Tu ara dadebuli xelSekruleba
kanons. roca daadgens, rom garigeba ar pasuxobs kanonis moTxovnebs, aris baTili, sa-
samarTlom unda miiRos es mxedvelobaSi da ar daakmayofilos nebismieri moTxovna,
romelic mas efuZneba, maSinac ki, Tu davis monawileTagan arcerTi ar apelirebda ba-
Tilobaze. aqedan gamomdinare, martivi werilobiTi forma, iseve, rogorc sanotaro,
aseve asrulebs kontrolis funqcias.55
2.8. identifikaciis funqcia
sakuTari xeliT Sesrulebuli xelmowera asrulebs ramdenime funqcias. pirvel

rigSi, emsaxureba xelmomweris dadgenas da, aqedan gamomdinare, dokumentis dakavSi-
rebas pirTan. magaliTad: xelmowera Cekze emsaxureba gamcemis vinaobis dadgenas; xel-
mowera naxatze gansazRvravs mxatvris vinaobas. am SemTxvevaSi, identifikacia SesaZ-
lebelia, radgan sakuTari xeliT Sesrulebuli xelmowera konkretuli pirisaa. erTi
mxriv, TiToeuli piri Tavisuflad da SemoqmedebiTad wyvets damaxasiaTebel xerxs,
Tu rogor daweros Tavisi saxeli, da, meore mxriv, rac yvelaze mTavaria, xelwera aris
TiToeuli pirovnebis unikaluri maxasiaTebeli, rac SesaZlebels xdis xelmoweris
avtoris zustad dadgenasa da namdvili xelmoweris yalbisagan garCevas. garda amisa,
xelmowera adasturebs xelmomweris nebasa da ganzraxvas, iyos SeboWili werilobiTi
54
Покровский Б.В., Понятие и значение письменной формы сделок в советском гражданском праве, Труды
института философии и права Академии Казахской ССР., Т. 4., Алма-Ата, 1960, 164, cit. Татаркина
К.П., Форма сделок в гражданском праве России, Изд. ТУСУРа, Томск, 2012, 63.
55
59
dokumentiT, e.i., xelmoweris ganzraxvas. dokumentze xelmoweriT xelmomweri gamoxa-

tavs Tavis Tanxmobas dokumentis Sinaarsze.56
zemoaRniSnuli warmoadgens xelmoweris or mTavar funqcias: xelmomweris igi-
veobisa da ganzraxvis dadgenas. Tumca garigebaSi xelmowera asrulebs sxva funqci-
ebsac, kerZod: xelmowera daxmarebas uwevs dokumentis mTlianobis uzrunvelyofas.
xelmowera, rogorc wesi, moTavsebulia dokumentis boloSi da Canawerebs xelmoweris
qveS ar gaaCnia aranairi Rirebuleba. germanul iuridiul literaturaSi xelmoweris
es funqcia moxseniebulia rogorc dokumentis dasrulebis funqcia (Abschlussfunktion).57
eleqtronuli xelmoweris mizani imave funqciebis Sesrulebaa, rogorc sakuTa-
ri xeliT Sesrulebuli xelmoweris SemTxvevaSia, Tumca es morgebulia eleqtronuli
garigebis TaviseburebasTan. sakuTari xeliT Sesrulebuli xelmowera da eleqtronu-
li xelmowera, miuxedavad imisa, rom aSkarad gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan, eswrafvis
analogiuri miznebis miRwevas, magram sxvadasxva mediaSi. gaerTianebuli erebis orga-
nizaciis saerTaSoriso savaWro samarTlis komisiam gamoiyena gamoTqma `funqciuri
ekvivalentoba~, raTa mieTiTebina am maxasiaTebelze. am SemTxvevaSi yuradReba eqceva
ara xelmoweris formas, aramed im funqciebs, romlebsac igi asrulebs. amdenad, aseve
eleqtronuli xelmoweris SemTxvevaSi, mTavari moTxovna isaa, rom man SeZlos xelmom-
weris igiveobisa58 da ganzraxvis dadgena.59 germanuli samarTlis mixedviT, dokumentis
Semdgenelma Tavis gancxadebas unda dausvas kvalificiuri eleqtronuli xelmowera
„eleqtronuli xelmoweris Sesaxeb~ kanonis Tanaxmad. es Seesabameba sakuTari xeliT
Sesrulebul xelmoweras Cveulebrivi dokumentis SemTxvevaSi, da, amitom, uzrunvel-
yofs nebis gamovlenis Sinaarsis Sesabamisobas gansazRvruli dokumentis Semdgenel-
Tan.60
2.9. aRsrulebadobis funqcia
fuleris klasikuri gamijvnis mixedviT, saxelSekrulebo formaloba asrulebs

kidev erT funqcias, rac aRsrulebadobis funqciis saxeliTaa moxseniebuli. kerZod,
formaloba aris aRsrulebadobis martivi da iafi testi. es aris signali sasamarTlosa
da araspecialistisaTvis, rom xelSekruleba kargi da aRsrulebadia. forma yvelaze
56
Laborde C.M., Electronic Signatures in International Contracts, Peter Lang GmbH, Frankfurt am Main, 2010,
27-28.
57
iqve, 28.
58
marTlac, teqnologiuri ganviTarebis kvaldakval, es sakiTxi sul ufro da ufro
aqtualuri xdeba eleqtronuli vaWrobis tranzaqciebSi, radgan aseTi tipis garigebaSi
Zalian didi safrTxe arsebobs imisa, rom pirma Secdoma dauSvas sasurveli kontrahentis
identobasTan dakavSirebiT: amiranaSvili g., Secdoma kontrahentis pirovnebaSi –
momwesrigebeli normis Tavisebureba qarTul kanonmdeblobaSi, `samarTlis Jurnali~,
№2, 2013, 27.
59
Laborde C.M., Electronic Signatures in International Contracts, Peter Lang GmbH, Frankfurt am Main, 2010,
29-30.
60
kropholeri i., germaniis samoqalaqo kodeqsi, saswavlo komentari, Tb., 2014, §126a, veli
2, 54.
60
sasargebloa mxareebisaTvis, romlebsac surT, miaRwion SeTanxmebas, romelic iqneba

aRsrulebadi sasamarTlos mier. sxva sityvebiT, Tuki vinmes surs, gasces iuridiulad
savaldebulo dapireba, iqneba es dapirebis gamcemi Tu dapirebis mimRebi, gamosadegia
formis gamoyeneba.61
literaturaSi analogiuri saxelwodebiT gadmocemulia formis sxva funqcia,
kerZod, forma SeiZleba moemsaxuros imas, rasac uwodeben àRsrulebadobis~ mizans,
e.i., garkveuli formis gamoyenebam SeiZleba daxmareba gauwios erTi tipis garigebis
meorisagan garCevas.62
3. daskvna
garigebis formis samarTlebrivi mniSvnelobis gamosakvlevad sxvadasxva avto-

ris araerTi mosazrebis Sejereba da gaanalizeba gaxda saWiro, ramac erTiani suraTis
Seqmnas Seuwyo xeli. aseve, dadasturda is faqti, rom garigebis formis calkeuli fun-
qciis Seswavla iZleva im miznis ukeT gagebis saSualebas, romlis miRwevac kanonmde-
bels aqvs dasaxuli konkretuli formaluri moTxovnis dawesebisas.
statiaSi ganxilul iqna garigebis formis ramdenime umniSvnelovanesi funqcia,
ramac naTlad warmoaCina formis TiToeuli funqciis daniSnuleba Tanamedrove sa-
marTalSi, maT Soris, teqnologiuri ganviTarebis konteqstSi. garigebis formis fun-
qciaTa analizi, saerTo jamSi, iZleva im daskvnis gaziarebis saSualebas, rom garigebis
TiToeuli forma mimarTulia ramdenime funqciis erTdrouli realizaciisaken. ara-
sworia imis miCneva, rom calke aRebuli formis moTxovna gankuTvnilia mxolod erTi
romelime funqciis Sesrulebis uzrunvelsayofad.63
61
62
Treitel G., The Law of Contract, 11th ed., Sweet & Maxwell, London, 2003, 177.
63
61
nino ioseliani *
Seusabamod maRali saxelSekrulebo pirgasamtexlo da

sasamarTlos roli samoqalaqo interesebis dacvis sferoSi
pirgasamtexlo mxareTa SeTanxmebiT gansazRvruli fuladi Tanxaa, romel-

sac movale uxdis kreditors valdebulebis Seusruleblobis an valdebu-
lebis arajerovnad SesrulebisTvis. samoqalaqo brunvaSi pirgasamtexlos
xSiri gamoyeneba aqtualurs xdis Seusabamod maRali pirgasamtexlos samar-
Tlebrivi farglebis Seswavlis aucileblobas. Seusabamod maRali pirga-
samtexlos Semcireba sasamarTlos uflebamosilebaa. am dros sasamarTlo
axorcielebs valdebulebis SeusruleblobiT an arajerovani SesrulebiT
damdgar SedegebTan pirgasamtexlos moculobis SesabamisobaSi moyvanas da
ara mis ugulebelyofas.
sakvanZo sityvebi: pirgasamtexlo, Seusabamod maRali pirgasamtexlos Sem-

cireba, samoqalaqo kodeqsis 420-e muxli.
1. Sesavali
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsiT1 pirgasamtexlo mxareTa SeTanxmebiT gansazR-

vruli fuladi Tanxaa, romelsac movale uxdis kreditors valdebulebis Seusruleb-
lobis an valdebulebis arajerovnad SesrulebisTvis (417-e muxli). mis Sesaxeb SeTan-
xmebis namdviloba moiTxovs werilobiTi formis dacvas, xolo masTan dakavSirebuli
sxva sakiTxebi: misi odenoba, gadaxdis forma, gamoangariSebis wesi da a.S. mxareTa SeTan-
xmebis sagania.
ssk-iT ar aris dadgenili pirgasamtexlos odenobis gansazRvris minimaluri da
maqsimaluri zRvari, rac ar gulisxmobs misi Seusabamod maRali odenobiT dadgenis
SesaZleblobas. „sasamarTlos SeuZlia saqmis garemoebaTa gaTvaliswinebiT Seamciros
Seusabamod maRali pirgasamtexlo“ (420-e muxli). „aRniSnuli norma imperatiuli xa-
siaTisaa da mxareebs xelSekrulebiT ar SeuZliaT gamoricxon anda SezRudon misi
moqmedeba.“2
samoqalaqo brunvaSi pirgasamtexlos xSiri gamoyeneba aqtualurs xdis ssk-is
420-e muxlis gamoyenebis samarTlebrivi farglebis Seswavlis aucileblobas. kvlevis
sagania aseve Seusabamod maRali pirgasamtexlos samarTlebrivi regulireba sazRvar-
gareTis qveynebis samoqalaqo samarTalSi.
*
1
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsi, 786-IIs 26.06.1997w., SemdgomSi – ssk.
2
62
nino ioseliani, Seusabamod maRali saxelSekrulebo pirgasamtexlo da
2. sasamarTlo dava saxelSekrulebo pirgasamtexlos moculobis

Seusabamod maRali odenobis Taobaze, davis subieqtebi, davis
farglebi da etapebi
sasamarTlos mier Seusabamod maRali pirgasamtexlos Semcirebis sakiTxis gan-

xilva pirgasamtexlos samarTlebrivi institutis ganviTarebis Sedegia. SeTanxmebu-
li pirgasamtexlos Semcirebas ar icnobda romis samoqalaqo samarTali, romelic did
mniSvnelobas aniWebda mxareTa Tavisufal nebas da am mizeziT ar ereoda arc mxareTa
Soris arsebul SeTanxmebaTa SinaarsSi.3 romSi pirgasamtexlos moculoba izRudebo-
da faruli mevaxSeobis akrZalviT da Tanxa mcirdeboda im moculobiT, ra moculobi-
Tac is aRemateboda nebadarTul sidides.4
pirgasamtexlos Seusabamod maRlad miCneva, agreTve misi Semcireba sasamarTlos
uflebamosilebaa. davis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi, am sakiTxis Seswavla sasamarTlos val-
debulebaa.5 Seusabamod maRali pirgasamtexlos Semcirebas sasamarTlo axorcielebs
dainteresebuli mxaris mimarTvis safuZvelze, romelsac, rogorc wesi, warmoadgens
saxelSekrulebo valdebulebaTa movale. masve ekisreba pirgasamtexlos Seusabamod
maRali odenobiT arsebobis mtkicebis tvirTi. uzrunvelyofis saxiT dawesebul pir-
gasamtexlos kreditori mxare iTxovs sruli odenobiT. pirgasamtexlos mizani val-
debulebis SeusruleblobiT darRveul uflebaTa aRdgenaa da ara kreditori mxaris
gamdidreba.6
Tuki sadavod ar aris gamxdari pirgasamtexlos moculoba, sasamarTlo ar aris
uflebamosili, Tavisi iniciativiT moaxdinos SeTanxmebuli pirgasamtexlos Semcire-
ba. pirgasamtexlos sadavod gaxdomis SesaZlebloba gamoiricxeba sasamarTlo warmo-
ebis im etapze, rodesac dauSvebelia axali moTxovnis wardgena.7
sasamarTlos mxridan sakuTari iniciativiT pirgasamtexlos Semcirebis sakiTxi
samarTlebriv SesaZleblobas, materialurTan erTad, moklebulia saproceso kanon-
mdeblobaSic. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsiT8 aRiarebuli dispozici-
urobis principiT, mxareebs SesaZlebloba aqvT, sakuTari gadawyvetilebis safuZvel-
ze daiwyon saqmiswarmoeba sasamarTloSi sarCelis an gancxadebis Setanis gziT da Ta-
vadve gansazRvron davis sagani. modave mxareebs SeuZliaT, saqmiswarmoeba daamTavron
morigebiT, mosarCeles SeuZlia, uari Tqvas sarCelze, xolo mopasuxes – cnos sarCeli
(me-3 muxli). sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba aris pasuxi mosarCelis moTxovnis srulad
3
The Max Planck Encyclopedia of European Private Law, Vol. II, ed. by Basedow J., Hopt K.J., Zimmermann R.,
Stier A., 2012, 1260.
4
Пергамент М. Я., Договорная неустойка и интерес в римском и современном гражданском праве, Одесса,
1899, 271-272.
5
pirgasamtexlos Semcirebis SemTxvevebs vxvdebiT saarbitraJo sasamarTloTa praqti-
kaSic. ix. Wanturia l., kreditis uzrunvelyofis samarTali, Tb., 2012, 242.
6
Гражданское право, Т.I, 6-ое изд., под ред. Сергеева А.П., Толстого Ю.К., М., 2006, 694.
7
mesxiSvili q., pirgasamtexlo, Teoriuli aspeqtebi, sasamarTlo praqtika, `qarTuli biz-
nes samarTlis mimoxilva~, III gamocema, 2014, 23.
8
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsi 1106-Is 14.11.1997w., SemdgomSi – sssk.
63
an nawilobriv dakmayofilebaze an mis dakmayofilebaze uaris Tqmis Sesaxeb.9 sasamar-

Tlos „ufleba ar aqvs miakuTvnos mosarCeles imaze meti, vidre is moiTxovda, saqmis
masalebiT kidec rom dasturdebodes ufro meti moTxovnis safuZveli.“10
movale pirgasamtexlos Tanxis upirobod gadaxdiT arc mis Seusabamobas xdis sa-
davod. saxelSekrulebo pirobebis jerovnad Sesruleba gamoricxavs kreditori mxa-
ris uflebas pirgasamtexlos moTxovnaze.11
am procesSi sasamarTlo warmodgenilia rogorc Semfasebeli, kreditori – mxa-
red, romlis mimarT darRveulia saxelSekrulebo valdebuleba, xolo movale uzrun-
velyofili valdebulebis SeusruleblobisaTvis an misi arajerovani SesrulebisTvis
dadgenil pirgasamtexlos Tvlis Seusabamod maRal moculobad da iTxovs mis Semci-
rebas. kreditorma da movalem sasamarTlosTvis, sayovelTaod cnobili garemoebebis
garda, srulad unda SeZlon maTTvis xelsayreli, arsebiTi da sadavo garemoebebis
dadgena.12 isini erTmaneTs upirispirdebian sakuTar samarTlebriv interesTa upi-
ratesobis warmoCenaSi, romelTa Sefaseba sasamarTlos uflebamosilebaa da is unda
emsaxurebodes samarTliani samarTlis dadgenas. zemoaRniSnul procesSi pirobiTad
SeiZleba gamoiyos oTxi etapi, rac mniSvnelovnad aadvilebs pirgasamtexlos Seusaba-
mobis sakiTxis gadawyvetas.13
2.1. saqmeSi arsebul garemoebaTa dadgena da maTi Seswavla
ssk ar akonkretebs im garemoebebs, romelTa mxedvelobaSi miRebiT pirgasamtex-

lo miiCneva Seusabamod maRlad. samoqalaqo procesSi aRiarebuli SejibrebiTobis
principiT (me-4.1 muxli), mxareebs Tanabrad aqvT miniWebuli TavianTi poziciebis da-
dasturebisTvis mtkicebulebebis warmodgenis SesaZlebloba. sasamarTlo davaze ga-
dawyvetilebas iRebs mxareTa mier miTiTebuli garemoebebisa da warmodgenili mtki-
cebulebebis safuZvelze. „SejibrebiTobis principi gamoricxavs sasamarTlos mova-
leobas, Tavisi iniciativiT Sekribos mtkicebulebebi.~14
kanoniT gaTvaliswinebul SemTxvevebSi sasamarTlos SeuZlia, Tavisi iniciati-
viTve an mxareTa Suamdgomlobis safuZvelze moaxdinos mtkicebulebebis Segroveba
da maTi gamokvleva, rac mimarTulia sadavo sakiTxis garSemo arsebul garemoebaTa
ukeT Seswavlisken da is ar gulisxmobs sasamarTlos SesaZleblobas, sakuTari neba-
9
liluaSvili T., xrustali v., saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis komentari,
Tb., 2004, 416.
10
iqve.
11
ioseliani n., pirgasamtexlo, `saqarTvelos notariati~, 2-3, 2005, 20.
12
Smiti S., rihteri h., mosamarTlis mier gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesi samoqalaqo
samarTalSi, mokle Sesavali relaciis meTodSi samoqalaqo kodeqsis mixedviT Semu-
Savebuli praqtikuli magaliTebiT, 2013, 22.
13
a.g. karapetovis azriT, am sakiTxis gadawyvetis dros SeiZleba gamoiyos sami elementi:
valdebulebis darRveviT gamowveuli Sedegebis Sefaseba, pirgasamtexlos gamoangariSeba
da maT Soris aSkara Seusabamobis dadgena. ix. Карапетов А.Г., Неустойка как средство защиты
прав кредитора в российском и зарубежном праве, М., 2005, 188-216.
14
kobaxiZe a., samoqalaqo saproceso samarTali, Tb., 2003, 43.
64
surviliT, damoukideblad miiCnios raime garemoeba saqmisTvis mniSvnelovan mtkice-

bulebad da masze dayrdnobiT moaxdinos sadavo sakiTxis gadawyveta.15
valdebulebis darRveviT damdgari ziani sasamarTlosTvis aris pirgasamtexlos
Tanxis Seusabamod maRali odenobiT miCnevis mniSvnelovani safuZveli. saxelSekru-
lebo ziani aris araxelsayreli da saziano Sedegi, romelic ar dadgeboda valdebule-
bis jerovnad Sesrulebis dros. amavdroulad, pirgasamtexlos gadaxdis moTxovnis
dayeneba ar ukavSirdeba realuri zianis dadgomas.16
Tanxis sadavod gaxdomis dros gamokvleul unda iqnes yvela sxva garemoeba, rom-
liTac pirgasamtexlo SeiZleba Sefasdes Seusabamod did odenobad, an gamoiricxos
misi aseTi saxiT arseboba.17 magaliTad: movalis mcdeloba valdebulebis jerovan Ses-
rulebaze, arajerovnad Sesrulebuli valdebulebis Sesrulebis xarisxi, kredito-
ris molodini jerovnad Sesrulebis Sedegad misaReb sargebelze, mxareTa qonebrivi
da araqonebrivi mdgomareoba da sxv.
2.2. pirgasamtexlos moculobis gamoangariSeba
pirgasamtexlo ganisazRvreba mxolod fuladi saxiT da dgindeba jarimis an sa-

uravis formiT. pirvel SemTxvevaSi, Tavidanve cnobilia Tanxis zusti odenoba, xolo
meore SemTxvevisas pirgasamtexlos Tanxis gamoangariSebis pirobebi da, rogorc wesi,
is Tanxmdeba yovel vadagadacilebul dReze, kviraze, Tveze, kvartalsa Tu sxva peri-
odze saxelSekrulebo fasidan procentis saxiT. Seusabamod maRali pirgasamtexlos
Tavidan asacileblad calsaxad romelime formisTvis upiratesobis miniWeba mokle-
bulia samarTlebriv safuZvels. sasamarTlo pirgasamtexlos Tanxas Seusabamod ma-
Ral odenobad afasebs ara misi gamoangariSebis formisa Tu Tanxobrivi moculobidan
gamomdinare, aramed SeTanxmebuli Tanxis zedmeti Seusabamobis gamo valdebulebis
SeusruleblobiT an arajerovani SesrulebiT damdgar SedegebTan.18
pirgasamtexlos Semcirebaze dava mimdinareobs ara xelSekrulebis dadebis, ara-
med valdebulebis darRvevis dros, kerZod dakisrebuli pirgasamtexlos gadaxdis pe-
riodSi. fuladi valdebulebis Sesrulebis dros gamoiyeneba nominalizmis principi,
romliTac „vali nominalurad im TanxaSi unda daifaros, romlis Sesabamisadac iyo da-
debuli xelSekruleba.“19 es midgoma dacul unda iqnes saxelSekrulebo pirgasamtex-
los SemTxvevaSic.
15
ix. sssk-is muxlebi 4.2, 120, 162.1, 134.2, 154.2 da sxv.
16
axvlediani z., valdebulebiTi samarTali, me-2 gamocema, Tb., 1999, 78.
17
sus-is administraciul da sxva kategoriis saqmeTa palatis ganCineba №bs-446-425 (k-09),
05.11.2009 w.
18
sus-is administraciul da sxva kategoriis saqmeTa palatis ganCineba №bs-302-285 (k-07),
31.01.2008 w.
19
CantlaZe m., nebis gamovlenis ganmarteba, pirgasamtexlos Semcireba, nominalizmis prin-
cipi, „qarTuli samarTlis mimoxilva~, №5/2002-1, 174.
65
2.3. pirgasamtexlos moculobis Seusabamod maRlad miCneva
pirgasamtexlos miCneva Seusabamod maRal moculobad sasamarTlos individua-

luri Sefasebis sagania. am dros sasamarTlo gansazRvravs saxelSekrulebo pirgasam-
texlos samarTlianobis, gonivrulobisa da kanonierebis sakiTxs.
saqmis garemoebaTa Seswavlisa da SefasebisTvis mniSvnelovani wyaroa pirgasam-
texloTi uzrunvelyofili xelSekrulebac, romlis ganmartebis SemTxvevaSi sasa-
marTlo azustebs mxareTa gamonaTqvamebs, an axdens Riad datovebuli adgilebis e.w.
xarvezebis Sevsebas.20 magaliTad, erT-erT davaSi sadavo xelSekrulebis pirobebiT
SeuZlebeli iyo movalis mier Sesrulebuli samuSaoebis moculobis dadgena, realu-
rad valdebuleba arajerovnad Sesrulda da pirgasamtexlo ar iyo gaTvaliswinebuli
konkretuli arajerovani SesrulebisaTvis, ris gamoc sasamarTlom movales pirgasam-
texlo daakisra valdebulebis sruli SeusruleblobisTvis dadgenili TanxiT.21
TiToeul konkretul SemTxvevaSi, Tanxis Seusabamod maRali odenobiT arsebo-
bis sakiTxis Seswavlis dros unda Sefasdes xelSekrulebis dadebidan pirgasamtexlos
moculobis sadavod gaxdomamde arsebuli yvela is garemoeba, romlebiTac SesaZlebe-
lia pirgasamtexlos Tanxis Seusabamobis gansazRvra.22
2.4. Seusabamod maRali pirgasamtexlos Semcireba
rodesac sasamarTlo SeTanxmebul pirgasamtexlos miiCnevs Seusabamod maRal

odenobad, is uflebamosilia mis Semcirebazec. am dros sasamarTlo axdens valdebu-
lebis SeusruleblobiT an arajerovani SesrulebiT damdgar SedegebTan pirgasamtex-
los moculobis SesabamisobaSi moyvanas da ara mis ugulebelyofas.
kanonis mxridan ar arsebobs raime saxis miTiTeba pirgasamtexlos Semcirebis
farglebze. radganac pirgasamtexlo, Tavis mxriv, moiazrebs saxelSekrulebo valde-
bulebaTa SeusruleblobisaTvis dawesebul samoqalaqo pasuxismgeblobis Sinaarss,
misi Seusabamod aRiarebis SemTxvevaSic Semcireba unda ganxorcieldes kanonierad,
samarTlianad da gonivrulad.
saxelSekrulebo pirgasamtexlos kanoniereba gamoixateba misi kanonTan Sesaba-
misobiT. gonivruloba gulisxmobs iseT Semcirebas, romelic icavs movalis intere-
sebs da aseTi SemcirebiT arc pirgasamtexlo kargavs samarTlebriv funqcias. kredi-
tors unda aunazRaurdes valdebulebis jerovani Sesrulebis interesi.23 Tanxis Sem-
cirebis dros ar unda dairRves mxareTa Tanasworobisa da saxelSekrulebo pirobaTa
samarTlianobis principebi.24
20
ioseliani n., xelSekrulebis ganmarteba, `marTlmsajuleba~, №3, 2007, 103.
21
sus-is administraciul saqmeTa palatis gadawyvetileba №bs-1840-1794 (k-10), 09.06.2011w.
22
sus-is samoqalaqo, samewarmeo da gakotrebis saqmeTa palatis ganCineba №3k/467-01,
27.06.2001w.
23
Гришин Д.А., Неустойка: теория, практика, законодательство, М., 2005, 100.
24
sus-is administraciul saqmeTa palatis gadawyvetileba №bs-1522-1501 (k-11), 26.12. 2011w.
66
sasamarTlo uflebamosilia mxolod pirgasamtexlos Semcirebaze da ara mis

srul gauqmebaze (pirgasamtexlos baTilobis safuZvlebis garda). sasamarTlos aseve
ar SeuZlia saxelSekrulebo pirgasamtexlos gazrdac. SeTanxmebuli pirgasamtexlos
gadaxda gamoricxavs pirgasamtexlos Tanxis sididesTan dakavSirebiT movalis pre-
tenziebs.25
3. pirgasamtexlo kontinenturi evropis samarTalSi
kontinenturi evropis samarTalSi aRiarebulia pirgasamtexlos cnebis farTo

Sinaarsi, detaluradaa mocemuli Seusabamo pirgasamtexlos Semcirebis safuZvlebi
da gasaTvaliswinebeli garemoebebi.26
germaniis sk-iT, pirgasamtexlo valdebulebis darRvevisTvis gadasaxdeli Sepi-
rebuli fuladi Tanxaa (§339),27 romelic SesaZloa dadgindes sxva Sesrulebis saxiTac,
vidre fuladi Tanxis gadaxdaa (§342);28 safrangeTis sk-iT pirobaa, romliTac valdebu-
lebis Sesrulebis uzrunvelsayofad pirs aRebuli aqvs valdebuleba raimeze (1226-e
muxli).29 kerZod, nebismieri daTqmaa, romlis mizania xelSekrulebis Sesrulebis uz-
runvelyofa.30 gamoTqmulia mosazrebac, rom is dgindeba cifrebiT dadgenili myari
fuladi TanxiT;31 niderlandis sk-iT piroba, romelic valdebulebis arSemsrulebels
akisrebs fuladi Tanxis gadaxdas an raime valdebulebis Sesrulebas, aris pirgasam-
texlo (91-e muxli);32 saberZneTis sk-iT, pirgasamtexlo fiqsirebuli fuladi Tanxaa an
sxvagvari Sesrulebis miReba;33 estoneTis valdebulebiTi samarTlis kanoniT,34 pirga-
samtexlo fuladi Tanxaa an moqmedebis Sesruleba (§158);35 latviis sk-iT, is danakli-
sia, romlis Tmenazec piri Tanxmdeba nakisri valdebulebis darRvevisas fuladi saxiT
an sxva RirebulebebiT (1716-e-1717-e muxlebi);36 moldaveTis sk-iT, pirgasamtexlo fu-
ladi Tanxaa an gansazRvruli nivTis gadacemis valdebuleba (624.1 muxli);37 ukrainis
sk-iT fuladi Tanxaa an sxva qoneba (549.1 muxli);38 xolo yirgizeTis sk-iT fuladi Tan-
xa an sxvagvari qonebrivi Rirebuleba (320.1 muxli).39
25
sus-is samoqalaqo saqmeTa palatis ganCineba №as-1015-1287-09, 04.02.2010 w.
26
winamdebare paragrafSi samoqalaqo kodeqsis Semoklebad gamoiyeneba sk.
27
Гражданское уложение Германии, пер. с нем. Бергманна В., 2-ое издание, М., 2006, 83.
28
iqve, 84.
29
Гражданский кодекс Франции, пер. с фран. Захватаева В.Н., М., Берлин, 2012, 346.
30
Bell J., Boyron S., Whittaker S., Principles of French Law, 1998, 351.
31
Морандьер Л. Ж. де ла, Гражданское право Франции, Т.2, пер. с фран. Флейшиц Е. А., М., 1960, 344.
32
The Civil Code of the Netherlands, by Warendorf H., Thomas R., Curry-Sumner I., 2009, 659.
33
Kerameus K.D., Kozyris P.J., Introduction to Greek Law, 3rd revised ed., 2008, 114.
34
SemdgomSi – evsk.
35
Law of Obligations Act of Estonia, <https://www.riigiteataja.ee/en/eli/506112013011/consolide>, [20.01.2016].
36
Гражданский закон Латвийской республики, 4-ая часть, Рига, 2005, 56.
37
Гражданский кодекс Республики Молдова, <http://lex.justice.md/viewdoc.php?action=view&view=doc&id
=325085&lang=2>, [20.01.2016].
38
Гражданский кодекс Украины, <http://meget.kiev.ua/kodeks/grazdanskiy-kodeks/glava-49>, [20.01.2016].
39
Комментарий к гражданскому кодексу Кыргызской республики, части первой, Т.2, ред. Галлямова Н.С.,
Кучерявая Г.А., Царнаева А.З., Бишкек, 2005, 248.
67
kontinentur samarTalSi mxolod sasamarTlo organoebs aqvT miniWebuli pir-

gasamtexlos Semcirebis ufleba. sakiTxis sadavod gaxdomis iniciatorad umTavresad
moiazreba movale mxare. vxvdebiT gansxvavebul midgomebsac. magaliTad, safrangeTis
sk-iT, pirgasamtexlo SeiZleba Semcirdes mosamarTlis mier, maT Soris sakuTari ini-
ciativiT TanafardobaSi im sargebelTan, romelic kreditorma miiRo valdebulebis
nawilobrivi SesrulebiT (1231-e muxli).40 Tuki valdebulebis damrRvev mxares ekisre-
ba valdebuleba zianis SeTanxmebuli TanxiT anazRaurebaze, meore mxares ar SeiZleba
miekuTvnos arc naklebi, arc meti Tanxa. sasamarTlos SeuZlia, sakuTari iniciativis
SemTxvevaSic Seamciros, aseve gazardos pirgasamtexlo, roca is aSkarad gadaWarbebu-
lia (1152-e muxli).41 SeTanxmebuli pirgasamtexlos SeusabamobaSi moiazreba misi Seu-
sabamod maRali, aseve Seusabamod dabali (sasacilo) moculoba.42 gansxvaveba unda iyos
aSkarad Seusabamo da Tanxa ar SeiZleba Semcirdes realuri zianis qvemoT.43
espaneTis sk-iT, mosamarTles SeuZlia, samarTlianad Secvalos pirgasamtexlo,
Tuki ZiriTadi valdebuleba Sesrulebulia nawilobriv an arajerovnad (1154-e mux-
li).44 amavdroulad, Secvla ar gulisxmobs Seusabamod dabali Tanxis gazrdis SesaZ-
leblobas.45
italiis sk-iT, sasamarTlom pirgasamtexlo SeiZleba samarTlianad Seamciros,
rodesac valdebuleba Sesrulebulia nawilobriv an pirgasamtexlo aris Seusabamod
maRali da mxedvelobaSi miiReba interesi, romelic kreditors hqonda valdebulebis
Sesrulebis mimarT (1384-e muxli).46 normis gamoyeneba sasamarTlos SeuZlia sakuTari
iniciativiTac,47 rac ganimarteba kontrolis meqanizmad saxelSekrulebo urTierTo-
bebSi samarTlian pirobaTa uzrunvelsayofad.48
umTavresad pirgasamtexlos Seusabamod aRiarebis mTavari safuZvelia xelSek-
rulebis darRveviT damdgar negatiur SedegebTan (zianTan) pirgasamtexlos maRali
odenobiT arseboba, aseve sxva garemoebebi. germaniis sk-iT, Seusabamod maRali pirga-
samtexlo mcirdeba saTanado Tanxamde (§343.1) da mxedvelobaSi miiReba kreditoris
nebismieri samarTlebrivi, da ara mxolod qonebrivi, interesi (§343.2).49 Tuki pirga-
samtexlo uzrunvelyofs savaWro garigebas, gamoiyeneba germaniis savaWro kodeqsiT
40
Гражданский кодекс Франции, пер. с фран. Захватаева В.Н., М., Берлин, 2012, 347.
41
iqve, 335.
42
Stier A., 2012, 1260.
43
Nicholas B.,The French law of contract, 2nd ed., Oxford, 1992, 236.
44
Spanish Civil Code, Madrid, 2009, <http://www.elra.eu/wp-content/uploads/file/Spanish_Civil_Code_(C%
C3%B3digo_Civil)%5B1%5D.pdf >, [20.01.2016].
45
Garcia I. M., Enforcement of Penalty Causes in Civil and Common Law: A Puzzle to be Solved by the Contracting
Parties, European Journal of Legal Studies, Vol. 5, Issue 1, 2012, 94.
46
The Italian Civil Code and Complementary Legislation, Book 4, transl. by Beltramo M., Longo G.E., Merryman
J.H., NY, 1991, 49.
47
European Contract Law, Materials for a Common Frame of Reference: Terminology, Guiding Principles, Model
Rules, ed. by Fauvarque-Cosson B., Mazeaud D., Munich, 2008, 316.
48
iqve.
49
Гражданское уложение Германии, пер. с нем. Бергманна В., 2-ое издание, М., 2006, 84.
68
gaTvaliswinebuli norma (§348), romliTac komersantis mier Sepirebuli pirgasamtex-

los moculoba ar SeiZleba Semcirdes germaniis sk-iT gaTvaliswinebuli wesebis sa-
fuZvelze.50 komerciul xelSekrulebebTan msgavsi midgomaa avstriaSic.51 sxva garige-
bebTan, Tuki movale daadasturebs pirgasamtexlos gadaWarbebiT arsebobas, is SeiZ-
leba Semcirdes mxolod saeqsperto daskvnis safuZvelze (§1136 (2)).52
niderlandis sk-iT, SeTanxmebuli pirgasamtexlos Semcirebis safuZvelia samar-
Tlianobis moTxovna, ris gamoc Semcireba dauSvebelia damdgar zianze naklebad (94.1
muxli).53 msgavsi midgomaa belgiis samoqalaqo samarTalSic (1231-e muxli).54 metic, sa-
kasacio sasamarTlos mier damkvidrebuli wesiT, pirgasamtexlo ar SeiZleba ewinaaR-
mdegebodes sajaro wesrigs da masSi unda moiazrebodes valdebulebis Seusruleblo-
biT mosalodneli zianis anazRaureba.55
evsk-iT, pirgasamtexlos aragonivrulad maRali Tanxa mcirdeba gonivrul mo-
culobamde valdebulebis Sesrulebis moculobis, xelSekrulebis meore mxaris ga-
marTlebuli interesis da xelSekrulebis mxareTa ekonomikuri mdgomareobis mxedve-
lobaSi miRebiT (§162.1).
litvis sk-iT, pirgasamtexlos Tanxis Semcireba dasaSvebia, Tu is aSkarad Seusa-
bamoa an kreditors miRebuli aqvs sargebeli valdebulebis nawilobrivi SesrulebiT.
amitom Tanxa ar SeiZleba Semcirdes zianze an naklis mqone Sesrulebaze qvemoT (6.73.2
muxli).56
azerbaijanis sk-iT, pirgasamtexlos Semcirebisas mxedvelobaSi miiReba kredi-
toris rogorc qonebrivi, aseve yvela safuZvliani interesi (467-e muxli).57 moldave-
Tisa da uzbekeTis sk-ebi pirgasamtexlos Semcirebas ganixilaven gamonaklisad. pir-
vel SemTxvevaSi, sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba miiReba yvela garemoebis gaTvaliswi-
nebiT da efuZneba kreditoris qonebriv, aseve kanoniT dacul sxva interesebs (630.1
muxli); meore SemTxvevaSi, Semcirebis safuZvelia kreditorisTvis damdgar Sedegeb-
Tan pirgasamtexlos aSkara Seusabamoba, mxedvelobaSi miiReba movalis mxridan Sesru-
lebuli valdebulebis xarisxi, valdebulebaSi monawile mxareTa qonebrivi mdgomare-
oba, kreditoris interesebi (326-e muxli).58
50
Tорговое уложение Германии, пер. с нем. Дубовицкой Е.А., М., 2005, 183.
51
Stier A., 2012, 1260.
52
Общее гражданского уложения Австрийской Республики, пер. с нем. Брордская-Карир Д., Знаменская Н.,
Карнхольц Е., Кулешова Ю., Траунмюллер К., Ушкова Ю., М., 2013, 290.
53
The Civil Code of the Netherlands, by Warendorf H., Thomas R., Curry-Sumner I., 2009, 659.
54
Introduction to Belgian Law, ed. by Bocken H., De Bondt W., 2001, 241.
55
Herbots J., Contract Law in Belgium, Deventer, Boston, 1995, 149-150.
56
Civil Code of the Republic of Lithuania, < http://www3.lrs.lt/pls/inter2/dokpaieska.showdoc_e?p_id=245495>,
[20.01.2016].
57
Гражданский кодекс Азербайджанской Республики, <http://online.zakon.kz/Document/?doc_id=30420111
#sub_id=4620000>, [20.01.2016].
58
Гражданский кодекс Республики Узбекистан, <http://fmc.uz/legisl.php?id=k_grajd>, [20.01.2016].
69
somxeTis sk-iT, pirgasamtexlos Semcireba ukavSirdeba valdebulebis darRve-

vis Sedegad damdgar zians (372-e muxli);59 ukrainis sk, aRniSnulTan erTad, yuradRebas
amaxvilebs sxva gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobis mqone garemoebebis mxedvelobaSi miRe-
bazec (551.3 muxli); yazaxeTis sk-iT, pirgasamtexlos Semcirebis safuZvelia Seusaba-
moba damdgar zianTan, mxedvelobaSi miiReba Sesrulebuli valdebulebis moculoba,
mxareTa angariSgasawevi interesebi (297-e muxli);60 belorusiis (314-e muxli),61 ruse-
Tis federaciis (333-e muxli),62 tajikeTis (358-e muxli)63 da yirgizeTis (323-e muxli)64
sk-ebiT Tanxis Semcirebis uflebamosileba sasamarTlos aqvs, roca is Seusabamoa val-
debulebis darRveviT damdgar SedegebTan.
pirgasamtexlos gadaxdis Semdgom Semcirebis sakiTxis ganxilva kanoniTve gamo-
ricxulia gsk-iT (§343.1), evsk-iT (§162.3), litvis (6.73.2 muxli), azerbaijanisa (467-e
muxli) da moldaveTis (630.2 muxli) sk-ebiT.
4. winaswar gansazRvruli ziani da jarima

saerTo samarTalSi
saerTo samarTlis qveynebSi samoqalaqosamarTlebriv dacvis saSualebebs sa-

kompensacio xasiaTi aqvT da isini dasjis saSualebebad ar gamoiyenebian nakisr val-
debulebaTa darRvevis dros.65 ganasxvaveben winaswar gansazRvruli zianisa (liquidated
damages)66 da jarimis (penalty) cnebebs. kontinenturi samarTlis qveynebSi cnobil pir-
gasamtexlos cnebas uaxlovdeba wgz-is cneba, romelic ar aris Seusrulebeli valde-
bulebis tolfasovani Rirebuleba. is axorcielebs winaswar, gonivrulad ganWvreta-
di, mosalodneli zianis Sefasebas, rac umTavresad gamoiyeneba grZelvadian saxelSek-
rulebo urTierTobebSi da vxvdebiT ganvadebiT nasyidobis, qiravnobis, samSeneblo,
sainJinro, sazRvao, sabiTumo distribuciis, freSaizingis da a.S. xelSekrulebebSi.67
inglisuri samarTliT, kerZo urTierTobebSi wgz-is cneba gamoiyeneba im zian-
Tan mimarTebiT, romelic mxareTa mier winaswar SeTanxmebulia da an kanoniTaa dad-
genili mxareTa mimarT, gacemuli veqsilis/Cekis safuZvelze nakisri valdebulebis
59
Гражданский кодекс Республики Армения, <http://www.parliament.am/law_docs/050598HO239rus.html?
lang=rus>, [20.01.2016].
60
Гражданский кодекс Республики Казахстан, <http://online.zakon.kz/Document/?doc_id=1006061>,
[20.01.2016].
61
Гражданский кодекс Республики Беларусь, <http://etalonline.by/?type=text&regnum=HK9800218#load_
text_none_1_>, [20.01.2016].
62
Борисов А.Б., Комментарий к гражданскому кодексу Российской Федераций, 2-ое изд., М., 2003, 339.
63
Гражданский кодекс Республики Таджикистан, <http://www.mehnat.tj/pdf_doc/3_1gr_kodeks.pdf>,
[20.01.2016].
64
Комментарий к гражданскому кодексу Кыргызской республики, части первой, Т.2, ред. Галлямова Н.С.,
Кучерявая Г.А., Царнаева А.З., Бишкек, 2005, 251.
65
Байков А.М., Обязательственное право, Ч. I, Рига, 2005, 202.
66
SemdgomSi – wgz.
67
Wheeler S., Shaw J., Contract Law, Cases, Materials and Commentary, Oxford, 1994, 814.
70
ugulebelyofiT damdgar zianTan dakavSirebiT.68 gansxvavebiT, termini „winaswar ga-

nusazRvreli ziani‫( ״‬unliquidated damages) miesadageba iseT zians, romlis Sefasebasac sa-
samarTlo an Jiuri axdens e.w. mizezobriobis testis (remoteness of damage) gamoyenebiT.69
gadamwyveti mniSvneloba eniWeba valdebulebis darRvevasa da zians Soris arsebul mi-
zezobriv daSorebas. rac ufro metadaa daSorebuli damdgari ziani valdebulebis Se-
usruleblobasTan, miT ufro saeWvoa maTi urTierTkavSiri, da piriqiT, anazRaurdeba
ziani, romelic bunebrivad gamomdinareobs valdebulebis Seusruleblobidan, an ro-
melic gonivruli varaudiT anazRaurebadia xelSekrulebis mxareTa mier.70 winaswar
gansazRvruli ziani umTavresad fuladi Tanxaa, Tumca saqmeze – Jobson v. Johnson [1989]
1WLR 1026 – is SeTanxmebuli iyo qonebis (safexburTo klubis aqciebis) gadacemis sa-
xiT.71
xelSekrulebis monawileebs SeuZliaT, Tavisuflad daadginon wgz-is moculoba.
orive mxaris interesebSi Sedis im garemoebebis zustad gansazRvra, romelTa drosac
gamoiyeneba daTqma wgz-is anazRaurebis moTxovnaze.72 mxareTa SeTanxmebiT, gadasax-
deli Tanxa unda gansazRvravdes valdebulebis SeusruleblobiT mosalodneli, nam-
dvili zianis Sefasebas. swored amgvari daTqma miiCneva samarTlebrivi Zalis mqoned
maSinac, rodesac is aris cxadad da mniSvnelovnad aRmatebuli dazaralebuli mxaris
mier gancdil danaklisTan.73
wgz-is dros SeTanxmebuli Tanxa anazRaurdeba realurad miyenebuli zianis miu-
xedavad.74 mosarCele gaTavisuflebulia zianis arsebobis mtkicebisgan im SemTxveva-
Sic, roca ziani aris gacilebiT mcire, vidre SeTanxmebuli Tanxa. Tuki realurad gan-
cdili ziani aRemateba SeTanxmebul Tanxas, mosarCele izRudeba SeTanxmebuli Tanxis
odenobiT75.
saerTo samarTali interesdeba ara valdebulebis Seusruleblobis Sedegad dam-
dgar SedegebTan SeTanxmebuli Tanxis adekvaturobiT, aramed xelSekrulebis dadebis
momentSi arsebuli mxareTa ganzraxviT.76 xelSekrulebis dadebis dros kreditoris
mizans unda Seadgendes valdebulebis Seusruleblobis SemTxvevaSi mosalodneli da-
naklisis winaswar gansazRvra da ara movalis dasja. gadasaxdeli Tanxa unda iyos moaz-
rebuli rogorc kompensacia da ara rogorc muqara an jarima.77 Tuki mxaris ganzraxva
Tavidanve meore mxaris dasjaa, sasamarTlo aseT daTqmas ganixilavs rogorc sasjels
da tovebs mas samarTlebrivi Zalis gareSe. dazaralebuli mxarisTvis miyenebuli re-
68
Chitty on Contracts, Vol. 1, 28th ed., London, 1999, 1274.
69
iqve.
70
Smith S.A., Contract Theory, 2004, 425-246.
71
Smith J., Smith and Thomas, A Casebook on Contract, 11th ed., London, 2000, 646-649.
72
Whincup M.H., Contract Law and Practice, The English System and Continental Comperisons, 4th ed., The
Hague, London, Boston, 2001, 332.
73
Treitel G.H., The Law of Contract, 10th ed., London, 1999, 929.
74
Mckendrick E., Contract Law, Text, Cases and Materials, 4th ed., Oxford University Press, 2010, 919.
75
Beatson J. (ed.), Anson’s Law of Contract, 27th ed., J., 1998, 591.
76
Duxbury R., Contract in a Nutshell, 7th ed., London, 2006, 130.
77
An Introduction to the Law of Contract, 5th ed., by Atiyah P.S., Oxford, 1995, 434.
71
aluri ziani anazRaurdeba zogadi wesebis Sesabamisad,78 kerZod, sasamarTloSi zianis

anazRaurebis moTxovniT sarCelis Setanis gziT.
xelSekrulebiT dadgenili Tanxis ganmartebisas sasamarTlo ar izRudeba mxare-
Ta mier gamoyenebuli frazeologiiT da yuradReba eqceva ara mxareTa mier gamoyene-
bul formas, aramed Sinaarss.79 SeTaxmebuli Tanxa, romelic mxareTa mier SeTanxmebaSi
moixsenieba wgz-ad an jarimad, saWiroebs sasamarTlosgan aseTad aRiarebas.
wgz-isa da jarimis erTmaneTisgan ganmasxvavebeli wesebi inglisur samarTalSi
Camoyalibebulia lordTa palatis gadawyvetilebaSi saqmeze – Dunlop Pneumatic Tyre Co
Ltd v New Garage & Motor Co Ltd [1915] AC79. saxelSekrulebo daTqma SeTanxmebuli Tan-
xis gadaxdaze aris jarima Tu: is aris Seusabamo da aragonivruli im udides zianTan
mimarTebiT, romelic SesaZloa damtkicdes valdebulebis Seusruleblobis Sedegad;
dadgenilia fuladi Tanxis gadauxdelobaze da Tavisi moculobiT aRemateba nakisr
fulad valdebulebas; sakompensacio erTianad moWrili Tanxa dadgenilia erT, ramde-
nime an yvela SesaZlo SemTxvevisaTvis, romelTa Soris ramdenimem SeiZleba gamoiwvios
seriozuli, xolo sxva danarCenma maTganma umniSvnelo ziani; Tanxa ar SeiZleba miCne-
ul iqnes jarimad, Tuki garTulebulia misi moculobis gamoangariSeba.80
inglisis kanonmdebloba fulad anazRaurebas ganixilavs vaWrobis dros micemu-
li garantiis erT-erT saxed. arakeTilsindisier saxelSekrulebo pirobaTa aqtis me-5
muxlis (1) punqtis (b) qvepunqtiT, garantiad miiCneva werilobiT SeTanxmebuli piroba,
Tuki is moicavs an romlis mizansac Seadgens raime pirobis micema an Sepireba (sityvi-
erad an gadacemiT), rom naklovanebebi aRmoifxvreba nivTebis srulad an nawilobriv
SecvliT, SekeTebiT, fuladi anazRaurebiT an sxvagvarad.81
samomxmareblo xelSekrulebebSi arasamarTlian pirobaTa regulaciebis 1-li
muxlis (e) punqtiT ki, arasamarTliania piroba, romelic valdebulebis Seusruleb-
lobis SemTxvevaSi nebismieri momxmareblisgan kompensaciis saxiT iTxovs arapropor-
ciulad maRali Tanxis gadaxdas.82
amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis sasamarTloebi istoriulad did mniSvnelo-
bas aniWebdnen saxelSekrulebo Tavisuflebis princips, mxareTa mier SeTanxmebuli
daTqmebi eqvemdebareboda upirobo Sesrulebas da sasamarTlosgan ganimarteboda
maTi sityvasityviTi mniSvnelobiT. saqmeSi – United States v. Bethlehem Steel Corp. 205 U.S.
105 [1907] – kompanias aRebuli hqonda iaraRis lafetebis miwodebis valdebuleba sa-
xelmwifosTvis amerika-espaneTis omSi. miwodebis dros didi saxelmwifoebrivi mniS-
vneloba hqonda da yoveli dagvianebuli dRisTvis wgz SeTanxmebuli iyo garkveuli
odenobiT yoveli miuwodebeli erTeulisaTvis. Tumca omi xelSekrulebiT nakisri
valdebulebebis Sesrulebis dadgomamde dasrulda, mTavrobam miiCnia, rom kompaniis
78
Dexbury R., Contract in a Nutshell, 7th ed., London, 2006, 129.
79
Beatson J. (ed.), Anson’s Law of Contract, 27th ed., 1998, 587.
80
Smith J., Smith and Thomas, A Casebook on Contract, 10th ed., London, 1996, 622-624.
81
Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977, <http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1977/50>, [20.01.2016].
82
Unfair Terms in Consumer Contracts Regulations 1999, <http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/1999/2083/made/
data.pdf>, [20.01.2016].
72
mier darRveuli iyo iaraRis miwodebis dro, amitom, realuri zianis ararsebobis mi-
uxedavad, sasamarTlom wgz-is daTqma CaTvala samarTlebrivi Zalis mqoned da Sesas-
ruleblad savaldebulo pirobad.83 Tanamedrove periodSi vxvdebiT precedentebsac,
sadac sasamarTlo, xelSekrulebis Tavisuflebis principTan erTad, eyrdnoba Tanas-
worobis wess, Tuki valdebulebis darRveviT gamowveuli ziani aris mcire, an igi saer-
Tod ar arsebobs.84
amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis erTiani savaWro kodeqsis §2-718-is 1-li nawi-
liT, nebismieri mxaris mier xelSekrulebis darRvevis Sedegad damdgari ziani SesaZ-
loa ganisazRvros SeTanxmebiT, Tumca mxolod im moculobiT, romelic gonivrulia
mosalodnel an valdebulebis darRveviT gamowveul namdvil zianTan kavSirSi, zia-
nis mtkicebis sirTuliT, araxelsayreli pirobebis an uflebis araadekvaturi dacvis
sxva saSualebebis meSveobiT. piroba, romelic gansazRvravs aragonivrulad maRal wi-
naswar gamosaangariSebel zians, baTilia rogorc jarima.85
msgavs mosazrebas iziarebs saxelSekrulebo samarTlis meore krebulic: nebismi-
eri mxaris mier xelSekrulebis darRvevis Sedegad damdgari ziani SeiZleba ganisazR-
vros xelSekrulebiT, Tumca mxolod im moculobiT, romelic gonivrulia valdebu-
lebis darRveviT mosalodnel an realur danaklisTan kavSirSi da zianis mtkicebis
sirTuliT. aragonivrulad gansazRvruli winaswar gamoangariSebuli ziani, rogorc
jarima, aris Seusrulebeli sajaro wesrigis safuZvelze (§356(1)).86
amerikuli samarTali wgz-isa da jarimis urTierTgamijvnis mizniT iyenebs sam-
nawilian tests: Tanxa jarimaa, Tu mimarTulia valdebulebis arSemsrulebeli mxaris
dasasjelad; Rirebuleba, romlis dacvis mizniT aris SeTanxmebuli Tanxa, rTulad
Sesafasebelia;87 mxareTa mier SeTanxmebuli wgz gonivrulad winaswarganWvretadia,88
radgan gonivruloba mniSvnelovani faqtoria winaswar gansazRvruli zianis aRsru-
lebisTvis.89
5. daskvna
qarTul samoqalaqo samarTalSi saxelSekrulebo valdebulebaTa Seusruleb-

loba an maTi arajerovnad Sesruleba iwvevs fuladi TanxiT SeTanxmebuli pirgasam-
texlos gadaxdis valdebulebas, romelic ar SeiZleba iyos Seusabamod maRali saqmeSi
83
Ferris, S.V., Liquidated Damages Recovery Under the Restatement (Second) of Contracts, Cornell Law Review,
Vol. 67, Issue 4, 1982, 864-865.
84
iqve, 866.
85
Contract Law: Selected Source Materials, by Burton S.J., St.Paul, 1995, 177.
86
iqve, 246-247.
87
Ferris S.V., Liquidated Damages Recovery Under the Restatement (Second) of Contracts, Cornell Law Review,
Vol. 67, Issue 4, 1982, 874-875.
88
boiaki a.j., saxelSekrulebo zianisa da pirgasamtexlos SedarebiTi analizi saqarTvelosa
da SeerTebuli Statebis magaliTze, „qarTuli biznessamarTlis mimoxilva~, III gamocema,
2014, 9.
89
Thomas H.R., Smith G.R., Cummings D.J., Enforcement of Liquidated Damages, Journal of Construction
Engineering and Management, 1995, 463.
73
arsebul garemoebebTan mimarTebiT. es midgoma aRiarebulia kontinenturi samarTlis

qveynebSic, sadac zog SemTxvevaSi zustadaa Camoyalibebuli pirgasamtexlos cvlile-
bis safuZvlebi. saerTo samarTalSi saxelSekrulebo valdebulebaTa Seusruleblo-
bisaTvis dadgenili wgz aris baTili saxelSekrulebo piroba, Tuki misi mizania mova-
lis dasja da ara mosalodneli zianis kompensacia. sajarimo Tanxebi ar eqvemdebareba
Secvlas da ganixileba baTil saxelSekrulebo pirobad.
74
guliko kaJaSvili*
mtkicebulebis uzrunvelyofisa da uzrunvelyofis garantiis

roli saqmiswarmoebaSi
mtkicebulebebis uzrunvelyofa da uzrunvelyofis garantia saproceso ka-

nonmdeblobis ori damoukidebeli institutia. samoqalaqo saproceso ko-
deqsis Sesabamisad, pirveli instanciis sasamarTlo valdebulia, uSualod
gamoikvlios mtkicebulebebi. amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi mtkicebulebe-
bis uzrunvelyofis sakiTxTan mimarTebiT gansxvavebuli midgoma arsebobs.
naSromSi warmodgenilia praqtikuli midgoma uzrunvelyofis garantiasTan
mimarTebiT – ra SemTxvevaSi akmayofilebs sasamarTlo mxaris Suamdgomlo-
bas uzrunvelyofis garantiis Taobaze da ra SemTxvevaSi axdens Tavad sapa-
suxo uzrunvelyofas ise, rom ar arRvevs mxareTa SejibrebiTobisa da dispo-
ziciurobis princips.
sakvanZo sityvebi: mtkicebulebis uzrunvelyofa, Suamdgomloba mtkice-

bulebis uzrunvelsayofad, ganCineba, damatebiTi uzrunvelyofa, mtkice-
bulebis uzrunvelyofa amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi, uzrunvelyofis ga-
rantia.
1. Sesavali
marTlmsajulebis sistemis efeqturoba samarTlebrivi wesrigis ganmtkicebi-

sa da samarTlebrivi usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofis fundamenturi winapirobaa. mar-
Tlmsajulebis efeqturoba damoukidebel, miukerZoebel, samarTlian da droul sa-
marTalwarmoebaSi povebs gamoxatulebas.1
saproceso kodeqsis Sesabamisad, pirveli instanciis sasamarTlo valdebulia,
uSualod gamoikvlios mtkicebulebebi. sasamarTlo sxdomaze mosamarTlem unda mo-
isminos saqmis monawilis axsna-ganmarteba, mowmis Cveneba, eqspertis daskvna; mosa-
marTle unda gaecnos werilobiT mtkicebulebebs, daaTvalieros nivTieri mtkice-
bulebebi. amitom uSualobis wesis darRveva, misgan gadaxveva sasamarTlo praqtikaSi
kvalificirdeba rogorc sasamarTlos Secdoma, aqedan gamomdinare yvela samarTleb-
rivi SedegiT.
amasTan, kanoniT dadgenilia ori gamonaklisi sasamarTlos am valdebulebidan. am
gamonaklis SemTxvevaSi sasamarTlos mier xdeba samoqalaqo saqmis garemoebaTa gaSua-
lebuli Semecneba. saubaria mtkicebulebaTa uzrunvelyofasa da sasamarTlo davale-
* Tsu-is iuridiuli fakultetis doqtoranti.
1
Smiti S., rihteri h., mosamarTlis mier gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesi samoqalaqo
samarTalSi, germaniis saerTaSoriso TanamSromlobis sazogadoeba (GIZ), 2013, 3.
75
baze.2 kvlevis farglebSi yuradReba gamaxvildeba mtkicebulebebis uzrunvelyofis

institutze saqarTveloSi. aseve ganxilul iqneba mtkicebulebebis uzrunvelyofis
sakiTxi amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi, sadac damkvidrebuli praqtikis Tanaxmad, mtki-
cebulebebis uzrunvelyofis valdebuleba SeiZleba warmoiSvas konkretuli maregu-
lirebeli, sakanonmdeblo da sasamarTlos ganCinebebidan, rac iTvaliswinebs saqmi-
saTvis mniSvnelovani dokumentebisa Tu informaciis usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofas.3
sasamarTlo gansakuTrebul yuradRebas aqcevs piris mier saqmesTan dakavSirebuli
masalebis Senaxvas, miuxedavad imisa, dava mimdinareobs Tu ara.
naSromSi ganxilulia saproceso kanonmdeblobis ori damoukidebeli institu-
ti, kerZod: mtkicebulebebis uzrunvelyofa da uzrunvelyofis garantia, romlebic
saproceso uzrunvelyofis Semadgeneli nawilebia. naSromSi warmoCenilia qarTuli
samoqalaqo saproceso samarTlisaTvis ucxo midgoma mticebulebebis uzrunvelyo-
faze, rac damaxasiaTebelia aSS-is samoqalaqo saproceso kanonmdeblobisTvis.
aseve naSromSi warmodgenilia praqtikuli midgoma uzrunvelyofis garantiasTan
mimarTebiT. kvleva orientirebulia, warmoaCinos, ra roli uWiravs uzrunvelyofis
garantias saqmiswarmoebaSi da ramdenad uzrunvelyofs es instituti mxareTa intere-
sebis dabalansebas. ra SemTxvevaSi akmayofilebs sasamarTlo mxaris Suamdgomlobas
uzrunvelyofis garantiis Taobaze da ra SemTxvevaSi axdens Tavad sapasuxo uzrunvel-
yofas, ise, rom ar irRveva mxareTa SejibrebiTobisa da dispoziciurobis principi.
kvleva SedarebiTsamarTlebrivi xasiaTisaa. aqvs Teoriuli da praqtikuli mniS-
vneloba: Teoriuli TvalsazrisiT, naSromis saSualebiT dainteresebul pirebs Se-
uZliaT, miiRon informacia am sakiTxis Sesaxeb; praqtikuli TvalsazrisiT, naSromi
aqtualuria, gamomdinare iqidan, rom aq ganxilulia rogorc saqarTvelos, aseve ame-
rikis SeerTebuli Statebisa da aRmosavleT evropis saproceso kanonmdeblobis maga-
liTebi.
2. mtkicebulebebis uzrunvelyofa
SeuZlebelia moiZebnos iuristi, romelic uaryofs mtkicebulebaTa mniSvnelo-

bas samoqalaqo, administraciul, saarbitraJo Tu sisxlis saproceso samarTalSi.
mtkicebulebebs aqvT Sinaarsi, anu sasarCelo faqtebis Sesaxeb informacia; procesu-
aluri forma, romelic iwodeba mtkicebis kanonier formad, dabolos, maT axasiaTebs
mtkicebulebiTi informaciis miRebisa da gamokvlevis, da mtkicebis saSualebebis gan-
sazRvruli procesualuri wesrigi. es sami niSani gansazRvravs sasamarTlo mtkicebu-
lebis samarTlebriv bunebas. dasaxelebuli nebismieri komponentis ararseboba gana-
pirobebs mTlianad mtkicebulebis ukugdebas. mtkicebuleba, moklebuli SemecnebiT
Sinaarssa da procesualur formas, araa mtkicebuleba.4
mtkicebulebaTa uzrunvelyofis aucilebloba SeiZleba sxvadasxva mizeziT
iyos ganpirobebuli, rogorebicaa, magaliTad: mowmis avadmyofoba, misi xangrZlivad
2
qurdaZe S., xunaSvili n., saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso samarTali, Tb., 2012, 237.
3
Spencer A.B., The Preservation Obligation: Regulating and SanctioningPre-Litigation Spoliation in Federal
Court, 79 Fordham L. Rev., 2005 (2011), < http://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/flr/vol79/iss5/7>.
4
gagua i., mtkicebis tvirTi qarTul samoqalaqo saproceso samarTalSi, Tb., 2013, 22.
76
guliko kaJaSvili, mtkicebulebis uzrunvelyofisa da uzrunvelyofis garantiis roli
saqmiswarmoebaSi
wasvla mivlinebaSi, samuSaod sxva qveyanaSi wasvla, nivTier mtkicebulebaTa malfu-

Webadoba da a.S.5aucilebloba, ra Tqma unda, yovel konkretul SemTxvevaSi individu-
alurad fasdeba.
mtkicebulebaTa uzrunvelyofa, erTi mxriv, Tvisebrivad gansxvavdeba sarCelis
uzrunvelyofis RonisZiebisagan da, meore mxriv, sasamarTlos davalebebisgan. mtki-
cebulebaTa uzrunvelyofa saqmisaTvis mniSvnelobis faqtebis dadgenis mizniT xor-
cieldeba, xolo sarCelis uzrunvelyofa sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis aRsrulebis
uzrunvelyofas emsaxureba. amdenad, mtkicebulebaTa uzrunvelyofa da sarCelis
uzrunvelyofa gansxvavebuli cnebebia, Sesabamisad, orive SemTxvevaSi gansxvavebuli
saproceso moqmedebebia Sesasrulebeli. uzrunvelyofis am RonisZiebaTa kanonSi ne-
bismieri konteqstiT miTiTeba pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT unda iqnes gagebuli da maTi
ganmarteba Tvisebrivi niSniT igiveobaze dauSvebelia.6 rac Seexeba sasamarTlo dava-
lebisgan mtkicebulebis uzrunvelyofis gansxvavebas, sasamarTlo davalebiT xdeba
mtkicebulebaTa Segroveba da Semowmeba im SemTxvevaSi, roca maTi wardgena da Semow-
meba saqmis ganmxilvel sasamarTloSi Znelia an SeuZlebelia.7
sazRvargareT mecnierTa nawili sxvaobas xedavs mtkicebulebiT samarTalsa da
process Soris. kerZod, amerikel, da ara mxolod amerikel, iuristTa azriT, procesi
iTvaliswinebs sasamarTloSi saqmis ganxilvis wesebs, romlis mizania sasamarTlo ga-
dawyvetilebis miReba, xolo mtkiceba – es aris mosamarTlis darwmuneba, daqvemdeba-
reba logikis kanonebisadmi.8
mtkicebulebaTa uzrunvelyofa – esaa saproceso moqmedeba, romelsac asrulebs
sasamarTlo an erTpirovnulad mosamarTle im mizniT, raTa kanoniT dadgenili wesiT
daamagros mtkicebulebebi samoqalaqo saqmis arsebiTad ganxilvis dros maTi gamoye-
nebisaTvis,9 romlis mizani saqmis sworad gadawyvetisaTvis mniSvnelobis mqone faqte-
bis dadgenis uzrunvelyofaa. Sesabamisad, igi unda ganxorcieldes saqmiswarmoebis
damTavrebamde, xolo roca dava arsebiTad gadawyvetilia, am sadavo samarTlebrivi
urTierTobisaTvis mniSvnelobis mqone mtkicebulebebis uzrunvelyofis RonisZiebis
gamoyenebis samarTlebrivi safuZveli aRar arsebobs.10
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsisagan gansxvavebiT, samoqalaqo pro-
cesis federaluri wesebi amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis mosamarTleebs saSualebas
aZlevs, sanqciebic ki daaweson im pirTa mimarT, romlebic saqmisaTvis mniSvnelovani
garemoebebis damdgen dokumentebs Tu sxva saxis mtkicebulebebs saTanadod ar Sei-
naxaven.11 samoqalaqo procesis federaluri wesebis 37-e (b) muxlis Tanaxmad, sasamar-
5
liluaSvili T., samoqalaqo saproceso samarTali, II gamocema, Tb., 2005, 266.
6
saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos 2007 wlis 29 maisis gadawyvetileba saqmeze: №as-827-
1190-06.
7
liluaSvili T., xrustali v., samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis komentari, meore gada-
muSavebuli da Sesworebuli gamocema, Tb., 2007, 215.
8
9
liluaSvili T., samoqalaqo saproceso samarTali, II gamocema, Tb., 2005, 266.
10
saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos 2008 wlis 10 aprilis gadawyvetileba saqmeze: №as
258-516-08.
11
Koppel J.M., Federal Common Law and the Courts’ Regulation of Pre-Litigation Preservation, 5, 1 Stan. J.
Complex Litig. (2012, Forthcoming), <http://ssrn.com/abstract=2154484>.
77
Tlos SeuZlia, daawesos sanqcia im piris mimarT, vinc ar daemorCileba sasamarTlos

brZanebas mtkicebulebebis warmodgenaze an gamokvlevaze.12 Tumca yvela olqis sasa-
marTlos erTiani damokidebuleba ar aqvs am muxlis gamoyenebasTan dakavSirebiT.13 ma-
Ti pozicia calsaxaa, sanqcia udavod unda dawesdes im piris mimarT, vinc ganzrax gaa-
nadgurebs saqmisaTvis mniSvnelovan dokumentacias, magram zogi mosamarTle sanqciis
dawesebas samoqalaqo saproceso wesebis 37-e (b) muxliT amarTlebs, zogic ki im gansa-
kuTrebuli uflebamosilebiT, rac saqmiswarmoebas da kanonieri, samarTliani gadawy-
vetilebis miRebas emsaxureba. marTalia, arcerT mtkicebulebas winaswar dadgenili
Zala ar gaaCnia, magram mtkicebulebebis mimarT mosamarTleebis damokidebuleba de-
likaturia, vinaidan swored mtkicebulebebis saSualebiT amyareben mxareebi sarCelsa
Tu SesagebelSi warmodgenil garemoebebs.
2.1. mtkicebulebis roli sasamarTlosTvis Sinagani rwmenis

CamoyalibebaSi
mosamarTlem saqmisaTvis mniSvnelobis mqone garemoebebs saqmeSi monawile ori-

ve mxaris poziciidan unda Sexedos. saqmis namdvili garemoebebis danaxva da mxareTa
realuri urTierTobebis garkveva SesaZlebelia mxolod aseT SemTxvevaSi. cxadia, am
dros mosamarTleze moqmedebs Zlieri emociuri foni, magram mTavari am emociis arse-
boba rodia, mTavaria is, imarTeba Tu ara es emocia da, saboloo jamSi, Camoyalibdeba
Tu ara yovelgvari emociisgan ganTavisuflebuli Sinagani rwmena.14
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis 105-e muxlis Tanaxmad: araviTar
mtkicebulebas ara aqvs winaswar dadgenili Zala. sasamarTlo afasebs mtkicebule-
bebs Tavisi Sinagani rwmeniT, romelic unda emyarebodes maT yovelmxriv, srul da obi-
eqtur ganxilvas, ris Sedegadac mas gamoaqvs daskvna saqmisaTvis mniSvnelobis mqone
garemoebebis arsebobis an ararsebobis Sesaxeb. mosamarTlis winaSe arsebuli amocana
ufro metia, vidre wardgenili iuridiuli faqtebis (mtkicebulebebis) subieqturi Se-
faseba. swored obieqturi garemoebebi warmarTavs mosamarTlis Sinagani rwmenis Camo-
yalibebas.
mtkicebulebebis gansazRvra, Segroveba da sasamarTlosTvis wardgena mtkice-
bis tvirTis ZiriTadi nawilia, rac, Tavis mxriv, sabolood, gavlenas axdens saqmis gan-
12
Rule 37, Failure to make Disclosures or to Coorporate in Discovery, Sanctions, < http://www.law.cornell.edu/
rules/frcp/rule_37>.
13
mosamarTleTa didi nawilis mosazrebiT, sanqciis gamoyeneba im piris mimarT, vinc
mtkicebulebebis saTanadod Senaxva ar uzrunvelyo, samoqalaqo procesis federaluri
wesebis 37-e (b) muxliT ver gamarTldeba. saqmeSi – Capelluto v. FMC Corp – amerikis Seer-
Tebuli Statebis minesotis olqis mosamarTlem sakmaod mkacri sanqcia daawesa im piri-
saTvis, romelmac ganzrax gaanadgura mtkicebulebebi, maSin, rodesac mas ukve hqonda
Setyobineba potenciuri davis Sesaxeb. mosamarTlem es ase daasabuTa: ìm gansakuTrebul
uflebamosilebaze dayrdnobiT, rac davis regulirebiT, saqmiswarmoebis dawyebamde
procesis Seuvalobis dacviTa da uzrunvelyofiT gamoixateba, vaweseb sanqcias mxaris
mimarT~. ix. Koppel J.M., Federal Common Law and the Courts’ Regulation of Pre-Litigation Preservation, 7,
1 Stan. J. Complex Litig. (2012, Forthcoming), <http://ssrn.com/abstract=2154484>.
14
78
saqmiswarmoebaSi
mxilveli sasamarTlos Sinagani rwmenis Camoyalibebaze. `mtkicebis tvirTi~ unda ga-

nimartos rogorc modave mxareTa imgvari saproceso moqmedeba, romlis Sesrulebaze
an, piriqiT, Seusruleblobazea damokidebuli sasamarTlos mier samoqalaqo saqmeze
modave mxareTaTvis xelsayreli Tu araxelsayreli gadawyvetilebis miReba.15
2.2. Suamdgomloba mtkicebulebaTa uzrunvelyofis Sesaxeb
mtkicebulebaTa TeoriaSi mtkicebis qveS moiazreba sasamarTlosa da sxva pire-

bis mtkicebiTi saqmianoba, romelic moicavs Semdeg stadiebs: mtkicebis sagnis gan-
sazRvras, mtkicebulebaTa Segrovebas (mtkicebulebaTa gamovlena, maTi Sekreba da sa-
samarTloSi wardgena), mtkicebulebaTa sasamarTloSi gamokvlevas, mtkicebulebaTa
Sefasebas.16
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis Tanaxmad, im pirs, romelsac safuZ-
veli aqvs ifiqros, rom misTvis saWiro mtkicebulebaTa wardgena SemdgomSi SeuZlebe-
li an Zneli gaxdeba, SeuZlia sTxovos sasamarTlos am mtkicebulebaTa uzrunvelyofa.
mtkicebulebaTa uzrunvelyofa dasaSvebia sasamarTloSi saqmis aRZvramdec.17saqmis
mTavar sxdomaze ganxilvis dros sasamarTlo isedac valdebulia, Seamowmos mxaris mi-
er warmodgenili da sasamarTlos mier Sekrebili yvela mtkicebuleba, Tumca ar aris
gamoricxuli, rom mTavar sxdomaze ar daisvas uzrunvelyofis sakiTxi.18
samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsiT ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli mtkicebulebaTa uz-
runvelyofa saqmis ganxilvis dasrulebis Semdeg.19 vinaidan mtkicebulebis uzrun-
velyofis mizani aRar arsebobs.
gancxadeba mtkicebulebis uzrunvelyofis ra formiTac ar unda iqnes gakeTebu-
li, iqneba es werilobiTi Tu zepiri Suamdgomloba, igi unda iyos motivirebuli, raTa
sasamarTlos SeeZlos gadawyvitos uzrunvelsayofi mtkicebulebis dasaSvebobisa da
gankuTvnadobis sakiTxi. mtkicebulebaTa uzrunvelyofis Sesaxeb zepiri gancxadebiT
aRZruli Suamdgomloba Seitaneba sasamarTlo sxdomis oqmSi.20
mtkicebulebaTa gamoTxova saerTod da, miT ufro, mtkicebulebaTa uzrunvel-
yofa dasaSvebia mxolod im pirobiT, Tu am mtkicebulebiT SeiZleba dadasturdes saq-
misaTvis mniSvnelobis mqone raime garemoeba, anu garemoeba, romelic asabuTebs mo-
sarCelis moTxovnas an mopasuxis Sesagebels.
mtkicebulebaTa uzrunvelyofis mizniT Sesasrulebeli RonisZiebis gasata-
reblad ar kmara mxolod is, rom mtkicebulebas mniSvneloba aqvs saqmisaTvis. auci-
lebelia, agreTve, arsebobdes realuri saSiSroeba imisa, rom am mtkicebulebis mog-
vianebiT wardgena an gamoyeneba Zneli an SeuZlebeli gaxdeba. Tu aseTi saSiSroeba ar
15
16
iqve, 25.
17
258-516-08.
18
liluaSvili T., xrustali v., samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis komentari, II gadamuSavebuli
da Sesworebuli gamocema, Tb., 2007, 218.
19
258-516-08.
20
79
arsebobs, sasamarTlom uari unda Tqvas mtkicebulebaTa uzrunvelyofaze,21 radgan aR-

saniSnavia, rom mtkicebulebaTa uzrunvelyofa maTi damagrebis formaa. es niSnavs, rom
maT uzrunvelsayofad Sesabamisi moqmedebebis Sesrulebis dros ar xdeba mtkicebule-
baTa utyuarobisa da sakmarisobis Sefasebis sakiTxis gadawyveta. magram maTi Sesaxebo-
bisa da dasaSvebobis sakiTxi unda gadawydes manam, sanam mosamarTle Seasrulebs Sesaba-
mis moqmedebebs mtkicebulebaTa uzrunvelsayofad.22
amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis samoqalaqo saproceso kanonmdebloba icnobs mtki-
cebulebis iseT saxes, rogoricaa ficis qveS Cvenebis micema. mtkicebulebis es saxe su-
bieqturi xasiaTis matarebelia, anu faqtis dadastureba xdeba fizikuri piris mier.
samoqalaqo procesis federaluri wesebis 27-e muxli aregulirebs ficis qveS Cvenebis
Caweris sakiTxs.23aRniSnuli muxlis miRebas win uswrebs mTeli rigi procesebisa. Hall v.
Stout erTaderTi saqmea, sadac sasamarTlo Teoriulad msjelobs mtkicebulebis uzrun-
velyofaze. kerZod, sasamarTlo aRniSnavs, rom mtkicebulebaTa uzrunvelyofa (ficis
qveS Cvenebis Cawera) saWiroa ara imitom rom arsebobs mtkicebulebis ganadgurebis sa-
SiSroeba, aramed gasaTvaliswinebelia is garemoeba, ra mdgomareobaSic SeiZleba aRmoC-
ndes piri garkveuli drois Semdeg. SesaZlebelia, axalma garemoebam aRar misces Cvene-
bis micemis saSualeba. gamomdinare aqedan, uzrunvelyofis saWiroeba damokidebulia
ara piris fizikur mdgomareobaze, aramed mis unarze, momavalSi SeZlebs Tu ara is saqmi-
saTvis mniSvnelovani faqtebis dadasturebas.24
gansxvavebul suraTs vxvdebiT saqmeSi – Arizona v. California, romelic uzenaesi sasa-
marTlos erTaderTi gadawyvetilebaa, sadac sasamarTlom mxaris gancxadeba, rom mowme
SesaZloa saqmis dawyebis dros cocxali aRar yofiliyo, sakmarisad miiCnia uzrunvel-
yofis brZanebis gamosacemad. Hall-is saqmisgan gansxvavebiT, Arizona-as saqmeSi sasamar-
Tlom mniSvneloba mianiWa mowmis fizikur mdgomareobas, magram arcerTma sasamarTlom
ar mosTxova ganmcxadebels dasabuTeba imisa, rom mtkicebuleba daikargeboda.25 saqmeSi
– Angell v. Angell mxarem imiT daasabuTa uzrunvelyofis RonisZiebis saWiroeba, rom da-
sakiTxi piri moxuci iyo. aqac subieqtur moments mieniWa upiratesoba. Cemi azriT, su-
bieqturi da obieqturi garemoebebi aleternatiuli xasiaTis matarebeli unda iyos da
erT-erTis arsebobis SemTxvevaSic unda moxdes mtkicebulebebis uzrunvelyofa.
21
22
23
pirs, romelsac surs, SeerTebuli Statebis teritoriaze moaxdinos ficis qveS Cvenebis
micemis Cawera, unda mimarTos im raionis sasamarTlos, sadac cxovrobs dasakiTxi piri.
brZanebis misaRebad wardgenil gancxadebaSi unda miuTiTos dasakiTxi piris saxelebi; aseve
unda daasabuTos, rom igi iqneba SeerTebuli Statebis sasamarTlos gansjad saqmeSi mxare,
magram am etapze ver axerxebs sarCelis Setanas; daasabuTos Tavisi interesi, daasaxelos
faqtebi, ris gamoc surs Cvenebis Cawera. sxdomis Catarebamde 21 dRiT adre ganmcxadebeli
uzrunvelyofs brZanebis Cabarebas dasakiTxi pirebisTvis. Tu sapatio mizeziT ver
xerxdeba Cabareba, sasamarTlom SeiZleba ikisros gamoqveynebis valdebuleba. ix.
Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, Rule 27, Depositions to Perpetuate Testimony, <.http://www.law.cornell.edu/
rules/frcp/rule_27>.
24
Hall v. Miller Stout, 2:2004cv00184, January 24, 2004.
25
Kronfeld N.A., The Preservation and Discovery of Evidence Under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 27, The
Georgetown Law Journal, Vol. 78:593, 599.
80
saqmiswarmoebaSi
2.3. Suamdgomloba mtkicebulebaTa uzrunvelyofis Sesaxeb

sasamarTloSi saqmis aRZvramde
mtkicebulebebis moZieba-warmodgena ekisrebaT mxareebs da ara sasamarTlos, im

martivi mizezis gamo, rom mxarem ukeT icis, ra daadasturebs maT moTxovnas; analogi-
urad, meore mxarem icis, Tu riT gaaqarwylos mowinaaRmdege mxaris mier warmodgenili
mtkicebulebebi da daarwmunos sasamarTlo misi moTxovnis kanonierebaSi.26 miT ume-
tes, rom samoqalaqo saproceso samarTalSi mtkicebis tvirTi mosarCelesa da mopasu-
xe mxares Soris Tanabrad aris gadanawilebuli.27
praqtikulad, mtkicebulebebis Segrovebisaken mimarTuli moqmedeba unda daiwy-
os jer kidev saqmis aRZvramde, rac niSnavs imas, rom sasarCelo warmoebis dawyebam-
de mosarCele an mosarCelis warmomadgeneli unda darwmundes sasarCelo moTxovnis
safuZvlianobasa da sasarCelo faqtebis dasadastureblad Sesabamisi mtkicebule-
bebis arsebobaSi.28 amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi sasamarTlo pirs valdebulad CaT-
vlis mtkicebulebebis uzrunvelyofasTan mimarTebiT,29 Tu igi davis dawyebamde meo-
re mxarisagan miiRebs Setyobinebas urTierTobis Sewyvetis an gafrTxilebis Sesaxeb.30
swored am momentidan warmoiSoba saqmisaTvis mniSvnelovani dokumentebis Senaxvis
valdebuleba. inglisuri kanonmdebloba dasaSvebad miiCnevs mtkicebulebaTa Segro-
vebasa da gamoqveynebas jer kidev sasamarTloSi saqmiswarmoebis dawyebamde. mtkice-
bulebaTa warmodgenis tvirTi davis arsis dadgenaa, sxva sityvebiT, davis Semadgeneli
ZiriTadi sakiTxebis gamovlenaa. mosamzadebel stadiaze xdeba davis sagnis dadgena da
SejibrebiTi qaRaldebis gacvla, rac xels uwyobs mxareTa informirebulobasa da sa-
samarTlo sxdomaze moulodnelobis efeqtis Tavidan acilebas.31
samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis 109-e muxlis meore nawilis Sesabamisad, mtki-
cebulebaTa uzrunvelyofa dasaSvebia sasamarTloSi saqmis ganxilvamdec. sarCelis
aRZvris Semdeg mtkicebulebaTa uzrunvelyofis mizniT Sekrebili masalebi gadaeg-
26
Leubsdorf J., Evidence Law as a System of Incentives, Reasearch Papers Series No. 065, 2, Vol. 95, No. 5, 2010,
<http://ssrn.com/abstract=1566974>.
27
Allen R.A., Stei A., Evidence, Probability, and the Burden of Proof, Arizona Law Review, Vol. 54, 2013, 557-
602, <http://ssrn.com/abstract=2245304>.
28
saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos 2002 wlis 14 ianvris gadawyvetileba saqmeze:
№3k/884-01.
29
amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi sasamarTlos midgoma mtkicebulebis uzrunvelyofaze
ufro sensitiuria. sasamarTlos ganCinebis arsebobis miuxedavad, mxares ekisreba, moax-
dinos saqmesTan arsebiTad dakavSirebuli dokumentebis Senaxva saTanadod, raTa Semdgom
moxdes saqmisaTvis mniSvnelovani faqtebis dadgena. dokumentebis Senaxvis valdebuleba
warmoiSoba maSin, rodesac mxare miiRebs gafrTxilebis werils. werilSi miTiTebuli unda
iyos davis dawyebis SesaZlebloba, magram savaldebulo ar aris, apelireba keTdebodes
mtkicebulebebis Senaxvaze. ix. Spencer A.B., The Preservation Obligation: Regulating and Sanctioning
Pre-Litigation Spoliation in Federal Court, 79 Fordham L. Rev. 2005 (2011), 2009, <http://ir.lawnet.fordham.
edu/flr/vol79/iss5/7>.
30
Spencer A.B., The Preservation Obligation: Regulating and Sanctioning Pre-Litigation Spoliation in Federal
Court, 79 Fordham L. Rev., 2005 (2011), 2008, 2009, <http://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/flr/vol79/iss5/7>.
31
gagua i., mtkicebis tvirTis Tavisebureba saerTo samarTalSi – didi britaneTisa da
amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis samarTlis mixedviT, Jurn. `marTlmsajuleba da kanoni~,
(4 (27), 24.
81
zavneba saqmis ganmxilvel sasamarTlos,32 rac SeiZleba moxdes rogorc mxareTa Suam-
dgomlobiT, aseve sasamarTlos iniciativiTac.
mtkicebulebaTa uzrunvelyofis uflebamosileba mxolod da mxolod sasamar-
Tlos aqvs. praqtikaSi aris SemTxvevebi, roca mxare sasamarTlos warudgens sanotaro
wesiT damowmebul e.w. mowmeTa Cvenebebs da axsna-ganmartebebs. amgvari dokumentebi ar
miekuTvneba raime saxis mtkicebulebebs da maTze dayrdnobiT dauSvebelia gadawyve-
tilebis miReba.33 Tumca aris qveynebi, sadac sasamarTloSi saqmiswarmoebis dawyebamde
mtkicebulebebis uzrunvelyofas axdens notariusi an sakonsulo (yirgizeTis respub-
likis samoqalaqo kodeqsis 68.2 muxli, yazaxeTis samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis 76.2
muxli, tajikeTis samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis 67.2 muxli da ruseTis federaciis
sanotaro samarTlis fundamenturi principebis XX Tavi). moldaveTis respublikis sa-
moqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis 127-e muxlis meore paragrafis Tanaxmad, sanotaro biu-
ro da diplomatiuri warmomadgenlobebia is organoebi, romlebic axdenen mtkicebu-
lebebis uzruvnelyofas sasamarTloSi sarCelis Setanamde.34 belorussa da uzbekeTSi
ki notariusebi mxolod im SemTxvevaSi axdenen mtkicebulebis uzrunvelyofas, Tu es
moTxovnilia sxva qveynisgan.35
sasamarTlosadmi mimarTuli moTxovna mkafiod da naTlad unda iyos formuli-
rebuli. erT-erTi davis dros mxarem iSuamdgomla sasamarTlos meSveobiT mtkicebu-
lebebis gamoTxovaze, rac arsebiTad gansxvavdeba mtkicebulebaTa uzrunvelyofisa-
gan. mtkicebulebaTa uzrunvelyofis Sesaxeb wesisagan gansxvavebiT, mtkicebulebaTa
gamoTxova dasaSvebia ukve aRZrul sarCelze, anu am SemTxvevaSi miTiTebul mtkicebu-
lebaTa sasamarTlos meSveobiT gamoTxova dasaSvebi iqneboda, Tuki apelants dadgeni-
li wesiT Setanili eqneboda Segebebuli sarCeli.36 Sesabamisad, mxares uari eTqva mtki-
cebulebebis gamoTxovaze.
3. mtkicebulebaTa uzrunvelyofis ganCineba,

ganCinebis gasaCivreba da gasaCivrebis vadebi
mtkicebulebaTa uzrunvelyofis sakiTxis ganxilvas Tan sdevs sasamarTlos Sem-

degi moqmedebebi: sasamarTlo moaxdens mxareTa informirebas mtkicebulebaTa uz-
runvelyofis drosa da adgilis Sesaxeb, magram maTi warmoudgenloba ver daabrkolebs
uzrunvelyofis mizniT Sesabamisi saproceso moqmedebebis Sesrulebas. gadaudebel
SemTxvevaSi mtkicebulebaTa uzrunvelyofa SesaZlebelia mxareTaTvis Seutyobineb-
ladac.37
32
liluaSvili T., xrustali v., samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis komentari, meore gada-
muSavebuli da Sesworebuli gamocema, Tb., 2007, 217.
33
34
Civil Procedure in Cross-Cultural Dialogue: Eurasia Context, Conference Book, Edited by Dmitry Maleshin,
Moscow 2012, 352, <http://ssrn.com/abstract=2280682>.
35
belorusis respublikis samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis 234.2 muxli, uzbekeTis
respublikis samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis 61.2 muxli.
36
saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos 2002 wlis 14 ianvris gadawyvetileba saqmeze:
№3k/884-01.
37
82
saqmiswarmoebaSi
sasamarTlos mtkicebulebaTa uzrunvelyofis Sesaxeb gamoaqvs ganCineba, sadac

konkretulad uTiTebs im saproceso moqmedebas, romelic unda Sesruldes. magali-
Tad: daikiTxos mowme, Catardes daTvaliereba.
sarCelis uzrunvelyofasTan dakavSirebuli ganCinebis gasaCivrebisagan gansxva-
vebiT, mtkicebulebis uzrunvelyofaze uaris Tqmis Sesaxeb ganCineba saCivrdeba ker-
Zo saCivriT, romelic ganixileba samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis 414-e-420-e muxle-
biT dadgenili wesiT.
sainteresoa, rogor saCivrdeba sarCelis aRZvramde mtkicebulebis uzrunvel-
yofaze uari: mxares saCivari Seaqvs ganCinebis gamomtan sasamarTloSi da sasamarTlo
saqmis masalebTan erTad, saerTo wesiT, agzavnis zemdgom sasamarTloSi, magram gan-
sxvavebuli suraTia, Tu sasamarTlo uars etyvis mtkicebulebaTa uzrunvelyofaze
mTavar sxdomaze im motiviT, rom mas sarCelis aRZvramde an saqmis mosamzadebel sta-
diaze arasapatio mizeziT ar mouTxovia mtkicebulebaTa uzrunvelyofa, miuxedavad
imisa, rom uari saCivrdeba kerZo saCivriT. es ar unda gaxdes saqmis gadadebis safuZ-
veli da saqmeze saboloo gadawyvetilebis gamotanis Semdeg unda iqnes ganxiluli
gadawyvetilebasTan erTad. samarTlianad Cndeba kiTxva: es xom Cveulebriv saCivars
daemsgavseba, rac Seitaneba iseT ganCinebaze, romelic saboloo gadawyvetilebasTan
erTad saCivrdeba. Cemi azriT, es mxolod procesis gaWianurebis Tavidan acilebisa da
drois ekonomiurobis principiT ver gamarTldeba.
marTalia, samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis 404-e muxlis meore nawilis Sesabami-
sad, sasamarTlos ganxilvis sagani SeiZleba iyos sasamarTlos is ganCinebebi, romle-
bic win uswrebs sasamarTlos saboloo gadawyvetilebas, magram mxolod im SemTxvevaSi,
Tuki amis Sesaxeb miTiTebulia sakasacio saCivarSi da arsebobs moTxovna am ganCinebis
gauqmebis Sesaxeb, vinaidan samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis 404-e muxlis pirveli nawi-
lis pirveli winadadebis Sesabamisad sakasacio sasamarTlo amowmebs gadawyvetilebas
sakasacio saCivris farglebSi.38
4. mtkicebulebaTa damatebiTi/ganmeorebiTi uzrunvelyofa
mxareebs da maT warmomadgenlebs ufleba aqvT, procesis nebismier stadiaze gaec-

non mtkicebulebaTa uzrunvelyofis mizniT Sekrebil masalebs da gamoTqvan TavianTi
mosazrebebi am masalebisa da, saerTod, uzrunvelyofis mizniT Sesrulebul saproce-
so moqmedebebze.39 mxareebs, miuxedavad imisa, monawileobdnen Tu ara isini mtkicebu-
lebaTa uzrunvelyofaSi, ufleba aqvT, gamoTqvan TavianTi mosazrebebi da miuTiTon
im xarvezebze, romlebic, maTi azriT, gamovlinda uzrunvelyofis dros.40 Tu mxareebs
aqvT dasabuTebuli SeniSvnebi im xarvezebis Sesaxeb, rac Tan sdevda mtkicebulebebis
38
saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos 2002 wlis 14 ianvris gadawyvetileba saqmeze: №3k/884-
01.
39
40
83
uzrunvelyofas, saqmis ganmxilvel sasamarTlos SeuZlia, daadginos mtkicebulebaTa

damatebiTi an ganmeorebiTi uzrunvelyofa.
saqmiswarmoebis romel etapzea SesaZlebeli mtkicebulebebis damatebiTi/gan-
meorebiTi uzrunvelyofa – amasTan dakavSirebiT uzenaesi sasamarTlo mis erT-erT
gadawyvetilebaSi ganmartavs, rom, samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis 117-e muxlis Se-
sabamisad, mtkicebulebaTa damatebiTi da ganmeorebiTi uzrunvelyofa sasamarTlos
SeuZlia daadginos saqmis ganxilvis dros da ara saqmiswarmoebis dasrulebis Semdeg.41
5. uzrunvelyofis garantia
SejibrebiTobis principis paralelurad sasamarTlos gadacemuli aqvs proce-

sis materialuri xelmZRvanelobis uflebamosileba. Tumca aq dgeba am ori principis,
– mxareTa SejibrebiTobisa da sasamarTlos aqtiurobis, – proporciis sakiTxi. ra do-
ziT unda moxdes am ori principis Serwyma da gamoyeneba saqmis ganxilvisas ise, rom ar
dairRves samoqalaqo saproceso kanonmdeblobis fundamenturi principebi?
SejibrebiTobis principi ar unda iqnes gagebuli rogorc sasamarTlos ukidu-
resi pasiuroba, radgan saproceso kanonmdeblobiT sasamarTlos SeuZlia, Tavisi ini-
ciativiT Seagrovos mtkicebulebebi, Tu amas saqmis garemoebebi moiTxovs an mxareebi
amis Taobaze Suamdgomloben.42 erT-erT saqmeSi sakasacio sasamarTlo ar iziarebs sa-
Civris avtoris mosazrebas da ganmartavs, rom samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis 199-e
muxli, marTalia, iTvaliswinebs mopasuxis gancxadebis safuZvelze sasamarTlos mier
uzrunvelyofis garantiis gamoyenebis SesaZleblobas, magram amave normis Sinaarsidan
gamomdinare, uzrunvelyofis garantiis gamoyeneba dasaSvebia im SemTxvevaSi, Tu gan-
mcxadebeli daasabuTebs uzrunvelyofis RonisZiebis gamoyenebiT mosalodneli za-
ralis arsebobis faqts.43 aseve samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis 199-e muxlis pirveli
nawilis Tanaxmad, Tu sasamarTlo miiCnevs, rom sarCelis uzrunvelyofis RonisZiebis
gamoyenebiT mopasuxes SeiZleba miadges zarali, mas SeuZlia, gamoiyenos sarCelis uz-
runvelyofis RonisZieba da, imavdroulad, mosTxovos pirs, romelmac mimarTa sasa-
marTlos sarCelis uzrunvelyofis Sesaxeb, meore mxarisaTvis mosalodneli zaralis
anazRaurebis uzrunvelyofa. uzrunvelyofis garantia sasamarTlom SeiZleba aseve
gamoiyenos mowinaaRmdege mxaris gancxadebis safuZvelze. dasaxelebuli normis sity-
vasityviTi ganmartebidan gamomdinare, misi moqmedeba, marTalia, mxolod sarCelis
uzrunvelyofisas SeiZleba iqnes gamoyenebuli, Tumca zaralis (zianis) negatiuri Se-
degebidan gamomdinare, misi gamoyeneba dasaSvebia aseve gadawyvetilebis aRsrulebis
uzrunvelyofis sakiTxis ganxilvisas.
amasTanave, sakasacio palata mizanSewonilad Tvlis, ganmartos, rom mosalodne-
41
saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos 2008 wlis 10 aprilis gadawyvetuleba saqmeze: №as-
258-516-08.
42
gagua i., saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsiT gaTvaliswinebuli mtkicebis
tvirTis inovaciuri ganawilebis TaviseburebaTa analizi, Jurn. `marTlmsajuleba da
kanoni~, (1(24)10), 75.
43
saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos 2011 wlis 26 dekembris gadawyvetileba saqmeze: №as-
1561-1561-2011.
84
saqmiswarmoebaSi
li zianis anazRaurebis uzrunvelyofis RonisZiebis gamoyenebaze uaris Tqma TavisTa-

vad ar arTmevs uflebas mopasuxes, zianis dadgomis SemTxvevaSi, saerTo wesis dacviT
moaxdinos misi darRveuli uflebis realizeba.44
aseve Zalian saintereso da mniSvnelovan ganmartebas vxvdebiT uzenaesi sasa-
marTlos mier miRebul gadawyvetilebaSi. sasamarTlo miiCnevs, rom sarCelis uzrun-
velyofis RonisZiebis gamoyenebis mizania, sarCelis dakmayofilebis SemTxvevaSi sa-
samarTlos gadawyvetilebis aRsrulebis realuri garantiis Seqmna da, Sesabamisad,
aRsrulebis SesaZlo dabrkolebis Tavidan acileba. sarCelis uzrunvelyofis proce-
sualuri institutis zemoaRniSnuli ZiriTadi miznidan gamomdinare, yovel konkre-
tul SemTxvevaSi, sasamarTlos mier uzrunvelyofis RonisZiebis gamoyenebisas unda
arsebobdes sarCelis dakmayofilebis varaudi, amasTan, palatam ganmarta, rom sarCe-
lis dakmayofilebis varaudi sarCelis dakmayofilebis albaTobis varaudia da ara aR-
Zruli sarCelis safuZvlianobis Semowmebis Sedegi.
palatam ar gaiziara saCivris avtoris mosazrebebi sasamarTlos mier sarCelis uz-
runvelyofis procesualuri institutis mTavari miznis, rogorc gadawyvetilebis aR-
srulebis garantiis, gauTvaliswineblobis Taobaze da ganmarta, rom sarCelis uzrun-
velyofis gamoyenebisas sasamarTlos mier gaTvaliswinebul unda iqnes orive mxaris
interesebi. amdenad, uzrunvelyofis RonisZiebis gamoyenebiT ar unda moxdes mopasuxe
mxaris interesebis gaumarTlebeli Selaxva. swored, modave mxareTa Tanabarzomieri
interesebis dacvis mizniT, im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac arsebobs sarCelis uzrunvelyofis
RonisZiebis gamoyenebis aucilebloba, magram, amavdroulad, savaraudoa RonisZiebis
gamoyenebiT mopasuxisaTvis zaralis miyenebis SesaZlebloba, uzrunvelyofis Ronis-
Ziebis gamoyenebisas procesualuri kanonmdebloba iTvaliswinebs uzrunvelyofis ga-
rantiis gamoyenebas (samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis 199-e muxli). zemoaRniSnulidan
gamomdinare, palatam ar gaiziara saCivris avtoris mosazreba, rom uzrunvelyofis
garantiis gamoyeneba sarCelis daukmayofileblobis albaTobis varaudzea agebuli.45
uzrunvelyofis garantiis gamoyeneba damokidebulia ama Tu im saproceso moqmedebis
Sesrulebis dros sasamarTlo procesis ori urTierTdapirispirebuli mxaris intere-
sebis Tanabrad gaTvaliswinebaze.
samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis principebidan gamomdinare, man, vinc axorcie-
lebs romelime uflebas, unda daamtkicos am uflebis damfuZnebeli faqtobrivi ga-
remoebebi, xolo man, vinc Tavs icavs uflebis ganxorcielebisagan, anu ewinaaRmdegeba
am uflebas, unda daamtkicos misi warmoSobis xelSemSleli faqtobrivi garemoebebi,46
radgan sasamarTlo uflebamosili araa, endos mxolod mxareTa sityvebs. mas ar Se-
uZlia, daakmayofilos sasarCelo moTxovna marto imis safuZvelze, rom mosarCeles
Tvlis patiosan adamianad, romelsac ar SeuZlia, warmoadginos (arakanonieri) moTxov-
na da aseve ar SeuZlia, uari uTxras sarCelze, imis gamo, rom mopasuxis uari misi maRali
44
saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos 2012 wlis 15 oqtombris gadawyvetileba saqmeze:
№as-1338-1263-2012.
45
saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos 2013 wlis 1 ivlisis gadawyvetileba saqmeze: №as-499-
475-2013.
46
Smiti S.S., rihteri h., mosamarTlis mier gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesi samoqalaqo
samarTalSi, germaniis saerTaSoriso TanamSromlobis sazogadoeba (GIZ), 2013, 25.
85
moraluri Tvisebebis gamo gamoiwvevs srul ndobas. sasamarTlo mxedvelobaSi iRebs

mxareebis Suamdgomlobebs da mtkicebulebebs im raodenobiT, ramdeniTac mtkicdeba
maTi simarTle (73№473).47
6. daskvna
samarTalwarmoeba rTuli da kompleqsuri procedurebis erTobliobaa da misi

saTanadod ganxorcielebisaTvis mniSvnelovania im midgomebisa da meqanizmebis codna,
romlebic damkvidrebulia ganviTarebul sazogadoebaSi da orientirebulia swraf da
efeqtur Sedegze.
amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi federaluri kanonmdeblobis doneze ar areguli-
rebs mtkicebulebebis winaswari uzrunvelyofis valdebulebas, magram, miuxedavad
amisa, am instituts mainc didi adgili uWiravs samoqalaqo saproceso kanonmdebloba-
Si da is aris samosamarTlo samarTlis Sedegi.
saqarTveloSi mtkicebulebebis uzrunvelyofis sakiTxi saTanadod unda iqnes
Seswavlili. am mxriv gasaTvaliswinebelia sazRvargareTis praqtikis gacnoba, gaanali-
zeba da saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobaSi adaptireba, raTa miviRoT mtkicebulebebis uz-
runvelyofis ufro efeqturi meqanizmi.
samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis Tanaxmad, mtkicebulebis uzrunvelyofaze uari
saCivrdeba kerZo saCivriT. ganCinebis kerZo saCivriT gasaCivrebis vada Seadgens Tor-
met dRes da vada aiTvleba ganCinebis mxarisaTvis Cabarebis dRidan. zemdgomi sasamar-
Tlo ki saCivars ganixilavs da gadawyvetilebas iRebs or TveSi. aseve vxvdebiT uzenaesi
sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebas, sadac weria, rom, marTalia, ganCineba saCivrdeba kerZo
saCivriT, magram es ar unda gaxdes procesis gadadebis mizezi da unda gasaCivrdes sa-
boloo gadawyvetilebasTan erTad. Cemi azriT, aseTi midgoma ukve axdens mtkicebule-
bebis diferencirebas da qmnis STabeWdilebas, rom sasamarTlos ukve winaswar aqvs Se-
xeduleba Camoyalibebuli ama Tu im mtkicebulebaze. radgan mtkicebulebebs erT-erTi
mniSvnelovani adgili uWiravs gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesSi, gasaCivrebisa da sa-
Civris ganxilvis vadebi ufro SemWidroebuli unda iyos.
samoqalaqo saproceso kanonmdeblobiT, mtkicebulebis winaswari uzrunvel-
yofisTvis ar aris vada dadgenili. rodesac xdeba sarCelis winaswari uzrunvelyo-
fa, mxarem icis, rom sasamarTloSi sarCeli unda Seitanos aTi dRis vadaSi, winaaRmdeg
SemTxvevaSi, uzrunvelyofis RonisZieba gauqmdeba da mxarisaTvis miyenebuli zianis
anazRaurebac ki SeiZleba daekisros, Tu ase moxdeba. ufro efeqturi samarTalwarmoe-
bisTvis kargi iqneba, Tu kanonmdeblobis doneze dadgeba mtkicebulebebis winaswari
uzrunvelyofis vadebis regulirebis sakiTxi. am SemTxvevaSi, mxares ecodineba, ra va-
diTaa uzrunvelyofili misTvis saWiro mtkicebuleba. uzrunvelyofis RonisZiebazec
xom ixarjeba rogorc drois, aseve adamianuri resursi. Sesabamisad, saWiroa moxdes am
resursis efeqturi gamoyeneba. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, saxeze iqneba Taroze Semodebu-
li araerTi dokumenti.
47
Треушников М.К., Хрестоматия по гражданскому процессу. Москва, 1996, 94.
86
Tamar lakerbaia *
distanciurad dadebul xelSekrulebebSi momxmarebelTa

uflebebis dacvis evropuli modeli xelSekrulebis uaryofis
uflebis magaliTze
statiaSi gadmocemulia momxmarebelTa monawileobiTa da distanciuri ko-

munikaciis wesiT dadebuli xelSekrulebebis Taviseburebebi. amasTan, ganxi-
lulia distanciurad dadebul xelSekrulebebSi momxmarebelTa uflebebis
dacvis evropuli standarti, romelic xelSekrulebis uaryofis uflebaSi
vlindeba. gaanalizebulia dasaxelebul saxelSekrulebo urTierTobebSi
momxmareblis nebis formirebis Taviseburebebi da xelSekrulebis uaryofis
uflebis dacviTi efeqti.
sakvanZo sityvebi: momxmarebeli, xelSekrulebis uaryofa, distanciuri

xelSekrulebebi.
1. Sesavali
momxmarebelTa uflebebis dacva evropis saxelSekrulebo samarTlis qvakuTxe-

dia. xelSekrulebis formirebisa da am procesSi momxmarebelTa monawileobis Tavise-
burebaTa gaTvaliswinebiT, evropis saxelSekrulebo samarTalSi SemoiRes mTeli rigi
dacviTi meqanizmebisa saxelSekrulebo urTierTobebSi `sustad~ miCneuli mxaris in-
teresebis uzrunvelsayofad. momxmarebelTa uflebebis dacvis Tavisebureba imiTac
vlindeba, rom dacvis specialuri meqanizmebi mimarTulia konkretuli safrTxeebis
winaaRmdeg da ukavSirdeba Sesabamis saxelSekrulebo urTierTobas. amitomac xel-
Sekrulebis uaryofis ufleba vrceldeba mxolod garkveuli tipis saxelSekrulebo
urTierTobaze, romelTa Soris erT-erTi distanciurad dadebuli xelSekrulebebia.
dReisaTvis arc saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsi da arc sxva sakanonmdeblo aq-
ti ar Seicavs debulebebs distanciurad dadebuli xelSekrulebebis Sesaxeb. saxel-
Sekrulebo urTierTobaTa dasaxelebuli sferos ganviTarebisaTvis mniSvnelovania
am mimarTulebiT evrokavSirSi arsebuli praqtikis kvleva da gaTvaliswineba. sagu-
lisxmoa, rom 2014 wlis 27 ivnisis saqarTvelosa da evrokavSirs Soris xelmowerili
asocirebis SeTanxmebis mixedviT,1 evrokavSiris Sida bazarze saqarTvelos daSvebis
erT-erTi winapirobaa eleqtronul komerciaSi momxmarebelTa uflebebis dacvis da-
nergva da maTi ndobis amaRlebis uzrunvelyofa.
*
Tsu-is iuridiuli fakultetis mowveuli leqtori, samarTlis doqtori.
1
2014 wlis 27 ivnisis asocirebis SeTanxmeba, erTi mxriv, saqarTvelosa da, meore mxriv,
evrokavSirsa da evropis atomuri energiis gaerTianebas da maT wevr saxelmwifoebs
Soris, www. macne.gov.ge., Sead., 127-e muxlis meore punqti, 128-e muxlis pirveli punqtis
`d~ qvepunqti.
87
2. momxmarebeli distanciurad dadebul xelSekrulebebSi
xelSekrulebebSi, romlis erTi mxare momxmarebelia, saxelSekrulebo Tavi-

sufleba momxmareblis kerZo intereszea orientirebuli.2 amis mizezi momxmareblis
saxelSekrulebo urTierTobis sust mxared aRiarebaa.3 amasTan, `sisuste~ vlindeba
rogorc obieqtur, ise subieqtur faqtorebSi. pirvelSi igulisxmeba mewarmeTa Za-
laufleba, informirebuloba, marketinguli politika – nebismieri xerxiTa da meTo-
diT miizidon momxmareblebi da daiyolion xelSekrulebis dadebaze,4 erTi sityviT,
mewarmeTa Tandayolili midrekileba, moipovon upiratesoba, myidvelTan SedarebiT.5
am TvalsazrisiT, momxmarebeli daucvel poziciaSi imyofeba gawaful mewarmesTan
urTierTobisas. mas ara aqvs sakmarisi codna da gamocdileba, gaumklavdes informa-
ciul disbalanss, anda Tavsmoxveul xelSekrulebas; meore mxriv, momxmarebels arc
moeTxoveba savaWro unar-Cvevebis zedmiwevniT floba. misi erTaderTi mizania, daik-
mayofilos Tavisi moTxovnilebebi. momxmareblis monawileoba xelSekrulebis Sinaar-
sis formirebaSi formaluri xasiaTisaa. igi mxolod eTanxmeba SeTavazebul pirobebs
maTgan gamomdinare valdebulebebis gacnobierebis gareSe, rac ganapirobebs kidevac
mis obieqtur `sisustes~ saxelSekrulebo urTierTobebSi.6
subieqtur `sisusteSi~ momxmarebelTa pirovnul Tvisebebs gulisxmoben.7 mer-
yeoba gadawyvetilebis miRebisas momxmarebelTa Tandayolili Tvisebaa.8 garda ami-
sa, yvela erTnairad mdgradi ar aris mewarmeTa Tavsmoxveuli vaWrobis meTodebis
mimarT. momxmareblebi xSirad eqcevian mewarmeTa fsiqologiuri gavlenis qveS – ga-
nicdian TviTkmayofilebas individualuri mimarTvisagan, ixiblebian SeTavazebuli
pirobebiT, anda saqonlis daxasiaTebiT, romelic arcTu ise iSviaTad gadametebuli
xasiaTisaa. am dros yuradRebis miRma rCeba saqonlis Rirebuleba da xarisxi, rasac Se-
degad momxmarebelTa imedgacrueba mohyveba.9
amitomac momxmarebelTa monawileobiT dadebul xelSekrulebebSi maT TviTga-
2
krofholeri i., germaniis samoqalaqo kodeqsi, saswavlo komentari, saias iuridiuli
ganaTlebis xelSewyobis fondi GIZ-is davalebiT, Tb., 2014, 316.
3
Antoniolli L., Consumer Law as an Instance of the Law of Diversity, Vermont Law Review, Vol., 30:855, 2006,
< http://Lawreview.vermontLaw.edu/files/2012/02/antoniolli.pdf> [3.12.2013], 856.
4
Kessler F., Contract of Adhesion – Some Thoughts About Freedom Of Contract, Faculty Scholarship Series.
Paper 2731.<http://digitalcommons.Law.yale.edu/fss_papers/2731 630> [28.02.2014], 11.
5
Howells G., Ramsay I., Wilhelmsson Th., Consumer Law in its International Dimension, Handbook of Research
on International Consumer Law, Published by Edward Elgar Publishing Limited, Cheltenham, Uk, 2011, 7.
6
Kessler F., Contract of Adhesion – Some Thoughts About Freedom Of Contract, Faculty Scholarship Series.
Paper 2731.<http://digitalcommons.Law.yale.edu/fss_papers/2731 630> [28.02.2014], 3.
7
Dani M., Assembling the Fractured European Consumer, A New Concept of European Federalism, LEQS Paper,
No., 29/2011, <http://www.lse.ac.uk/europeanInstitute/LEQS/LEQSPaper29.pdf>, [22.07 2013], 19.
8
Solomon M., Bamossy G., Askegaard S., Hogg M. K., Consumer Behavior, A European Perspective, third edition,
Pearson Education Limits, Harlow, England, 2006, 22.
9
Luzak J.A.To withdrawor not to withdraw? Evaluations of the mandatory right of withdrawal in consumer
distance selling contracts taking into account its behavioral effects on consumer, Amsterdam Law School Legal
Research Paper No. 2013-21, Centre for the study of European Contract Law working Paper No. 2013-04,
<http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract _id=2243645> [20.01.2015], 6.
88
Tamar lakerbaia, distanciurad dadebul xelSekrulebebSi momxmarebelTa uflebebis
dacvis evropuli modeli xelSekrulebis uaryofis uflebis magaliTze
morkvevis Tavisuflebas gansakuTrebuli yuradReba eqceva. saxelSekrulebo Tavi-

suflebis farglebi ki saSualo momxmareblis molodiniT izomeba,10 raSic, upirveles
yovlisa, igulisxmeba arCevanis Tavisufleba da racionaluri gadawyvetilebis miRe-
bis SesaZlebloba.11
amdenad, momxmarebelTa uflebebis dacvis miRma swored maTi saxelSekrulebo
Tavisuflebis dacvis idea dgas. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom momxmarebelTa uflebebis
dacvis samarTlisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia dacvis RonisZiebaTa kategorizeba12 – mom-
xmarebelTa dacva konkretul urTierTobaSi arsebuli safrTxisagan, romelsac sa-
marTali arsebiTad miiCnevs. Sesabamisad, momxmarebelTa saxelSekrulebo Tavisufle-
bis farglebi izomeba im urTierTobis TaviseburebiT, romelic konkretul SemTxveva-
Si dacvis obieqtia.
3. momxmarebeli distanciuri komunikaciis samyaroSi
xelSekrulebis dadebis inovaciurma saSualebebma, distanciuri da eleqtronu-

li komerciis ganviTarebam, eleqtronuli mediisa da internetis arnaxulma progres-
ma aucilebeli gaxada ekonomikuri da samarTlebrivi institutebis adaptireba axal
teqnologiebsa da vaWrobis wesebTan.13 teqnologiurma progresma gavlena moaxdina
momxmarebelTa monawileobiT dadebul xelSekrulebebzec. momxmarebelsa da onla-
inmomsaxurebis gamwev pirs Soris urTierToba maRaziis konsultantsa da mis klients
Soris urTierTobis identuri ar aris. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom virtualurma komunika-
ciam Secvala ara mxolod saxelSekrulebo urTierTobaTa formati, aramed momxmare-
belTa ndobisa da molodinis donec.14
am TvalsazrisiT, evropis saxelSekrulebo samarTalSi yuradReba gamaxvilda
jer distanciurad dadebul xelSekrulebebze, Semdgom ki, eleqtronul vaWrobaze.
saqonlisa da momsaxurebis miwodebis Sesaxeb distanciurad dadebuli xelSekrule-
bebis xelSewyoba, upirveles yovlisa, miznad isaxavs transsasazRvro savaWro urTi-
erTobebisa da saerToevropuli bazris ganviTarebas.15 dasaxuli miznis miRweva SeuZ-
10
ganaTlebis xelSewyobis fondi GIZ-is davalebiT, Tb., 2014, 43.
11
Twigg-Flesner Ch. and Schulze R., Protection Rational Choice: Information and The Right of Withdrawal,
Handbook of Research on International Consumer Law, Published by Edward Elgar Publishing Limited,
Cheltenham, UK, 2011, 130.
12
13
Katz A.W., Is Electronic Contracting Different? Contract Law in the Information Age, <http://www.columbia.
edu/~ak472/papers/Electronic%20Contracting.pdf>, [12.03.2014]; Kaufmann Winn J., Haubold J., Electronic
Promises: Contract Law Reform and E-Contracts in Comparative Perspective, European Law Review, 27,
2002, 568-569, <http://www.Law.washington.edu/Directory/ docs/Winn/Electronic_Promises_Revised.pdf >,
[11.05.2014].
14
Nimmer R. T., The Legal Landscape of E-commerce: Redefining Contract Law in an Information Era, Journal of
Contract Law Conference, `Contract and the Commercialization of Intellectual Property~, Singapore Academy
of Law and Singapore Management University, 2006, 5.
15
Macsim A.-R., The New Consumer Rights Directive, A Comparative Law and economics Analysis of the
89
lebeli iqneboda momxmarebelTa aqtiuri CarTulobis gareSe iseve, rogorc am tipis

savaWro urTierTobebSi momxmarebelTa uflebebis dacvis gareSe. amitomac evropeli
kanonmdebeli gansakuTrebul yuradRebas iCens momxmarebelTa uflebebis mimarT dis-
tanciurad dadebul tranzaqciebSi.
farTo gagebiT, distanciuri komunikaciis nebismieri formiT dadebuli xelSek-
rulebebi kerZo samarTlis ganuyofeli nawilia. vaWrobis dasaxelebulo forma SesaZ-
leblobas aZlevs mewarmeebs, ganaxorcielon kanoniT aukrZalavi nebismieri moqmede-
ba. viwro gagebiT, arsebobs eleqtronuli komerciis ori ZiriTadi mimarTuleba: xel-
Sekrulebebi, romlebic ideba mewarme subieqtebs Soris da xelSekrulebebi, romlebic
ideba mewarmeebsa da momxmareblebs Soris.16 xelSekrulebis diferenciacia subieqte-
bis mixedviT iwvevs maT gansxvavebul regulirebas. mewarme subieqtebs Soris dadebu-
li eleqtronuli xelSekrulebebi wesrigdeba saerTaSoriso da Sida saxelSekrulebo
reJimebiT. momxmarebelTa monawileobiT dadebuli xelSekrulebebi SedarebiT viwro
regulaciebs eqvemdebareba. isini mocemulia Sidasaxelmwifoebriv da regionalur
aqtebSi (magaliTad, evrokavSiris dereqtivebi), rogorc momxmarebelTa uflebebis
dacvis momwesrigebeli samarTlebrivi meqanizmebi. orive SemTxvevaSi midgoma xelSek-
rulebis namdvilobisa da misi Sesrulebis mimarT erTgvarovania da gamomdinareobs
kerZo samarTlis zogadi safuZvlebidan. gansxvavebulia mxolod mxareTa ufleba-mo-
valeobani. momxmarebelTa monawileobiT dadebul xelSekrulebebSi, mewarmeTa ke-
Tilsindisierad da gulisxmierad moqmedebis valdebuleba damatebiTi imperatiuli
normebiTaa uzrunvelyofili.17
miuxedavad imisa, rom eleqtronuli komercia iZleva novatorul SesaZleblo-
bebs qmediTi xelSekrulebebis dasadebad, is iwvevs xelSekrulebis namdvilobasTan
dakavSirebul axal xarvezebs. is, Tu rogor unda iqnes acilebuli distanciuri ko-
munikaciis meTodebiT dadebuli xelSekrulebebis SesaZlo uaryofiTi Sedegebi, erT-
erTi qvakuTxedia samarTlebriv doqtrinaSi.18 amitomac, uflebis dacvis saerTo sa-
fuZvlebTan erTad, araTanabar saxelSekrulbo urTierTobebSi (momxmarebelTa mo-
nawileobiT dadebuli distanciuri xelSekrulebebi ki swored aseTebad ganixileba)
momxmarebeli damatebiT daculia xelSekrulebis uaryofis uflebiT, rogorc adek-
vaturi da efeqturi saSualebiT mis mimarT ndobisa da keTilsindisierebis princi-
pebis ugulebelyofisas.19 Tumca xelSekrulebis uaryofis uflebis damkvidrebis
Maximum Harmonization Effects on Consumers and Businesses, The Case of the Cooling-off Period from
Online contracts, <.http://pure.au.dk/portal/files/44659752/Thesis.pdf>, [27.11.2013].
16
Schmidt W-A., Priess M., Germany, Spindler G., Borner F., E-Commerce Law in Europe and the USA, Springer,
Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, 2002. Schmidt W-A., Priess M., Germany, 181.
17
Daunel-Lieb B., A Special Private Law for B2C? Silver Bullet or Blind Alley? New Features in Contract
Law, R. Schulze sd. pub. Mucchen, Sellier, European Law Publishers, 2007,107-117; Wang F.F., Law of
Electronic Commercial Transactions, Contemporary Issues in EU, US and China, Routledge Research in IT
and E-Commerce Law, Taylor & Francis Group, New York 2010, 14.
18
Wang F.F., Law of Electronic Commercial Transactions, Contemporary Issues in EU, US and China, Rutledge
Research in IT and E-Commerce Law, Taylor & Francis Group, New York 2010, 13.
19
Twigg-Flesner C., A Cross-Border-Only Regulations for Consumer Transactions in the EU, A Fresh Approach
90
miRma eleqtronul vaWrobaSi momxmarebelTa Cabmisa da waxalisebis mizanic aSkarad

iCens Tavs.
4. distanciurad dadebuli xelSekrulebebi
distanciur komunikaciaSi igulisxmeba urTierTobis nebismieri forma, rome-

lic ar ukavSirdeba mxareTa pirdapir urTierTobas. igi moicavs xelSekrulebebs, ro-
mlebic ideba telefonis, fostis, eleqtronuli fostis, katalogebis, anda interne-
tis gamoyenebiT. amave jgufs miekuTvneba presaSi gavrcelebuli reklamis, radiosa da
televiziis meSveobiT dadebuli xelSekrulebebic, Tu maTSi sagangebodaa miTiTebu-
li saqonlisa da momsaxurebis SemTavazebeli piris telefonis nomeri anda eleqtro-
nuli misamarTi.20
Tavis mxriv, distanciurad dadebul xelSekrulebad CaiTvleba iseTi garigebebi,
romlebic ideba erTsa da imave an sxvadasxva iurisdiqcias daqvemdebarebul momxma-
rebelsa da mewarmes Soris kavSirgabmulobis nebismieri saSualebis gamoyenebiT, anda
erTsa da imave an sxvadasxva iurisdiqcias daqvemdebarebul momxmarebelsa da mewarmes
Soris eleqtronuli komunikaciis nebismieri formis (internetis) gamoyenebiT.21
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom Tanamedrove samyaroSi urTierTobis dasaxelebuli for-
mebi drosa da sivrceSi saqonlisa da momsaxurebis SeTavazebis gamartivebul saSua-
lebad iTvleba. isini qmnian samarTlebrivi urTierTobis damyarebis unikalur SesaZ-
leblobas xelSekrulebis orive mxarisaTvis. es gansakuTrebiT komfortulia momxma-
reblebisaTvis, romlebsac SeuZliaT, saxlidan gausvlelad daikmayofilon TavianTi
interesebi. swored am faqtoris gaTvaliswinebiT, distanciuri da eleqtronuli vaW-
roba bolo aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi saxelSekrulebo samarTlis ganuyofel nawilad
iqca, xolo am urTierTobis erT-erTi mxaris – momxmareblis – interesebis dacva Tana-
medrove civilizebuli samarTlis prioritetad iqna aRiarebuli.22
distanciurad dadebul xelSekrulebebSi momxmarebelTa interesebis dacvis
erT-erT garantad maTTvis xelSekrulebis uaryofis uflebis miniWebaa aRiarebuli.23
to EU Consumer Law, Springer Briefs in Business, 2012 <http://www.springer.com/cn/book/9781461420460>,

[10.11.2013], 5; Micklitz H-W., The Target Full Harmonization Approach” Looking Behind Curtain, Modernizing
and Harmonizing Consumer Contract Law, Sellier, ELP, Munich, 2009, 48-51; Ben-Shahar O., Posner E., A.,
The Right to Withdraw in Contract Law, Journal of legal studies, Vol.,., 40 January 2011. 116, <http://www.jstor.
org/stable/10.1086/658403>.
20
Stone R., The Modern Law of Contract, fifth edition, Cavendish Publishing limited, Portland, Oregon, USA,
2002, 64.
21
Twigg-Flesner C., A Cross-Border-Only Regulations for Consumer Transactions in the EU, A Fresh Approach to
EU Consumer Law, Springer Briefs in Business, 2012, 5.
22
Loos M., Helberger N., Guibaut L., Pessers L., Digital Content Contracts for Consumers, Amsterdam Law
School Legal Studies Research Paper No. 2012-66, Centre for the Study of European Contract Law, Working
Paper Series No.2012-05, University van Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2-5; Twigg-Flesner C., A Cross-Border-
Only Regulations for Consumer Transactions in the EU, 7.
23
Loos M., Right of Withdrawal, Modernizing and Harmonizing Consumer Contract Law, Sellier, European Law
Publishers, Munich, 2009, 244-250.
91
Tavis mxriv, uflebis efeqturad ganxorcielebisaTvis gadamwyvetia imis gansazRvra,

Tu ra tipis xelSekrulebebi CaiTvleba distanciurad dadebulad. `momxmarebelTa
uflebebis Sesaxeb~ 2011 wlis direqtiva distanciurad dadebul xelSekrulebebs mia-
kuTvnebs `nebismier garigebas, romelic dadebulia momxmarebelsa da mewarmes Soris
distanciuri vaWrobisaTvis, anda momsaxurebis gawevisaTvis specialurad organize-
buli sistemis meSveobiT, momxmareblisa da mewarmis erTdrouli monawileobis gare-
Se, distanciuri komunikaciis erTi an ramdenime gansakuTrebuli wesis gamoyenebiT.~24
distanciuri xelSekrulebebis mocemuli definicia Tavis TavSi moicavs ramdenime
mniSvnelovan elements.
4.1. garigebis namdviloba
pirvel rigSi, am gziT dadebuli yvela SeTanxmeba unda akmayofilebdes garige-

bis namdvilobisaTvis wayenebul pirobebs, rac evrokavSiris direqtivebisagan damou-
kideblad regulirdeba wevri saxelmwifoebis Sida kanonmdeblobiT. 25
4.2. komunikaciis ararseboba
xelSekrulebis distanciurad dadebulad miCnevisa da, Sesabamisad, xelSekru-

lebis uaryofis uflebis dacviTi funqciis gamarTlebisaTvis mniSvnelovania am tipis
xelSekrulebebis gansakuTrebulobis warmoCena. `gansakuTrebulobaSi~, upirveles
yovlisa, igulisxmeba xelSekrulebis pirobebze SeTanxmeba mxareTa pirispiri komu-
nikaciis gareSe, romelic moicavs rogorc molaparakebebis process, aseve uSualod
xelSekrulebis dadebis faqtsac. distanciuri vaWroba xasiaTdeba im TaviseburebiT,
rom gamyidveli amyarebs saxelSekrulebo urTierTobebs myidvelTan ise, rom am ur-
TierTobis monawile pirebi araTu pirispir ar xvdebian erTmaneTs, aramed, xSir Sem-
TxvevaSi, Tanxmoba ofertze Semoifargleba mxolod Sesabamis Rilakze daWeriT, rac
sakmarisia xelSekrulebis dadebulad miCnevisa da TviTboWvisaTvis.26
niSandoblivia, rom, Tu xelSekrulebis dadebis romelime stadiaze momxmare-
bels SeuZlia Sexvdes mewarmes an winaswar, fizikurad daaTvalieros misTvis sasurve-
li saqoneli da Semdgom SeaTanxmos pirobebi, aseTi xelSekruleba ar CaiTvleba dis-
tanciurad dadebulad da verc momxmarebeli ver isargeblebs xelSekrulebis uaryo-
fis uflebiT.27
24
Directive 2011/83/EU Of The European Parliament and of The Council of 25 October 2011, http://eur-lex.
europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32011L0083 26.04.2014
25
Fina S., The Consumer’s Right of Withdrawal and Distance Selling in Europe: A Consumer Stronghold in
European Distance Selling and E-Commerce, in Festschrift Franz Zehetner, Markus Haslinger, Arthur Kanonier
and Sylvia Zehetner eds. 2009, 31; Spindler G., Borner F., E-Commerce Law in Europe and the USA, Springer,
Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, 2002, Schmidt W-A., Priess M., Germany, 164-176, Renard I., A., Barberis M. A.,
France, 97-101.
26
and Sylvia Zehetner eds. 2009, 31.
27
iqve.
92
4.3. xelSekrulebis dadebis meTodi
imisaTvis, rom momxmarebelma isargeblos uaryofis uflebiT, xelSekruleba un-

da daidos distanciuri komunikaciis wesebis gamoyenebiT. distanciur komunikaciaSi
igulisxmeba xelSekrulebis dadebaze winadadebis SeTavazeba, iseve, rogorc am SeTa-
vazebis miReba da arsebiT pirobebze SeTanxmeba telefonis, faqsis, internetis, eleq-
tronuli fostis an sxva distanciuri komunikaciis meTodis gamoyenebiT.28
aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom mobiluri telefonebis funqciis gafarToebam warmoS-
va maTi gamoyenebiT xelSekrulebis dadebis SesaZleblobis sakiTxi. am TemasTan da-
kavSirebiT arsebobda azrTa sxvadasxvaobac, Tumca mobiluri telefonebis bolod-
roindelma teqnologiurma miRwevebma cxadyo, rom Tanamedrove pirobebSi mobiluri
telefoni Tavisuflad SeiZleba iyos gamoyenebuli rogorc xelSekrulebis dadebis
instrumenti. ufro metic, ar aris aucilebeli, telefons wvdoma hqondes internet-
Tan da eleqtronuli komunikaciis wyarod iqces. dRevandel realobaSi mokle teq-
sturi Setyobinebac, SMS, sakmarisia kontrahentis nebis gamovlenisaTvis da, maSasa-
dame, xelSekrulebis mboWavi Zalis warmoSobisaTvis. 29
rac Seexeba eleqtronuli wesiT xelSekrulebis dadebas, sagulisxmoa, rom sa-
erTaSoriso savaWro palata eleqtronulad dadebul xelSekrulebas ganmartavs ro-
gorc mxareebis kompiuterebis meSveobiT qselurad an eleqtronuli gzavnilebis sa-
SualebiT xelSekrulebis dadebis avtomatur process.30 amasTan, arsebobs eleqtro-
nuli xelSekrulebis dadebis sami forma: yvelaze gavrcelebulia xelSekrulebis
dadeba eleqtronuli fostis meSveobiT. eleqtronuli fosta SesaZlebelia gamoye-
nebul iqnes rogorc ofertis, aseve aqceptis gasagzavnad; eleqtronulad dadebuli
xelSekrulebebis meore saxea msoflio qselis meSveobiT dadebuli xelSekrulebebi.
aseT SemTxvevaSi mewarme Tavis vebgverdze miuTiTebs saqonlis katalogs da infor-
macias misi maxasiaTeblebisa da Rirebulebis Sesaxeb. momxmarebeli vebgverdis daT-
valierebis Sedegad irCevs misTvis sasurvel saqonels da xelSekrulebis pirobebze
daTanxmebiT yidulobs mas; eleqtronuli komerciis mesame formaa iseTi xelSekru-
lebebi, romelTa pirobebic mewarmeTa vebgverdze mocemulia damakavSirebeli bmulis
meSveobiT, e.w. gadamamisamarTebeli xelSekrulebebi. maTi Tavisebureba isaa, rom mom-
xmarebels uwevs ramdenime kompleqsuri anda erTmaneTisagan damoukidebeli xelSek-
rulebis pirobebze daTanxmeba sasurveli saqonlis yidvis mizniT.31
28
and Sylvia Zehetner eds. 2009, 31.
29
Henderson K., Poulter A., The Distance Selling Directive, <http://www.cis.strath.ac.uk/cis/research /publica-
tions/papers/strath_cis_publication_238.pdf>, [09.05.2014], 238.
30
International Chamber of Commerce (ICC), General Usage for International Digitally Ensured Commerce
(GUIDEC), Version II, www.iccwbo.org.
31
Wang F.F., Law of Electronic Commercial Transactions, Contemporary Issues in EU, US and China, Rutledge
Research in IT and E-Commerce Law, Taylor & Francis Group, New York 2010, 34; Nimmer R. T., The
Legal Landscape of E-commerce: Redefining Contract Law in an Information Era, Journal of Contract Law
Conference, “Contract and the Commercialization of Intellectual Property”, Singapore Academy of Law and
Singapore Management University, 2006, 15.
93
4.4. cifruli SigTavsis mqone saqoneli da xelSekrulebis

uaryofis ufleba
eleqtronuli vaWrobis masStabebma da teqnologiurma progresma gavlena

moaxdina momsaxurebisa da saqonlis moTxovnisa da mowodebis formatzec. nivTebis
moZravad da uZravad tradiciuli klasifikaciis gverdze Cndeba iseTi `saqoneli~, ro-
melic Tavisi SinaarsiT arcerT maTgans ar miekuTvneba. saubaria cifruli SigTavsis
mqone materialur sikeTeebze, romlebic yoveldRiurad sxvadasxva xelSekrulebis
sagnad gvevlineba. aseTebia e.w. onlaingarigebebi, romelTa ara mxolod dadeba, ara-
med Sesrulebac eleqtronuli formiT xorcieldeba. magaliTad, eleqtronuli prog-
ramis SekveTa internetiT, rodesac misi miwodeba xdeba vebgverdidan eleqtronuli
programis CamotvirTviT, an informaciis miwodeba eleqtronuli formiT da a.S.32
`momxmarebelTa uflebebis Sesaxeb~ 2011 wlis direqtiva yuradRebas amaxvilebs
cifruli SigTavsis mqone saqonelze da ganmartavs mas, rogorc `monacemebs, romel-
Ta warmoeba da miwodeba xorcieldeba iseTi cifruli formatiT, rogorebicaa: kompi-
uteruli programa, ganacxadis formebi, TamaSebi, musika, video- an teqsti, imis miuxe-
davad, isini xelmisawvdomia CamotvirTvis Tu pirdapiri gamoyenebis gziT materialu-
ri (sxeulebrivi) matareblidan an sxva wyarodan. im SemTxvevaSi ki, roca cifruli Sina-
arsis mqone SigTavsis miwodeba xdeba sxeulebrivi matareblidan, rogoricaa, vTqvaT,
CD/DVD diskebi, anda USB-matarebeli, igi, Cveulebriv, moZrav nivTad ganixileba.33
am sakiTxis ganxilva miT ufro mniSvnelovania uaryofis uflebasTan mimarTe-
biT, vinaidan xelSekrulebebSi, sadac SeTanxmebis sagani cifruli Sinaarsis mqone
SigTavsia, momxmareblis ufleba xelSekrulebis uaryofaze izRudeba. kerZod, aseT
xelSekrulebebSi momxmarebeli uflebamosilia, isargeblos nebis ukan gamoTxovis
SesaZleblobiT, vidre cifruli Sinaarsis mqone SigTavsis gadmotvirTvis procesi
daiwyeba. rogorc ki am saxis produqtis miwodeba daiwyeba, anda dasruldeba, momxma-
rebeli (SemZeni) kargavs xelSekrulebis uaryofis uflebas. am SemTxvevaSi, cifruli
Sinaarsis mqone saqonlis miwodebas win unda uswrebdes momxmareblis informirebuli
Tanxmoba CamotvirTvis dawyebaze da mewarmis mxridan savaldebulo gafrTxileba imis
Sesaxeb, rom SeZenili saqonlis CamotvirTvis dawyebisTanave momxmarebeli kargavs
xelSekrulebaze uaris Tqmis uflebas.34
32
Paper Series No.2012-05, University van Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 3; Loos M., The Regulation of Digital
Content B2C Contracts in CESL, Amsterdam Law School Legal Studies Research Paper No. 2013-60, Centre
for the Study of European Contract Law, Working Paper Series No.2013-10, University van Amsterdam,
The Netherlands, 1-2; erqvania T., momxmarebelTa uflebebis dacvis evropuli standartebi
eleqtronuli vaWrobis sferoSi da qarTuli kanonmdebloba, Jurn. `marTlmsajuleba
da kanoni~, №3(30), 2011, 49.
33
Directive 2011/83/EU Of The European Parliament and of The Council of 25 October 2011,< http://eur-lex.
europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32011L0083>.
34
Roinn Post A., Nualaichta F., Consultations on the Implementation of Directive 2001/83/EU On Consumer
Rights,< http://www.djei.ie/publications/commerce/2013/CRD.pdf>, [10.02.2014].
94
sagulisxmoa, rom amgvari daTqma icavs mewarmeebs arakeTilsindisieri momxma-

reblebisagan. kerZod, ar aris gamoricxuli, rom momxmarebelma borotad isargeblos
xelSekrulebis uaryofis uflebiT – gadmotvirTos misTvis sasurveli kompiuteru-
li programa an informacia, gaecnos mas, gaakeTos asli da Semdeg moindomos misi ukan
gadagzavna, masSi gadaxdili Tanxis dabrunebis moTxovniT.35 swored amis gaTvaliswi-
nebiT zRudavs kanonmdebeli xelSekrulebis uaryofis uflebis moqmedebas cifru-
li SigTavsis mqone saqonlisaTvis. cxadia, amgvari midgoma gamarTlebulad unda Ca-
iTvalos, vinaidan cifruli SigTavsis mqone saqoneli umetes SemTxvevaSi saavtoro
uflebiT aris daculi (mag., eleqtronuli wignebi). Tu momxmareblebs ganusazRvreli
ufleba eqnebaT aseTi saqonlis SedarebiT naklebi danaxarjiT gamoyenebisaTvis, es,
upirveles yovlisa, gamoiwvevs sxvaTa (saavtoro uflebebis mqone pirTa) uflebebis
darRvevas, rac miuRebelia kerZo samarTlis fundamenturi principebisaTvis.36
4.5 auqcioni, rogorc distanciurad vaWrobis forma da

xelSekrulebis uaryofis ufleba
auqcioni vaWrobis formaa, romlis tradiciac Caisaxa babilonSi, jer kidev 500-
ian wlebSi Cv. w.aR.-amde, roca qalebi iyidebodnen yvelaze guluxvi SeTavazebis Sede-
gad. iqidan moyolebuli auqcioni ar kargavs Tavis aqtualobas, magram, babilonis tra-
diciebisagan gansxvavebiT, Tanamedrove gagebiT. auqcioni niSnavs saqonlisa da momsa-
xurebis SeTavazebas konkursis meSveobiT, sadac yvelaze maRal SeTavazebas saxelSek-
rulebo boWvis Zala aqvs. saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi vaWrobis es saxe sxvadasxva formiT
Camoyalibda. zogi organizebulia sajaro dawesebulebebis mier, zogi sasamarTloebis
mier, zogi profesionali specialistebis da zogic pirdapir movaWreebis mier.37
wlebis win auqcionebi, ZiriTadad, tardeboda saamisod mowyobil SenobebSi. Ta-
namedrove teqnologiebis ganviTarebam gavlena vaWrobis am formazec moaxdina. dRes
auqcionis Catareba da masSi monawileobis miReba SesaZlebelia internetis saSualebi-
Tac, rasac Sedegad mohyva farTo masebis xelmisawvdomoba vaWrobis am saxeobaze. Sesa-
bamisad, virtualuri formiT Catarebuli auqcioni distanciuri xelSekrulebis erT-
erT gamovlinebad iTvleba.38
35
Riefa Ch., The Reform of Electronic Consumer Contracts in Europe: Towards an Effective Legal Framework?,
39, <http://www.lex-electronica.org/docs/articles_244.pdf>, [08.05.2014].
36
Paper Series No.2012-05, University van Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 12-14.
37
Riefa Ch., A Dangerous Erosion of Consumer Rights: The Absence of a Right to Withdraw from Online Auctions,
Modernizing and Harmonizing Consumer Contract Law, Howells G., and Schultze R, eds., Sellier European
Law Publishers, pp. 177-188, 2009, SSRN, <http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm? abstract_id=1374063.>
[15.01.2015], 1.
38
Modernizing and Harmonizing consumer Contract Law, Geraint Howells and Reiner Schultze, eds., Sellier
European Law Publishers, pp. 177-188, 2009, SSRN, <http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm? abstract_
id=1374063.>, [15.01.2015], 1.
95
auqcionze gamartivebulma wvdomam mTeli rigi uxerxulobebisa warmoSva momxma-

reblebisaTvis. erT SemTxvevaSi, es aris pirispiri komunikaciis ararseboba da, Sesaba-
misad, pirobebis dazustebis SeuZlebloba; sxva SemTxvevaSi, SeZenili saqonlis Seusa-
bamoba ofertSi aRweril maxasiaTeblebTan, miwodebasTan dakavSirebuli problemebi,
dazianebuli an gatexili saqonlis miwodeba an saerTod sxva saqonlis gadacema. ami-
tomac internetauqcionebi momxmarebelTa uflebebis dacvis maregulirebeli kanon-
mdeblobis farglebSi moeqcnen. Tumca am sakiTxis mimarT ar arsebobda erTgvarovani
damokidebuleba evropis kavSiris wevri saxelmwifoebis kanonmdeblobebSi.39
es gansakuTrebiT TvalsaCino iyo xelSekrulebis uaryofis uflebasTan mimar-
TebiT. magaliTad, safrangeTsa da luqsemburgSi momxmareblebi, romlebic monawile-
obdnen internetauqcionebSi, daculi iyvnen distanciurad dadebuli xelSekrule-
bebis Sesaxeb wesebiT da, Sesabamisad, SeeZloT, esargeblaT xelSekrulebis uaryofis
uflebiT. dasaxelebul qveynebSi mxolod sajaro auqcionze ar vrceldeboda distan-
ciurad dadebuli xelSekrulebebis dacviTi normebi. belgiasa da saberZneTSi ìbei~
auqcionebi aseve eqceodnen distanciuri vaWrobis reJimSi, vinaidan am saxelmwifoe-
bis Sida kanonmdeblobebi saerTod ar iTvaliswinebda auqcionebis mimarT distanciu-
rad dadebuli xelSekrulebebis Sesaxeb direqtivis SezRudvebs. magaliTad, germani-
aSi momxmareblebi sargeblobdnen adekvaturi dacviT internetauqcionSi monawileo-
bisas, rac ganpirobebuli iyo germaniis federaluri sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebiT,
romelmac dauSva xelSekrulebis uaryofis uflebis gamoyenebis SesaZlebloba inter-
netauqcionis Sedegad dadebuli xelSekrulebis mimarT.40
internetiT gamarTul auqcionebSi xelSekrulebis uaryofis uflebis mimarT
erTgvarovani midgomis damkvidrebis mizniT, 2011 wlis direqtivaSi `momxmarebelTa
uflebebis Sesaxeb~ pirdapir mieTiTa, rom am direqtivis moqmedeba da, Sesabamisad,
xelSekrulebis uaryofis ufleba ar vrceldeba mxolod sajaro auqcionebze. amas-
Tan, ganimarta sajaro auqcionis Sinaarsic. kerZod, aseTad miiCneva iseTi auqcioni,
romelsac mewarme da momxmarebeli piradad eswreba an aqvT piradad daswrebis SesaZ-
lebloba. internetplatformebis gamoyeneba auqcionebisaTvis, romlebic momxmareb-
lebis da mewarmeebis gankargulebaSia, ar unda CaiTvalos sajaro auqcionad am direq-
tivis miznebisaTvis.41
Sesabamisad, Tu auqcioni tardeba internetis gamoyenebiT ise, rom mxareebs ara
aqvT masze daswrebis SesaZlebloba, es CaiTvleba distanciurad dadebul xelSekru-
lebad da momxmarebeli uflebamosili iqneba, survilis SemTxvevaSi, isargeblos xel-
Sekrulebis uaryofis uflebiT. amasTan, uflebis arsebobis Sesaxeb momxmarebels un-
39
Twigg-Flesner Ch., Metcalfe D., The Proposed Consumer Rights Directive – Less Haste, More Thought?
European Review of Contract Law, 2009, SSRN, <:http://ssrn.com/abstract=1345783>, [20.01.2015], 9.
40
Modernizing and Harmonizing consumer Contract Law, Geraint Howells and Reiner Schultze, eds., Sellier
European Law Publishers, pp. 177-188, 2009, SSRN, <http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm? abstract_
id=1374063.> [15.01.2015], 3.
41
Directive 2011/83/EU Of The European Parliament and of The Council of 25 October 2011, http://eur-lex.
europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32011L0083 26.04.2014.
96
da ecnobos auqcionis dasrulebis, Sedegebis gamocxadebisa da gamarjvebulis gamov-

lenis Semdeg. amgvari regulireba angariSs uwevs internetauqcionis Taviseburebas.
kerZod, auqcionis mimdinareobisas konkretul mxaresTan xelSekrulebis dadebamde
faqtobrivad SeuZlebelia xelSekrulebis potenciuri da, amasTanave, ucnobi piri-
saTvis misi uflebebis individualuri ganmarteba. momxmarebels mxolod saxelSekru-
lebo boWvis pirobebSi eZleva xelSekrulebis calmxrivad gauqmebis damatebiTi San-
si. garda amisa, radganac momxmarebeli xelSekrulebis dadebisTanave unda iqnes gaf-
rTxilebuli xelSekrulebis uaryofis uflebis wesisa da pirobebis Sesaxeb, mewarme
valdebulia, dauyovnebliv, pirveli SesaZleblobisTanave werilobiT ganumartos mas
xelSekrulebaze uaris Tqmis uflebis Taobaze. am valdebulebis darRveva iwvevs xel-
Sekrulebis gadaxedvis vadis gaxangrZlivebas.42
5. daskvna
amdenad, xelSekrulebis uaryofis ufleba distanciurad dadebul xelSekru-

lebebSi momxmarebelTa dacvas emsaxureba. Tavis mxriv, dacvaSi igulisxmeba momxma-
rebelTa TviTgamorkvevisa da swori arCevanis gakeTebis xelSewyoba. SeiZleba iTqvas,
rom xelSekrulebis uaryofis ufleba icavs momxmareblebs araswori arCevanisagan da
misi gadalaxvis qmediT meqanizmad iTvleba. amavdroulad, xelSekrulebis Semdgomi
gadaxedvis SesaZlebloba yovelTvis ver ixsnis momxmarebels imedgacruebisagan, mag-
ram igi distanciurad dadebul xelSekrulebas SeqceviT efeqts aZlevs. xelSekrule-
bis uaryofis uflebas SeuZlia, daicvas momxmarebeli dadebuli xelSekrulebis gamo
sinanulis grZnobis gancdisagan da waaxalisos igi momavalSi xelSekrulebebis dis-
tanciurad dadebisaken. swored amitomac iTvleba momxmareblebisaTvis miniWebuli es
sagamonakliso regulacia maTi uflebebis dacvis efeqtur saSualebad, romelic, er-
Ti mxriv, emsaxureba momxmareblis damajereblobisa da ndobis amaRlebas, xolo, meo-
re mxriv, xels uwyobs distanciurad dadebul saxelSekrulebo urTierTobebis mxar-
daWerasa da maT Semdgom ganviTarebas.
42
ganaTlebis xelSewyobis fondi GIZ-is davalebiT, Tb., 2014, 251-252.
97
solomon menabdiSvili *
vertikaluri SeTanxmebisa da SezRudvebis

konkurenciulsamarTlebrivi Sefaseba
statiaSi ganxilulia vertikaluri SeTanxmebebi da vertikaluri SezRudve-

bi. zogadad, vertikaluri SezRudvebi iseTi saziano araa, rogorc horizon-
taluri. maT SeuZliaT saqonlisa da momsaxurebis warmoebaSi, aseve distri-
buciaSi ekonomikuri efeqturobis gamowveva, magram zogierT SemTxvevaSi
vertikalur SezRudvebs bazarze konkurenciis SezRudva SeuZliaT. saWiroa
SeTanxmebis ara marto samarTlebrivi konteqstis Sefaseba, aramed aseve ver-
tikaluri SezRudvebis ekonomikuri analizic.
sakvanZo sityvebi: vertikaluri SeTanxmeba, vertikaluri SezRudva, efeq-

turoba, SezRudva.
1. Sesavali
vertikaluri SeTanxmeba aris SeTanxmeba im ekonomikur agentebs Soris, romle-

bic warmoebisa da miwodebis jaWvis sxvadasxva safexurze saqmianoben.1 vertikaluri
SeTanxmebis mxareebi, rogorc wesi, erTmaneTis uSualo konkurentebi ar arian, rad-
gan isini, ZiriTadad, awarmoeben damatebiT produqtebs an momsaxurebas da ara konku-
rentul produqtebsa da momsaxurebas.2
vertikaluri SeTanxmebebi SeiZleba daidos rogorc Sualedur, aseve saboloo
saqonelsa da momsaxurebaze. magaliTad, mwarmoebeli yidis sxva ekonomikur agentze
saqonels, romelsac es ukanaskneli iyenebs rogorc nedleuls sxva saqonlis dasamza-
deblad; meore SemTxvevaSi ki, mwarmoebeli yidis sabiTumo an sacalo movaWreze das-
rulebul saqonels saboloo momxmareblisTvis misayidad. aRsaniSnavia is faqti, rom
mwarmoebels SeuZlia iyos aqtiuri warmoebisa da miwodebis orive safexurze.
zogadad, vertikaluri SezRudvebi ufro naklebad sazianoa, vidre horizon-
taluri SezRudvebi, radgan maT SeuZliaT garkveuli efeqturobebis mniSvnelovnad
zrda. komisiis azriT, gansazRvruli saxis vertikalur SeTanxmebebs SeuZliaT ekono-
mikuri efeqturobis gaumjobeseba warmoebisa da distribuciis jaWvSi monawile eko-
nomikur agentebs Soris ukeTesi koordinaciis xelSewyobiT. kerZod, maT SeuZliaT,
*
1
Jones A., Sufrin B., EU Competition Law Text, Cases, and Materials, 4th Ed., Oxford University Press, 2011, 629.
2
Bishop S., Walker M., The Economics of EC Competition Law: Concepts, Application and Measurement, 3rd
Ed., Sweet & Maxwell, 2010, 188.
98
solomon menabdiSvili, vertikaluri SeTanxmebisa da SezRudvebis
Seamciron mxareebis saoperacio da sadistribucio xarjebi da moaxdinon gayidvebisa

da investiciebis donis optimizacia.3
mwarmoebels SeuZlia, airCios Tavisi produqtebis gayidvis ramdenime xerxi:
pirveli, daaarsos Tavisi sadistribucio qseli da misi meSveobiT gayidos saqo-
neli;
meore, SeiZinos sawarmo, romelic ukve saqmianobs distribuciis biznesSi da misi
meSveobiT moaxdinos saqonlis realizacia;
mesame, Tavisi produqciis gayidva miandos sxva sawarmoebs.
pirveli ori xerxis SemTxvevaSi, mwarmoebeli axdens vertikalur integracias da
warmoebisa da distribuciis erTian jaWvs mxolod erTi kompania axorcielebs. mesame
SemTxvevaSi ki, produqciis warmoeba xdeba erTi kompaniis mier, xolo saboloo mom-
xmareblisaTvis mis miwodebas axorcielebs meore, damoukidebeli kompania. es ukanas-
kneli SeiZleba iyos sabiTumo an/da sacalo movaWre. Sesabamisad, saqonlis saboloo
momxmareblisTvis miwodeba SeiZleba moxdes distributoris, dileris da komerciuli
agentis meSveobiT.
2. komerciuli agenti
komerciuli agenti SeiZleba iyos iuridiuli an fizikuri piri. rogorc wesi, mi-
si funqciebi aris SezRuduli, radgan mas SeuZlia, mxolod awarmoos molaparakebebi
xelSekrulebebze da dados SeTanxmebebi principalis saxeliT. agenti iRebs sakomisi-
os mis mier ganxorcielebuli gayidvebis Sesabamisad an fiqsirebul xelfass.4
komerciuli agenti SeiZleba iyos principalis damxmare organo, romelic war-
moadgens principali sawarmos integrirebul nawils. is aseve SeiZleba iyos damouki-
debeli ekonomikuri operatori, romelic Tavis Tavze iRebs gayidvebTan an mesame mxa-
resTan gaformebuli SeTanxmebis SesrulebasTan dakavSirebul mcire finansur an/da
komerciul riskebs.5
Tu agenti Tavis Tavze ar iRebs finansur an/da komerciul riskebs, an igi iRebs am
riskebis mxolod umniSvnelo nawils, maSin aseT agentsa da principals Soris gafor-
mebuli SeTanxmeba namdvili agentis SeTanxmebad kvalificirdeba, 101-e muxlis Sesaba-
misad, da aseTi SeTanxmebis mimarT 101-e muxli gamoiyeneba. finansuri da komerciuli
riskebis sxvadasxva saxeoba arsebobs. isini SeiZleba daiyos Semdeg saxeebad:
pirveli, agentis mier principalis saxeliT dadebuli an molaparakebuli xel-
Sekrulebidan gamomdinare riskebi, rogoricaa, magaliTad, maragebis SeZena;
meore, bazris specifikidan gamomdinare, investiciebTan dakavSirebuli riskebi.
magaliTad, agents Tavisi saqmianobidan gamomdinare, SeiZleba moeTxovos garkveuli
investiciebis ganxorcieleba. aseTi investiciebi SeiZleba iyos daubrunebeli xarje-
3
ix. regulacia №330/210 vertikaluri SeTanxmebebisa da SeTanxmebuli praqtikis mimarT
evrokavSiris funqcionirebis SeTanxmebis 101-e muxlis mesame nawilis gamoyenebaze, § 6,
<http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=CELEX:32010R0330>, [21.03.2015].
4
Whish R., Bailey D., Competition Law, 7th Ed., Oxford University Press, 2012, 621.
5
99
bis saxiT, radgan konkretuli aqtivobis Sewyvetis SemTxvevaSi ganxorcielebuli in-

vesticiebi SeiZleba sxva saqmianobisTvis ar gamodges da gaiyidos mniSvnelovani da-
nakargebiT;
mesame, SeiZleba iyos imave produqtis bazarze sxva aqtivobebTan dakavSirebu-
li riskebi, romlebsac principali mosTxovs agents gansaxorcieleblad. aRsaniSnavia
is faqti, rom aseTi aqtivobebi xorcieldeba ara principalis saxeliT, aramed agenti
amas axorcielebs sakuTari saxeliT da sakuTari riskiT.6
rogorc wesi, imisaTvis, rom 101-e muxli gavrceldes agentis SeTanxmebaze, Sem-
degi garemoebebi unda iqnes mxedvelobaSi miRebuli:
agentma ar unda SeiZinos sakuTrebis ufleba gasayid saqonelze;
agenti Tavis Tavze ar iRebs saqonlis myidvelisaTvis miwodebis xarjebs;
agentma sakuTari xarjebiT da riskiT ar unda Seinaxos gasayidi saqoneli;
agents ar ekisreba mesame mxaris mimarT pasuxismgebloba gayiduli saqonliT
gamowveul zianze;
xelSekrulebis Seusruleblobis dros agents pasuxismgebloba ar ekisreba;
agenti valdebuli ar aris, pirdapir an arapirdapir investiciebi ganaxorcie-
los gayidvebis stimulirebaSi;
agenti ar axorcielebs bazrisTvis damaxasiaTebel investiciebs mowyobilo-
bebSi, uZrav qonebaSi an kadrebis swavlebaSi;
agenti ar axorcielebs sxva saqmianobas, romelic moiTxoveba principalis mier
produqtis bazarze, garda im SemTxvevisa, Tu misi xarjebi principalis mier anazRaur-
deba.7
es CamonaTvali ar aris amomwuravi. Tu agenti gaswevs erT an met zemoT CamoT-
vlil xarjsa an/da risks, agentsa da principals Soris dadebuli SeTanxmeba ar dakva-
lificirdeba agentis SeTanxmebad. evrokavSiris komisiis azriT, TiToeuli SemTxveva
unda Sefasdes saqmeSi arsebuli garemoebebidan gamomdinare da mxedvelobaSi unda iq-
nes miRebuli ufro arsebuli situaciis ekonomikuri realoba, vidre SeTanxmebis sa-
marTlebrivi Sinaarsi.8
komisiis mtkicebiT, eqskluziuri agentis SeTanxmebas, zogadad, ar aqvs konku-
renciis sawinaaRmdego efeqti. Tumca, Tu masSi gaerTianebulia erTi brendis SeTan-
xmeba da xelSekrulebis damTavrebis Semdeg konkurenciaSi arSesvlis muxli, SeiZleba
daarRvios 101-e muxli, Tu mas eqneba bazris daxurvis efeqti.9
agentis SeTanxmebebi SeiZleba 101-e muxlis regulirebis farglebSi moxvdes, Tu
isini farul garigebas uwyoben xels, im SemTxvevaSic ki, roca principali Tavis Tavze
iRebs Sesabamis finansur da komerciul riskebs, magaliTad, rodesac ramdenime prin-
cipali iyenebs erTsa da imave agentebs, raTa koleqtiurad ar miscen sxvebs am agente-
6
ix. vertikalur SezRudvebze evrokavSiris komisiis saxelmZRvanelo, <http://ec.europa.eu/
competition/antitrust/legislation/guidelines_vertical_en.pdf>, § 14, [21.03.2015].
7
8
iqve, § 17.
9
iqve, § 19.
100
bis gamoyenebis saSualeba, an, rodesac isini iyeneben agentebs, raTa farul garigebaSi
Sevidnen sabazro strategiaze, an principalebs Soris moaxdinon sensitiuri sabazro
informaciis gacvla.10
3. vertikaluri SeTanxmebebis ZiriTadi saxeebi
praqtikaSi gavrcelebulia Semdegi saxis vertikaluri SeTanxmebebi:

a. erTi brendis SeTanxmeba, romlis safuZvelzec distributori valdebulia,
moipovos gansazRvruli an sruli raodenoba produqtebisa mxolod erTi mwarmoeb-
lisagan, rac iwvevs distribuciaSi garkveul efeqturobas. Tumca, komisiis azriT, am
SeTanxmebebma an msgavsi SeTanxmebebis qselma SeiZleba gaaerTianos gasayidi obieqte-
bi da konkurentebs ar misces misasvleli sadistribucio qselTan.
bazris daxurvas miT ufro didi efeqti eqneba, rac ufro didia monawile ekono-
mikuri agentebis sabazro wili da rac ufro didia konkurenciaSi arSesvlis valdebu-
lebis xangrZlivoba.
komisiis azriT, erTi brendis SeTanxmebebi zogadad konkurenciis sawinaaRmdego
xasiaTs atarebs, Tumca saqmis detalebis gacnobis Semdeg SeiZleba misi ganTavisuf-
lebac moxdes, 101-e muxlis mesame nawilis safuZvelze.11
b. eqskluziuri distribuciis SeTanxmeba imunitets aZlevs distributorebs
garkveul teritoriaze. maT ekrZalebaT sxva distributoris teritoriaze rogorc
aqtiuri, aseve pasiuri gayidvebis ganxorcieleba. komisia skeptikurad uyurebs eq-
skluziuri distribuciis SeTanxmebas, gansakuTrebiT ki, Tu is aseve moicavs absolu-
tur teritoriul dacvas.
sasamarTlos gancxadebiT, eqskluziuri sadistribucio SeTanxmeba ar aris kon-
kurenciis SemzRudveli SeTanxmeba, rodesac mwarmoebeli Sedis axal bazarze da, Sesa-
bamisad, mniSvnelovani investiciebis ganxorcielebaa saWiro.12
komisiis mtkicebiT, eqskluziuri sadistribucio SeTanxmeba, rogorc wesi, zRu-
davs gayidvebs sxva eqskluziur teritoriebze, amcirebs brendis SigniT konkurenci-
as da iwvevs bazris gayofas, ramac SeiZleba gamoiwvios fasis diskriminacia. Tu yvela
mimwodebeli an maTi umravlesoba iyenebs eqskluziur distribucias, maSin mcirdeba
konkurencia da xeli ewyoba farul garigebebs orive – distribuciisa da warmoebis –
doneze, aseve xdeba bazris daxurvac. rac ufro didia mimwodeblis sabazro wili, miT
ufro didia brendis SigniT konkurenciis SezRudva.13
komisiis azriT, rogorc wesi, bazris daxurvis problema ar warmoiSoba im Sem-
TxvevaSi, Tu eqskluziuri distribuciis SeTanxmeba ar aris gaerTianebuli erTi bre-
ndis SeTanxmebasTan.14
10
ix. vertikalur SezRudvebze evrokavSiris komisiis saxelmZRvanelo, § 20.
11
12
vertikalur SezRudvebze evrokavSiris komisiis saxelmZRvanelo, § 61.
13
14
vertikalur SezRudvebze evrokavSiris komisiis saxelmZRvanelo, § 155.
101
g. SerCeviTi distribuciis sistema. Tu momwodebels unda, Seqmnas Tavisi saqo-

nlis imiji, an/da imis uzrunvelyofa moaxdinos, rom gayidvebs Tan erTvodes specifi-
kuri momsaxurebis pirobebi, mas SeuZlia, airCios es sistema. am SemTxvevaSi momwode-
beli SearCevs sacalo movaWreebs raodenobis an xarisxis (momsaxurebis done, Senaxvis
done da a.S.), an/da adgilmdebareobis mixedviT.
imisaTvis, rom konkurencias ar ewinaaRmdegebodes SerCeviTi distribuciis sis-
tema, Semdegi kriteriumebi unda iyos dakmayofilebuli:
1. produqti/momsaxureba Tavisi xasiaTiT an/da niSnebiT unda saWiroebdes
SerCeviTi distribuciis sistemas;
2. distributorebi unda SeirCes xarisxobrivi xasiaTis obieqturi kriteriu-
mebiT (magaliTad: Senobis zoma, kadrebis Sesabamisi kvalifikacia), romlebic dadgi-
ndeba sayovelTaod da ar iqneba gamoyenebuli diskriminaciulad zogierTi sacalo
movaWris sawinaaRmdegod;
3. es kriteriumebi ar unda moiTxovdes imaze mets, rac aris realurad saWiro
Sesabamisi produqtebisaTvis/momsaxurebisaTvis.15
komisiis azriT, Tu bazarze arsebobs aseTi xasiaTis erTi da igive SeTanxmebebis
qseli, maSin didi albaToba arsebobs imisa, rom konkurencia bazarze SeiZleba SeizR-
udos.
d. savaWro sivrceSi farTis gamoyofis SeTanxmeba. savaWro sivrceSi Sesas-
vlelad mimwodebeli winaswar uxdis gadasaxads distributors imisTvis, rom am uka-
nasknelma Tavis savaWro sivrceSi gamouyos mimwodebels savaWro farTi. gadasaxadi,
rogorc wesi, aris fiqsirebuli, erTjeradi. gansazRvrul SemTxvevebSi aRniSnuli Se-
Tanxmebis safuZvelze SeiZleba moxdes sxva distributorebisaTvis bazris antikonku-
renciuli daxurva, rac konkurenciis organoebis Carevas saWiroebs.16
e. gansazRvruli kategoriis produqtebis marTvaze SeTanxmeba. am SeTanxmebis
safuZvelze, distributori mimwodebels aZlevs uflebas, gansazRvruli kategoriis
produqtebis marketingi moaxdinos, maT Soris sxva mimwodeblebis imave kategoriis
produqtebisac. aRniSnulis safuZvelze, mwarmoebels ufleba aqvs, zegavlena moax-
dinos produqtebis ganlagebasa da, zogadad, produqtebis marketingze konkretul
maRaziaSi. gansazRvrul SemTxvevebSi, aseTi xasiaTis SeTanxmebebma SeiZleba konku-
renti mimwodeblebisaTvis bazris antikonkurenciuli daxurva gamoiwvios da Sedegad
konkurenciac SeizRudos. gansakuTrebiT, aseTi Sedegi SeiZleba dadges, rodesac mim-
wodebels SeuZlia, zegavlena moaxdinos distributoris marketingul gadawyvetile-
bebze, SezRudos an araxelsayrel mdgomareobaSi Caayenos konkurenti mwarmoeblis
produqtebis distribucia.17
v. frenSaizingis SeTanxmebiT, frenSaizis mimcemi axdens inteleqtualuri sa-
kuTrebis uflebebis licenziiT gadacemas frenSaizis mimRebze. frenSaizingis Se-
15
sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba saqmeze: T-19/91, §5, <http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/
TXT/?uri=CELEX:61991TJ0019>, [27.05.2015].
16
vertikalur SezRudvebze evrokavSiris komisiis saxelmZRvanelo, § 203-205.
17
iqve, § 209-210.
102
Tanxmeba moicavs romelime savaWro niSansa da nou-haus saqonlis an momsaxurebis ga-

moyenebasa da distribuciaze. rogorc wesi, frenSaizis mimcemi frenSaizis mimRebs
xelSekrulebis moqmedebis periodSi komerciul da teqnikur daxmarebas uwevs. fren-
Saizingis sistema saSualebas aZlevs frenSaizis mimRebs, damoukidebeli biznesi awar-
moos frenSaizis mimcemis saxelisa da nou-haus gamoyenebiT.
frenSaizingis SeTanxmebiT, frenSaizis mimRebi sazRaurs uxdis frenSaizis
gamcems misi inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis uflebebis gamoyenebisaTvis. frenSaizis
sistema rom gamarTulad muSaobdes, mniSvnelovania, TiToeuli frenSaizis mimRebi
asrulebdes frenSaizis gamcemis mier Sedgenil erTian komerciul standartebs, rad-
gan, momxmareblis TvalsazrisiT, yvela frenSaizis savaWro erTeuli erTsa da imave
standarts unda akmayofilebdes. Sesabamisad, frenSaizis gamcems ufleba unda hqon-
des, frenSaizis mimRebebs mosTxovos erTiani standartebis Sesruleba. garda amisa,
frenSaizis mimcemisaTvis mniSvnelovania, moaxdinos sakuTari inteleqtualuri sa-
kuTrebis uflebebis dacva xelSekrulebis meSveobiT. Sesabamisad, evrokavSiris kon-
kurenciis organoebma ganacxades, rom iseTi kategoriis SezRudvebis daweseba, rac
gaTvaliswinebulia erTiani standartebis damkvidrebisa da inteleqtualuri sakuT-
rebis uflebebis dasacavad, ar arRvevs 101-e muxls. Tumca, komisiis azriT, Tu fren-
Saizingis SeTanxmebebi Seicavs iseT SezRudvebs, romlebic bazrebis dayofas an gada-
sayidi fasis SenarCunebas axdens, maTze 101-e muxli gavrceldeba. aseTma SezRudvebma
SeiZleba, gamonaklis SemTxvevebSi daakmayofilon 101-e muxlis mesame nawili.18 amas-
Tan, gasaTvaliswinebelia is faqti, rom, ubralod, fasis saxelmZRvanelo principebis
miwodeba ar aris konkurenciis SezRudva.
frenSaizingis SeTanxmebebi xSirad Seicavs sxvadasxva saxis SezRudvas – SerCevi-
Ti distribuciis, konkurenciaSi arSesvlis da eqskluziuri distribuciis muxlebs,
rac 101-e muxlis darRvevad ar unda CaiTvalos.
evrokavSiris konkurenciis organoebis azriT, SezRudvebi, romlebic zRuda-
ven frenSaizis mimRebis SesaZleblobas, gaxsnas imave xasiaTis maRazia xelSekrulebis
moqmedebis dros an misi dasrulebis Semdeg gonivrul periodSi, franSaizingis gamce-
mis Tanxmobis gareSe, ar SezRudavs konkurencias, Tu isini aucilebelia xelSekrule-
biT gaTvaliswinebuli nou-haus dasacavad.
garda amisa, frenSaizis mimcems SeuZlia, wauyenos Semdegi moTxovnebi frenSai-
zis mimRebs:
1. gamoiyenos frenSaizis gamcemis meTodebi da nou-hau;
2. frenSaizis mimcemis instruqciis mixedviT, gaxsnas da moawyos gasayidi
farTebi;
3. moipovos frenSaizis mimcemis Tanxmoba frenSaizingis gadacemamde;
4. gayidos mxolod frenSaizis mimcemis mier miwodebuli produqtebi;
5. miiRos frenSaizis mimcemis Tanxmoba yvela reklamaze.19
18
Whish R., Bailey D., Competition Law, 7th Ed., Oxford University Press, 2012, 646.
19
103
4. regulacia 330/201020
evropis komisiam 2010 wels SeimuSava regulacia №330/2010 evrokavSiris funqci-

onirebis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebis 101-e muxlis mesame nawilis vertikaluri SeTanxmebebisa
da SeTanxmebuli praqtikis mimarT gamoyenebaze. komisiam imave wels SeimuSava am regu-
laciis gamosayeneblad saxelmZRvaneloc.21
regulaciis mixedviT, vertikaluri SeTanxmeba niSnavs im or an met ekonomikur
agents Soris SeTanxmebas, an SeTanxmebul praqtikas, romlebic, SeTanxmebis an SeTanxme-
buli praqtikis miznidan gamomdinare, warmoebisa da distribuciis sxvadasxva safexur-
ze saqmianoben. vertikaluri SeTanxmebebi Seicavs iseT pirobebs, romlebiTac mxareebs
SeuZliaT, Seisyidon, gayidon an gadayidon gansazRvruli saqoneli an momsaxureba. 101-
e muxlis Sinaarsidan gamomdinare, saboloo momxmarebelTan gaformebuli SeTanxmeba
ver CaiTvleba vertikalur SeTanxmebad, radgan, rogorc viciT, es muxli mxolod or an
ramdenime ekonomikur agents Soris arsebuli SeTanxmebis, SeTanxmebuli praqtikisa da
ekonomikuri agentebis asociaciebis gadawyvetilebebis mimarT gamoiyeneba.22
komisiis mier SemuSavebuli regulacia kanonierad cnobs ekonomikuri agentebis
vertikalur SeTanxmebebs 101-e muxlis mesame nawilis safuZvelze, Tu es SeTanxmebebi
akmayofileben regulaciiT gansazRvrul moTxovnebs.
regulacia ar gamoiyeneba im vertikaluri SeTanxmebebis mimarT, romlebic dadebu-
lia konkurent ekonomikur agentebs Soris. Tumca, rogorc wesi, ganTavisufleba gamoiye-
neba konkurenti ekonomikuri agentebis ormxrivi vertikaluri SeTanxmebebis mimarT.
komisiis azriT, ZiriTadad, vertikaluri SezRudvebi konkurenciis mxriv iwvevs
problemebs mxolod maSin, rodesac arasakmarisi konkurenciaa vaWrobis erT an ram-
denime safexurze, e.i., Tu garkveuli sabazro Zalaufleba arsebobs mimwodeblis an
gamyidvelis, an orive, doneze.23 konkurenciis samarTlis ZiriTadi mizani aris ekono-
mikur agentebs Soris konkurentuli pirobebis Seqmna da SenarCuneba. komisiis Sexedu-
lebiT, mniSvnelovania brendebs Soris konkurenciis arseboba. Tu maT Soris efeqturi
konkurenciaa, brendis SigniT (e.i. erTi brendis distributorebs Soris gayidvebi)
konkurenciis Semcireba ver gamoiwvevs negatiur Sedegs momxmarebelze.24 amasTan, ko-
misia aRniSnavs, rom am SemTxvevaSi saubari ar aris ekonomikuri agentebis im sabazro
Zalauflebaze, romelic moiTxoveba 102-e muxliT, e.i. vertikalur SeTanxmebebSi sa-
bazro Zalaufleba ufro naklebic SeiZleba arsebobdes, vidre dominant ekonomikur
agentebs moeTxovebaT 102-e muxlis safuZvelze.25
20
regulacia №330/210 vertikaluri SeTanxmebebisa da SeTanxmebuli praqtikis mimarT
evrokavSiris funqcionirebis SeTanxmebis 101-e muxlis mesame nawilis gamoyenebaze,
<http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=CELEX:32010R0330>, [21.03.2015].
21
competition/antitrust/legislation/guidelines_vertical_en.pdf>, [21.03.2015].
22
ix. vertikalur SezRudvebze evrokavSiris komisiis saxelmZRvanelo, §25 <http://ec.europa.
eu/competition/antitrust/legislation/guidelines_vertical_en.pdf>, [21.03.2015].
23
iqve, § 6.
24
iqve, § 102.
25
iqve, § 97.
104
vertikaluri SezRudvebi moicavs SeTanxmebis erT-erTi an orive mxaris garkve-

uli uflebebis SezRudvas. ZiriTadad, vertikaluri xasiaTis xelSekrulebebSi Sev-
xvdebiT Semdegi xasiaTis SezRudvebs:
1. fasebisa da sxva savaWro pirobebis SezRudvas, romelSic agents/distribu-
tors SeuZlia saqonlis an momsaxurebis gayidva.
2. teritoriis SezRudvas, romlis gareTac agents/distributors ekrZaleba sa-
qonlis an momsaxurebis gayidva;
3. im klientebis SezRudvas, romlisTvisac agents/distributors SeuZlia, miyi-
dos saqoneli an momsaxureba.
vertikaluri SeTanxmebebi regulaciiT dadgenili ganTavisuflebebisagan mxo-
lod maSin sargebloben, Tu maTi mxareebis sabazro wilebi ar aRemateba regulaciiT
gansazRvrul odenobas. regulaciis mesame muxlis mixedviT, vertikaluri SeTanxme-
bebi Tavisufldeba akrZalvebisagan, Tu mimwodeblisa da myidvelis sabazro wilebi
cal-calke Sesabamis bazrebze ar aRemateba 30 %-s. Tumca vertikaluri SeTanxmebebi
ar ganTavisufldeba, Tu isini Seicaven regulaciis meoTxe muxlSi mocemul romelime
mZime SezRudvas. aRsaniSnavia is faqti, rom 2014 wlis 1 seqtembers miRebuli saqarTve-
los mTavrobis dadgenileba №526, romelic konkurenciis SemzRudveli xelSekrule-
bis akrZalvebidan gamonaklisebs exeba, aseve Seicavs 30 %-ian zeda zRvars vertikalu-
ri SeTanxmebebis kanonis me-7 muxlis akrZalvebidan ganTavisuflebisaTvis.26
komisiis azriT, Tu bazarze arsebobs msgavsi vertikaluri SezRudvebis parale-
luri qseli, romelic Sesabamisi bazris 50 %-s aRemateba, konkurenciis SesamCnevad
SezRudvis riski bazarze didia. regulacia № 330/2010 aseTi vertikaluri SeTanxmebe-
bis mimarT ar gamoiyeneba.27
regulaciis meoTxe muxlSi mocemulia Semdegi saxis mZime SezRudvebi:
pirveli SezRudva exeba saqonlisa da momsaxurebis gasayid fass. kerZod, mimwo-
debels ar aqvs ufleba, daudginos distributors gasayidi saqonlis an momsaxurebis
minimaluri fasi, an moaxdinos gadasayidi fasis fiqsacia, Tumca mas SeuZlia, ganu-
sazRvros maqsimaluri fasi, an misces sarekomendacio fasebi, imis gaTvaliswinebiT,
rom es ar gautoldeba fiqsirebul an minimalur fass zewolis an sxvadasxva stimulis
meSveobiT.
meore SezRudva exeba teritorias, romelSic saqoneli an momsaxureba unda
gaiyidos, an klientebs, visac unda mihyidos distributorma/dilerma. am SezRudviT
SeiZleba moxdes evrokavSiris erT-erTi mniSvnelovani miznis – erTiani bazris ugu-
lebelyofa, radgan mimwodebelma evrokavSiris erTiani bazari SeiZleba gaanawilos
sxvadasxva distributors Soris. am ukanasknelebs unda hqondeT ufleba, damoukideb-
lad gadawyviton, sad gayidon da vis miyidon saqoneli da momsaxureba. es SezRudva
ramdenime gamonaklis iTvaliswinebs, kerZod, mimwodebels ufleba aqvs:
26
ix. saqarTvelos mTavrobis dadgenileba №526 `konkurenciis SemzRudveli xelSekrulebis
akrZalvidan gamonaklisis Sesaxeb‫״‬, 8, <http://competition.ge/ge/page2.php?p=4&m=199>,
[31.05.2015].
27
evrokavSiris funqcionirebis SeTanxmebis 101-e muxlis mesame nawilis gamoyenebaze, 6,
<http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-,content/EN/ALL/?uri=CELEX:32010R0330>, [21.03.2015].
105
SeuzRudos distributors aqtiuri gayidvebi im eqskluziur teritoriaze an

im eqskluziur klientze, romlebic darezervebulia mimwodeblisTvis, an ganawilebu-
lia mimwodeblis mier sxva distributorisTvis/dilerisTvis;
SezRudos im myidvelebis mier saboloo gamomyeneblebisaTvis saqonlis miyid-
va, romlebic vaWrobis sabiTumo doneze operireben;
SeuzRudos SerCeviTi sadistribucio sistemis wevrebs gamoyofil teritoria-
ze araavtorizebul distributorebze gayidvebi;
SeuzRudos distributors/dilers sxva saqonlis dasamzadeblad miwodebuli
komponentebis miyidva im klientebze, romlebic gamoiyeneben maT konkurentuli
produqtis sawarmoeblad.
mesame SezRudvis Sesabamisad, mimwodeblebs ar SeuZliaT, SeuzRudon im SerCevi-
Ti sadistribucio sistemis wevrebs, romlebic sacalo movaWreebi arian, aqtiurad an
pasiurad mihyidon saqoneli an momsaxureba saboloo gamomyeneblebs, Tumca maT SeiZ-
leba, aekrZaloT araavtorizebuli distirbutorebisaTvis miyidva.
meoTxe SezRudva mimwodeblebs mouwodebs, ar SezRudon, Tundac, vaWrobis sxva-
dasxva safexurze myofi distributorebi erTmaneTTan vaWrobaSi.
mexuTe SezRudva exeba saTadarigo nawilebis miwodebas. saTadarigo nawilebis
mwarmoebelsa da im myidvels, romlebic am nawilebs TavianTi produqtebis sawarmoeb-
lad qmnian, ar unda aekrZaloT an SeezRudoT saTadarigo nawilebis saboloo gamomye-
neblebis, damoukidebeli SemkeTeblebis an servisis mimwodeblebisaTvis miyidva.28
garda am mZime SezRudvebisa, regulacia Seicavs e.w. ruxi feris akrZalvebis sias,
romelTa Casma vertikalur SeTanxmebaSi avtomaturad ar iwvevs regulaciiT gansazR-
vruli ganTavisuflebis gamouyeneblobas. aseTi SezRudvebi detalurad unda iqnes
Seswavlili da Tu dadginda, rom konkurencias gadametebiT zRudavs, maSin SeTanxme-
bebi akrZaluli iqneba. regulaciis mexuTe muxlis pirvel nawilSi mocemulia ruxi fe-
ris Semdegi SezRudvebi:
1. konkurenciis argawevis muxli, romelic ar unda iyos ganusazRvreli vadiT an
misi xangrZlivoba ar unda aRematebodes 5 wels. amasTan, komisiis azriT, konkurenci-
aSi arSesvlis valdebuleba, romelic avtomaturad ganaxlebadia xuT welze meti va-
diT, igulisxmeba, rom grZeldeba ganusazRvreli vadiT;
2. piroba, romelic pirdapir an iribad avaldebulebs myidvels, SeTanxmebis Sewy-
vetis Semdeg ar awarmoos, ar Seisyidos, ar gayidos an ar gadayidos gansazRvruli sa-
qoneli an momsaxureba;
3. piroba, romelic pirdapir an iribad avaldebulebs SerCeviTi distribuciis sis-
temis wevrs, ar gayidos romelime konkurenti momwodeblis saqoneli an momsaxureba.
xuTwliani vada ar gamoiyeneba, maSin rodesac xelSekrulebiT gansazRvruli sa-
qoneli an momsaxureba iyideba gamyidvelis mier im farTidan, romelic ekuTvnis mim-
wodebels an naqiravebi aqvs mimwodebels mesame mxarisagan. am SemTxvevaSi, konkuren-
ciaSi arSesvlis muxli ar unda aRematebodes im periods, ra periodiTac myidveli sar-
geblobda am farTiT.29
28
evrokavSiris funqcionirebis SeTanxmebis 101-e muxlis mesame nawilis gamoyenebaze, 4,
<http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-,content/EN/ALL/?uri=CELEX:32010R0330>, [21.03.2015].
29
iqve, 5.2.
106
meore punqtiT gaTvaliswinebuli valdebulebis mimarT regulaciiT gaTvalis-

winebuli ganTavisufleba gamoiyeneba, Tu Semdegi pirobebi iqneba gaTvaliswinebuli:
valdebuleba ukavSirdeba im saqonelsa da momsaxurebas, romelic saxelSekru-
lebo saqonels an momsaxurebas uwevs konkurencias;
valdebuleba Semofarglulia im farTiT, romelSic myidveli saqmianobs xel-
Sekrulebis periodSi;
valdebuleba saWiroa im nou-haus dasacavad, romelic mimwodebelma gadasca
myidvels;
am valdebulebis periodi SezRudulia xelSekrulebis dasrulebidan erT
wlamde vadiT.30
5. vertikalur SezRudvebze komisiis saxelmZRvanelo31
komisiis mtkicebiT, 101-e muxlis mizania imis uzrunvelyofa, rom ekonomikur-

ma agentebma ar dadon iseTi SeTanxmebebi, maT Soris vertikaluri SeTanxmebebi, rom-
lebic zRudaven bazarze konkurencias momxmareblebis sazianod. vertikaluri SezR-
udvebis Sefaseba aseve mniSvnelovania erTiani integrirebuli bazris miznis miRwevis
konteqstSic. komisiis azriT, bazris integracia aZlierebs konkurencias evrokavSir-
Si da moaqvs sargebeli momxmareblebisaTvis. Sesabamisad, kompaniebs ar unda SeeZloT
kerZo barierebis Seqmna wevr saxelmwifoebs Soris, maSin rodesac saxelmwifo barie-
rebi warmatebiT aris aRmofxvrili.32
garda aRniSnuli regulaciiT gaTvaliswinebuli jgufuri ganTavisuflebisa,
vertikaluri SeTanxmebebi sargebloben e.w. de minimis wesiTac. am wesis mixedviT, ver-
tikalur SeTanxmebebze, romlebic dadebulia arakonkurent ekonomikur agentebs So-
ris da maTi individualuri sabazro wili ar aRemateba 15%-s, 101-e muxlis pirveli
nawili ar vrceldeba, imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom SeTanxmeba romelime mZime SezRudvas
ar iTvaliswinebs. aRsaniSnavia is faqti, rom, Tu vertikaluri SeTanxmebis mxareebis
individualuri sabazro wili aRemateba 15 %-s, is avtomaturad ar arRvevs 101-e mux-
lis 1-l punqts. aseT SeTanxmebebs SeiZleba mainc ar hqondeT SesamCnevi efeqti wevr
saxelmwifoebs Soris vaWrobaze, an SeiZleba konkurencia sagrZnoblad ar SezRudon.
Sesabamisad, komisiis azriT, saWiroa vertikaluri SeTanxmebebis samarTlebrivi da
ekonomikuri konteqstiT analizi.33
imisTvis, rom arsebobdes ekonomikur agentebs Soris SeTanxmeba, 101-e muxlis Si-
naarsidan gamomdinare, saWiroa, SeTanxmebis mxareebma gamoxaton erToblivi ganzrax-
va, imoqmedon bazarze gansazRvruli mimarTulebiT. ganzraxvis gamoxatvis formas
mniSvneloba ara aqvs, ramdenadac igi mxareebis ganzraxvis sando gamoxatulebaa. im Sem-
30
iqve, 5.3.
31
competition/antitrust/legislation/guidelines_vertical_en.pdf>, [21.03.2015].
32
iqve, § 7.
33
iqve, § 9.
107
TxvevaSi ki, rodesac ar arsebobs naTeli SeTanxmeba survilebis Tanxvedrisa, evropis

marTlmsajulebis sasamarTlos gancxadebiT, komisiam unda daamtkicos, rom erTi mxa-
ris calmxrivma politikam miiRo meore mxaris usityvo Tanxmoba. vertikaluri SeTan-
xmebebis SemTxvevaSi arsebobs ori gza calmxrivi politikis mimarT usityvo Tanxmo-
bis gamosavlenad: pirveli, es Tanxmoba SeiZleba gamomdinareobdes winaswar Sedgenili
generaluri SeTanxmebiT miniWebuli uflebamosilebidan. magaliTad, winaswar Sedge-
nili SeTanxmebis debulebebi uflebas aZlevs mxares, SemdgomSi miiRos gansazRvruli
calmxrivi politika, romelic meore mxarisaTvis savaldebulo iqneba. Sesabamisad, am
politikaze usityvo Tanxmoba SeiZleba gamomdinareobdes am debulebebis safuZvelze;
meore, Tu aseTi naTeli Tanxmoba ar arsebobs, komisias SeuZlia daamtkicos dumiliT
gamoxatuli Tanxmobis arseboba. amisTvis saWiroa, komisiam, pirvel rigSi, aCvenos, rom
erTi mxare saWiroebs meore mxarisagan naTel an nagulisxmev TanamSromlobas misi cal-
mxrivi politikis implementaciisaTvis. meore rigSi, komisiam unda daamtkicos, rom me-
ore mxare asrulebda am moTxovnebs calmxrivi politikis praqtikaSi danergviT. maga-
liTad, Tu mimwodeblis mier miwodebis calmxrivi Semcirebis gamocxadebis Semdeg, rac
miznad isaxavda paraleluri vaWrobis Tavidan acilebas, distributorebma dauyovneb-
liv Seamcires SekveTebi da Sewyvites paralelur vaWrobaSi monawileoba. am SemTxveva-
Si, igulisxmeba, rom distributorebi mdumared dasTanxmdnen mimwodeblis calmxriv
politikas. Tumca, Tu distributori gaagrZelebs paralelur vaWrobas, an gamonaxavs
axal gzebs, rom ganaxorcielos paraleluri vaWroba, am SemTxvevaSi igulisxmeba, rom
distributori ar eTanxmeba mimwodeblis calmxriv politikas. xSiria SemTxveva, rode-
sac mimwodebeli monitoringisa da dajarimebis sistemas iyenebs Tavisi calmxrivi po-
litikis iZulebiT gansaxorcieleblad. am SemTxvevaSi, gamoyenebuli iZulebis donis
Sesabamisad, SeiZleba dadgindes mdumare Tanxmobis arseboba.34
komisiis mtkicebiT, rodesac ganvixilavT vertikalur SeTanxmebebs, imis dasad-
genad, maT Sedegad mosdevT Tu ara 101-e muxlis Sinaarsidan gamomdinare konkurenci-
is SesamCnevi SezRudva, saWiroa, detalurad ganvixiloT Semdegi faqtorebi:
• SeTanxmebis buneba;
• vertikaluri SeTanxmebis mxareebis sabazro wilebi;
• konkurentebis sabazro wilebi;
• xelSekrulebiT gansazRvruli saqonlis myidvelebis sabazro Zalaufleba;
• Sesasvleli barierebi;
• bazris momwifebuloba;
• vaWrobis done;
• produqtis buneba;
• sxva faqtorebi.
34
108
6. vertikalur SeTanxmebebSi arsebuli ZiriTadi SezRudvebi
a. gadasayidi fasis gansazRvris SezRudva
rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, regulaciis me-4 muxli krZalavs mimwodeblis mier ga-
dasayidi fasis gansazRvras da dilersa da distributors aZlevs gadasayidi fasis da-
moukideblad gansazRvris SesaZleblobas. kerZod, am muxliT akrZalulia iseTi ver-
tikaluri SeTanxmebis dadeba, romelic pirdapir an arapirdapir axdens fasis fiqsaci-
as, an adgens minimalur gadasayid fass. gadasayidi fasis SenarCuneba SeiZleba moxdes
iribi xerxiTac, magaliTad: Tu mimwodebeli gansazRvravs distribuciis marJas an fas-
daklebis maqsimalur odenobas.35
aRsaniSnavia is faqtic, rom, komisiis azriT, mimwodeblis mier maqsimaluri fa-
sis gansazRvra an sarekomendacio fasebis miTiTeba, rogorc wesi, ar aris 101-e muxlis
darRveva.
konkurenciis organos mtkicebiT, gadasayidi fasis SenarCunebam SeiZleba gamo-
iwvios Semdegi uaryofiTi Sedegebi:
pirveli, fasis gamWvirvalobis gaZlierebiT mimwodeblebi SeiZleba bazarze fa-
rulad SeTanxmdnen;
meore, aRmofxvras brendis SigniT konkurencia. SeiZleba aseve xeli Seuwyos dis-
tributorebs/dilerebs Soris farul SeTanxmebas;
mesame, amcirebs konkurencias mwarmoeblebsa an/da sacalo movaWreebs Soris.
gansakuTrebiT ki, rodesac mwarmoeblebi iyeneben erTsa da imave distributorebs Ta-
vianTi produqciis distribuciisaTvis da gadasayidi fasis SenarCuneba yvelas an maT
umravlesobas exeba;
meoTxe, yvela an gansazRvrul distributorebs xeli eSlebaT gadasayidi fasis
SemcirebaSi, e.i. arapiradapir iwvevs fasis gazrdas;
mexuTe, gadasayidi fasis SenarCuneba SeiZleba ganaxorcielos sabazro Zalauf-
lebis mqone mwarmoebelma, raTa ar misces bazarze Sesvlis SesaZlebloba konkuren-
tebs. sabazro Zalauflebis mqone mimwodeblebma SeiZleba SesTavazon distributo-
rebs gazrdili marJa, ramac SeiZleba gadaibiros distributorebi, moemsaxuron rome-
lime gansakuTrebul brends;
meeqvse, SeiZleba Seamciros dinamikuroba da inovacia distribuciis doneze.
sxvadasxva distributors Soris fasis konkurenciis SezRudviT gadasayidi fasis Se-
narCunebam SeiZleba, xeli SeuSalos ufro efeqtur sacalo movaWreebs bazarze Ses-
vlaSi an/da saqonlis sakmarisi raodenobis dabal fasad mopovebaSi. aseve SeiZleba,
xeli SeuSalos an daabrkolos iseTi distribuciis formatis Seqmna an gafarToeba,
romelic efuZneba dabal fasebs.36
35
iqve, §48.
36
109
b. teritoriasa da klientebze SezRudva
regulaciis me-4 muxlis meore akrZalva moicavs gadamyidvelis uflebis SezR-

udvas, TviTon gansazRvros, Tu romel teritoriaze gayidos an/da vis miyidos saqone-
li da momsaxureba. aseTi SezRudva ewinaaRmdegeba rogorc konkurenciis samarTlis
101-e muxlis akrZalvebs, aseve evrokavSiris erT-erT mniSvnelovan mizans – erTiani
bazris Seqmnas, romelic gaTvaliswinebulia evrokavSiris funqcionirebis Sesaxeb Se-
Tanxmebis 26-e muxlSi.37
evrokavSiris komisia gansakuTrebiT skeptikurad uyurebs eqskluziur sadis-
tribucio SeTanxmebebs, romlebic absolutur teritoriul dacvas aZlevs distri-
butorebs. magaliTad, mimwodebeli pirdapir avaldebulebs distributorebs, ar mih-
yidon saqoneli gansazRvrul klientebs, an ar ganaxorcielon misTvis gansazRvruli
teritoriis farglebs gareT gayidvebi da, Sesabamisad, gadaugzavnos SekveTebi Sesa-
bamis distributorebs.
absoluturi teritoriuli dacva gulisxmobs distributorebisTvis eqsportze
saqonlis gagzavnis akrZalvas. evrokavSiris precedentul samarTalSi arsebobs abso-
luturi teritoriuli dacvis sxvadasxva SemTxveva, maT Soris aris Semdegi saxis te-
ritoriuli SezRudvebis sxvadasxva magaliTi. kerZod:
• eqsporti nebadarTulia, Tu Tanxmoba miRebulia mwarmoeblisagan, an mas Sety-
obineba gaegzavna;
• rodesac saqoneli miwodebuli aqvs distributors da invoisSi weria, rom èq-
sporti akrZalulia~;
• arakamarisi odenobis saqoneli miewoda distributors imitom, rom eqsportze
ar gavides saqoneli;
• bonusebi ar iTvleba eqsportze gasuli saqonlidan;
• eqsportirebuli saqoneli mwarmoeblis mier aris ukan dabrunebuli;
• miwodebul saqonels aqvs iseTi niSani, romlis meSveobiTac paraleluri impor-
tiorebis identificireba xdeba;
• garantia SezRudulia im wevri saxelmwifos teritoriiT, sadac moxda saqonlis
SeZena;
• ormagi fasi aris gamoyenebuli eqsportis asakrZalavad;
• distributors moeTxoveba im klientis sabuTebis gadacema mimwodeblisaTvis,
romelic sxva teritoriidan aris;
• mwarmoebeli imuqreba SeTanxmebis SewyvetiT an, faqtobrivad, wyvets SeTanxme-
bas im dilerTan an distributorTan, romelic gayidis misTvis gamoyofili terito-
riis farglebs gareT;
• ucxoel klientebs moeTxovebaT, gadauxadon depoziti mimwodeblebs, rac ar
moeTxovebaT adgilobriv klientebs.38
37
ix. Mota M., et al, Hardcore Restrictions Under the Block Exemption Regulation on Vertical Agreements: An
Economic View, <http://ec.europa.eu/dgs/competition/economist/hardcore_restrictions_under_BER.pdf>, 5,
[05.04.2015].
38
Jones A., Sufrin B., EU Competition Law Text, Cases, and Materials, 4th Ed., Oxford University Press, 2011,
655-656.
110
aRsaniSnavia is faqti, rom es akrZalva Seicavs ramdenime gamonakliss, maT Soris

aris eqskluziur teritoriaze an eqskluziur klientebze aqtiuri miyidvebis akrZal-
va. komisiis azriT, distributorebsa da dilerebs SeiZleba aekrZaloT aqtiuri gayid-
vebi sxva teritoriaze an klientebze, Tumca maT, rogorc wesi, ar SeiZleba aekrZaloT
pasiuri gayidvebis ganxorcieleba.
aqtiuri gayidvebi gulisxmobs klientebTan aqtiur miaxloebas, magaliTad: pir-
dapir werilebis gagzavnas, maT Soris arasasurveli, klientis moTxovnis gareSe, eleq-
tronuli werilebis gagzavnasac; aqtiur miaxloebas gansazRvruli jgufis klienteb-
Tan an gansazRvrul teritoriaze arsebul klientebTan televiziis, internetis an
sxva saSualebebiT.39
pasiuri gayidvebi niSnavs individualuri klientebis moTxovnebis sapasuxod
ganxorcielebul gayidvebs, maT Soris aseTi klientebisTvis saqonlisa da momsaxure-
bis miwodebas. zogadi reklama, romelic ganTavsebulia televiziaSi an internetSi da
aRwevs sxva distributorebis eqskluziur teritoriebze an klientebis jgufamde, pa-
siur gayidvebad iTvleba.40
dResdReobiT interneti saSualebas aZlevs movaWreebs, ufro met da sxvadasxva
klientTan daamyaron urTierToba. zogadad, vebgverdis qona pasiuri gayidvis for-
mad iTvleba. is gonivruli saSualebaa, radgan klientebs SeuZliaT, misi meSveobiT
daamyaron urTierToba distributorebTan. Tu klienti estumreba distributoris
vebgverds, daekontaqteba mas da Semdeg moxdeba saqonlis SeZena, misi miwodebis CaT-
vliT, es iTvleba pasiur gayidvad.41
komisia skeptikurad uyurebs distributorebisTvis dawesebul SezRudvebs, rom-
lebic pasiuri gayidvebis akrZalvebs iTvaliswinebs. praqtikaSi gavrcelebulia Semde-
gi saxis pasiuri gayidvebis SezRudvis SemTxvevebi:
pirveli, distributors ekrZaleba, sxva distributoris eqskluziuri terito-
riidan Semosul klientebs saSualeba misces misi vebgverdis naxvisa, an vebgverdi av-
tomaturad gadaamisamarTebs Sesabamisi distributoris vebgverdze;
meore, eqskluziur distributors daevaleba, Sewyvitos klientebTan internetis
meSveobiT tranzaqciebi mas Semdeg, rac aRmoaCens, rom maT sakredito baraTze mibmuli
misamarTi ar emTxveva distributoris eqskluziur teritorias;
mesame, vertikaluri SeTanxmebis mxareebi SeTanxmdebian, rom internetiT ganxor-
cielebuli gayidvebi ar gadaaWarbebs mTliani gayidvebis gansazRvrul raodenobas;
meoTxe, distributors daevaleba, ufro maRali fasi daados internetis meSveo-
biT ganxorcielebul tranzaqciebs.42
39
40
iqve.
41
42
iqve.
111
7. vertikaluri SezRudvebiT gamowveuli uaryofiTi Sedegebi
komisiis azriT, vertikalur SeTanxmebebSi arsebulma zemoT CamoTvlilma SezR-

udvebma Semdegi saxis negatiuri Sedegebi SeiZleba gamoiwvios:
pirveli, sxva mimwodeblebs an myidvelebs gauzardos bazarze Sesasvleli barie-
rebi da amis Sedegad moaxdinos maTTvis bazris antikonkurenciuli daxurva;
meore, Seamciros mimwodebelsa da mis konkurentebs Soris konkurencia an/da
misces maT saSualeba, farulad dadon garigeba brendebs Soris konkurenciis Semci-
rebis Sedegad;
mesame, Seamciros konkurencia distributorebsa/dilerebsa da maT konkuren-
tebs Soris an/da farul garigebaSi Sevidnen erTi da imave brendis distributorebi/
dilerebi;
meoTxe, safrTxe Seuqmnas evrokavSiris erT-erT mniSvnelovan mizans – evropuli
bazris integracias.
8. mZime SezRudvebis obieqturi aucilebloba
mZime SezRudvebi gansakuTrebul SemTxvevebSi SeiZleba ar iyos akrZaluli 101-e

muxliT, Tuki isini obieqturad saWiroa gansazRvruli xasiaTis SeTanxmebebis gansa-
xorcieleblad. kerZod:
pirveli, Tu saWiroa aikrZalos saSiSi nivTierebebis gansazRvruli klientebi-
saTvis miyidva usafrTxoebisa da janmrTelobis dacvis mizniT;43
meore, distributori bazarze waradgens axal saqonels, an mas arsebuli brendi
axal bazarze Seaqvs da man Sesabamis bazarze Sesasvlelad da misi ganviTarebisaTvis
didi odenobis investiciebi ganaxorciela. am SemTxvevaSi, bunebrivia, distributo-
ri iseT SeTanxmebas ar dadebs mimwodebelTan, romliTac misi interesebi ar iqneba da-
culi. komisiis azriT, aseT SemTxvevebSi, sxva distributorebs SeiZleba aekrZaloT
aqtiuri da pasiuri gayidvebis ganxorcieleba Sesabamis toritoriaze arsebul klien-
tebze an distributorisaTvis gamoyofili klientebis jgufze pirveli ori wlis gan-
mavlobaSi;44
mesame, im SemTxvevaSi, Tu gansazRvrul teritoriaze an gansazRvruli kliente-
bis jgufSi xdeba axali produqtebis namdvili testireba da bazarze misi etapobrivi
Setana, distributorebs SeiZleba, pirvel etapze SeezRudoT am teritoriis an klien-
tebis jgufis gareT aqtiuri gayidvebis ganxorcieleba;45
meoTxe, Tu mimwodebelma mniSvnelovnad ufro meti xarji gaswia internetiT gan-
xorcielebul tranzaqciebze, maSin mas SeuZlia, daawesos SedarebiT maRali fasi aseT
garigebebze.46
43
44
iqve, § 61.
45
iqve, § 62.
46
iqve, § 64.
112
9. vertikaluri SezRudvebis Sedegad miRebuli efeqturobebi
stefen mahinkas azriT, vertikaluri SezRudvebi SeiZleba saWiro iyos kanoni-

eri komerciuli saqmianobis miznebis misaRwevad.47 evrokavSiris komisiis Sexedule-
biT, vertikalur SeTanxmebebSi arsebuli SezRudvebi SeiZleba xels uwyobdes Semdegi
problemebis gadawyvetas:
pirveli, vertikaluri SezRudvebis dawesebiT, mimwodebelma SeiZleba aRmof-
xvras e.w. `Tavisuflad mosargeblis~ problema distributorebs Soris. magaliTad:
erT distributors hqondes gayidvebiswina momsaxureba, romelic iTvaliswinebs po-
tenciuri myidvelis mier gasayidi avtomobiliT sargeblobas misi Semowmebis mizniT.
myidvels SeuZlia isargeblos am momsaxurebiT erTi distributorisagan, raTa Sea-
mowmos avtomanqana, xolo Semdeg SeiZinos avtomobili meore distributorisagan, ro-
melic ufro iafad yidis imave modelisa da markis avtomobils imis gamo, rom mas gayid-
viswina momsaxureba ar aqvs. am SemTxvevaSi, meore distributori iTvleba `Tavisuf-
lad mosargebled~, radgan igi usasyidlod sargeblobs pirveli distributoris mier
SeTavazebuli gayidvebiswina momsaxurebiT. am problemis gadasawyvetad mimwodebels
SeuZlia, yvela distributori xelSekrulebiT daavaldebulos, efeqturi momsaxure-
ba gauwion potenciur myidvelebs xelSekrulebis dadebamde.
meore, imisTvis, raTa distributorma axal teritoriaze gasayidad Seitanos
momsaxureba an saqoneli, mas SeiZleba sWirdebodes gansazRvruli investiciebis gan-
xorcieleba am teritoriaze, romlis dabruneba garkveul riskebs SeiZleba ukavSir-
debodes. aRniSnuli garemoebidan gamomdinare, distributors sWirdeba teritori-
uli dacva garkveuli periodiT, raTa man SeZlos droebiT SedarebiT ufro maRali
fasis daweseba imisaTvis, rom moaxdinos ganxorcielebuli investiciebidan Tanxebis
amoReba.
mesame, zogierT seqtorSi sacalo movaWreebi yidian mxolod `xarisxian~ pro-
duqts. aseTi movaWreebis meSveobiT saqonlis gayidva SeiZleba sasargeblo iyos, ro-
desac bazarze axali produqtis wardgena xdeba. Tu mwarmoebels Tavidan ar SeeZleba,
SezRudos Tavisi saqonlis gayidvebi brenduli maRaziebis meSveobiT, mis mier nawar-
moebi axali produqtebis warmodgenas bazarze SeiZleba safrTxe Seeqmnas. aseT Sem-
TxvevaSi, SeiZleba gamarTlebuli iyos mokle periodiT iseTi SezRudvebis daweseba,
rogoricaa, magaliTad, eqskluziuri an SerCeviTi distribucia. SezRuduli periodi
unda iZleodes axali produqtis bazarze warmodgenis SesaZleblobas, magram igi ar
unda gagrZeldes didi xniT, ise, rom xeli SeeSalos mis farTomasStabian gavrcelebas;
meoTxe, xandaxan mwarmoebels an distributors/dilers SeiZleba moeTxovos
klientze orientirebuli investiciebis ganxorcieleba. magaliTad, komponentebis
mwarmoebels SeiZleba moeTxovos axali mowyobilobis Seqmna imisaTvis, rom daakma-
yofilos misi klientis gansakuTrebuli moTxovna. aseT SemTxvevaSi, mwarmoebeli ar
ganaxorcielebs saWiro investiciebs, sanam gansakuTrebuli miwodebis pirobebi ar iq-
neba gadawyvetili xelSekrulebiT;
47
Mahinka S., Vertical Restraints as Exclusionary Practices: Current Issues in Regulated and Deregulated
Industries, Antitrust Law Journal, Issue 58, 1989-1990, 58.
113
mexuTe, vertikalurma SezRudvebma SeiZleba xeli Seuwyos masStabur ekonomikas

distribuciaSi. mwarmoebels Tu unda, rom hqondes masStaburi ekonomika da moaxdinos
Tavisi produqtebis ufro dabal sacalo fasad realizacia, mas SeuZlia, Tavisi pro-
duqtebis gayidvebi miandos SezRuduli raodenobis distributorebs. amisaTvis mas
SeuZlia, gamoiyenos eqskluziuri distribucia da moiTxovos sacalo movaWreebisagan
gansazRvruli raodenobis saqonlis SeZena, an gamoiyenos SerCeviTi distribucia ase-
Tive moTxovnis gamoyenebiT;
meeqvse, vertikalur SezRudvebs SeuZlia ganaviTaros erTsaxovneba da xarisxis
standartizacia. kerZod, vertikaluri SeTanxmebebiT SeiZleba Seiqmnas brendis saxe,
Tu erTsaxeobisa da xarisxis standartizaciis gansazRvruli zomebi iqneba dawesebu-
li distributorebisaTvis, rac, Tavis mxriv, gazrdis saboloo momxmareblis brendis
mimarT sandoobasa da saqonlis gayidvebs. es ki SeiZleba miRweul iqnes SerCeviTi dis-
tribuciisa da frenSaizingis meSveobiT.48
10. daskvna
yovelive zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, SeiZleba imis Tqma, rom vertikalur

SeTaxmebebSi arsebuli SezRudvebi konkurenciis kuTxiT garkveul safrTxeebs Sei-
cavs. miuxedavad imisa, rom aseTi tipis SeTanxmebebi horizontalur SezRudvebTan Se-
darebiT naklebad sazianoa konkurenciisaTvis, isini mainc saWiroeben konkurenciis
organoebisgan yuradRebas. konkurenciis samarTali, ZiriTadad, vertikaluri SezR-
udvebiT maSin interesdeba, Tu brendebs Soris konkurencia, anu mwarmoeblebs Soris
konkurencia, bazarze SezRudulia. evrokomisia gansakuTrebiT skeptikurad uyurebs
vertikalur SeTanxmebebs, romlebic gadasayidi fasebis fiqsacias an bazrebis/klien-
tebis ganawilebas exeba. amasTan, unda aRiniSnos is faqtic, rom garkveuli obieqtu-
ri mizezebis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi, vertikaluri SezRudvebis akrZalvebidan ganTa-
visuflebac SeiZleba. evropuli konkurenciis organoebis azriT, saWiroa vertika-
luri SeTanxmebebis sruli ekonomikuri da samarTlebrivi analizi imisaTvis, raTa
dadgindes, zRudaven Tu ara isini bazarze konkurencias. vertikaluri SezRudvebis
Seswavlisas aucilebelia sxvadasxva faqtoris mxedvelobaSi miReba, maT Soris iseTi
garemoebebisa, rogorebicaa: vertikaluri SeTanxmebis mxareebis sabazro wilebi, maTi
konkurentebis sabazro wilebi, bazarze Sesasvleli barierebis arseboba, bazris mom-
wifebuloba da sxv.
48
Mahinka S., Vertical Restraints as Exclusionary Practices: Current Issues in Regulated and Deregulated
Industries, Antitrust Law Journal, Issue 58, 1989-1990, 107.
114
ana ramiSvili *
instituciuri investorebis aqcioneruli aqtivizmis adgili

korporaciuli marTvis qarTul sistemaSi da misi gavlena
saerTaSoriso Serwymis garigebebze
instituciuri investorebi saerTaSoriso Serwymisa da STanTqmis garigebe-

bis ganxorcielebis procesSi gansakuTrebul rolsa da funqcias asruleben.
instituciuri investorebis rolis zrda aqcioneruli aqtivizmis, rogorc
korporaciuli marTvis gaumjobesebis qmediTi meqanizmis, warmoSobam gana-
piroba. aqtivisti aqcioneris tipebis, maTi aqtivizmis bunebisa da formebis
ganxilvis gziT statiaSi aris mcdeloba, ganisazRvros qarTul kompaniebSi
aqcioneruli aqtivizmis praqtikis danergvis SesaZlebloba da naTeli gaxdes
instituciur aqcionerul aqtivizmsa da minoritari aqcionerebis uflebaTa
efeqtian dacvas Soris arsebuli urTierTdamokidebuleba. statiaSi gamok-
veTilia is safuZvlebi, romlebic qmnian saTanado winapirobebs aqcioneru-
li aqtivizmis ganviTarebisaTvis, imisTvis, rom igi realurad iqces insti-
tuciuri aqcioneruli aqtivizmis korporaciuli marTvis qarTuli sistemis
Semadgenel nawilad.
instituciuri investorebis, gansakuTrebiT ucxoeli instituciuri in-
vestorebis, roli aqtiuri fasilitatoruli funqciis SesrulebiT gamoixa-
teba, rac, Tavis mxriv, korporaciuli marTvis konvergencias miRwevads xdis.
alternatiuli sainvesticio fondebi, arbitraJuli garigebebisa da aqciaTa
wilebis SefasebasTan dakavSirebuli aqtivizmis meSveobiT, romlebic ukve
iqcnen maTi sainvesticio strategiis ganuyofel nawilebad, xels uwyoben ga-
rigebis fasis zrdasa da minoritari aqcionerebis kuTvnili wilebis samar-
Tlian Sefasebas. instituciuri aqcioneruli aqtivizmi, rogorc ganxorci-
elebulma kvlevam aCvena, xels uwyobs minoritari aqcionerebis uflebaTa
gafarToebasa da maT ufro efeqtian gamoyenebas.
sakvanZo sityvebi: aqcioneruli aqtivizmi, korporaciuli marTvis konver-

gencia, ucxoeli instituciuri investorebi, saerTaSoriso Serwyma da STan-
Tqma, hej-fondebi, Serwymis arbitraJi, SefasebiTi aqtivizmi.
1. Sesavali
saerTaSoriso Serwyma korporaciuli samyarosTvis damaxasiaTebel garigebaTa

ricxvSi Sedis, romelic globalur bazarze lideris poziciis mopovebisa da ganmtki-
cebisaTvis gamoiyeneba. multinacionaluri korporaciebi xSirad mimarTaven saerTa-
*
115
Soriso Serwymis garigebas, rogorc zrdis, gafarToebisa da axali bazrebis aTvisebis

instruments. saerTaSoriso Serwymis procesSi mniSvnelovani adgili ukaviaT insti-
tuciur investorebs, romlebsac SeuZliaT msgavsi tipis garigebebze mniSvnelovani
gavlenis moxdena. instituciuri investorebis rolis zrdas aqcioneruli aqtivizmis
warmoSobam Seuwyo xeli. aqcioneruli aqtivizmi Tanamedrove korporaciuli marTvis
swrafad mzardi amerikuli tendenciaa, romelmac korporaciuli marTvis gaumjobe-
sebis sapasuxismgeblo misia sakuTar Tavze aiRo da mTel msoflioSi, masTan, kontinen-
turi evropis qveynebSic farTod gavrcelda.
winamdebare statiis mizania korporaciuli marTvis erTian sistemaSi institu-
ciuri investorebis aqcioneruli aqtivizmis adgilis gamokveTa da saerTaSoriso
Serwymis garigebebze misi gavlenis gansazRvra. aqcionerul aqtivizmTan dakavSirebu-
li sakiTxebis Seswavlis gziT statia cdilobs, gansazRvros qarTul kompaniebSi aqci-
oneruli aqtivizmis praqtikis danergvis SesaZlebloba, risTvisac kvlevam gamokveTa
is safuZvlebi, romlebic noyier niadags qmnian aqcioneruli aqtivizmis ganviTarebi-
saTvis.
instituciuri investorebis aqcioneruli aqtivizmis ganxilva miznad isaxavs mi-
noritari aqcionerebis uflebaTa dacvasa da aqtivizms Soris urTierTdamokidebu-
lebis Cvenebas imis dasadgenad, Tu ramdenad uwyobs xels instituciuri aqcioneruli
aqtivizmi minoritari aqcionerebis uflebaTa gafarToebasa da maT ufro efeqtian ga-
moyenebas, Sesabamisad, umciresobaSi myofi aqcionerebis interesebis ukeTesad dac-
vas. sakiTxisadmi aseTi midgoma gamomdinareobs im garemoebidan, rom instituciuri
investori, umetes SemTxvevaSi, umciresobaSi myofi aqcioneris statusiT sargeblobs.
instituciuri aqcioneruli aqtivizmis Tematikis ganxilvis Semdeg gamokvleu-
lia saerTaSoriso Serwymis dros ucxoeli instituciuri investoris roli. statiis
dasasruls saubaria korporaciuli marTvis konvergenciaze, romelic saerTaSoriso
Serwymis garigebebis ganxorcielebis gziT da maTSi instituciuri investorebis aq-
tiuri monawileobiT miiRweva. daskvnaSi ganxorcielebuli kvlevis safuZvelze Camo-
yalibebulia sarekomendacio xasiaTis winadadebebi, romlebmac, erTi mxriv, xeli un-
da Seuwyon qarTul kompaniebSi instituciuri investorebis aqcioneruli aqtivizmis
ganviTarebas da, meore mxriv, uzrunvelyon korporaciuli marTvis qarTuli sistemis
ganuyofel nawilad instituciuri aqcioneruli aqtivizmis qceva.
2. instituciuri aqcioneruli aqtivizmi, rogorc korporaciuli

marTvis gaumjobesebis meqanizmi
2.1. aqcioneruli aqtivizmis arsi da mizani
aqcioneruli aqtivizmi aqcioneruli CarTulobis umaRlesi gamovlinebaa. misi

sayovelTaod miRebuli gansazRvreba, romelzec Sejerebuli azri iarsebebda mecni-
erebsa da praqtikos iuristebs Soris, dReisaTvis ar moipoveba. termini xSirad aqci-
oneris mier ganxorcielebuli nebismieri aqtivobis aRsaniSnavad gamoiyeneba. korpo-
116
ana ramiSvili, instituciuri investorebis aqcioneruli aqtivizmis adgili korporaciuli
marTvis qarTul sistemaSi da misi gavlena saerTaSoriso Serwymis garigebebze
raciuli marTvis evropuli instituti gansazRvravs mas rogorc sazogadoebis mesa-

kuTre aqcionerebis mier gasavlel gzas, romelzec aqcionerebs SeuZliaT sakuTari
Zalauflebis ganmtkiceba sazogadoebis qcevaze gavlenis moxdeniT.1 aqcioneruli
aqtivizmi, viwro gagebiT, sazogadoebis marTvaSi aqcionerTa Carevamde daiyvaneba,
xolo farTo gagebiT, instituciuri investorebis CarTulobas gulisxmobs.2 aqcio-
neruli aqtivizmi korporaciuli gavlenis bazris arealSi eqceva,3 sadac, korporaci-
uli kontrolis bazrisagan gansxvavebiT, brZola sxvadasxva strategiisa da teqnikis
gamoyenebiT gavlenis mopovebisaTvis mimdinareobs, imisTvis, rom Seicvalos strate-
gia an gadawyvetileba.4 korporaciuli kontrolis bazarze brZola ufro fuZemdeb-
luri cvlilebebis ganxorcielebisaTvis iwyeba.5
aqcioneruli aqtivizmis arsi xSirad minoritari aqcionerebis mier kanoniT ga-
werili uflebebis aqtiuri gamoyenebiTa da aRsrulebiT gamoixateba, ris gamoc insti-
tuciuri aqcioneruli aqtivizmi minoritari aqcionerebis interesebis xelyofisagan
prevenciis meTodad ganixileba.6 aqcioneruli aqtivizmis aseTi tipis ganmartebis
amosaval wertils aqcionerTa uflebebi da maTi dacva Seadgens, rac xSirad gamoiye-
neba argumentad, romlis meSveobiTac korporaciis marTva-gamgeobaSi aqcionerTa aq-
tiuri CarTvis gamarTleba xorcieldeba.7
aqcioneruli aqtivizmis mTavari mizani kontrolSi cvlilebis gareSe aqcione-
ris rolis, gavlenisa da Zalauflebis gazrdaa.8 aqcioneruli aqtivizmis ufro dakon-
kretebul mizans grZelvadian periodSi aqcioneruli Rirebulebis zrda warmoadgens,
romelic sazogadoebis xelmZRvaneli pirebis qcevaze gavlenis moxdeniT miiRweva. aq-
cioneruli aqtivizmi xSirad erTi an ramdenime aqcioneris inicirebuli, xangrZlivi
da kompleqsuri sadiskusio procesia, romelic samizne sazogadoebaSi aqcioneruli
Rirebulebis ukeT ganawilebas eswrafvis. aqcionerul aqtivizms, ekonomikurTan er-
Tad, SeiZleba ekologiuri da socialuri interesebic amoZravebdes. zogierTi mkleva-
ri miiCnevs, rom sargebeli, romelic aqcioneruli aqtivizmis ganxorcielebis Sedegad
dgeba, sazogadoebrivi sikeTis erT-erTi nairsaxeobaa.9 miuxedavad amisa, aqcioneruli
aqtivizmis yvelaze Zlier motivatorad mainc ekonomikuri daintereseba rCeba.
1
<http://www.ecgi.org/activism/index.php>. [28.04.2015].
2
Chiu I., The Foundations and Anatomy of Shareholder Activism, Oxford, 2010, 3.
3
Cheffins B.R., Armour J., The Past, Present, and Future of Shareholder Activism by Hedge Funds, J. Corp. L.,
Vol. 37, Iss. 1, 2011, 58.
4
vrclad ix. Rose P., Shareholder Proposals in the Market for Corporate Influence, Florida L. Rev., Vol. 66,
2014, 2179-2228.
5
Kahan M., Rock E. B., Hedge Funds in Corporate Governance and Corporate Control, U. Pa. L. Rev., Vol. 155,
Iss. 5, 2007, 1040.
6
Low Ch .K., A Road Map for Corporate Governance in East Asia, Nw. J. Int’l L. & Bus., Vol. 25, Iss. 1, 2004,
185-186.
7
Armour J., Cheffins B. R., The Rise and Fall (?) of Shareholder Activism by Hedge Funds, ECGI Working Paper
№136/2009, 2009, 2.
8
Gillan S.L., Starks L.T., The Evolution of Shareholder Activism in the United States, Journal of Applied Corporate
Finance, Vol. 19, Iss. 1, 2007, 58.
9
Nili Y., Missing the Forest for the Trees: A New Approach to Shareholder Activism, Harvard Bus. L. Rev., Vol.
4, 2014, 167.
117
2.2. aqtivisti aqcioneris tipebi da maTi aqtivizmis buneba
2.2.1. individualuri investorebi
individualuri investorebi aqtivisti aqcionerebis yvelaze mcire jgufs Sead-

genen. individualuri investorebis umravlesoba, rogorc wesi, investirebas ormxri-
vi fondebisa da sapensio fondebis meSveobiT axorcielebs, rac Cadebuli finansuri
saxsrebis profesionaluri marTvis SesaZleblobas iZleva.10 individualuri investo-
rebis darCenili nawili aqtivizms damoukideblad eweva.
individualuri investoris aqcioneruli aqtivizmis arsi imiT gamoixateba, rom
individualurma aqcionerma miaRwios ara marto sakiTxis dasmas, aramed mis Semdgom
gadawyvetasac ubiZgos.11 aqcioneruli aqtivizmis kritikosebi aRniSnaven, rom aqti-
vizmi individualuri aqcionerisaTvis TviTmizani ar unda iyos.12 individualuri aq-
tivizmi xSirad xelSesaxeb Sedegs ar iZleva, ris gamoc kritika Tvlis, rom aqcionerma
mxolod xmauris SeqmnisTvis, romelsac aranairi pozitiuri Sedegi ar mohyveba, ar un-
da mimarTos aqtivizms.13 aqtivisti aqcioneris qmedebebSi unda igrZnobodes raciona-
lurobis marcvali, romelic ukarnaxebs mas, rom mxolod im SemTxvevaSi dakavdes aq-
tivizmiT, rodesac misgan mosalodneli mogeba gasawev xarjebs aRemateba.14 aqtivisti
aqcioneri15 yovelTvis arCevanis winaSe dgas, ra gzas daadges – ecados gavlenis moxde-
nas, Tu wilis maRal likvidurobaze izrunos. individualuri investorebi ufro xSi-
rad meore gzas irCeven.
2.2.2. tradiciuli instituciuri investorebi
aqtivist aqcionerebs Soris yvelaze metad instituciuri investorebi Warboben,

romelTa aqtivizmis done individualuri investorebis maCvenebels mkveTrad aRema-
teba, rac aqciaTa ufro msxvili wilebis flobidan gamomdinareobs. instituciuri
investorebis rolis zrdas xeli Seuwyo meurveobis Teoriis (Stewardship Theory) Camo-
yalibebam, romelic korporaciuli marTvis Teoriebs Soris erT-erT yvelaze gavrce-
lebulia, romelic instituciur investors meurvis rolSi ganixilavs.16
10
Cahn A., Donald D., Comparative Company Law, Cambridge UP., Cambridge, 2010, 799.
11
dawvrilebiT ix.: Gulinello Ch., The Retail Investor Vote: Mobilizing Rationally Apathetic Shareholders to
Preserve or Challenge the Board’s Presumption of Authority, Utah L. Rev., Vol. 2010, Iss. 3, 2010, 547-604.
12
vrclad ix. Langevoort D., The SEC, Retail Investors, and the Institutionalization of the Securities Markets, Va. L.
Rev., Vol. 95, Iss. 4, 2009, 1025-1083.
13
Harris L., Missing in Activism: Retail Investor Absence in Corporate Elections, Colum. Bus. L. Rev., Vol. 104,
Iss. 1, 2010, 104-204.
14
Black B., Protecting the Retail Investor in an Age of Financial Uncertainty, U. Dayton L. Rev., Vol. 35, 2009, 64.
15
individualuri, iseve rogorc instituciuri investori.
16
dawvrilebiT ix. Chiu I., Institutional Shareholders as Stewards: Toward a New Conception of Corporate
Governance, Brook. J. Corp. Fin. & Com. L. Vol. 6, 2012, 387-432.
118
instituciuri aqcioneruli aqtivizmi, Cveulebriv, TavdacviT xasiaTs atarebs

da reagirebadi bunebiT xasiaTdeba.17 ormxrivi sainvesticio fondebisa da sajaro sa-
pensio fondebis aqcioneruli aqtivizmi SemTxveviTia da ex post xorcieldeba, kerZod,
maSin, rodesac fondebis xelmZRvaneloba SeniSnavs, rom marTva da saqmianoba korpo-
raciebisa, romlebSic maT investiciebi aqvT ganxorcielebuli, arasasurveli mimar-
TulebiT viTardeba.
instituciuri investori, Cveulebriv, yoveldRiur saqmianobaSi ar erTveba,
Tumca calkeul maTgans amis mcdeloba namdvilad aqvs, rac, rogorc wesi, kritikis
sagani xdeba. zogadad miiCneva, rom institucirma investorebma Tavi unda Seikavon
yoveldRiur saqmianobaSi Cabmisagan. instituciuri investori marTva-gamgeobis sa-
kiTxebSi ereva, rodesac safrTxe emuqreba sazogadoebis grZelvadian interesebs.18
informaciis gaxsniloba xSirad ver qmnis mTlian suraTs, ris gamoc aucilebeli xdeba
sazogadoebaze gavlenis momxdeni sxva damatebiTi meqanizmebis gamoyeneba. profesori
s. beinbriji Tvlis, rom instituciuri investorebis aqtivizmis gavlena sazogadoe-
bis korporaciul marTvaze minimaluria.19 zogierTi mecnieris azriT, instituciuri
aqcioneruli aqtivizmi aris zedmeti, gadaWarbebuli kontrolis ganxorcieleba me-
nejmentis qcevaze, rac Zviri siamovnebaa, ris gamoc mxolod im SemTxvevaSi unda iqnes
gamoyenebuli, rodesac amis saWiroeba arsebobs.20
2.2.3. alternatiuli instituciuri investorebi
alternatiuli instituciuri investorebi qmnian axali tipis aqtivisti aqcio-

nerebis jgufs, romlis Semadgenlobas alternatiuli sainvesticio fondebi avseben.21
alternatiul sainvesticio fondebs Soris gamoiyofa hej-fondi. igi yvelaze dina-
mikuri aqtivisti aqcioneria,22 romelsac namdvili mesakuTris msgavsad SeuZlia moq-
medeba.23 aqtivistma hej-fondebma, kerZo (saaqcio) kapitalis sainvesticio fondebTan
erTad daikaves Tavisufali sivrce, romelic sakredito reitingis saagentoebis, kor-
17
Vol. 37, Iss. 1, 2011, 58.
18
vrclad ix. Sharfman B., A Theory of Shareholder Activism and its Place in Corporate Law, Tenn. L. Rev.,
Vol. 82, Iss. 4, 2015, 101-134.
19
Bainbridge S., The New Corporate Governance in Theory and Practice, Oxford UP., Oxford, 2008, 22.
20
dawvrilebiT ix. Romano R., Less is More: Making Institutional Investor Activism A Valuable Mechanism
of Corporate Governance, Yale Journal on Regulation, Vol. 18, Iss. 2, 2001, 174-252.
21
hej-fondebTan erTad alternatiuli sainvesticio fondebis ricxvSi Sedian kerZo
(saaqcio) kapitalis sainvesticio fondebi, birJaze movaWre sainvesticio fondebi da
suverenuli sainvesticio fondebi. Çelik S., Isaksson M., Institutional Investors as Owners: Who Are
They and What Do They Do?, OECD Corporate Governance Working Papers, №.11, OECD Publishing, 2013, 8,
xelmisawvdomia Semdeg vebmisamarTze: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/5k3v1dvmfk42-en>, [16.09.2015].
22
Iss. 5, 2007, 1028.
23
iqve, 1047.
119
poraciuli kontrolis bazris, xmis micemis racionaluri gamoyenebisa da xelmZRvane-

li pirebis angariSvaldebulebis mier Seuvsebeli darCa.24
pirveli hej-fondebi amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi gamoCndnen. Tanamedrove
hej-fondis istoriuli winamorbedia 1949 wels alfred uinslou jonsis dafuZnebuli
fondi, romelic 1940 wlis sainvesticio kompaniis aqtis moTxovnebs ar eqvemdebarebo-
da. terminis warmoSoba ukavSirdeba karol lumis saxels, romelmac fondis dasaxasi-
aTeblad is pirvelad 1966 wels gamoiyena. hej-fondis qarTuli analogia gaTviTcno-
bierebul (gamocdil) investorTa sainvesticio fondi.25 hej-fondis investorTa wres
mxolod akreditebuli da kvalificiuri investorebi qmnian. gaTviTcnobierebul (ga-
mocdil) investorTa sainvesticio fondis monawile investorad, hej-fondis msgav-
sad, mxolod gaTviTcnobierebuli (gamocdili) investori SeiZleba gamodiodes.26
hej-fondebs tradiciuli, instituciuri investorebisagan gansxvavebiT, ufro kon-
centrirebuli portfeli aqvT da garigebebis dafinansebas, umeteswilad, kreditis
gamoyenebiT axorcieleben.
hej-fondebis aqtivizmi tradiciuli instituciuri investorebis aqtivizmisa-
gan xarisxobrivi da raodenobrivi maCveneblebiT gansxvavdeba.27 hej-fondebis saqmi-
anobis irgvliv arsebul mTavar wuxils wlebis ganmavlobaSi moklevadian miznebsa da
interesebze gaTvla iwvevda.28 hej-fondebis saqmianoba sistemuri riskis albaTobas
zrdis,29 ramac arcTu iseTi umniSvnelo roli Seasrula finansuri krizisis dros, rac
sakredito derivatebis gamoyenebiT aixsna.30 hej-fondis intensiuri regulirebis au-
cilebloba xSirad sakredito riskis SemcirebiT aixsneba,31 romelic hej-fondebis mi-
er sakredito derivatebis gamoyenebis dros warmoiqmneba.32 hej-fondebis aqtivizmi
kritikis qveS eqceva aseve carieli xmis micemis (Empty Voting) gamo, romelic Serwymis
garigebebis Tanamdevi arcTu iSviaTi movlenaa.33 carieli xmis micema, rogorc xmis uf-
24
Macey J., Corporate Governance: Promises Kept, Promises Broken, Princeton UP, Princeton, 2008, 272.
25
ix. sainvesticio fondebis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos kanonis me-3 muxlis me-3 punqtis „b~
qvepunqti.
26
ix. fasiani qaRaldebis bazris Sesaxeb saqarTvelos kanonis me-2 muxlis 59-e punqti 57-e
punqtTan kombinaciaSi.
27
Kahan M., Rock B., Hedge Fund Activism in the Enforcement of Bondholder Rights, NW. L. Rev., Vol. 103,
2009, 282.
28
Katelouzou D., Worldwide Hedge Fund Activism: Dimensions and Legal Determinants, J. Bus. L., Vol 17, Iss.
3, 2015, 791.
29
Hawley J., Kamath J., Williams A., Corporate Governance Failures: The Role of Institutional Investors in the
Global Financial Crisis, Penn UP, Philadelphia, 2011, 14.
30
zogadad ix.: Stout L. A., Derivatives and the Legal Origin of the 2008 Credit Crisis, Harv. Bus. L. Rev., Vol.
1, 2011, 1-38.
31
Shadab H., The Law and Economics of Hedge Funds: Financial Innovation and Investor Protection, Berkeley
Bus. L. J., Vol. 6, 2009, 260.
32
Wynkoop N., The Unregulables? The Perilous Confluence of Hedge Funds and Credit Derivatives, Fordham L.
Rev. Vol. 76, Iss. 6, 2008, 3096.
33
vrclad ix. Zanoni A., Hedge Funds’ Empty Voting in Mergers and Acquisitions: A Fiduciary Duties
Perspective, Global Jurist, Vol. 9, Iss. 4, 2009, 41-79.
120
lebis manipulaciuri yidva-gayidva, xmis uflebis gamoyenebis strategiidan da ekono-

mikuri interesis gancalkevebidan gamomdinareobs da aRwers situacias, rodesac aq-
cioneris xmis micemis interesi ufro didi da mniSvnelovania, vidre misi ekonomikuri
interesi.34 miuxedavad amisa, bolo kvlevebi adastureben, rom hej-fondebis aqtivizmi
grZelvadian perspeqtivaSi zianis momtan strategias ar warmoadgens.35
hej-fondebis aqtivizmi ramdenime etapisagan Sedgeba,36 TavdasxmiT xasiaTs ata-
rebs da ex ante xorcieldeba. kerZod, hej-fondis mmarTveli jer, momgebianobis Tval-
sazrisiT, potenciuri samiznis Sefasebas axdens, ris Semdegac iZens wils da aqtiurde-
ba.37 hej-fondebis aqtivizmi daaxloebiT fasiani qaRaldebis sarisko yidva-gayidvasa da
korporaciuli strategiisa da kontrolisaTvis gamarTul brZolas Soris imyofeba.38
hej-fondis aqtivizmi korporaciuli marTvis makoreqtirebel meqanizmad miiC-
neva, romelsac sazogadoebis marTva-gamgeobasa da strategiaSi cvlilebebis Seta-
nis gziT SeuZlia, aqcioneruli Rirebulebis zrdas Seuwyos xeli, aseve uzrunvelyos
xelmZRvaneli pirebisaTvis Rirebuli informaciis mowodebiT samizne sazogadoeba-
Si korporaciuli marTvis sistemis gaumjobeseba.39 hej-fondebis aqtivizmi iZleva
grZelvadian perspeqtivaSi aqcioneruli Rirebulebis gazrdis realur SesaZleblo-
bas iseTi aqtivobebis ganxorcielebiT, romlebic sazogadoebis xelmZRvaneli pirebis
qveda rgolis (menejmentis) mier mosalodneli araefeqtiani gadawyvetilebebis miRe-
bis Taobaze cnobebis miwodebisa da rekomendaciebis SeTavazebiT zeda rgolis (di-
reqtorTa sabWos) winaswar gafrTxilebasa da informirebas uzrunvelyofen.40
34
dawvrilebiT ix. Hu h. Black B., The New Vote Buying: Empty Voting and Hidden (Morphable) Ownership,
S. Cal. L. Rev., Vol. 79, 2006, 811-908.
35
dawvrilebiT ix. Bebchuk L., Brav A., Jiang W., The Long-Term Effects of Hedge Fund Activism, Colum.
L. Rev., Vol. 115, Iss. 5, 2015, 1085-1156. agreTve ix.: Katelouzou D., Myths and Realities of Hedge Fund
Activism: Some Empirical Evidence, Va. L. & Bus. Rev., Vol. 7, 2013, 459-504.
36
hej-fondebis aqtivizmis Sesvlis, vaWrobis, disciplinirebisa da gasvlis stadiebi
gamoiyofa. dawvrilebiT ix.: Katelouzou D., Worldwide Hedge Fund Activism: Dimensions and Legal
Determinants, J. Bus. L., Vol 17, Iss. 3, 2015, 797.
37
Vol. 37, Iss. 1, 2011, 57.
38
Iss. 5, 2007, 1069.
39
Rose P., Sharfman B., Shareholder Activism as a Corrective Mechanism in Corporate Governance, BYU L. Rev.,
Vol. 2014, Iss. 2, 2014, 101-135. ix. <http://ssrn.com/abstract=2324151> [07.12.2014].
40
vrclad ix. Sharfman B., Activist Hedge Funds in a World of Board Independence: Creators or Destroyers
of Long-Term Value? Columbia Business Law Review, Forthcoming. xelmisawvdomia Semdeg
vebmisamarTze: <http://ssrn.com/abstract=2576408>. [24.03.2015]. mosazrebas qarTul realobas
Tu movargebT, gamova, rom instituciur investorebs SeeZlebaT direqtorebis mier
miRebul gadawyvetilebebSi maT mier gamovlenili xarvezebis Taobaze sameTvalyureo
sabWos informireba.
121
2.3. aqtivisti aqcioneris fiduciuri movaleobebi da

maTi mniSvneloba
instituciuri investorebis warmoSobam da maTi gavlenis zrdam, iseve rogorc

aqcioneruli aqtivizmis moZraobis aqtiurma ganviTarebam misca aqcionerebs saSu-
aleba, sazogadoebaSi sakuTari gavlena gaezardaT. gazrdilma gavlenam aqtiviste-
bi ufro informirebul da aqtiur aqcionerebad aqcia, ramac maTi interesebi ufro
heterogenuli gaxada. aqtivisti aqcioneris gavlenis zrdam warmoSva safrTxe, rom
mzardi gavlena ara sazogadoebis interesebis, kerZod korporaciuli marTvis gaum-
jobesebisa da xelmZRvaneli pirebis angariSvaldebulebis uzrunveyofisaken wari-
marTeba, aramed mxolod pirad kerZo interesebs moxmardeba, isic, xSirad, danarCeni
aqcionerebis xarjze.41
instituciuri investorebis aqcioneruli aqtivizmis ganviTarebiT Secvlili
viTarebis Sesabamisad, doqtrinam da sasamarTlo praqtikam TandaTanobiT daiwyo fi-
duciuri movaleobebis tradiciuli koncefciis aqtivist aqcionerebze gavrceleba
da erTmaneTTan mimarTebiT fiduciuri urTierTobebis arssa da mniSvnelobas gausva
xazi.42 Tanamedrove instituciuri aqcioneruli aqtivizmi fiduciuri movaleobebiT
aRWurvili aqcioneris pasuxismgebel qcevas niSnavs, rogorc mTlianad korporaciis,
ise danarCeni aqcionerebis mimarT, da gulisxmobs korporaciuli marTvis gaumjobe-
sebisa da grZelvadian perspeqtivaSi sazogadoebisa da misi aqcionerebis interesebis
dacvis sadarajoze dgomas.
2.4. aqcioneruli aqtivizmis formebi
2.4.1. aqtivizmis sawyisi etapi: uol-stritis wesi da

relatiuri investireba
instituciuri aqcioneruli aqtivizmi mravali gansxvavebuli formiT xorciel-

deba. aqcioneruli aqtivizmis yvelaze ioli forma aqciaTa gayidvis gziT sazogado-
ebis datovebaa. aqcioneri, nacvlad imisa, rom gaxdes aqtivisti da ecados gavlenis
moxdenas, sakuTar ukmayofilebas aseTi gziT gamoxatavs.43 aqciaTa wilebis gayidva
aqcioneruli aqtivizmis erT-erT formad ganixileba im mosazrebis safuZvelze, rom
instituciuri investorebis kuTvnili wilebis gayidva sasignalo niSania, romelic sa-
zogadoebis imijsa da reputaciaze uaryofiT gavlenas axdens. instituciuri inves-
toris kuTvnili msxvili paketis gayidvam SeiZleba aqciaTa fasze uaryofiTi gavlena
moaxdinos.44
41
Geczy Ch., Jeffers J., Musto D., Tucker A., Institutional Investing When Shareholders Are Not Supreme, Harv.
Bus. L. Rev., Vol. 5, Iss. 1, 2015, 75.
42
Anabtawi I., Stout L., Fiduciary Duties for Activist Shareholders, Stanf. L. Rev., Vol. 60, Iss. 5, 2008, 1260.
43
Admati A. R. Pfleiderer P., The “Wall Street Walk” and Shareholder Activism: Exit as a Form of Voice, The
Review of Financial Studies, Vol. 22, Iss. 7, 2009, 2650.
44
Rock E., Shareholder Eugenics in the Public Corporation, Cornell L. Rev., Vol. 97, 2012, 856.
122
uol-stritis wesi moqmedebs maSin, rodesac xelmZRvanelobis disciplinirebis

xarjebi da mosalodneli sargebeli aqciaTa gayidvidan misaReb sargebelze naklebia
da disciplinirebis xarjebs ver gadawonis. uol-stritze gasaseirneblad yvelaze
xSirad individualuri investori gadis, romelic brZolis nacvlad aqciebis gayid-
vas amjobinebs. amgvari wesiT gasvlis strategia gamarTlebulia, rodesac aqcioneru-
li struqturis koncentraciis done dabla iwevs, radgan miiCneva, rom, rodesac kon-
centracia maRalia, xelmZRvaneloba ufro disciplinirebulia an, ufro zustad, misi
disciplinireba aqtivizmiT ufro racionaluria.45
aqcioneri, romelic sazogadoebaSi darCenas mainc gadawyvets, Tavis aqtivizms
SedarebiT msubuqi formebiT iwyebs. aqcioneruli aqtivizmis sawyisi formaa relati-
uri investireba, romelic xelmZRvanel pirebTan werilobiTi mimoweris, uSualo ur-
TierTobis, Sexvedrebis, kerZo diskusiebis, molaparakebebis gamarTvisa da aqtiuri
komunikaciis sxva msgavsi formebis meSveobiT TanamSromlobiTi garemos Seqmnasa da
grZelvadiani partnioruli urTierTobebis Camoyalibebas isaxavs miznad. relatiuri
investireba aqcioneruli aqtivizmis kerZo formaa, farTomasStabiani kampaniebisa da
sazogado debatebisagan gansxvavebiT, romlebic aqtivizmis ufro sajaro formebs ga-
nekuTvnebian.46
2.4.2. saerTo krebasTan dakavSirebuli aqtivizmi
aqcioneruli aqtivizmis sawyisi etapis gavlis Semdeg aqcionerTa saerTo kre-

basTan dakavSirebuli formebis gamoyenebis dro dgeba, romelTa ricxvSi Sedis krebis
dRis wesrigSi calke punqtis damoukideblad Setana, xmis micema mindobilobiT da xmis
micemis dros komunikaciis eleqtronuli formebis gamoyeneba. xelmZRvanel pirebTan
gamarTuli molaparakebebis uSedegod dasrulebis Semdeg aqcionerebis mier SeTava-
zebebis (Shareholder Proposal) wardgena da maTi krebis dRis wesrigSi CarTvis moTxovna
korporaciuli gavlenis mopovebisaTvis brZolaSi mTavari meqanizmis adgils ikavebs.47
saerTo krebis dRis wesrigSi aqcioneris piradi iniciativiT calke punqtis Setanis
praqtika aSS-sa da evropaSi ukve fesvgadgmulia. aqcioneruli aqtivizmis am formis
normatiul safuZvels aSS-Si fasiani qaRaldebis vaWrobis aqtis safuZvelze miRebu-
li 14a-8 wesi,48 xolo evropaSi aqcionerTa uflebebis direqtivis me-6 muxli49 qmnis.50
45
Rock E., Shareholder Eugenics in the Public Corporation, Cornell L. Rev., Vol. 97, 2012, 856.
46
Gillan S.L., Starks L.T., The Evolution of Shareholder Activism in the United States, Journal of Applied Corporate
Finance, Vol. 19, Iss. 1, 2007, 51.
47
Rose P., Shareholders Proposals in the Market for Corporate Influence, Florida L. Rev., Vol. 66, 2014, 2180.
48
ix.: 17 CFR 240.14a-8 - Shareholder proposals.
49
ix.: Directive 2007/36/EC on the Exercise of Certain Rights of Shareholders in Listed Companies, O.J. L 184,
14.7.2007, 17-24.
50
am muxlma mniSvnelovani biZgi misca aqcioneruli aqtivizmis moZraobis Camoyalibebas.
Masouros P., Is the EU Taking Shareholder Rights Seriously?: An Essay on the Impotence of Shareholdership
in Corporate Europe, European Company Law, Vol. 7, Iss. 5, 2010, 200. miuxedavad amisa, jer kidev
bevri samarTlebrivi barieri rCeba, romelic xels uSlis instituciuri aqcioneruli
aqtivizmis jerovan ganviTarebas evropaSi. zogadad ix. Santella P., Baffi E., Drago C., Lattuca
D., Legal Obstacles to Institutional Investor Activism in the EU and in the US, Eur. Bus. L. Rev., Vol. 23, Iss. 2,
2012, 257–307.
123
amerikuli wesi aadvilebs aqcionerebs Soris komunikaciasa da koordinacias da misi

mTavari upiratesoba mindobilobis gancxadebis momzadebis xarjebis acilebaa, xolo
ZiriTadi minusi isaa, rom igi krebis Catarebamde 6 TviT adre unda iqnes wardgenili da
sakiTxTa wrec garkveulwilad SezRudulia. korporaciul marTvasTan dakavSirebul
sakiTxebze winadadebebis wardgena 14a-8 wesis Tanaxmad xorcieldeba, romelic aqcio-
ners aZlevs uflebas, inicirebuli sakiTxi da misi mxardamWeri araumetes 500-sityvia-
ni gancxadeba Seitanos mindobilobis ganacxadSi, romlis SemdgomSi sxva aqcionerebi-
saTvis gadagzavnas korporacia uzrunvelyofs.
aqcioneruli aqtivizmis yvelaze gavrcelebuli forma mindobilobisa da eleq-
tronuli komunikaciis saSualebebiT xmis uflebis realizaciaa, romlebic aqcioneru-
li aqtivizmis mTavar berketebad miiCneva.51 instituciuri investorebis rolis zrdam
aqcioneruli pirvelobis xmis mimcemis pirvelobis paradigmiT Secvala ganapiroba.52
xmis micema mindobilobiT da eleqtronuli formiT xels uwyobs xmebis mobilizebas,
rac saerTo krebaze sakiTxis dasmasa da aqtivistisTvis misaRebi gadawyvetilebebis
miRebis albaTobas zrdis. mindobilobiT xmis micemis institutis transformacia sa-
konsultacio momsaxurebis axali tipis SemoRebam moaxdina, romelic uSualod kor-
poraciebSi mindobilobiT xmis micemis procesze fokusirdeba. rwmunebulTa sakon-
sultacio momsaxureba (proxy advisory services) eweva yvela im instituciur investors an
mis rwmunebuls, romlebic xmis uflebis realizebas aqcionerTa krebaze mindobilo-
biT axorcieleben.53 rwmunebulTa sakonsultacio kompaniebi xSirad mindobilobebis
gamoTxovis mizniT samizne sazogadoebis aqcionerebTan Suamavlis rols asruleben.
2.4.3. wamyvani mosarCelis koleqtiuri sarCeli
aqcioneruli aqtivizmis formebis gamravalferovnebas didwilad inovaciuri

midgomebis gamoyanebam Seuwyo xeli, ramac aqtivisti aqcioneris mier uflebaTa dac-
vis sasamarTlo saSualebebiT daintereseba ganapiroba. sasamarTlosaTvis mimarTva
aqcioneruli aqtivizmis gamorCeul, Tumca winaaRmdegobriv, formad iqca.54 aqtivisti
aqcioneris inicirebiT dawyebuli samarTalwarmoeba aqcioneruli aqtivizmis unika-
lur da yvelaze efeqtian formad miiCneva.
aqcioneris pirdapir da derivaciul sarCelebTan erTad amerikuli aqcioneru-
li aqtivizmis asparezze koleqtiuri sarCeli (Securities Class Actions) gamovida, romelic
fasiani qaRaldebis kanonmdeblobis kerZo aRsrulebis saSualeba da warmomadgenlo-
biTi sarCelis formaa.55 fasiani qaRaldebis kanonmdeblobis darRvevasTan dakavSire-
biT dawyebul samarTalwarmoebaSi instituciuri investoris CarTva wamyvani mosar-
51
Masourous P., Is the EU Taking Shareholder Rights Seriously?: An Essay on the Impotence of Shareholdership
in Corporate Europe, European Company Law, Vol. 7, 2010, 201.
52
Haan S., Voter Primacy, Fordham L. Rev., Vol. 83, Iss. 5, 2015, 2655.
53
Dent G., A Defense of Proxy Advisors, Mich. St. L.Rev., Vol. 2014, Iss. 5, 2014, 1290.
54
Perino M., Institutional Activism through Litigation: An Empirical Analysis of Public Pension Fund Participation
in Securities Class Actions, J. Empir. Leg. Stud., Vol. 9, 2012, 368.
55
Choi S., Fisch J., On Beyond CalPERS: Survey Evidence on the Developing Role of Public Pension Funds in
Corporate Governance, Vand. L. Rev., Vol. 61, 2008, 316.
124
Celis (Lead Plaintiff) institutis SemoRebis gziT gaxda SesaZlebeli, rasac 1995 wlis
kerZo fasiani qaRaldebis Taobaze samarTalwarmoebis reformis aqti iTvaliswinebs.56
wamyvani mosarCelis institutma saSualeba misca instituciur investorebs, koleqti-
uri sarCeli aqtivizmis erT-erT formad eqciaT.57 fasiani qaRaldebiT TaRliTobis
Taobaze aRZrul sarCelebSi instituciuri investorebis monawileobas wamyvani mo-
sarCelis saxeliT gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba, risTvisac maT yovelmxriv xe-
li ewyobaT.58 fasiani qaRaldebiT TaRliTobis Taobaze aRZrul sarCelebTan erTad
instituciuri investorebis monawileoba Serwymis garigebebTan dakavSirebul samar-
TalwarmoebaSi wamyvani mosarCelis saxeliT aqcioneruli aqtivizmis sasamarTlo-
seuli formaa, romelic aqcioneruli aqtivizmis tradiciuli sasamarTlo formebis
erT-erT nairsaxeobas qmnis.59
fasiani qaRaldebis kanonmdeblobis darRvevasTan dakavSirebiT dawyebul samar-
TalwarmoebaSi mopasuxe mxared Tavad sazogadoeba gamodis. individualuri investo-
ri ar sargeblobs wamyvani mosarCelis institutiT, radgan naklebad gaTviTcnobiere-
bul investorad miiCneva.60 zogi mklevari miiCnevs, rom warmomadgenlobiTi sarCeli
adekvaturad ar asaxavs sxva aqcionerebis interesebs, risTvisac mizanSewonili iqneba,
Tu mopasuxed aqcionerTa sxva jgufic CaerTveba.61
3. instituciuri investorebis roli saerTaSoriso Serwymisa da

STanTqmis dros
3.1. ucxoeli instituciuri investori, rogorc fasilitatori
saerTaSoriso Serwymis garigebebis ganxorcielebis procesSi erT-erT centra-

lur da sakvanZo rols ucxoeli instituciuri investorebi asruleben, romlebic ga-
rigebebis dagegmva-momzadebis, dadebisa da ganxorcielebis yovel etapze aqtiurad
monawileoben da process ufro martivs xdian.62 ucxoeli instituciuri investori
zrdis imis Sansebs, rom Serwymis garigeba saerTaSoriso xasiaTs SeiZens. ucxoel in-
stituciur investorebs potenciuri mewyvilisa da partnioris Zieba qveynis far-
glebs gareT axasiaTebT. ucxoeli instituciuri investorebi sxvadasxva qveynis kom-
paniebs saerTaSoriso doneze erTmaneTTan akavSireben da am gziT moqmedeben rogorc
56
Choi S., Silberman L., Transnational Litigation and Global Securities Class Action Lawsuits, Wisc. L. Rev., Vol.
2009, 479.
57
Thomas R., The Evolving Role of Institutional Investors in Corporate Governance and Corporate Litigation,
Vand. L. Rev. Vol. 61, 2008, 300-301.
58
Silver Ch., Dinkin S., Incentivizing Institutional Investors to Serve as Lead Plaintiffs in Securities Fraud Class
Actions, DePaul L. Rev., Vol. 57, Iss. 2, 2008, 471.
59
Webber D., Private Policing of Mergers and Acquisitions: An Empirical Assessment of Institutional Lead
Plaintiffs in Transactional Class and Derivative Actions, Del. J. Corp. L., Vol. 38, Iss. 3, 2014, 907.
60
Webber D., The Plight of the Individual Investor in Securities Class Actions, Nw. U. L. Rev., Vol. 106, Iss. 1,
2012, 180.
61
Burch E., Optimal Lead Plaintiffs, Vand. L. Rev., Vol. 64, 2011, 1115.
62
Krishnamurti Ch., Mergers, Acquisitions and Corporate Restructuring, Response, London, 2008, 187.
125
korporaciuli kontrolis saerTaSoriso bazris fasilitatorebi, rasac xels uwyobs

instituciuri investorebis xelT arsebuli xelSekrulebebisa da kavSirebis saerTa-
Soriso qseli, romelic maT am funqciis Sesrulebas umartivebs.63
saerTaSoriso STanTqmis procesis mimdinareobis sawyisi etapi STanTqmis SeTa-
vazebis lobirebis praqtikiT xasiaTdeba, romelsac instituciuri investorebi da
arbitraJerebi mimarTaven da aseTi gziT cdiloben samizne korporaciis direqtorTa
sabWoze zewolis ganxorcielebasa da maTgan Tanxmobis mopovebas. xSirad instituci-
uri investorebi mindobilobebis gamoTxovaze specializebuli kompaniebis meSveobiT
direqtorTa bordis wevrebis Secvlas xmis uflebis akumulirebiT eswrafvian.64 ucx-
oeli instituciuri investorebis interesebis gamtarebeli kandidatisaTvis direq-
torTa sabWosa da auditis komitetSi adgilis mopoveba xels uwyobs sazogadoebaze
saTanado meTvalyureobis ganxorcielebas da, Sesabamisad, fasilitatoris rolis
Sesrulebas. ucxoeli instituciuri investori xSirad fasilitatoris funqciis uke-
Tesad SesrulebisaTvis damoukideblad mimarTavs jerovani gulmodginebis (due dili-
gence) proceduras da SerwymisaTvis SerCeuli samizne korporaciis Seswavlas axorci-
elebs.
instituciuri investorebis roli izrdeba, rodesac STnaTqmis iniciator mxa-
resTan am Tu im taqtikis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb winaswari SeTanxmeba arsebobs. STamn-
Tqmeli korporacia komunikaciis damyarebis gziT instituciur investorebs awvdis
informacias mosalodneli SeTavazebis Sesaxeb da dasawyobebis (Warehousing) taqtikis
gamoyenebas sTavazobs. aqciaTa wilebis dasawyobebis dros instituciuri investori
samizne sazogadoebis aqciebs iZens im ganzraxviT, rom SemdgomSi STanTqmis iniciator
mxareze momavali sabazro fasiT gadayidvas ganaxorcielebs.65 STanTqmis lobireba da
dasawyobebis taqtikis gamoyeneba SemTavazebls aqciaTa paketebis SeZenas umartivebs.66
instituciuri investorebi da sxva alternatiuli sainvesticio fondebi saerTa-
Soriso Serwymisa da STanTqmis garigebebis ganxorcielebisaTvis dafinansebis wyaro-
ebis mozidvas uwyoben xels. dafinansebis erT-erTi wyaro aqciebSi investirebaa. hej-
fondebi da kerZo kapitalis sainvesticio fondebi xSirad Tavad gamodian garigebebis
damfinanseblebis rolSi,67 ris sanacvlod SemZeni korporaciis Cveulebriv an privile-
girebul aqciebs iReben.68
instituciuri investorebi mniSvnelovan rols asruleben informaciuli asimet-
riis SemcirebaSi, rac ase xSirad da gamokveTilad swored rom Serwymisa da STanTqmis
63
Bragg S., Mergers & Acquisitions A Condensed Practitioner’s Guide, Wiley, Hoboken, 2009, 53.
64
Depamphilis D., Mergers and Acquisitions Basics, Elsevier, New York, 2011, 181.
65
aRniSnuli taqtika William Act-is moTxovnebisaTvis gverdis avlas SesaZlebels xdis, magram
fasiani qaRaldebisa da birJebis komisia msgavsi taqtikis gamoyenebas yovelTvis ar
miesalmeba. Brown R., Mergers, Acquisitions and Divestitures, Palgrave Macmillan, New York, 2007, 71-72.
66
Bragg S., Mergers & Acquisitions A Condensed Practitioner’s Guide, Wiley, Hoboken, 2009, 53.
67
alternatiuli instituciuri investorebi dafinansebas, ZiriTadad, ori gziT – inves-
tirebiT an sesxis gacemiT – axorcieleben. Depamphilis D., Mergers, Acquisitions and Other
Restructuring Activities, 6th ed., Elsevier, New York, 2012, 29.
68
hej-fondebisa da kerZo kapitalis sainvesticio fondebTan erTad damatebiTi dafinan-
sebis mozidva SeiZleba strategiuli da angelozi investorebisagan. ix. Sherman A., Hart M.,
Mergers & Acquisitions from A to Z, 2nd ed., Amacom, N. Y. 2006, 143-146.
126
saerTaSoriso garigebebs axasiaTebT. ucxoel instituciur investorebs, romlebic

warmoadgenen ganviTarebuli qveynebis investorebs, ufro meti eqspertuli codna da
gamocdileba aqvT, rac, Tavis mxriv, xels uwyobs fasilitatoris funqciis ukeT Sesru-
lebas. instituciuri investorebis mniSvneloba ufro metad izrdeba, rodesac samizne
sazogadoeba im qveyanaSi mdebareobs, romelic korporaciuli marTvisa da minoritari
aqcionerebis dacvis maRali doniT ar gamoirCeva. damatebiT unda aRiniSnos isic, rom
ucxoel instituciur investorebs, axlo megobruli urTierTobebis ararsebobis ga-
mo, adgilobriv kompaniebze ukeTesi zedamxedvelobis ganxorcielebis unari SeswevT.69
3.2. Serwymis arbitraJi
saerTaSoriso Serwymisa da STanTqmis garigebebis ganxorcielebis procesSi in-

stituciuri investorebi, gansakuTrebiT alternatiuli sainvesticio fondebi, yve-
laze xSirad pirobiTi aqtivizmisa da Serwymis arbitraJis (Merger Arbitrage) strategi-
ebs iyeneben, romlebic movlenaze damokidebuli sainvesticio strategiebis ricxvSi
Sedian.70 Serwymis arbitraJis strategiis gamoyenebis dros gansakuTrebul mniSvne-
lobas garigebis struqtura iZens, romelzec damokidebulia garigebis ganxorciele-
bis xangrZlivoba, rac, Tavis mxriv, arbitraJuli garigebebis raodenobasa da misaReb
mogebaze axdens gavlenas.71
Serwymis arbitraJi saerTaSoriso Serwymis ganxorcielebis, kerZod garigebis
gamocxadebis etapis, Tanamdevi movlenaa. Serwymis gamocxadebis momentidan samizne
korporaciis wilebTan dakavSirebiT ideba arbitraJuli garigebebi, romelTa mogeba
yidva-gayidvis sxvaobidan gamoiangariSeba da Serwymis arbitraJerebis mogebas qmnis.72
Serwymisa da STanTqmis garigebebis gamocxadebis momentidan samizne sazogadoebis aq-
ciebi, rogorc wesi, garigebis iniciatori mxaris mier SemoTavazebul fasTan Seda-
rebiT nakleb fasad iyideba. Serwymis arbitraJerebi samizne sazogadoebis aqciebTan
mimarTebiT grZel pozicias ikaveben da mimdinare sabazro fassa da SemoTavazebul
fass Soris sxvaobis xelSi Cagdebas cdiloben, rac maT mogebas Seadgens da mxolod
Serwymis warmatebiT dasrulebis SemTxvevaSi miiReba. fasiani qaRaldebiT vaWroba
grZeldeba Serwymis dasrulebamde an im momentamde, rodesac Serwyma CaSlilad ga-
mocxaddeba. SemZeni mxare mtruli STanTqmis dros hej-fondebs axalisebs im motiviT,
rom maT rac SeiZleba meti aqcia SeiZinon, raTa SemdgomSi maTgan gamoisyidon es aqci-
ebi da amiT gazardon gamocxadebuli garigebis warmatebiT dasrulebis Sansebi.73 ga-
mocxadebuli Serwymisa da STanTqmis warmatebiT ganxorcielebis albaTaoba maRalia
da arcTu iSviaT SemTxvevaSi gamocxadebuli garigeba CaSlilad cxaddeba. garigebis
69
Gaughan P., Mergers, Acquisitions and Corporate Restructurings, 5th ed., Wiley, New York, 2011, 273.
70
Holber Th., Full of Hot Air? Evaluating the Airgas Court’s Reservations about Shareholders’ Short-
Term and Long-Term Interests in Takeovers, Fordham J. Corp. & Fin. L., Vol. 18. Iss. 1, 2012, 134.
71
Kirchner Th., Merger Arbitrage: How to Profit from Event-Driven Arbitrage, Wiley, Hoboken, 2009, 108-112.
72
Stowell D., An Introduction to Investment Banks, Hedge Funds, and Private Equity: The New Paradigm, Elsevir,
London, 2010, 229.
73
Depamphilis D., Mergers, Acquisitions and Other Restructuring Activities, 6th ed., Elsevier, New York, 2012,
181.
127
dasrulebasTan dakavSirebuli riskis gamo Serwymis arbitraJis strategia sarisko

arbitraJis saxeliTac aris cnobili.
saerTaSoriso Serwymisa da STanTqmis garigebaSi monawile samizne korporaciis
wilebTan dakavSirebiT dadebuli arbitraJuli garigebebis ricxvi droTa ganmavlo-
baSi sagrZnoblad gaizarda, rac hej-fondebis momravlebiTa da maTi gavlenis zrdiT
aixsneba. Serwymis arbitraJis, rogorc sarisko arbitraJis strategiis, gamoyeneba
Serwymis gamocxadebis momentidan iwyeba da samizne korporaciis aqciaTa wilebis fa-
sebis moulodnel, gauTvaliswinebel da aralogikur meryeobas iwvevs. SerwymaSi mo-
nawile samizne sazogadoebis wilebis amgvari dinamika SeiZleba gamocxadebis momenti-
dan drois mcire monakveTSi wilebis Rirebulebis mniSvnelovani zrdiT dasruldes.
3.3. SefasebiTi aqtivizmi
Serwymis garigebebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli erT-erTi Tavisebureba Sefasebis uf-

lebasTan dakavSirebuli aqtivizmia (Appraisal Activism), romelic sul axlaxans amerikis
SeerTebul StatebSi warmoiSva da TandaTanobiT evropis kontinentzec vrceldeba.74
Sefasebis uflebasTan dakavSirebuli aqtivizmi Tavisi bunebiT aqtivizmis sruliad
axali tipia, romlis warmoSoba da ganviTareba ramdenime faqtorma ganapiroba. Sefa-
sebiTi aqtivizmis popularobis mTavari mizezi Tavad aqcioneruli aqtivizmis moZra-
obis aqtiuri ganviTareba iyo, ramac Sefasebis uflebis gamoyenebis ricxvisa da, rac
gansakuTrebuli aRniSvnis Rirsia, misi gamoyenebis efeqtianobis zrdas Seuwyo xeli.
Serwymis gamocxadebis an mosalodneli Serwymis Taobaze informaciis gavrce-
lebis momentidan instituciuri investorebi, gansakuTrebiT hej-fondebi, iwyeben
samizne sazogadoebis aqciaTa daaxloebiT 5-10-procentiani wilebis SeZenas im er-
TaderTi mizniT, rom SemdgomSi sarCeli Seitanon sasamarTloSi da moiTxovon maTi
wilebis samarTliani Sefaseba. wilebis sasamarTloseuli Sefaseba, rogorc wesi, uf-
ro maRalia, ris Sesabamisadac sarCelis warmdgeni mxarisaTvis ufro misaRebia, vidre
Serwymis xelSekrulebiT gansazRvruli wilis samarTliani Rirebulebis miReba. maT
Soris gansxvaveba zogjer imdenad didia, rom faravs Sefasebis uflebasTan dakavSire-
bul samarTalwarmoebis xarjebs da mosarCeles mogebian mdgomareobaSi tovebs.
SefasebiTi aqtivizmis mogebianobam TandaTanobiT hej-fondebis daintereseba
gamoiwvia, romlebisTvisac mogebis miReba arbitraJuli garigebebis ganxorcielebis
gziT nacnobi meTodi iyo. Sefasebis uflebasTan dakavSirebuli samarTalwarmoeba da
arbitraJuli garigebebi hej-fondebisa da sxva aqtivisti aqcionerebisaTvis imdenad
farTod gavrcelebuli da misaRebi taqtika gaxda, rom maTi sainvesticio strategiis
nawiladac iqca. SefasebiTi arbitraJi (Appraisal Arbitrage) xSirad Sefasebis uflebaze
dafuZnebuli specialuri sainvesticio strategiaa,75 romelsac, ZiriTadad, hej-fon-
74
vrclad ix.: Papadima R., Appraisal Activism in M&A Deals: Recent Developments in the United States and
the EU, European Company Law, Vol. 12, Iss. 4, 2015, 188-198.
75
Korsmo Ch., Myers M., Appraisal Arbitrage and the Future of Public Company M&A, Brooklyn Law
School, Legal Studies Research Paper №388, 2014, 1. xelmisawvdomia: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2424935
[16.06.2015].
128
debi iyeneben – isini mxolod erTi mizniT iZenen gamocxadebis momentidan aqciaTa wi-
lebs, raTa Sefasebis uflebiT sargeblobis Sedegad miiRon mogeba da sinamdvileSi
ar apireben aqcionerad darCenas axalwarmoqmnil an mierTebis Sedegad gadarCenil
korporaciaSi. SefasebiTi arbitraJi Serwymis arbitraJis aratradiciuli formaa da
SeiZleba Sida Semowmebis saSualebad mogvevlinos, romelic Serwymis garigebebSi mi-
noritari aqcionerebis interesebs dacvas uzrunvelyofs.76 koleqtiuri moqmedebis
problemis gadaWris gziT, rac ase damaxasiaTebelia aqcioneruli aqtivizmisaTvis,
arbitraJerebi noyier niadags umzadeben Sefesebis uflebis efeqtian ganxorciele-
bas. damatebiT unda aRiniSnos isic, rom minoritari aqcionerebisaTvis SesaZlo zia-
nis miyenebis riskis Semcirebis xarjze SefasebiTi arbitraJi minoritaruli wilebis
Rirebulebis zrdas uwyobs xels.77 gansxvavebuli mosazreba miuTiTebs imaze, rom Se-
fasebiTma arbitraJma SeiZleba, Sefasebis uflebiT sargeblobis procesis borotad
gamoyenebis riski Seqmnas.78
SefasebiTi arbitraJis warmoSoba im mzardma gavlenam ganapiroba, romliTac
sargebloben hej-fondebi finansuri mdgomareobidan gamomdinare da maTi aqtivizmis
agresiulma xasiaTma, iseve rogorc mniSvnelovani wili zogadma samarTalganviTare-
bam Seitana. SefasebiTi arbitraJis ganviTarebas xeli Seuwyo sasamarTlo praqtikaSi
Sefasebis uflebasTan dakavSirebuli iseTi gadawyvetilebebis momravlebam, romleb-
mac amgvari strategiis ganviTarebisaTvis didi SesaZleblobebi Seqmnes.
SefasebiTi arbitraJis warmoSobis mTavar mizezad Sefasebis uflebis erT-erTi
Tavisebureba miiCneva, romelic sxva saxis sasarCelo warmoebisaTvis ar aris damaxa-
siaTebeli. Sefasebis uflebiT sargeblobisaTvis sarCelis Setanis dros investorTa
wre SeuzRudavia, rac imas niSnavs, rom sarCelis Setanis ufleba aqvs ara marto im pi-
rebs, romlebic Serwymis garigebis gamocxadebis momentisTvis aqciaTa wilebis mflo-
belebi arian, aramed im pirebsac, romlebic wilebs gamocxadebis Semdeg SeiZenen. de-
laveris sakanclero sasamarTlom erT-erT gadawyvetilebaSi aRniSna, rom Sefasebis
uflebiT aRWurvili im wilebis mflobelTaTvis, romlebic monawileoben kenWisyraSi,
aRricxvis dRea uSualod kenWisyris dRe da ara ufro adrindeli TariRi, magaliTad
registraciis dRe.79 aman saSualeba misca investors, kargad ganexila Serwymis piro-
bebi da kenWisyramde ramdenime saaTiT adre an sul bolo saaTs SeeZina aqciebi, rom
SemdgomSi Sefasebis uflebis gamoyenebis mizniT Seetana sasamarTloSi sarCeli. erT-
erTi saqme, romelzec SefasebiTi aqtivizmis farglebSi yvelaze maRali Sedegi daido,
ukavSirdeba karl aiqanis (Carl Icahn) kampanias delis korporaciis wanaaRmdeg, romel-
76
Korsmo Ch., Myers M., Appraisal Arbitrage and the Future of Public Company M&A, Brooklyn Law
School, Legal Studies Research Paper №388, 2014, 3. xelmisawvdomia: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2424935
[16.06.2015].
77
iqve.
78
In re Appraisal of Dole Food Company, Inc., №9079-VCL.
79
In re Appraisal of Transkaryotic Therapies, Inc., C.A. №1554-CC (Del. Ch. May 2, 2007). aRniSnuli
gadawyvetileba sakamaToa. mopasuxe aRniSnavda, rom aseTi midgoma Sefasebis uflebis
miznebs miuRwevels xdis imiT, rom arbitraJerebis sainvesticio instrumentad aqcevs
uflebas, romlis mizania mowinaaRmdege aqcionerebisaTvis stabilurobis Seqmna.
129
Sic Sefasebis uflebis ganxorcielebis moTxovniT sarCelis Setanis muqara aRmoCnda

im ramdenime faqtors Soris, romlebmac gamosyidvis SeTavazebuli fasis mniSvnelova-
ni gazrda ganapiroba.80 SefasebiTi aqtivizmis ganviTarebis interesi swored isaa, rom
wilebis Rirebulebis rac SeiZleba maqsimaluri Sefaseba ganxorcieldes.81
3.4. aqcioneris uflebaTa gegma
instituciuri investorebis roli ganuzomlad didia saerTaSoriso mtruli

STanTqmis inicirebis, misi mimdinareobisa da Tavdacvis RonisZiebebis gamoyenebis sa-
kiTxis gadawyvetis dros. instituciuri investorebis aqtivizms SeuZlia ara marto
satendero SeTavazebis inicirebisaTvis xelSewyoba, aramed masze gavlenis moxdenac.
instituciuri investorebis iribi gavlena SeiZleba gamoixatebodes STanTqmis dawye-
bamde samizne sazogadoebis direqtorTa sabWosa da menejmentze gavlenis moxdenaSi.
instituciuri investorebisagan yvelaze aqtiurs, hej-fonds, romelic STanTqmis sa-
mizne sazogadoebis hej-fonds warmoadgens, SeuZlia, sakuTari strategiis gamoyene-
biT ubiZgos samizne sazogadoebas, raTa am ukanasknelma xeli Seuwyos STanTqmis lo-
gikur dasasrulamde misvlas.82 instituciuri investorebis pirdapir an Tundac irib
monawileobas garigebis dagegmvaSi SeuZlia, garigebis STanTqmis fasi da mTlianad ga-
rigebis warmateba gansazRvros.
instituciuri investorebis aqtiuri monawileobis pirveli gaxmaurebuli Sem-
Txvevebi STanTqmis processa da TavdacviTi RonisZiebebis gamoyenebis sakiTxis ga-
dawyvetaSi jer kidev 1980-ian wlebSi iyo. saerTaSoriso STanTqmis garigebebs Soris
erT-erTi yvelaze didi STanTqmis dros, rodesac vodafonma STanTqmis mtruli wina-
dadeba SesTavaza manesmans, am ukanasknelis aqcionerTa umravlesoba ucxoel insti-
tuciur investors warmoadgenda, ris gamoc aqcionerebis mxardaWeris mopovebisaTvis
gamarTul brZolaSi SemTavazebeli, iseve rogorc samizne sazogadoebis menejmenti
didwilad fokusirebas investorTa jgufze axorcielebda. Serwymisa da STanTqmis ga-
rigebis mxareebi saerTo krebaze aqcionerTa kenWisyris Sedegebsa da satendero Se-
Tavazebis dros aqcionerebis gadawyvetilebebze gavlenis mosaxdenad kavSirs xSirad
instituciur investorebTan amyareben.
instituciuri aqcioneruli aqtivizmi, rogorc aqcioneris Zalauflebis for-
ma, mtruli STanTqmis garigebebis paralelurad Camoyalibda, kerZod maSin, rodesac
korporaciis xelmZRvaneloba (direqtorTa sabWo) TavdacviTi RonisZiebebis miRebisa
da ganxorcielebis mizniT nebismier Rones xmarobda. aqcioneris uflebaTa gegma, e.w.
momwamlavi abebi, gamoiyofa im TavdacviT RonisZiebebs Soris, romelTa miReba-armi-
Rebis sakiTxis gadawyvetiT yvelaze metad arian dainteresebulni instituciuri in-
80
Katelouzou D., Worldwide Hedge Fund Activism: Dimensions and Legal Determinants, J. Bus. L., Vol 17, Iss.
3, 2015, 828.
81
Papadima R., Appraisal Activism in M&A Deals: Recent Developments in the United States and the EU,
European Company Law, Vol. 12, Iss. 4, 2015, 188.
82
Armour J., Skeel D., Who Writes the Rules for Hostile Takeovers, and Why? The Peculiar Divergence of U.S.
and U.K. Takeover Regulation, Geo.L.J. Vol. 95, 2007, 1727.
130
vestorebi da yvelaze aqtiurad monawileoben am sakiTxis ganxilvasa da gadawyvetaSi.83

instituciuri investorebi xSirad xels uwyoben da iniciatorebis rolSi gamodian, an,
piriqiT, TavdacviTi RonisZiebebis miRebas kategoriul winaaRmdegobas uweven.84
3.5. korporaciuli marTvis konvergencia
saerTaSoriso biznesis eraSi korporaciuli marTvis konvergencia Cveulebrivi

movlena gaxda, romelzec moTxovna sul ufro izrdeba. korporaciuli marTvis kon-
vergenciisaken qveynebs globalur doneze mimdinare konkurencia ubiZgebs.85 korpo-
raciuli marTvis konvergenciis mizani mTel msoflioSi kargi korporaciuli marTvis
principebisa da standartebis gavrcelebaa. korporaciuli marTvis konvergencia
korporaciuli marTvis gaumjobesebas eswrafvis iq, sadac amis saWiroeba arsebobs.
ganviTarebadi qveynebi korporaciuli marTvis konvergenciis gziT cdiloben, erTi
mxriv, adgilobriv bizness ganviTarebisaTvis saTanado winapirobebi Seuqmnan da, meo-
re mxriv, ucxoel investorebs qveyanaSi Sesvlis survili gauCinon.
korporaciuli marTvis konvergencias xels uwyobs saerTaSoriso Serwymisa da
STanTqmis garigebebi da maTSi instituciuri investorebis aqtiuri monawileoba. in-
stituciuri aqcioneruli aqtivizmi keTilismyofel gavlenas axdens korporaciul
marTvaze, ganapirobebs mis gaumjobesebas da amiT korporaciuli marTvis konvergen-
ciisTvis saTanado garemopirobebs qmnis. ucxoeli instituciuri investorebi glo-
balizaciis mTavari agentebi, xolo saerTaSoriso Serwymisa da STanTqmis garigebebi
ZiriTadi saxelSekrulebo istrumentebia, romlebic sakorporacio urTierTobebSi
ucxo elementis SetaniT korporaciuli sistemebis daaxloebis process uwyoben xe-
ls.86 saerTaSoriso Serwymisa da STanTqmis garigebebis ganxorcielebis dros korpo-
raciuli marTvis konvergencia mimdinareobs rogorc garigebis monawile qveynebis,
ise monawile korporaciebis doneze.
ucxoeli instituciuri investorebi ganviTarebuli qveynebidan naklebad ganvi-
Tarebul qveynebSi kargi korporaciuli marTvis praqtikis eqsports axorcieleben.
ucxoel instituciur investors, romelic ucxo saxelmwifoSi Sedis da adgilobrivi
korporaciis msxvili an minoritari aqcioneris rolSi gamodis, korporaciuli mar-
Tvis is wesebi da principebi Seaqvs, romlebic damaxasiTebelia misi warmoSobis qvey-
nisaTvis, riTac kargi korporaciuli marTvis praqtikis danergvas axdens, es ki, Tavis
mxriv, xels uwyobs sxvadasxva qveynis korporaciuli marTvis sistemebis konvergenci-
is process.
83
Briggs Th., Corporate Governance and the New Hedge Fund Activism: An Empirical Analysis, J. Corp. L., Vol.
32, Iss. 4, 2007, 693.
84
Magnuson W., Takeover Regulation in the United States and Europe: An Institutional Approach, Pace Int’l L.
Rev., Vol. 21, 2009, 231.
85
Coffee J., Future as History: The Prospects for Global Convergence in Corporate Governance and Its Implications,
Nw. U. L. Rev., Vol. 93, Iss. 3, 1998-1999, 643.
86
vrclad ix. Gevurtz F., The Globalization of Corporate Law: The End of History or a Never-Ending Story,
Wash. L. Rev., Vol. 86, Iss. 3, 2011, 475-521.
131
korporaciuli marTvis konvergencia ar gulisxmobs korporaciuli marTvis

erovnuli sistemis TviTmyofadobisa da identurobis dakargvas, rac xels Seuwyobs
romelime aRiarebuli sistemis aslad mis qcevas. korporaciuli marTvis erovnuli
sistemebis SenarCunebis interesi gasaTvaliswinebelia, risTvisac daaxloebis proce-
si konvergenciis namdvili arsis SenarCunebis gziT unda warimarTos. korporaciuli
marTvis konvergencia unda ganxorcieldes ise, rom konvergencias arsi ar gamoeca-
los da gansxvavebuli mimarTuleba ar SeiZinos. dRevandel dRes korporaciuli mar-
Tvis konvergencia niSnavs Tanamedrove korporaciuli marTvis ideis, suliskveTebisa
da miznis swor aRqmas.
4. daskvna
instituciuri aqcioneruli aqtivizmi korporaciuli marTvis gaumjobesebis

qmediTi meqanizmia, romelic minoritari aqcionerebis dacvis doneze did gavlenas
axdens. aqcioneruli aqtivizmi xels uwyobs minoritari aqcionerebis uflebaTa ga-
farToebas da maT ufro efeqtian dacvas. qarTul kompaniebSi aqcioneruli aqtiviz-
mis ganviTarebisaTvis mniSvnelovania instituciuri investorebis saqmianobis xel-
Semwyobi instituciuri, sakanonmdeblo da maregulirebeli bazis srulyofa, romlis
erT-erT mimarTulebas mindobilobiT da eleqtronuli komunikaciis saSualebebiT
xmis micemis praqtikis waxaliseba da sazRvris gadakveTis elementis Semcveli xmis uf-
lebis gamoyenebis xelSewyoba unda Seadgendes; instituciuri investorebis aqcione-
ruli aqtivizmis korporaciuli marTvis qarTul sistemaSi integrirebisaTvis aseve
mizanSewonilia Sefasebis uflebis gamoyenebis praqtikis waxaliseba da fasiani qaRal-
debis bazris kanonmdeblobis kerZo aRsrulebis meqanizmiT uzrunvelyofa; aqtivisti
aqcionerebisaTvis aseve mniSvnelovania saerTo krebis dRis wesrigis proeqtSi rigga-
reSe krebis mowvevis moTxovnisagan damoukideblad maTTvis mniSvnelovani sakiTxis
calke punqtad Setanis SesaZlebloba, rac nebismieri klasis aqciebis 5%-is mflobel
aqcionerebs an aqcionerTa jgufs miscems am uflebiT sargeblobis saSualebas.
mokled rom SevajamoT, instituciuri investorebi aqtiurad monawileoben sa-
erTaSoriso Serwymis garigebebSi da amiT xels uwyoben korporaciuli marTvis kon-
vergenciis miznebis miRwevas. ucxoeli instituciuri investorebi arian agentebi,
romlebic korporaciuli marTvis Tanamedrove standartebis erTi qveynidan meore
qveyanaSi gadatanasa da SemdgomSi maT danergvas uwyoben xels. korporaciuli marTvis
konvergencia saerTaSoriso Serwymisa da STanTqmis garigebebSi ucxoeli instituci-
uri investorebis mxridan aqtiuri fasilitatoris funqciis SesrulebiT miiRweva.
132
salome fruiZe *
gamoxatvis uflebis mimarTeba pativisa da reputaciis

pirovnul uflebebTan
pirovnul uflebebs gansakuTrebuli adgili uWiravT uflebaTa farTo speq-

trSi. adamianis uflebebis samarTlis, samoqalaqo da sisxlis samarTlis mij-
naze arsebuli pirovnuli uflebebis samarTali ganamtkicebs samarTlis su-
bieqtis – piris statuss, uzrunvelyofs „pirovnulobis garesamyarosaTvis
wardgenas da, amave dros, samyarosagan mis dacvas“. amasTan, xSirad, ama Tu im
pirovnuli uflebis gamoyeneba sxva piris pirovnul sferoSi Carevas iwvevs.
am dros Tavad sxvadasxva pirovnuli ufleba erTmaneTs upirispirdeba. maga-
liTad, gamoxatvis uflebis ganxorcielebam SeiZleba gamoiwvios pativisa da
sazogadoebrivi saxis, reputaciis uflebebis xelyofa. am uflebebis dacva
yvelaze xSirad gamoyenebadi safuZvelia gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis SezRud-
visaTvis.
statiaSi ganxilulia gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis mimarTeba piris pativisa da
reputaciis pirovnul uflebebTan da maTi dabalansebis meqanizmebi adami-
anis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlos praqtikis mixedviT, agreTve am mxriv
qarTul kanonmdeblobasa da praqtikaSi arsebuli mdgomareoba.
sakvanZo sityvebi: gamoxatvis Tavisufleba, pirovnuli uflebebi, pativi,

reputacia, faqtebis sinamdvile da SefasebiTi msjeloba.
1. Sesavali
pirovnul uflebebs1 gansakuTrebuli adgili uWiravT uflebaTa farTo speq-

trSi. adamianis uflebebis samarTlis, samoqalaqo da sisxlis samarTlis mijnaze ar-
sebuli pirovnuli uflebebis samarTali ganamtkicebs samarTlis subieqtis – piris
statuss, uzrunvelyofs „pirovnulobis garesamyarosaTvis wardgenas da, amave dros,
samyarosagan mis dacvas“,2 rogorc kerZosamarTlebrivi, aseve sisxlissamarTlebrivi
meqanizmebis gamoyenebiT.
xSir SemTxvevaSi, ama Tu im pirovnuli uflebis gamoyeneba sxva piris pirovnul
sferoSi Carevas iwvevs. am dros Tavad sxvadasxva pirovnuli ufleba erTmaneTs gada-
faravs da upirispirdeba. magaliTad, gamoxatvis uflebis ganxorcielebam SeiZleba
*
1
termin „pirovnuli uflebebis~ damkvidrebis mizanSewonilobisa da saqarTvelos
samoqalaqo kodeqsiT gaTvaliswinebuli „piradi~, „piradi araqonebrivi uflebebis~
cnebebTan mimarTebis Sesaxeb ix. kereseliZe d., kerZo samarTlis uzogadesi sistemuri
cnebebi, Tb., 2009, 132-133.
2
Van der Sloot B., Privacy as Personality Right: Why the ECtHR’s Focus on Ulterior Interests Might Prove
Indispensable in the Age of “Big Data”, 31 (80) Utrecht Journal of International and Eurpean Law, 25, 2015, 26.
133
gamoiwvios pativisa da sazogadoebrivi saxis, reputaciis uflebebis xelyofa. pativisa

da reputaciis dacva yvelaze xSirad gamoyenebadi safuZvelia gamoxatvis Tavisufle-
bis SezRudvisaTvis.3 es dapirispireba demokratiuli sazogadoebrivi wyobilebis fun-
damenturi Rirebulebebis konfliqts qmnis.4
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba konstituciuri rangis uflebaa. erTi mxriv, igi qmnis sa-
zogadoebrivi interesis mqone sakiTxze Tavisufali diskusiebis gamarTvis saSualebas
da Tavad warmoadgens umniSvnelovanes sajaro interess5 demokratiuli sazogadoebis
ganviTarebisaTvis;6 meore mxriv, gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis dacvis mizania individis „ga-
furCqvnis“, TviTrealizebis uzrunvelyofa.7 Sesabamisad, gamoxatvis Tavisufleba pi-
rovnebis Tavisufali ganviTarebis uflebis Semadgeneli da mniSvnelovani pirovnuli
uflebaa, am cnebis farTo gagebiT. TiToeuli individis universalurobis ganmtkice-
bis, misi identobis ganviTarebis interesebi xom swored pirovnuli uflebebis dacvis
sferoSi eqceva.8
miuxedavad misi mniSvnelobisa, bunebrivia, gamoxatvis Tavisufleba ar aris ab-
soluturi ufleba. adamianis uflebaTa da ZiriTad TavisuflebaTa dacvis konvencia
(SemdgomSi – „evropuli konvencia“) da saerTaSoriso paqti samoqalaqo da politikuri
uflebebis Sesaxeb im sikeTeebs Soris, konkretulad ki adamianis uflebebs Soris, ro-
melTa dasacavadac saxelmwifoebs SeuZliaT gamoxatvis TavisuflebisaTvis farglebis
dadgena, saxeldebiT gamoyofen `reputacias~.9
evropuli konvenciis me-10 muxlis me-2 punqtis teqsts, faqtobrivad, imeorebs
saqarTvelos konstituciis10 24-e muxlis me-4 punqti, `reputaciis~ cnebis moxseniebis
gareSe. kerZod, am normis Tanaxmad, gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis SezRudva kanoniT SesaZ-
lebelia iseTi pirobebiT, romlebic aucilebelia sxvaTa uflebebisa da Rirsebis dasa-
cavad.
Tavis mxriv, pativis upirobo dacva, adamianis RirsebasTan erTad, garantirebulia
saqarTvelos konstituciis me-17 muxliT.11 rogorc saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasa-
3
gabexaZe d., reputacia, rogorc gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis SezRudvis safuZveli, adamianis
uflebaTa evropuli standartebi da maTi gavlena saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobasa da
praqtikaze, korkelia k. (red.), Tb., 2006, 53.
4
Pasca A., Les poursuites-Bâillons : frontière entre liberté d’expression et droit à la réputation, lex Electronica,
revue du Centre de recherche en droit public, Vol. 14, N2, 2009, 9.
5
saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos samoqalaqo saqmeTa palatis 2012 wlis 20 Tebervlis
№as-1278-1298-2011 gadawyvetileba, ix. <http://www.supremecourt.ge/files/upload-file/pdf/ganmarteba
7.pdf>, [09.11.2015].
6
Sead. hendisaidi gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg (1976), citirebulia saqarTvelos
uzenaesi sasamarTlos samoqalaqo saqmeTa palatis 2012 wlis 20 Tebervlis №as-1278-
1298-2011 gadawyvetilebaSi, ix. <http://www.supremecourt.ge/files/upload-file/pdf/ganmarteba7.pdf>,
[09.11.2015].
7
Brun H., Libertés d’expression et de presse; droits à la dignité, l’honneur, la réputation et la vie privée, Revue
Générale de Droit, Vol. 23, Issue 3, 1992, 451.
8
9
ix. evropuli konvenciis me-10 muxlis me-2 punqti.
10
saqarTvels konstitucia, saqarTvelos parlamentis uwyebebi, 31-33, Tb., 1995.
11
ix. saqarTvelos konstitucia, muxli 17.1: „adamianis pativi da Rirseba xelSeuvalia~.
134
salome fruiZe, gamoxatvis uflebis mimarTeba pativisa da reputaciis pirovnul
uflebebTan
marTlom saqmeze – moqalaqe akaki gogiCaiSvili saqarTvelos parlamentis winaaRmdeg –

miRebul 2004 wlis 11 martis №2/1/241 gadawyvetilebaSi miuTiTa, pativisa da Rirsebis
xelSeuvalobis ufleba absolutur uflebaTa kategorias ganekuTvneba da, Sesabamisad,
SezRudvas ar eqvemdebareba.12
iseve rogorc sxva pirovnuli uflebebi, `pativi~ da `reputacia~ qmnian TiToeuli
adamianis aramaterialuri, moraluri sferos elements, romlis dacva da pativiscema
uzrunvelyofilia.13 es uflebebi moqmedeben sazogadoebasTan, gare samyarosTan pirov-
nebis urTierTobaSi, icaven adamianis cxovrebis sazogadoebriv, socialur mxares.14
`pativisa~ da `reputaciis~ cnebebis zust definicias, rogorc wesi, sxvadasxva
qveynis kanonmdeblobebi ar Seicavs.15 am terminebisaTvis miniWebuli Sinaarsobrivi
datvirTva araerTgvarovania. qarTul samarTalSi `pativis~ cnebis gverdiT aqcenti
keTdeba „saqmiani reputaciis“ cnebaze, romelic gulisxmobs piris profesiuli Tu
sxva saqmiani Tvisebebis Sefasebas sazogadoebis mxridan.16
mkveTri gamijvna pativis, reputaciisa Tu saqmiani/profesiuli reputaciis uf-
lebebs Soris, ZiriTadad, Teoriuli datvirTvis mqonea da praqtikul WrilSi didi
mniSvneloba ver eqneba, radgan gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis sapirwoned am pirovnuli uf-
lebebis dacvis meqanizmebis diferenciacias kanonmdebloba ar axdens. ufro mniSvne-
lovania, dadgindes am uflebebiT daculi zogadi, erTiani sfero da maTi moqmedebis
farglebi.
rogorc sxvadasxva qveynis samarTlis analizi cxadyofs, uflebebs Soris balan-
sis sakiTxi, xSir SemTxvevaSi, winaswar romelime uflebis sasargeblod gadawyvetili
ar aris. es gansakuTrebiT exeba adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlos (Semdgom-
Si – „evropuli sasamarTlo“) midgomas, romelic yovel konkretul SemTxvevas gan-
calkevebiT, konkretuli saqmis garemoebebis gaTvaliswinebiT ganixilavs.
statiaSi ganxiluli iqneba gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis mimarTeba piris pativisa da
reputaciis pirovnul uflebebTan da maTi dabalansebis meqanizmebi adamianis ufle-
baTa evropuli sasamarTlos praqtikis mixedviT, agreTve am mxriv qarTul kanonmdeb-
lobasa da praqtikaSi arsebuli mdgomareoba.
2. adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlos praqtika
zogierTi mosazrebiT, gamoxatvis Tavisuflebasa da reputaciis dacvis uflebas

Soris konfliqtis Semcvel saqmeebSi evropuli sasamarTlos pozicia gamoirCeva sicx-
12
gadawyvetileba ix. <http://constcourt.ge/ge/legal-acts/judgments/moqalaqe-akaki-gogichaishvili-saqartve-
los-parlamentis-winaagmdeg-117.page>, [09.11.2015].
13
Saint-Pau J.-Ch., Droits de la personnalité, Paris, 2013, 945.
14
niniZe T., saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentarebi, wigni I, Tb., 2002, 64.
15
barabaZe n., saxelis, pativis, Rirsebisa da saqmiani reputaciis dacvis Sesaxeb aRZrul
saqmeTa ganxilvisa da moraluri zianisaTvis kompensaciis dakisrebis zogierTi
Taviseburebani, Jurn. `marTlmsajuleba da kanoni~, №4, Tb., 2011, 112.
16
ix. saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos 2001 wlis 18 ivlisis №3k/376-01 gadawyvetileba,
citirebulia: kereseliZe d., kerZo samarTlis uzogadesi sistemuri cnebebi, Tb., 2009,
146-147.
135
adis, Tanmimdevrobisa da gamWvirvaleobis naklebobiT.17 sasamarTlos SemuSavebuli

aqvs mxolod ramdenime, interpretirebadi, kriteriumi, romlebic, zogadad, SeiZleba
gamoyenebul iqnes konfliqtSi myof nebismier uflebebs Soris balansis dasadgenad.
2000-iani wlebis dasawyisamde evropuli sasamarTlo reputacias ganixilavda
ara rogorc evropuli konvenciiT dacul adamianis erT-erT fundamentur subieqtur
uflebas, aramed rogorc kerZo interess, romelic dacvas eqvemdebareboda rogorc
evropuli konvenciis me-10 muxlis me-2 punqtiT gaTvaliswinebuli sikeTe, faseulo-
ba.18 wevr saxelmwifos SeeZlo, magram ar iyo valdebuli, am interesis gaTvaliswinebiT
SeezRuda gamoxatvis Tavisufleba.19 saqmeSi – radio `fransi~ safrangeTis winaaRmdeg
(2004w.) – sasamarTlom pirvelad aRniSna, rom reputaciis dacvis ufleba konvenciis
me-8 muxliT garantirebuli ufleba da piradi cxovrebis pativiscemis uflebis ele-
mentia;20 xolo saqmeSi – Sovi safrangeTis winaaRmdeg (2004w.) – sasamarTlom aseve pir-
velad miuTiTa gamoxatvisa da piradi cxovrebis xelSeuxeblobis fundamentur uf-
lebebs Soris konfliqtis arsebobis Sesaxeb.21 saqmeze – pfaiferi avstriis winaaRmdeg
(2007w.) – sasamarTlom aRniSna, rom piris reputacia, maSinac ki, Tu piri gakritikebu-
lia sajaro debatebis formatSi, ayalibebs mis personalur identurobasa da fsiqo-
logiur xelSeuxeblobas22 da eqceva misi „piradi cxovrebis“ (Sesabamisad, konvenciis
me-8 muxliT dacul) farglebSi.23
amgvarad, zemoaRniSnul da bolo periodSi ganxilul sxva saqmeebSi24 sasamar-
Tlom reputacia da pativi aRiara piradi cxovrebis pativiscemis uflebis nawilad da
es individualuri uflebebi, romlebic avtorebis mier konvenciis Seqmnisas ganzrax
iyo gamoricxuli moqmedebis sferodan, moaqcia me-8 muxlis dacvis qveS. am gziT mniS-
vnelovnad gaafarTova piradi sferos uflebis moqmedebis farglebi.25 Sesabamisad,
konvenciis me-8 muxli gardaiqmna, zogadad, pirovnuli uflebis damcav normad.26
evropuli konvencia ar akonkretebs, ra zomebi SeiZleba miiRos saxelmwifom ka-
noniT pativisa da reputaciis dacvis mizniT; Sesabamisad, sxvadasxva qveynis kanon-
17
Smet S., Freedom of Expression and the light to Reputation: Human Rights in Conflict, American University
International Law Review, Vol. 26, Issue 1, 2010, 187.
18
iqve, 187.
19
20
Smet S., Freedom of Expression and the Right to Reputation: Human Rights in Conflict, American University
21
gadawyvetileba ix. <http://hudoc.echr.coe.int/sites/eng/pages/search.aspx?i=001-61861>, [10.11.2015].
22
`Personal Identity and Psychological Integrity.”
23
24
mag. ix. roTe avstriis winaaRmdeg (2012w.), a. norvegiis winaaRmdeg (2009w.), citirebulia
25
~right to privacy.”
26
Indispensable in the Age of “Big Data”, 31 (80) Utrecht Journal of International and Eurpean Law, 25, 2015, 32,
44.
136
uflebebTan
mdebloba iTvaliswinebs rogorc samoqalaqo, aseve sisxlissamarTlebriv regulire-

bas. Tumca sasamarTlo xSirad aRniSnavs, rom gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis sanqcirebam ar
unda gamoiwvios am uflebis gamoyenebis Semakavebeli efeqti. arsebobs sasamarTlos
iseTi gadawyvetilebebi, romlebSic igi araproporciulad miiCnevs Tundac msubuq,
arasisxlissamarTlebriv sanqciebs, im SemTxvevebSi, rodesac gamoxatvis Tavisufle-
bis SezRudva ar aris saTanadod da sakmarisad dasabuTebuli.27
2.1 faqtebis sinamdvile da SefasebiTi msjeloba,

romelic ar eqvemdebareba mtkicebas
pativisa da reputaciis dacvis mizniT gamoxatvis Tavisufleba ori mimarTule-

biT SeiZleba SeizRudos: damamcirebeli faqtebis gavrcelebisas, romelic WeSmari-
tebas ar Seesabameba da Seuracxmyofeli, damamcirebeli gamonaTqvamebisas.28 pirvel
SemTxvevaSi, evropuli sasamarTlo mijnavs faqtebis konstataciasa da SefasebiT
msjelobas da TiToeulisaTvis gansxvavebul Sedegebs adgens.
faqti subieqturi minarevebisagan Tavisufali da garesamyaroSi obieqturad ar-
sebuli movlenaa, rac misi mcdarobisa Tu WeSmaritebis mtkicebis SesaZleblobas iZ-
leva.29 Sesabamisad, faqtis konstataciisas avtors meti dasabuTeba moeTxoveba, rad-
ganac man unda daamtkicos am faqtis siswore, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi CaiTvleba, rom
adresatis reputacia xelyofil iqna. amdenad, logikuri iqneboda, gamoxatvis ufle-
biT sargeblobisas, garkveul faqtebze miTiTebis SemTxvevaSi, maTi sinamdvile miCne-
uli iyos sxvisi pativisa Tu reputaciis xelyofisaTvis pasuxismgeblobisagan gaTavi-
suflebis safuZvlad.30
Tumca evropuli sasamarTlo ufro Sors midis da adgens, rom im SemTxvevaSi, Tu
saqme exeba sazogadoebrivi interesis sferoSi Semavali cnobebis, informaciis gav-
rcelebas (Sesabamisad, mediis moqmedebis areals), simarTlisaken swrafva, simarTle-
ze zrunva, da ara absoluturi simarTlis anu mxolod sruliad namdvili faqtebis
gavrceleba, unda moeTxovoT Jurnalistebs.31 amgvarad, ganmsazRvrel mniSvnelobas
iZens ara faqtis mcdaroba Tu WeSmariteba, aramed misi gamavrceleblis damokidebu-
leba mis mier gavrcelebuli informaciis sisworesTan.32 aseTi saxis gadawyvetilebis
miRebas evropulma sasamarTlom safuZvlad daudo informaciis „malfuWebadoba“ da
aRniSna, rom masmediis warmomadgenlebisaTvis informaciis asprocentianad gadamow-
27
Smet S., Freedom of Expression and the right to Reputation: human rights in conflict, American University
28
29
30
Sead. kereseliZe d., kerZo samarTlis uzogadesi sistemuri cnebebi, Tb., 2009, 146-147.
31
kublaSvili k., ZiriTadi uflebebi, Tb., 2003, 298.
32
137
mebis valdebulebis dakisrebis SemTxvevaSi „saeWvoa, maT saerTod ramis gamoqveyneba

SeZlon.“33
sasamarTlom evropuli konvenciis me-10 muxlis me-2 punqtSi aRniSnuli gamoxat-
vis Tavisuflebis Tanmdev „valdebulebebsa da pasuxismgeblobebSi“ moiazra moTxovna
JurnalistebisaTvis, rom imoqmedon keTilsindisierad, gadascen gonivrul fargleb-
Si gadamowmebuli da sando informacia, Jurnalistikuri eTikis normebis dacviT.34
kidev ufro loialuria evropuli sasamarTlo SefasebiTi msjelobis mimarT. mo-
sazreba, Sefaseba, gansxvavebiT faqtebis konstataciisagan, „individis mier garesamya-
ros subieqturi Wvretis produqtia da, rogorc aseTi, mtkicebas ar eqvemdebareba.“35
evropuli sasamarTlos midgomebis Sesabamisad, mosazrebis Sefaseba xdeba im garemoe-
bebis gaTvaliswinebiT, ra viTarebaSic moxda misi gamoxatva, agreTve misi stilisturi
misaRebobis kuTxiT.
saqmeze – herteli Sveicariis winaaRmdeg36 (1998w.) – sasamarTlom hendisaidis
Semdeg kidev erTxel daadastura, rom gamoxatvis Tavisufleba moqmedebs ara mxolod
iseTi ideis gamoxatvisas, romelic SeiZleba miRebuli iyos dadebiTad an umtkivneu-
lod, an ar iyos interesis sagani, aramed iseT gamoxatvazec, romelic iwvevs Seuracx-
yofas, Soks Tu Sewuxebas.37 gamonaTqvamebi: „faSisti“, „nacisti“, „idioti“, „aranor-
maluri“ da a.S., calke aRebuli, ar axdens reputaciis uflebis darRvevas – yuradR-
eba unda mieqces konteqsts da viTarebas, gansakuTrebiT ki meore mxaris qmedebebs.38
Tumca sasamarTlos mkacri damokidebuleba aqvs rasistuli gamonaTqvamebis mimarT,
romlebic rasobriv Seuwynareblobasa da diskriminacias qadageben,39 agreTve istori-
ulad dadgenili faqtebis uaryofis mimarT. aseTi saxis gamoxatvas sasamarTlo ufle-
bis borotad gamoyenebad akvalificirebs da evropuli konvenciis me-17 muxlis ZaliT
igi mTlianad gamohyavs me-10 muxlis dacvis sferodan.40
xSir SemTxvevaSi gamoTqmul mosazrebas raime faqti udevs safuZvlad da maTi
erTmaneTisagan gamijvna rTulia. Tumca, Tu Sefasebas aranairi faqtobrivi safuZve-
33
34
35
36
gadawyvetileba ix.: <http://hudoc.echr.coe.int/sites/eng/pages/search.aspx?i=001-59366>, [09.11.2015].
37
Flauss J.-F., The European Court of Human Rights and the Freedom of Expression, Indiana Law Journal, 2009,
818.
38
39
40
gociriZe e., „azris gamoxatva~, romelsac ar icavs evropuli konvenciis me-10 muxli,
adamianis uflebaTa evropuli standartebi da maTi gavlena saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobasa
da praqtikaze, korkelia k. (red.), Tb., 2006, 115.
138
uflebebTan
li ar aqvs, sasamarTlo mis mimarT ufro mkacrad aris ganwyobili. saqmeze – de haasi
da jijselsi belgiis winaaRmdeg41 (1997w.) – sasamarTlom daadgina, rom „mosazrebebi
SeiZleba iyos gadaWarbebuli da zRvargadasuli, gansakuTrebiT konkretuli faqtob-
rivi safuZvlis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi.“42 saqmeze – petrina rumineTis winaaRmdeg43
(2008w.) – evropulma sasamarTlom miiCnia, rom gamoTqmebi, romlebic pirdapir adana-
Sauleben konkretul identificirebul pirs da srulad moklebulia faqtobriv sa-
fuZvels, ver iqneba daculi provokaciisa Tu gazviadebis safuZvliT.44
Sesabamisad, rodesac SefasebiT msjelobas WeSmariti faqtobrivi safuZveli
aqvs, mis stilistur misaRebobas naklebi yuradReba eqceva, xolo Tu mosazreba mok-
lebulia yovelgvar faqtobriv dasabuTebas, misi Sefasebisas sasamarTlos damokide-
buleba ufro mkacria.
2.2 „dasaSvebi kritikis farglebi“
evropuli sasamarTlo yuradRebas amaxvilebs saCivris avtoris statusze. ker-

Zod, sasamarTlo gamoyofs pirebis ramdenime kategorias: politikosebi, sajaro mo-
xeleebi,45 sazogadoebrivi moRvaweebi,46 kerZo pirebi. sasamarTlo miiCnevs, rom sxva-
dasxva kategoriis pirebis mimarT dasaSvebi kritikis farglebi gansxvavebulia. repu-
taciis uflebiT yvelaze naklebad daculi arian politikosebi, ramdenadac isini sa-
kuTari nebiT Sedian im sferoSi, sadac maT mimarT kritikuli damokidebulebis gamom-
JRavneba mosalodnelia. politikosi „gardauvlad da gacnobierebulad ayenebs Tavs
Tavisi yvela sityvisa Tu saqcielis kritikuli ganxilvis epicentrSi.~47
Semdegi kategoria, romlis mimarT dasaSvebi kritikis farglebi ufro mcirea,
arian sajaro mosamsaxureebi. Tumca maTi dacvis xarisxi ufro naklebia, vidre ker-
Zo pirebisa. am kategoriaSi gamoiyofa kanonis Semfardeblebi (mosamarTleebi, proku-
rorebi), romlebsac, sazogadoebrivi interesidan gamomdinare (sazogadoebis mxridan
maT mimarT gansakuTrebuli ndobis qonis aucilebloba), evropuli sasamarTlo dac-
vis met xarisxs aniWebs.48 gamoxatvis TavisuflebiT sargeblobisas SeiZleba sasamar-
Tlos avtoritetTan erTad ilaxebodes Tavad mosamarTlis saqmiani reputacia. evro-
41
gadawyvetileba ix.: <http://hudoc.echr.coe.int/sites/eng/pages/search.aspx?i=001-58015>, [09.11.2015].
42
43
gadawyvetileba ix.:<http://hudoc.echr.coe.int/sites/eng/pages/search.aspx?i=001-88963> [09.11.2015].
44
45
~public servant.~
46
~public figure.~
47
lingensi avstriis winaaRmdeg (1986w.), citirebulia: Smet S., Freedom of Expression and the right
to Reputation: human rights in conflict, American University International Law Review, Vol. 26, issue 1, 2010,
205.
48
139
puli sasamarTlo miiCnevs, rom sasamarTlos wevrebi unda sargeblobdnen sazogadoe-

bis gansakuTrebuli ndobiT da, Sesabamisad, daculi unda iyvnen faqtobriv safuZvels
moklebuli destruqciuli Tavdasxmebisagan, imis gaTvaliswinebiTac, rom mosamar-
Tleebs ar SeuZliaT, sajarod upasuxon kritikas;49 maT ekisrebaT „TavSekavebis“ val-
debuleba.50
rac Seexeba sazogadoebriv moRvaweebs, maTTan dakavSirebiT sasamarTlo adgens,
rom, ramdenadac isini sakuTari nebiT ayeneben Tavs sazogadoebis dakvirvebis epicen-
trSi, politikosebis msgavsad, maTac unda gamoavlinon meti tolerantoba kritiki-
sadmi.51
sasamarTlo ar msjelobs zemoaRniSnuli calkeuli kategoriis pirebis reputa-
ciis uflebis mniSvnelobaze, is mxolod „dasaSvebi kritikis farglebs“52 cvlis maTi
statusis mixedviT.
aseTi midgoma sazogadoebrivi interesebis win wamowevis Sedegad aris SemuSave-
buli. Tu CavTvliT, rom gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis uzrunvelyofis mTavari mizani da
arsia politikur sakiTxebze Ria diskusiis qona, maSin pativisa da reputaciis Selax-
vis amkrZalavi normebi sxvadasxvagvarad imoqmedeben imis mixedviT, mosarCele poli-
tikosia Tu Cveulebrivi individi. magram Tu CavTvliT, rom upirvelesi mizezi gamo-
xatvis Tavisuflebis dacvisa aris pirovnuli avtonomiis dacva, maSin didi mniSvnelo-
ba ar unda mieniWos imas, Tu ra saqmianobiTaa dakavebuli mosarCele.53
2.3 gamoxatvis forma
ciliswameba SeiZleba sxvadasxva formiT gamoixatos: zepirad Tu werilobiT,

sajarod (Jurnalis, wignis, satelevizio Tu radio komentarebis meSveobiT) an kerZo
sferoSi (werili), da SeiZleba gamomdinareobdes rogorc pirdapir naTqvamidan, ise
nagulisxmevidan.
sasamarTlo miiCnevs, rom zepiri gamonaTqvamebi ufro metad eqvemdebareba dac-
vas, vidre werilobiTi, radganac am ukanasknel SemTxvevaSi avtors saSualeba aqvs, maT
gasajaroebamde dafiqrdes.54
gamoxatvis forma ar unda emsaxurebodes mxolod sensaciis gamowvevis mizans.55
sasamarTlo agreTve yuradRebas aqcevs im pirTa wres, auditorias, sadac gavrcelda
49
makovei m., gamoxatvis Tavisufleba, adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis me-10
muxlis ganxorcieleba, gzamkvlevi, 2005, 152.
50
zoiZe b., saqarTvelos konstituciis komentari (Tavi meore, saqarTvelos moqalaqeoba.
adamianis ZiriTadi uflebani da Tavisuflebani), Tb., 2013, 279.
51
52
iqve, 207.
53
Meyerson D., The Legitimate Extent of Freedom of Expression, 52 University of Toronto Law Journal, 2002,
332.
54
International Law Review, Vol. 26, Issue 1, 2010, 212-213.
55
Flauss J.-F., The European Court of Human Rights and the Freedom of Expression, Indiana Law Journal, 2009,
819.
140
uflebebTan
gamonaTqami Tu sxvagvarad gamoxatuli Seuracxmyofeli Sefaseba. magaliTad, Tu sta-

tia dabeWdilia sayovelTaod gavrcelebul gazeTSi/JurnalSi, am SemTxvevaSi gamom-
xatvelis pasuxismgebloba ufro didia, vidre specializebul gamocemaSi dabeWdvis
dros. anu reputaciisaTvis zianis miyeneba SesaZlebelia farTo auditoriaSi gamo-
naTqvamebis gavrcelebis SemTxvevaSi, xolo Tu auditoria limitirebulia, reputaci-
is xelyofa ar dasturdeba.
gamonaTqvamis Tu gamoxatvis sxva formis Sefaseba xdeba obieqturi kriteriu-
miT, kerZod, gonivrulad moazrovne adamiani Tu CaTvlida, rom gamoxatva mesame piris
reputacias vnebs.56
3. qarTuli kanonmdebloba da sasamarTlo praqtika
saqarTveloSi gamoxatvis TavisuflebasTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebs awesrigebs

2004 wlis 24 ivnisis kanoni „sityvisa da gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb.“57 pativisa
da saqmiani reputaciis dacvis kerZosamarTlebriv meqanizms iTvaliswinebs saqarTve-
los samoqalaqo kodeqsis me-18-me-19 muxlebi.58 sasamarTlo praqtika arc ise mraval-
ricxovania; qarTuli sasamarTlo xSir SemTxvevaSi miuTiTebs evropuli sasamarTlos
mier dadgenil standartebze. Sedegebidan gamomdinare, ikveTeba gamoxatvis Tavisuf-
lebisaTvis upiratesobis miniWebis tendencia.
3.1 gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis SezRudvis kanoniT

dadgenili pirobebi
kanoni sityvisa da gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb adgens gamoxatvis Tavi-

suflebis garantiebs da mxolod Zalian SezRudul, SeiZleba iTqvas, gamonaklis Sem-
TxvevebSi uSvebs sxva uflebisa Tu interesis dacvis mizniT gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis
SezRudvis da uflebis xelmyofisaTvis kerZosamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis dakis-
rebis realur SesaZleblobas.
kanoni calke Tavs uTmobs gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis SezRudvisa da pasuxismgeb-
lobis meqanizms ciliswamebis SemTxvevaSi. ciliswameba ganmartebulia rogorc arse-
biTad mcdari faqtis Semcveli da pirisaTvis zianis mimyenebeli, misi saxelis gamtexi
gancxadeba.59 pativis, reputaciis Selaxvis Sinaarsis gadmosacemad norma miuTiTebs
„saxelis gamtexi cnobebis“ gaxmaurebaze.
amgvarad, faqtebis konstataciis dros gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis reglamentire-
bas axdens da pativisa da saqmiani reputaciis SelaxvisaTvis pasuxismgeblobis dakis-
rebis SesaZleblobas adgens ciliswamebis momwesrigebeli normebi.
kanoni mijnavs kerZo da sajaro pirebis ciliswamebis SemTxvevebs. me-13 muxlis
Tanaxmad, pirs ekisreba samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi pasuxismgebloba kerZo piris ci-
56
Pasca A., Les poursuites-Bâillons : frontière entre liberté d’expression et droit à la réputation, lex Electronica,
revue du Centre de recherche en droit public, Vol. 14, N2, 2009, 9.
57
kanonis teqsti ix. bmulze: <https://matsne.gov.ge/ka/document/view/33208> [10.11.2015].
58
59
ix. kanonis pirveli muxlis „e~ qvepunqti.
141
liswamebisaTvis, Tu mosarCele sasamarTloSi daamtkicebs, rom mopasuxis gancxadeba

Seicavs arsebiTad mcdar faqts uSualod mosarCelis Sesaxeb da am gancxadebiT mosar-
Celes ziani miadga. Tuki mosarCele sajaro piria, garda zemoaRniSnuli ori moTxov-
nisa, mas damatebiT mesame moTxovnac waeyeneba: unda daamtkicos, rom gancxadebuli
faqtis mcdaroba mopasuxisaTvis winaswar iyo cnobili an mopasuxem gamoiCina aSkara
da uxeSi daudevroba, ramac gamoiwvia arsebiTad mcdari faqtis Semcveli gancxadebis
gavrceleba.60
garda piris statusis Sesabamisad gansxvavebuli Sedegebis dadgenisa, kanoni da-
matebiT bevr iseT normas Seicavs, romlebic praqtikaSi ciliswamebaze miTiTebiT pi-
risaTvis pasuxismgeblobis dakisrebas gansakuTrebiT arTulebs. am mxriv aRsaniSnavia
kanonis mier mosarCelisaTvis yvela garemoebis mtkicebis tvirTis dakisreba. garda
amisa, kanoni iTvaliswinebs pasuxismgeblobisagan sruli an nawilobrivi, pirobiTi ga-
Tavisuflebis (absoluturi da kvalificiuri privilegia) bevr SemTxvevas:
me-5 muxli pasuxismgeblobas ar akisrebs parlamentars, sakrebulos wevrs, ag-
reTve politikuri debatebis farglebSi, parlamentis/sakrebulos sxdomaze, komi-
tetSi, sasamarTlos, saxalxo damcvelis winaSe, agreTve uflebamosili organos moTx-
ovniT gakeTebuli gancxadebebis avtorebs. sruliad gaugebaria, ras gulisxmobs „uf-
lebamosili organos moTxovniT“ gakeTebuli gancxadeba da imis gamo, rom igi ufle-
bamosili organos moTxovniTaa gakeTebuli, ratom unda moxdes am gancxadebaSi moy-
vanili faqtebisaTvis pasuxismgeblobisagan piris srulad gaTavisufleba. amasTan, es
norma uSvebs da adgens politikuri debatebis farglebSi yovelgvari tyuilis Tqmis,
araWeSmariti faqtebis mtkicebis, Sesabamisad, sazogadoebis SecdomaSi Seyvanis SesaZ-
leblobas, anu gadamwyvetia ara simarTle, aramed damajerebloba – vin ufro metad
daarwmunebs sazogadoebas „simarTleSi“, miuxedavad realobisa.
kanonis me-15 muxli iTvaliswinebs kvalificiuri privilegiebis CamonaTvals ci-
liswamebisaTvis, romelTa Soris zogierTi kriteriumi bundovania da ar unda iyos pi-
ris pasuxismgeblobisagan gaTavisuflebis safuZveli. ganvixiloT TiToeuli maTgani:
kanonis me-15 muxlis Sesabamisad, `pirs eniWeba kvalificiuri privilegia arsebi-
Tad mcdari faqtis Semcveli gancxadebisaTvis, Tu:
a) man miiRo gonivruli zomebi faqtis sisworis gadasamowmeblad, magram ver SeZ-
lo Secdomis Tavidan acileba da gaatara qmediTi RonisZiebebi ciliswamebiT daziane-
buli piris reputaciis aRsadgenad;
b) igi miznad isaxavda sazogadoebis kanonieri interesebis dacvas da daculi si-
keTe aRemateba miyenebul zians;
g) man gancxadeba gaakeTa mosarCelis TanxmobiT;
d) misi gancxadeba warmoadgenda mosarCelis mier mis winaaRmdeg gakeTebul gan-
cxadebaze Tanazomier pasuxs;
e) misi gancxadeba warmoadgenda samarTlian da zust reportaJs im movlenasTan
dakavSirebiT, romliskenac mimarTulia sazogadoebrivi yuradReba~.
„a“, „g“, „d“ qvepunqtebi sruliad Seesabameba evropuli sasamarTlos mier SemuSa-
vebul standartebs. rac Seexeba „b“ qvepunqts, misi damoukideblad gamoyeneba ar unda
60
ix. kanonis me-14 muxli.
142
uflebebTan
iyos mizanSewonili, radgan daculi sikeTe ver aRemateba pirisaTvis miyenebul zians
im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac vrceldeba mcdari informacia, sinamdvilisaTvis Seusabamo
faqtebi. am dros sazogadoebis SecdomaSi SeyvanasTanac gvaqvs saqme, anu zaralde-
ba rogorc kerZo, aseve sajaro, sazogadoebrivi interesi. aqac gadamwyveti mniSvne-
loba unda mieniWos Jurnalistis mier patiosani saqmianobis standartis dacvas, mis
qmedebebs. Sesabamisad, „b“ qvepunqtiT dadgenili kriteriumis mxolod pirveli na-
wilis gaTvaliswineba misaRebi iqneba „a“ qvepunqtiT dadgenil kriteriumTan erTad.
imave mdgomareobasTan gvaqvs saqme „e“ qvepunqtiT dadgenili kriteriumis SemTxveva-
Si: mcdar faqtebze dafuZnebuli reportaJi, Tundac misi momamzadeblis yovelgvari
bralis gamoricxvis SemTxvevaSi, ar SeiZleba CaiTvalos „samarTlianad“ da „zustad“,
Tundac sazogadoebrivi interesis, sazogadoebis mier informaciis miRebis uflebis
gaTvaliswinebiT. aRniSnul SemTxvevebSi piri SeiZleba gaTavisufldes mosarCeli-
saTvis miyenebuli zianis anazRaurebisagan, magram gavrcelebuli cnobebis uaryofis
an sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis Sesaxeb informaciis gamoqveynebis valdebulebis
misTvis daukisrebloba gamoiwvevda usamarTlo Sedegs.61
rac Seexeba SefasebiTi msjelobebis SezRudvas, kanoni iTvaliswinebs uxamsobis
cnebis ganmartebas. kerZod, kanonis pirveli muxlis „v“ qvepunqtis Tanaxmad, uxamso-
ba aris gancxadeba, romelsac ara aqvs politikuri, kulturuli, saganmanaTleblo an
samecniero Rirebuleba da romelic uxeSad laxavs sazogadoebaSi sayovelTaod dam-
kvidrebul eTikur normebs. amave kanonis me-9 muxlis Tanaxmad, Tu sityva/gamoxatva
exeba uxamsobas, pirispir Seuracxyofas, kanoniT SeiZleba dawesdes aseTi gamoxatvis
SezRudvebi. Tumca am saxis gamoxatvis konkretuli regulireba kanonSi moyvanili ar
aris.
am SemTxvevaSi samoqalaqo wesiT dacvis SesaZleblobis miRma rCeba Seuracxmyo-
feli gamonaTqvamebisagan dacva. magaliTad, Tu piri miiCnevs, rom meore piri aris
„naZirala“, „usindiso“ da „amoraluri“ da a.S., rasac televiziiT gamosvlisas ambobs,
adresati mas samoqalaqo wesiT ver Seedaveba pativisa da reputaciis dacvis mizniT,
radganac es sityvebi piris subieqtur damokidebulebas gamoxatavs da konkretul
faqtebze ar aris dafuZnebuli. pativis samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi dacvis mizniT mo-
sarCeles SeuZlia, miuTiTos saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis me-18 muxlze.62 Tumca
me-18 muxli ufro zogadi xasiaTisaa, vidre kanoni „sityvisa da gamoxatvis Tavisuf-
lebis Sesaxeb“ da detalurad ar aregulirebs pativisa da saqmiani reputaciis dacvis
winapirobebs.
61
ciliswamebis faqtis damtkicebis SemTxvevaSi gamomdinare samarTlebriv Sedegebs
iTvaliswinebs sityvisa da gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb kanonis me-17 muxli:
„1. ciliswamebasTan dakavSirebiT mopasuxes SeiZleba daekisros sasamarTlos mier
dadgenili formiT cnobis gamoqveyneba sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis Sesaxeb.
2. dauSvebelia mopasuxis iZuleba, moixados bodiSi.
3. Tu mopasuxe kanoniT dadgenil vadaSi ganaxorcielebs Sesworebas an uaryofas, magram
Sesworebis an uaryofis gamoqveyneba ar aris sakmarisi ciliswamebiT mosarCelisaTvis
miyenebuli zianis jerovani anazRaurebisaTvis, mopasuxes SeiZleba daekisros mosar-
CelisaTvis miyenebuli qonebrivi an/da araqonebrivi (moraluri) zianis anazRaureba~.
62
143
3.2 sasamarTlo praqtika
saqarTvelos uzenaes sasamarTlos 2000 wlidan 2015 wlis oqtombramde pativis,

Rirsebisa da saqmiani reputaciis Selaxvis Temaze ganxiluli aqvs sul 65 saqme.63 maT-
gan dauSveblad cnobilia an ganuxilvelad datovebulia 21 sakasacio saCivari. darCe-
nili saqmeebis umravlesobaSi sasamarTlos ucvlelad aqvs datovebuli wina instan-
ciebis gadawyvetileba gamoxatvis uflebisaTvis upiratesobis miniWebis Sesaxeb.
uzenaesi sasamarTlos samoqalaqo saqmeTa palatam mniSvnelovani ganmarteba ga-
akeTa 2012 wlis 20 Tebervlis as-№1278-1298-2011 gadawyvetilebaSi.64
sasamarTlo afasebda gamonaTqvamebis: „uzneo ukanali“, „cinikosi“, „pinoCe-
tistola kaci“ da megruli sityvebisagan Semdgari winadadebis: „skani mikatyorinali
yudes gavenu, si rongu koCi“ uxamsobas, rasTan dakavSirebiTac sasamarTlom aRniSna,
rom sxva pirTa uflebebisa Tu reputaciis dasacavad uxamsobis SezRudva da gamoxat-
vis TavisuflebaSi Careva dasaSvebia ara yovelTvis, aramed mxolod maSin, rodesac
es aucilebelia demokratiul sazogadoebaSi. sasamarTlom moixmo evropuli sasa-
marTlos adreuli gadawyvetilebebi (hendisaidi gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg,
1976w.; lingensi avstriis winaaRmdeg, 1986w.) da daaskvna, rom „xalxma unda aitanos
maTTvis Seuracxmyofeli, gamaognebeli Tu SemaSfoTebeli ideebisa da informaciis
mosmena da demokratiul sazogadoebaSi maTi SezRudva logikurad mxolod iSviaTad
SeiZleba aRmoCndes aucilebeli.“
sasamarTlom agreTve miuTiTa presis Tavisufali saqmianobis uzrunvelyofis
gansakuTrebul sajaro interesze, mxedvelobaSi miiRo isic, rom mxareebs Soris dava
warmoiSva sazogadoebrivi mniSvnelobis sakiTxebze diskusiis farglebSi da, sagaze-
To statiis mTeli konteqstis gaTvaliswinebiT, gamonaTqvamebi Seafasa, rogorc saku-
Tari Sexedulebebis mkveTri (uxeSi) formiT gamoxatva da ara rogorc uxamsoba.
rogorc gadawyvetilebidan ikveTeba, sasamarTlo maqsimalurad erideba gamo-
naTqvamebis „uxamsobad“ kvalifikacias da adgens, rom mxolod gansakuTrebul, gamo-
naklis SemTxvevebSi SeiZleba Sefasdes Tundac Seuracxmyofeli, „sazogadoebaSi sa-
yovelTaod damkvidrebuli eTikuri normebisadmi“ aSkarad Seusabamo gamonaTqvami
uxamsobad. garda amisa, sasamarTlo ixreba gamonaTqvamis mosazrebad, azrad kvalifi-
kaciisaken, Tundac saqme faqtebis gadmocemas exebodes, rogorc es zemoaRniSnul ga-
dawyvetilebaSi gamoikveTa.65
faqtebis mcdarobis Sesaxeb mtkicebis tvirTis mosarCelisaTvis dakisrebis sa-
kiTxis ganxilvisas uzenaesi sasamarTlo gamonakliss adgens sisxlis samarTlis sfe-
roSi, udanaSaulobis prezumfciis moqmedebidan gamomdinare. kerZod, sasamarTlo
miiCnevs, rom SeuZlebelia, pirs imis mtkiceba moeTxovebodes, rom mas danaSauli ar
Caudenia da, amdenad, am informaciis Semcveli gancxadeba cilismwamebluria. amgvari
63
ix. gadawyvetilebebis saZiebo sistema bmulze: <http://prg.supremecourt.ge/CaseCivilResult.aspx>
[11.11.2015].
64
ix. bmulze:<http://www.supremecourt.ge/files/upload-file/pdf/ganmarteba7.pdf>[09.11.2015].
65
statiaSi dabeWdili informacia: „a. f.-s icnoben, rogorc kacs, romelic cecxlze navTs
asxamda samoqalqo omis avbediT wlebSi da samegrelos Seseul bandebs inteleqtualur
mxardaWeras uwevda~ sasamarTlom azris gamoxatvad miiCnia.
144
uflebebTan
ganmarteba srulad ewinaaRmdegeba udanaSaulobis prezumfcias.66 mxolod im garemoe-

bis dadgena, rom saqmeze ar arsebobs gamamtyunebeli ganaCeni, sakmarisia daskvnisTvis,
rom mosarCelem daZlia mtkicebis tvirTi, rom gavrcelebuli gancxadeba Seicavs ar-
sebiTad mcdar faqtebs.67
gansakuTrebulad yuradsaRebia uzenaesi sasamarTlos 2015 wlis 30 seqtembris
№as-1052-1007-2014 gadawyvetileba68, romliTac sasamarTlo kidev ufro metad aviw-
roebs da zRudavs pativisa da saqmiani reputaciis uflebebis moqmedebis areals ram-
denime mniSvnelovani ganmartebis meSveobiT:
pirvel rigSi, sasamarTlo aRniSnavs, rom „sityvis Tavisuflebis SezRudvis Se-
saxeb sarCelis dakmayofilebisaTvis mxolod cilismwamebluri gancxadebis gavrce-
lebis faqtis dadgena ar aris sakmarisi. gamoxatvis SezRudvis aucileblobis xasia-
Ti ganisazRvreba demokratiul sazogadoebaSi miRebuli standartiT. sxvagvarad rom
vTqvaT, SezRudva unda warmoadgendes mwvave sazogadoebriv saWiroebas. gamoxatvis
SezRudvis sakiTxis gadawyvetisas warmoiSoba kerZo da sajaro interesebis dabalan-
sebis problema. gamoxatvis Tavisuflebasa da sxva pirTa uflebebsa da reputacias
Soris balansi unda gadawydes konkretuli davis Taviseburebebis gaTvaliswinebiT,
Tumca mxedvelobaSi unda iqnes miRebuli dasaSvebi kritikis farglebi; presis Tavi-
suflebis instituti; sazogadoebrivi interesi.“
sasamarTlo msjelobas agrZelebs sityvisa da gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb
kanonis me-13 muxlis gamoyenebis winapirobebis ganxilviT da aRniSnavs, rom kerZo pi-
ris ciliswamebisaTvis pasuxismgeblobis dasakisreblad aucilebelia sami winapiro-
bis arseboba: gavrcelebuli informacia unda Seexebodes mosarCeles, iyos arsebiTad
mcdari faqtebis Semcveli da zians unda ayenebdes piris pativs, Rirsebasa da saqmian
reputacias.
sasamarTlo am SemTxvevaSi msjelobs mosarCele mxaris, rogorc kerZo samar-
Tlis iuridiuli piris, dacvis mizanSewonilobaze. samotivacio nawilis 1.12 punqtSi
sasamarTlo iSveliebs uzenaesi sasamarTlos 2001 wlis gadawyvetilebas, romliTac
sasamarTlom miiCnia, rom iuridiul pirs ar SeiZleba miadges moraluri ziani, radga-
nac „moraluri zianis SinaarsSi igulisxmeba samarTlebrivad daculi im araqonebrivi
interesis xelyofa, romelsac qonebrivi ekvivalenti ar gaaCnia (sulieri an fizikuri
tkivili, gancda, da sxva). amdenad, iuridiuli piris moTxovna moraluri zianis anazR-
aurebis Sesaxeb iuridiulad usafuZvloa.“ aRniSnulis gaTvaliswinebiT sasamarTlo
askvnis, rom, ramdenadac mosarCele iuridiul pirs moraluri ziani ar misdgomia, Se-
sabamisad, mas arc pativi Selaxvia.69
66
saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos samoqalaqo saqmeTa palatis 2014 wlis 9 ianvris
№as-1559-1462-2012 ganCineba, saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebani
samoqalaqo saqmeebze, 4, Tb., 2015, 13.
67
saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos 2014 wlis 1 oqtombris №as-179-172-2012 ganCineba,
saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebani samoqalaqo saqmeebze, №4, Tb.,
2015, 29.
68
ix. bmulze: <http://prg.supremecourt.ge/DetailViewCivil.aspx> [09.01.2016].
69
ix. gadawyvetilebis samotivacio nawilis 1.13 punqti.
145
amgvarad, sasamarTlo, faqtobrivad, uaryofs iuridiuli piris pativis ufle-

bas, rac ar Seesabameba evropuli qveynebis mier Camoyalibebul midgomas, aRiaron da
daicvan iuridiuli piris pativi.70
sasamarTlo aRiarebs iuridiuli piris iseTi araqonebrivi uflebis arsebobas,
rogoricaa ufleba saqmian reputaciaze. aqve adgens, rom „saqmiani reputaciis Selaxva
saxezea maSin, Tu gavrcelebuli cnobebi zegavlenas axdens da ewinaaRmdegeba piris mi-
er SerCeul sakuTar „sabazro saxes“, anu komerciul Sexedulebas, romlis damkvidre-
bac iuridiul pirs surs sazogadoebaSi da gavrcelebuli informacia mas mesame pireb-
Tan saqmian urTierTobebSi ganacdevinebs marcxs.“ am SemTxvevaSic sakasacio palata
miiCnevs, rom konkretuli qonebrivi zianis faqtis mtkicebulebebiT daudastureblo-
ba difamaciidan gamomdinare sarCelis dakmayofilebis SesaZleblobas gamoricxavs.
4. daskvna
rogorc vnaxeT, gamoxatvis uflebis sasargeblod sazogadoebrivi interesis

moqmedeba Zlieria, rac zog SemTxvevaSi upiratesobas aZlevs mas sxva individualur
pirovnul uflebebTan WidilSi. amis gaTvaliswinebiT, gamoxatvis TavisuflebisaT-
vis dawesebuli garkveuli SezRudvebi damatebiT SeiZleba gamarTldes ara mxolod
im argumentiT, rom sxvas ar miadges ziani sxvisi azrebis mosmeniT, aramed Tavisuf-
lebis, rogorc pasuxismgeblobis momcveli sikeTis WrilSi.71 valdebulebebisa da pa-
suxismgeblobis arseboba aucilebelia sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebisa da progresis
uzrunvelsayofad. ganviTareba da progresi ki SeuZlebelia yovelgvari gamoxatvis
ufarglebo da usazRvro daSvebiT. swored am motiviT, gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis sa-
zogadoebrivi progresis uzrunvelyofis funqciidan gamomdinare, adgens sxvadasxva
qveynis kanonmdebloba misi farglebis met-nakleb reglamentacias. mag.: kanadis samar-
TalSi azris gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis sawyisebsa da mis fuZemdeblur gagebasTan Seu-
Tavsebelia da dacvas ar eqvemdebareba iseTi gamoxatva, romelic adamianis pirovnebis
yvelaze ufro qvena grZnobebs amzeurebs da, rogorc wesi, ganpirobebulia mxolod
ekonomikuri mosazrebiT.72
saqarTveloSi sasamarTlos gziT reputaciis dacvis albaToba mcirea, radgan ka-
noni „sityvisa da gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb“ amis SesaZleblobas Zalian zRu-
davs, rasac yvelaze metad mtkicebis tvirTis mxolod mosarCelisaTvis dakisreba
warmoaCens. dadgenilia agreTve prezumfcia, rom yovelgvari eWvi unda gadawydes ga-
70
germaniis federaluri sasamarTlos mier iuridiuli piris pativis dacvis Sesaxeb ix.
71
Sead. Meyerson D., The Legitimate Extent of Freedom of Expression, 52 University of Toronto Law Journal,
2002, 340.
72
gociriZe e., „azris gamoxatva~, romelsac ar icavs evropuli konvenciis me-10 muxli,
adamianis uflebaTa evropuli standartebi da maTi gavlena saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobasa
da praqtikaze, korkelia k. (red.), Tb., 2006, 100.
146
uflebebTan
moxatvis Tavisuflebis SezRudvis sawinaaRmdegod.73 Sesabamisad, „saqarTvelos kon-

stituciis me-17 muxlis Canaweri da es kanoni sakmao anaqronizms qmnis“.74
marTalia, sityvisa da gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos kanonis
me-2 muxli adgens, rom kanonis interpretireba unda moxdes evropuli sasamarTlos
precedentuli samarTlis Sesabamisad, magram evropuli kanonmdeblobisa da sasamar-
Tlos midgoma „gacilebiT zomieria.“75
mizanSewonilia, qarTuli samarTali metad dauaxlovdes evropuli konvencii-
sa da sasamarTlos pozicias, romelic gamoxatvis Tavisuflebas aSkara upiratesobas
ar aniWebs, am uflebis socialuri pasuxismgeblobiT datvirTulobis gaTvaliswine-
biT. mniSvnelovania, pativisa da saqmiani reputaciis dacvis uflebebi praqtikaSi ga-
nuxorcielebeli ar darCes. gadasaxedia sityvisa da gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb
saqarTvelos kanoniT dadgenili mxareebs Soris mtkicebis tvirTis ganawilebis wesi;
dasaxvewia agreTve kanonis sxva, calkeuli normebic, maT Soris, me-5 da me-15 muxleb-
Si mocemuli, privilegiis mimniWebeli SemTxvevebis CamonaTvali; sasurvelia, kanoniT
ganisazRvros uxamsobisagan, Seuracxmyofeli gamonaTqvamebisagan dacvis konkretu-
li meqanizmi.
sasamarTlom unda aRiaros iuridiuli piris pativis uflebis arseboba, agreT-
ve pativi da saqmiani reputacia Selaxulad miiCnios, am cnebebis kanonis mier mocemu-
li ganmartebidan gamomdinare, saxelis gamtexi araswori cnobebis gaxmaurebis faqtis
dadgenisas da damatebiT ar moiTxovos qonebrivi zianis arseboba pativisa da saqmiani
reputaciis damcavi araqonebrivi meqanizmebis gamosayeneblad – gavrcelebuli cno-
bebis uaryofis, sapasuxo cnobebis gamoqveynebisa da sxva araqonebrivi valdebulebis
dasakisreblad. zianis arseboba mxolod im SemTxvevaSi unda iyos pasuxismgeblobisaT-
vis aucilebeli winapiroba, rodesac zianis anazRaurebis moTxovnis dayeneba xdeba.
73
ix. kanonis me-7 muxli: „mtkicebulebis standarti da tvirTi~ .
74
gociriZe e., saqarTvelos konstituciis komentari (Tavi meore, saqarTvelos moqalaqeoba.
adamianis ZiriTadi uflebani da Tavisuflebani), Tb., 2013, 114-115.
75
iqve, 115.
147
ekaterine qardava *
Sromis samarTlis ganviTareba evrointegraciuli

procesebis fonze
2014 wels saqarTvelosa da evrokavSirs Soris xeli moewera asocirebis Se-

Tanxmebas (AA). SeTanxmeba gansazRvravs valdebulebebs, rac saqarTvelom
unda Seasrulos Sromis samarTlis sferoSi.
aRsaniSnavia, rom Sromis samarTali ar aris mxolod mimdinare dRis wesrigi
evropuli integraciis formatSi. evropuli standartebis dinamikuri da eta-
pobrivi aproqsimaciis sakiTxi permanentulad ganixileboda saqarTvelosa
da evrokavSirs Soris partniorobisa da TanamSromlobis SeTanxmebis ZalaSi
Sesvlis droidan – 1999 wlidan.
statiaSi Seswavlilia Semdegi sakiTxebi:
1. asocirebis SeTanxmebiT gansazRvruli valdebulebebi: aq, pirvelad,
warmodgenilia asocirebis SeTanxmebis debulebebis Teoriuli interpreta-
cia; Sromis sfero gaazrebulia DCFTA-isa (Rrma da yovlismomcveli Tavisu-
fali vaWrobis sivrce) da socialuri politikis farglebSi. agreTve, ganxi-
lulia asocirebis dRis wesrigisa da erovnuli wliuri gegmebis midgomebic;
2. Sromis samarTlis aproqsimaciis dinamika evrointegraciuli procese-
bis xelSemwyobi normatiuli garemos fonze: pirvelad sistematizebulia
evropuli integraciis fonze Sromis samarTlis sferoSi ganxorcielebuli
samarTlebrivi aproqsimaciis yvela etapi, rac moicavs periods PCA-idan AA-
amde, maT Soris erovnuli harmonizaciis strategiisa da samoqmedo gegmisa
da ENP AP-is (evropis samezoblo politikis samoqmedo gegmis) Sesrulebis pe-
riodebs, evrokomisiis yovelwliuri Sefasebis angariSebs da sxv.
sakvanZo sityvebi: Sromis kodeqsi, asocirebis SeTanxmeba (AA), DCFTA (Rrma

da yovlismomcveli Tavisufali vaWrobis sivrce), asocirebis dRis wesrigi,
samarTlebrivi harmonizacia, PCA (partniorobisa da TanamSromlobis SeTan-
xmeba), ENPAP (evropis samezoblo politikis samoqmedo gegma).
1. Sesavali
Sromis kanonmdeblobam saqarTveloSi wlebis ganmavlobaSi mravali cvlileba

ganicada. am sferoSi ganxorcielebuli reformebis safuZvlebi gamoZaxili iyo poli-
tikuri da ekonomikuri viTarebis Sesabamisad Camoyalibebuli damokidebulebebisa.
mTavar SekiTxvas aseTi saxe hqonda: gardamavali ekonomikisa da axali demokratiis sa-
xelmwifoSi Sromis kanonmdebloba unda iyos maqsimalurad socialur usafrTxoeba-
148
ekaterine qardava, Sromis samarTlis ganviTareba evrointegraciuli procesebis fonze
ze orientirebuli Tu mobiluri – damsaqmeblisTvis naklebad mboWavi samarTlebrivi

normebiT datvirTuli? regulirebisa da deregulirebis sakiTxi sakamaToa rogorc
mecnierul wreSi, aseve dargis specialiastebs Soris. jer kidev 1990 wlis angariSSi
msoflio banki aviTarebda azrs, rom SromiTi bazris regulaciebi, romlebic mimar-
Tuli iyo dasaqmebulebis mdgomareobis gaumjobesebisken, sinamdvileSi zians ayeneb-
da maT. OECD-is wevr saxelmwifoebSi arsebuli gansxvavebuli umuSevrobis doneebis
mizezebis Ziebisas, jer kidev 1994 wels warmodgenil angariSebSi, igi wevr qveynebs
urCevda Sromis bazrebis deregulirebas1. swored aseTi konceptualuri xedvis mata-
rebeli iyo saqarTveloSi 2006 wels miRebuli axali Sromis kodeqsi. igi wlebis gan-
mavlobaSi iqca sazogadoebis bipolarizaciis safuZvlad. qveyanaSi Seiqmna situacia,
rodesac mxolod biznesze orientirebulma politikam ukiduresi socialuri daZabu-
loba warmoSva. Sedegad, 2012-2013 wlebSi dRis wesrigad dadga Sromis kanonmdeblo-
bis reformirebis sakiTxi da am etapze yuradReba gadatanil iqna dasaqmebulis dacvis
xarisxis gaumjobesebaze. amJamad 2013 wels ganxorcielebuli cvlilebebis Sedegad
moqmedi Sromis kodeqsi kritikis sagania biznesseqtoris mxridan.
dRes saqarTvelo aris evrokavSirTan asocirebis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebis2 mxare. qve-
yanam unda moaxdinos im standartebis integrireba kanonmdeblobaSi da aRsruleba, rac
Sromis samarTlis aspeqtebTan dakavSirebiT gawerilia SeTanxmebaSi. Tumca Sromis sfe-
ro ar aris mxolod asocirebis SeTanxmebis regulirebis obieqti da mxolod amJaminde-
li dRis wesrigi. evropuli integraciis gzaze igi iyo araerTi saerTaSoriso dokumen-
tisa Tu oficialuri urTierTobebis formatebis interesisa da ganxilvis sagani.
evrointegraciuli politikis farglebSi Sromis sferos mimarT arsebuli moTx-
ovnebis fonze kanonmdeblobis cvlilebebisa da maTi Sefasebis istoriis aRwera erT-
erT uaRresad mniSvnelovan elementad da kvlevisTvis sasargeblo meTodad unda Ca-
iTvalos saqarTveloSi Sromis samarTlis mecnierebis ganviTarebisaTvis. statiaSi
warmodgenilia evrointegraciuli procesebis ganviTarebis etapebi normatiul do-
neze (saqarTvelos prezidentis, saqarTvelos mTavrobisa da saqarTvelos parlamen-
tis mier integraciuli procesebis xelSewyobis mizniT miRebuli aqtebi), maT fonze
Sromis samarTlis mimarT arsebuli valdebulebebi, ganxorcielebuli sakanonmdeblo
cvlilebebis dinamika da maTi Sefaseba. aseTi damokidebuleba SesaZlebels gaxdis, ga-
analizdes Sromis kanonmdeblobis harmonizaciis realuri suraTi zogad politikur
Tu samarTlebriv konteqstSi, agreTve, gamWvirvales gaxdis Semdegs: Seesabameboda Tu
ara evrointegraciul procesebTan dakavSirebiT sajarod deklarirebul nebas erT-
erT segmentSi samarTlebrivi daaxloebis procesi, iyo Tu ara am or aspeqts Soris
urTierTTavsebadoba. statia yuradRebas amaxvilebs procesze, raTa ukeT iqnes gaaz-
1
saqarTvelos Sromis kodeqsis ekonomikuri analizi, PMC-is kvleviTi centri
(aRmosavleT-dasavleTis marTvis institutis (EWMI) programis farglebSi), maisi, 2013,
3,<http://www.icc.ge/www/download/Analysis%20of%20the%20Amendments%20to%20the%20Labor%20
Code%20of%20Georgia%20-%20GEO.pdf>.
2
asocirebis Sesaxeb SeTanxmeba, erTi mxriv, saqarTvelosa da, meore mxriv, evrokavSirsa da
evropis atomuri energiis gaerTianebas da maT wevr saxelmwifoebs Soris, miRebis TariRi:
27.06.14, gamoqveynebis TariRi: 11.09.14. ix. <https://matsne.gov.ge/ka/document/view/2496959>.
149
rebuli Sromis kanonmdeblobis evrokavSiris kanonmdeblobasTan daaxloebis meqaniz-

mebis, tempisa da xarisxis garkveva, rac pirdapir ukavSirdeba evrokavSiris mxridan
Sromis samarTlis Sefasebebsa da rekomendaciebs. aRniSnulis misaRwevad gamoyenebu-
lia sistemuri da istoriuli kvlevis meTodi.
2. asocirebis SeTanxmebiT gansazRvruli valdebulebebis

zogadi mimoxilva
asocirebis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebis 229-e muxlis Tanaxmad, Sromis samarTlis sfero-

Si standartebis implementireba dakavSirebulia, erTi mxriv, nayofieri dasaqmebisa
da Rirseuli Sromis damkvidrebasTan, rogorc globalizaciis marTvis ZiriTadi ele-
mentisa, meore mxriv, vaWrobis xelSewyobasTan.3 sxva sityvebiT, Sromisa da dasaqmebis
politika TanabarmniSvnelovnad unda uzrunvelyofdes rogorc dasaqmebulis ufle-
bebs, aseve damsaqmeblisas, romelic warmoebisa da vaWrobis sferoSi umniSvnelova-
nesi subieqtia. aRsaniSnavia is faqti, rom 229-e muxli moTavsebulia asocirebis SeTan-
xmebis IV karSi, romelic exeba vaWrobasTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebs da aris asocirebis
SeTanxmebaSi integrirebuli DCFTA.
asocirebis SeTanxmebam Sromis sferos regulireba Tematurad ori politikis
mimarTulebiT dayo – vaWroba da socialuri. amitomac sakiTxebis momwesrigebeli de-
bulebebi SeTanxmebis struqturaSi sxvadasxva adgilas ganaTavsa:
1. vaWrobisa da mdgradi ganviTarebis konteqstSi SromiTi standartebis momwes-
rigebeli normebi (IV karis me-13 Tavis 229-e da 239-e muxlebi) sferos politikis regu-
lirebis mizniT ambobs, rom saqarTvelom unda ixelmZRvanelos Sromis saerTaSoriso
organizaciis wevrobis Sedegad gansazRvruli ZiriTadi principebis Sesabamisad da
sakuTar kanonmdeblobasa da praqtikaSi danergos ILO-s konvenciebSi daculi stan-
dartebi.4
2. dasaqmebis, socialuri politikisa da Sromis pirobebis konteqstSi ki Sromi-
Ti standartebis momwesrigebeli normebi mocemulia asocirebis SeTanxmebis VI karis
me-14 Tavis 348-e-354-e muxlebSi, sadac naTqvamia: `mxareebi gaaZliereben dialogsa da
TanamSromlobas Rirseuli Sromis pirobebis, dasaqmebis politikis, samuSaoze jan-
mrTelobisa da usafrTxoebis, socialuri dialogis, socialuri dacvis, socialuri
CarTulobis, genderuli Tanasworobisa da diskriminaciis akrZalvis xelSesawyobad
da, amgvarad, wvlils Seitanen meti da ukeTesi samuSao adgilis, mdgradi ganviTarebi-
sa da gaumjobesebuli cxovrebis donis uzrunvelyofaSi~.5
zemoaRniSnuli amocanebis Sesrulebis xelSemwyobi konkretuli instrumentebi
evrokavSiris direqtivebis saxiT mocemulia asocirebis SeTanxmebis XXX danarTSi.
asocirebis SeTanxmebis etapobrivi Sesrulebis mizniT, SemuSavebulia asocire-
bis dRis wesrigi, romelic gansazRvravs prioritetul mimarTulebebsa da amocanebs
3
iqve, 229-e muxlis pirveli punqti.
4
iqve, 229-e muxlis me-2 punqti.
5
iqve.
150
2014-2016 wlebisTvis.6 aRniSnul dokumentSi Sromis sfero sami ZiriTadi mimarTule-

biT ganixileba:
1. politikuri dialogisa da reformis7 blokSi naTqvamia, rom 2013 wels parla-
mentis mier miRebuli Sromis kodeqsSi cvlilebebis kanoni unda Sesruldes ILO-s stan-
dartebis Sesabamisad; axali kanoni unda gamagrdes axali institutebiTa da procedu-
rebiT, davebis gadaWrisa da molaparakebis kulturis (mediaciis centris) ganviTare-
bisTvis; unda gamaxvildes yuradReba samuSao garemos usafrTxoebis gaumjobesebaze;
unda Camoyalibdes efeqturi socialuri dialogi sammxrivi komisiis sistematuri
mowvevis gziT.
2. vaWrobisa da vaWrobasTan dakavSirebuli8 sakiTxebis blokSi naTqvamia, rom
vaWrobis nawilSi mxareTa Soris dialogisas moxdeba informaciis gacvla Sromis ko-
deqsis implementaciisa da mdgrad ganviTarebasTan dakavSirebuli valdebulebebis
Sesrulebis Taobaze.
3. dasaqmebis, socialuri politikisa da Tanabari SesaZleblobebis9 blokSi aR-
niSnulia, rom mxareebi iTanamSromleben, raTa moemzadon evrokavSiris kanonmdeblo-
bis implementaciisaTvis iseT sferoebSi, rogorebicaa: samuSao adgilze janmrTelo-
ba da usafrTxoeba, samuSao pirobebi, genderuli Tanasworoba da antidiskriminacia;
efeqtiani Sromis inspeqciis sistemis Camoyalibeba; socialuri partniorebis SesaZ-
leblobebis ganviTareba; dasaqmebisadmi strategiuli midgomis ganviTareba, rac miz-
nad isaxavs ufro meti da ukeTesi adgilebis Seqmnas normaluri samuSao pirobebiT.
asocirebis dRis wesrigis Sesrulebis uzrunvelyofis mizniT, calke miiReba yo-
velwliuri samoqmedo gegmebi.10
asocirebis SeTanxmebis XXX danarTi, Tavis mxriv, dayofilia sam nawilad: a) Sro-
mis samarTali; b)diskriminaciis akrZalva da genderuli Tanasworoba; g) janmrTeloba
da usafrTxoeba samuSao adgilebze. Sromis samarTlis nawilis saimplementaciod ga-
werilia evrokavSiris 8 direqtiva, romelTa Sesasruleblad gansazRvrulia 4-6 weli;
genderuli Tanasworobis nawilSi – 6 direqtiva 3-4 welze; usafrTxoebis nawilSi – 26
direqtiva 9 welze. pirveli da meore nawilebis direqtivaTa debulebebi sayovelTao
normebia da vrceldeba SromiTi urTierTobebis yvela formaze. mesame nawilis direq-
tivebi ki awesrigeben konkretuli sferosTvis damaxasiaTebel urTierTobebs da am
sferoSi gamoyenebad teqnikur standartebs.
6
ix. <http://eeas.europa.eu/delegations/georgia/documents/eap_aa/associationagenda_2014_ka.pdf>.
7
profesiuli kavSirebis uflebebi da ZiriTadi SromiTi standartebi, 8, <http://eeas.europa.
eu/delegations/georgia/documents/eap_aa/associationagenda_2014_ka.pdf>.
8
vaWroba da mdgradi ganviTareba, 21-22, <http://eeas.europa.eu/delegations/georgia/documents/eap_aa/
associationagenda_2014_ka.pdf>.
9
vaWroba da mdgradi ganviTareba, 31-32, <http://eeas.europa.eu/delegations/georgia/documents/eap_aa/
associationagenda_2014_ka.pdf>.
10
saqarTvelos mTavrobis gankarguleba №1516, 03.09.2014, gamoqveynebis TariRi: 15.09.14,
<https://matsne.gov.ge/ka/document/view/2496190>, saqarTvelos mTavrobis gankarguleba, №59,
26.01.15, gamoqveynebis TariRi: 02.02.15, <https://matsne.gov.ge/ka/document/view/2702520>.
151
3. Sromis samarTlis harmonizaciis dinamika

evrointegraciuli procesebis xelSemwyobi normatiuli
garemos fonze – samarTlebrivi harmonizaciis ganxorcielebis
valdebulebebis zogadi mimoxilva
saqarTvelosa da evrokavSirs Soris samarTlebrivi TanamSromlobis valde-

bulebis pirveli fundamenti Seqmna `partniorobisa da TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb~ Se-
Tanxmebam (PCA)11, romelic, asocirebis SeTanxmebis msgavsad, savaWro-ekonomikur da
socialur aspeqtebs erToblivi da dinamikuri ganviTarebis WrilSi ganixilavda. ni-
Sandoblivia, rom PCA-Sic Sromis pirobebze saubaria SeTanxmebis IV karSi – `biznessa
da investiciebTan dakavSirebuli debulebebi~, xolo dasaqmebisa da socialur
aspeqtebze – SeTanxmebis VI karSi – èkonomikuri TanamSromloba~.
PCA-is farglebSi samarTlebrivi daaxloebis valdebulebis sakiTxebs exeboda
SeTanxmebis V karis 43-e muxli, ris safuZvelzec ganisazRvra prioritetuli sfe-
roebi, romlebSic kanonebis daaxloebis procesi unda dawyebuliyo,12 maT Soris iyo
muSaxelis dacva maT samuSao adgilebze.
PCA-is SesrulebisTvis, garda gacxadebuli politikuri nebisa, aucilebeli iyo
Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi samarTlebrivi instrumentebis Seqmna. am mizniT qveyanam da-
iwyo iseTi normatiuli aqtebis miReba, romlebic uzrunvelyofdnen evrointegraci-
uli procesebisa da samarTlebrivi daaxloebis politikis ganvTarebas: umniSvnelo-
vanesi da erT-erTi pirveli iyo saqarTvelos parlamentis dadgenileba `saqarTvelos
kanonmdeblobis evropis kavSiris kanonmdeblobasTan harmonizaciis Sesaxeb~, ris Ta-
naxmadac, 1998 wlis 1 seqtembridan saqarTvelos parlamentis mier miRebuli yvela ka-
noni da sxva normatiuli aqti unda yofiliyo Sesabamisi evrokavSiris mier dadgenili
standartebisa da normebisa.13 2000 wels miRebul iqna saqarTvelos prezidentis brZa-
nebuleba `saqarTvelosa da evrokavSirs Soris partniorobisa da TanamSromlobis Se-
saxeb SeTanxmebis ganxorcielebis xelSewyobis Taobaze~14 da gankarguleba `saqarTve-
los kanonmdeblobis evrogaerTianebis kanonmdeblobasTan harmonizaciis strategi-
is SemuSavebis Sesaxeb~,15 sadac naTqvamia, rom `Sesabamisma saministroebma da uwyebebma
2001 wlis 1 Tebervlamde moamzadon SeniSvnebi ekonomikuri politikisa da samarTlis
11
SeTanxmeba `partniorobisa da TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb~, miRebis TariRi: 22.04.1996.
ratificirebulia saqarTvelos parlamentis mier; saqarTvelos parlamentis dadge-
nileba №347-Is, parlamentis uwyebani №22-23, 04.09.1996, ZalaSi Sesvlis TariRi: 01.07.1999,
<https://matsne.gov.ge/ka/document/view/1212956>.
12
saqarTvelos mTavrobis gankarguleba №22, 08.05.2004, 43-e muxli, me-2 punqti.
13
saqarTvelos parlamentis dadgenileba №828-Is, 02.09.1997, parlamentis uwyebani, №37-38,
10.09.1997, <https://matsne.gov.ge/ka/document/view/38704>.
14
saqarTvelos prezidentis brZanebuleba, №317, 24.07.2000, <https://matsne.gov.ge/ka/document/
view/1252267>.
15
saqarTvelos prezidentis gankarguleba №1422, 31.12.2000.
152
sakiTxebis qarTul-evropuli sakonsultacio centris (GEPLAC)16 mier momzadebul

dokumentze: `rekomendaciebi saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis evrogaerTianebis kanon-
mdeblobasTan harmonizaciis strategiisTvis~ da winadadebebi aRniSnul strategi-
asTan dakavSirebiT~. 2001 wels miRebul iqna gankarguleba `saqarTvelos kanonmdeb-
lobis evrogaerTianebis kanonmdeblobasTan harmonizaciis strategiis Sesaxeb~.17am
aqtiT damtkicda harmonizaciis strategia da daevala evrogaerTianebis partnio-
robisa da TanamSromlobis xelSemwyob komisias, SeemuSavebina saqarTvelos kanon-
mdeblobis evrogaerTianebis kanonmdeblobasTan harmonizaciis erovnuli progra-
ma. 2004 wels miRebul iqna gankarguleba `saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis evrokavSiris
kanonmdeblobasTan harmonizaciis erovnuli programis ganxorcielebis erTiani sa-
moqmedo gegmisa da evrokavSirTan TanamSromlobis axali dRis wesrigis SemuSavebis
Sesaxeb~.18 aRniSnuli aqtiT mowonebul iqna harmonizaciis erovnuli programa – sa-
xelmZRvanelo principebi samoqmedo gegmisTvis19 da gadawyda, rom GEPLAC-Tan erTad
momzadebuliyo erovnuli programis ganxorcielebis erTiani samoqmedo gegma.
harmonizaciis erovnul programaSi calke Tavi daeTmo Sromis samarTlis sferos,
sadac warmodgenil iqna SedarebiTi mimoxilva saqarTvelos Sromis kanonTa kodeqsis
evrokavSiris kanonmdeblobasTan Sesabamisobis kuTxiT da, agreTve, rekomendaciebi
gasatarebel sakanonmdeblo RonisZiebebTan dakavSirebiT. am mizniT harmonizaciis
erovnul programaSi gaiwera is direqtivebi, romelTa debulebebis integrireba unda
ganxorcielebuliyo saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobaSi. aRsaniSnavia is faqtic, rom am
direqtivebis nawili dRes asocirebis SeTanxmebis XXX danarTSi figurirebs.
2004 wels saqarTvelo gaxda evropis samezoblo politikis beneficiari da 2005
wels iwyeba molaparakebebi evropis samezoblo politikaSi saqarTvelos aqtiuri
CarTvis Taobaze individualuri samoqmedo gegmis SemuSavebiT. am mizniT miRebul
iqna araerTi normatiuli aqti20 da Seiqmna evrokavSirTan momlaparakebeli komisiac.21
aseve, saqarTvelos mTavrobam gadawyvita, ganesazRvra integraciis procesebSi qveynis
prioritetebi mocemuli viTarebis Sesabamisad, risTvisac SeimuSava da gankargulebiT
daamtkica prioritetebi,22 mogvianebiT ki Camoayaliba am prioritetebis realizaciis
16
`tasisis~ programis farglebSi Seqmnili sakonsultacio centri saqarTveloSi, sa-
marTlebrivi da ekonomikuri reformebis ganxorcielebis xelSemwyobi instrumenti.
1997 wlidan konsultaciebs uwevda saqarTvelos samTavrobo uwyebebs. igi gaxda kanon-
mdeblobis harmonizaciis procesis warmmarTveli erTiani makoordinebeli organos –
samTavrobo komisiis – konsultanti.
17
saqarTvelos prezidentis gankarguleba №613, 13.06.2001.
18
saqarTvelos mTavrobis gankarguleba №22, 08.05.2004.
19
ix. <http://www.parliament.ge/uploads/other/18/18483.pdf>.
20
evropuli samezoblo politikis farglebSi saqarTvelosa da evrokavSirs Soris samoq-
medo gegmis SemuSavebis mizniT molaparkebis dawyebis Sesaxeb, saqarTvelos parlamentis
gancxadeba №1477-Is, 20.05.2005.
21
saqarTvelos mTavrobis dadgenileba, №112, 11.07.2005, ssm, 82, 13.07.2005, evrokavSiris
samezoblo politikis farglebSi samoqmedo gegmis Taobaze saqarTvelos poziciis
SemuSavebisa da evropis mxaresTan molaparakebisaTvis komisiis Seqmnis Sesaxeb, <https://
matsne.gov.ge/ka/document/view/1287563>.
22
saqarTvelos mTavrobis gankarguleba èvropis samezoblo politikis samoqmedo
gegmisTvis saqarTvelos prioritetebis damtkicebis Sesaxeb~, №291, 11.07.2005.
153
makoordinebeli samTavrobo komisia.23 2006 wels SemuSavda evropis samezoblo

politikis samoqmedo gegma (ENP AP)24 da saqarTvelos mTavrobam miiRo gadawyvetileba
ENP AP-is ganxorcielebis gegmis SemuSavebis Sesaxeb.25
2006 wlidan saqarTvelo iwyebs ENP AP-is ganxorcielebas. 2007 wlidan evrokav-
Siris evrokomisia yovelwliurad afasebs qveynis mdgomareobas ENP AP-is Sesrulebis
konteqstSi.
2010 wlidan saqarTvelosa da evrokavSirs Soris iwyeba politikuri dialogi,
rac ukavSirdeboda asocirebis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebis dadebis perspeqtivebs da am
SeTanxmebaSi DCFTA-is integrirebas. aRniSnulis xelSesawyobad ganisazRvra pirTa
jgufi evrokavSirTan molaparakebis gamarTvis mizniT26, aseve Seiqmna uwyebaTaSorisi
samuSao jgufi DCFTA-is sakiTxebze molaparakebis warmoebis mizniT.27
2013 wlis noemberSi vilniusis samitze ganxorcielda asocirebis SeTanxmebis pa-
rafireba; am periodSive mTavrobam miiRo dadgenileba `saqarTvelosa da evrokavSirs
Soris asocirebis dRis wesrigis~ teqstis miRebisa da ganaxlebis mizniT evrokavSir-
Tan momlaparakebeli komisiis Seqmnis Sesaxeb.28 2014 wels mTavrobam miiRo gankargu-
leba `saqarTvelosa da evrokavSirs Soris asocirebis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebis~, romelic
moicavs Rrma da yovlismomcveli Tavisufali savaWro sivrcis Taobaze SeTanxmebas,
efeqtiani ganxorcielebis mizniT gasatarebel RonisZiebaTa Sesaxeb~.29 2014 wels par-
lamentma moaxdina asocirebis SeTanxmebis ratificireba.
zemoaRniSnuli normatiuli CarCos formirebisa da Camoyalibebis istoria na-
Telyofs im nebis gamovlinebas, ris Sedegadac etapobrivad unda ganxorcielebuli-
yo samarTlebrivi daaxloebis procesi, maT Soris Sromis samarTlis sferoSi. evroin-
tegraciuli procesebis xelSesawyobad miRebuli normatiuli aqtebis sistematizeba
mniSvnelovania imis gasarkvevad, rogori TanxvedriTa da urTierTSesabamisobiT vi-
Tardeboda sajarod aRiarebuli politika da Sromis kanonmdeblobis Sinaarsobrivi
cvlilebebi, romelzec iqneba saubari Semdeg TavSi.
23
saqarTvelos mTavrobis dadgenileba, №195, 03.11.2005, evrokavSiris samezoblo po-
litikisa da natoSi integraciis procesSi saqarTvelos prioritetebis realizaciis
uwyebaTaSorisi koordinaciis samTavrobo komisiis Seqmnis Sesaxeb, ssm, 129, 03.11.2005,
<https://matsne.gov.ge/ka/document/view/10630>.
24
ix. <http://www.eeas.europa.eu/delegations/georgia/documents/eu_georgia/booklet_a4_2geo.pdf>.
25
saqarTvelos mTavrobis gankarguleba, №498, 20.10.2006, evropuli samezoblo politikis
farglebSi evrokavSir-saqarTvelos samoqmedo gegmis ganxorcielebis saqarTvelos
mTavrobis gegmis SemuSavebis Sesaxeb.
26
saqarTvelos prezidentis brZanebuleba `saqarTvelosa da evrokavSirs Soris asocirebis
Sesaxeb SeTanxmebis“ teqstis miRebis mizniT evrokavSirTan molaparakebis gamarTvis
uflebamosilebis miniWebis Taobaze, №489, 12.07.2010.
27
saqarTvelos mTavrobis dadgenileba ,,saqarTvelosa da evrokavSirs Soris Rrma da
yovlismomcveli Tavisufali vaWrobis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebaze molaparakebebis warmoebis
mizniT uwyebaTaSorisi samuSao jgufis Seqmnis Taobaze“, №61, 21.02.2012, gamoqveynebis
TariRi: 22.02.2012, <https://matsne.gov.ge/ka/document/view/1593359>.
28
saqarTvelos mTavrobis dadgenileba, №112, 27 ianvari, 2014, <https://matsne.gov.ge/ka/document/
view/2218037>.
29
saqarTvelos mTavrobis gankarguleba, №186, 07.02.2014, <https://matsne.gov.ge/ka/document/
view/2250269>.
154
4. Sromis kanonmdeblobis winaSe mdgari moTxovnebisa da

Sefasebis dinamika
saqarTveloSi Sromis kanonmdeblobis mimoxilva sam nawilad unda daiyos: 1973

wlis Sromis kanonTa kodeqsi; 2006 wlis Sromis kodeqsi; 2013 wlis `Sromis kodeqsSi~
ganxorcielebuli cvlilebebi.
1973 wlis saqarTvelos sabWoTa socialisturi respublikis kanoni, romelic 90-
ian wlebSi gadaxalisda arsebuli sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis Sesabamisad, Sro-
miTi urTierTobebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli da, amavdroulad, Tanmdevi Sedegebis mom-
wesrigebeli aspeqtebis detalizaciiT xasiaTdeboda. mas Tamamad SeiZleba vuwodoT
kodificikacia.
1973 wlis Sromis kanonTa kodeqss Zalian sainteresod aanalizeben mogvianebiT,
2003 wels, roca dRis wesrigad dgeba saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis evrokavSiris ka-
nonmdeblobasTan harmonizaciis aucilebloba da Sromis kanonmdeblobis evropul
kanonmdeblobasTan Sesabamisobis analizis ganxorcieleba, rac aisaxa rekomendacie-
biTurT harmonizaciis erovnul programaSi. analizma moicva Semdegi sakiTxebi: Sro-
miTi xelSekruleba; samuSao dro; axalgazrdebis dacva; sawarmoTa restruqturiza-
cia (gadacema); qalTa da mamakacTa Tanasworoba; janmrTelobisa da usafrTxoebis
dacva.30 programaSi naTqvamia, rom saqarTvelos Sromis kanonmdeblobis evrogaerTia-
nebis Sromis direqtivebTan Sesabamisobis analizma gviCvena, rom saqarTvelos kanon-
mdebloba, ZiriTadad, Seesabameba evrogaerTianebis direqtivebs, xolo zogierT Sem-
TxvevaSi, evropul normebze ufro maRal standartebsac adgens.31
im droisTvis, rodesac GEPLAC-is eqspertebma da samuSao jgufma gaaanalizes
moqmedi kanonmdebloba, paralelur reJimSi Seiswavles axali Sromis kodeqsis pro-
eqtic, romelsac unda Caenacvlebina 1973 wlis kanoni. axal aqts unda gaeTvaliswi-
nebina Sromis bazrisa da SromiTi urTierTobebis axali realiebi, amavdroulad, ev-
rokavSiris kanonmdeblobis moTxovnebi da evropuli standartebi. analizis Sedegad
Camoyalibda rekomendaciebi, rac unda asaxuliyo axal kanonSi.32 Tumca 2005 wlisTvis
saqarTvelos parlaments gansaxilvelad waredgina Sromis kodeqsis proeqtis sami va-
rianti: GEPLAC-is, Tavisuflebis institutis, saqarTvelos mTavrobisa. saqarTvelos
profesiuli kavSirebis gaerTianebisa da sazogadoebis didi nawilis protestis miu-
xedavad, saqarTvelos parlamentis mier ganxilul da miRebul iqna saqarTvelos mTav-
robisa da Tavisuflebis institutis mier SemuSavebuli variantebis safuZvelze mom-
zadebuli kanonproeqti.33 2006 wels miRebul iqna axali Sromis kodeqsi.34
30
saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis evrokavSiris kanonmdeblobasTan hamronizaciis erovnuli
programa (saxelmZRvanelo principebi samoqmedo gegmisTvis), seqtemberi, 2003, 148, <http://
www.parliament.ge/uploads/other/18/18483.pdf>.
31
iqve.
32
iqve, 149-157.
33
anTaZe c., Sromis standartebi da maTi Sesabamisoba ,,evropis socialuri qartiisa~ da
saqarTvelos mier ratificirebuli Sromis saerTaSoriso organizaciis konvenciebis
moTxovnebTan, <http://www.nplg.gov.ge/gsdl/cgi-bin/library.exe?e=d-00000-00---off-0civil2-civil2-01-1--
0-10-0--0-0---0prompt-10--..-4----4---0-1l--11-ka-10---10-preferences-50--00-3-1-00-0-00-11-1-0utfZz-8-00-
0-11-1-0utfZz-8-10&cl=CL2.6&d=HASH2097cf9988510f51cdfd72.4.5&x=1>.
34
saqarTvelos kanoni ,,saqarTvelos Sromis kodeqsi~, 25.05.2006,ssm, 23,19.06.2006, https://
matsne.gov.ge/ka/document/view/26350
155
miuxedavad imisa, rom 2006 wlis kanonma moicva Sromis sferoSi sayovelTaod
aRiarebuli bevri principi da danerga Tanamedrove Sromis bazris Sesabamisi axali
institutebi, is Sors idga, erTi mxriv, evrokavSiris kanonmdeblobiT dadgenili stan-
dartebisgan, meore mxriv, kodifikaciis arsisgan. aseve, man ar gaiTvaliswina eqspertTa
analizis Sedegebi, rekomendaciebi, datova reagirebis gareSe da erTgvarad Seqmna
SromiTi urTierTobebis proevropulad regulirebis problema. kodeqsi Seicavda
debulebebs, romlebic pirdapir ewinaaRmdegoboda evrokavSiris direqtivebis moTxov-
nebs da saqarTvelos mier nakisr sxva saerTaSoriso valdebulebebs.35
axali Sromis kodeqsis miReba emTxveva im periods, roca saqarTvelo gaxda
evropis samezoblo politikis beneficiari. PCA-s safuZvelze Sromis sferos
mowesrigebis Sesaxeb rekomendaciebi aisaxa ENP AP-Si, sadac naTqvamia, rom saWiroa:
Zalisxmevis mimarTva ,,evropis socialuri qartiiT~ gansazRvruli standartebis Ses-
rulebis uzrunvelsayofad – profesiuli kavSirebis ZiriTadi uflebebisa da Sromis
ZiriTadi standartebis uzrunvelyofa saqarTvelos mier ratificirebuli ,,Sromis
saerTaSoriso organizaciis~ konvenciebis Sesabamisad.36 ENP AP-is saqarTvelos mier
Sesrulebis yovelwliuri Sefasebis angariSSi evrokomisia asaxavda arsebul viTare-
bas da SeimuSavebda rekomendaciebs, rac wlebis mixedviT ase gamoiyureba:
2007 weli. saqarTvelom moaxdina dasaqmebisa da SromiTi urTierTobebis sruli
liberalizeba. dRes am sferos erTaderTi maregulirebeli Sromis bazaria. xangrZli-
vad umuSevarTa ricxvi bazarze Warbobs. Sromis bazarze arsebul rTul situacias am-
Zimebs dasaqmebisa da Sromis bazris efeqturi politikis ararseboba. 2006 wlis Sro-
mis kodeqsi, romelic profkavSirebTan yovelgvari winaswari konsultaciebis gareSe
momzadda, ar Seesabameba ,,Sromis saerTaSoriso organizaciis“ standartebs. ufro me-
tic, Sromis kanoni ewinaaRmdegeba evrokavSiris standartebsa da saqarTvelos mier
2005 wlis ivlisSi ratificirebul ,,evropis socialuri qartiis“ standartebs. socia-
luri dialogis warmoebis TvalsazrisiT araviTari winsvla ar aRiniSneba;37
2008 weli. rac Seexeba Sromis kanonmdeblobas, samuSao uflebebsa da socialur
dialogs, saqarTvelom ganacxada socialur partniorebTan ufro intensiuri dia-
logis warmarTvis Sesaxeb, magram am mizniT konkretuli RonisZiebebi ar Catarebula.
Sromis kodeqsSi cvlilebebi ar Sesula;38
35
saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis evrokavSiris kanonmdeblobasTan harmonizaciis erov-
nuli programis ganxorcielebis arsebuli mdgomareoba, ekonomikuri politikisa da
samarTlebrivi sakiTxebis qarTul-evropuli sakonsultacio centris (GEPLAC) angariSi,
2006 wlis 13 ivnisis mdgomareobiT, 20-21, <http://www.parliament.ge/uploads/other/18/18477.pdf>.
36
saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis evrokavSiris kanonmdeblobasTan harmonizaciis erov-
nuli programis ganxorcielebis arsebuli mdgomareoba, ekonomikuri politikisa da
samarTlebrivi sakiTxebis qarTul-evropuli sakonsultacio centris (GEPLAC) angariSi,
2006 wlis 13 ivnisis mdgomareobiT, 15, <http://www.parliament.ge/uploads/other/18/18476.pdf>.
37
evrokavSiris samezoblo politikis ganxorcieleba 2007 wels, Sualeduri angariSi sa-
qarTvelos Sesaxeb, briuseli, 03.04.2008, SEC (2008) 393, evrokomisiis samuSao dokumenti,
<http://www.eeas.europa.eu/delegations/georgia/eu_georgia/political_relations/political_framework/enp_
georgia_news/index_en.htm>
38
evropis samezoblo politikis ganxorcielebis Sualeduri angariSi, briuseli, evro-
komisiis samuSao dokumenti, romelic Tan erTvis evrokavSiris komunikes evropar-
lamentisa da evrokavSiris sabWosTvis, 23.04.2009, 15, <http://eeas.europa.eu/delegations/georgia/
documents/eu_georgia/enp_progessreport2008_ka.pdf>.
156
2009 weli. dasaqmebis sferoSi saqarTvelos arc konkretuli dasaqmebis strate-

gia aqvs da arc uwyeba arsebobs, romelic mas ganaxorcielebda. ILO-sa da saqarTvelos
2008 wlis oqtombris erToblivi gancxadebis Semdeg Catarda ramdenime konsultacia
mTavrobas, profesiul kavSirebsa da damsaqmebelTa asociacias Soris. konsultacia
miznad isaxavda Sromis kodeqsis im debulebebis ganxilvas, romlebic ar Seesabamebo-
da Sromis saerTaSoriso organizaciis konvenciebs Sromis ZiriTadi standartebis Se-
saxeb. 2009 wlis noemberSi gamoica brZanebuleba sammxrivi socialuri dialogis komi-
siis institucionalizebis Sesaxeb;39
2010 weli. gamowvevebi kvlav rCeba Semdeg sakiTxebSi: Sekrebis Tavisufleba,
SromiTi uflebebi, dasaqmeba. ILO-m gamoxata SeSfoTeba, rom SromiTi uflebebisa da
Sromis saerTaSoriso standartebis sferoSi saqarTvelo ar asrulebs ZiriTadi kon-
venciiT gaTvaliswinebul pirobebs. saqarTvelos raime konkretuli dasaqmebis poli-
tika ara aqvs da arc dasaqmebis saagento arsebobs. Sromis kodeqssa da profesiuli
kavSirebis Sesaxeb kanonSi iseTi cvlilebebis Setanaa saWiro, romlebic Sromis Ziri-
Tadi standartebis Sesabamisi iqneba;40
2011 weli. kvlav SeSfoTebis sagania SromiTi uflebebis dacva, kerZod, saqar-
Tvelos mier saerTaSoriso SromiTi uflebebis Sesaxeb konvenciebis Seusruleblo-
ba. 2011 wels saqarTvelom Sromis saerTaSoriso organizaciasTan dialogSi winsvlas
miaRwia da am organizaciis zogierTi rekomendacia gaiTvaliswina, zogierTi maTgani
jer kidev Sesasrulebelia, kerZod sakanonmdeblo cvlilebebis Setana profkavSire-
bis Sesaxeb kanonsa da Sromis kodeqsSi;41
2012 weli. SromiTi uflebebi axali mTavrobis winaSe mdgar erT-erT mTavar ga-
mowvevad iqna miCneuli. Sinaarsiani socialuri dialogis ararseboba da gancda imisa,
rom wina xelisufleba xels uSlida profkavSirebis muSaobas, wina angariSebSic iyo
aRniSnuli, Tumca axalma mTavrobam Tavis Tavze aiRo Sromis kanonmdeblobis saerTa-
Soriso da evropul standartebTan Sesabamisobis uzrunvelyofa. Sromis saerTaSori-
so organizacia aqtiurad iyo CarTuli Sromis kodeqsSi Sesatani cvlilebebis momza-
debaSi, rac mniSvnelovani pozitiuri movlenaa. gaumjobesda socialuri dialogis xa-
risxic. 2012 wlis dekemberSi parlamentma miiRo kanoni, romliTac premier-ministris
39
evropis samezoblo politikis ganxorcieleba 2009 wlis ganmavlobaSi: angariSi saqar-
Tvelos Sesaxeb, evrokomisiis samuSao dokumenti, evrokomisia, briuseli, 12.05.2010, SEC
(2010), 518, 10, <http://eeas.europa.eu/delegations/georgia/documents/eu_georgia/enp_progressreport2009_
ka.pdf>.
40
samuSao dokumenti, evropis samezoblo politikis ganxorcieleba 2010 wlis ganmavlo-
baSi, angariSi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, evrokomisia, evrokavSiris umaRlesi warmomadgeneli
erTiani sagareo da usafrTxoebis politikis sferoSi, briuseli, 26.05.2011, 3, 12, <http://
eeas.europa.eu/delegations/georgia/documents/eu_georgia/enp_progressreport_2010_ka.pdf>.
41
erToblivi samuSao dokumenti, evropis samezoblo politikis ganxorcieleba saqar-
TveloSi 2011 wlis ganmavlobaSi, angariSi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb da samoqmedo reko-
mendaciebi, evrokomisia, sagareo da usafrTxoebis politikis sakiTxebSi evrokavSiris
umaRlesi warmomadgeneli, briuseli, 15.05.2012, 3, 13, <http://eeas.europa.eu/delegations/georgia/
documents/news/enpprogressreport_2011_ka.pdf>.
157
TavmjdomareobiT moxda sammxrivi socialuri komisiis institucionalizacia.42

2013 weli. axali Sromis kodeqsi Sromis saerTaSoriso organizaciis standar-
tebis Sesabamisad iqna damtkicebuli. es evrokavSiris didi xnis moTxovna iyo, Tumca
misi saTanadod ganxorcieleba kvlavac problemaa. Sromis kodeqsSi, romelic ZalaSi
ivlisSi Sevida, ILO-s standartebTan dakavSirebuli yvela debuleba saTanadod iqna
miRebuli;43
2014 weli. instituciuri meqanizmebi SromiTi uflebebis dasacavad ar Secvli-
la. mTavrobasa da socialur partniorebs Soris mniSvnelovani konsensusi arsebobs
samuSao adgilebze usafrTxoebis normebis dacvis SemowmebasTan dakavSirebiT, magram
Sromis ufro farTo inspeqtirebis SemoRebis sakiTxi (rac kavSirSia asocirebis Sesa-
xeb SeTanxmebasTan) kvlav diskusiis sagani iyo.44
zemoT mocemuli Sefasebebi cxadyofs, rom garkveuli periodis ganmavlobaSi
Sromis kanonmdebloba imyofeboda stagnaciis mdgomareobaSi. es ki mianiSnebs imaze,
rom Sromis samarTlis sferoSi dinamikuri da etapobrivi samarTlebrivi harmoniza-
ciis procesi ar xorcieldeboda da qveynis winaSe mdgari amocanebi Seusrulebeli
rCeboda. Sromis kanonmdeblobisTvis axali etapi daiwyo 2012-2013 wlebis mijnaze,
rodesac organul kanonSi Sevida cvlilebebi. zustad am periods emTxveva ENP AP-is
Sefasebis dokumentis Canawerebi imis Taobaze, rom Sromis kodeqsi dauaxlovda saer-
TaSoriso standartebs. faqtia, rom evrointegraciuli procesebis normatiuli ga-
remos dinamikis fonze evropul standartebTan miaxloebis realur da Sedegobriv as-
peqtebze saubari SeiZleba 2013 wels Sromis kodeqsSi ganxorcielebuli cvlilebebis
safuZvelze. cvlilebebma, romelic orientirebuli iyo, sakanonmdeblo intervenciis
gziT daebalansebina damsaqmeblisa da dasaqmebulis uflebrivi mdgomareoba da gaem-
yarebina dasaqmebulis mdgomareobis rigi aspeqtebisa, gamoiwvia azrTa bipolarizeba:
1. axali kodeqsi Seicavs bevr cvlilebas, romlebic Sromis samarTlis yvela
sferos exeba da SeiniSneba kanonmdeblobis miswrafeba, gaaZlieros dasaqmebulTa
42
erToblivi samuSao dokumenti, evropis samezoblo politikis ganxorcieleba sa-
qarTveloSi 2012 wlis ganmavlobaSi, miRweuli winsvla da samoqmedo rekomendaciebi,
evrokomisia, evrokavSiris umaRlesi warmomadgeneli sagareo da usafrTxoebis po-
litikis sakiTxebSi, briuseli, 20.03.2013, 3, 6-7, <http://eeas.europa.eu/delegations/georgia/
documents/news/20130320_enpreport_ka.pdf>.
43
TveloSi 2013 wlis ganmavlobaSi, miRweuli progresi da Semdgom qmedebebTan dakav-
Sirebuli rekomendaciebi, evrokomisia, sagareo saqmeTa da usafrTxoebis politikis
sakiTxebSi evrokavSiris umaRlesi warmomadgeneli, briuseli, 27.03.2014, SWD (2014)
72/2, 13, 19, <http://www.eeas.europa.eu/delegations/georgia/documents/eu_georgia/progress_report_2013/
progress_report_2013_georgia_ka.pdf>.
44
TveloSi 2014 wlis ganmavlobaSi, miRweuli progresi da Semdgom qmedebebTan dakav-
Sirebuli rekomendaciebi, evrokomisia, sagareo saqmeTa da usafrTxoebis politikis
sakiTxebSi evrokavSiris umaRlesi warmomadgeneli, 25 marti, briuseli, 12-13, <http://www.
eeas.europa.eu/delegations/georgia/documents/eu_georgia/progress_report_2014/enpprogress_report_2014_
ka.pdf>.
158
dacva ise, rom ar moxdes damsaqmeblis interesebis ugulebelyofa; aSkaraa evrokavSi-

ris qveynebis dacvis standartebTan miaxloeba;45kanonmdeblis mcdelobis sagani iyo,
specialur normebSi aesaxa sakonstitucio da uzenaesi sasamarTloebis mier Sromis
uflebis Taobaze warmodgenili progresuli msjelobebi, romlebic, reformamdeli
sakanonmdeblo xarvezebis fonze, saerTaSoriso da samarTlis zogadi principebi-
dan gamomdinareobda. qveynis evropuli miswrafebebi kanonmdebels aZlevda SesamCnev
biZgs, adekvaturi nabijebi gadaedga samarTlis am sferos evropul da globalur sa-
erTaSoriso RirebulebebTan daaxloebis mimarTulebiT.46 ramdenadac Sromis samar-
Tlis umTavresi daniSnulebaa damsaqmeblisa da dasaqmebulis interesebis balansis
SenarCuneba, rac zemoqmedebs socialur simSvideze, ekonomikis ganviTarebaze, soci-
aluri da samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos damkvidrebaze, aucilebeli iyo saxelmwifos
upirvelesi amocanis Sesruleba – xeli Seuwyos individTa interesebis dacvas da maT-
Tvis miniWebuli uflebebis ganxorcielebas.47
2. SromiTi xelSekrulebis dadebisa da Sewyvetis regulirebis gamkacreba cal-
saxad zrdis biznesmenis dasaqmebulTan dakavSirebul xarjebs. xarjebis gazrda, sa-
varaudod, Seamcirebs moTxovnas Sromis Zalaze, rac, Sesabamisad, uaryofiT gavlenas
moaxdens axali samuSao adgilebis Seqmnaze. uvado xelSekrulebis tvirTi mewarmeebs
uZlierebs stimulebs, ar Seqmnan axali samuSao adgilebi. meqanizmis moSla, romelic
biznesmens aZlevs saSualebas, ufro Tamamad miiRos gadawyvetileba samuSao adgilis
Seqmnis Sesaxeb, sabolood, uaryofiTad aisaxeba axali samuSao adgilebis Seqmnaze da,
zogadad, dasaqmebis maCvenebelze. masobrivi daTxovnisa da koleqtiuri davebis Sem-
TxvevebSi, saxelmwifos pirdapiri CarTulobis SesaZlebloba da misi rolis gaZlie-
reba zrdis biznesze saxelmwifos wnexs. Sromis bazris moqnilobis Semcireba amcirebs
biznesmenebis SesaZleblobas, swrafi reagireba moaxdinon mimdinare cvlilebebze
ekonomikuri krizisis dros.48
45
foskiuleri b., axali Sromis samarTali: ramdenime gansaxilvelad SerCeuli sakiTxi,
Sromis samarTali (statiaTa krebuli), III, germaniis saerTaSoriso TanamSromloba, GIZ,
iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tsu-is iuridiuli fakulteti, Tb., 2014, 174.
46
CaCava s., zaaliSvili v., Sromis samarTali (statiaTa krebuli), III, germaniis Tanam-
Sromloba, GIZ, iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tsu-is iuridiuli fakulteti, Tb., 2014, i-ii.
47
inasariZe T., SromiT xelSekrulebaSi arsebiT pirobebTan dakavSirebiT, 2013 wlis
12 ivlisis reformis mizani, miTiTebulia krebulSi: CaCava s., zaaliSvili v., Sromis
samarTali (statiaTa krebuli), III, germaniis saerTaSoriso TanamSromloba, GIZ, iv.
javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tsu-is iuridiuli fakulteti, Tb., 2014, 184-185.
48
saqarTvelos Sromis kodeqsis ekonomikuri analizi, PMC-is kvleviTi centri (aRmo-
savleT-dasavleTis marTvis institutis (EWMI) programis farglebSi), maisi, 2013, 3-4,
<http://www.icc.ge/www/download/Analysis%20of%20the%20Amendments%20to%20the%20Labor%20
Code%20of%20Georgia%20-%20GEO.pdf>.
159
5. daskvna
istoriuli da sistemuri kvlevis meTodis gamoyenebiT kargad warmoCnda Sromis

samarTlis sferoSi qveynis mier valdebulebaTa aRsrulebis dinamika, tempi, xarisxi
da evrointegraciuli procesebis fonze samarTlebrivi harmonizaciis etapebi Sede-
gebiTurT.
miuxedavad wlebis ganmavlobaSi evropuli standartebis Sesabamisad Sromis ka-
nonmdeblobis formirebis problemisa, amJamad naTeli da udavoa faqtia, rom Sromis
sferoSi dawyebulia samarTlebrivi harmonizaciis procesi, rac momavalSi dinamik-
uri daaxloebis meTodiT unda gagrZeldes da ganviTardes. PCA-dan dawyebuli, dRes
ukve asocirebis SeTanxmebis moTxovnaTa gaTvaliswinebiT, saqarTvelos Sromis ka-
nonmdebloba jer kidev saWiroebs etapobriv cvlilebebs, romelic, erTi mxriv, mu-
dam unda iyos orientirebuli maRali xarisxiT adamianis uflebebis dacvaze, meore
mxriv, Seesabamebodes qveynis ekonomikur ganviTarebas da Sromis bazris Tanamedro-
ve tendenciebs. evropuli standartebis saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobaSi integrirebis
fonze socialur partniorebs Soris dialogsa da maTi CarTulobiT formirebul da
balansirebul politikasac uaRresad didi mniSvneloba aqvs, ramac, sabolood, xeli
unda Seuwyos damsaqmebelTa da dasaqmebulTa Soris konfliqturi viTarebis daregu-
lirebas. am procesSi ki kanonmdeblis roli uaRresad mniSvnelovania, romelic, Tavis
mxriv, unda daeyrdnos istoriul gamocdilebas, amavdroulad, mecnierul xedvebs da
evrointegraciuli procesebis CarCoSi, qveynis adgilobrivi specifikisa da praqti-
kis gaTvaliswinebiT, miiRos saTanado gadawyvetilebebi.
160
aleqsandre wulaZe *
sasamarTlo mediaciis konceptualuri xedva
winamdebare statiis mizania miawodos mkiTxvels informacia sasamarTlo

mediaciis Tanamedrove modelis Sesaxeb da SesTavazos maT misi samomavlo
ganviTarebis xedva. avtoris mosazrebiT, sasamarTlo mediaciis Tanamedro-
ve modelis warmatebiT ganviTarebisaTvis aucilebelia SemuSavdes garkveu-
li strategia, romelic unda efuZnebodes rogorc warsuli gamocdilebis,
aseve, qarTul marTlmsajulebaSi arsebuli mdgomareobisa da miRebuli re-
komendaciebis analizs. gamomdinare aqedan, statia mimoixilavs rogorc sa-
qarTveloSi morigebiT samarTlebrivi davebis gadawyvetis kulturas, aseve
sasamarTlo mediaciis danergvidan dRemde miRweul Sedegebsa da eqsperte-
bis mier SemuSavebul daskvnebs (rekomendaciebs). amasTan, avtoris xedviT
mediaciis kulturis saqarTveloSi danergvisaTvis udidesi praqtikuli da
simboluri mniSvneloba aqvs ilia Wav Wa va Zis mier gamoTqmul mosazrebebs
da Sexedulebebs. Sesabamisad, swored ili as naazrevsa da mis faseulobeb-
ze dayrnobiT statiaSi mocemulia daskvna qarTuli marTlmsajulebisaTvis
warmatebuli mediaciis institutis arsebobis mniSvnelobaze da xedva amis
misaRwevad.
sakvanZo sityvebi: sasamarTlo mediacia, mediaciis modeli, mediaciis

kultura, ilia Wav Wa va Ze rogorc mediatori, mediaciis konceptualuri
xedva.
1. Sesavali
ukanaskneli 20 wlis ganmavlobaSi qarTulma marTlmsajulebam sakmaod bevri –

didi Tu mcire masStabis – cvlileba ganicada, rasac, bunebrivia, xarvezebic axlda
Tan. axali samarTlebrivi institutis danergva gamowvevaa, romlis warmatebiT Tavis
garTmevisaTvis mxolod ucxo qveynis an saerTaSoriso organizaciis mier momzadebu-
li modeluri kanonis, strategiis an ganxorcielebis samoqmedo gegmis `gadmotana~ ar
aris sakmarisi, miT ufro, roca arc raime universaluri formula arsebobs mediaciis
institutis warmatebiT danergvisaTvis. swored amitom winamdebare statiaSi morige-
biT davebis gadawyvetis istoriuli gamocdilebis, sasamarTlo mediaciis oTxi wlis
Sedegebisa da mediaciis Tanamedrove modelTan dakavSirebiT miRebuli rekomenda-
ciebis ganxilvis mizani saqarTveloSi sasamarTlo mediaciis sayrdeni ideis, ganviTa-
rebis veqtorisa da Sedegis misaRwevad saWiro xedvis gansazRvraa.
*
Tsu-is iurdiuli fakultetis doqtoranti, mowveuli leqtori.
161
miuxedavad imisa, rom saqarTveloSi mesame neitraluri piris daxmarebiT kon-

fliqtis mSvidobiani regulireba didi xania cnobilia, Tanamedrove mediacia, ro-
gorc davis gadawyvetis alternatiuli saSualeba, mxolod da mxolod sawyis etapzea.
2011 wlis 20 dekembers saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsSi Sevida cvlileba,
romelic pirvelad Seexo moqmedi samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsisaTvis ucnob samar-
Tlebriv instituts – sasamarTlo mediacias.1 es cvlileba mediaciis Tanamedrove mo-
delis danergvis mizniT gadadgmuli pirveli nabiji iyo, rac TavisTavad istoriuli
faqtia. sakanonmdeblo cvlilebis Semdeg qarTul samarTlebriv sivrceSi interesi
mediaciis mimarT mniSvnelovnad gaizarda, razec, 2012 wlidan moyolebuli, Tbilisis
saqalaqo sasamarTloSi mediaciis piloturi proeqtis dawyeba, mediaciis Tematikaze
Catarebuli sxvadasxva samecniero RonisZieba, gamoqveynebuli samecniero statiebi
da mediatorTa asociaciebis daarsebac metyvelebs.
Sesabamisad, Tu vTanxmdebiT sasamarTlo mediaciis institutis mniSvnelobasa da
rogorc kerZo, ise sajaro samarTlis davebis sferoSi misi daxmarebiT davis gadawyve-
tis efeqturobaze, dgeba saqarTveloSi sasamarTlo mediaciis politikis Tvalsazri-
siT garkveuli xedvisa da principebis SemuSavebis saWiroeba.
2. morigebiT davebis gadawyvetis istoriuli gamocdileba

qarTul samarTalSi
a. morigeba qarTul CveulebiT samarTalSi
ramdenadac qarTul CveulebiT samarTalSi TviTmmarTvelobebi aerTianebdnen

jer kidev gaumijnav sakanonmdeblo, aRmasrulebel da sasamarTlo xelisuflebebs,2
rTulia, visaubroT qarTul CveulebiT samarTalSi arsebul mediaciaze, rogorc wmin-
da sasamarTlo institutze,3 miT ufro, masze, rogorc kerZosamarTlebrivi davebis
gadawyvetis meqanizmze.4 aRsaniSnavia is faqtic, rom qarTuli CveulebiTi samarTliT
ar arsebobda mesame neitraluri piris – mediatorisa da mosamarTlis – erTmaneTisagan
ise mkacrad gamijnuli funqciebi, rogorc es Tanamedrove marTlmsajulebaSia. amis
damadasturebeli, erTi mxriv, samosamarTleo samsaxurSi myof im pirTa dasaxelebaTa
siuxvecaa, romelTa funqciebSi, sxva sakiTxebTan erTad, davebis mSvidobiani gadawy-
vetac Sedioda: rjulis kaci,5 msajuli, mdivanbegi, bWe-mediatori6, morevi,7 xevisberi
da a.S. `mixeil kekelias dakvirvebiT, sityva mediators XIX saukunis damdegamde qar-
1
ix. <https://matsne.gov.ge/index.php?option=com–ldmssearch&view=docView&id=29962>, [10.10.2015].
2
qarTuli CveulebiTi samarTali, tomi 4, mT. red. m.kekelia, 1993, 165.
3
iqve, 167.
4
CveulebiTi samarTliT saqarTveloSi moqmedi momrigebeli mediatorebi ufro xSirad da
efeqtianad swored sisxlissamarTlebriv davebze gvevlinebian.
5
daviTaSvili g., sasamarTlo organizacia da procesi qarTul CveulebiT samarTalSi, Tb.,
2004, 34.
6
`bWe – sadavo saqmis gansaxilvelad arCeuli mosamarTle – mediatori~, qarTuli enis
ganmartebiTi leqsikoni, erTtomeuli, Tb., 1986.
7
dawvrilebiT ix. wulukiani a., svanuri bWe-mediatoruli sasamarTlo, Jurn. `saxelmwifo
da samarTali~, №9, 1990, 60.
162
aleqsandre wulaZe, sasamarTlo mediaciis konceptualuri xedva
Tuli sinamdvile ar icnobs. am sityvas mxolod 1802 wlidan vxvdebiT~ – aRniSnavs sa-
marTlis istoriis mkvlevari g. daviTaSvili sakuTar naSromSi;8 meore mxriv, is faqti,
rom zemoT CamoTvlil pirebs gadawyvetilebis miRebis uflebamosileba hqondaT, ra
drosac isini mTlianad eyrdnobodnen `Zvel anderZebs~,9 anu precedentul samarTals,
miuTiTebs maT ara mxolod morigebis xelSemwyobTa, aramed gadawyvetilebis mimRebis
piris rolzec. miuxedavad udavod didi gansxvavebisa, Tanamedrove mediatorebsa da
bWe-mediatorebs Soris msgavsebac bevri aspeqtiT arsebobs, maT Soris: arCevis wesi
– is, rom mediatori orive mxarisaTvis misaRebi pirovneba unda yofiliyo; morigebis
msvlelobisas saerTo da individualuri Sexvedrebis Catareba; morigebis misaRwevad
ara erTi, aramed ramdenime Sexvedris gamarTva; morigebis procesSi gamxelili infor-
maciis saidumlod Senaxva da aS.10
CveulebiT samarTalSi arsebuli samediacio institutebis garda, saqarTvelos
teritoriaze 1864 wels ruseTis imperiaSi gatarebuli sasamarTlos reformis Sede-
gad Semotanili momrigebeli mosamarTlis institutic amoqmedda.11 momrigebel mo-
samarTleTa iurisdiqcia samoqalaqo samarTlis saqmeebze vrceldeboda,12 romelTa
davis sagani 500 maneTs ar aRemateboda da, ZiriTadad, piradi Seuracxyofis, wyenis,
sakuTrebis uflebis aRdgenis, mcire danaSaulis Cadenis (iseTze, romelzec mosamar-
Tles ar SeeZlo 300 maneTze meti jarimis dakisreba) gamo gamowveul davebs ganixilav-
dnen. SesaZloa, gaugebari iyos mkiTxvelisaTvis, ra SuaSia momrigebeli mosamarTle-
oba mediaciasaTan, rac arcTu ise usafuZvlo kiTxvaa, Tumca, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT
did msgavsebas momrigebel mosamarTlesa da mediaciis institutebs Soris (miznebs,
upiratesobebs, amocanebsa da msvlelobis process), SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom momrigebe-
li mosamarTleoba mediaciis erT-erTi formaa. swored am mizeziT dRemde aSS-sa da
germaniis federalur respublikaSi terminebi: `mediatori~ da `momrigebeli mosamar-
Tle~ sinonimebad gamoiyeneba, xolo maT servisebs, davis gadawyvetis alternatiul
saSualebebs, saerTo programis farglebSi sTavazoben momxmarebels sasamarTloebi.13
bunebrivia, rusuli wesebis SemoRebam bWe-mediatorebis funqciebi etapobrivad
Sekveca saqarTvelos mTel teritoriaze, magram maTi arseboba karg winapirobas qmni-
da me-19 saukunis saqarTveloSi momrigebeli sasamarTloebis dasamkvidreblad, xolo
orive erTad – Tanamedrove saqarTveloSi. samarTlebrivi davebis mSvidobiani mori-
geba qarTuli samarTlisaTvis kargad nacnobi da saukunovani istoriuli gamocdile-
bis mqone institutia. udavoa, rom igi aqtiurad gamoiyeneboda saqarTvelos TiTqmis
8
daviTaSvili g., sasamarTlo organizacia da procesi qarTul CveulebiT samarTalSi, Tb.,
2004, 5.
9
qarTuli CveulebiTi samarTali, tomi 4, mT. red. m. kekelia, 1993, 168. Semdgomi miTiTebiT:
jalabaZe d., masalebi fSavis CveulebiT samarTalze, 73.
10
wulukiani a., svanuri bWe-mediatoruli sasamarTlo, Jurn. `saxelmwifo da samarTali~,
№9, 1990, 67.
11
ix. <http://www.bibliotekar.ru/teoria-gosudarstva-i-prava-6/187.htm>, [11.09.2015].
12
giorgaZe i., gurgeniZe n., ilia WavWavaZe: cxovrebisa da Semoqmedebis matiane, bibliog-
rafiuli qronika – 1837-1907, Tb., 1987, 48.
13
kaliforniis sasamarTlos davis gadawyvetis programebi, dawvrilebiT ix. <http://www.
cand.uscourts.gov/adr>, [09.11.2015].
163
yvela kuTxeSi da organulad iyo Serwymuli Cvens kulturasaTan. Sesabamisad, Tana-

medrove davis gadawyvetis saSualebebis dizainze, modelsa Tu formaze fiqrisas au-
cilebelia, saTanado yuradReba ara mxolod ucxour gamocdilebas daeTmos, aramed
Cveni adgilobrivi CveulebiTi samarTlisaTvis damaxasiaTebel niSan-Tvisebebsac.
rac Seexeba momrigebel mosamarTleTa instituts da, zogadad, rusuli aneqsiis
periodSi moqmed davis gadawyvetis saSualebebs, SesaZloa, is saerTod ar gamxdariyo
winamdebare statiis ganxilvis sagani, rom ara erTi mniSvnelovani faqti – erT-erT
momrigebeli mosamarTlis Tanamdebobaze ilia WavWavaZe iqna ganwesebuli.
b. qarTuli mediaciis ilia WavWavaZiseuli koncefcia
ilia WavWavaZis avtoritetis, azrovnebis siRrmisa da analizis unaris gaTva-

liswinebiT gaugebari ar unda iyos samarTlebrivi uTanxmoebebis mesame neitraluri
piris daxmarebiT mSvidobianad gadawyvetis Sesaxeb ilia WavWavaZis Sexedulebebis xe-
laxla wamowevis da zedapirze amotanis survili, raTa kidev erTxel xazi gavusvaT,
erTi mxriv, qarTuli samarTlebrivi cnobierebisa da kulturis istoriuli ganviTa-
rebis simaRles, xolo, meore mxriv, Tanamedrove sivrceSi am institutis xelaxla, war-
matebiT damkvidrebaSi momrigebeli mosamarTlis rangSi ilia WavWavaZis saqmianobis,
rogorc brwyinvale magaliTis, mniSvnelobas.
1868 wlis 1 Tebervals14 ilia WavWavaZe, ruseTis mefisnacvlis sammarTvelos
brZanebiT dainiSna momrigebel mosamarTled.15 yuradRebas ipyrobs is faqtic, rom
momrigebeli mosamarTleoba ar yofila pirveli pozicia, saidanac ilia WavWavaZe da-
vebis mSvidobian daregulirebas cdilobda. kerZod, iqamde, 1964 wlis 8 noembers ilia
dainiSna Tbilisis mazris momrigebel Suamavlad, sadac misi samuSao ubnebi iyo gare-
kaxeTi da mcxeTis ubani.16 Tbilisis mazridan is maleve duSeTis raionSi gadaiyvanes
imave poziciaze. momrigebeli Suamavlis movaleobas im xanad Seadgenda Tavadaznau-
robasa da glexebs Soris glexTa reformis gatarebiT gamowveuli konfliqtebisa da
daZabulobis mogvareba, memamuleTa da glexTa nakveTebis gamijvna-dazusteba, ga-
rigebis sigelebis Sedgena, ris gamoc ilias daniSvnis dRidan mouwia duSeTis mazris
soflebSi siaruli kancelariis `mweralTan~ erTad.17
ilia WavWavaZis saxeli uamravi institutisa Tu novaciis damkvidrebas ukavSir-
deba, maT Soris erT-erTi swored morigebiT samarTlebrivi davebis damTavrebis sa-
kiTxia, rac arcTu ise xSirad yofila xazgasmuli maSin, roca sasamarTlo sistemaSi
ilia WavWavaZis Rvawlzea saubari. is ara mxolod praqtikosi mediatori (rogorc ne-
14
giorgaZe i., gurgeniZe n., ilia WavWavaZe: cxovrebisa da Semoqmedebis matiane, biblio-
grafiuli qronika – 1837-1907, Tb., 1987, 48.
15
aRsaniSnavia is faqti, rom ruseTis imperiis garkveul nawilebSi momrigebl mosamar-
Tleebs xalxi Tavad irCevda avtoritetul pirTagan. samwuxarod, saqarTveloSi es wesi
ar moqmedebda.
16
giorgaZe i., gurgeniZe n., ilia WavWavaZe: cxovrebisa da Semoqmedebis matiane, biblio-
grafiuli qronika – 1837-1907, Tb., 1987, 44.
17
Tsk, t. IX, 309.
164
itraluri mSvidobismyofeli) iyo, aramed didad irjeboda saqarTveloSi mediaciis

(morigebiT saqmeTa damTavrebis) kulturis damkvidrebisaTvis, razec mis mier am sa-
kiTxTan dakavSirebiT gamoqveynebuli statiebi da publikaciebi metyvelebs, romelTa
Soris, gansakuTrebiT, aRsaniSnavia: `morigeba saqarTveloSi~, `momrigebeli mosamar-
Tloba CvenSi~, `samarTali mswrafli da marTali~, `sasamarTloebi CvenSi~, `momrigebe-
li sasamarTloebis Sesaxeb~.
ilias damokidebuleba momrigeblobis mimarT kargad Cans 1886 wlis 19 aprils
gazeT ìveriaSi~ gamoqveynebul statiaSi – `momrigebeli sasamarTloebis Sesaxeb~,
sadac is 30 momrigeblis damatebas qarTuli marTlmsajulebisaTvis didi mniSvnelo-
bis faqtad afasebs. kerZod, ilia werda: `rac ufro cxovreba win midis, urTierToba
kacTa Soris miT ufro rTuli xdeba, aReb-micemoba cxoveldeba da momrigebelis sa-
samarTlos mniSvnelobac hmatulobs. sasamarTlos saqmeebi emateba da mcire ricxvi
sasamarTloebisa veRar akmayofilebs adgilis marTlmsajulebis saWiroebas. xolo
Tu marTlmsajuleba ise xelmoklea, rom vera swvdeba adgilis saWiroebas, Tu am xel-
mokleobis gamo yvelas ar SeuZlian advilad da swrafad mihmarTos marTlmsajule-
bas simarTlis aRsadgenad, cxovreba sanatrelis gziT veRar iwarmoebs, yoveldRiu-
ri mimdinareoba misi Seferxdeba da es Seferxeba uwinares yovlisa daetyoba xalxis
ekonomikur yofa-cxovrebas da zneobrivs mdgomareobas. xalxs swrafi da martivi,
uformaluro samarTali sWiria. darRveul uflebasa mswrafl aRdgineba unda.~ aRniS-
nuli sakiTxi dResac iseTive aqtualuria, rogorc me-19 saukunis meore naxevarSi iyo.
dResac wlobiT iweleba samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi davebi da gadatvirTulia sasamar-
Tloebi momlodine saqmeebiT.18 aRniSnuli situaciidan gamosavlad dResac mosamar-
TleTa damatebas miiCneven19 da ara momrigeblebis, romelTa raodenobis zrdas, ilias
mosazrebiT, Seswevs Zala, xalxs samarTali dauaxlovdes.20 amasTan, samwuxaroa, rom
sasamarTlos winaSe mdgari imave gamowvevebis gadawyvetis gzad saqarTvelos iusti-
ciis sabWos moqmedi Semadgenloba ufro aqtiurad ar ganixilavs momrigebelTa – me-
diatorTa da samediacio centrebis Seqmnis SesaZleblobas, romlis aseTi guliTadi
momxre iyo ilia WavWavaZe. `muSa kacis dRe yoveli misTvis lukma-puris Sovnis saxsa-
ria, amitomac Sors siaruli, samarTlis dagvianeba, wasvla-mosvla, romelsac garda
amisa xarjic mosdevs, xalxisaTvis didi ziania. raki kacs ase gauWirda saqme, rom mTe-
li weliwadi samarTlis karzed itrialos, maSin xom saxl-kars, col-Svils unda Tavi
daanebos da es mocdena ki cota zarals moutans!~, `xalxs dava ki ar uyvars, davis male
gaTaveba swyuria~. faqtobrivad, am winadadebebSi ayalibebs ilia WavWavaZe sasamar-
Tlos, rogorc marTlmsajulebis ganmaxorcielebeli organos, momsaxurebis gawevis
koncefcias, kerZod, morigebiT davis droulad da efeqtianad gadawyvetisaTvis pri-
oritetis miniWebis aucileblobas. amave sakiTxs ukavSirdeba 1883 wlis 10 marts №51
gazeT `droebaSi~ ilia WavWavaZis mier gamoqveynebuli statia `samarTali mwrafli da
18
saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos statistikuri monacemebi, ix. <http://www.supremecourt.
ge/statistics/>, [10.11.2015].
19
saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos Tavmjdomaris gancxadeba 100 mosamarTlis damatebis
Sesaxeb, ix. <http://www.ipress.ge/new/7577-raionul-saqalaqo-sasamartloebs-100dan-150mde-mosamartle-
daemateba>, [10.11.2015].
20
WavWavaZe i., momrigebeli sasamarTloebis Sesaxeb, gazeTi ìveria~, 1886, №86.
165
marTali~. rogorc saTauridanve Cans, am statiaSi ilia WavWavaZe dayovnebiT ganxor-

cielebuli marTlmsajulebis naklovanebebze saubrobs, sadac arapirdapir miuTi-
Tebs `gawelili~ marTlmsajulebis pirobebSi mogebuli mxaris warmatebis `moCvenebi-
Tobazec~: `vTqvaT, Sen sasamarTloSi uCivle da Sensas iTxov. ra azri unda Seadgino
Sen im samarTalze, romelic jer ramdenime Tve erTs instanciaze SegaCerebs, mere – me-
oreze, mesameze da erTis, oris wlis Semdeg getyvis: Seni yofila, RmerTma mSvidobaSi
mogaxmaros, waiReo~, xolo sakuTar publicistur werilebSi ilia miuTiTebs, rom `mo-
metebulma nawilma xalxisam kanoni ar icis, mometebuli nawili ver itans formalobas,
pativs scems marto namdvils simarTlesa da ufrTxildeba dros; xalxisaTvis ufro is
aris sanatreli, rom saqme swrafad gauTavdes xolme da saqmis ganaCenebi damyarebuli
iyos maszed, rac TviTon xalxis mosazrebiT simarTled aris cnobili.~21
samwuxarod, erTi mxriv, morigebebis konfidencialuri xasiaTidan gamomdinare,
meore mxriv, saqarTvelos erovnul saistorio arqivSi dacul sakancelario masalaTa
(informaciuli TvalsazrisiT) simwiridan gamomdinare, ver moxerxda ilia WavWavaZis
mier uSualod Catarebuli morigebis procesis msvlelobis amsaxveli bevri masalis
mopoveba, Tumca dacul masalaTa Soris napovni iqna ori saqme, romlebzec ilia WavWa-
vaZem warmatebiT moaxerxa mxareTa morigeba. pirveli maTgani mRvdel Sio barnabaSvil-
sa da filipe arganaSvils Soris arsebuli dava iyo: `me, momrigebelma mosamarTlem,
davarwmune orive mxare am saqmis mSvidobiani SeTanxmebiT damTavrebaSi, SeTanxmeba-
Si maszed, rom arganaSvili gadauxdida mRvdels xuTi maneTis nacvlad oTx maneTs da
daubrunebda cxvars. amaze maT gamoxates Tavisi Tanxmoba.~22 Sesabamisad, ilia WavWa-
vaZem Sewyvita saqmiswarmoeba da gadasca igi arqivs Sesanaxad; meore saqmis masalebi-
dan irkveva, rom urmis soflis mcxovrebma Tiko qoCoraSvilma Tavisi qmris – qucika
qoCoraSvilis mruSi cxovrebis gamo gancxadebiT mimarTa sasamarTlos. `davarwmune
bralmdebeli da braldebulebi am saqmis morigebiT damTavrebasa da erTmaneTisaTvis
miyenebuli wyenisa da Seuracxyofis patiebaSi, colisa da qmaris ojaxuri uflebebisa
da movaleobebis siwmidis srulad aRdgenaSi. bralmdebelma da braldebulebma gamo-
xates TavianTi Tanxmoba Cems Segonebaze da Serigdnen ra, iTxoves am saqmis daviwyebas
micema da warmoebiT Sewyveta. wera-kiTxvis ucodinarobis gamo xeli ar moaweres,~23 –
gvamcnobs saqmis Canaweri. is, rom ilia WavWavaZe morigebas sistematurad iyenebda da
warmatebiT arTmevda Tavs, kargad Cans istoriul arqivSi darCenili sakancelario Ca-
nawerebidanac, Tumca maTSi ar aris mocemuli saqmis uSualo garemoebebisa da mxareTa
Soris sadavo sagnis Sesaxeb informacia.24
me-19 saukunis meore naxevarSi saqarTvelos teritoriaze moqmedi momrigebeli
mosamarTlisa da Tanamedrove sasamarTlo mediaciis institutebis msgavsebis gaTva-
liswinebiT, SeiZleba Tamamad ewodos ilia WavWavaZes qarTuli mediaciis flagmani,
21
WavWavaZe i., momrigebeli mosamarTleoba CvenSi, werili meeqvse, publicisturi werilebi,
tomi IV, Tb., 1987, 359.
22
ix. 1968 wlis 23 seqtembiris oqmi, №289-1 saqmeze, daculi saqarTvelos erovnul
saistorio arqivSi.
23
ix. 1868 wlis 23 ivlisis oqmi №128 saqmeze, daculi saqarTvelos erovnul saistorio
arqivSi.
24
ix.: №f.8-1-2284, №f.31-1-27, № f.31-1-211, № f.31-1-20268 da№ f.31-1-20650 folderebi,
daculi saqarTvelos erovnul saistorio arqivSi.
166
miT umetes, rom Tanamedrove ganviTarebul qveynebSi iurist mediatorTa umravleso-

ba yofili da moqmedi mosamarTlea.25
3. sasamarTlo mediacia kanonmdeblobis miRebidan oTxi wlis Semdeg
2011 wlis 21 noembers saqarTvelos parlamentSi inicirebul iqna `saqarTvelos

zogierT sakanonmdeblo aqtSi cvlilebebis Setanis Sesaxeb~26 sakanonmdeblo paketi,
romlis mTavari sakiTxi sasamarTlo sistemaSi mediaciis institutis Semotana iyo,
inicirebuli normis ganmartebiTi baraTis mixedviT, `kanonproeqtis miRebis mizezia
davis gadawyvetis alternatiuli saSualebis – mediaciis institutis damkvidreba,
rac xels Seuwyobs mxareTa Soris davis aRmofxvras maTi SeTanxmebis Sesabamisad da
sazogadoebis TviTSegnebis amaRlebas, raTa dava moagvaron urTierTSeTanxmebiT ara-
sasamarTlo gziT~, xolo kanonproeqtis miznad raionul (saqalaqo) da saapelacio sa-
samarTloebSi swrafi da efeqturi marTlmsajulebis uzrunvelyofa, modave mxareTa
Soris davis urTierTSeTanxmebiT dasrulebis xelSewyoba dasaxelda.27
zemoxsenebuli kanonproeqti maleve, 2011 wlis 20 dekembers, iqna miRebuli, xo-
lo amoqmedda 2012 wlis 1 ianvars. imisaTvis, rom naTeli gaxdes kanonis amoqmedebidan
oTxi wlis ganmavlobaSi miRweuli Sedegebis gaumjobesebis resursi (potenciali) sa-
kanonmdeblo normebSia Tu axali institutis damkvidrebis mizniT gatarebuli poli-
tikis ganxorcielebaSi (administrirebaSi), saWiroa orive maTganis – kanonmdeblobisa
da praqtikis – cal-calke ganxilva.
a. sasamarTlo mediaciis momwesrigebeli kanonmdeblobis analizi
sasamarTlo mediaciis maregulirebeli normebis miRebiT dasaxuli miznis miR-

wevisaTvis saWiro iyo, SemuSavebul samarTlebriv normebs moexdinaT mediaciis ga-
moyenebis stimulireba ise, rom ar Selaxuliyo mediaciis arsi; daculi yofiliyvnen
procesSi monawile pirebi da gamJRavnebuli informacia, magram ar momxdariyo proce-
sis zedmeti regulireba; morigebis efeqturi aRsrulebisaTvis SemuSavebuliyo os-
taturi da dabalansebuli samarTlebrivi meqanizmebi. imisTvis, rom CamoTvlili sa-
kiTxebis analizi SesaZlebeli gaxdes, saWiroa Semdegi sakiTxebis ganxilva:
1. mediaciis cneba
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis XXI1 Tavi – `sasamarTlo mediacia~

ar moicavs mediaciis ganmartebas, miTiTebas am procesSi mesame neitraluri piris
rolze, mxareTa mier procesis Sedegis kontrolis sakiTxsa da mediatoris stilze.
CamoTvlil sakiTxebs arc sasamarTlo xelisuflebis mier miRebuli romelime norma-
25
aRniSnulis dasturia saerTaSoriso samediacio organizaciaTa mier licenzirebul
mediatorTa siebi, mag: <www.jamsadr.org>, [05.11.2015].
26
ix. <http://parliament.ge/ge/law/7675/15264>, [11.24.2015].
27
kanonproeqtis ganmartebiTi baraTi ix. <http://parliament.ge/ge/law/7675/15264>, [11.24.2015].
167
tiuli aqti aregulirebs. Sesabamisad, dRemde mxolod moqmed mediatorTa profesio-

nalizmsa da keTilsindisierebazea damokidebuli bevri iseTi sakiTxi, romlebic, ro-
gorc wesi, mediaciis cnebiT aris xolme gansazRvruli, mag.: rogori stilis mediaciis
process Caatarebs igi, moaxdens Tu ara morigebis pirobebis SeTavazebas mxareebisaT-
vis da a.S.
2. procesis wamowyeba
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis 1873 muxlis28 mixedviT, sasamarTlo

mediaciis wamowyeba SesaZlebelia nebismieri davaze mxareTa Tanxmobis SemTxvevaSi, xo-
lo mosamarTlis ganCinebiT:
a) saojaxo davebze, garda Svilad ayvanisa, Svilad ayvanis baTilad cnobisa, mSob-
lis uflebis SezRudvisa da mSoblis uflebis CamorTmevisa;
b) samemkvidreo samarTlebriv davebze;
g) samezoblo samarTlebriv davebze.
Sesabamisad, kanonmdebelma procesis wamowyebasTan dakavSirebiT, SeiZleba iT-
qvas, airCia Sualeduri midgoma, rac gulisxmobs, rom man mxolod sami kategoriis saq-
meze dauSva savaldebulo mediacia, xolo danarCen SemTxvevaSi is mxareTa nebayoflo-
biT SeTanxmebis sagnad datova. saintereso detali qarTuli sasamarTlo mediaciis
maregulirebeli kanonmdeblobisa aris samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis 1873 muxlis29
me-2 punqtis daTqma, rom mxolod nebayoflobiTi mediaciis, anu mxolod mxareTa Tan-
xmobis, SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba dava gadaeces mediacias nebismier stadiaze, rac niSnavs,
rom savaldebulo mediaciis Sesaxeb ganCinebis miReba mosamarTles mxolod mosamza-
debel etapze SeuZlia da ara nebismierze. aqve aRsaniSnavia, rom sssk-is 1871 muxlis
mixedviT, mediatorisaTvis saqmis gadacemis Sesaxeb ganCineba ar gasaCivrdeba. Sesaba-
misad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom qarTuli kanonmdebloba mediaciis instituts, ufro kon-
kretulad ki savaldebulo mediacias, aRiqvams rogorc sasamarTloSi saqmiswarmoebis
procesis nawils. is faqti, rom garkveuli kategoriis davebi savaldebulo mediacias
gadaecema ise, rom mxareebs am ganCinebis gasaCivrebis uflebac ar aqvT, konstituciiT
garantirebuli sasamarTlosadmi mimarTvis uflebis SezRudva ki ara, sasamarTlos ad-
ministrirebis procesSi miRebuli gadawyvetilebaa. amgvar damokidebulebas araerTi30
qveynis sasamarTlo icnobs, Tumca am SemTxvevaSi saWiroa saerTo sasamarTloebis mar-
Tlmsajulebis politikis SemmuSavebeli organos – saqarTvelos iusticiis umaRlesi
sabWos gadawyvetilebiT misi mowesrigeba. `saerTo sasamarTloebis Sesaxeb~ saqarTve-
los organuli kanonis 49-e muxlis pirveli punqtis è~ qvepunqtis mixedviT, `saqarTve-
los iusticiis sabWo SeimuSavebs da amtkicebs saerTo sasamarTloebis organizaciuli
muSaobis wess,31 xolo saqarTvelos iusticiis umaRlesi sabWos reglamentis me-9 mux-
lis `z~ da ù~ qvepunqtis mixedviT, iusticiis umaRlesi sabWo amtkicebs saerTo sasa-
28
ix. <https://matsne.gov.ge/ka/document/view/29962?geo=on#>, [03.11.2015].
29
iqve.
30
ix. aSS-is sasamarTlo mediaciis wesebi, <http://www.cand.uscourts.gov/overview>, [11.05.2015],
an avstraliis sasamarTlo mediaciis wesebi, <http://www.ag.gov.au/LegalSystem/Alternate Di-
sputeResolution/Pages/NADRACPublications-A-Z.aspx>, [11.05.2015].
31
ix. <https://matsne.gov.ge/ka/document/view/90676>, [12.12.2015].
168
marTloebis organizaciuli muSaobis wess da iRebs gadawyvetilebebs saerTo sasamar-

Tloebis sistemis gamarTul funqcionirebasa da administrirebasTan dakavSirebul
sakiTxebze.32 Sesabamisad, iusticiis umaRlesi sabWo sasamarTlo mediaciis organiza-
ciuli muSaobisa da saqmianobis wesis Sesaxeb debulebis damtkicebiT, uzrunvelyofda
sasamarTlo mediaciis integrirebas saqarTvelos sasamarTlo sistemaSi.
3. konfidencialobis dacvis sakiTxi
sasamarTlo mediaciis procesi mxareebisaTvis usafrTxoa, upirveles yovlisa,

imiT, rom morigebis miuRwevlobis SemTxvevaSi mediacia maTTvis zianis momtani ar aris
informaciis gamJRavnebis mxriv. konfidencialoba, rogorc instituti, sasargeblo
da sainteresoa mxareebisTvis, romelTac ar surT ojaxis wevrTan, TanamSromelTan
Tu partniorTan arsebuli konfliqtis sajaro sivrceSi (sasamarTloSi) gatana. mas
gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs mediaciis Semadgeneli komponentebis: komunikaciis ga-
umjobesebisa da informaciis Segrovebis procesis jerovani warmarTvisaTvis. metic,
vinaidan sasamarTlo procesisagan gansxvavebiT mediaciis dros mediatori cdilobs
mxareTa gansxvavebuli an saerTo, magram ara urTierTsawinaaRmdego, samarTlebri-
vi, fsiqosocialuri da materialuri interesebis erTmaneTSi `gadaTamaSebiT~ ipovos
ormxrivad sasargeblo gamosavali, konfidencialobis dacvis sakiTxi aseve did gav-
lenas axdens mediaciis mesame Semadgenel komponentze – SemoqmedebiTi gamosavlis
povnaze. aqedan gamomdinare, mxareTa realuri saWiroebebis gagebis mizniT, sasamar-
Tlo mediaciis efeqturad warmarTvisaTvis mniSvnelovania, rom mediators hqondes
SesaZlebloba yovelgvari infromaciis Segrovebisa, maT Soris, konfidencialuris.
sapirispirod, Tu sasamarTlo sistema ver uzrunvelyofs konfidencialuri infor-
maciis gavrcelebisagan saTanado dacvas, is SesaZloa, mniSvnelovani zianis momtani
gaxdes mxareebisaTvis. konfidencialuri informaciis dacvis saTanado garantiebis
gareSe, rogorc wesi, mediaciis procesSi mxareebi ar amxelen maTTvis sensitiur in-
formacias misi gavrcelebis SiSiT, Sesabamisad, SeuZlebeli xdeba sadavo sakiTxTan
dakavSirebiT mTliani suraTis aRqma. swored amitom konfidencialobis dacva media-
ciis procesis erT-erTi mTavari sayrdenia da misi dacvis uzrunvelyofis gareSe war-
moudgenelia mediaciis jerovani procesis Catareba. es sakiTxi gaTvaliswinebul iqna
qarTveli kanonmdeblebis mierac, rac kargad Cans saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproce-
so kodeqsis 104-e, 141-e da 1878-e muxlebiT. kerZod, samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis
104-e muxlis mixedviT, sasamarTlo mtkicebulebad ar miiRebs sasamarTlo mediaciis
procesSi konfidencialobis pirobiT gamJRavnebul informaciasa da dokuments, Tu
mxareTa SeTanxmebiT sxva ram ar aris dadgenili.33 imave muxlis 1-li2 punqtiT es wesi ar
gamoiyeneba im SemTxvevaSi, Tu gamJRavnebul informacias an dokuments sasamarTloSi
waradgens is mxare, romelmac gaamJRavna igi, an Tu es informacia an dokumenti meore
mxares hqonda, an kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli sxva saSualebebiT miiRo da waradgina sa-
samarTloSi.34 rac Seexeba sssk-is 187-e8 muxls, is ukrZalavs rogorc mxareebs, ise me-
32
ix. <http://hcoj.gov.ge/ge/legal-framework/varios>, [12.12.2015].
33
34
iqve.
169
diators mediaciis procesSi gamxelili informaciis gavrcelebas, xolo sssk-is 141-e

muxliT mediatori ar SeiZleba dakiTxul iqnes mowmed iseT garemoebebTan dakavSire-
biT, romlebic misTvis cnobili gaxda mediatoris movaleobis Sesrulebisas. sainte-
resoa is faqtic, rom gansxvavebiT germaniasa35 da amerikis zogierT StatSi36 arsebuli
regulaciebisgan, qarTuli kanonmdebloba ar iTvaliswinebs gamonaklis SemTxvevebs
zemoaRniSnuli moTxovnidan, rac garkveulwilad TanxvedraSia, aseve, `samoqalaqo da
komerciul saqmeebze mediaciis garkveuli aspeqtebis Sesaxeb~ evropul direqtivas-
Tanac.37 kerZod, miuxedavad im faqtisa, rom direqtivis preambulasa da teqstSi xazi
aqvs gasmuli konfidencialobis mniSvnelobas mediaciis procesisaTvis, aqtis me-7
muxlis pirveli punqti iTvaliswinebs misgan gamonaklis SemTxvevebsac – Tu konfiden-
cialuri informacia qveynis sajaro wesrigs, konkretulad ki bavSvis interesebs an
morigebis aqtis aRsrulebas Seexeba. Tumca imave muxlis meore punqti aniWebs ufle-
bamosilebas xelSemkvrel saxelmwifoebs, miiRon kidev ufro mkacri wesebi konfiden-
cialobis dasacavad, vidre es TviT direqtivaSia; vinaidan evrokavSiris direqtiviT
konfidencialurobis SeTanxmebidan gasvlis SesaZlebloba, upirveles yovlisa, misi
dacvis kerZo interesze ufro maRla mdgomi sajaro interesiT aris ganpirobebuli.
saqarTveloSic konfidencialobis dacvis wesidan gamonaklisis daSveba, savaraudod,
ukeTesic iqneboda TviT mediaciis institutisaTvis, vidre – uaresi. marTalia, saqar-
Tvelos msgavsad, konfidencialobis dacvis, faqtobrivad, absolutur valdebulebas
ganviTarebuli qveynebis wamyvani samediacio sasamarTloebis wesebic iTvaliswinebs
(mag., kaliforniis38), Tumca saqarTveloSi, mediatorTa kvalifikaciis gaTvaliswine-
biT, msgavsi mowesrigeba garkveul riskebTan SeiZleba iyos dakavSirebuli.
4. procesis monawile pirebis uflebebi da movaleobebi
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsi sasamarTlo mediaciis procesSi

monawile pirebs akisrebs Semdeg ufleba-valdebulebebs:39
31-e muxlis è~ qvepunqtis mixedviT, mosamarTle valdebulia, aicilos saqme,
Tu is imave saqmeSi monawileobda rogorc mediatori;
35
SegiZliaT SeadaroT germanul kanonmdeblobas, sadac mediaciis aqtis me-4 muxlis
mixedviT, gamonaklis SemTxvevebSi, SeiZleba konfidencialurobis dacvis valde-
bulebisagan mediatoris gaTavisufleba. kerZod, es dasaSvebia mxolod im SemTxvevaSi,
Tu informaciis gaxsna aucilebelia morigebis aRsrulebisaTvis an sajaro wesrigis
dasacavad. ix. <http://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/bundesrecht/mediationsg/gesamt.pdf>, [12.11.2015].
36
viskonsinis Statis kanonmdeblobiT, mediatorebs konfidencialuri informaciis gam-
JRavnebis uflebas daxurul sasamarTlo (inglisurad: in camera) sxdomaze aZlevs im
SemTxvevaSi, Tu mediaciis procesze gamxelili informaciis konfidencialurad Senaxva
aSkarad ukanonobaa, ix. <http://www.wicourts.gov/services/attorney/mediation.htm>, [10.02.2014].
37
Directive 2008/52/EC, on certain aspects of mediation in civil and commercial matters, of the European Parliament
and of the Council, 21 May 2008, dawvrilebiT ix. <http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?ur
i=CELEX:32008L0052:en:NOT>, [03.07.2015].
38
Sanction 1121 (mediator’s Reports and Finding) California Evidence Code, ix. <http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/
cgi-bin/displaycode?section=evid&group=01001-02000&file=1115-1128>, [03.01.2015].
39
170
mediatoris acilebis uflebamosileba mxareebs zustad imave safuZvlebiT

(sssk 187-e4 muxli) aqvT miniWebuli, romlebic mosamarTlis acilebis safuZvelia;
sssk-is 94-e muxlis mixedviT, sasamarTloSi warmomadgenlad ar SeiZleba iyos
piri, romelic am saqmeSi monawileobda mediatorad, xolo sssk-is 35-e muxliT igive
SezRudva vrceldeba eqspertze, Tarjimanze, specialistsa da sxdomis mdivanze;
sssk-is 187-e8 muxli ukrZalavs mediatorsa da mxareebs mediaciis procesSi gam-
xelili konfidencialuri informaciis gavrcelebas;
sssk-is 141-e muxli mediators, erTi mxriv, aniWebs privilegias, ar misces Cvene-
ba mediaciis msvlelobisas misTvis gamxelili informaciis Sesaxeb, xolo, meore mxriv,
ukrZalavs sasamarTlos winaSe mowmis saxiT wardgomas iseT garemoebebTan dakavSire-
biT, romlebic misTvis cnobili gaxda mediatoris movaleobis Sesrulebisas;
187-e4 muxlis pirveli nawiliT mxareebi valdebuli arian, gamocxaddnen minimum
or samediacio Sexvedraze daniSnul drosa da adgilas, xolo arasapatio mizeziT ga-
moucxadeblobis SemTxvevaSi isini dajarimdebian 150 lariT;
187-e5 muxlis mixedviT, mediators SeuZlia mxareTa morigebisaTvis gamoiyenos
45 dRe da es vada mxolod mxareTa TanxmobiT SeiZleba gagrZeldes imave vadiT.
am regulaciebis SejamebiT, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom qarTuli kanonmdeblobiT: 1)
mesame neitralur pirs erTmeva ufleba, imave davis saganze monawileobdes sxva sta-
tusiT mas Semdeg, rac igi monawileobas miiRebs rogorc mediatori; 2) konfidencia-
lobis dacvis TvalsazrisiT, mediatorebi miekuTvnebian privilegirebul profesiaTa
ricxvs, romlebic sakuTari profesiuli movaleobis Sesrulebisas miRebuli infor-
maciis gacemis valdebulebisagan daculni arian; 3) uzrunvelyofilia mediaciis pro-
cesSi mxareTa uSualo monawileoba; 4) dawesebulia gonivruli vada, romlis gasvlis
Semdeg mediatori valdebulia, saqme gansaxilvelad daubrunos sasamarTlos.
sakanonmdeblo doneze mediaciis procesSi monawileTa ufleba-movaleobebis
regulirebis mizani mediaciis procesis, masSi monawile pirebisa da marTlmsajulebis
interesebis dacvaa. aqedan gamomdinare, mediatorTa zemoT CamoTvlili valdebule-
bebis ganviTarebuli qveynebis (germaniis, avstriis an, Tundac, liberaluri midgome-
bis gamo, kaliforniis Statis) mediatorTa valdebulebebTan Sedarebis SemTxvevaSi,
naTlad warmoCndeba, rom qarTul sasamarTlo mediaciis procesSi mediatorTa val-
debulebebi arcTu ise srulyofiladaa mowesrigebuli. germaniis federaluri kanon-
mdeblobiT, kerZod, `mediaciis aqtis~ me-5 (1) muxli40 miuTiTebs, rom mediatorobis
msurvelma pirma saWiroa, daakmayofilos Semdegi moTxovnebi: gaiaros mediaciis tre-
ningi, sadac Seiswavlis mediaciis Zireul principebs, molaparakebebis warmarTvisa da
komunikaciis teqnikas, konfliqtis marTvasa da mediaciis kanons, xolo imisaTvis, rom
piri gaxdes registrirebuli mediatori, avstriis mediaciis kanonis mixedviT, saWi-
roa, rom mas: a) Sesrulebuli hqondes 28 weli; b) sargeblobdes maRali sandoobiT; g)
akmayofilebdes profesionalizmis kriteriumebs; d) sakuTari pasuxismgebloba dazR-
veuli hqondes 400 000 evrod. da bolos, kaliforniis StatSi41 mediatorobis msurvel-
ma saWiroa, gaiaros 25-saaTiani Teoriuli da praqtikuli treningi da xeli moaweros
40
ix. <http://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/mediationsg/––1.html>, [12.12.2014].
41
ix. <http://www.courts.ca.gov/rules.htm>, [11.05.2013].
171
mediatorTa eTikis wesebs, romlebiTac, aseve, gaTvaliswinebulia, minumum, erTi Pro

Bono saqmis ganxilva wlis ganmavlobaSi.
5. saqmis morigebiT damTavreba
saqarTveloSi raime specialuri forma da moTxovnebi sasamarTlo mediaciaze

miRweuli morigebis gasaformeblad ar arsebobs. Tumca saqarTvelos samoqalaqo sap-
roceso kodeqsis 187-e7(a) muxli aregulirebs sasamarTlo mediaciis dasrulebis sa-
kiTxs. kerZod, „Tu sasamarTlo mediaciisaTvis kanoniT dadgenil vadaSi dava mxareTa
SeTanxmebiT dasruldeba, sasamarTlo mxaris Suamdgomlobis safuZvelze gamoitans
ganCinebas mxareTa morigebis damtkicebis Sesaxeb. es ganCineba sabolooa, ar gasaCiv-
rdeba42 da dauyovnebliv Sedis ZalaSi. amasTan, `saaRsrulebo warmoebaTa Sesaxeb~ sa-
qarTvelos kanonis me-2 muxlis mixedviT,43 aRsrulebas eqvemdebareba kerZo da admi-
nistraciuli samarTlis saqmeebze kanonier ZalaSi Sesuli ganCineba.
saqarTvelos kanonmdebloba sasamarTlo mediaciis Sedegad miRweuli morigebis
ara mxolod ioli aRsrulebis meqanizmebs iTvaliswinebs, aramed mediaciis daxmare-
biT saqmis damTavrebis mizniT sasamarTlos momxmareblebisaTvis garkveul mastimu-
lirebel meqanizmebsac qmnis, romelTa Soris erT-erTi umTavresi ekonomikuri moti-
via. kerZod, mediaciiT davis gadawyvetis SemTxvevaSi, saxelmwifo baJis odenoba Sead-
gens 1%-s, magram aranakleb 50 lars.44 finansuri TvalsazrisiT, zemoaRniSnuli wesi
sasamarTlo baJis Semcirebisa, marTlac, SeiZleba iyos motivatori mxareebisaTvis,45
Tumca aqve gasaTvaliswinebelia erTi sakiTxic: saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso
kodeqsis 208-e muxliT, sasamarTlo morigebis SemTxvevaSi (da ara mediaciiT morige-
bis SemTxvevaSi) mosamarTle gamoitans ganCinebas saqmiswarmoebis Sewyvetis Sesaxeb da
daamtkicebs morigebis pirobebs, xolo saqmiswarmoebis Sewyvetisas `saxelmwifo baJis
Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis me-6 muxlis me-3 punqti iZleva gadaxdili saxelmwifo
baJis mTliani dabrunebis SesaZleblobas.46 Sesabamisad, aRniSnuli Canaweri praqtika-
Si iZleva sasamarTloSi morigebisaTvis ufro met stimuls, vidre mediaciis procesiT
morigebisTvis. SeiZleba, es sakiTxi arcTu mniSvnelovani iyos, Tumca mosalodnelia,
rom mxareebma mediatorTan saqmis morigebiT damTavrebaze swored imitom Tqvan uari,
rom maTTvis kidev ufro xelsayreli mediaciis procesis dasrulebis Semdeg sasamar-
Tlo darbazSi morigeba iqneba.
aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom qarTul kanonmdeblobaSi sasamarTlo morigebis mare-
gulirebel normebsac aqvT garkveuli xarvezebi. kerZod, samoqalaqo saproceso ko-
42
43
44
samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis 39-e muxlis à3~ punqti, ix. <https://matsne.gov.ge/ka/document/
view/29962?geo=on#>, [03.11.2015].
45
rogorc praqtikaSi gamoikveTa, xSirad mxareebs pirvel instanciaSi sarCelis Setanisas
mTlianad gadaxdili aqvT `saxelmwifo baJis Sesaxeb~ kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli sa-
samarTlos baJis odenoba – 3%, ris gamoc mosamarTle mxareebs, morigebis aqtis dam-
tkicebasTan erTad, ukan ubrunebs damatebiT gadaxdil 2%-s.
46
172
deqsis 218-e muxlis mixedviT,47 mosamarTle, mxareTa morigebis mizniT, uflebamosi-

lia, Tavisi iniciativiT an mxaris SuamdgomlobiT gamoacxados Sesveneba sasamarTlo
sxdomis mimdinareobisas da sxva pirTa daswrebis gareSe mousminos mxolod mxareebs,
an mxolod maT warmomadgenlebs. aseve, mosamarTles, mxareTa morigebis mizniT, SeuZ-
lia, miuTiTos davis gadawyvetis SesaZlo Sedegebze da mxareebs SesTavazos morigebis
pirobebi. roca mosamarTle Tavad gamodis momrigeblis rolSi Tavis warmoebaSi arse-
bul saqmeze da ar gadascems mas kolegas, rogorc es, mag., germaniis federaciis sasa-
marTloebSia,48 morigi procesi dgeba Semdegi problemebis winaSe:
1. mxareebs da Tavad mosamarTles uWirT SejibrebiTobis principze damyarebuli
sasamarTlo procesidan TanamSromlobis principze damyarebul morigebis procesze
momentalurad gadasvla, Sesabamisad, procesisadmi damokidebulebis Secvla. aqedan
gamomdinare, saqarTvelos sasamarTloebSi mimdinare sasamarTlo morigebis procese-
bi, maRali albaTobiT, imave dapirispirebul reJimSi grZeldeba xolme, ra reJimSic
mimdinareobda sasamarTlo procesi;
2. mxareebma, ician ra, rom morigebis miuRwevlobis SemTxvevaSi, imave mosamar-
Tles mouwevs Sinagani rwmenis karnaxiT gadawyvetilebis miReba davis saganze, eri-
debian iseTi konfidencialuri informaciis gamxelas, ramac SesaZloa, zemoqmedeba
moaxdinos gadawyvetilebis mimReb pirze. Sesabamisad, is faqti, rom mosamarTles Se-
uZlia, sxva pirTa daswrebis gareSe mousminos mxolod mxareebs, ver iqneba sakmarisi
garanti mxareTaTvis sensitiuri informaciis gacemisa.
3. morigebis procesSi mesame neitraluri piris mier morigebis pirobebis Sefase-
bis an SeTavazebis dros arsebobs saSiSroeba imisa, rom, Tu erTi an meore miuRebelia
mxarisaTvis, misi gamJRavnebis momentidan neitraluri piri – mosamarTle Tu media-
tori – mxaris aRqmaSi kargavs neitraluri piris rols da igi oponenti mxaris àdvo-
kati~ xdeba. aqedan gamomdinare, saqmis uSualod ganmxilveli mosamarTlis mier, Tun-
dac mxareTa morigebis mizniT, miTiTeba erT-erTi mxarisaTvis (an orivesTvis) davis
gadawyvetis misTvis (an maTTvis) miuRebel Sedegze an morigebis pirobaze, aryevs pro-
cesis gagrZelebis SemTxvevaSi am mosamarTlis neitralur da miukerZoebel aRqmas,
rac sakmaod mniSvnelovani sakiTxia marTlmsajulebisaTvis.49 swored am problemebis
gadawyvetisa da riskebis ganeitralebis mizniT, germaniaSi sasamarTlo morigebisas
dava gadaecema sxva mosamarTles, romelic gansxvavebul garemoSi xvdeba mxareebs,
acnobs sakuTar rols da mxareebs Soris TanamSromlobiTi damokidebulebis SeqmniT
cdilobs samarTlebrivi uTanxmoebis morigebiT damTavrebas. amasTan, is valdebulia,
ar gaandos saqmis ganmxilvel mosamarTles is informacia, rac misTvis cnobili mo-
rigebis procesis msvlelobidan gaxda. Sesabamisad, daicvas konfidencialoba, xolo
morigebis procesis warumateblad damTavrebis SemTxvevaSi saqme gansaxilvelad da-
ubrunos Tavdapirvel mosamarTles.50
47
48
Hopt K. J., Steffek F., Mediation Principles and Regulation in Comparative Perspective, Oxford Univeristy Press,
Oxford, 2013, 17.
49
aRniSnul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT saintereso ganmarteba gakeTda Tbilisis saapelacio
sasamarTlos samoqalaqo palatis 2015 wlis 6 agvistos ganCinebaSi. ix. <http://library.court.ge/
judgements/63762015-09-11.pdf >, [11.11.2015].
50
Hopt K. J., Steffek F., Mediation Principles and Regulation in Comparative Perspective, Oxford Univeristy Press,
Oxford, 2013, 18.
173
savaraudod, saqarTvelos saerTo sasamarTloebSi sasamarTlo morigebiT miRwe-

uli morigebaTa arcTu ise saxarbielo statistikuri maCveneblis51 ganmapirobebeli,
mosamarTleTa morigebis teqnikis codnis donesTan erTad, aRniSnuli sakanonmdeblo
xarvezicaa. Sesabamisad, sasurvelia, wamyvani evropuli qveynebis saukeTeso praqtikis
gaTvaliswinebiT, saqarTveloSi daixvewos sasamarTlo morigebis maregulirebeli ka-
nonmdebloba.
b. Tbilisis saqalaqo sasamarTlos mediaciis sapilote proeqtis

praqtikis analizi
sakanonmdeblo normebis amoqmedebis Semdeg (2012 wlis 1 ianvari), 2012 wlis 7 ma-
iss,52 saqarTvelos iusticiis umaRles sabWos, iusticiis umaRles skolas, Tbilisis
saqalaqo sasamarTlos, Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetTan arsebul davebis al-
ternatiuli gadawyvetis erovnul centrs, `germaniis saerTaSoriso TanamSromlo-
bis sazogadoebasa~ (GIZ) da `marTlmsajulebis damoukideblobisa da samarTlebrivi
gaZlierebis proeqts~ (JILEP) Soris gaformebuli memorandumi sasamarTlo mediaciis
praqtikuli amoqmedebis mizniT gadadgmuli pirveli nabiji iyo. urTierTTanamSrom-
lobis memorandumiT Tbilisis saqalaqo sasamarTloSi Seiqmna sasamarTlo mediaciis
sapilote proeqti da SeirCnen kandidatebi britanuli kompaniis `davebis efeqtiani
gadawyvetis centris~ (CEDR) daxmarebiT warmarTuli mediaciis saswavlo kursis
gasavlelad. Tbilisis saqalaqo sasamarTlos mediaciis piloturma proeqtma uSua-
lod samediacio Sexvedrebis ganxorcieleba 2013 wlis dekembridan daiwyo. ori wlis
ganmavlobaSi samediaciod sul 44 saqme53 iqna gadacemuli (2013 wels – 3 saqme, 2014 wels
– 13, xolo 2015 wels – 28). samediaciod gadacemuli saqmeebidan 16 dasrulda SeTan-
xmebiT, 25 – SeTanxmebis miRwevis gareSe, xolo 3 davaze mediacia kvlav mimdinareobs.
procentuli TvalsazrisiT, morigebiT dasrulda damTavrebuli 41 saqmis 39%, xolo
warumateblad – 61%. aRsaniSnavia, rom saangariSo periodis ganmavlobaSi pilotur
proeqtSi mxolod nebayoflobiTi mediaciis saqmeebi moxvdnen, saidanac umravlesoba
– 29 saqme valdebulebiTsamarTlebrivi dava iyo, 11 – saojaxo da 4 – memkvidreobiTi.54
Tu gaviTvaliswinebT mediaciis – morigebiT davebis gadawyvetis –kulturis naklebo-
bas Tanamedrove qarTul marTlmsajulebaSi, rac dasturdeba uzenaesi sasamarTlos
oficialuri statistikiTac (kerZod, saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos statis-
tikis samsaxuris informaciiT, Tbilisis saqalaqo sasamarTloSi samoqalaqo samar-
Tlebriv davebze sasamarTlo morigebiT dasrulda: 2012 wels sul ganxilul saqmeTa
8,4%, 2013 wels – 7,2%, 2014 wels – 9,6%, xolo 2015 wels 9,1%;55 mTeli saqarTvelos
masStabiT aRniSnuli monacemebi kidev ufro dabalia. kerZod, sasamarTlo morigebiT
51
ix. <http://www.supremecourt.ge/statistics/>, [12.12.2015].
52
ix. <http://hcoj.gov.ge/ge/sasamartlo-mediatsiis-temastan-dakavshirebit-memorandumi-gaformda/1924>, [28.
11.2015].
53
aRniSnuli statistika mowodebulia Tbilisis saqalaqo sasamarTlos mier 2015 wlis 2
dekembers.
54
Tbilisis saqalaqo sasamarTlos 2015 wlis 25 noembris werili.
55
saqarTvelos uzenasi sasamarTlos 2015 wlis 20 noembris №118-k werili.
174
dasrulda sul ganxiluli samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi davebis: 2012 wels – 8,3%, 2013

wels – 8,4%, 2014 wels – 9,5%, xolo 2015 wels 8,5%.56), piloturi proeqtis Sedegad mi-
Rebuli monacemebi TiTqmis 4-jer aRemateba sasamarTlo morigebaTa procentul maC-
venebels. Sesabamisad, sakmaod karg Sedegad SeiZleba CaiTvalos mediaciis sapilote
proeqtisaTvis bolo ori wlis ganmavlobaSi miRweuli morigebebi.
Tbilisis saqalaqo sasamarTlos piloturi proeqtis administratori, garda sa-
mediacio centrisadmi gadacemuli saqmeTa statistikuri monacemebisa, amuSavebs me-
diaciis procesSi monawile mxareTa da maT warmomadgenelTa mediaciis procesiTa da
mediatoriT kmayofilebis anonimur kiTxvars. wamyvan samediacio centrebs57 swored
mediaciis momxmarebelTa kmayofilebis kiTxvaris Sedegebi miaCniaT proeqtis warma-
tebis mTavar sazom erTeulad da ara morigebiT damTavrebis procentuli maCvenebe-
li, rac sakmaod logikuricaa, Tu mxedvelobaSi miviRebT im faqts, rom mediaciis miza-
ni ara mxolod morigebis miRwevaa, aramed sasamarTloSi davis gagrZeleba mas Semdeg,
rac mxareebi darwmundebian, rom davis mosamarTlis mier gadawyveta mocemuli situa-
ciidan gamosvlis saukeTeso saSualebaa. Sesabamisad, advokati da misi klienti media-
ciis process kmayofili unda tovebdes maSinac, roca is davis morigebiT damTavrebas
ver axerxebs, vinaidan icis, rom es is SemTxvevaa, roca morigebis, davis mSvidobiani
gadawyvetis, urTierTobis transformirebis da mediaciis sxva upiratesobebis gamo-
yenebis Sansi ar arsebobda da ara is, roca mxareebi SesaZleblobebs ubralod gamou-
yenebels toveben, an ufro metic – ubralod, kargaven. aqedan gamomdinare, momxmare-
belTa kmayofilebis kiTxvari erT-erTi saukeTeso meTodia mediatorTa da mediaciis
procesis xarisxis kontrolis, SenarCunebisa da gaumjobesebisa, rac, savaraudod,
garkveuli periodis gasvlis Semdeg Tavad sapilote proeqtis mmarTvelebis mier gan-
xorcieldeba kidec.
Tbilisis saqalaqo sasamarTlos sapilote proeqts, gadacemuli samediacio saq-
meTa raodenobis TvalsazrisiT, saamayod, ra Tqma unda, ar aqvs saqme, Tumca piloturi
proeqtis mmarTvelebis swor gadawyvetilebad unda CaiTvalos pirvel etapze mxolod
nebayoflobiTi mediaciis gamoyeneba da mxolod garkveuli gamocdilebis dagrovebis
Semdeg (savaraudod, 2016 wlidan) savaldebulo mediaciis amoqmedeba. rogorc aRvniS-
neT, ricxobriv maCvenebelze mniSvnelovani momxmarebelTa kmayofilebaa, magram, vi-
naidan, momxmarebelTa kmayofilebis kiTxvari konfidencialuria, rTulia visaubroT
am aspeqtSi Tbilisis saqalaqo sasamarTlos samediacio centris miRwevebze, Tumca
is faqti, rom es informacia grovdeba, muSavdeba da inaxeba Tbilisis saqalaqo sasam-
arTlos bazaSi, udavod misasalmebelia.
4. saerTaSoriso eqspertebis rekomendaciebi
ukanaskneli xuTi wlis ganmavlobaSi saqarTveloSi davis gadawyvetis alter-

natiuli saSualebebis, kerZod, mediaciis mdgomareobis, ganviTarebis dinamikisa da
perspeqtivebis Sesaxeb sajarod xelmisawvdomi sami angariSi momzadda. samive maTgani
mediaciis ganviTarebis sxvadasxva etapze Catarda, sxvadasxva eqspertis monawileo-
56
saqarTvelos uzenasi sasamarTlos 2015 wlis №118-k werili.
57
ix. <http://www.jamsadr.com/>, an <http://www.ca9.uscourts.gov/mediation/>, [11.11.2015].
175
biT. aqedan gamomdinare, isini, marTlac, mniSvnelovani dokumentebia saqarTveloSi

sasamarTlo mediaciis ganviTarebis traeqtoriis, arsebuli da xelidan gaSvebuli Se-
saZleblobebis danaxvisa da momavali ganviTarebis mizniT miRebuli rCevebis Sesas-
wavlad da gasaanalizeblad da swored amitom imsaxureben individualurad ganxilvas.
2011 wlis oqtomberSi `marTlmsajulebis damoukideblobisa da samarTlebrivi
ganviTarebis programis~58 daxmarebiT saqarTveloSi davis gadawyvetis alternatiuli
saSualebebis Sefaseba (angariSi) moamzada mowveulma eqspertma mixeil blexmanma. an-
gariSi ara mxolod sasamarTlo mediacias, aramed mTlianad davis gadawyvetis alter-
natiuli saSualebebis Sefasebas moicavs. eqspertis saqarTveloSi yofnis periodSi
mediaciis maregulirebel normebze muSaoba dawyebulic ki ar iyo, Tumca es faqti wi-
namdebare Sefasebas dRevandeli gadmosaxedidan kidev ufro sainteresos xdis, davis
gadawyvetis alternatiuli saSualebebis saqarTveloSi ganviTarebiT dainteresebu-
li pirebis 2011 wlisaTvis arsebuli mosazrebebisa da molodinebis gacnobis Tval-
sazrisiT. mediaciis ganviTarebis traeqtoriis met-naklebad zustad ganWvretis
TvalsazrisiT, gamosayofia iuridiul kompaniebTan Sexvedris Sedegad eqspertis mi-
er gakeTebuli Canaweri imis Taobaze, rom, mediaciis institutis cnobisa da mis mimarT
keTilganwyobis miuxedavad, iuridiuli kompaniis warmomadgenlebi ar iyvnen darwmu-
nebuli, ramdenad kargad imuSavebda es instituti saqarTveloSi mastimulirebeli me-
qanizmebis gareSe.59 amdenad, mediaciis mastimulirebeli meqanizmebis mniSvnelobaze
imTaviTve iyo saubari.
Sesabamisad, daskvna, romelic eqsperts gamoaqvs saqarTveloSi davis gadawyve-
tis alternatiuli saSualebebis Sesaxeb, aris Semdegi: `perspeqtiva saqarTveloSi me-
diaciis ganviTarebisa aris sakmaod kargi, ramdenadac misi saWiroeba mosamarTleTa,
iuristebisa da iuridiuli skolebis mier aris dadasturebuli da arsebobs potencia,
realizebul iqnes swored iseTi modeli, romelic xels Seuwyobs davis gadawyvetis
alternatiuli saSualebebis ganviTarebas~.60
aRsaniSnavia aseve, rom Sefasebis avtori (m. blexmani) imTaviTve xazs usvams mode-
lis mniSvnelobas. kerZod, misi mosazrebiT, saqarTveloSi mediaciis gansaviTareblad
gaTvaliswinebul unda iqnes `saerTaSoriso finansuri TanamSromlobis~ (IFC-is) mier
balkaneTis qveynebSi komerciuli mediaciis ganviTarebis Sedegad dagrovili gamoc-
dileba.61
2015 wlis martSi `marTlmsajulebis damoukideblobisa da samarTlebrivi ganvi-
Tarebis programis~62 farglebSi `davebis gadawyvetis evropulma centrma~ saqarTve-
58
`marTlmsajulebis damoukideblobisa da samarTlebrivi gaZlierebis programa~
àRmosavleT-dasavleTis marTvis institutis~ mier saqarTveloSi ganxorcielebuli
oTxwliani iniciativa iyo, romelic aSS-is saerTaSoriso ganviTarebis saagentom
daafinansa. dawvrilebiT ix. <http://www.ewmi-jilep.org/>, [22.10.2015].
59
Blechman M. D., Assessment of ADR in Georgia, Assisted by USAID – JILAP Commercial Law team, 2011, 5.
60
iqve, 1.
61
momzadebuli angariSis detalurad gasacnobad ix. <http://www.ifc.org/wps/wcm/con nect/
991f510047e98d59a52ebd6f97fe9d91/PublicationBalkansGivingMediationaChanceADRStory.pdf?MOD
=AJPERES>, [11.11.2015].
62
`marTlmsajulebis damoukideblobisa da samarTlebrivi gaZlierebis programa~ àRmo-
savleT-dasavleTis marTvis institutis~ mier saqarTveloSi ganxorcielebuli oTx-
176
loSi mediaciis Sesaxeb angariSi moamzada, romelic araerT saintereso dakvirvebasa

da rekomendacias moicavs. es rekomendacia saqarTveloSi mediaciis institutis gan-
viTarebis Sefasebis TvalsazrisiT gakeTebuli yvelaze ufro farTo da amomwuravi
angariSia. angariSis SemuSavebisaTvis mowveuli eqspertis, ales zalaris,63 mizani iyo,
Seefasebina: davebis gadawyvetis ramdenad efeqturi saSualeba SeiZleba yofiliyo me-
diacia saqarTveloSi; Tbilisis saqalaqo sasamarTloSi piloturi proeqtis mimdina-
reoba da mediaciis ganviTarebaze pilotis gavlena mTeli qveynis masStabiT.
mediaciis maregulirebeli normebis Sefasebis mizniT, eqspertis mier SemoTava-
zebul iqna misi Semowmeba avstraliis `davis gadawyvetis alternatiuli saSualebebis
nacionaluri sabWos~64 mier SemuSavebuli kiTxvaris daxmarebiT, romelic mediaciis
momwesrigebel normebze momuSave pirebs exmareba sakiTxebis mimarT Tanmimdevrul
midgomasa da Sesabamisi standartebis SemuSavebaSi. kvlevis avtors saqarTveloSi, zo-
gadad, mediaciis institutis gansaviTareblad Semdegi sakiTxebi miaCnia problemurad:
1. davis gadawyvetis alternatiuli saSualebebis ganviTarebis politikis gan-
msazRvreli dokumentis ararseboba, rac sxva sakiTxebTan erTad donori organizaci-
ebis mxridan mediaciis ganviTarebis procesSi mxardaWeris SesustebiTaa gamowveuli;
2. davis gadawyvetis alternatiuli saSualebebis politikis gansazRvris mizniT
erTiani da mudmivmoqmedi sakonsultacio organos ararseboba, romelic makoordine-
beli organos funqciasac Seasrulebda.
Sesabamisad, mediaciis Semdgomi ganviTarebisaTvis mTavar gamowvevad dasaxel-
da mediaciis ganviTarebis procesSi CarTul mxareebs Soris informaciis gacvlisa da
procesTa koordinebis araefeqturi sistema, iseve, rogorc erTiani xedvis uqonloba.
aqedan gamomdinare, miuxedavad samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsSi sasamarTlo mediaci-
is Sesaxeb Tavis arsebobisa, zogadad, mediaciis institutis momwesrigebeli sakanon-
mdeblo aqtis uqonloba qmnis arasrul sakanonmdeblo CarCos saqarTveloSi, romelic,
erTi mxriv, TanxvedraSi ver modis evrokavSiris Sesabamis direqtivebTan, xolo, meore
mxriv, iwvevs institutisadmi ndobis Semcirebas mis potenciur momxmareblebSi.
sasamarTlo mediaciis nawilSi kanonmdeblobis Sefasebisas eqspertis mier samo-
qalaqo saproceso kodeqsis 21-e1 Tavis65 dadebiT aspeqtebad aRiniSna:
mediaciis orive formiT, rogorc sasamarTlo mediaciis, ise sasamarTlosTan
dakavSirebuli mediaciis formiT, sasamarTlo sistemaSi danergvis SesaZlebloba;
saojaxo, memkvidreobiTi da samezoblo davebis mimarT savaldebulo mediaciis
gavrcelebis SesaZlebloba;
mediaciis maqsimaluri xangrZlivobis – 90-dRiani danawesis arseboba;
mediaciis procesze gamoucxadeblobis SemTxvevaSi Sesabamis sanqciaTa dawese-
ba;
wliani iniciativa iyo, romelic aSS-is saerTaSoriso ganviTarebis saagentom daafinansa.

dawvrilebiT ix. <http://www.ewmi-jilep.org/>, [22.10.2015].
63
ales zalari – `davebis gadawyvetis evropuli centris~ prezidenti, sloveniis iusticiis
yofili ministri da saxelganTqmuli mediatoria.
64
Natianal Australian ADR Commission, ix. <http://www.ag.gov.au/LegalSystem/AlternateDisputeResolution/
Pages/NADRACPublications-A-Z.aspx>, [22.10.2015].
65
177
kanonmdeblobiT gaTvaliswinebuli gamonaklisebis garda, mxareTa TanxmobiT

yvela samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi davis samediaciod gadacemis SesaZlebloba;
konfidencialurobis dacva da mediaciis procesSi Seqmnil mtkicebulebaTa sa-
samarTlo procesze dauSveblobis sakiTxi;
sasamarTlos daxmarebiT miRweuli morigebebis aRsrulebis sakiTxi.66
momzadebuli dokumentis mixedviT, kanonmdeblobis naklovanebebia:
samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsSi sasamarTlo mediaciis Sesaxeb Tavis arasruli
Sesabamisoba evrokavSiris Sesabamis direqtivasa da unsitralis modelur kanonTan;
mediatorTa SerCevisa da akreditirebis kriteriumebis ararseboba;
sasamarTlo xelisuflebisa da konkretul sasamarTloTa waxaliseba mediaciis
programebisa da maTi momwesrigebeli normebis SesamuSaveblad;
sasamarTlo mediaciis dafinansebis sakiTxis mouwesrigebloba;
finansuri TvalsazrisiT sasamarTlo morigebisa da mediaciis daxmarebiT miR-
weuli morigebis araTanabar pirobebSi dayeneba;
minimum ori samediacio Sexvedris gamarTvis valdebuleba.67
saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobaSi arsebul zemoaRniSnul naklovanebebsa da dade-
biT aspeqtebze dayrdnobiT angariSSi mocemulia Sesabamisi daskvnebi Tbilisis saqa-
laqo sasamarTloSi mimdinare piloturi programis Sesaxeb; gansakuTrebiT sayuradR-
eboa rCeva piloturi programis debulebis sasamarTlosa da momxmarebelTa interese-
bis gaTvaliswinebiT formirebis Sesaxeb; aqve rekomendebulia modave mxareebisaTvis
adreul etapzeve mediaciis SeTavazeba; mocemulia rCevebi momxmareblebTan komuni-
kaciis Taobaze da, rac yvelaze mniSvnelovania, rekomendacia saojaxo davebze pilo-
turi proeqtis savaldebulo mediaciaze, xolo samezoblo da memkvidreobiTi davebis
– kvazisavaldebulo (rbil) modelze gadasvlasTan dakavSirebiT.68
angariSis sasamarTlo mediaciis nawilSi mocemulia rekomendaciebi ara mxolod
Tbilisis saqalaqo sasamarTlosaTvis, aramed saqarTvelos iusticiis umaRlesi sab-
WosTvisac, kerZod, rCevebi mosamarTleTa ìndividualuri statistikis formebSi~
mediaciisaTvis gadacemul saqmeTa raodenobis Camatebis Sesaxeb da mosamarTleTa
efeqturobis Sefasebis kriteriumebs Soris mediaciisaTvis mimarTvebis raodenobis
damatebis Taobaze.
rTulia iTqvas, rom kvlevaSi mocemuli rekomendaciebis miRebidan 6 Tvis Sem-
deg raime Zireulad Seicvala. masSi mocemuli yvela rCeva Tu idea iseTive aqtualuria
2015 wlis bolosac, rogorc eqspertebis saqarTveloSi yofnisas iyo da, Sesabamisad,
arsebul problemebs kidev erTi daemata – eqspertebis mier momzadebuli umniSvnelo-
vanesi rCevebis gauTvaliswinebloba. marTalia, iusticiis umaRlesma sabWom daiwyo
zrunva mediaciis piloturi proeqtebis Tbilisis gareT gatanaze, daarsda mediator-
66
es CamonaTvali ar aris sruli.
67
es CamonaTvali ar aris sruli.
68
rac gulisxmobs ganCinebis Cabarebidan 8 dRis ganmavlobaSi werilobiT da saTanado mi-
zezis miTiTebiT mediaciaze uaris Tqmis SesaZleblobas.
178
Ta asociacia, Tbilisis saqalaqo sasamarTloSi arsebuli mediaciis piloturi pro-

eqti iwyebs savaldebulo mediaciaze gadasvlas 2016 wlidan, magram saerTo suraTi
kvlav ucvlelia – sasamarTlo mediacia jerjerobiT isev neli tempiT viTardeba.
miuxedavad imisa, rom ales zalari angariSis mosamzadeblad saqarTveloSi xan-
mokle vadiT imyofeboda, igi siRrmiseulad Caswvda saqarTveloSi mediaciis damkvid-
rebis xelSemSlel faqtorebs, romelTa Soris, gansakuTrebiT, aRsaniSnavia is gare-
moeba, rom man saqarTveloSi mediaciis damkvidrebis mTavari xelisSemSleli faqtori
ara teqnikur an sakanonmdeblo sivrceSi dainaxa, aramed mediaciis ganviTarebiT dain-
teresebul uwyebebs Soris informaciis gacvlis, koordinebuli muSaobisa da proce-
sebis erToblivad gaZRolis sakiTxSi, rac aisaxeba am institutis saqarTveloSi dam-
kvidrebis procesis administrirebaze.
da bolos, 2015 wlis maisSi saqarTveloSi imyofebodnen `fond samarTlis uze-
naesobis iniciativis~ damfuZnebeli viqtor Saxteri da amave fondis eqsperti jon
kopeli. vizitis farglebSi eqspertebma Seiswavles sasamarTlo mediaciis mareguli-
rebeli normebi da gamarTes Sexvedrebi sasamarTlo mediaciis danergvis procesSi
monawile mxareebTan. miRebul informaciaze dayrdnobiT, mowveulma specialistebma
SeimuSaves rekomendaciebi, romelTa dayofac maT mier moxda maRali, saSualod maRa-
li da saSualo prioritetebis mixedviT. rekomendaciaTa nusxaSi maRali prioriteti
mieniWa Semdeg sakiTxebs:
savaldebulo mediaciis amoqmedebas;
samuSao jgufis Seqmnas, kerZod, yvela mniSvnelovani dainteresebuli mxaris
monawileobiT;
mosamarTleTa mier mediaciis treningis gavlas;
advokatTa trenings, mediaciaSi warmomadgenlobiTi unarebis gansaviTareb-
lad;
sazogadoebis cnobierebis gazrdas mediaciis Rirebulebisa da xelmisawvdomo-
bis Sesaxeb;
mediaciis procesiT kmayofilebis Sefasebis sistemis daxvewas;
mediaciis unarebSi mediatorTa da mosamarTleTa codnis mudmiv ganaxlebas;
qouCingisa da mentoris sistemebis danergvas axalbeda mediatorebisaTvis.
sxva rekomendaciebisagan gansxvavebiT, `fond samarTlis uzenaesobis iniciati-
vis~ eqspertTa rekomendaciebi gamoirCeva ufro metad praqtikuli xasiaTiT, vidre
normaTa samarTlebrivi Sinaarsis analiziT. aseve, vinaidan Sefaseba mxolod sasamar-
Tlos mediaciis gansaviTareblad iqna SemuSavebuli, fokusirebulia mTlianad sasa-
marTlo mediaciaze da ar mimoixilavs saqarTveloSi arsebul sxva samediacio insti-
tutebis sust da Zlier mxareebs. Sesabamisad, is ufro konkretuli da piloturi pro-
eqtis detalebzea orientirebuli, vidre zogad suraTze.
179
5. daskvna
qarTuli marTlmsajulebisaTvis mediaciis institutis warmatebiT damkvidreba

uaRresad mniSvnelovani sakiTxia rogorc praqtikuli,69 ise ideuri70 TvalsazrisiT.
misi ganxorcieleba rTulia akademiuri mxardaWeris gareSe. is faqti, rom ilia WavWa-
vaZe samarTlis ganxorcielebis procesSi morigebis institutis rolisa da mniSvne-
lobis Sesaxeb werda, udavod, didi gamarTleba da upiratesobaa saqarTveloSi medi-
aciis kvlav dasamkvidreblad. ilia WavWavaZis naazrevi saqarTveloSi (da ara marto
saqarTveloSi) morigebiT samarTlebrivi davebis gadawyvetis kulturis damkvidre-
bisTvis datovebuli udidesi memkvidreobaa, romlis gamoyenebas rogorc simboluri,
ise praqtikuli daniSnuleba aqvs. rogorc cvlilebis menejmentis eqspertebi miuTi-
Teben, Tu gvinda, rom movaxdinoT sistemis cvlileba, aucilebelia, axali sistema em-
yarebodes da apelirebdes Zvel, saukeTeso gamocdilebaze.71 is, rom saqarTveloSi sa-
ukuneebis ganmavlobaSi mediaciis teqnikis daxmarebiT wydeboda samarTlebrivi uTan-
xmoebani, sadavo arc aqamde iyo,72 Tumca, garda momrigebeli mosamarTlis institutis
aRwerisa, ilia WavWavaZe Tavis publikaciebSi qmnis koncefcias imisas, Tu rogori unda
iyos sasamarTlo xelisuflebis politika saqmeTa marTvis, marTlmsajulebis ganxor-
cielebis da sasamarTlos momxmarebelTaTvis servisis gawevis kuTxiT. kerZod, igi mi-
uTiTebda swraf, martiv da araformalur marTlmsajulebisa da momxmarebelze orien-
tirebul sasamarTlo servisis mniSvnelobaze. Sesabamisad, mis gamonaTqvamebs aqvs po-
tenciali, gaxdes qarTuli sasamarTlo mediaciis slogani da maTze aigos Tanamedrove
sasamarTlo mediaciis sakomunikacio strategia.
cxadia, qarTuli marTlmsajulebis paradigmis Sesacvlelad saqarTveloSi arse-
buli davebis mSvidobiani gadawyvetis istoriuli gamocdilebaze apelireba sakmarisi
ar aris. cvlilebis marTvis procesis gasamklaveblad saWiroa, aseve, Sesabamisi regu-
laciebisa da kargi menejmentis arseboba, rac, erTi mxriv, sasamarTlo mediaciis ma-
regulirebeli normebis da, meore mxriv, procesis efeqturi administrirebis nawilia.
rasakvirvelia, sasamarTlo mediaciis Sesaxeb samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsSi
ganxorcielebuli cvlilebebi mniSvnelovani movlena iyo qarTul marTlmsajulebaSi
mediaciis dasanergavad, Tumca arasakmarisi, rac statiaSi mocemuli sakanonmdeblo
69
praqtikuli TvalsazrisiT, marTlmsajulebisaTvis mediaciis mniSvnelobaze xazgasmis
uflebas iZleva sasamarTlo ganxilvebis momlodine saqmeTa raodenoba, ganxilvis
saSualo vadebi, mosamarTleTa arasakmarisi raodenobis Sesaxeb iusticiis sabWos wev-
rebis gancxadebebi da morigebiT damTavrebul saqmeTa statistikuri maCveneblebi. sa-
qarTvelos saerTo sasamarTloebis oficialuri statistika ix. <http://www.supremecourt.ge/
statistics/>, [11.12.2015].
70
ideuri TvalsazrisiT, marTlmsajulebisaTvis mediaciis danergvis mniSvneloba prob-
lemis adreul da mSvidobian gadawyvetaze orientirebuli mravalsarkmliani sasa-
marTlos Camoyalibebaa, riTac marTlmsajuleba gacilebiT efeqturad moaxerxebs
samarTlis arsis – socialuri mSvidobis miRwevas.
71
Heath C., Heath D., Switch: How to Change Things when Change is Hard, Broadway Books, New York, 2010, 23.
72
qarTuli CveulebiTi samarTali, me-3 tomi, mT.red. m. kekelia, Tb., 1991, 185.
180
normebis analiziTa da miRebuli rekomendaciebiTac naTlad Cans. kerZod, proble-

mebi ikveTeba mediaciis cnebis – definirebis, sasamarTlo mediaciis makoordinebe-
li organos, samediacio centrebisa TanamSromelTa uflebamosilebis ganmsazRvre-
li dokumentis, mediaciis procesis xarisxis makontrolebeli normebis, mediatorTa
profesiuli standartisa da valdebulebebis ganmsazRvreli dokumentis ararsebo-
basa da mediaciisaTvis misamarTad arasakmaris wamaxalisebel meqanizmebTan dakavSi-
rebiT. aRniSnuli problemebi miT ufro mwvave xdeba savaldebulo mediaciaze gadas-
vlis SemTxvevaSi. aqedan gamomdinare, sakanonmdeblo xarvezebis aRmofxvris swrafi
da efeqturi gza iusticiis umaRlesi sabWos mier sasamarTlo mediaciis debulebis,
mediatorTa eTikis kodeqsisa da saqmiswarmoebis wesSi cvlilebebis Setana iqneba,
rac, problemebis gadawyvetasTan erTad, sasamarTlo mediacias met mimzidvelobasa
da garantiebs SesZens. kerZod, `sasamarTlo mediaciis debulebiT~ SesaZlebelia Sem-
degi sakiTxebis mowesrigeba:
sasamarTlo mediaciis procesis ganmarteba – definireba (procesSi mediato-
ris rolisa da stilis miTiTebiT);
sasamarTlo mediaciis makoordinebeli uwyebis Camoyalibeba;
samediacio centris administratoris funqciebisa da kompetenciis SemuSaveba;
mediatoris profesiuli ganaTlebis minimaluri standartis SemuSaveba;
mediatoris profesiuli valdebulebis Sesaxeb danawesis SemuSaveba (aseTis mi-
zanSewonilad miCnevis SemTxvevaSi);
mediaciis mimzidvelobis gazrdisaTvis saWiroa amoqmeddes damatebiTi stimu-
latorebi, romlebic SeiZleba iyos Semdegi:
mediaciis warumateblad damTavrebis SemTxvevaSi, saqmisaTvis prioritetis mi-
niWeba sasamarTloSi misi ganxilvisas. kerZod, imisTvis, rom drois faqtori ar iyos
mediaciaSi monawileobis dasaTanxmeblad mxareebisaTvis barieri, saqmis ukan, sasa-
marTloSi dabrunebis SemTxvevaSi gamarTlebuli iqneba `mediacia nacad saqmeebze~
sxdomis prioritetul reJimSi CaniSvna da ganxilva, risTvisac saWiroa, iusticiis
umaRlesma sabWom ganaaxlos isedac sakmaod moZvelebuli, saerTo sasamarTloebis
organizaciuli muSaobisa da saqmiswarmoebis wesi73;
mosamarTleTa motivirebis mizniT, mediaciiT damTavrebul saqmeTa raodenoba
dadebiTad aisaxos `mosamarTleTa saqmianobis efeqturobis Sefasebis wessa~74 da mo-
samarTleTa dawinaurebis kriteriumebSi.
miRebuli rekomendaciebidanac kargad Cans, rom savaldebulo mediaciaze gadas-
vla gamarTlebuli iqneba, Tu sasamarTlo sistema uzrunvelyofs mediatorTa eTikis
73
dRes saerTo sasamarTloebSi moqmedebs `raionuli (saqalaqo), saolqo, afxazeTisa da
aWaris avtonomiuri respublikebis umaRles sasamarTloebSi organizaciuli muSaobisa
da saqmiswarmoebis wesis Sesaxeb~ debulebis damtkicebis Taobaze 2000 wlis 27 oqtombris
№466 brZanebuleba, ix. <https://matsne.gov.ge/ka/document/view/114292>, [12.12.2015].
74
2007 wlis 25 seqtembris (№1/208-2007) gadawyevtilebiT, saqarTvelos iusticiis sabWom
miiRo `saerTo sasamarTloebis mosamarTleTa saqmianobis efeqturobis Sefasebis we-
si~, sadac, bunebrivia, mediaciiT damTavrebuli saqmeebisaTvis mosamarTle ver iRebs
Sesabamis Sefasebas – qulas, rac ar uqmnis mosamarTles damatebiT motivacias, Seecados,
mxare daarwmunos mediaciis upiratesobebSi.
181
wesebisa da procesis xarisxis makontrolebeli normebis dacvas. Sesabamisad, mizan-

Sewonilia, iusticiis sabWom yvela dainteresebuli mxaris monawileobiT SeimuSaos
`mediatorTa eTikis kodeqsi~, romelic yvela sasamarTlo mediaciis procesSi monawi-
le mediatorze gavrceldeba da uzrunvelyofs sasamarTlo mediaciis faseulobebis
dacvas.
udavoa, rom qarTul marTlmsajulebaSi mediaciis institutis damkvidrebisa
da efeqturi muSaobisaTvis aucilebelia maregulirebel normebTan erTad adminis-
trirebasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebis mowesrigeba. kanonmdeblobis amoqmedebidan
dRemde miRebul Sedegebis analiziTac kargad Cans, rom kanonproeqtis ganmartebiT
baraTSi mocemuli kanonis miRebis gamomwvevi mizezebis aRmofxvra da dasaxuli mizne-
bis miRweva oTxi wlis ganmavlobaSi ver moxerxda,75 rasac xeli Seuwyo proeqtis admi-
nistrirebis procesSi gamovlenilma xarvezebma. kerZod, saqarTvelos yvela instan-
ciis sasamarTloSi mediaciis Tanmimdevrul da etapobriv ganviTarebas xeli SeuSala
rogorc sasamarTlo xelisuflebaSi mediaciis ganviTarebis Sesaxeb saerTo xedvis,
strategiisa da samoqmedo gegmis ararsebobam, aseve, mediaciis danergvis procesSi
iusticiis umaRlesi sabWos (rogorc marTlmsajulebis politikis SemmuSavebeli or-
ganos) axali Semadgenlobis76 arasaTanado CarTulobam. zemoaRniSnul sakiTxTa mo-
uwesrigeblobiT qarTul sasamarTlo sistemaSi mediaciis institutis damkvidrebis
procesi daugegmavad da saerTo koordinirebis gareSe mimdinareobs. amasTan, qmnis
favoritizmisa da mikerZoebulobis riskebs sasamarTlo sistemaSi, arTulebs sasa-
marTlo mediaciis danergvisaTvis aucilebel administrirebis process, aRrmavebs
iuristebs Soris mediaciisadmi skeptikur damokidebulebas da iwvevs mediaciisadmi
sasamarTlo momxmarebelTa ndobis naklebobas. aRniSnuli problemebis gadasawyve-
tad da samive instanciis sasamarTloebSi samediacio centrebis efeqturi marTvis,
kontrolisa da ganviTarebis mizniT mizanSewonilia, iusticiis umaRlesma sabWom, ro-
gorc sasamarTlo sistemis reformis makoordinebelma organom, dainteresebuli mxa-
reebis monawileobiT da miRebuli rekomendaciebis gaTvaliswinebiT, SeimuSaos sasa-
marTlo mediaciis strategia da yovelwliuri samoqmedo gegma. sasamarTlo mediaciis
strategiiT, rogorc eqspertTa mier SemuSavebuli rekomendaciebi miuTiTeben, saWi-
roa ambiciuri miznis dasaxva da misi miRwevis mizniT konkretuli moqmedebebis gan-
sazRvra, rac moaxdens sasamarTlo sistemaSi mediaciis institutis efeqtur integri-
rebas. sasamarTlo mediaciis strategiis sayrdeni ideebi unda iyos:
sasamarTlos SesaZleblobis gazrda Semosul saqmeebTan gamklavebis Tvalsaz-
risiT;
sasamarTlos momxmarebelze orientirebuli da moqnili momsaxurebis SeTava-
zeba;
davebis adreuli gadawyvetis waxaliseba;
75
aRniSnuls adasturebs 2011 wels gakeTebul SefasebebSi asaxuli molodini da realuri
statistikuri monacemebi.
76
2013 wlis ivnisSi iusticiis umaRlesi sabWo axali SemadgenlobiT dakompleqtda, xolo
22 ivniss gaimarTa axali Semadgenlobis monawileobiT pirveli sxdoma. ix. <http://hcoj.gov.
ge/ge/2013-tslis-22-ivniss-gaimarteba-iustitsiis-umaghlesi-sabchos-skhdoma/2092>, [11.11.2015].
182
davis gadawyvetis alternatiuli saSualebebis gamoyenebiT sasamarTlos mom-

xmarebelTa kmayofilebis amaRleba.
sasamarTlo mediaciis damkvidreba kompleqsur midgomas moiTxovs. am insti-
tutis efeqturad amoqmedebisaTvis yvela detali mniSvnelovania, miT ufro, sawyis
etapze. mediaciis – uTanxmoebaTa morigebiT damTavrebis – kulturis saqarTveloSi
dasamkvidreblad mizanSewonilia, sasamarTlo xelisuflebam sasamarTlo sistemis
strategiaze muSaobisas77 davis swraf, mSvidobian da arsebuli resursebis maqsimalu-
rad efeqtianad gamoyenebiT gadawyvetas miaqcios gansakuTrebuli yuradReba. zemo-
aRniSnuli modeliT mediaciis institutis amoqmedeba, maRali albaTobiT, SeZlebs,
erTi mxriv, saqarTveloSi uTanxmoebaTa morigebiT damTavrebis kulturis formi-
rebasa da sasamarTloSi ganxilul saqmeebsa da mediaciiT gadawyvetil davebs Soris
dabalansebuli Tanafardobis miRwevas, meore mxriv, marTlmsajulebis gantvirTvas,
davebis swraf, mSvidobian da arsebuli resursebis optimaluri gamoyenebiT gadawyve-
tas. CamoTvlil sakiTxTa prioritetulobaze jer kidev me-19 saukuneSi ilia WavWavaZe
saubrobda da dResac imaves imeoreben, rogorc qarTveli, ise saerTaSoriso eqsper-
tebi. Sesabamisad, sandoa rogorc marTlmsajulebis politikis SemmuSavebeli pirebi-
saTvis, aseve sazogadoebisaTvis.
77
sasamarTlo xelisuflebis strategiisa da samoqmedo gegmis 2016 wlis ganmavlobaSi
SemuSavebis valdebuleba saqarTvelos iusticiis umaRlesma sabWom oficialurad aiRo
saqarTvelosa da evrokavSirs Soris asocirebis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebisa da asocirebis
dRis wesrigis ganxorcielebis 2016 wlis erovnuli samoqmedo gegmiT. ix. <http://hcoj.gov.
ge/ge/saqartvelos-iustitsiis-umaghlesi-sabchos-mier-momzadda-asotsirebis-shesakheb-shetankhmebisa-da-
asotsirebis-dghis-tsesrigis-gankhortsielebis-2016-tslis-samoqmedo-gegmis-proeqti/2519>, [11.12.2015].
183
dimitri gegenava *
konstituciuri SeTanxmebis zogierTi teqnikuri da

samarTlebrivi problema
konstituciuri SeTanxmeba saqarTvelos saxelmwifosa da saqarTvelos sa-

mociqulo avtokefaliur marTlmadidebel eklesias Soris 2002 wels daido.
miuxedavad imisa, rom am momentidan karga xania gasuli, dokumentis samar-
Tlebrivi, ekonomikuri Tu politikuri gaazreba jerac ar momxdara. ro-
gorc samarTlebrivi dokumenti, igi sakmaod bevr teqnikur da Sinaarsobriv
problemas moicavs. statiis mizania msgavsi meToduri da formaluri prob-
lemebis gaanalizeba da maTi gamosworebis gzebis dasaxva.
sakvanZo sityvebi: konstituciuri SeTanxmeba, konkordati, samociqulo,

saxelmwifo, samarTlebrivi teqnika, eklesia.
I. Sesavali
saqarTvelos saxelmwifosa da saqarTvelos samociqulo avtokefaliur mar-

Tlmadidebel eklesias Soris konstituciuri SeTanxmeba 2002 wels daido, Tumca,
miuxedavad amisa, igi dRemde rCeba erTgvarad „burusiT mocul~ dokumentad, rom-
lis avkargianobasa Tu Sinaarsze msjeloba aqtiurad ar dawyebula. amis mizezi, erTi
mxriv, misi mowesrigebis sferos delikaturoba, xolo, meore mxriv, Tavad am sakiTxe-
bis Sinaarsia, romelTa damuSaveba da analizic specifikur, interdisciplinur cod-
nas moiTxovs.
konstituciur SeTanxmebasTan dakavSirebiT arsebobs uamravi kiTxva, romelTa
umetesoba mis Sinaarsobriv aspeqtebsa da aRsrulebis problemebs ukavSirdeba. Tum-
ca aranakleb mniSvnelovania misi teqnikuri, gansakuTrebiT ki samarTlebrivi teqni-
kis, mxare, romelic, saboloo jamSi, yvela sxvas ganapirobebs. statiis mizania, kon-
stituciuri SeTanxmebis terminologiuri sakiTxebis gaanalizeba, misi bunebisa da
normatiuli aqtebis ierarqiaSi am dokumentis adgilTan dakavSirebuli problemebis
ganxilva, wminda samarTlebriv-formaluri xasiaTis xarvezebis gamokveTa da maTi ga-
dawyvetis gzebis dasaxva.
II. konstituciuri SeTanxmebis saxelwodebis

terminologiuri xarvezi
samarTlisa da enis urTierTmimarTeba erT-erTi maradiuli problemaa samar-

Tlis mecnierebaSi da aqtualobas arasdros kargavs, miT umetes, iseTi samarTlebri-
*
Tsu-is iuridiuli fakultetis doqtoranti, asistenti samarTlis meTodebis mimarTu-
lebiT, daviT batoniSvilis samarTlis institutis direqtori.
184
dimitri gegenava, konstituciuri SeTanxmebis zogierTi teqnikuri da samarTlebrivi problema
vi sivrcisTvis, romelic Camoyalibebis procesSia.1 enobrivi da cnebebTan dakavSire-

buli sakiTxebi meorexarisxovani ver iqneba, radgan samarTali, rogorc aseTi, enaSi
da enobrivi formebiT gamJRavnebuli qcevis wesebis sistemaa.2 amitomac gamarTuli
terminologia ganviTarebuli samarTlebrivi sistemis aucilebeli Semadgeneli nawi-
lia, ufro metic, Tavad am sistemaTa ganviTarebis erT-erTi sawindaria.
konstituciuri SeTanxmebis, rogorc samarTlebrivi dokumentis, saxelwodeba
gamorCeulia: erTi mxriv, misi saxelSekrulebo buneba, xolo, meore mxriv, „konstitu-
ciuri~ statusi mas etimologiuradac gamorCeul dokumentad aqcevs. „konstituciu-
ris~ gamoyenebiT kanonmdebelma xazi gausva SeTanxmebis gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas,
mis sakonstituciosamarTlebriv xasiaTsa da statuss saxelmwifo sistemaSi.3 rogorc
prof. xecuriani ganmartavs, SeTanxmebisTvis „konstituciuris~ darqmeva imiTaa ga-
marTlebuli, rom misi „dadebis SesaZlebloba da subieqtTa wre mxolod saxelmwifos
ZiriTadi kanoniT iqneba gansazRvruli~4.
konstituciuri SeTanxmebis konstituciasTan dakavSirebuli statusi sruliad
marTebuli da mizanSewonilia. samarTlebrivi aqtis statussa da mniSvnelobas imaze
metad araferi usvams xazs, vidre konstituciasTan Tundac terminologiuri Tval-
sazrisiT mibma, miT umetes, am SemTxvevaSi, igi Sinaarsobrivadac ZiriTad kanons efuZ-
neba. „konstituciursa~ da „sakonstitucios~ qarTul samarTlebriv enaSi xSirad Ta-
nabarmniSvnelovnad iyeneben, rac bevr problemas warmoSobs.5 marTalia, fonetikurad
es ori cneba erTmaneTTan Zalian axlosaa, Tumca Sinaarsobrivad, qarTuli enis spe-
cifikis gaTvaliswinebiT, mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdebian. „sakonstitucio~ konstitu-
ciis Sesaferiss, konstituciisaTvis gankuTvnils, konstituciiT gaTvaliswinebuls,
xolo „konstituciuri~ konstituciasTan Sesabamiss aRniSnavs.6 Sinaarsobrivad es
cnebebi uerTierTgadamfarav mniSvnelobasac moicaven. es yvelaferi kidev ufro ab-
surdul elfers konstituciur SeTanxmebasTan dakavSirebiT iZens. „konstituciuri
SeTanxmeba~, misi saliteraturo da gramatikuli Sinaarsidan gamomdinare, niSnavs Se-
Tanxmebas, romelic konstitucias Seesabameba. am kuTxiT, nebismieri SeTanxmeba, ro-
melic konstitucias ar ewinaaRmdegeba, konstituciuria. garda amisa, imis dadgena,
konstituciuria Tu ara raime, maT Soris konstituciuri SeTanxmeba, sakonstitucio
sasamarTlos prerogativaa, anu igi (mTlianad an nawilobriv) potenciurad arakon-
stituciuric SeiZleba aRmoCndes, rac safuZvelSive gamoricxavs mis „konstituci-
ur~ statuss.
1
gegenava d., zogierTi cnebis marTebulobis sakiTxisaTvis qarTul sakonstitucio
samarTalSi, wignSi: zurab axvlediani 80, Tb., 2013, 181.
2
xubua g., samarTlis Teoria, Tb., 2004, 121.
3
Manitakis A., Comments on the Draft Constitutional Agreement between the State of Georgia and the Apostle
Autocephalous Orthodox Church of Georgia, CDL(2001)64, European Commission for Democracy Through
Law (Venice Commission), Strasbourg, 28 June 2001, 2.
4
xecuriani j., saxelmwifo da eklesia, Jurn. „adamiani da konstitucia~, №1, 2001, 11.
5
ix. gegenava d., zogierTi cnebis marTebulobis sakiTxisaTvis qarTul sakonstitucio
samarTalSi, wignSi: zurab axvlediani 80, Tb., 2013; gegenava d., qanTaria b., canava l., Tev-
zaZe T., maWaraZe z., javaxiSvili p., erqvania T., papaSvili T., saqarTvelos sakonstitucio
samarTali, me-3 gamocema, Tb., 2015.
6
ix. qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikoni, <http://ena.ge/explanatoryonline> [05.11.2015]
185
„sakonstitucio xelSekruleba~ WeSmaritad asaxavs im Sinaarsobriv da termino-

logiur datvirTvas, romelic am instituts aqvs. am SemTxvevaSi igi sruliad moicavs
im azrs, rac mis Semqmnelebs hqondaT – konstituciidan gamomdinare, konstituciisken
mimarTuli, sakonstituciosamarTlebrivi statusisa da Sinaarsis mqone. SeTanxmebis-
Tvis „sakonstitucios~ darqmeva ara mxolod teqnikurad, aramed Sinaarsobrivadac
gamarTavs institutis samarTlebriv formas da Seqmnis adekvatur aRqmas mis samar-
Tlebriv bunebasTan dakavSirebiT. am SemTxvevaSi dokumenti ideuri TvalsazrisiTac
Cajdeba saqarTvelos normatiuli aqtebis erTian sistemaSi. amis Semdeg „sakonstitu-
cio SeTanxmebis~ konstituciurobis sakiTxi logikuric iqneba da adekvaturic, gan-
sxvavebiT „konstituciuri SeTanxmebis~ konstituciurobisgan.
III. konstituciuri SeTanxmeba normatiuli aqtebis ierarqiaSi
konstituciuri SeTanxmebis normatiuli moqmedebis Zalis Taobaze debulebebs

rogorc konstitucia, ise „normatiuli aqtebis Sesaxeb~ kanoni Seicavs. samwuxarod,
am debulebaTa nawili urTierTgamomricxavi da bundovania, rac normatiuli aqtebis
ierarqiaSi konstituciuri SeTanxmebis adgilis Taobaze calsaxa daskvnis gamotanis
saSualebas ar iZleva.
saqarTvelos konstituciis Tanaxmad, saqarTvelos uzenaesi kanoni konstitu-
ciaa da yvela sxva samarTlebrivi aqti mas unda Seesabamebodes.7 ra Tqma unda, am mxriv,
aqtebSi moiazreba konstituciuri SeTanxmebac, romelic, nebismieri sxva aqtis msgav-
sad, konstituciis qvemdgomi dokumentia. amasTan, konstitucia saerTaSoriso xel-
Sekrulebebsa da SeTanxmebebs, romlebsac Sidasaxelmwifoebriv normatiul aqtebTan
mimarTebiT, upirates iuridiul Zalas aniWebs, saqarTvelos konstituciisa da kon-
stituciuri SeTanxmebis qvemdgomad ganixilavs8. msgavs mowesrigebas adgens „norma-
tiuli aqtebis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanoni, romelic ZiriTadi kanonis debulebebs
sityvasityviT imeorebs9.
gaugebrobas iwvevs konstituciis debuleba, romlis Tanaxmadac, konstituciuri
SeTanxmeba srulad unda Seesabamebodes saerTaSoriso samarTlis sayovelTaod aRia-
rebul principebsa da normebs, kerZod, adamianis uflebaTa da ZiriTad Tavisufleba-
Ta sferoSi.10 normis daniSnuleba martivi dasadgenia. misi mizani konstituciuri Se-
TanxmebiT adamianis ZiriTadi uflebebis darRvevis, sxva pirTa religiuri uflebebis
Selaxvisa da diskriminaciis Tavidan acilebaa, romlis uzrunvelyofac konstituci-
uri SeTanxmebis uflebebTan Sesabamisobis daTqmiT miiRweva.11 Tumca warmoudgenelia
saerTaSorisod aRiarebuli ZiriTadi uflebebi da principebi calke, ganyenebulad
arsebobdes, isini romelime saerTaSorisosamarTlebriv aqtSi unda iyos mocemuli,
xolo es ukanaskneli, Tavis mxriv, konstituciur SeTanxmebaze dabali samarTlebrivi
7
saqarTvelos konstituciis me-6 muxlis 1-li punqti.
8
ix. iqve, 1-li punqtis me-2 winadadeba.
9
ix. `normatiuli aqtebis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis me-7 muxlis me-3 punqti.
10
saqarTvelos konstituciis me-9 muxlis me-2 punqtis me-2 winadadeba.
11
korkelia k., adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis gamoyeneba saqarTveloSi, Tb.,
2004, 86.
186
Zalisaa. alogikuri gamodis, rogor unda Seesabamebodes konstituciuri SeTanxmeba

am principebsa da uflebebs12.
gaugebaria, romel saxelmwifo organos SeuZlia daadginos konstituciuri Se-
Tanxmebis adamianis uflebaTa da ZiriTad TavisuflebaTa sferoSi saerTaSoriso sa-
marTlis sayovelTaod aRiarebul principebsa da normebTan Sesabamisoba. logikurad,
upirvelesi saxelmwifo organo, romelic, am mxriv, aluzias iwvevs, ra Tqma unda, sa-
qarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTloa. samwuxarod, konstituciiTa da kanonmdeb-
lobiT mas msgavsi uflebamosileba ar gaaCnia.13 mTavari aqti, romelic misTvis amosa-
vali da pirveladi wyaroa, konstituciaa, Sesabamisad, Tavad normatiuli aqtebis er-
TmaneTTan Sesabamisobaze dava mis kompetencias scdeba. prof. korkelia gamosavals
imaSi xedavs, rom konstituciur SeTanxmebasa da saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebas Soris
Sesabamisobis sakiTxi saerTo sasamarTloebma ganixilon da gadawyviton.14 es msjelo-
ba logikuria da aqtebis ierarqiuli Sesabamisoba administraciuli sasamarTlos kom-
petenciaSi isedac Sedis, Tumca situacias delikaturs xdis is mdgomareoba, rom am
SemTxvevaSi arsebiTad dava adamianis ZiriTad uflebebs da ara Tavad aqtis materia-
lur Tu formalur kanonierebas Seexeba.
konstituciis me-9 muxlis me-2 punqtis me-2 winadadeba sruliad zedmetia da ar
jdeba konstituciis normatiuli qsovilisa Tu ZiriTadi kanonis deonturi logikis
erTian struqturaSi. sakonstitucio sasamarTlos SeuZlia, nebismieri normatiuli
aqtis konstituciurobis sakiTxi ganixilos, amasTan, am SemTxvevaSi nebismier pirs Se-
uZlia, mimarTos mas normatiuli aqtis an misi nawilis konstituciis me-2 TaviT aRi-
arebul ZiriTad uflebebsa da TavisuflebebTan mimarTebiT Sesabamisobis dasadge-
nad15. Tuki kanonmdeblis mizani konstituciuri SeTanxmebiT ZiriTadi uflebis dar-
Rvevis prevenciaa, maSin es yovelive zedmeti normis gareSec miiRweva. me-9 muxlis me-2
punqtis me-2 winadadebis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSic ki nebismier pirs SeuZlia mimarTos
sakonstitucio sasamarTlos da, konstituciuri SeTanxmebis debulebaTa konstitu-
ciurobis Taobaze idavos. amasTan, konstituciis me-7 da 39-e muxlebis sistemuri ana-
lizi cxadyofs, rom saerTaSoriso samarTliT aRiarebuli, konkretul saerTaSoriso
aqtSi mocemuli ZiriTadi uflebebi araTu ubralod kanonmdeblobis, aramed konsti-
tuciis nawiladac SeiZleba iqnes moazrebuli, rac sakonstitucio sasamarTlos SesaZ-
leblobas miscems, Seasrulos me-9 muxlis me-2 punqtis me-2 winadadebiT nagulisxmevi
normatiuli mizani da konstituciaSi konkretuli normis ararsebobis miuxedavadac
ki, daicvas adamianis ZiriTadi uflebebi da uzrunvelyos uflebaTa praqtikuli gan-
xorcieleba. aqedan gamomdinare, ZiriTadi kanonis xsenebuli debuleba sruliad zed-
metia da ar uzrunvelyofs adamianis uflebaTa dacvas, piriqiT, qmnis normatiul ka-
zuss, romlis gadawyvetaze uflebamosili organo, ubralod, ar arsebobs.
12
2004, 87.
13
ix. saqarTvelos konstituciis 89-e muxlis 1-li punqti, `saqarTvelos sakonstitucio
sasamarTlos Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos organuli kanonis me-19 muxli.
14
2004, 87.
15
saqarTvelos konstituciis 89-e muxlis 1-li punqtis `v~ qvepunqti.
187
IV. sekularizmis principis darRveva da eklesiis SezRudva
modernizaciis aqtiuri procesi ar niSnavs sazogadoebaSi eklesiis daniSnule-

bis gaqrobas.16 marTalia, marTlmadidebeli eklesia yovelTvis sifrTxiliT da, SeiZ-
leba iTqvas, garkveulwilad, SiSiTac ekideba globalur siaxleebsa da wamowyebebs,
rasac misi (ultra)konservatiuli xasiaTic ganapirobebs.17 Tumca es ar unda iyos imis
mizezi, rom saxelmwifosa da eklesiis urTierTobaSi, upiratesobebisa da SeRavaTebis
sanacvlod, saxelmwifom eklesiis avtonomiuroba SezRudos. istoriulad, nebismieri
saxelmwifo, romelic eklesias sakonstitucio privilegiebsa da gansakuTrebul ofi-
cialur statuss aniWebda, yovelTvis moiTxovda Sesabamisi eklesiis mxridan samsa-
xursa da mxardaWeras.18 es yovelive, karga xania, warsuls Cabarda da dResdReobiT ek-
lesiis mxridan mxardaWera, ZiriTadad, socialur sferoSi gamoixateba, saxelmwifos
mTlianobis, erTianobisa da sazogadoebrivi mSvidobis propagandiTa da waxalisebiT.
Tanamedrove eklesia-saxelmwifos urTierTobaTa specifikis gaTvaliswinebiT,
eqskluziurad eklesiis gamgeblobas mikuTvnebuli sakiTxebia: sasuliero pirTa ga-
naTleba da momzadeba, RvTismsaxureba da sasuliero pirebTan SromiTi urTierTobe-
bi, saeklesio qonebis marTva, saqvelmoqmedo saqmianoba da sxv.19
1. saidumloebis dacva
samarTali advokatebis, eqimebisa da sasuliero pirTaTvis saidumloebis dacvis

privilegias uzrunvelyofs.20 ara aqvs mniSvneloba, Tu romeli samarTlis ojaxs mie-
kuTvneba saxelmwifo da ra samarTlebrivi azrovnebaa qveyanaSi, saidumloebis dacvis
privilegia am sami kategoriis pirTaTvis garantirebulia. saqarTveloc gamonakli-
si araa. qarTuli kanonmdebloba msgavsi saidumloebis daculobas uzrunvelyofs.21
amasTan, aRsaniSnavia, rom am sami kategoriis saidumloebas Soris garkveuli diferen-
ciacia arsebobs. sxvebisgan gansxvavebiT, sasuliero pirTaTvis saidumloebis dacvis
principi absoluturia da aRsarebis saidumlos gacemas maT saxelmwifo arcerT Sem-
TxvevaSi ar avaldebulebs.22 roca eqimi da advokati, gamonaklis SemTxvevebSi, valde-
16
Fokas E., Religion and Welfare in Greece: A New, or Renewed, Role for the Church? in:Orthodox Christianity
in 21st Century Greece, The Role of Religion in Culture, Ethnicity and Politics, Edited by V. Roudometof and
V.N. Makrides, Ashgate, 2010, 175.
17
ix. iqve, 180.
18
Dawson J.F., Friedrich Schleiermacher and the Separation of Church and State, Journal of Church and State,
Vol.7, №2, 1965, 219.
19
ix. Von Campenhausen A.F., Church Autonomy in Germany, in: Church Autonomy, A Comparative Survey,
Edited by G. Robbers, Frankfurt am Main, 2001, 81-82.
20
Greenawalt K., Religion and Equality, in: Christianity and Human Rights, An Introduction, Edited by J. Witte Jr.
and F.S. Alexander, NY, 2010, 243.
21
ix. saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kodeqsi, èqimis uflebebis Sesaxeb~ sa-
qarTvelos kanoni, advokatTa eTikis kodeqsi, àdvokatTa Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanoni.
22
Greenawalt K., Religion and Equality, in: Christianity and Human Rights, An Introduction, Edited by J. Witte Jr.
and F.S. Alexander, NY, 2010, 243.
188
bulni arian, mimarTon Sesabamis saxelmwifo organoebs, sasuliero pirebi absolutu-

ri sakanonmdeblo privilegiiT sargebloben. saqarTvelos SemTxvevaSi sasuliero pi-
rad nebismieri aRmsareblobis Sesabamisi uflebamosilebis piri moiazreba da am mxriv,
kanonmdebloba raime diferenciacias ar adgens.
konstituciuri SeTanxmebiT, saxelmwifo marTlmadidebel sasuliero pirebs sa-
idumloebis dacvis privilegiiT aRWuravs ori ZiriTadi mimarTulebiT: 1. aRsarebis
saidumloeba da 2. saeklesio saidumloeba.23 aRsarebis saidumlo ganimarteba rogorc
sinanulis saidumlo, dawesebuli TviT ieso qristes mier, sulieri ganwmendis mizniT
uflis winaSe moZRvarTan24 nebayoflobiTi aRiareba codvisa, romlis sxvasTan Tqmis
ufleba sasuliero pirs ara aqvs.25 saeklesio saidumloebad ki miiCneva eklesiis kon-
fidencialuri informacia.26 aRsarebisas miRebuli informacia saidumloa da eklesia
misi gamJRavnebis SesaZleblobas ar icnobs, piriqiT, akrZalulia misi raime formiT
gacema da vinmesTvis Tqma.27 ufro metic, amis ganmaxorcielebeli sasuliero piri sa-
eklesio kanonebiT daisjeba.28
raoden gasakviric ar unda iyos, saxelmwifo aRsarebisa da saeklesio saidum-
loebas ara privilegiad, aramed valdebulebad adgens da sasuliero pirs avaldebu-
lebs, ar gasces informacia, romelic mas, rogorc sulier moZRvars, gaandes an mis-
Tvis, rogorc sasuliero pirisaTvis, cnobili gaxda.29 msgavsi valdebulebis dadgena
warmoudgenelia sakonstitucio sekularizmis pirobebSi. saxelmwifo ar aris ufle-
bamosili, Caerios eklesiis Sida saqmeebSi, miT umetes, daudginos eklesiis iurisdiq-
ciis qveS myof pirs raime valdebuleba, garda im samoqalaqo, saero valdebulebebi-
sa, romlebic, rogorc wesi, nebismier moqalaqes isedac aqvs. msgavsi formulirebiT
Camoyalibebuli debuleba eklesia-saxelmwifos gamijvnis princips ewinaaRmdegeba
da eklesiis avtonomiurobis sakonstituciosamarTlebriv ideas arRvevs. aRsarebisa
da saeklesio saidumloebis dacvis valdebuleba sasuliero pirs mxolod eklesiam da
kanonikurma samarTalma SeuZlia daudginos. saxelmwifo sruliad neitraluri unda
iyos am viTarebaSi da ara valdebulebiT, aramed uflebamosilebis aRWurvis meqaniz-
miT uzrunvelyos saidumloebis privilegirebuli statusi.
konstituciuri SeTanxmebis me-2 muxlis me-2 winadadeba ewinaaRmdegeba saqar-
Tvelos konstituciis me-9 muxlisa da me-19 muxlis 1-l punqtebs. aucilebelia misi
formulirebis Secvla da absurduli valdebulebidan samarTlebriv privilegiad
transformireba.
23
saqarTvelos saxelmwifosa da saqarTvelos samociqulo avtokefaliur marTlmadidebel
eklesias Soris konstituciuri SeTanxmebis (SemdegSi – „konstituciuri SeTanxmeba~) me-2
muxlis 1-li winadadeba.
24
marTlmadidebeli eklesiis sasuliero piri, romelic ama Tu im adamianisagan ibarebs
aRsarebas da warmarTavs mis sulier cxovrebas. iqve, terminTa ganmarteba, me-16 punqti.
25
iqve, me-13 punqti.
26
iqve, me-14 punqti.
27
bumisi p.i., kanonikuri samarTali, i. garayaniZis Targmani, Tb., 2007, 91.
28
iqve.
29
konstituciuri SeTanxmebis me-2 muxlis me-2 winadadeba.
189
2. licenzia da nebarTvebi
saxelmwifos samarTlebrivi statusidan da organizaciuli SesaZleblobebidan

gamomdinare, xSiria SemTxveva, rodesac igi konkretuli an gansazRvruli religiuri
gaerTianebebis sasargeblod raime RonisZiebis ganxorcielebas kisrulobs. yvelaze
xSirad saxelmwifo eklesiis wevrebisgan gadasaxadebisa da mosakreblis Segroveba-ad-
ministrirebas uzrunvelyofs.30 am sakiTxSi TanamSromloba sruliad bunebrivia, rad-
ganac gadasaxadebi eqskluziurad saxelmwifos prerogativaa da mas gacilebiT daxve-
wili, gamarTuli da martivi sistema aqvs, raTa religiuri gaerTianebebis wevrTagan
gadasaxadebis amoReba efeqturad SeZlos. Tumca nebismier sxva SemTxvevaSi saxelmwi-
fo unda moeridos eklesiis saxeliT raime moqmedebis ganxorcielebas, miT umetes,
roca es uSualod eklesiis, rogorc organizaciul-samarTlebrivi subieqtis, kompe-
tenciaSi Sedis da, rac mTavaria, misi ganxorcielebac saxelmwifos aqtiuri Carevis
gareSe sruliad SesaZlebelia.
konstituciuri SeTanxmebiT, saxelmwifo iRebs valdebulebas, eklesiasTan Se-
TanxmebiT gasces licenzia an nebarTva eklesiis oficialuri terminologiisa da sim-
bolikis gamoyenebaze, agreTve, saRvTismsaxuro produqciis damzadebaze, Semotanasa
da miwodebaze.31 eklesiis oficialur terminologiad miiCneva „saqarTvelos samoci-
qulo~, „avtokefaliuri~, „marTlmadidebeli~, „kaTolikos-patriarqi~, „wmida sino-
di~.32 simbolikis ganmartebas konstituciuri SeTanxmeba „eklesiis marTva-gamgeobis
wesdebas~ uTmobs.33 aRsaniSnavia, rom es ukanaskneli bunebaSi ar arsebobs. 1995 wlis
18-19 seqtembers saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesiis gafarToebul adgilobriv
krebaze miRebul eklesiis marTva-gamgeobis sakiTxebis momwesrigebel dokuments „de-
buleba~ da ara „wesdeba~ hqvia. garda amisa, rac yvelaze mniSvnelovania, es dokumenti
simbolikasTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebs saerTod ar awesrigebs.34 Sesabamisad, SeiZleba
iTqvas, rom simbolikis sakiTxi sruliad mowesrigebis gareSea datovebuli.
saxelmwifos mxridan licenzia/nebarTvis gacemis valdebulebis aReba imiTaa
gamarTlebuli, rom moxdes erTiani, centralizebuli midgomis Camoyalibeba, raTa
marTlmadidebeli eklesiis mrevli ar moeqces iseTi mimdinareobebis gavlenis qveS,
romlebic Tavs marTlmadideblebad asaReben sxvadasxva mizniT.35 Tumca es argumenti
naklebad gamosadegia, vinaidan am SemTxvevaSi msgavsi valdebulebis aRebiT saxelmwi-
fo araTu exmareba eklesias, aramed zedmetad iWreba religiur Tavisuflebasa da ek-
lesiis, rogorc religiuri gaerTianebis, saxelmwifosgan damoukidebeli subieqtis,
30
narindoSvili m., gogelia v., julayiZe T., jaSi z., glurjiZe e., religiis Tavisufleba,
Tb., 2004, 113; ix. Darby v. Sweden, [ECtHR], App. no. 11581/85, 23 October 1990.
31
konstituciuri SeTanxmebis me-6 muxlis me-6 punqti.
32
iqve, terminTa ganmarteba, 28-e punqti.
33
iqve, 27-e punqti.
34
ix., saqarTvelos avtokefaliuri marTlmadidebeli eklesiis marTva-gamgeobis debuleba,
1995 wlis 18-19 seqtemberi, mcxeTa, sveticxoveli.
35
ix. CikvaiZe d., saqarTvelos saxelmwifosa da saqarTvelos samociqulo avtokefaliur
marTlmadidebel eklesias Soris konstituciuri SeTanxmebis komentarebi, Tb., 2005, 29.
190
avtonomiaSi. eklesiisa da saxelmwifos gamijvna, upirvelesad, Tavad eklesias aTavi-

suflebs saxelmwifos mxridan mis saqmeebSi Carevisgan, aZlevs mas srul samoqmedo Ta-
visuflebas.36 amasTan, religiis Tavisufleba uzrunvelyofs kanonier molodins, rom
religiur gaerTianebas SeeZleba, ifunqcios saxelmwifos uxeSi Carevisa da xelis SeS-
lis gareSe.37
eklesias, romelic sajaro samarTlis iuridiuli piria da aRWurvilia sruli
uflebaunarianobiTa da subieqtunarianobiT, aqvs sakmarisi SesaZlebloba, samar-
Tlebrivi meqanizmis gamoyenebiT, sasamarTlos meSveobiT daicvas sakuTari uflebe-
bi, maT Soris, moiTxovos misi oficialuri terminologiisa da simbolikis gamoyenebis
akrZalva da a.S. am SemTxvevaSi es dava ara religiuri, aramed samoqalaqo xasiaTisa iq-
neba, romlis gadawyvetac samoqalaqo sasamarTlos kompetenciaa.38 Tavis mxriv, saxel-
mwifo Tavidan aicilebs konkretuli religiuri gaerTianebis mimarT aSkara favori-
tizmsa da saxelmwifoebrivi resursebis, iqneba es adamianuri Tu finansuri, xarjvas.
man maqsimalurad Sors unda daiWiros Tavi msgavsi Sinaarsis davisgan, miT umetes, iseT
sferoSi, rogoric licenziisa da nebarTvebis, sagadasaxado da sabaJo samarTalia.
praqtikaSi asec xdeba: saxelmwifom konstituciuri SeTanxmebis xsenebuli debuleba
Sesabamis kanonmdeblobaSi ar asaxa,39 Sesabamisad, es Canaweri mkvdari normaa da for-
malur farglebs ar gascdenia. miuxedavad amisa, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom misi am formiT
arseboba da ierarqiiT saxelmwifos meore aqtSi ganTavseba sekularizmis principis
darRvevaa da, TanamSromlobis modelis pirobebSic ki, aSkara favoritizmia, rac ek-
lesia-saxelmwifos urTierTobis normalur farglebs scdeba.
3. ekonomikuri Tavisuflebis SezRudva
konstituciuri SeTanxmeba Seicavs debulebas, romlis Tanaxmad, eklesia uSua-

lod ar axorcielebs samewarmeo saqmianobas.40 normis daniSnuleba eklesiis mier sa-
suliero funqciebis ganxorcielebis primatis xazgasma da misi maRali daniSnulebis
wina planze wamoweva unda iyos. Tumca gaugebaria msgavsi normatiuli Sinaarsis kon-
stituciur SeTanxmebaSi moTavsebis motivacia, miT umetes, norma deklaraciuli xa-
siaTisaa da ufro gancxadebas Seicavs, vidre raime samarTlebriv valdebulebas. miu-
xedavad amisa, alogikuria, eklesia-saxelmwifos urTierTobebis modeluri qcevis we-
sebis gansazRvrisas ra saWiroa eklesiisTvis samewarmeo saqmianobis ganxorcielebis
SezRudva an msgavsi saqmianobis ganxorcielebis SesaZleblobisgan distancireba.
religiuri gaerTianebisTvis avtonomiurobis uzrunvelyofa Tanamedrove de-
mokratiuli sazogadoebis ganuyofeli nawilia da evrokonvenciis mecxre muxlis dac-
36
Heckel M., Religious Human Rights in Germany, Emory International Law Review, Vol.10, 1996, 108.
37
Hasan and Chaush v. Bulgaria, [ECtHR], Grand Chamber, App. no. 30985/96, 26 October 2000, § 62.
38
Serbian E. Orthodox Diocese v.Milivojevich, 426 U.S. 709 (1976).
39
`licenziebisa da nebarTvebis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanoni, saqarTvelos sagadasaxado
kodeqsi, saqarTvelos sabaJo kodeqsi.
40
konstituciuri SeTanxmebis me-6 muxlis me-3 punqti.
191
vis ucilobeli pirobaa.41 evropuli saxelmwifo ar unda ereodes da arc unda aintere-
sebdes eklesiis Sida saqmeebi, misi mTavari daniSnuleba demokratiuli Rirebulebe-
bis popularizacia da aqtualizacia unda iyos.42 religiuri avtonomiurobis principi
gulisxmobs religiuri gaerTianebis uflebas, damoukideblad gadawyvitos masTan da-
kavSirebuli sakiTxebi da xelisuflebis Caurevlad marTos sakuTari Tavi.43
religiur gaerTianebas ufleba aqvs, damoukideblad, Tavad gadawyvitos Sida-
organizaciuli sakiTxebi, airCios sulieri liderebi, Camoayalibos da ganaviTaros
religiuri sakiTxebi, daadginos wevrTa miRebisa da garicxvis wesebi da a.S.44 Tavad ek-
lesiis gadasawyvetia, saidan miiRebs damatebiT Semosavals, ra finansebi eqneba da ro-
gor gankargavs maT. ra Tqma unda, yovelive es samarTliT dadgenil CarCoebSi unda gan-
xorcieldes, magram am SemTxvevaSi kerZo samarTali imoqmedebs da eklesias, rogorc
damoukidebel iuridiul pirs, ekonomikuri Tu piradi Tavisufleba, avtonomia eqne-
ba. mis samarTlebriv formas arsebiTi mniSvneloba ara aqvs, radgan klasikuri sajaro
samarTlis iuridiuli piri araa da masze Sesabamisi kanonmdeblobac ar vrceldeba.45
garda amisa, eklesias Tavad SeuZlia daafuZnos Sesabamisi iuridiuli piri, romelic
samewarmeo saqmianobas ganaxorcielebs da amas mas veravin aukrZalavs. amis fonze kon-
stituciuri SeTanxmebis debuleba kidev ufro komikur elfers iZens da araTu dekla-
raciuli xasiaTisaa, aramed sruliad uSedego da unayofo Sinaarss moicavs.
religiis Tavisuflebis erT-erTi mTavari mizani religiuri gaerTianebis avto-
nomiurobisa da damoukideblobis uzrunvelyofaa.46 sasamarTlosac ki ekrZaleba, saq-
miswarmoebisas Caerios eklesiis Sida saqmeebsa Tu sasuliero sferoSi.47 am pirobeb-
Si msgavsi normis arseboba samarTlebrivi sistemis erTiani logikuri konteqstidan
sruliad amovardnilia. marTlmadidebeli eklesia, romelic yovelTvis konservati-
uli poziciiT gamoirCeoda, iZulebulia, Tanamedrove gamowvevebis, teqnologiuri
ganviTarebis paralelurad, sakuTar poziciebs gadaxedos.48 swored am motiviT mas
uwevs dafinansebis sxvadasxva, kanonier meqanizms mimarTos da SesaZlebelia, samewar-
meo saqmianobac ganaxorcielos. sruliad sxva sakiTxia, praqtikaSi ramdenad gamoiye-
nebs am SesaZleblobas, magram, Tuki sxva religiur gaerTianebebs msgavsi SezRudva ar
gaaCnia, aseve alogikuria, igi daudgindes eklesias, romelic privilegirebuli sta-
tusiT sargeblobs, piriqiT, mas meti SeRavaTi SeiZleba hqondes.
41
Hasan and Chaush v. Bulgaria, [ECtHR], Grand Chamber, App. no. 30985/96, 26 October 2000, Para.62.
42
kurtaniZe k., evrosabaWos saparlamento asambleis rekomendacia: saxelmwifo, religia,
sekularoba da adamianis uflebebi, Jurn. `solidaroba~, №1(34), 2010, 99.
43
Durham W.C. Jr., Religion and the World’s Constitutions, in: Law, Religion, Constitution (Freedom of Religion,
Equal Treatment, and the Law), Edited by Cr. Cianitto, W.C. Durham, S. Ferrari, D. Thayer, 2013, 6.
44
Svyato-Mykhayliyska Parafiya v. Ukraine, [ECtHR], App. no. 77703/01, 14 June 2007, §150.
45
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 15091-e muxlis me-5 nawili.
46
ix. Sirico L.J. Jr., Church Property Disputes: Churches as Secular and Alien Institutions, Fordham Law Review,
Vol.55, 1986, 335.
47
ix. Presbyterian Church v. Hull Church, 393 U.S. 444 n.3 (1969).
48
gegeSiZe d., saqarTvelos istoriaSi qristianobis adgilisa da rolis saRvTismetyvelo
koncefciis kritika, Tb., 1986, 5.
192
4. patriarqis xelSeuvaloba
Sua saukuneebSi saxelmwifo eklesiisa da sasuliero pirebis mimarT sasamarTlo

imunitets adgenda.49 eklesiis msaxurebs maT mimarT wayenebuli braldebebisgan imu-
niteti icavdaT.50 es principi didi xnis ganmavlobaSi moqmedebda da misi ganmapirobe-
beli faqtori Tavad mRvdelmsaxurTa sakraluri statusi iyo. Tumca TandaTan imu-
niteti da xelSeuvaloba Sesustda, bolos ki sruliad gaqra, rac adamianis ZiriTadi
uflebebis wina planze wamowevam da kanonis winaSe Tanasworobis principma ganapiroba.
konstituciuri SeTanxmebiT, kaTolikos-patriarqi xelSeuvalia.51 „xelSeuva-
lobis~ legaluri definicia qarTul sakanonmdeblo sivrceSi ar moipoveba, Sesabami-
sad, igi misi yofiTi, saliteraturo mniSvnelobiT unda ganimartos. Sesabamisad, sa-
marTlebrivi xelSeuvaloba gulisxmobs piris mimarT samarTlebrivi, ZiriTadad sis-
xlissamarTlebrivi, pasuxismgeblobis dadgomis SeuZleblobas. xelSeuvali piris da-
kaveba, dapatimreba, kanonmdeblobiT dadgenili wesiT dasja SeuZlebelia. msgavs sta-
tuss saqarTvelos konstitucia erTaderT pirs, saxelmwifos meTaurs – prezidents
aniWebs, isic Tanamdebobaze yofnis periodSi.52 sxvagvarad warmoudgenelia, radganac
prezidents uflebamosilebebis ganxorcieleba daubrkoleblad, yovelgvari SesaZ-
lo zewolisa da zemoqmedebis gareSe unda SeeZlos. Tumca misi xelSeuvaloba limi-
tirebulia da saprezidento vadis amowurvasTan erTad ixsneba. sxvagvarad, dairRveva
kanonis winaSe Tanasworobis umTavresi principi.
eklesiis, rogorc universaluri organizaciis, idea warmatebuli ver gamodga
da, sabolood, igi saxelmwifoebriv doneze erovnuli eklesiebis saxiT damkvidrda.53
msgavsadve moxda qarTul sinamdvileSi, Sesabamisad, eklesiis meTauri –kaTolikos-
patriarqi – gansakuTrebuli socialuri statusiT sargeblobs. konstituciuri Se-
Tanxmebis Sedegad mas gansakuTrebuli samarTlebrivi statusic daumkvidrda, Tumca
prezidentisgan gansxvavebiT, romelic arCeviTi Tanamdebobaa da SezRudvebis mTeli
rigi ukavSirdeba, rogorc wesi, patriarqoba sicocxlis vadiT miniWebuli titulia.
Sesabamisad, xelSeuvaloba patriarqs gacilebiT meti xniT aqvs garantirebuli. amas-
Tan, gaugebaria, ra mizniT unda iyos xelSeuvaloba adamianis mimarT, romelic eklesi-
is meTauria da ratom uSvebs kanonmdebeli imis albaTobas, rom man SeiZleba danaSauli
Caidinos, romlis SemTxvevaSic mis mimarT samarTlebrivi pasuxismgebloba dadgeba.
SeTanxmebis teqstSi msgavsi Canaweris gakeTebis mizani kaTolikos-patriarqis pati-
visTvis xazgasma da win wamoweva iyo, Tumca sinamdvileSi ukuSedegi dadga: mis mimarT
saxelmwifos sruli iurisdiqcia ver ganxorcieldeba, kanonis winaSe Tanasworobis
principi irRveva da sxva adamianebTan SedarebiT, zeaRmatebul statuss iZens, rac arc
saxelmwifos da arc eklesias xels ar unda aZlevdes.
49
doliZe i., Zveli qarTuli samarTali, Tb., 1953, 60.
50
vaCeiSvili al., narkvevebi qarTuli samarTlis istoriidan, t. II, Tb., 1948, 50.
51
konstituciuri SeTanxmebis 1-li muxlis me-5 punqti.
52
saqarTvelos konstituciis 75-e muxlis 1-li punqti.
53
Cranmer F., National Churches, Territoriality and Mission, Law & Justice, Vol.149, 2002, 157, ix. citireba:
„The Idea of an National Church‫״‬, in The Church and Nation: Charges and Addresses (London, 1901) 214.
193
kaTolikosis gansakuTrebuli statusi sazogadoebrivi, da ara samarTlebri-

vi, mowesrigebis sferoa, Sesabamisad, saxelmwifom maqsimalurad unda Seikavos Tavi
diskriminaciuli mowesrigebis damkvidrebisgan, romelmac sazogadoebis konkretul
jgufebze SesaZloa gansakuTrebuli zemoqmedeba moaxdinos.
V. daskvna
saqarTvelos konstituciur SeTanxmebas srulyofilebamde bevri uklia, ufro

metic, igi terminologiurad, Sinaarsobrivad da samarTlebrivad uamrav problemas
moicavs da warmoSobs kidec. aucilebelia maTi gamosworeba da ukeTesi mowesrigebis
dadgena, raTa konstituciuri SeTanxmebiT dadgenili wesrigi srulad Seerwyas erTi-
an qarTul saxelmwifoebriv organizmsa da samarTlebriv sivrces, amasTan, am proces-
Si sxvaTa uflebebi maqsimalurad iyos daculi.
upirveles yovlisa, saqarTvelos konstituciur SeTanxmebas, rogorc samar-
Tlebriv aqts, unda Seecvalos aqtis formaluri saxelwodeba. „konstituciuri~ unda
Caanacvlos „sakonstituciom~, riTac sabolood dadgindeba SeTanxmebis samarTleb-
rivi buneba da idea – igi konstituciaze dafuZnebuli, konstituciisken mimarTuli
gaxdeba, nacvlad imisa, rom, ubralod, konstituciasTan Sesabamiss aRniSnavdes.
konstituciuri SeTanxmeba unda Seesabamebodes saerTaSoriso samarTliT sayo-
velTaod aRiarebul adamianis ZiriTad uflebebsa da Tavisuflebebs, rac ierarqiul
urTierTobebs sruliad bundovansa da absurduls xdis. saerTaSoriso samarTlis sa-
yovelTao normebi da principebi adamianis ZiriTadi uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis
sferoSi aucileblad iqneba pozitiursamarTlebrivi formiT saerTaSoriso aqtebSi
mocemuli. imavdroulad, es ukanaskneli Tavad eqvemdebareba SeTanxmebas. konstitu-
ciuri SeTanxmeba unda Seesabamebodes saqarTvelos konstitucias, rac avtomaturad
gulisxmobs imis aucileblobasac, rom igi unda iyos konstituciis meore TaviT aRi-
arebul adamianis ZiriTad uflebebTan TanxvedraSi. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu konstituci-
ur SeTanxmebasa da konstituciiT aRiarebul ZiriTad uflebebs Soris winaaRmdegoba
iqneba, dainteresebuli piris sarCelis/wardginebis safuZvelze, saqarTvelos sakon-
stitucio sasamarTlo sakonstitucio samarTalwarmoebis saSualebiT gadawyvets da-
vas. aqedan gamomdinare, aucilebelia, cvlileba Sevides saqarTvelos konstituciis
me-9 muxlis me-2 punqtSi da amoRebul iqnes me-2 punqtis me-2 winadadeba, romlis ar-
seboba, sakanonmdeblo teqnikis TvalsazrisiT, arc valdebulebas da arc uflebaTa
dacvis meqanizmis qmediTobas ar ukavSirdeba. sakonstitucio cvlileba unda aisaxos
„normatiuli aqtebis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis me-7 muxlis me-4 punqtSi, romlis
1-li winadadeba, aseve, amoRebuli unda iqnes.
konstituciuri SeTanxmebis me-2 muxlis me-2 winadadebiT saxelmwifo aRsarebis
saidumlos dacvis valdebulebas adgens, rac sruliad alogikuria, radgan mas ar SeuZ-
lia Caerios eklesiis Sida saqmeebSi, miT umetes, mRvdelmsaxurs religiuri xasiaTis
valdebuleba akidos. unda Sevides cvlileba konstituciuri SeTanxmebis me-2 muxlSi
da misi meore winadadeba Camoyalibdes Semdegi redaqciiT: „aravis aqvs ufleba, sasu-
194
liero pirs mosTxovos informacia, romelic mas, rogorc sulier moZRvars, gaandes,
an misTvis, rogorc sasuliero pirisaTvis, gaxda cnobili.~
sruliad gaumarTlebelia saxelmwifos mxridan eklesiasTan SeTanxmebiT ekle-
siis oficialuri teminologiisa da simbolikis gamoyeneba, saRvTismsaxuro produq-
ciis damzadeba, Semotanasa da miwodebaze licenzia/nebarTvis gacemis valdebulebis
aReba. qarTuli eklesia sruli subieqtunarianobiT sargeblobs, mas aqvs sakuTari uf-
lebebis dacvis samarTlebrivi da praqtikuli SesaZlebloba. amasTan, aseTi valdebu-
leba ara, ubralod, keTili nebis gamovlena, aramed saxelmwifosTvis religiuri fun-
qciebis mikuTvnebaa, radgan am yovelives administrireba da praqtikuli realizacia
eklesias, rogorc sajaro samarTlis iuridiul pirs, isedac ZaluZs. aqedan gamomdi-
nare, konstituciuri SeTanxmebis me-6 muxlis me-5 punqti unda gauqmdes.
konstituciuri SeTanxmebiT, eklesia uSualod ar axorcielebs samewarmeo saq-
mianobas, rac orgvarad SeiZleba iqnes gagebuli: erTi mxriv, konstruqcia deklara-
ciuli xasiaTisaa, Sesabamisad, igi araviTar valdebulebas ar warmoSobs; meore mxriv,
msgavsi formulireba calsaxa araa da interpretaciisas sxvagvarad ganmartebis Se-
saZleblobasac iZleva. am SemTxvevaSi, eklesiis mimarT valdebulebaa dadgenili,
romliTac mas samewarmeo saqmianobis ganxorcielebas ukrZalavs. nebismieri inter-
pretaciisas debuleba sekularizmis ideas ewinaaRmdegeba. vinaidan sxva religiuri
gaerTianebebis mimarT araa msgavsi SezRudva dadgenili, gaugebari da logikurad
gaumarTlebelia misi eqskluziurad marTlmadidebeli eklesiis mimarT gavrceleba.
es ukanaskneli Tavisufalia, Tavad gadawyvitos, saqmianobis romel formas ganaxor-
cielebs. amasTan, Tuki igi ara „uSualod~, aramed mis mier dafuZnebuli sxva pirebis
meSveobiT ganaxorcielebs samewarmeo saqmianobas, debuleba mainc umoqmedo iqneba.
zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, konstituciuri SeTanxmebis me-6 muxlis me-3 punqti un-
da gauqmdes.
konstituciuri SeTanxmebis safuZvelze xelSeuvalobis miniWebiT, marTalia,
gamoixateba kaTolikos-patriarqis mimarT gansakuTrebuli pativiscema da damokide-
buleba, Tumca, imavdroulad, es, erTgvarad, damakninebelicaa. Zneli warmosadgenia
SemTxveva, patriarqs sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobisgan gaTavisufleba das-
Wirdes. xolo, Tu Teoriulad msgavsi SemTxveva dadga, sakiTxavia, ratom unda gaTa-
visufldes saqarTvelos romelime moqalaqe pasuxismgeblobisgan. amiT diskriminaci-
uli da arademokratiuli precedenti SeiZleba damkvidrdes. yvela adamiani kanonis
winaSe Tanasworia, Sesabamisad, yvelas sakuTari qmedebis wili pasuxismgebloba unda
miezRos. konstituciuri SeTanxmebis 1-li muxlis me-5 punqti, rogorc konstituciis
me-14 muxlTan Seusabamo, unda gauqmdes.
rekomendaciebis gaTvaliswinebis Sedegad, ra Tqma unda, konstituciuri SeTan-
xmebis yvela problema ver aRmoifxvreba, Tumca dokumenti samarTlebrivi teqnikis
TvalsazrisiT gaimarTeba. amasTan, konstituciuri SeTanxmebis teqstidan ramdenime
absurduli debulebis gauqmebiT qarTuli modeli nawilobriv mainc moTavsdeba ekle-
sia-saxelmwifos urTierTobebis romelime sistemaSi. Sinaarsobrivi TvalsazrisiT,
SeTanxmebaSi kidev bevri cvlilebaa gansaxorcielebeli da, rac mTavaria, mis aRsru-
lebasTan dakavSirebiT sakiTxebi kvlavac sakmaod vrcel dRis wesrigs qmnian.
195
eka kaveliZe *
undoblobis votumis, rogorc politikur-samarTlebrivi

meqanizmis, gaazreba
undoblobis votumi metad mniSvnelovani meqanizmia, romelic pirdapir kav-

SirSia xelisuflebis danawilebis principis realizebasTan. mTavrobisa da
parlamentis urTierTmimarTeba da maTi uflebamosilebebis dabalanseba
umetesad undoblobis votumzea damokidebuli. Zlieri mTavrobis pirobebSi
parlaments unda hqondes mTavrobaze zemoqmedebis moxdenis realuri ber-
keti, rac uzrunvelyofs mTavrobis saqmianobis garkveul CarCoebSi moqce-
vas. meqanizmis maxasiaTeblebis gansazRvrisaTvis ki umTavresi mniSvneloba
aqvs aRmasrulebeli da sakanonmdeblo organos statuss. Tumca, ZiriTad da-
niSnulebasTan erTad, undoblobis votumi SesaZlebelia gamoyenebul iqnes
politikuri partiebis mier rogorc garkveul politikur movlenebze ze-
gavlenis moxdenis saSualeba. amavdroulad, mniSvnelovania, ganxilul iqnes
undoblobis votumi, rogorc politikuri krizisis daZlevis meqanizmi.
sakvanZo sityvebi: xelisuflebis danawileba, undoblobis votumi, undob-

lobis konstruqciuli votumi, mTavrobis pasuxismgebloba, mTavrobis kon-
troli, Zlieri mTavroba, koleqtiuri pasuxismgebloba, mTavrobis gadayene-
ba, politikuri krizisi, saparlamento umravlesoba, parlamentis statusi,
politikur ZalTa balansi.
1. Sesavali
demokratiuli mmarTveloba TiTqmis yvela Tanamedrove saxelmwifos prob-

lemaa. yoveli maTgani Taviseburad cdilobs aRniSnuli miznis miRwevas, Tumca yvela
maTgans aerTianebs xelisuflebis danawilebis principis qmediToba, e.w. „check and bal-
ances~, rac sworedac xelisuflebis Stoebis gawonasworebiT miiRweva.
ZiriTadi problema aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebaa, vinaidan swored mis xelSia
Tavmoyrili saxelmwifos mmarTvelobis berketebis umravlesoba. aRniSnulis gamo
dResdReobiT mTel msoflioSi aqtualuri sakiTxia mTavrobis gakontrolebis/Seka-
vebis efeqturi meqanizmis SemuSaveba da misi gamoyeneba. aseTad konstitucionalis-
tebi aRiareben undoblobis votums, romelic mTavrobis kontrolis yvelaze efeq-
turi, Tumca ukiduresi meqanizmia.
miuxedavad imisa, rom am meqanizmis daniSnuleba umetesad mTavrobis kontroliT
da misi gadayenebiT gamoixateba, statiaSi ganxiluli iqneba undoblobis votumis, ro-
196
eka kaveliZe, undoblobis votumis, rogorc politikur-samarTlebrivi meqanizmis, gaazreba
gorc politikur-samarTlebrivi meqanizmis, arsi. am institutze iuridiul litera-

turaSi gavrcelebulia araerTi gansxvavebuli mosazreba Tu Sexeduleba, rogorc mis
arsze, aseve daniSnulebasa da mizanze.
es meqanizmi rom politikuria da samarTali misi gamoyenebis procedurebs gan-
sazRvravs, amaze gansxvavebuli azri TiTqmis aRar arsebobs. gansxvavebulia am meqa-
nizmis Tanamedrove Sefasebebi, romlebic undoblobis votums gansxvavebul datvir-
Tvas da mniSvnelobas sZenen.
2. undoblobis votumis arsi
2.1. ZiriTadi daniSnuleba
undoblobis votumis ZiriTadi daniSnuleba, rogorc SesavalSi aRiniSna, miC-

neulia, rom aris mTavrobis kontroli, gansakuTrebiT saparlamento mmarTvelobis
qveynebSi, sadac aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba Tavmoyrilia mTlianad mTavrobis xel-
Si. am pirobebSi saWiroa, rom parlaments hqondes mTavrobis gakontrolebisa da pasu-
xisgebis saSualeba. Sesabamisad, principi – angariSvaldebuli mTavroba – gamoixateba
swored misi politikuri pasuxismgeblobis meqanizmis arsebobaSi. mTavrobis angariS-
valdebuleba parlamentis winaSe, rogorc wesi, dazRveulia undoblobis votumiT.
amasTan, oponentebi xSirad iyeneben undoblobis votums mTavrobis `damarcxebis~ miz-
niT, Tumca, rac ufro mkacria misi gamoyenebis pirobebi, miT ufro metad kontrpro-
duqtulia undoblobis votumi misi iniciatorisTvis. es ganpirobebulia imiT, rom un-
doblobis rezoluciis miuReblobis SemTxvevaSi, parlamenti vadaze adre asrulebs
Tavis moRvaweobas. amitomacaa es meqanizmi Sefasebuli rogorc mTavrobis kontro-
lis mkveTri alternativa.1
ZiriTadad, undoblobis votumi mimarTulia mTavrobis mTeli Semadgenlobis
gadayenebisken, Tumca zogierTi qveynis konstitucia iTvaliswinebs mis gamoyenebas
konkretuli ministris winaaRmdegac. am regulirebiT gaTvaliswinebulia ministre-
bis angariSvaldebuleba parlamentis winaSe maTi samoqmedo arealis mixedviT. aseT
SemTxvevaSi, ministrebis individualuri pasuxismgebloba aRwers `pasuxismgeblobis
jaWvs~, Tumca ministris individualuri pasuxismgeblobis dayeneba iSviaTadaa war-
matebuli im pirobebSi, roca mTavroba sargeblobs parlamentis mniSvnelovani mxar-
daWeriT. aRniSnuli gasaTvaliswinebelia maSinac, roca ministri gamoZaxebulia par-
lamentis winaSe pasuxis sagebad.2 ministris mimarT kiTxvebi da interpelacia xandaxan
dakavSirebulia undoblobis rezoluciis miRebasTan, Tumca is iSviaTad aRwevs mTav-
robis daTxovnas.3
miuxedavad imisa, rom undoblobis votumis ZiriTadi daniSnuleba moqmedi mTav-
robis gadayenebaa, am meqanizmiT SesaZlebelia misi gamoyenebiT gamowveuli politi-
1
Lijphart A., Parliamentary Versus Presidential Government, Oxford University Press, 1992, 91.
2
Rosenfeld M., Sajo A., The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Constitutional Law, Oxford University Press,
2012, 664.
3
iqve, 668.
197
kuri krizisis Tavidan acileba da momavali premierobis kandidatis arCeva. es, ro-
gorc wesi, xdeba erTi kenWisyriT da ùndoblobis konstruqciuli votumi~ ewodeba.
misi samSoblo, SeiZleba iTqvas, germaniaa. undoblobis konstruqciuli votumi aris
dResdReobiT yvelaze efeqturi da umtkivneulo procesi – Secvalo Zveli mTavroba
da, amavdroulad, daniSno axali premieri. amitomac konstitucionalistebi mividnen
im azramde, rom undoblobis votumis dros umjobesia, gamoiyeno konstruqciuli vo-
tumi, ra drosac dasaxeldeba premierobis axali kandidatic.4
undoblobis votums, gansakuTrebiT ki undoblobis konstruqciul votums, sa-
parlamento mmarTvelobis mqone qveynebis ZiriTad maxasiaTeblad miiCneven, miuxeda-
vad imisa, rom igi Sereuli mmarTvelobis qveynebSic gvxvdeba. ase magaliTad, lite-
raturaSi gavrcelebuli mosazrebis Tanaxmad, es meqanizmi gvxvdeba saprezidento da
saparlamento mmarTvelobis ganmasxvavebel niSnad: saparlamento qveynebSi premieri
da misi mTavroba angariSvaldebulni arian parlamentis winaSe da SesaZloa, gadaye-
nebulni iqnnen undoblobis votumis meSveobiT, saprezidento mmarTvelobis dros ki
undoblobis votumi xalxis mier uSualod arCeuli prezidentis mier ar gamoiyeneba.5
undoblobis votumi gamodis rogorc balansis erTgvari saSualeba ara mxolod xeli-
suflebis danawilebis sistemaSi, aramed mmarTvelobis formebSic ki.
undoblobis votumi, rogorc wesi, miCneulia erTaderT meqanizmad, romelic ga-
moiwvevs arCevnebs saparlamento sistemaSi, parlamentis uflebamosilebis vadis amo-
wurvamde.6 aseTi undobloba aris demonstrireba imisa, rom mTavrobis meTauri aRar
marTavs saparlamento umravlesobas. es iwvevs axal arCevnebs, romelic erTgvarad
aRadgens rogorc sakanonmdeblo, aseve saparlamento xelisuflebas. undoblobis vo-
tumi parlaments aZlevs gansxvavebul xasiaTs moqnilobisas, romelic saprezidento
reJimis mqone qveynebs ar gaaCniaT.7
2.2. krizisis daZlevis saSualeba
siaxle ar aris is faqti, rom politikuri krizisi da undoblobis votumi ganuyo-

feli cnebebia. xan undoblobis votumi iwvevs politikur kriziss da xan piriqiT – po-
litikuri krizisis Sedegia undoblobis votumi. roca undoblobis votumi politi-
kuri krizisis Sedegad gamoiyeneba, am meqanizms aqvs aRniSnuli krizisis mogvarebis
SesaZlebloba da berketebi, gansakuTrebiT ki undoblobis konstruqciul votums. Zi-
riTadad, krizisis daZlevis saSualebad es meqanizmi gamoiyeneba saparlamento mmar-
Tvelobis qveynebSi8, gamomdinare iqidan, rom konstruqciuli votumi swored aseTi
tipis qveynebSi arsebobs.
4
Twomey A., The Governor-General’s Role in the Formation of Government in a Hung Parliament, The University
of Sidney, Sydney Law School, Legal Studies Research Paper, No. 10/85, 2010, 6.
5
Lijphart A., Patterns of Democracy, Government Forms and Performance in Thirty-six Countries, Yale University
press, New Haven and London, 1999, 117.
6
Albert R., The Fusion of Presidentialism and Parlamentarism, Boston College Law School, Legal Studies
Research Paper Series, Boston, 2010, 551.
7
iqve, 551.
8
iqve, 564.
198
undoblobis votumis gamoyeneba niSnavs imas, rom moqmedma mTavrobam dakarga

parlamentis ndoba da am ukanasknels surs ministrTa kabinetis gadayeneba, anu aRmas-
rulebeli xelisufleba garkveuli periodis ganmavlobaSi unda darCes mmarTvelis
gareSe. es faqti TavisTavad politikur krizissa da vakuumze mianiSnebs, vinaidan axa-
li mTavrobis formireba da misTvis ndobis gamocxadeba garkveul vadebTanaa dakavSi-
rebuli. am problemis mogvarebis gza aris undoblobis konstruqciuli votumi, ro-
melic, erTi mxriv, iZleva saSualebas, aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba wyvetis gareSe
Caibaros erTi gundisgan meorem; meore mxriv ki, parlamentis interesi kmayofildeba
da moqmedi mTavroba tovebs posts, anu politikurad agebs pasuxs ganxorcielebuli
mmarTvelobisTvis. amitomac undoblobis konstruqciul votums miiCneven krizisis
daZlevis efeqtur saSualebad.
garda undoblobis konstruqciuli votumisa, krizisis WrilSi aRsaniSnavia un-
doblobis destruqciuli votumic. anu SemTxveva, rodesac mxolod moqmedi mTavro-
bis gadayenebis Semdeg saxeldeba premierobis kandidati da kompleqtdeba mTavroba.
aseT SemTxvevaSi meqanizmi gvevlineba krizisis mogvarebis saSualebad imgvarad, rom
daZabuli politikuri viTarebis gamo, an mTavrobis mier misi politikuri kursidan
gadaxvevis gamo, parlamenti saswrafod gadaayenebs mTavrobas da amiT aRmoifxvreba
is Zireuli problema, rac iwvevda politikur dapirispirebas. aseT SemTxvevaSi par-
lamenti moqmedi mTavrobis gadayenebis Semdeg iwyebs axali premierobis kandidati-
sa da mTavrobis Semadgenlobis SerCevas. am meqanizmis efeqturobis mimarT SesaZloa
gaCndes kiTxvebi, vinaidan igi ar iTvaliswinebs momavali premierobis kandidatis wi-
naswar SerCevas. Tumca aRniSnulis argumentad SegviZlia ganvixiloT is faqti, rom
momavali premierobis kandidatis SerCevam SesaZloa Seayovnos parlamentis mier un-
doblobis gamocxadebis procesebis wamowyeba, vinaidan mTavrobis momavali lideris
SerCevas aucileblad dasWirdeba garkveuli periodi, am dros ki gardauvlad aucile-
beli unda iyos moqmedi mTavrobis gadayeneba. aseT SemTxvevaSi momavali premierobis
kandidatis wamoyeneba SesaZloa, Semaferxebeli faqtoric ki iyos parlamentisTvis,
swrafi da qmediTi reagirebisaTvis.
2.3. opoziciuri partiebis Sansi
undoblobis votumi erTgvari samoqmedo iaraRia im politikuri partiebisTvis,

romlebic ar floben saparlamento umravlesobas, anu e.w. umciresobisTvis. es par-
tiebi, marTalia, ar floben saparlamento umravlesobas, Tumca sakiTxis inicirebi-
saTvis saWiro xmaTa raodenoba aqvT, rac maT aZlevT aRniSnuli meqanizmis maTdami sa-
sargeblod gamoyenebis SesaZleblobas. politikuri partiebi motivirebulebi arian,
rom aiRon xmaTa saWiro raodenoba da moipovon Sesabamisi Tanamdebobebi. undoblobis
votumis dros mmarTveli Zalis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli xmebi, wesiT, unda gamoiyenos
opoziciurma partiam. undoblobis votumis dros politikurma Zalebma unda gaamax-
vilon yuradReba uaryofiT faqtorebze, rogoricaa susti ekonomikuri politika an
sxva politikuri skandalebi. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, undoblobis votumiT ufro
199
bevris miRweva SeiZleba, vidre partiebis gaerTianebiT sxva politikuri performan-

sis mowyoba.9
aRniSnuli principi misaRebia bevri qveynis saparlamento opoziciisTvis da isi-
ni SeZlebisdagvarad iyeneben am Sanss. magaliTad, fineTSi 1998 wels gamoyenebuli iyo
undoblobis votumi. centristulma opoziciam gamoiyena SesaZlebloba, yuradReba
gaemaxvilebina fineTis fermerebis gaWirvebul mdgomareobaze10. es metyvelebs imaze,
rom undoblobis votumma SeiZina kidev erTi daniSnuleba/motivacia – gaaZliera sa-
zogadoebis cnobiereba koaliciis politikaze mTavrobis kritikiT.
opoziciuri partiebi xSirad mimarTaven undoblobis votums, raTa daasuston
mmarTveli partiis imiji. amitom mxolod undoblobis votumis mcire raodenoba
iRebs xmaTa saWiro raodenobas, raTa aiZulos mTavroba, gadadges da dainiSnos axali
saparlamento arCevnebi. liberalebis undoblobis votumi jo klarkis konservatiu-
li mTavrobis winaaRmdeg 1979 wels kanadaSi ganpirobebuli iyo energetikis sferoSi
maRali fasebiT.11 undoblobis votumi xSirad gamoiyeneba imisaTvis, rom sayovelTaod
gamaxvildes yuradReba saxalxo problemebze, romlis mogvarebis SesaZleblobac da
kompetenciac aqvs mTavrobas. is undoblobis votumic ki, romelsac Zalian mcire Sansi
aqvs xmaTa saWiro raodenobis dagrovebisa, axerxebs, gamoaaSkaraos garkveuli prob-
lema. rogorc aRniSnuli magaliTebi gvaCvenebs, opoziciuri partiebi xSirad osta-
turad iyeneben socialuri problemebiT `SefuTul~ undoblobis votums, raTa ziani
miayenon mmarTvel partias amomrCevlebis TvalSi. es garemoeba ki gansakuTrebiT aq-
tualuria arCevnebis dros, radganac undoblobis votumis Semdgom arCevnebis meSve-
obiT axali politikuri Zalebis mateba SeiniSneba xolme.12 undoblobis votumi araa
mxolod opoziciis instrumenti, `Camoagdos~ mTavroba. es instituti exmareba maT
mTavrobis mimarT xalxis negatiurad ganwyobaSi, rac xels uwyobs opoziciur par-
tiebs, hqondeT saarCevnod momgebiani politikuri pozicia.13
3. meqanizmis ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebi
3.1. aRmasrulebeli organos statusis mixedviT
undoblobis votumis gamoyeneba, gamoyenebis pirobebi da Sedegebi didwilad

aris damokidebuli aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis umRlesi organos statusze. mTav-
robis statusi aris erTgvari ganmapirobebeli faqtori undoblobis rezoluciis
aRZvrisa. swored mTavrobis statusis mixedviT wyvets parlamenti, gamoiyenos mis mi-
9
Williams K. L., Somer-Topcu Z., Motion of No Confidence Can Negatively Impact Upon the Public’s View of
the Government, By Democratic Audit, 2014, <http://www.democraticaudit.com/?p=5725>, [22.11.2015].
10
ix. iqve.
11
iqve.
12
Williams K. L., Somer-Topcu Z., Motion of No Confidence Can Negatively Impact Upon the Public’s View of
the Government, By Democratic Audit, 2014, <http://www.democraticaudit.com/?p=5725>, [22.11.2015].
13
iqve.
200
marT kontrolis yvelaze ukiduresi meqanizmi, Tu mis gasakontroleblad da misi Za-

lauflebis dasabalanseblad sxva meqanizmebis gamoyenebac sakmarisia.
XX saukunis Sua periodidan xelisuflebis StoTa Soris sakanonmdeblo xelisuf-
lebis dominanturi mdgomareobis idea, arsebuli politikur-samarTlebrivi urTier-
Tobebidan gamomdinare, garkveulwilad, gaqarwylda da saxelisuflebo triadaSi er-
Tgvari wamyvani roli aRmasrulebelma xelisuflebam daikava. es garemoeba ganapiroba
im faqtorma, rom xelisuflebis sxva StoebTan mimarTebiT, ufro metad, swored aR-
masrulebeli xelisuflebis kompetenciur arealSia Tavmoyrili finansuri, materia-
lur-teqnikuri, teqnologiuri, organizaciuli, adamianuri Tu sxva saxis resursebi.14
saxelisuflebo ganStoebebze dakvirvebisas cxadi xdeba mTavrobis gansakuTre-
buli roli saxelmwifo sistemaSi. igi axorcielebs saxelmwifos finanasuri da sxva fi-
zikuri resursebis kontrols. aqedan gamomdinare, sxva saxelmwifo organoebidan igi
Tavisi mniSvnelovani kompetenciiT, anu mis gamgeblobas mikuTvnebuli faqtobrivad
ganusazRvreli sferoTi, sakiTxTa farTo wriTa da am sakiTxTa gadawyvetis, politi-
kuri mxardaWeriT gamagrebuli, qmediTi uflebamosilebebiT gamorCeva.15
mTavroba aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis saerTo kompetenciis kolegialuri or-
ganoa, saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis mTeli sistemis centraluri rgolia, romelic masze
dakisrebuli aRmasrulebel-ganmkargulebeli saqmianobis meSveobiT uzrunvelyofs
saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis xelmZRvanelobas, ganagebs saxelmwifos mTel administra-
cias, misi gamgeblobis qveS imyofeba saxelmwifo aparati, saxelmwifo finansebi, saer-
TaSoriso urTierTobebi, SeiaraRebuli Zalebi,16 anu mTeli aRmasrulebeli xelisuf-
leba. marTalia, mTavroba pasuxismgebeli da angariSvaldebulia parlamentis winaSe,
magram is faqtori, rom igi saparlamento umravlesobiT aris mxardaWerili, arsebiT
SesaZleblobebs uqmnis mas, wamyvani roli Seasrulos sakanonmdeblo procesis mimdi-
nareobaze. praqtika cxadyofs, rom kanonproeqtTa umravlesoba, romelTac parlamen-
tebi ixilaven, mTavrobis sakanonmdeblo iniciativiT Semodis. magaliTad, ganxiluli
kanonproeqtebis saerTo raodenobis mimarT maTi raodenoba germaniaSi 80%-s aRwevs.17
Tanamedrove aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis siZlieres andraS Saio ase aRwers:
àRmasrulebeli xelisufleba erTgvar kentavrs waagavs: misi sxeulis qveda nawils
biurokratia, saxelmwifo administracia warmoadgens, xolo zeda nawils – partiuli
politikosi, romelic misi amomrCevlis, parlamentis da, upirveles yovlisa, misi par-
tiis yvelaze gavleniani wevris wyalobiT saxelmwifo interesebs gamoxatavs. sxeulis
mZlavri qveda nawili aRmasrulebel xelisuflebas aqcevs uZlieres ganStoebad, ro-
melsac Tavisi miznebis miRwevis yvelaze didi Sansi aqvs.~18 is mosazreba, rom mTavroba
14
kverenCxilaZe g., saqarTvelos mTavrobis konstituciuri statusi (konstituciis 78-e
muxlis komentari), Tanamedrove sakonstitucio samarTali, g. kverenCxilaZisa da d.
gegenavas redaqtorobiT, wigni I, daviT batoniSvilis samarTlis instituti, Tb., 2012, 10.
15
demetraSvili a., kobaxiZe i., konstituciuri samarTali, Tb., 2010, 303.
16
melqaZe o., konstitucionalizmi, politikur-samarTlebrivi literaturis seria, wigni
XXI, Jurn. ùniversali~, Tb., 2008, 318.
17
iqve, 134.
18
Saio a., xelisuflebis TviTSezRudva, konstitucionalizmis Sesavali, s. holmsis wina-
TqmiT, m. maisuraZis Targmani, T.niniZis redaqtorobiT, àiris~ saqarTvelo, Tb., 2003,
235,
201
mowodebulia, aRasrulos sakanonmdeblo organos mier miRebuli kanonebi (ra mizni-

Tac Tavdapirvelad Seiqmna es instituti), Tanamedrove etapze naklebad aqtualuria,
radgan mTavroba Camoyalibda umaRles politikur organod, romelic xelmZRvane-
lobs sajaro administracias da axorcielebs saerToerovnul mmarTvelobas.
Tanamedrove saxelmwifoebSi mTavrobis funqciebisa da damoukideblobis xa-
risxis gazrdam, konstitucionalizmSi damkvidrebuli `Sekaveba-gawonasworebis~
principze dayrdnobiT da mmarTvelobis modelebis gaTvaliswinebiT, politikur-sa-
marTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis saxiT mTavrobis saqmianobaze kontrolis ganxorcie-
lebis konkretuli formebis SemuSaveba ganapiroba.19 amitomac, Zlieri mTavrobis Sem-
TxvevaSi, ra Tqma unda, undoblobis votumis gamoyeneba xdeba. zemoT ganviTarebuli
msjelobidan gamomdinare ki, bolo periodSi swored aseT mTavrobebs vxvdebiT, Sesa-
bamisad, undoblobis votumis gamoyeneba ufro xSirad xdeba, an unda xdebodes.
XVIII saukunis Sua periodSi aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis politikuri pasuxis-
mgebloba, rac saparlamento mmarTvelobis yvelaze damaxasiaTebeli elementia, niS-
navda imas, rom saparlamento umravlesobis mxardaWeris mopoveba da masze dayrdnoba
iyo aucilebeli mTavrobis arsebobis gagrZelebisaTvis.20 es principi dResac moqme-
debs, Tumca ufro metad Teoriulad, vidre praqtikulad. dReis mdgomareobiT, aRmas-
rulebel xelisuflebas gadacemuli aqvs is Zalaufleba, romelic erT dros ekuTvno-
da monarqs. amitomac loid jorjs miaCnia, rom parlaments realurad marTla ar aqvs
kontroli aRmasrulebel xelisuflebaze, es aris wminda fiqcia.21 sxva sityvebiT rom
vTqvaT, parlamentisa da mTavrobis urTierTdamokidebuleba araa Tanabari. mraval-
partiul sistemaSi mTavrobis sisuste damokidebulia ara parlamentze, aramed ufro
metad sxva partiebze, romlebis mxardaWerac mniSvnelovania. Tu Tanamedrove partiu-
li sistema iqneba Zlieri da disciplinuri, maT ufro meti Sansi eqnebaT, Secvalon da
Camoayalibon mTavroba, vidre parlaments, rogorc institucias.22 aseT situaciaSi ki
Cndeba Cven mier gansaxilveli undoblobis votumis gamoyenebis SesaZlebloba da au-
cileblobac ki.
im SemTxvevaSi, Tu saparlamento umravlesoba da samTavrobo gundi erTsa da ima-
ve politikur Zalas warmoadgenen (rac, mTavrobis formirebis saparlamento gzidan
gamomdinare, xSirad asecaa), maSin mTavrobis pasuxismgeblobis am radikaluri meqa-
nizmis gamoyeneba saWiro aRar xdeba, Tu, ra Tqma unda, Tavs ar iCens Sida politiku-
ri dapirispireba. xolo, Tu parlamentSi politikur ZalTa mravalferovani speqtria
19
kverenCxilaZe g., saqarTvelos mTavrobis konstituciuri statusi (konstituciis 78-e
muxlis komentari), Tanamedrove sakonstitucio samarTali, g. kverenCxilaZisa da d.
gegenavas redaqtorobiT, wigni I, daviT batoniSvilis samarTlis instituti, Tb., 2012, 12.
20
Gardbaum S., Separation of Powers and Growth of Judicial Review in Established Democracies (or why Has the
Model of Legislative Supremacy Mostly Been Withdrawn From Sale?), American Journal of Comparative Law,
The American Society of Comparative Law, Volume 62, Issue 3, 2014, 629, <http://law.ucla.edu/~/media/Files/
UCLA/Law/Pages/Publications/CEN_ICLP_PUB%20Separation%20Powers.ashx>, [24.11.2015].
21
22
202
warmodgenili, maSin mTavroba garkveulwilad undoblobis votumis aRZvris safrTxis

qveS dgas, radganac yvela politikur partiasa Tu koalicias eqneba survili, aRmasru-
lebeli organo daakompleqtos Tavisi kadrebiT. umciresobis mTavrobebi daucvelebi
arian sxva partiebisgan, miT umetes mmarTveli partiis mier undoblobis votumis ga-
mocxadebisgan. amitomac umciresobis mTavroba aris arCevnebisaTvis mzaobis mudmiv
reJimSi.23 2003 wels ramdenime avtoris mier Catarebulma struqturulma kvlevam aCve-
na, rom undoblobis votumis procedurebi amcirebs umciresobis mTavrobebs, romle-
bic arian naklebad stabilurebi.24
3.2. sakanonmdeblo organos statusis mixedviT
umaRlesi sakanonmdeblo da warmomadgenlobiTi organo – parlamenti aris xe-

lisuflebis danawilebis principis erT-erTi figura da organo, romelsac aqvs ufle-
ba, gamoiyenos mTavrobis Zalauflebis/uflebamovaleobebis Semakavebeli ZiriTadi
meqanizmebi. parlamentis es uflebamosileba gansakuTrebiT aqtualuri da mniSvnelo-
vania iseTi tipis qveynebSi, romelTa konstituciebic icnoben undoblobis votumis
meqanizms.
rogorc zemoTac araerTxel aRiniSna, parlamentis mier undoblobis rezoluci-
is miRebis mizania mTavrobis gadayeneba, rac misi politikuri pasuxismgeblobis mTa-
vari gamoxatulebaa. parlamentis mier am meqanizmis gamoyeneba/argamoyenebis sakiTxi
aseve damokidebulia mis statusze. is, rom parlamenti xalxis mier pirdapir airCeva
da amis gamo maRali legitimaciis mqone organoa, parlamentis statusze metyvelebs.
mis statusze metyvelebs aseve is faqti, rom es organo aris sakanonmdeblo organo,
romlis ZiriTadi funqcia, kanonSemoqmedebiTi saqmianobis garda, aRmasrulebeli xe-
lisuflebis dakompleqteba da misi saqmianobis dabalanseba da kontrolia.
Tumca zemoxsenebuli dadgenili faqtebisgan gansxvavebiT, parlamentis statu-
sis ganmsazRvrelia aseve parlamentSi arsebuli politikur ZalTa balansi, romelic
metyvelebs umaRlesi sakanonmdeblo organos gavlenasa da wonadobaze saxelmwifos
marTvis politikaSi. parlamenti SesaZloa iyos erTpartiuli, ori an mravalpartiu-
li, koaliciuri da a.S., swored politikuri speqtris mravalferovnebiTaa ganpirobe-
buli parlamentis marTva da mis mier garkveuli politikuri gadawyvetilebebis miRe-
ba, upirveles yovlisa ki, undoblobis votumis aRZvra.
XX saukunis Sua periodSi dominanturi Teoria britaneTSi, axal zelandiasa da
kanadaSi iyo politikuri konstitucionalizmi. saparlamento mmarTvelobis formis
dros politikuri konstitucionalizmi ar uaryofs samTavrobo Zalauflebis mniS-
vnelobasa da Zalas, magram xazs usvams, upirvelesad, politikur gavlenas samarTleb-
rivTan SedarebiT. praqtikulad, politikuri meqanizmis ori SezRudva arsebobs – Za-
23
24
Tergiman C., Institution Design and Public Good Provision: an Experimental Study of the Vote of Confidence
Procedure, University of British Columbia and NYU’s Center of Experimental and Social Sciences, Canada,
2013, 5.
203
la da movaleoba parlamentisa, rom xelSi hyavdes mTavroba, gamoxatuli mTavrobis

individualur da koleqtiur pasuxismgeblobaSi da amomrCevlebis mimarT mTavrobis
pasuxismgebloba. erTgvari tendencia SeiniSneba, rom mTavrobis samarTlebriv pasu-
xismgeblobaze maRla dgas politikuri pasuxismgebloba da samarTlebrivze metad po-
litikurs ufrTxian.25
saparlamento sistemis mTavari idea isaa, rom kabinets unda hqondes saparlamen-
to ndoba. aseve mTavari wesi saparlamento ndobisa aris is, rom uzrunvelyos umaR-
lesi avtoriteti xalxis mier arCeuli deputatebisa, vinaidan warmomadgenlebi arian
ufro Zlierebi. axali kabinetis formacia axdens aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebisa da
parlamentis saqmianobis paralizebas ramdenime kviriT da TviTac ki, imitom, rom rTu-
li da xangrZlivi molaparakebebis Catareba gardauvalia axali kabineturi koaliciis
Sesaqmnelad. amitomac, roca parlamenti undoblobis votumis gamoyenebis zRvarzea,
is umetesad wydeba kabinetis sasargeblod. mtkivneulad dakompleqtebuli saparla-
mento umravlesoba mxars uWers kabinets, mis mimarT darCenili uamravi kiTxvis miuxe-
davad.26
aRniSnuli mosazrebis paralelurad arsebobs meore, yvelaze metad gavrcele-
buli praqtika, romlis mixedviTac saparlamento sistemebSi mTavroba angariSvalde-
bulia parlamentis winaSe, rac niSnavs imas, rom, Tu mTavroba moqmedebs ùgunurad~
da arakonstituciurad, parlamenti uars ganacxadebs mis mxardaWeraze, gadaayenebs
mTavrobas da dRis wesrigSi dadgeba axali kabinetis dakompleqtebis saWiroeba.27 un-
doblobis votumi SesaZloa, wamowyebuli iyos parlamentis mier im mizniT, rom dar-
wmundes parlamentis umravlesobis mxardaWeraSi, mTavrobis rTuli programis miu-
xedavad, an erTi kanonproeqtis, an mTavrobis mier ganxorcielebuli politikis gamo.
es votumebi erTgvarad icaven ganxeTqilebis Semtani saparlamento umravlesobis wev-
rebs mTavrobis winaaRmdeg xmis micemisagan.28 aseTi viTarebac parlamentis erTiano-
basa da siZliereze miuTiTebs.
undoblobis votumis wamowyeba araa martivi procedura da es meqanizmi mTavro-
basTan erTad parlamentsac aranakleb safrTxes uqmnis. amitomac misi gamoyeneba re-
alurad Zlier parlaments moiTxovs. xSirad parlamentis survilebi gamoixateba un-
doblobis votumiT,29 Tumca aqve Cndeba kiTxva – aris Tu ara parlamenti mzad, pasuxi
agos sakuTari survilebis realizaciisaTvis? undoblobis rezoluciis miRebisas par-
lamenti xom sakuTari uflebamosilebis vadamde adre SewyvetiT riskavs. parlamentis
25
26
27
28
2012, 664.
29
Twomey A., The Governor-General’s Role in the Formation of Government in a Hung Parliament, The University
of Sidney, Sydney Law School, Legal Studies Research Paper, No. 10/85, 2010, 18.
204
daTxovna zogierT qveyanaSi gamoricxulia axali arCevnebidan erTi wlis ganmavloba-

Si (safrangeTi, espaneTi), an SesaZlebelia mxolod axali kabinetis verdakompleqte-
bisa da undoblobis votumis `Cagdebis~ Semdeg (germania).30 Sesabamisad, naTelia, rom
undoblobis votumis wamowyeba da misi bolomde miyvana parlamentis mxridan sakmaod
did Zalisxmevasa da erTsulovnebas moiTxovs, raTa es meqanizmi ar aRmoCndes misTvis
is maxe, romelSic SeiZleba Tavadve gaebas.
mmarTvelobis saparlamento sistemaSi kabineti ise unda iyos formulirebuli,
rom an sargeblobdes parlamentis ndobiT, an, minimum, misi keTilganwyobiT. SegviZlia
Tu ara gavTvaloT axali mTavrobis Semadgenloba, Tu Cven viciT parlamentSi sxvadas-
xva partiis ZalTa balansi? Tu saparlamento mandatebis umravlesobas flobs mxolod
erTi partia, martivia winaswarmetyveleba da Camoyalibdeba erTpartiuli mTavroba.
es gaTvla, rogorc wesi, marTldeba xolme, magram isic SesaZlebelia, rom umravleso-
bam Seqmnas koalicia erTi an ramdenime patara partiisgan. Tu arcerT partias ar aqvs
saparlamento umravlesoba, maSin es aris erTgvari dablokva erTpartiuli umcireso-
bis kabinetisa, radgan, marTalia, kabineti Camoyalibdeba, magram vin iqneba umravle-
sobaSi?31
kidev erTi problema warmoiqmneba maSin, roca saparlamento umravlesoba iwy-
ebs mTavrobis mxardaWeras, imis nacvlad, rom mTavroba hyavdes angariSvaldebuli.
sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, urTierTdamokidebuleba gadaizarda damokidebulebaSi.
aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba dominirebs saparlamentoze, imisaTvis, rom SenarCune-
buli iyos partiuli erTianoba opoziciuri partiebis Semotevis dros. saparlamento
damoukideblobis dakargvam momentalurad gaaZliera aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis
gavlena, romelsac saparlamento angariSvaldebulebis mimarT ukve mcire SiSi aqvs,
Sesabamisad, misi realizeba ukve virtualuri xdeba,32 maSin, roca parlamentis amosa-
vali wertili aris angariSvaldebuli mTavroba. es imas niSnavs, rom ministrebisa da
premierisgan Seqmnili mTavroba angariSvaldebulia arCeuli sakanonmdeblo organos
winaSe da unda SeinarCunos misi ndoba.
angariSvaldebuli mTavrobis Teoria iTxovs, rom parlamenti flobdes Zalauf-
lebas, gamoxatos misi undobloba mTavrobis mimarT. roca mTavroba ver iRebs parla-
mentis ndobas, xdeba ori ram: an is kabineti, romlis wevrebmac ver daimsaxures ndoba,
unda gadadgnen, an mTavrobam moiTxovos parlamentis gadayeneba da axali arCevnebis
daniSvna.33
30
2012, 665.
31
32
33
205
gansxvavebiT im kontrolisgan, romlis ganxorcielebis nebarTvasac mTavrobis

angariSvaldebulebis doqtrina iZleva, parlamentarizmis mTavari mizania, gaaneit-
ralos, an ufro metic, SeaCeros is uxvi gavlena, romelic aRmasrulebelma xelisuf-
lebam SeiZleba moaxdinos sakanonmdeblo Stoze.34 undoblobis votumis daniSnuleba
sxvadasxvaa orpartiuli sistemisa da mravalpartiuli sistemebis dros.
orpartiuli sistemis dros parlamentisa da mTavrobis Sesabamisi Zalaufle-
ba aris Tanabari, sadac aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis gavlenis gazrda niSnavs sust,
metad damokidebul parlaments. partia anacvlebs parlaments rogorc centraluri,
araaRmasrulebeli politikuri institucia, ra drosac premier-ministrs aqvs didi
Sansi, dakargos Tanamdeboba am partiis xelmZRvanelis sasargeblod, parlamentis mi-
er mowyobili undoblobis votumis meSveobiT.
Sesabamisad, Tanamedrove partiulma sistemam parlamenti maTze metad damo-
kidebuli gaxada, vidre piriqiT.35 aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, Tanamedroveobis gaT-
valiswinebiT, SeiniSneba aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis, ufro metad ki politikuri
partiebis, gaZlierebis tendencia sakanonmdeblo organosa da mis saqmianobaze, rac
namdvilad araa sasurveli, vinaidan mxolod Zlieri parlamentia uflebamosili, gaa-
wonasworos aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba da mxolod Zlier parlaments ZaluZs wamo-
iwyos da bolomde miiyvanos undoblobis votumi.
4. daskvna
winamdebare naSromSi undoblobis votumi ganxilulia gansxvavebul WrilSi, ra-

mac SesaZlebeli gaxada misi, rogorc politikur-samarTlebrivi meqanizmis, gaazreba.
undoblobis votumi – es aris Tanamedrove sakonstitucio samarTlisTvis metad sa-
intereso sakvlevi meqanizmi, romelic gamoiyeneba sxvadasxva miznisaTvis, sxvadasxva
SemTxvevaSi da sxvadasxva mmarTvelobis mqone qveynebSi.
misi ZiriTadi daniSnuleba gamoixateba mTavrobis angariSvaldebulebaSi parla-
mentis mimarT. aRmasruleblebi yovelTvis iyvnen politikurad angariSvaldebulebi
da pasuxismgeblebi sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebis winaSe, sakanonmdeblo xelisufle-
bas ki uSualod amomrCevlebis winaSe36 ekisreboda am funqciis Sesruleba. aRniSnuli
angariSvaldebulebis gamo mTavrobas pasuxismgebloba ekisreba parlamentis winaSe,
pasuxisgeba ki undoblobis votumis gziT da kabinetis datovebiT gamoixateba.
Tumca meqanizmis gamoyeneba aseve SesaZlebelia opoziciuri partiebis mierac,
romelTac SeuZliaT, arsebuli socialuri Tu sazogadoebrivi problemebis gamo ga-
akritikon mTavroba, aRZran undoblobis votumi da, mTavrobis gadayenebis SemTxveva-
Si, politikuri viTareba TavianT sasikeTod gamoiyenon.
34
iqve, 540.
35
36
2012, 668.
206
SesaZlebelia, aseve, undoblobis gamoyeneba krizisis dasaZlevadac, rodesac

daZabuli politikuri viTarebis ganmuxtva undoblobis rezoluciis miRebiT xdeba.
garda amisa, meqanizmi aris mmarTvelobis modelebis ganmasxvavebeli niSanic.
aRniSnuli sakiTxebi, ra Tqma unda, metyvelebs undoblobis votumis arsze, Tum-
ca undoblobis votumis gamoyeneba, mTavrobisa da parlamentis statusis mixedviT,
ukeTesad warmoaCens mis daniSnulebas. winamdebare TemaSi ganviTarebuli msjeloba
gvaZlevs safuZvels, davaskvnaT, rom aRmasrulebeli da sakanonmdeblo xelisufle-
bis balansis miRwevis erTgvari saSualeba sworedac rom undoblobis votumia.37 un-
doblobis idea rCeba kabinetis gadayenebis mTavar iaraRad. mTavrobas da parlaments
aqvT uamravi valdebuleba, romlebic maT erTmaneTTan koordinaciiT unda moagvaron.
Tumca realoba gvarwmunebs, rom ZiriTad SemTxvevaSi mTavrobisa da parlamen-
tis statusis, aseve mTavrobis gadayenebis safuZveli Seqmnili politikuri viTarebaa.
arcerTi meqanizmi ise araa damokidebuli politikur ZalTa balanssa da viTarebaze,
rogorc undoblobis votumi. rac ar unda Zlieri iyos parlamenti/mTavroba, an piri-
qiT, maTi statusis maCvenebeli mainc Seqmnili politikuri viTarebaa, rac mmarTveli
partiis an koaliciis statusSi gamoixateba. amitom am meqanizmis gamoyeneba parlamen-
tis mier, misi statusis miuxedavad, sariskoa, vinaidan, undoblobis rezoluciis miu-
Reblobis SemTxvevaSi, parlamenti vadamde Sewyvets Tavisi uflebamosilebis ganxor-
cielebas.
amitomac migvaCnia, rom undoblobis votumi erTgvarad aZlierebs da asustebs
kidec parlaments. realurad, Zalauflebis gamijvna ara xelisuflebis Stoebs Soris,
aramed samTavrobo umravlesobasa da saparlamento opozicias Soris xdeba.38 swored
am principis gamoxatulebaa undoblobis votumis gamoyenebac, rac mas udavod poli-
tikur-samarTlebrivi meqanizmis statuss aniWebs.
37
38
izoria l., saprezidento, saparlamento Tu naxevrad saprezidento? gza demokratiuli
konsolidaciisken, Tb., 2010, 20.
207
laSa margiSvili *
saxelmwifos teritoriuli organizacia – konfliqtebis

daZlevis gza Tu erovnuli TviTgamorkvevis forma
sazogadoebaSi arsebuli konfliqtebi araerTgvarovania, rogorc Tavisi

warmoSobiT, aseve mimdinareobiT. am konfliqtebiT gamowveuli uaryofiTi
Sedegebi scdeba erTi qveynis farglebs da msoflio politikis nawilad iqce-
va. sazogadoebaSi arsebuli konfliqtebis ganeitraleba xangrZlivi da ur-
Tulesi amocanaa da maTi saboloo likvidacia TiTqmis SeuZlebelia. amitom
saxelmwifos teritoriuli mowyobis yvela is modeli, rac am konfliqtebis
mogvarebis mizniT iqmneba, ZiriTadad, maTi maqsimaluri ganeitralebisken
aris mimarTuli. mravali saxelmwifos magaliTis ganxilvis Sedegad gamo-
ikveTa, rom federalizmi SesaZlebelia gamoyenebul iqnes arsebuli kon-
fliqtebis mogvarebis efeqtur saSualebad. federaciuli saxelmwifo aris
erT-erTi saukeTeso meqanizmi sxvadasxva umciresobisaTvis, raTa maT warma-
tebiT ganaviTaron TavianTi erovnuli da kulturuli TviTmyofadoba. fe-
deralizmi xels uwyobs konfliqtebis mSvidobiani gziT mogvarebas da, amave
dros, icavs saxelmwifos erTianobasa da teritoriul mTlianobas. saxel-
mwifo mowyobis es forma ar SeiZleba ganxilul iqnes problemebis saboloo
gadaWris universalur gzad. man SesaZlebelia, dadebiTi roli Seasrulos
saqarTvelos gamTlianebis procesSi da qveynisTvis metad saWiro da mniSvne-
lovani dadebiTi Sedegebi mogvces.
sakvanZo sityvebi: saxelmwifos teritoriuli organizacia, unitaruli sa-

xelmwifo, federalizmi, konfederacia, konfliqtebi, eTnikuri umciresoba,
erovnuli TviTgamorkvevis ufleba.
1. Sesavali
sazogadoebis ganviTarebis TiTqmis yvela etapze umniSvnelovanes problemad

rCeba msoflioSi arsebuli sxvadasxva xasiaTis konfliqtebis mowesrigeba da maTi maq-
simaluri ganeitraleba, radgan amis gareSe SeuZlebelia stabiluri saxelmwifos Seq-
mna da ganviTareba.
sazogadoebaSi arsebuli konfliqtebi araerTgvarovania, rogorc Tavisi warmo-
SobiT (socialuri, ekonomikuri, religiuri, eTnikuri da sxv.), aseve mimdinareobiT.
saTave amgvari konfliqtebisa, umTavresad, Soreul warsulSi iwyeba da, sazogadoebis
ganviTarebis miuxedavad, umetes SemTxvevaSi, Tavisi xasiaTiT sul ufro rTuldeba,
*
208
laSa margiSvili, saxelmwifos teritoriuli organizacia – konfliqtebis daZlevis gza Tu
erovnuli TviTgamorkvevis forma
axal-axal masStabebsa da siRrmeebs iZens da araerTi qveynis saSinao Tu sagareo poli-

tikaSi seriozul problemebs qmnis.
meoce saukunis dasasruls socialisturi sistemis rRvevam mwvave konfliqtebis
(umetesad, eTnikuri da socialuri) axali kerebi warmoSva mTels msoflioSi, gansa-
kuTrebiT ki ruseTsa da evropaSi.1 am konfliqtebiT gamowveuli uaryofiTi Sedegebi
scildeba erTi qveynis farglebs da msoflio politikis nawilad iqceva.
sadReisod mecnierebaSi gansxvavebuli mosazrebebi arsebobs, rogorc konfliq-
tebis Sefasebis, ise maTi daZlevis gzebis Sesaxeb. Tundac Cveni qveynis magaliTiT
Znelia, daveTanxmoT konfliqtologTa erTi nawilis mosazrebas konfliqtebis prog-
resisa da sazogadoebis ganviTarebis mastimulirebel saSualebad aRiarebis Sesaxeb.
sazogadoebaSi arsebul socialur da eTnikur konfliqtebs iseTi negatiuri Sedegebi
moaqvT adamianTa calkeuli jgufebisa Tu qveynebisTvis, rom isini mTeli msoflios
yuradRebis centrSi eqcevian da calkeul saxelmwifoTa mTavrobebi, sxvadasxva qvey-
nis wamyvani politikosebi Tu sazogadoebrivi dargis mecnierebi maTi mowesrigebisa
da ganeitralebis aucileblobas gansakuTrebul yuradRebas uTmoben.
sazogadoebaSi arsebuli sxvadasxva xasiaTis da, gansakuTrebiT, eTnikur niadag-
ze aRmocenebuli konfliqtebis ganeitraleba metad xangrZlivi da urTulesi amoca-
naa da maTi saboloo likvidacia dResdReobiT TiTqmis SeuZlebelia. amitom, arsebu-
li realobidan gamomdinare, yvela is modeli, rac am konfliqtebis mogvarebis mizniT
iqmneba, ZiriTadad, maTi maqsimaluri ganeitralebisken aris mimarTuli.
2. federalizmi – eTnikuri konfliqtebis (dapirispirebis)

daZlevis gza
eTnikuri da socialuri konfliqtebis daZlevis erT-erT aRiarebul saSualebad

msoflio mecnierebaSi miCneulia saxelmwifos Sesabamisi teritoriuli organizaci-
is gansazRvra. statiis am TavSi ganxilulia teritoriuli mowyobis erT-erTi forma,
kerZod, federaciuli saxelmwifos Seqmna, rogorc qveynis Sida konfliqtebis daZle-
vis erT-erTi saSualeba. es modeli msoflios wamyvani qveynebisa da politologebis
mier sul ufro xSirad ganixileba rogorc Sidasazogadoebrivi konfliqtebis mogva-
rebis sakmaod Sedegiani da warmatebuli forma. federaluri marTvis sistemis efeq-
turobis Sefasebis erT-erTi ZiriTadi kriteriumia, Tu ramdenad aris SesaZlebeli
amgvari modeliT sazogadoebaSi arsebuli konfliqtebis daZleva.2
am sakiTxis garSemoc gansxvavebuli Sexedulebebi arsebobs. mecnierTa erTi na-
wili federalur models sazogadoebaSi arsebuli winaaRmdegobebis daZlevis idea-
lur saSualebad miiCnevs, meoreni ki am mimarTulebiT aRniSnuli modelis yvela miR-
1
xubua g., federalizmi, rogorc eTnikuri konfliqtebis daZlevis saSualeba, Jur.
`samarTali~, №6-7, 1999, 15.
2
xubua g., federalizmi, rogorc normatiuli principi da politikuri wesrigi, Tb., 2000,
152.
209
wevas uaryofen. ganasxvaveben aseve federalizmis amerikul da germanul modelebs,

romlebic, Tanamedroveobis moTxovnebisa da arsebuli realobis gaTvaliswinebiT,
Zalze uaxlovdebian erTmaneTs, amitom ufro marTebuli iqneba federaluri marTvis,
rogorc sazogadoebaSi arsebul winaaRmdegobaTa daZlevis, im zogadi maxasiaTebeli
niSnebis analizi, romlebic am modelis ZiriTad arssa da daniSnulebas gamoxataven.3
cnobili germaneli mecnieris, frenkelis, SexedulebiT, federaluri marTvis
models, Tavisi dinamikuri xasiaTidan gamomdinare, cvalebad situaciebTan opera-
tiuli adaptaciis unari aqvs da iZleva, konfliqtebis droulad gamovlenisa da au-
cileblobis SemTxvevaSi, maTi mSvidobiani gziT mogvarebis SesaZleblobas. amis gamo,
Tanamedrove sazogadoebis moTxovnebis gaTvaliswinebiT, sadReisod wina planze wa-
moiwia federaluri modelis zemoT aRniSnulma funqciebma.4
aRiarebulia, rom federaluri marTvis modeli yvela saxis, da maT Soris, eTni-
kuri konfliqtebis mogvarebis gacilebiT efeqturi, ufro mSvidobiani da liberalu-
ri gzaa, gansxvavebiT centralizmisgan, romelic konfliqtebis gadaWras radikalu-
rad, Zlieri centris poziciebidan cdilobs. am dros, bunebrivia, irRveva erovnul
umciresobaTa interesebi, xdeba maTze Zalismieri zewola. amasTan, mas ar ZaluZs, mo-
axdinos konfliqtis gamomwvevi mizezebis aRmofxvra, piriqiT, zogierT SemTxvevaSi
TviTon warmoSobs axal winaaRmdegobebs, xels uwyobs sazogadoebrivi daZabulobis
Seqmnas.
federaluri modeli gamoricxavs uflebamosilebaTa Tavmoyras erT romelime
centrSi. igi federaciis subieqtebs utovebs damoukidebeli moqmedebis farTo SesaZ-
leblobebs, maTi interesebisa da survilebis gaTvaliswinebiT konfliqtur situaci-
as ramdenadme aneitralebs, amasTan, aRniSnuli problemis gadaWris es gza gamoricx-
avs konfliqtebis ZaladobiT CaxSobis SesaZleblobas da imavdroulad icavs saxel-
mwifos erTianobas.5
federaluri modelis gansakuTrebiT pozitiur mxared aris miCneuli is faqti,
rom igi maqsimalurad iTvaliswinebs qveynis sxvadasxva kuTxis istoriul, kulturul
Tu religiur gansxvavebulobas da momavalSi am gansxvavebaTa dacvisa da ganviTarebis
garantic xdeba.
calkeuli regionebis interesebis gaTvaliswineba da maTi dacvis meqanizmis Se-
muSaveba, bunebrivia, amcirebs sazogadoebaSi arsebul dapirispirebas, xels uwyobs
regionebis daaxloebas centrTan da erTmaneTTan. federaciis calkeuli subieqtebi
aqtiurad monawileoben qveynis politikur da ekonomikur marTvaSi, saerToerovnuli
problemebis gadawyvetaSi. iqmneba centrisa da regionebis saerTo struqturebi, rom-
lebic xels uwyoben procesis daregulirebas, saerTo interesebis Camoyalibebasa da
daaxloebas.
3
`samarTali“, №6-7, 1999, 19.
4
153.
5
iqve, 156.
210
konfliqtebis warmoSoba, rogorc wesi, dakavSirebulia calkeuli subieqtebis an

sazogadoebrivi jgufebis gansxvavebuli Sexedulebebisa da interesebis arsebobasTan.
centralizebul saxelmwifoSi SedarebiT naklebad xdeba mcire eTnikuri an socialu-
ri jgufebis, calkeuli subieqtebis gansxvavebuli Tvalsazrisebis miReba da gaziare-
ba. am funqcias gacilebiT ukeT asrulebs federaciuli saxelmwifo, romelic damou-
kidebeli saqmianobis uflebas da misi ganxorcielebis farTo areals aZlevs federaci-
is subieqtebs imis miuxedavad, umravlesobas warmoadgenen isini, Tu umciresobas.
federaciuli saxelmwifos ZiriTadi principi – `mravalferovneba erTianobaSi‫״‬
– didad exmareba calkeul subieqtebs, raTa sakuTari interesebis gaTvaliswinebiT
SeinarCunon erTiani sistema. federalizmma unda SeZlos saxelmwifos erTianobis,
federaciis subieqtebisa da saxelmwifoebriobis Sexameba. teritoriuli erTeule-
bis maqsimaluri avtonomiisa da mravalferovnebis pirobebSi ar SeiZleba daikargos
federaluri erTianoba. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, federalizmi gadaizrdeba partiku-
larizmSi, separatizmSi. im SemTxvevaSi ki, Tu aqcenti calmxrivad gadatanil iqna mxo-
lod erTianobaze, viTardeba federalizmis ideisaTvis miuRebeli unitarizmi da cen-
tralizmi. Sesabamisad, federalizmi SeiZleba SevadaroT mozaikas – igi ver Seikvreba,
Tu ar moeqca garkveul farglebSi da Tu ar eqna gansazRvruli forma;6
meore mxriv, yvela sikeTis miuxedavad, saxelmwifos federaciul sawyisebze
mowyoba mainc ar aris idealuri saSualeba konfliqtebis erTxel da samudamo gadaW-
ris gzaze. gasaTvaliswinebelia is garemoeba, rom xelisuflebis gansxvavebuli cen-
trebis arsebobam regionebSi, aseve, federaciis subieqtebis gansxvavebulma intere-
sebma, SeiZleba gaarTulos konfliqtis daZleva. mosalodnelia aseve axali winaaR-
mdegobebis warmoSoba centrsa da subieqtebs Soris, Tumca maTi Sexedulebebis dapi-
rispirebas dadebiTi Sedegic aqvs xelisuflebis danawilebis, urTierTkontrolisa
da SeboWvis TvalsazrisiT.7 aRsaniSnavia, rom es modeli sadReisod msoflios mraval
qveyanaSi funqciobs. es qveynebi xSirad gansxvavebuli sistemis saxelmwifoebi arian
da arsebuli konfliqtebis mogvareba TiToeul maTganSi maTTvis damaxasiaTebeli Ta-
viseburebebis gaTvaliswinebiT unda xdebodes da ara zogadi stereotipebiT an dog-
maturi sqemebiT.
Tanamedrove sazogadoebisTvis, bevr saxelmwifoSi da, maT Soris, dRevandeli
saqarTvelosTvisac, erT-erT umwvaves problemad eTnikuri konfliqtebis mogvare-
ba rCeba. eTnokonfliqtebis warmoSoba da ganviTareba, rogorc wesi, Soreul war-
sulSi iRebs saTaves da, upiratesad, separatistul moZraobebSi vlindeba. eTnikuri
konfliqtebis mniSvnelovani zrda SeiniSneboda gasuli saukunis bolo aTwleulebSi.
1993-1994 wlebSi msoflioSi 50-amde eTnokonfliqti iyo daregistrirebuli. isini sa-
moqalaqo omis erT-erT, sadReisod sakmaod gavrcelebul, formad Seiracxa da maTi
yvelaze mZime Sedegi iyo aTasobiT ltolvilisa Tu iZulebiT gadaadgilebuli piris
6
xubua g., federalizmi rogorc normatiuli principi da politikuri wesrigi, Jurn.
`qarTuli samarTlis mimoxilva~, meoTxe kvartali, 1999, 15.
7
158.
211
warmoSoba, rom aRaraferi vTqvaT politikur daZabulobasa da calkeuli qveynebis

ekonomikuri potencialis daqveiTebaze.8
aRsaniSnavia, rom eTnikuri konfliqtebi ar aris erTgvarovani xasiaTis. umrav-
lesi maTganis arseboba istoriuli realobiT aris ganpirobebuli, amasTan, gansxva-
vebulia maTi mimdinareoba, daZabulobis xarisxi, gavrcelebis areali. Sesabamisad,
sasurvelia, eTnokonfliqtebis daregulirebis iseTi meqanizmi iqnes SemuSavebuli,
romelSic yvela zemoT aRniSnuli momenti iqneba obieqturad Sefasebuli da gaTva-
liswinebuli, istoriuli realobis CaTvliT.
Tanamedrove politologebis didi nawili, rogorc zemoTac aRvniSneT, fede-
raluri marTvis sistemas erT-erT yvelaze Sedegian modelad miiCnevs eTnikuri kon-
fliqtebis gadaWris gzaze. konfliqtebis mowesrigebis TvalsazrisiT, gansakuTrebiT
mniSvnelovania is faqti, rom federalizmi ar unda ganixilebodes gaqvavebul, umoq-
medo, statikur iuridiul struqturad, – aucilebelia, federaluri principebi re-
alizdes rogorc politikur procesebSi, aseve saxelmwifos marTvis meqanizmi aigos
federalur principebze.9
federalizmis sakiTxebis erT-erT gamoCenil mkvlevars, elazars, Semoaqvs cne-
bebi: `federaluri principi~ da `federaluri dayofa~. avtoris azriT, federalizmis
arsi isaa, rom, erTi mxriv, saxelmwifos Semadgenel nawilebs eniWebaT damoukidebloba
da TviTmmarTveloba, xolo meore mxriv, uzrunvelyofilia maTi monawileoba saxel-
mwifos marTvaSi. elazari gansakuTrebiT usvams xazs im garemoebas, rom federaliz-
mi uzrunvelyofs gansxvavebuli mcire jgufebis iseT kavSirs did gaerTianebasTan,
rodesac SesaZlebeli xdeba saerTo miznebis realizacia da, amasTan, uzrunvelyofi-
lia mTelis nawilis damoukidebloba. Sesabamisad, elazaris mosazrebiT, federaluri
principis gamoyeneba aris erovnuli, eTnikuri, enobrivi, rasobrivi da sxva konfliq-
tebidan warmoSobili problemebis gadawyvetis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani da dadebiTi
Sedegebis momtani gza.10
gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis mier miRebuli kolonialisturi qveynebisa
da xalxebis damoukideblobis deklaracia TviTgamorkvevis uflebas ganmartavs Sem-
degnairad: yvela xalxs aqvs TviTgamorkvevis ufleba, romliTac isini Tavisuflad da
damoukideblad gansazRvraven TavianT politikur statuss, ekonomikuri, socialuri
da kulturuli ganviTarebis ZiriTad mimarTulebebs.11
gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis erT-erTi rezolucia,12 romelic ganmartavs
agresiis cnebas, adgens, rom TviTgamorkvevis uflebis realizebisTvis dauSvebelia
8
`samarTali~, 6-7, 1999, 14.
9
162.
10
162-163.
11
Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and People, adopted by General Assembly
resolution 1514, 1960, <http://www.un.org/en/decolonization/declaration.shtml >, [20.11.2015]
12
Definition of Aggresion, United Nations General Assembly Ressolution 3314, 1974, <http://www1.umn.edu/
humanrts/instree/GAres3314.html> , [11.10.2015]
212
Zalis gamoyeneba, aseve nebismieri iseTi qmedebis ganxorcieleba, romelic mimarTuli

iqneba sxva saxelmwifoebis suverenitetis, teritoriuli mTlianobisa da politikuri
damoukideblobis winaaRmdeg.13
erovnuli TviTgamorkvevis uflebasTan dakavSirebiT miRebulia Sexeduleba,
rom es aris ufleba, romliTac Tavdapirvelad sargeblobdnen koloniuri reJimis pi-
robebSi mcxovrebi xalxebi da romlis gamoyenebac SesaZlebeli iyo mxolod da mxo-
lod Sesabamisi koloniuri reJimis dasamxobad. ZiriTadad, es ufleba miCneuli iyo
erT garkveul teritoriaze mcxovrebi adamianTa jgufis uflebad, romelic daex-
mareboda maT, mieRoT koleqtiuri gadawyvetileba imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu rogo-
ri mmarTvelobis qveS surdaT cxovreba. dReisaTvis naTelia, rom yvela xalxisTvis
TviTgamorkvevis ufleba aris xelSeuvali ufleba, Tumca aucilebeli ar aris, rom is
iyos absoluturi xasiaTisa. cxadia, arakoloniur qveynebSi mcxovrebi xalxebi mis ga-
moyenebas, rogorc wesi, ar saWiroeben.14
miuxedavad imisa, rom mTeli rigi saerTaSoriso aqtebisa yvela xalxisTvis kanon-
zomierad TiTqosda erTnairad uzrunvelyofs TviTgamorkvevis uflebis realizebas,
msoflio istoriam aCvena, rom realurad misi gamoyeneba saerTaSoriso Tanamegobro-
bis qveynebisTvis arc sasurveli iyo da arc mizanSewonili. magaliTisTvis SeiZleba
moviyvanoT arabeT-israelis mravalwliani konfliqti, romelic saerTaSoriso orga-
nizaciebis mier aRiarebul iqna rogorc ebraeli xalxis survili, ganexorcielebina
TviTgamorkvevis ufleba. Tumca sagulisxmoa is faqti, rom xalxTa TviTgamorkvevis
ufleba arasodes yofila am konfliqtis gamomwvevi realuri mizezi.
israelis saxelmwifom arsebul konfliqts mizanmimarTulad daudo sarCulad
TviTgamorkvevis uflebis realizeba, raTa moepovebina sxva saxelmwifoebisa da gaer-
Tianebuli erebis organizaciis mxardaWera. realurad, dapirispirebis mTavari mize-
zi iyo ori garemoeba: teritoria da axlo aRmosavleTSi aramuslimuri saxelmwifos
daarseba.15
TviTgamorkvevis uflebas SeiZleba hqondes sxvadasxva mniSvneloba: xalxis da-
moukideblobisa da sakuTari saerTaSoriso statusis dadgenis ufleba; saxelmwifos
mosaxleobis ufleba, gansazRvros mTavrobis forma da monawileoba miiRos mis muSa-
obaSi; saxelmwifos ufleba teritoriul mTlianobasa da sakuTari sazRvrebis daur-
RvevlobasTan, agreTve, saSinao saqmeebSi CaurevlobasTan dakavSirebiT; saxelmwifos
kulturuli, ekonomikuri da socialuri ganviTarebis ufleba; saxelmwifoSi an, Tun-
dac, mis sazRvrebs miRma mcxovreb erovnul umciresobaTa ufleba, hqondeT specia-
luri socialuri da ekonomikuri ganviTarebis uflebebi.16
13
Halberstam M., Nationalism and the Right to Self-Determination: The Arab-Israel Conflict, Journal of
International Law and Politics, N.Y.U. 26, 1993-1994, 574.
14
smiti r.k.m., adamianis saerTaSoriso uflebebi, oqsfordis universitetis gamomcemloba,
niu-iorki, 2005, 381.
15
International Law and Politics, N.Y.U. 26, 1993-1994, 573.
16
smiti r.k.m., adamianis saerTaSoriso uflebebi, oqsfordis universitetis gamomcemloba,
niu-iorki, 2005, 381.
213
gaerTianebuli erebis generaluri asambleis mier miRebuli deklaraciis Tanax-

mad, savaldebulo ar aris, TviTgamorkvevis ufleba ganxorcieldes saxelmwifos da-
moukideblobis gamocxadebisa da saxelmwifo sazRvrebis gadasinjvis formiT. TviT-
gamorkveva savsebiT SesaZlebelia ganxorcieldes TviTmmarTvelobis (avtonomiis)
formiTac. erovnul umciresobas secesiisa da suverenitetis gamocxadebis gareSec
SeuZlia, damoukideblad gansazRvros Tavisi politikuri statusi erTiani saxelmwi-
fos farglebSi. am TvalsazrisiT, erovnuli TviTgamorkveva gulisxmobs damoukide-
beli mmarTvelobis formis arCevisa da saxelmwifoebrivi gadawyvetilebebis proces-
Si monawileobis miRebis SesaZleblobas.17
amis naTeli magaliTia safrangeTis me-4 da me-5 respublikebi, rodesac am qveya-
nas mravalwliani gadauwyveteli problema hqonda yofili koloniis, axali kaledo-
niis, statusTan dakavSirebiT. am teritoriaze mcxovrebi pirebi swored TviTgamor-
kvevis uflebis safuZvelze iTxovdnen safrangeTis respublikisgan gamoyofas da da-
moukidebel saxelmwifod Camoyalibebas. safrangeTis me-5 respublikis xelisuflebam
1982-1987 wlebSi es problema gadaWra swored saxelmwifos saTanado teritoriuli
mowyobis gamoyenebiT. kerZod, axal kaledonias socialur, kulturul da ekonomikur
sferoebSi mieniWa farTo uflebamosilebebi. adgilobriv mosaxleobas, kanakebs, mie-
caT SesaZlebloba, Tavisuflad, erTiani saxelmwifos farglebSi, daecvaT da ganevi-
TarebinaT TavianTi wes-Cveulebebi, tradiciebi da kultura. Sedegad, 1987 wels axal
kaledoniaSi Catarebul referendumze adgilobrivi mosaxleobis umravlesobam uar-
yo damoukidebel saxelmwifod Camoyalibebis idea da daadastura, rom maTi TviTga-
morkvevis ufleba srulad iyo realizebuli safrangeTis respublikis erTian saxel-
mwifoSi.18
mniSvnelovania is faqti, rom msoflio istoriis ganmavlobaSi arcerT saxelmwi-
fos Tavisi teritoriis farglebSi realurad ar ganuxorcielebia romelime jgufis
TviTgamorkvevis uflebis realizeba. miuxedavad TviTgamorkvevis uflebis sayovel-
Tao aRiarebisa, arc amerikis SeerTebulma Statebma mianiWa adgilobriv aborigenebs
TviTgamorkvevis ufleba da arc didma britaneTma – CrdiloeT irlandielebs.
msoflioSi mravali magaliTia, rodesac sxvadasxva eTnikuri, erovnuli, reli-
giuri da rasobrivi jgufebi cxovroben erTi saxelmwifos teritoriis farglebSi.
zogierT SemTxvevaSi am jgufebis warmomadgenlebi ise arian erTmaneTSi asimilire-
bulni, rom SeuZlebelia maT mier TviTgamorkvevis uflebis damoukideblad ganxor-
cieleba, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, TviTgamorkvevis uflebis farTod da mravaljera-
dad gamoyeneba gamoiwvevs mravali mcire saxelmwifos warmoSobas, rac safrTxis qveS
daayenebs saerTaSoriso usafrTxoebasa da msoflio marTlwesrigs.19
17
UN General Assembly Resolution 2625 (XXV), 1970, <http://www.un-documents.net/a25r2625.htm>
[09.10.2015].
18
Marrani D., Principe of Indivisibility of the French Republic and the People`s Right to Self-Determination: The
New Caledonia Test, Jounral of Academic Legal Studies, Vol. 2, 2006, 18-19.
19
International Law and Politics, N.Y.U. 26, 1993-1994, 575-576.
214
xolo im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki eTnikur umciresobas aqvs iseT politikur, socia-

lur da kulturul garemoSi cxovrebis saSualeba, romelSic SesaZlebelia, daic-
vas da ganaviTaros sakuTari identurobis ganmsazRvreli socialur-ekonomikuri da
kulturuli uflebebi, maSin TviTgamorkvevis ufleba SeiZleba realizebul iqnes
umciresobisTvis federaciis subieqtis statusis miniWebis saxiT. Sesabamisad, moxde-
ba TviTgamorkvevis uflebisa da suverenitetis optimaluri SeTanxmeba: erTi mxriv,
daculi iqneba saxelmwifos teritoriuli mTlianoba, meore mxriv ki, eTnikuri umci-
resobis warmomadgenelebs eqnebaT imis realuri SesaZlebloba, rom daicvan TavianTi
interesebi da uflebebi erTiani saxelmwifos sazRvrebSi.
rogorc aRvniSneT, msoflios mraval qveyanaSi (bosnia da hercegovina, belgiis
samefo, ruseTis federacia, eTiopia, kanada da a.S) warmatebiT iqna gamoyenebuli fe-
deraciuli wyobis modeli, rogorc saxelmwifos teritoriul-politikuri organi-
zaciis forma, romelmac am qveynebis teritoriebze xeli Seuwyo arsebuli sxvadasxva
saxis konfliqtebis daregulirebas, zog SemTxvevaSi ki, mSvidobianobis damkvidrebas
da eTnikur umciresobaTa sasurveli uflebebis realur ganxorcielebas.
Cveni saxelmwifos dRevandeli mdgomareoba, darRveuli teritoriuli mTli-
anoba, aucileblad gulisxmobs sxva qveynebis gamocdilebis gamoyenebas da terito-
riuli mowyobis im modelis safuZvlian analizs, romelmac daaregulira am qveynebSi
arsebuli sxvadasxva saxis konfliqtebi, xeli Seuwyo gansxvavebuli jgufebis mSvido-
bian Tanaarsebobas erTian saxelmwifoSi.
amasTan, xazgasmiT unda aRiniSnos, rom federaluri mowyobis modeli sxvadasxva
qveynis teritoriaze gansxvavebuli, im qveynis interesebze maqsimalurad morgebuli
formiT ganxorcielda, Tumca SenarCunebul iqna misi ZiriTadi niSnebi da principe-
bi. federaciuli mowyobis moqnilma xasiaTma kidev ufro Seuwyo xeli mis warmatebiT
ganxorcielebasa da dadebiTi Sedegebis miRwevas sxvadasxvagvari konfliqtis mqone
qveynebSi.
2.1 bosnia da hercegovina
bosnia da hercegovinis administraciul-teritoriuli mowyobis forma konsti-

tuciiT pirdapir ar aris gansazRvruli. konstituciis 1-li muxlis me-3 punqti ad-
gens, rom rom bosnia da hercegovina Sedgeba 2 subieqtisagan: bosnia da hercegovinis
federaciisa da sparskis respublikisagan.20 aqedan gamomdinare, bosnia da hercegovi-
na aris unitaruli, regionaluri, federaciuli Tu konfederaciuli mowyobis saxel-
mwifo. am sakiTxze dResac aqtiurad mimdinareobs msjeloba. amitom bosnia da her-
cegovinis saxelmwifos teritoriul mowyobasTan dakavSirebuli problemebis ukeT
gagebisTvis ganxilul unda iqnes am saxelmwifos Seqmnis istoria, misi teritoriul-
administraciuli struqtura da qveyanaSi arsebuli politikuri viTareba.21
20
Constitution of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Article 1, <http://www.ohr.int/dpa/?content_id=372> [10.09.2015].
21
Meskic Z., Pivic N., Federalism in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Vienna Journal on International Constitutional Law,
Vol. 5, 2011, 597.
215
1991-1992 wlebSi iugoslaviis daSlas mohyva 5 axali saxelmwifos Seqmna: slo-

veniis, xorvatiis, makedoniis, bosnia da hercegovinisa da iugoslaviis federaciuli
saxelmwifosi. es ukanaskneli aerTianebda serbeTisa da montenegros saxelmwifoebs.
uSualod bosnia da hercegovinis konfliqtis Tavdapirveli eskalacia gamoiwvia 1991
wlis 29 Tebervals da 1 marts Catarebulma referendumma, romelzec bosnia da her-
cegovinis mosaxleobis 98%-ma xma misca qveynis erTianobasa da damoukideblobas. re-
ferendumis Catarebis Semdgom, 1992 wlis 6 aprils, evropis Tanamegobrobis qveynebma
da saerTaSoriso organizaciebma im periodSi arsebul sazRvrebSi aRiares bosnia da
hercegovina, rogorc damoukidebeli da suverenuli saxelmwifo.22
bosnia da hercegovinaSi mcxovrebi serbebi Tavidanve kategoriulad SeewinaaR-
mdegnen referendumis gamarTvis ideas da boikoti gamoucxades mas. serbi mosaxleo-
bis survili iyo, rom an Tavad SeeqmnaT damoukidebeli saxelmwifo, an SeerTebodnen
iugoslaviis federaciul saxelmwifos.23
sagulisxmoa is garemoeba, rom mravaleTnikurobis gamo bosnia da hercegovina
mravaljer gaxda areulobisa da sxvadasxva politikuri dajgufebis manipulirebis
sagani, romlis drosac ZiriTadi politikuri jgufebi xels uwyobdnen xalxTa So-
ris religiuri da eTnikuri SuRlis gaRvivebas, raTa mosaxleobis garkveuli nawilis
mxardaWera moepovebinaT. arajansaRma politikurma klimatma da bosnia da hercego-
vinis momavalze arsebulma gansxvavebulma Sexedulebebma sabolood qveyana miiyvana
omamde, romelic gagrZelda 1991 wlis aprilidan 1995 wlis seqtembramde.
saomari moqmedebebis mimdinareobisas bosnia da hercegovinis teritoriaze yo-
velgvari samarTlebrivi safuZvlis gareSe Seiqmna saxelmwifos msgavsi ramdenime
warmonaqmni. 1991 wlis 9-10 noembers serbma mosaxleobam Caatara plebisciti da mxari
dauWira serbeTis damoukidebeli saxelmwifos Seqmnas (SemdgomSi cnobilia, rogorc
sparskis respublika). amave periodSi xorvatebma Seqmnes posavinis xorvatiis saxel-
mwifo da herceg-bosniis xorvatiis gaerTianeba.24
imis gamo, rom dapirispirebul mxareebs ar hqondaT survili, Seqmnili rTuli
viTarebidan epovaT erToblivi gamosavali, saerTaSoriso sazogadoebam mravaljer
scada, saomar moqmedebebSi CarTuli subieqtebisTvis SeeTavazebina problemebis mog-
varebis sxvadasxva saSualeba. Tavdapirvelad, 1994 wlis pirvel marts, amerikis Seer-
Tebuli Statebis xelisuflebis iniciativiT herceg-bosniis xorvatiis gaerTianebasa
da bosnia da hercegovinas Soris gaformda samSvidobo xelSekruleba, romelic sa-
erTaSoriso samarTalSi cnobilia rogorc q. vaSingtonis SeTanxmeba. am SeTanxmebis
mizani iyo bosnia da hercegovinis, rogorc federaciuli saxelmwifos, suverenite-
tisa da teritoriuli mTlianobis aRiareba da dacva, qveynis teritoriaze sxvadasxva
22
iqve, 597.
23
Oklopcic Z., The Territorial Challenge: From Constitutional Patriotism to Unencumbered Agonism in Bosnia
and Herzegovina, German Law Journal, Vol. 13,№01, 2012, 33.
24
iqve, 598. aseve, ix. Friedmann F., Bosnia and Herzegovina – a Policy on the Brink London, London, 2004,
120.
216
jgufis macxovrebelTa erovnuli Tanasworobisa da adamianis ZiriTadi uflebebisa

da Tavisuflebebis ganuxreli dacva da pativiscema. bosnia da hercegovinis terito-
riuli mowyobis forma, SeTanxmebis mixedviT, unda yofiliyo federacia.
dokumentiT detalurad iyo gansazRvruli qveynis axali konstituciis miRebis
wesi, centraluri da federaciis subieqtebis xelisuflebis organoebis kompetenci-
ebi, struqtura, arCevis wesi, samxedro moqmedebebis Sewyvetisa da adamianis ZiriTad
uflebebTan dakavSirebuli mniSvnelovani sakiTxebi.25
miuxedavad SeTanxmebisa da, aseve, mTeli rigi aqtivobebisa, bosnia da herce-
govinaSi saomari moqmedebebi ar wydeboda. amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi, kerZod, q.
deitonSi gaformda morigi samSvidobo SeTanxmeba, romelmac dapirispirebul mxare-
ebs Soris sabolood daasrula 4-wliani omi. es SeTanxmeba iugoslaviis federaciul
saxelmwifoSi, xorvatiasa da bosnia da hercegovinaSi mcxovrebi sami erovnebis war-
momadgenlebs Soris gaformda 5 wamyvani saxelmwifos (amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi,
ruseTis federacia, inglisi, germaniis federaciuli saxelmwifo, safrangeTis res-
publika) TanamonawileobiT. am SeTanxmebasa da TandarTul dokumentebs xeli moewe-
ra 1995 wlis 14 dekembers q. parizSi. samSvidobo SeTanxmeba Sedgeba 12 damatebisgan,
romelTagan yvelaze mniSvnelovania zogadi CarCo SeTanxmeba mSvidobis uzrunvel-
sayofad da me-4 damateba, romelic moicavs bosnia da hercegovinis konstitucias da
gansazRvravs saxelmwifos organizaciul-samarTlebriv formas, mmarTvelobis mo-
dels, saxelmwifo organoebis uflebamosilebebs, struqturasa da funqciebs. am Se-
Tanxmebis mizani iyo, rom bosnia da hercegovinasa da mTlianad regionSi uzrunveleyo
mSvidoba, stabiluroba da ganviTareba. aRniSnulma dokumentma daavaldebula dapir-
ispirebuli mxareebi, pativi ecaT erTmaneTis suverenitetisa da TanasworobisTvis.
arsebuli konfliqtis gadawyveta unda momxdariyo mxolod mSvidobiani gziT, mxare-
ebs Tavi unda SeekavebinaT nebismieri muqarisa an Zaladobisgan, romelic mimarTuli
iqneboda bosnia da hercegovinis an romelime mxaris teritoriuli mTlianobisa da
politikuri damoukideblobis winaaRmdeg.26
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom deitonis SeTanxmeba im periodSi iyo is erTaderTi gamosa-
vali, romelmac mowinaaRmdege mxareebs ubiZga, daesrulebinaT mravalwliani saomari
moqmedebebi da dapirispireba.27
deitonis SeTanxmebis gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobis Taobaze amerikis SeerTebu-
li Statebis diplomati riCard holbruki aRniSnavda, rom deitonSi miRweulma SeTan-
xmebam bosnia da hercegovinaSi safuZveli daudo omis dasrulebasa da mravaleTniku-
ri saxelmwifos Camoyalibebas.28
25
Washington Peace Agreement, 1994. <http://www.usip.org/sites/default/files/file/resources/collections/peace_
agreements/washagree_03011994.pdf> [10.10.2015].
26
The General Framework Agreement for Peace in Bosnia and Herzegovina, 1995, <http://www.ohr.int/dpa/
default.asp?content_id=379> [05.09.2015].
27
Vol. 5, 2011, 602.
28
Bose S., Bosnia after Dayton, Nationalist Partition and International Intervention, Oxford University Press,
2002, 52-53.
217
q. deitonSi gaformebuli SeTanxmebis xelmowerisTanave miRebul iqna bosnia da

hercegovinis axali konstitucia, romlis Tanaxmad, bosnia da hercegovina saerTaSo-
riso samarTlisa da Tanamegobrobis mier aRiarebuli sazRvrebis farglebSi aris su-
verenuli da damoukidebeli saxelmwifo, romelic Sedgeba ori subieqtisgan: bosnia
da hercegovinis federaciisa da sparskis respublikisgan.29
bosnia da hercegovinis orive subieqts – sparskis respublikas da bosnia da her-
cegovnis federacias, konstituciur-samarTlebrivi TvalsazrisiT, aqvT federaciis
subieqtebis da arawevri saxelmwifoebis statusi. bosnia da hercegovina, teritori-
ul-organizaciuli TvalsazrisiT, zemoT aRniSnuli samarTlebrivi statusis gamo,
aris sruliad gansxvavebuli fenomeni. kerZod: bosnia da hercegovina Sedgeba erTi
unitaruli (sparskis respublika) da erTi federaciuli (bosnia da hercegovinis fe-
deracia) subieqtisgan da brCkos olqisgan, romelic ar Sedis arcerTi subieqtis Se-
madgenlobaSi. Tavis mxriv, bosnia da hercegovinis federacia Sedgeba 10 kantonisgan,
romelTa administraciuli sazRvrebi da mosaxleobis eTnikuri Semadgenloba ganpi-
robebulia omis SedegebiT.30
zogadad, eTnokulturuli samarTlianobis damkvidrebis idea ubiZgebs mrava-
leTnikur saxelmwifoebs, Camoyalibdnen rogorc decentralizebuli subieqtebi, sa-
dac maTSi Semavali sxvadasxva eris TviTmyofadoba instituciur doneze iqneba dacu-
li da ganviTarebuli. aseTi Sedegi federaciul saxelmwifoSi SeiZleba miRweul iqnes
federaciis subieqtebis SeqmniT, sadac uzrunvelyofili iqneba erTiani saxelmwifos
farglebSi sxvadasxva erovnuli an/da eTnikuri umciresobebis mSvidobiani da racio-
naluri Tanacxovreba.31
aRsaniSnavia, rom, rogorc bosnia da hercegovinis konstituciis amoqmedebis
pirvel wlebSi mecnierTa nawili miiCnevda, es qveyana iyo ara federaciuli mowyobis
saxelmwifo, aramed konfederacia, radganac subieqtebs hqondaT damoukidebeli sa-
xelmwifos msgavsi suvereniteti da farTo uflebamosilebebi.
meore mxriv, mecnierTa garkveuli nawili Tvlida, rom, radgan bosnia da herce-
govina Seiqmna saerTaSoriso samarTlis, da ara erovnuli kanonmdeblobis, safuZvel-
ze, Sesabamisad, igi iyo saxelmwifoTa kavSiri an konfederacia. aqedan gamomdinare,
samarTlebriv doqtrinaSi miiCneoda, rom bosnia da hercegovina iyo ara erTiani sa-
xelmwifo, aramed ori damoukidebeli saxelmwifos (sparskis respublika da bosnia da
hercegovinis federacia) kavSiri.
garkveuli drois Semdgom, rodesac bosnia da hercegovinis centralurma xeli-
suflebam subieqtebis xarjze mraval sferoSi gaizarda uflebamosilebebi, bosnia da
hercegovina aRiarebul iqna erTian federaciul saxelmwifod, romelic Sedgeboda
2 subieqtisa da erTi olqisgan da romelTa gareSec bosnia da hercegovina, rogorc
29
Constitution of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Article 1, <http://www.ohr.int/dpa/?content_id=372>, [05.08.2015].
30
Vol. 5, 2011, 599.
31
and Herzegovina, German Law Journal, Vol. 13, №01, 2012, 34.
218
saxelmwifo, ver iarsebebda. Tumca, vinaidan, konstituciis Tanaxmad, federaciis su-

bieqtebis xelisuflebis organoebi aRWurvilni arian suverenuli saxelmwifosTvis
damaxasiaTebeli kompetenciebiT, am sakiTxebze momuSave mecnierebma miiCnies, rom aR-
niSnuli saxelmwifos teritoriul-organizaciuli forma iyo `sui generis~ (unikaluri,
yvelasgan gansxvavebuli) federacia, romelSic subieqtebs hqondaT decentraliza-
ciis maRali done da damoukidebeli, suverenuli saxelmwifoebisTvis damaxasiaTebe-
li mTeli rigi niSnebisa.32
bosnia da hercegovinis erTian federaciul saxelmwifod Camoyalibebis momxre
politologebi miiCneven, rom bosnia da hercegovina dafuZnebulia sxvadasxva erov-
nebis xalxebis mier gamovlenili Tavisufali nebis safuZvelze. mniSvnelovania imis
gacnobiereba, rom bosnia da hercegovina ekuTvnis ara romelime konkretul, erTi
erovnebis warmomadgenlebs, aramed mis yvela moqalaqes, romlebic saxelmwifos aR-
mSeneblobaSi Tanabrad monawileoben.33
zogadad miCneulia, rom bosnia da hercegovina aris eTnikuri niSniT Camoyalibe-
buli federaciuli saxelmwifo, radgan TiToeuli subieqti Seqmnilia swored eTniku-
ri niSnis safuZvelze. subieqtebis damoukideblobis maRali xarisxi ganpirobebulia
imiT, rom bosnia da hercegovina miiCneva 3 etaturi eris (serbebi, xorvatebi da bos-
nielebi) gamaerTianebel saxelmwifod. am SemTxvevaSi teritoriuli mowyobis konkre-
tul formad federalizmi gamoyenebul iqna rogorc sxvadasxva eTnikuri jgufis er-
Tian saxelmwifoSi Tanacxovrebis efeqturi saSualeba. eTnikur umciresobebs miecaT
SesaZlebloba, srulad daicvan da ganaxorcielon TavianTi socialur-kulturuli
da politikuri uflebebi, erovnuli interesebi da farTo monawileoba miiRon erTia-
ni saxelmwifos mSeneblobaSi.34
bosnia da hercegovinis teritoriuli mowyobis forma SesaZloa ganvixiloT ro-
gorc bosniaSi mcxovrebi serbebis TviTgamorkvevis uflebis realizaciasa da bosni-
elebis survilze (erTiani bosnia da hercegovinis SenarCuneba) miRweuli kompromisi.
Sedegad, serbebma TavianTi politikuri, socialur-kulturuli uflebebisa da tra-
diciebis SenarCunebisa da ganviTarebisTvis erTian bosnia da hercegovinis saxelmwi-
fos SemadgenlobaSi Seqmnes federaciis subieqti – sparskis respublika.35
mniSvnelovania, rom bosnia da hercegovinaSi federaciuli saxelmwifos Seqmna
iyo is erTaderTi da aucilebeli gamosavali, romelsac SeeZlo, stimuli mieca da-
pirispirebuli mxareebisTvis, rom daedoT iaraRi da misxdomodnen molaparakebebis
magidas. federalizmi gaxda is ìaraRi~, romelmac SeZlo saomari moqmedebebis das-
ruleba. bosnia da hercegovinaSi saxelmwifo mowyobis am formam uzrunvelyo stabi-
luroba da simSvide; bosnielebis, xorvatebisa da serbebis interesebisa da uflebebis
gaTvaliswinebiT xeli Seuwyo erTiani saxelmwifos winsvlasa da ganviTarebas.36
32
Vol. 5, 2011, 602-603.
33
and Herzegovina, German Law Journal, Vol. 13, №01, 2012, 40.
34
Vol. 5, 2011, 606.
35
iqve, 33.
36
iqve, 608.
219
zogadad miCneulia, rom sxvadasxva eTnikuri an erovnuli jgufis mier TviTga-

morkvevis uflebis realizebisTvis sakmarisia federaciuli saxelmwifos Seqmna da
subieqtebisTvis farTo socialur-ekonomikuri da kulturuli uflebebis miniWeba,
garda im SemTxvevebisa, rodesac umciresoba erTian saxelmwifoSi ganicdis autanel,
gausaZlis Cagvras. mxolod am SemTxvevaSi TviTgamorkvevis uflebis realizacias Se-
saZloa Sedegad mohyves ara federaciis subieqtad, aramed damoukidebel saxelmwi-
fod Camoyalibebis moTxovna.37
damatebiT SeiZleba aRiniSnos, rom yvela etaturi eris interesebis gasaTvalis-
wineblad da dasacavad bosnia da hercegovinis kanonmdeblobiT dadgenilia Semdegi
pirobebi: bosnielebi, xorvatebi da serbebi Tanabrad arian warmodgenili saxelmwi-
fos sakanonmdeblo, aRmasrulebel da sasamarTlo xelisuflebis organoebSi; bosnia
da hercegovinis konstituciis gadasinjva dasaSvebia mxolod etatur erebs Soris
miRweuli SeTanxmebis safuZvelze; yvela zemoaRniSnuli erovnebis warmomadgeneli
Tanabrad monawileobs saxelmwifo politikis SemuSavebisa da ganxorcielebis pro-
cesSi; saxelmwifo serbebisTvis, xorvatebisa da bosnielebisTvis Tanabrad uzrun-
velyofs maTi erovnuli, religiuri, enobrivi da socialur-kulturuli TviTmyofa-
dobisa da tradiciebis SenarCunebas, dacvasa da ganviTarebas.38
Sesabamisad, daskvnis saxiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom deitonis samSvidobo SeTanxme-
bis gaformebidan dRemde federalizmi aRmoCnda saxelmwifos teritoriuli mowyo-
bis is warmatebuli modeli, romelmac realurad uzrunvelyo bosnia da hercegovi-
nis, rogorc damoukidebeli da suverenuli saxelmwifos, mSvidobiani arseboba.
2.2. belgiis samefo
gamaerTianebeli rolis sapirispirod federaciuli wyoba SeiZleba emsaxurebo-

des erTiani politikuri organizmis danawevrebasac, romelic federaluri wyobiT
daculi unda iqnes mTliani saboloo dezintegraciisgan. dRes bevr saxelmwifoSi po-
litikuri procesebis swored am niSniT mimdinareoba ganapirobebs maT federaliza-
cias. politikuri sibrZne gulisxmobs garkveuli federaluri elementebis danergvas
mkacrad unitarul saxelmwifoSic ki.39 amasve moiTxovs Tavad saxelmwifos erTiano-
bis interesebi. am principis ugulebelyofa danias daujda Slezvingiisa da golStinis
dakargvad, holandias – belgiis, ingliss – amerikuli koloniebis.
unitaruli saxelmwifos federalizaciis axali magaliTi gaxda belgia, sadac
qveynis federaciul sawyisebze mowyoba daiwyo jer kidev 1970 wlidan da dasrulda
1993 wels axali konstituciis miRebiT, romlis pirveli muxlis Tanaxmad, belgia gax-
da `federaciuli saxelmwifo, romelic Sedgeba erTobebisa da regionebisgan~.40
37
and Herzegovina, German Law Journal, Vvol. 13, №01, 2012, 39.
38
Vol. 5, 2011, 611.
39
gogiaSvili g., SedarebiTi federalizmi, Tb., 2000, 209.
40
Gerven V., Federalism in the US and Europe, Viena Online Journal on International Constitutional Law, Vol. 1,
2007, 11-12. aseve ix. Vos H.G, Orbie J., Schrijvers A., Belgium: Federal Engineering in the Heart of Europe,
Eastern Mediterranean University Press, Famagusta, 2008, 7.
220
belgiuri federalizmi SeiZleba CaiTvalos eTnikuri federalizmis erT-erT ni-

muSad. belgia mravalerovani saxelmwifoa, romlis niderlandurenovan CrdiloeTSi
cxovrobs mosaxleobis daaxloebiT 58%, frangulenovan arealSi – daaxloebiT 32%,
xolo mosaxleobis 9.5% – orenovan dedaqalaq briuselSi, sadac frangulenovani jgu-
fi qmnis mosaxleobis umravlesobas, aRmosavleT belgiaSi cxovrobs germanulenovani
belgielebis mcire jgufi (0.5%-ze cota meti).41
unitaruli wyobis Secvla belgiis samefoSi ganapiroba qveyanaSi mcxovreb or
uZveles ers – valonebsa da flamindielebs – Soris gamwvavebulma erovnulma sakiTx-
ebma. uTanxmoeba maT Soris daiwyo enobriv sakiTxebze da TandaTan mwvave erovnuli
xasiaTi mieca.42 Sesabamisad, xangrZlivi analizisa da sxvadasxva variantis ganxilvis
Semdeg, rogorc xalxis, ise xelisuflebis arCevani erovnuli sakiTxebis federalur
gadawyvetaze SeCerda.
belgiis teritoriuli reorganizacia ganxorcielda ramdenime etapad. 70-ian
wlebSi belgiaSi Camoyalibda oTxi enobrivi mxare: niderlandurenovani, frangule-
novani, germanulenovani da orenovani dedaqalaqi – briuseli. enobriv mxares, Ziri-
Tadad, hqonda kulturul-socialuri kompetencia. 1970 wlidan, valonielebis mon-
domebiT, belgiaSi Camoyalibda sami regioni: flamindiuri, valoniuri da dedaqalaqi
briuseli.43
belgia aseve dayofilia sam erTobad: niderlandurenovan, germanulenovan da
frangulenovan mxareebad. germanulenovan erTobas belgiaSi ar gaaCnia sakuTari re-
gioni, ramdenadac misi gansaxlebis areali moicavs valoniur regions. frangulenova-
ni sazogadoeba, Tavis mxriv, ar moicavs valoniis yvela mcxovrebs, magram aerTianebs
briuselis mosaxleobis umravlesobas. flamindiuri sazogadoeba moicavs flamindi-
is yvela mcxovrebs da, aseve, briuselis niderlandurenovan umciresobas.44
belgiaSi ganxorcielebuli saxelmwifo reformis Taviseburebad unda CaiTva-
los is, rom qveynis federalizaciis meSveobiT regionebs ara marto farTo uflebebi
mieniWaT, aramed kardinalurad Seicvala centraluri saxelmwifos politikuri nebis
formirebis procesic. am sistemis meSveobiT belgiam ramdenadme Searbila sxvadasxva
enobriv jgufs Soris arsebuli dapirispirebebi. belgiaSi Seqmnili situaciis unika-
luroba isaa, rom qveynis mosaxleobis frangulenovani umravlesoba cxovrobs fla-
mindiur teritoriaze mdebare qalaq briuselSi, maSin, roca mTeli qveynis masStabiT
niderlandurenovani jgufi Seadgens mosaxleobis umravlesobas.45
saxelmwifos federaluri mowyobiT belgiaSi Camoyalibda erTgvari pariteti
niderlandurenovan da frangulenovan jgufebs Soris, rogorc briuselSi, ise mTli-
41
xubua g., federalizmi rogorc normatiuli principi da politikuri wesrigi, Tb., 2000,
322-323.
42
gogiaSvili g., SedarebiTi federalizmi, Tb., 2000, 210.
43
Vos H., Orbie J., Schrijvers A., Belgium: Federal Engineering in the Heart of Europe, Eastern Mediterranean
University Press, Famagusta, 2008, 8.
44
324.
45
Arend L., Conflict and Coexistence in Belgium: the Dynamics of a Culturally Divided Society, Berkeley: Institute
of International Studies , University of California, Vol. 46, 1981, 54.
221
anad qveyanaSi. belgiis samefos teritoriuli dayofis sakmaod rTuli konstruqcia

teritoriuli da personaluri federalizmis elementebis sinTezia. zogierTi avto-
ri belgiur saxelmwifos ganmartavs rogorc erTaderT, unikalur SemTxvevas, sadac
erTmaneTTanaa Serwymuli decentralizaciis, regionalizmisa da konfederalizmis
elementebic ki.46 Tumca unda aRiniSnos, rom teritoriuli da personaluri federa-
lizmis kombinacia iyo erT-erTi yvelaze ufro misaRebi da xelsayreli saSualeba,
romelmac efeqturad uzrunvelyo flamindielebisa da valonebis cxovreba erTian
saxelmwifoSi.
samarTlebrivi TvalsazrisiT, belgiis saxelmwifos SemadgenlobaSi Semavali
subieqtebis federaciuli xasiaTi ganisazRvreba Semdegi arsebiTi niSnebiT: federa-
ciis subieqtebs miniWebuli aqvT konstituciuri avtonomia da konstituciis far-
glebSi damoukideblad gansazRvraven sakuTari politikuri organizaciis sakiTxebs.
qveynis regionebs aqvT Tavisi sakanonmdeblo da aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis or-
ganoebi sakuTari uflebamosilebebiTa da finansebiT.47 aRsaniSnavia isic, rom fla-
mindiis regionsa da frangulenovan erTobas hyavT saerTo mTavroba da parlamenti.
belgiis samefoSi Semaval erTobebsa da regionebs aqvT sakuTari dedaqalaqi, gerbi,
droSa da himni. belgiis kanonmdeblobiT gansazRvruli da gamijnulia federaluri
xelisuflebis, regionis xelisuflebisa da erTobis xelisuflebis kompetenciebi.48
belgiis federaciis subieqtebis monawileoba saerTosaxelmwifoebrivi nebis
formirebisa da ganxorcielebis procesSi uzrunvelyofilia belgiis parlamentis
orpalatiani struqturis meSveobiT. belgiis federaluri parlamenti Sedgeba depu-
tatTa palatisa da senatisagan. parlamentis wevrebi dayofilni arian holandiur da
frangul enobriv jgufebad, romlebic moqmedeben am ori didi jgufis erTobis in-
teresebis Sesabamisad.49 belgiis umaRlesi sakanonmdeblo organos formirebis wesi
iZleva federalur doneze gansxvavebuli lingvisturi jgufebis TanamSromlobis Se-
saZleblobas, rac uzrunvelyofs imis garantias, rom yvela federaluri sakiTxi bel-
giaSi gadawydeba ara erTpirovnulad, aramed urTierTSeTanxmebis safuZvelze. amis
naTeli magaliTia saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebisa da SeTanxmebebis ratifikaciis me-
qanizmi, romlis mixedviTac, xelSekruleba, rogorc wesi, ganxiluli da mowonebuli
unda iqnes rogorc belgiis federalur parlamentSi, aseve 5 subieqtis (flamindiis,
germanulenovani erTobis, briuselis, valoniisa da frangulenovani erTobis) saka-
nonmdeblo organoebSi.50
belgiis federaluri modeli gansakuTrebul yuradRebas imsaxurebs swored
imis gamo, rom marTvis federaluri sistemis meSveobiT am qveyanam SeZlo saxelmwifos
multieTnikuri da multikulturuli xasiaTidan gamomdinare problemebis ganeitra-
46
325.
47
belgiis konstituciis 165-e, 175-e da 176-e muxlebi.
48
Gerven V., Federalism in the US and Europe, Viena Online Journal on International Constitutional Law, Vol. 1,
2007, 12.
49
belgiis konstituciis 42-e da 43-e muxlebi.
50
Vos H., Orbie J., Schrijvers A., Belgium: Federal Engineering in the Heart of Europe, Eastern Mediterranean
University Press, Famagusta, 2008, 13.
222
leba da mogvareba. jer kidev 1992 wlidan Riad saubrobdnen belgiis, rogorc erTiani
saxelmwifos, daSlis sruliad realur perspeqtivebze, magram belgiis federaciul
saxelmwifod reorganizaciam mTlianad gamoacala niadagi separatistul tendenci-
ebs da Seqmna rogorc erovnebaTa Soris urTierTobis mowesrigebis, aseve qveynis sa-
erTo winsvlis warmatebuli meqanizmi.
2.3. eTiopia
1855 wlidan moyolebuli, eTiopiaSi eTnikur niadagze mwvave SeiaraRebuli kon-

fliqtebi mimdinareobda. sxvadasxva eTnikuri jgufi moiTxovda maTTvis TviTgamor-
kvevis uflebamosilebis miniWebas. es procesebi damTavrda 1994 wels, rodesac miRe-
bul iqna eTiopiis axali konstitucia. am aqtiT eTiopia gamocxadda federaciul da
demokratiul respublikad.51
sagulisxmoa is garemoeba, rom eTiopia mravaleTnikuri saxelmwifoa, sadac
dResdReobiT cxovrobs 80-amde eTnikuri jgufi. swored maT Soris dapirispirebebis
Tavidan acilebis aucileblobam ganapiroba is, rom eTnikuri niSniT Seiqmna federa-
ciis 9 subieqti da federaluri mniSvnelobis 2 qalaqi.
interess iwvevs is faqti, rom eTiopiis konstitucia federaciis subieqtebs ani-
Webs secesiis uflebas, Tumca mis gansaxorcieleblad rTul procedurul normebs
awesebs.52
cnobili mecnierebi – baogang hi da cegai regasa – eTiopiis magaliTis ganxil-
visas midian im daskvnamde, rom federalizmi, rogorc saxelmwifos teritoriul-po-
litikuri organizaciis forma, mniSvnelovani dadebiTi saSualebaa teritoriuli da
eTnikuri konfliqtebis gadaWris procesSi.
profesori baogang hi gamoTqvams mosazrebas, rom eTiopiis magaliTze federa-
lizmi SeiZleba CaiTvalos eTnikur safuZvelze warmoSobili konfliqtebis SeCere-
bisa da Semcirebis erT-erT wamatebul saSualebad.53 amave Sexedulebas iziarebs sa-
marTlis doqtori cegai regasa, romelic aRniSnavs, rom federalizmi miCneulia er-
TaderT efeqtur, saTanado da legitimur saSualebad eTnoerovnuli konfliqtebis
mogvarebis procesSi.54
baogang hi damatebiT aRniSnavs, rom dResdReobiT sul ufro meti qveyana is-
wrafvis federalizmisken. qveynis federalur sawyisebze mowyobis moTxovniT aqtiu-
rad gamodian, ZiriTadad, is saxelmwifoebi, sadac mimdinareobs eTnikuri da religiu-
ri umciresobebis winaaRmdegobriv-separatistuli moZraobebi da samoqalaqo omebi.55
51
Constitution of Ethiopia, Article 1, <http://www.africa.upenn.edu/Hornet/Ethiopian_Constitution.html>
[15.08.2015].
52
Constitution of Ethiopia, Article 39, <http://www.africa.upenn.edu/Hornet/Ethiopian_Constitution.html>,
[20.11.2015].
53
He B., The Federal Solutions to Ethnic Conflicts, Georgetown Journal of International Affairs, Vol. 7, №2, 2006,
29.
54
Regassa T., Learning To Live With Conflicts: Federalism as a Tool of Conflict Management in Ethiopia – An
Overview, Mizan Law Review, Vol.4, Issue 1, 2010, 54-55.
55
Baogang He, The Federal Solutions to Ethnic Conflicts, Georgetown Journal of International Affairs, Vol.7, №2,
2006, 30.
223
am sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT sakmaod saintereso mosazrebebs ayalibebs cegai regasac.

misi SexedulebiT, federalizmi mSvidobis mastimulirebeli saSualebaa. konfliqtis
mxareebs kargad esmiT, rom SeiaraRebuli dapirispirebiT SeTanxmebis miRweva Zalian
rTuli da metismetad xangrZlivi, amasTan mZime Sedegebis momtani, procesia. saxel-
mwifos federalur sawyisebze mowyobis mTavari damaxasiaTebeli niSani aris is, rom
igi mxareebs ubiZgebs, dadon iaraRi da gadawyvetileba miiRon mSvidobiani politi-
kur-diplomatiuri gzebiT. swored es roli Seasrula federalizmma eTiopiasTan mi-
marTebiT.56
sagulisxmoa, rom eTiopiis reintegracia, romelic miznad isaxavs saxelmwifo-
Si sxvadasxva jgufs Soris eTnikuri Tu religiuri cnobierebis amaRlebas, SesaZle-
belia ganxorcieldes mxolod federalizmis meSveobiT. federalizmis upiratesoba
efuZneba princips, romlis mixedviTac saxelmwifoSi xelisuflebis ganxorcieleba
gadanawilebulia centralur da federaciis subieqtis xelisuflebebs Soris. teri-
toriuli mowyobis es modeli qveynis SigniT dapirispirebul jgufebs saSualebas mis-
cems, ganaviTaron TavianTi TviTmyofadoba da socialur-kulturuli uflebebi.57
eTnikuri niSniT Seqmnil federalur wyobaze saintereso mosazrebas ayalibebs
politologi baogang hi. igi wers, rom am niSniT Seqmnili federaciuli saxelmwifoe-
bis (kanadis, belgiis, espaneTis) konstituciebi SesaZleblobas aZleven kompaqturad
mcxovreb eTnikur jgufebs, SedarebiT srulad ganaxorcielon TavianTi uflebe-
bi, maT Soris, TviTgamorkvevis uflebac da SeinarCunon TavianTi eTnonacionaluri
TviTmyofadoba.58
amasTan dakavSirebiT cegai regasa SeniSnavs, rom qveynis federaciuli mowyoba
eTiopiaSi xels uwyobs rogorc eTnikur umciresobaTa uflebebis dacvasa da maTi in-
teresebis gaTvaliswinebas, aseve adgilobrivi politikuri elitis Camoyalibebas.59
misaRebi da udavod gasaziarebelia zemoT CamoTvlili avtorebis mosazreba
imis Taobaze, rom federalur sawyisebze Seqmnil saxelmwifoSi eTnikuri umcireso-
bis warmomadgenlebi gacilebiT ukeT SeZleben sakuTari Tavis realizebas, vidre uni-
tarul an regionaluri teritoriuli organizaciis formis mqone qveynebSi.
udavoa, rom msgavsi mecnieruli mosazrebebi, romlebic calkeuli qveynebis
praqtikul gamocdilebasa da miReweul Sedegebs eyrdnoba, gasaTvaliswinebelia gan-
sakuTrebiT im saxelmwifoebisTvis, sadac jer kidev ar Camqrala konfliqturi kere-
bi, jer kidev irRveva adamianis uflebebi da Tavisuflebebi.
56
Regassa T., Learning to Live With Conflicts: Federalism as a Tool of Conflict Management in Ethiopia – An
Overview, Mizan Law Review, Vol.4, Issue 1, 2010, 75-76.
57
Mehretu A., Ethnic Federalism and its Potential to Dismember the Ethiopian State, Progress in Development
Studies, Vol. 12, Issue 2/3, 2012, 126-127.
58
He B., The Federal Solutions to Ethnic Conflicts, Georgetown Journal of International Affairs, Vol.7, №2, 2006,
32.
59
Regassa T., Learning to Live With Conflicts: Federalism as a Tool of Conflict Management in Ethiopia – An
Overview, Mizan Law Review, Vol. 4, Issue 1, 2010, 72.
224
3. daskvna
bosnia da hercegovinis, belgiis samefosa da eTiopiis magaliTebis ganxilvis Se-

degad gamoikveTa ramdenime mniSvnelovani debuleba: federalizmi, rogorc saxelmwi-
fos teritoriul-politikuri organizaciis forma, SesaZlebelia gamoyenebul iqnes
eTnokonfliqtebis mogvarebis efeqtur saSualebad. moyvanilma magaliTebma Tval-
naTliv dagvanaxva, rom eTnikur safuZvelze Seqmnili federaciuli saxelmwifo aris
erT-erTi saukeTeso meqanizmi eTnikuri umciresobebisTvis, raTa gacilebiT Tavi-
suflad da meti warmatebiT ganaviTaron TavianTi erovnuli da kulturuli TviTmyo-
fadoba. am gziT igi ramdenadme aneitralebs konfliqtur situaciebs da xels uwyobs
maTi mSvidobiani gziT mogvarebas, amave dros, icavs saxelmwifos erTianobasa da te-
ritoriul mTlianobas.
im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki eTnikur umciresobas aqvs SesaZlebloba, daicvas da ganavi-
Taros sakuTari identurobis ganmsazRvreli socialur-ekonomikuri da kulturuli
Rirebulebebi, maSin xalxTa TviTgamorkvevis ufleba SeiZleba realizdes umcireso-
bisTvis federaciis subieqtis statusis miniWebiT. Sesabamisad, xalxTa TviTgamorkve-
visa da federalizmis principebi ara Tu ewinaaRmdegebian, aramed avseben erTmaneTs.
Tumca saxelmwifo mowyobis es forma ar SeiZleba ganxilul iqnes zemoT dasaxelebu-
li problemebis saboloo gadaWris universalur gzad, Tundac im TvalsazrisiT, rom
teritoriuli mowyobis am formis SemoRebas Tanabrad dadebiTi Sedegebi ar moutania
federaciuli mowyobis yvela qveynisTvis.
amJamad arsebuli situaciis gaTvaliswinebiT, rodesac saqarTvelos xelisuf-
lebis iurisdiqcia ar vrceldeba qveynis mTel teritoriaze, gadaudeblad aucilebe-
lia qmediTi nabijebis gadadgma saqarTvelos teritoriul-saxelmwifoebrivi mowyo-
bis uzrunvelsayofad, ramac SesaZlebelia, mniSvnelovnad dadebiTi roli Seasrulos
qveynis gamTlianebis procesSi. afxazeTisa da yofili samxreT oseTis teritoriebis
kvlav qarTul sivrceSi integraciisTvis saWiroa, moxdes maTTvis iseTi statusis Se-
Tavazeba, romelic am teritoriebze mcxovreb mosaxleobas miscems usafrTxoebis, sa-
kuTari kulturis, enisa da TviTmyofadobis SenarCunebis saukeTeso SesaZleblobas
da maTi dacvis realur garantias. zemoT ganxiluli qveynebis magaliTi da is dadebi-
Ti Sedegebi, rac mogvca zogierTi saxelmwifos fedraciul sawyisebze mowyobam, gvaZ-
levs safuZvels, vivaraudoT, rom es forma qarTuli saxelmwifos sinamdvileSic ga-
amarTlebs da mogvcems qveynisTvis esoden saWiro da mniSvnelovan dadebiT Sedegebs.
225
lana canava*
Zalauflebis dabalansebis sakiTxi

naxevrad saprezidento respublikaSi
naxevrad saprezidento sistemis daarseba ukavSirdeba parlamentarizmis

racionalizaciis meore talRas. am SemTxvevaSi aRmasrulebeli xelisufle-
bis gaZlierebam kidev ufro farTo masStabebi SeiZina, vidre es bonis kon-
stituciis avtorebma ganaxorcieles. am sistemaSi calsaxad SeiniSneba saka-
nonmdeblo organos dasusteba aRamsrulebeli xelisuflebis gaZlierebis
xarjze, rac xelisuflebis danawilebisa da Zalauflebis dabalansebis kon-
teqstSi mniSvnelovan diskurss warmoSobs. winamdebare statiis mizania ze-
moaRniSnuli problemebis gaanalizeba, naxevrad saprezidento respublikis
Teoriuli da praqtikuli aspeqtebis Seswavla da Sefaseba.
sakvanZo sityvebi: naxevrad saprezidento respublikis mecnieruli daxa-

siaTeba, naxevrad saprezidento respublikebis klasifikacia, Zalauflebis
dabalanseba, Sida aRmasrulebeli konfliqti.
1. Sesavali
naxevrad saprezidento sistemis Seqmna ukavSirdeba parlamentarizmis racio-

nalizaciis meore talRas. am SemTxvevaSi aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis gaZlierebam
kidev ufro farTo masStabebi SeiZina, vidre es bonis konstituciis avtorebma gana-
xorcieles. aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis gaZliereba arsad ise mkafiod ar asaxula,
rogorc safrangeTis 1958 wlis konstituciaSi.1 am konstituciam marTlac Secvala
safrangeTSi arsebuli arastabiluri politikuri viTareba, ris Semdegac igi araerTi
qveynisTvis samodelo dokumenti gaxda.
naxevrad saprezidento sistemis pirveli mecnieruli daxasiaTeba ekuTvnis
frang mecnier diuverJes. diuverJem daamkvidra naxevrad saprezidento respublikis
cneba da manve iwinaswarmetyvela axali politikuri sistemis gamoCena, romelic domi-
nanti konstituciuri forma iqneboda axali demokratiebisTvis.2 marTlac, mmarTve-
lobis naxevrad saprezidento forma gansakuTrebiT aqtualuri gaxda me-20 saukunis
90-iani wlebis Semdeg postkomunistur qveynebsa da afrikaSi. specialistebi aRniSna-
ven, rom axali demokratiis qveynebSi, romelTaTvisac damaxasiaTebelia politikuri
*
1
Saio a., xelisuflebis TviTSezRudva, konstitucionalizmis Sesavali, m. maisuraZis
Targmani, T. niniZis redaqtorobiT, Tb., 2003, 123.
2
Shugart M., Semi-presidential Systems: Dual Executive and Mixed Authority Patterns, 344, <http://www.
palgrave-journals.com/fp/journal/v3/n3/full/8200087a.html>, [15.07.2014].
226
lana caava, Zalauflebis dabalansebis sakiTxi naxevrad saprezidento respublikaSi
da ekonomikuri gardamavali periodi, aramyari saarCevno da partiuli sistema, gan-

sakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani xdeba moqnili naxevrad saprezidento sistemis Semotana.3
naxevrad saprezidento sistemaSi mTavrobis dabalansebis mizniT Seqmnilia para-
leluri aRmasrulebeli struqtura – prezidentis saxiT.4 konstituciuri wyoba, ro-
melic Zalauflebis mraval centrs qmnis da xels uSlis reJimis personalizacias, le-
gitimurobis dacvis ufro xelsayrel safuZvels qmnis.5 Tumca naxevrad saprezidento
sistema sxvadasxva models aerTianebs, romelTagan zogierTi sistemis funqcionire-
bis uaryofiTi SedegiT aWarbebs saprezidento da saparlamento mmarTvelobis for-
mebSi arsebul negatiur maxasiaTeblebs. specialistTa umravlesobis mier naxevrad
saprezidento sistemis ZiriTad naklovanebad ormagi aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis
SigniT SesaZlo konfliqti ganixileba. aseve, am sistemaSi calsaxad SeiniSneba sakanon-
mdeblo organos dasusteba aRamsrulebeli xelisuflebis gaZlierebis xarjze, rac
xelisuflebis danawilebisa da Zalauflebis dabalansebis konteqstSi mniSvnelovan
diskurss warmoSobs. amasTan, problemuria diuverJes mier Seqmnili naxevrad saprezi-
dento respublikis standartuli formula. problemas qmnis erT-erTi kriteriumis,
`sakmaod mniSvnelovani kompetenciis~, naTeli definiciis ararseboba, ris gamoc sxva-
dasxva tipis saxelmwifo erT kategoriaSi iyris Tavs.
winamdebare statiis mizania zemoaRniSnuli problemebis gaanalizeba, naxevrad
saprezidento respublikis Teoriuli da praqtikuli aspeqtebis Seswavla da Sefaseba.
statiaSi ganxilulia am sistemis Teoriuli daxasiaTebebi, aseve, sistemuri analizis
gziT mocemulia naxevrad saprezidento qveynebis kategorizacia da gamoyofilia ma-
Ti saerTo maxasiaTeblebi. ganxilulia naxevrad saprezidento respublikis sxvadas-
xva modelis dadebiTi da uaryofiTi tendenciebi, Zalauflebis dabalansebis proble-
ma da am problemis sxvadasxvagvari gadawyveta TiToeul maTganSi. yuradReba eTmoba
centraluri da aRmosavleTi evropis qveynebis praqtikas, rac ganpirobebulia imiT,
rom saqarTveloSi dRes moqmedi konstituciuri sistema axlosaa aRniSnul qveyneb-
Si xelisuflebis Stoebs Soris arsebul konfiguraciasTan. Sesabamisad, am qveynebis
praqtikis Seswavla aqtualuria qarTuli samarTlebrivi sivrcisTvis.
2. istoriuli mimoxilva
safrangeTis mexuTe respublikam de golis meTaurobiT saprezidento da sapar-

lamento sistemebis uaryofiTi mxareebis aRmofxvris, gansakuTrebiT ki, saparlamen-
to krizisebis daZlevisa da stabiluri mTavrobis Seqmnis mizniT, Camoayaliba Sere-
3
nakaSiZe m., xelisuflebis ganStoebebTan prezidentis urTierTobaTa Taviseburebani
mmarTvelobis naxevrad saprezidento sistemebSi (azerbaijanis respublikis, saqar-
Tvelosa da somxeTis respublikebis magaliTebze), 17, ix. <http://www.tsu.edu.ge/data/file_db/
faculty-law-public/Malkhaz%20Nakashidze.pdf> [15.05.2015].
4
Krupavicius A., Semi-Presidentialism in Lithuania: origins, Development and Challenges, Semi-presidentialism
in Central and Eastern Europe, edited by Elgie R., Moestrup S., 2008, 83.
5
fiSi s., saqarTvelos konstituciuri ganviTareba SedarebiTi analizis rakursSi, babeki
v., fiSi s., raihenbeheri c., konstituciis gadasinjva – saqarTvelos gza evropisken, a.
demetraSvilis winaTqmiT, Tb., 2012, 66, ix. <www.giz.de/law-caucasus>
227
uli respublika, romelic aerTianebs saprezidento da saparlamento respublikebis

niSan-Tvisebebs. saxelwodeba `naxevrad saprezidento~ ar miuTiTebs prezidentis sa-
Sualo mdgomareobaze saparlamento da saprezidento respublikebs Soris, piriqiT,
prezidenti saxelmwifos marTvis yvela sferoSi flobs did uflebamosilebas. de
golma mmarTvelobis am formaSi gaaerTiana franguli bonapartizmis, amerikuli pre-
zidencializmi da britanuli Zlieri premier-ministris koncefciebi6.
1870 wlidan 1958 wlamde safrangeTs hyavda demokratiuli da sicocxlisunaria-
ni, magram arastabiluri, mTavroba. uamrav partias SeeZlo mTavrobis Seqmna, romelic
martivad icvleboda, roca mTavroba krizisTan gamklavebas veRar axerxebda. alJiris
omis 1940-1944 da 1954-1958 wlebma yvela daarwmuna, rom saWiro iyo Zlieri aRmasru-
lebeli xelisufleba, krizisul situaciebSi saxelmwifos uwyvetobis uzrunvelsayo-
fad. politikur krizisebTan gamklaveba, samTavrobo vakuumis warmoSobis gareSe, iyo
golisturi konstituciis Semqmnelebis ZiriTadi miswrafeba.7
Sedegad, 1789 wlis revoluciis Semdeg pirvelad xdeba, rom safrangeTSi aRar
davoben imis Sesaxeb, Tu romeli politikuri institutebi ergeba ukeT frangul sazo-
gadoebas. mTavrobebi aRar icvlebian sazogadoebis politikur-instituciuri cvli-
lebebis dapirebebiT. rogorc memarjveneebis, ise memarcxeneebis mier erTxmad aRia-
rebulia, rom 1958 wlis konstituciam moitana politikuri stabiluroba, rac ase ak-
lda mesame da meoTxe respublikebs. safrangeTSi imasac ki amtkicebdnen, rom 1789 wels
dawyebuli franguli revolucia sabolood dasrulda, rom orsaukunovanma brZolam
da sicocxlisunariani instituciuri mowyobis Ziebam kulminacias miaRwia.8 Sedegad,
`dRes yvela golistia~, radgan 1958 wlis konstituciiT damkvidrebuli institutebis
kritika misaRebi araa.9
1958 wlis konstituciis mTavarma avtorma, miSel debrem, konstituciis ZiriTadi
principebi Semdegnairad aRwera: aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis stabilurobisa da Za-
lauflebisTvis me gamoviyene respublikuri monarqis idea. amave dros, saWiro iyo nam-
dvili saparlamento sistema, sadac kabineti warmarTavs mTavrobis saqmianobas da ase-
ve funqcionirebs organizebuli parlamenti, romlis neba-survilic uzenaesi araa.10
3. naxevrad saprezidento sistemis originaluri,

franguli koncefcia
mmarTvelobis frangul modelSi saxezea prezidentis primati. masSi Tavmoyri-

lia saprezidento da saparlamento respublikebis prezidentebisTvis damaxasiaTe-
6
eremaZe q., sakanonmdeblo da aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis urTierTdamokidebuleba
Sereuli mmarTvelobis mqone respublikaSi (safrangeTis magaliTze), Jurn. àdamiani da
konstitucia~, №4, 2002, 36.
7
Suleiman E., Presidentialism and Political Stability in France, The Failure of Presidential Democracy, Vol. 1,
Edited by Linz J. and Valenzuela A., Baltimore and London, 1994, 138.
8
iqve, 139-140.
9
iqve, 140.
10
iqve, 143.
228
beli uflebamosilebebi. prezidenti aris ara mxolod saxelmwifos meTauri, aramed

aRWurvilia farTo aRmasrulebeli uflebamosilebebiTac. aRmasrulebeli xelisuf-
lebis erT nawils prezidenti warmoadgens. is sistemis qvakuTxedia da parlamentze
damokidebuli araa. premier-ministri da mTavroba, aseve aRmasrulebeli xelisufle-
bis nawilia, magram, prezidentisgan gansxvavebiT, misi Zalaufleba parlaments emyare-
ba, rac mTlianobaSi qmnis unikalur sistemas, warmoSobs bicefalur, orTavian aRmas-
rulebel xelisuflebas.11 sxva qveynebis gansakuTrebul yuradRebas swored es ormagi
aRmasrulebeli sistema ipyrobs. de golis gancxadebiT, mTavrobis Sto unda gaiyos da
ara gaerTiandes. amasTan, ar unda momdinareobdes erTi wyarodan. aseT bicefalur aR-
masrulebel xelisuflebaSi prezidenti Tavisufalia pasuxismgeblobisgan, mTavroba
ki Tavisi saqmianobisTvis politikurad pasuxs agebs. prezidentis ùpasuxismgebloba~
parlamentis winaSe uzrunvelyofs aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis primats partiebsa
da sakanonmdeblo organoze.12
politikuri struqturis saTaveSi prezidenti dgas. is arCeulia saxalxo kenWis-
yriT da aqvs premier-ministris dasaxelebis konstituciuri ufleba, premier-minis-
tris rekomendaciiT ki ministrebisa. prezidenti pasuxismgebelia aRmasrulebeli xe-
lisuflebisa da saxelmwifos uwyvetobaze, Sesabamisad, logikurad aRWurvilia asam-
bleis daSlis, referendumis gziT parlamentisTvis gverdis avlis uflebiT.13
naxevrad saprezidento da saparlamento sistemebs Soris mTavari gansxvaveba
isaa, rom saparlamento sistemaSi prezidenti ar miekuTvneba aRmasrulebel xeli-
suflebas. misi funqciebi ceremonialuria. is saxelmwifos meTauria da warmoadgens
qveyanas saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi. naxevrad saprezidento sistemaSi ki, rogorc
saxelmwifos meTaurs, prezidents aqvs rigi simboluri da sakadro uflebamosile-
bebisa, rogorebicaa: Sewyaleba da maRali rangis sajaro mosamsaxureTa da samxedro
pirTa daniSvna, aseve elCebis miReba da misiebis daniSvna sazRvargareT. saparlamento
sistemis saxelmwifos meTaurisgan gansxvavebiT, safrangeTis prezidenti aseve flobs
uflebamosilebebs, romelic aRmasrulebel xelisuflebaze pirdapir zegavlenas ax-
dens, maT Soris: uflebamosilia, daasaxelos premier-ministri, premier-ministris
rekomendaciiT ki ministrebi, kanonproeqti parlamentSi xelaxali ganxilvisTvis da-
abrunos, daSalos parlamenti. saprezidento sistemisgan ki gansxvavdeba imiT, rom
saprezidento respublikis prezidenti aris erTaderTi aRmasrulebeli xelisufali
da ar iqmneba ormagi aRmasrulebeli struqtura. saprezidento respublikebSi prezi-
denti aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis erTpirovnuli meTaurobis safasurs ixdis imiT,
rom mas ar SeuZlia sakanonmdeblo organos daSla.14
11
Sedelius T., The Tug-of-War between Presidents and Prime Ministers, Semi-Presidentialism in Central and
Eastern Europe, 2006, 43, <http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:136841/FULLTEXT01.pdf >, [04. 01.
2015].
12
13
iqve, 143-144.
14
Eastern Europe, 2006, 31-42, <http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:136841/FULLTEXT01.pdf >, [04.
01. 2015].
229
konstituciis normebidan ikiTxeba, rom premier-ministri aris piri, romelic yo-

veldRiuri politikis ganxorcielebazea pasuxismgebeli da politikuri gadawyveti-
lebebis miRebis centrSi dgas, Tumca prezidenti xSirad dominirebs da de faqto poli-
tikuri lideria. premier-ministri aris centraluri figura, magram daqvemdebarebu-
li. franguli prezidentizmi sargeblobs im molodinebiTa da prestiJiT, romelic am
Tanamdebobas Seuqmna de golis politikurma liderobam. naxevrad saprezidento sis-
tema hgavs monarqiebSi `mefobasa~ da `marTvas~ Soris arsebul Zvel gamijvnas. prezi-
dentebi xSirad gansazRvraven politikas, magram premier-ministrma unda ganaxorcie-
los am politikuri ideebis sakanonmdeblo iniciativebad gadaqceva. safrangeTSi upi-
rates Zalauflebas flobs prezidenti, premier-ministri ki damxmare rols asrulebs.
zogierT qveyanaSi, sadac franguli koncefcia iqna gamoyenebuli, premier-ministri
SedarebiT damoukidebelia prezidentisgan – miuxedavad imisa, rom prezidenti asru-
lebs mniSvnelovan funqciebs, misi kontroli premierze SezRudulia. zogierTSi ki
premieri damokidebulia prezidentzec da sakanonmdeblo organoze.15
am sistemaSi prezidenti dominant rols asrulebs, Tu mas asambleis mxardaWe-
ra aqvs. aRmasrulebel xelisuflebas axorcielebs prezidenti, magram parlamentis
winaSe pasuxismgebelia mTavroba. premieri krizisul SemTxvevaSi asrulebs damcavi
`faris~ rols, romelic prezidents politikuri dartymebisgan icavs. Tu aRmasrule-
beli xelisuflebis ekonomikurma politikam marcxi ganicada, prezidents SeuZlia,
premier-ministri msxverplad Seswiros parlaments.16
1958 wlis konstituciis teqsti uSvebs saxalxo legitimaciis mqone ori kon-
kurenti xelisuflebis – prezidentisa da parlamentis – arsebobas.17 rogorc de gol-
ma ganacxada Tavis cnobil manifestSi, erTi asamblea aucileblad ar gulisxmobs mis
SorsmWvretelobas, amitom aucilebelia, arsebobdes meore asamblea, gansxvavebuli
gziT arCeuli da formirebuli.18
aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis gaZlierebis paralelurad SeizRuda parlamen-
tis kompetenciebi. kanonmdebels CamoerTva Tavisi sakanonmdeblo uflebamosilebe-
bis nawili, Tavdayira dadga undoblobis instituti da parlamentisa da mTavrobis
urTierToba. safrangeTis konstitucia mTavrobis pasuxismgeblobis klasikuri mo-
delidan gadaxvevis naTeli magaliTia. konstituciis cnobili 49-e muxlis Tanaxmad,
ndobis sakiTxi SeiZleba konkretul kanonproeqtebs daukavSirdes. kanonproeqti, im
SemTxvevis garda, Tu mas parlamentis wevrTa 10 % uaryofs, kanonad kenWisyris gare-
Sec cxaddeba. kenWisyra 48 saaTis ganmavlobaSi unda Catardes, undoblobis votumTan
dakavSirebuli kenWisyris dros TavSekavebulTa raodenoba ar iTvleba. mas absolu-
turi umravlesoba sWirdeba.19
15
O’Neil P., Essentials of Comparative Politics, New York, London, 2013,143-144.
16
iqve, 53.
17
18
Gaulle C.D., The Bayeux Manifesto, The Failure of Presidential Democracy, Vol. 1, Edited by Linz J. and
Valenzuela A., Baltimore and London, 1994, 140.
19
230
amgvari modeli arsebobda vaimaris respublikaSi. germaniis vaimaris 1919-1933

wlebis konstitucia samarTlianad miiCneva naxevrad saprezidento respublikis pir-
vel konfiguraciad.20aseTi sistemis Seqmnis Sesaxeb pirveli dasabuTeba ekuTvnis maqs
vebers. veberis azriT, kabineti umjobesia, parlamentma airCios da manve akontrolos,
xolo pirdapiri wesiT arCeuli prezidenti aRmasrulebel xelisuflebas ganaxorci-
elebs parlamentisgan damoukideblad, referendumebze dayrdnobiT. aseTi lideri
xalxis mier mowonebul politikas uSualod ganaxorcielebs.21 vaimaris konstituciis
avtori hugo preusi veberis koncefcias daeyrdno, Tumca mcireodeni gansxvavebuli
aqcentebiT. vaimaris germaniaSi prezidents hqonda ufleba, daeSala raixstagi da uf-
leba, daeniSna kancleri. prezidents SeZlo, gverdi aevlo parlamentisTvis da daeniS-
na referendumi. dRevandeli ormagi aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis sistema Zlier ar
gansxvavdeba vaimaris germaniaSi formulirebuli konstruqciisgan.22
4. naxevrad saprezidento sistemis mecnieruli daxasiaTeba da

misi klasifikacia
naxevrad saprezidento sistema literaturaSi aRwerilia sxvadasxva saxeliT:

bipolaruli aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba, dayofili aRmasrulebeli xelisuf-
leba, parlamentarizebuli saprezidento sistema, kvazisaparlamento da naxevrad
saprezidento mTavroba, rac ukanaskneli Sugartisa da keris mier gansazRvrulia ro-
gorc premieri prezidentTan erTad sistema. es aRwera ukve miuTiTebs, ramdenad gan-
sxvavebuli SeiZleba iyos es sistemebi rogorc TeoriaSi, ise praqtikaSi.23
4.1. diuverJeseuli definicia
naxevrad saprezidento respublikis sakiTxi mecnierulad pirvelad frangma

mecnierma diuverJem daamuSava. man pirvelma gamoiyena es termini Tavis wignSi 1970-ian
wlebSi. 1980 wels statiaSi gamoyenebuli definicia ki gaxda naxevrad saprezidento
respublikis standartuli formula.24 diuverJes mixedviT, naxevrad saprezidento
respublika xasiaTdeba sami niSniT: a) prezidenti arCeulia xalxis mier; b) prezidents
aqvs mniSvnelovani Zalaufleba; g) aseve arsebobs premier-ministri da kabineti, ro-
melic parlamentis umravlesobis ndobas saWiroebs.25 diuverJes koncefcia sakmaod
20
Sartori G., Comparative Constitutional Engineering, An Inquiry into Structures, Incentives and Outcomes,
second edition, New York, 1997, 125.
21
22
Linz J., Presidential or Parliamentary Democracy: Does It Make a Difference? The Failure of Presidential
Democracy, Vol. 1, Edited by Linz J. and Valenzuela A.,Baltimore and London, 1994, 48-49.
23
iqve, 48.
24
Eastern Europe, 2006, 33, ix. <http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:136841/FULLTEXT01.pdf>, [04.
01. 2015].
25
231
problemuria, gansakuTrebiT ki, prezidentis `mniSvnelovani Zalauflebis~ kriteri-

umi. problematuria, Tu ra saxis kompetencia SeiZleba miCneul iqnes `mniSvnelovnad~.
miiCneva, rom `mniSvnelovani~ kompetencia arsebobs, Tu prezidenti flobs erT-erTs
am uflebamosilebaTagan: parlamentis daTxovna, vetos dadeba, mTavrobis daniSvna. im
SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu prezidents ar aqvs kabinetis formirebis diskrecia an parlamen-
tis daSlis uflebamosileba, prezidentis Zalaufleba SeiZleba CaiTvalos `sakmaod
mniSvnelovnad~, diuverJes koncefciiT, Tu parlamentis mier miRebul kanonze prezi-
dents SeuZlia veto daados. aseTi Zalaufleba gansakuTrebulad mniSvnelovania, Tu
vetos dasaZlevad saWiroa kvalificiuri umravlesoba. roca mTavroba ver axerxebs
Tavisi kanonproeqtis gatanas, es mas aiZulebs prezidentTan molaparakebas. 26
diuverJes am kriteriumebis mixedviT, sruliad gansxvavebuli sistemebi SesaZ-
loa dajgufdes rogorc naxevrad saprezidento mmarTvelobis forma. prezidentis
kompetenciebis mixedviT, Tavad diuverJe naxevrad saprezidento sistemis ramdenime
tips gamoyofs: 1. sistema `simboluri prezidentiT~ (avstria, irlandia da islandia);
2. sistema `sruli Zalauflebis mqone prezidentiT“ (safrangeTi); 3. sistema preziden-
tisa da mTavrobis balansiT (vaimaris germania, fineTi da portugalia).27
diuverJem naxevrad saprezidentod miiCnia: avstria, fineTi, safrangeTi, islan-
dia, irlandia da portugalia, miuxedavad imisa, rom avstrias, islandiasa da irlandi-
as simboluri prezidentebi hyavs. araerTi mkvlevari davobs imis Sesaxeb, rom es qvey-
nebi ar unda iqnes naxevrad saprezidentoTa siaSi CarTuli. stefani da skaCi naxevrad
saprezidentod mxolod safrangeTsa da portugalias miiCneven, xolo avstrias, is-
landiasa da irlandias miakuTvneben saparlamentos, ramdenadac maT hyavT pirdapiri
wesiT arCeuli, magram susti prezidentebi.28
4.2. Sugartisa da keris klasifikacia
diuverJeseuli Tavdapirveli originaluri definicia ganavrces da qvekatego-

riebi gamoyves profesorebma: Sugartma da kerim. Tanamedrove samecniero litera-
turaSi naxevrad saprezidento sistemis qveynebis klasifikaciisaTvis yvelaze metad
Sugartisa da keris mier warmodgenili kriteriumebi gamoiyeneba. isini gamoyofdnen
naxevrad saprezidento sistemis or tips: premieri prezidentTan erTad da sapre-
zidento-saparlamentos. Sugartisa da kerisaTvis premieri prezidentTan erTad da
saprezidento-saparlamentos Soris mTavari gansxvaveba isaa, rom premieri preziden-
tTan erTad sistemaSi prezidents aqvs mTavrobis formirebaSi garkveuli roli, mag-
26
27
faculty-law-public/Malkhaz%20Nakashidze.pdf>, [15.07.2014].
28
Elgie R., A Fresh Look at Semipresidentialism Variations on a Theme, 99-100, <http://www.stevendroper.com/
elgie.pdf>, [20.05.2015].
232
ram premier-ministri da kabineti eqskluziurad saparlamento umravlesobis winaSea

angariSvaldebuli (anu mTavrobis gadayenebis uflebamosilebas flobs parlamenti
da ara prezidenti), maSin, rodesac saprezidento-saparlamentoSi premier-ministri
da kabineti ormagad prezidentisa da saparlamento umravlesobis winaSea pasuxismge-
beli (prezidentsac da parlamentsac aqvs mTavrobis gadayenebis uflebamosileba).29
saparlamento sistemaSi sakanonmdeblo organo irCevs da Tavadve gadaayenebs
kabinets. saprezidento sistemaSi prezidenti irCevs da prezidentive gadaayenebs ka-
binets. naxevrad saprezidento sistemaSi ki instituti, romelic irCevs mTavrobas,
araa is instituti, romelic gadaayenebs mas. premieri prezidentTan erTad sistema-
Si prezidenti irCevs premier-ministrs, magram kabinetis daTxovnis uflebamosileba
mxolod kanonmdeblis xelSia. is faqti, rom prezidenti ver uzrunvelyofs TavisTvis
sasurveli kabinetis SenarCunebas, zRudavs prezidentis realur Zalauflebas pre-
mier-ministris arCevisas. daniSvnis Semdeg kabineti eqvemdebareba parlaments da ara
prezidents. magram praqtikaSi kabineti eqvemdebareba prezidents, rodesac preziden-
ti da parlamentis umravlesoba erTsa da imave partias ganekuTvneba. saprezidento-
saparlamento sistemaSi prezidenti irCevs kabinets da aseve flobs misi gadayenebis
uflebamosilebas. saprezidento-saparlamento sistemaSi kabineti pasuxismgebelia
rogorc prezidentis, ise parlamentis mimarT.30
premieri prezidentTan erTad sistema saxezea, rodesac: 1) prezidenti arCeulia
xalxis mier; 2) prezidents aqvs mniSvnelovani kompetenciebi; 3) premier-ministri da
kabineti damokidebulia saparlamento ndobaze; saprezidento-saparlamento sistema
saxezea, rodesac: 1) prezidenti arCeulia xalxis mier; 2) prezidenti niSnavs da aTavi-
suflebs premier-ministrs da kabinetis wevrebs; 3) premier-ministri da kabinetis wev-
rebi eqvemdebarebian ormag saparlamento da saprezidento ndobas; 4) prezidents Cve-
ulebisamebr aqvs garkveuli sakanonmdeblo uflebamosilebebi da parlamentis daTx-
ovnis ufleba.31
saprezidento-saparlamento wyobaSi prezidentebs aqvT ufro Zlieri pozicia,
vidre premieri prezidentTan erTad sistemebSi. termini `premieri prezidentTan er-
Tad~ miuTiTebs premieris uzenaesobaze, xolo termini `saprezidento-saparlamento~
prezidentis uzenaesobaze.32
aRsaniSnavia, rom Tanamedrove samecniero literaturaSi naxevrad saprezidento
sistemis klasifikaciisaTvis yvelaze metad Sugartisa da keris kriteriumebi gamoi-
29
iElgie R., A Fresh Look at Semipresidentialism Variations on a Theme, 22-24, <http://www.stevendroper.com/
elgie.pdf>, [20.05.2015].
30
Shugart M., Semi-presidential Systems: Dual Executive and Mixed Authority Patterns, 333-340, <http://www.
31
Sedelius T.,The Tug-of-War between Presidents and Prime Ministers, Semi-Presidentialism in Central and
2015].
32
Sedelius T., The Tug-of-War betweenPresidents and Prime Ministers, Semi-Presidentialism in Central and
2015].
233
yeneba. Sesabamisad, literaturaSi naxevrad saprezidento sistemis qveynebs or Ziri-

Tad saxed yofen: premieri prezidentTan erTad da saprezidento-saparlamento.33
4.3. sartoris koncefcia
diuverJes definicias aseve ar eTanxmeba sartori. is naxevrad saprezidento

respublikas Semdegnairad axasiaTebs:
`dRes arsebuli naxevrad saprezidento sistemebi SeiZleba ase aRiweros:
a) saxelmwifos meTauri arCeulia xalxis mier – pirdapir an arapirdapir – gan-
sazRvruli vadiT;
b) saxelmwifos meTauri iziarebs aRmasrulebel xelisuflebas premier-minis-
trTan erTad, Sesabamisad iqmneba ormagi aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba, romelic gani-
sazRvreba Semdegi sami maxasiaTebliT:
a) prezidenti damoukidebelia parlamentisgan, magram is uflebamosili araa, aR-
masrulebeli xelisufleba marto an pirdapir marTos, amitom misi neba mTavrobis meS-
veobiT unda ganxorcieldes.
b) premier-ministri da misi kabineti prezidentisgan damoukidebelia, magram
damokidebulia parlamentze: is aris saparlamento ndobis an undoblobis sagani, ne-
bismier SemTxvevaSi sWirdeba saparlamento umravlesobis mxardaWera.
g) naxevrad saprezidento sistemis ormagi aRmasrulebeli sistema aRmasrule-
bel xelisuflebaSi sxvadasxva balansis damyarebisa da Zalauflebis upiratesobis
monacvleobis saSualebas iZleva.~34
sartori miiCnevs, rom magaliTebis SecdomiT CarTva garduvalad amaxinjebs am
modelis gagebas. misi azriT, avstriisa da islandiis prezidentebi Zlieria mxolod
qaRaldze, cocxali konstitucia ki maT rols amcirebs; naxevrad saprezidento sis-
tema ki ukeTesia, vidre sxva, Tumca tovebs gadauWrel problemebs. igi garkveulwilad
myife sistemaa. gayofili umravlesobis problema ar qreba, miuxedavad imisa, rom aq is
naklebi xarisxiTaa, vidre saprezidento respublikaSi.35
4.4. eljis klasifikacia
robert eljis miaCnia, rom problemas qmnis `sakmaod mniSvnelovani kompetenci-

is~ naTeli definiciis ararseboba. misi azriT, am elementis mkacri gansazRvris Sem-
TxvevaSi, naxevrad saprezidentod mxolod Zlieri prezidentebis mqone qveynebi unda
iqnes miCneuli, Sesabamisad, naxevrad saprezidento respublikis maxasiaTeblad Sida
33
34
second edition, New York, 1997,131-132.
35
iqve, 125-137.
234
aRmasrulebeli konfliqti unda iqnes miiCneuli. xolo naklebad mkacri definiciis

SemTxvevaSi, sadac avstria, islandia da irlandiac am modelSi gaerTiandeba, Sida kon-
fliqti aucilebeli maxasiaTebeli araa.36
elji miiCnevs, rom gamosavalia meore kriteriumis amoReba da definiciis marti-
vad Camoyalibeba, kerZod, pirdapiri wesiT arCeuli prezidenti da premier-ministri,
romelic pasuxismgebelia sakanonmdeblo organos winaSe. am definiciiT msoflioSi 55
qveyana SeiZleba miCneul iqnes naxevrad saprezidento sistemad.37
Tavad elji naxevrad saprezidento sistemaSi gamoyofs sam qvetips: metad prezi-
dencializebul, ceremoniul da dabalansebul sistemebs. metad prezidencializebul
naxevrad saprezidento sistemaSi, sadac `gamarjvebuls miaqvs yvelaferi“, warmoiSo-
ba maRali xarisxiT personalizebuli sistema. eljis azriT, es mdgomareoba sazianoa
demokratiisaTvis. rekomendebulia, ganviTarebadma qveynebma Tavidan aicilon am sis-
temis miReba. eljis mosazrebiT, bevr yofil sabWoTa qveyanaSi, rogorebicaa: somxeTi,
azerbaijani, yazaxeTi, tajikeTi da uzbekeTi, maRali xarisxiT prezidentizebuli na-
xevrad saprezidento sistemaa damkvidrebuli.38
eljis klasifikaciiT, meore qvetipi – naxevrad saprezidento sistema ceremo-
nialuri prezidentiT – funqcionirebs, rogorc saparlamento sistema. prezidents
mcire konstituciuri uflebamosilebebi aqvs da ufro metad simboluri meTauria,
vidre gadawyvetilebis mimRebi aqtiuri piri. realuri xelisufleba premier-minis-
tris xelSia. politikuri praqtika am sistemis qveynebSi saparlamento qveynebis praq-
tikis msgavsia, rogorc es germaniasa da saberZneTSia.39
eljis ganmartebiT, dabalansebuli naxevrad saprezidento sistema Zalian oraz-
rovania. igi am sistemas miakuTvnebs bulgareTs, xorvatias, fineTs, litvas, poloneTs,
safrangeTs. naxevrad saprezidento respublikis kritika ukavSirdeba am balansire-
bul models, aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis sakuTari Tavis winaaRmdeg dayofas. el-
jis mixedviT, swored am modelzea lincis kritika gamoTqmuli. linci acxadebs, rom
naxevrad saprezidento sistema asocirdeba politikanobasa da intrigasTan, romel-
mac SeiZleba Seayovnos gadawyvetilebis miReba da warmoSvas winaaRmdegobrivi poli-
tika, prezidentsa da premier-ministrs Soris arsebuli dapirispirebis gamo. stefa-
ni da skaCi aseve acxadeben, rom naxevrad saprezidento Tavis TavSi atarebs Cixsa da
konfliqts ormag aRmasrulebel xelisuflebaSi. es problemebi SeiZleba warmoiqmnas
maSinac, rodesac prezidenti da premier-ministri erTi partiidan arian, kohabitacia
ki kidev ufro amwvavebs situacias. yvela am sistemaSi xSiria `Tanacxovrebis~ periodi.
poloneTSi prezident lex valensasa da premier-ministrs Soris mudmivad brZola mim-
dinareobda. safrangeTSi 2000 wlis konstituciuri reformis Sedegad prezidentis
vada Seikveca 5 wlamde, raTa prezidentisa da parlamentis saarCevno vadebis damTxve-
viT Semcirebuliyo kohabitaciis albaToba. vinaidan am qveynebma SeZlo demokrati-
36
Elgie R., A Fresh Look at SemipresidentialismVariations on a Theme, 100, <http://www.stevendroper.com/elgie.
pdf>, [20.05.2015].
37
iqve, 100-101.
38
iqve, 100-101.
39
iqve, 105.
235
is konsolidacia, elji miiCnevs, rom balansirebuli naxevrad saprezidento sistema

uciloblad problematuri mmarTvelobis forma araa, arc ganvTarebad demokratieb-
Si da arc TviT kohabitaciis drosac.40
4.5. qarTvel mecnierTa mosazrebebi
es sakiTxi arc qarTvel mecnierebs darCeniaT uyuradRebod. avTandil demet-

raSvilis azriT, Tu prezidenti da saparlamento umravlesoba (Sesabamisad mTavroba)
erT politikur speqtrs warmoadgenen, mmarTveloba naxevrad saprezidentoa, Tu gan-
sxvavebul politikur Zalebs – mmarTveloba naxevrad saparlamentoa.41 zaza ruxaZec
mmarTvelobis Sereuli formis SigniT calke gamoyofs naxevrad saprezidento da na-
xevrad saparlamento respublikas.42levan izorias azriT, prezidentis pirdapiri we-
siT arCeva ar niSnavs imas, rom mmarTvelobis forma naxevrad saprezidentoa, maSinac
ki, Tu prezidents aqvs suspenziuri vetos, sakanonmdeblo iniciativis da, rogorc ar-
bitirs, parlamentis daTxovnis uflebamosilebebi. amitom levan izoria aRmosavleT
evropis saxelmwifoTa umravlesobas saparlamento mmarTvelobas miakuTvnebs.43
4.6. daskvna naxevrad saprezidento sistemis klasifikaciaze
naxevrad saprezidento sistemaSi mravalferovani sistemis mqone qveynebis gaer-

Tianebidan gamomdinare, mimaCnia, rom diuverJes Tavdapirvel, originalur definici-
aSi SeiZleba gamoiyos minimum oTxi kategoria: 1. pirvel kategorias unda miekuTvnos
e.w. supersaprezidento respublikebi. naxevrad saprezidento sistemis is qveynebi,
romelTac Sugarti da keri saprezidento-saparlamento sistemas miakuTvneben, sadac
prezidents aqvs mTavrobis formirebisa da gadayenebis, aseve parlamentis daTxov-
nis farTo diskrecia. aseTebia: ruseTi, somxeTi, azerbaijani da sxv.; 2. sistema Zlie-
ri prezidentiT, sadac prezidents aqvs mTavrobis formirebis, Tumca ara gadayenebis
ufleba, aseve flobs parlamentis daSlis diskreciul uflebas. amave dros, aRmas-
rulebel sferoSi aqvs mniSvnelovani prerogativebi da saparlamento umravlesobis
mxardaWeris SemTxvevaSi axerxebs sistemaze dominirebas. am modelis magaliTad SeiZ-
leba dasaxeldes safrangeTis mexuTe respublika; 3. mesame qvekategoriad SeiZleba ga-
moiyos balansirebuli naxevrad saprezidento sistema, sadac prezidenti mTavrobis
formirebaSi flobs garkveul prerogativebs, aRmasrulebel sferoSi fragmentulad
aqvs kompetenciebi, romelnic mas saparlamento umravlesobis mxardaWeris SemTxveva-
40
Elgie R., A Fresh Look at SemipresidentialismVariations on a Theme, 107-108, <http://www.stevendroper.com/
elgie.pdf>, [20.05.2015].
41
demetraSvili a., kobaxiZe i., konstituciuri samarTali, saxelmZRvanelo bakalavriatis
studentebisaTvis, Tb., 2008, 109.
42
ruxaZe z., saqarTvelos konstituciuri samarTali, saxelmZRvanelo iuridiuli fa-
kultetis studentebisaTvis, red. v. loria, baTumi, 1999, 181.
43
konsolidaciisken, Tb., 2010, 38-39.
236
Sic ar aZlevs sistemaze dominirebis SesaZleblobas. prezidenti aris angariSgasawe-

vi figura; piri, romelTanac saWiroa molaparakeba, Tumca is arc erT SemTxvevaSi ar
xdeba mTavari moqmedi piri. prezidentis kompetenciebi ufro mTavrobis balanss em-
saxureba, magaliTad: litva da poloneTi. am models SeiZleba ewodos naxevrad sapar-
lamentoc; 4. naxevrad saprezidento sistemaSi moqceulia aseve is modelebi, romel-
Sic pirdapiri wesiT arCeuli ceremonialuri figurebi dgas saxelmwifos saTaveSi,
sistema, romlis funqcionireba ar gansxvavdeba saparlamento praqtikisgan. aseTebia:
avstria, islandia, bulgareTi, makedonia, slovenia, rumineTi. vfiqrobT, es kategoria
ar unda iqnes miCneuli naxevrad saprezidentod – es aris saparlamento sistemis qve-
kategoria, kerZod, saparlamento sistema pirdapiri wesiT arCeuli prezidentiT. pre-
zidenti ver axerxebs aRmasrulebel xelisuflebaze raime zegavlenis moxdenas, Sesa-
bamisad, saxeze araa ormagi, orTaviani aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba, rac gamoricxavs
mis naxevrad saprezidento respublikad miCnevis safuZvels.
5. Sereuli respublikis Taviseburebebi
5.1 Sida aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis konfliqti
specialistTa umravlesobis mier naxevrad saprezidento sistemis ZiriTad vne-

baTaRelvis mizezad ormagi aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis SigniT SesaZlo konfliqti
ganixileba.44
Sida aRmasrulebeli konfliqti zogadad gansazRvrulia rogorc politikuri
brZola prezidentsa da premier-ministrs Soris aRmasrulebeli Stos kontrolis miz-
niT.45
naxevrad saprezidento sistemaSi prezidenti aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis
Stoa da politikuri Zalauflebis Tanaziaria. miuxedavad imisa, rom prezidenti da
premier-ministri mowodebuli arian, Seasrulon gansxvavebuli funqciebi, maT aseve
uwevT Tanacxovreba da nawilobriv erTad muSaoba, rogorc reformebisa da poli-
tikuri saqmianobis ganxorcielebis procesSi, ise Tanamdebobis pirTa da ministrTa
daniSvnis dros. nebismieri konfliqti am TanaarsebobaSi safrTxed miiCneva aRmasru-
lebeli saqmianobis efeqtianobis TvalsazrisiT. naxevrad saprezidento sistemis or-
magi legitimuroba amwvavebs konfliqtebs. prezidentsa da premier-ministrs orives
SeuZlia saxalxo mandatze pretenziis gacxadeba. ori legitimuri lideris arseboba,
im SemTxvevaSic ki, rodesac isini erTsa da imave politikur partias warmoadgenen, –
pirovnuli ambiciebisa Tu gansxvavebuli Sexedulebebis gamo, – qmnis konfliqtis gaR-
vivebis saSiSroebas.46
44
45
Eastern Europe, 2006, 18, <http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:136841/FULLTEXT01.pdf >[04. 01.
2015].
46
iqve, 20.
237
Sida aRmasrulebeli konfliqtis dros prezidenti da premier-ministri epaeqre-

bian erTmaneTs konstituciuri normebis interpretaciisaTvis, ramdenadac konsti-
tuciis teqsti xSirad bundovania prezidentis da mTavrobis kompetenciebis erTmane-
Tisgan gamijvnis TvalsazrisiT. amasTan, arcerT samarTlebriv aqts ar SeuZlia, sru-
lad moawesrigos saxelisuflo urTierTobebis yvela detali.47
5.2. kohabitacia
Sereuli respublikis politikuri sistema xasiaTdeba sami gansxvavebuli umrav-

lesobis – saprezidento, saparlamento da samTavrobo – urTierTqmedebiT. saprezi-
dento Zalaufleba sruldeba efeqtianad da erTmniSvnelovnad, roca es sami umrav-
lesoba erTmaneTs emTxveva.48 aseT SemTxvevaSi premier-ministri mxolod prezidentis
alter egoa.49 xolo roca saprezidento da saparlamento umravlesobas Soris xdeba
konfliqti, am SemTxvevaSi prezidenti asrulebs meorexarisxovan rols.
marTalia, mTavrobis formirebas axdens prezidenti, magram prezidenti sapar-
lamento arCevnebis Semdeg, miuxedavad imisa, formalurad iTvaliswinebs Tu ara amas
konstitucia, iZulebulia, angariSi gauwios saparlamento arCevnebis Sedegebs premi-
er-ministris kandidaturis dasaxelebis dros. Tu saparlamento arCevnebis Sedegad
saparlamento umravlesobas prezidentis mimarT opoziciurad ganwyobili politiku-
ri partia moipovebs, prezidenti iZulebuli iqneba, premier-ministrad opoziciurad
ganwyobili kandidati wamoayenos; sxva arCevanis gakeTebis SemTxvevaSi prezidents sa-
SiSroeba eqmneba, premier-ministrma da mTavrobam ver miiRos ndoba parlamentSi.50
rodesac prezidents hyavs umravlesoba parlamentSi (rac Cveulebrivi SemTxve-
vaa), sistema muSaobs, zogadad, prezidentis xelmZRvanelobiT. is xelmZRvanelobs
mTavrobas de iure da de faqto. prezidenti, romelic sargeblobs saparlamento um-
ravlesobis mxardaWeriT, niSnavs misdami loialurad ganwyobil premier-ministrs. es
prezidents SesaZleblobas aZlevs, Tavisi mniSvnelovani konstituciuri uflebamo-
silebebis fonze kidev ufro meti kompetencia SeiZinos da praqtikulad marTos aR-
masrulebeli xelisufleba premier-ministris daTmobebis xarjze. premier-ministri
ki marTavs administracias da uZRveba kabinetis teqnikur menejments.51
47
48
49
Linz J., Presidential or Parliamentary Democracy: Does It Make a Difference?, The Failure of Presidential
Democracy, Vol. 1, Edited by Linz J. and Valenzuela A., Baltimore and London, 1994,52.
50
faculty-law-public/Malkhaz%20Nakashidze.pdf> [15.07.2014]
51
iqve, 57-59.
238
meore SemTxvevaSi, rodesac prezidenti opoziciuri saparlamento umravleso-

bis winaSea, is iZulebulia, premier-ministrad saparlamento umravlesobis lideri
daniSnos. am SemTxvevaSi politikuri Zalaufleba premieris xelSi gadadis.52 xolo
Tuki prezidents opoziciuri politikuri partiis mier Camoyalibebuli mTavroba
hyavs, iqmneba sistema, romelsac xSirad frangul literaturaSi `Tanacxovrebas“ (co-
habitation) uwodeben, romelic asaxavs ideas, rom ori SeuTavsebeli bunebis adamiani iZu-
lebulia, erTad icxovros.53
aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis dayofam opoziciur segmentebad – erTi mxriv,
prezidenti da meore mxriv, kabineti – asambleis mxardaWeriT SeiZleba warmoSvas kri-
zisi, Tuki am dros erT-erTi an orive mxare ugulebelyofs erTmaneTis uflebebs. ko-
habitacia xSirad ganisazRvreba rogorc àRmasrulebeli xelisufleba, dayofili
sakuTari Tavis winaaRmdeg~.54 prezidents ar aqvs sakmarisi uflebamosilebebi, rom
damoukideblad ganaxorcielos aRmasrulebeli, magram sakmarisi aqvs imisTvis, rom
Tavisi uflebamosilebebis premier-ministris winaaRmdeg gamoyenebis gziT gamoiwvi-
os krizisi. rogorc wesi, aseT SemTxvevaSi prezidenti ukan ixevs da sistema funqcio-
nirebs rogorc saparlamento. amitom diuverJe naxevrad saprezidento respublikas
uwodebda sistemas, romelic monacvleobs saprezidento da saparlamento sistemebs
Soris. roca prezidenti da saparlamento umravlesoba erT partias warmoadgenen,
sistema saprezidentoa, xolo roca ase araa, sistema funqcionirebs rogorc saparla-
mento.55 Tumca am mosazrebas ar eTanxmeba sartori, romelic acxadebs, rom kohabita-
ciis SemTxvevaSi sistema ar xdeba wminda saparlamento, radgan prezidenti inarCunebs
garkveul kompetenciebs da damoukidebel legitimacias. sistemaSi arsebobs prezi-
denti, romelsac aqvs sakuTari legitimuroba da aRWurvilia prerogativebiT, rom-
lebic parlamentis mier arCeul prezidentebs iSviaTad aqvT.56 prezidenti erovnuli
asambleis mxardaWeris gareSe ufro metia, vidre nominaluri lideri, magram imaze bev-
rad naklebia, vidre es de golis Canafiqri iyo.57
aRsaniSnavia, rom kohabitacia ufro xSirad xdeba premieri prezidentTan erTad
sistemaSi, vidre saprezidento-saparlamento sistemaSi. safrangeTSi `Tanacxovreba“
samjer Sedga: 1986-1988 wlebSi, socialist prezident miteransa da konservator pre-
mier-ministr Siraks Soris; 1993-1995 wlebSi prezident miteransa da meore konserva-
52
faculty-law-public/Malkhaz%20Nakashidze.pdf> [15.07.2014].
53
iqve,161
54
Shugart M., Carey J., Presidents and Assemblies Constitutional Design and Electoral Dynamics, New York,
1992, 57.
55
iqve, 23.
56
Second Edition, New York, 1997, 124.
57
Edited by Linz J. and Valenzuela A., Baltimore and London, 1994, 140, 157.
239
tor eduard baladurs Soris; da 1997-2002 wlebSi prezident Siraksa da socialist

premier-ministr leon Jespens Soris.58
kohabitacia damokidebulia arCevnebis Sedegebze. safrangeTSi 2000 wels koha-
bitaciis Semcirebis mizniT ganxorcielda konstituciuri reforma. prezidentis man-
datis vada gauTanabrda safrangeTis erovnuli krebis uflebamosilebis vadas da Se-
moifargla 5 wliT. prezidentisa da parlamentis erTdrouli arCeva xels Seuwyobs
saarCevno Sedegebis erTgvarovnebas.59
prezidents kohabitaciis drosac rCeba berketi. mas SeuZlia, nebismieri mizeziT
daiTxovos parlamenti. safrangeTSi erTaderTi akrZalvaa parlamentis daTxovnis da-
uSvebloba misi arCevidan erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi. sxva SemTxvevaSi mas Tavisuflad
SeuZlia, daTxovna gamoiyenos Tavisi mxardamWeri umravlesobis aRsadgenad. Tumca
prezidentma parlamentis daTxovnas mxolod maSin unda mimarTos, rodesac darwmune-
bulia amomrCevelTa mxardaWeraSi, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, aseTi gadawyvetileba pre-
zidentisaTvis saxifaToa. Tu amomrCevlebma prezidentis opozicias dauWires mxari,
am SemTxvevaSi is ukve iZulebulia, Seeguos opoziciur mTavrobas.
kohabitaciis procesSi premier-ministri Cndeba rogorc mTavari politikuri
piri, da is aris pasuxismgebeli politikis gansazRvraze aRmasrulebel xelisufle-
baSi. praqtikaSi premier-ministri dominirebs saSinao politikis yvela aspeqtSi da mas
aseve aqvs garkveuli gavlena sagareo politikazec. amis sawinaaRmdegod prezidentis
roli izRudeba. prezidenti axerxebs zogierT sferoze kontrolis SenarCunebas, Zi-
riTadad, sagareo politikisa da Tavdacvis sferoSi, da aseve SeuZlia, Seayovnos re-
formebi saSinao sferoSic.60 kohabitaciis procesSi prezidentis uflebamosilebebi
ZiriTadad negatiuria. mis SeuZlia, uari ganacxados kontrasignaciasa da kandidatu-
rebis dasaxelebaze.61
suleimanis azriT, franguli aRmasrulebeli sistema aris moqnili ormagi aRmas-
rulebeli struqtura, bicefaluri aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba, romlis `pirveli
Tavi~ icvleba umravlesobis cvlilebis Sesabamisad.62 konstitucia Seicavs usafrTxo
sarqvels, romelic Tavidan icilebs ori saxalxo kenWisyriT arCeuli legitimuri li-
58
mmarTvelobis naxevrad saprezidento sistemebSi (azerbaijanis respublikis, saqarTve-
losa da somxeTis respublikebis magaliTebze), 60, ix. http://www.tsu.edu.ge/data/file_db/faculty-
law-public/Malkhaz%20Nakashidze.pdf [15.05.2015].
59
pakte p., melen-sukramaniani f., konstituciuri samarTali, g. kalatoziSvilis Targmani,
a. demetraSvilis redaqtorobT, Tb., 2012, 851.
60
2015].
61
Edited by Linz J. and Valenzuela A., Baltimore and London, 1994,159.
62
second edition, New York, 1997,125.
240
deris konfliqts, ramdenadac xangamoSvebiT funqcionirebs, rogorc saprezidento

an saparlamento sistema.63
aRsaniSnavia, rom literaturaSi kohabitacia ar ganixileba mxolod uaryofiT
konteqstSi, is, garkveulwilad, Zalauflebis dabalansebis meqanizmadac aRiqmeba.
6. naxevrad saprezidento sistemebi axali demokratiis qveynebSi
rogorc diuverJem aRniSna, naxevrad saprezidento sistema gaxda yvelaze efeq-

turi saSualeba diqtaturidan demokratiaSi gadasasvlelad aRmosavleT evropasa da
yofil sabWoTa qveynebSi. am qveynebSi (slovakeTi, slovenia, bulgareTi, makedonia,
rumineTi, litva, xorvatia, poloneTi, serbeTi), ZiriTadad, premieri prezidentTan
erTad sistema dainerga. aseve aRsaniSnavia, rom am qveynebSi sxvadasxva saxis naxevrad
saprezidento sistemebia. magaliTad, Tu sloveniaSi sistema aSkarad hgavs saparla-
mentos, poloneTSi prezidentisa da parlamentis Zalaufleba dabalansebulia.64
aRsaniSnavia, rom mTavrobis daniSvnis wess aqvs mniSvnelovani gavlena preziden-
tsa da premier-ministrs Soris Zalauflebis gadanawilebaze.
TiTqmis yvela dasaxelebuli qveynis konstituciaTa teqstebSi arsebobs Canawe-
ri, rom prezidenti niSnavs premier-ministrs, rac ar miuTiTebs prezidentis realur
Zalauflebaze. es garkveul SemTxvevebSi SeiZleba niSnavdes, rom prezidenti mTavari
figuraa mTavrobis daniSvnis procesSi, an es SeiZleba miuTiTebdes imaze, rom prezi-
denti moqmedebs parlamentis an partiis liderebis nebis Sesabamisad da asrulebdes
notariusis funqcias.65
6.1. mTavrobis formirebis modelebi
mTavrobis formirebis procesSi prezidentis CarTulobis ramdenime varianti

SeiZleba gamoiyos:
1) prezidents aqvs premier-ministris eqskluziuri SerCevis ufleba;
2) sakanonmdeblo organos aqvs uflebamosileba, daniSnos premier-ministri. am
procesSi prezidenti asrulebs ceremoniul rols;
3) prezidenti da sakanonmdeblo organo erToblivad niSnaven premier-mi-
nistrs.66
6.1.1. pirveli modeli
1-li modelis TvalsaCino magaliTia safrangeTi. prezidents farTo kompeten-

cia aqvs mTavrobis formirebis procesSi. prezidenti SearCevs da niSnavs premier-mi-
63
64
iqve, 6.
65
Bahro H., Virtues and Vices of Semi-presidential Government, 1998, 17, ix. <http://www.rchss.sinica.edu.tw/
app/ebook/journal/11-01-1999/11_1_1.pdf>, [25.05.2015].
66
Coudhry S., Stacey R., Semi-Presidentializm as Pwer Sharing: Constitutional Reform after the Arab Spring,
Center for Cnstitutional Transitions and International IDEA, 2014, 45.
241
nistrs. premier-ministri, Tavis mxriv, SearCevs ministrebis kandidaturebs da dasam-

tkiceblad warudgens prezidents. safrangeTSi parlamentis investitura arc auci-
lebelia da arc kanoniT dadgenili. safrangeTis konstitucia prezidents uflebas
aZlevs, daasaxelos premierministrobis kandidati ise, rom parlamentis ndoba ar mi-
iRos, premierisa da mTavrobis wardgena prezidentis gadawyvetilebiT xdeba imis mi-
xedviT, Tu ramdenad surT mas da premier-ministrs parlamentis institutisadmi pa-
tiviscemis gamomJRavneba.67 Tumca praqtikaSi dainerga ndobis miRebis procedura,
radgan konstituciis Semdgenels ase surda. magram 1988-1993 wlebSi Tavidan iqna es
acilebuli, radgan mTavroba erovnuli asambleis umciresobidan iyo da parlamentSi
mxolod ZiriTadi sakiTxebis gacxadebiT iqna Semofargluli.68
am modelSi prezidents aqvs mTavrobis formirebis eqskluziuri kompetencia,
Tumca prezidenti SeuzRudavi araa am TvalsazrisiT, ramdenadac is iTvaliswinebs sa-
kanonmdeblo organoSi warmodgenil ZalTa balanss.
6.1.2. meore modeli
meore SemTxvevaSi mTavrobis formireba xdeba ise, rogorc saparlamento sis-

temaSi. am modelSi sakanonmdeblo organo pirdapir niSnavs premier-ministrs, prezi-
denti asrulebs ceremoniul rols. tipurad prezidentis kompetencias miekuTvneba
sakanonmdeblo organos mier daniSnuli premier-ministris formaluri damtkiceba.
Tumca im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac ar arsebobs gamokveTili saparlamento umravlesoba,
rogorc es bevri axali demokratiis qveyanaSia, mTavrobis formireba rTuli procesi
xdeba da aman SeiZleba moiTxovos prezidentis mxridan gansxvavebuli rolis Sesru-
leba.69 aRniSnuli naxevrad saprezidento modeli axlosaa saparlamento sistemasTan.
aseTi modeli moqmedebs bulgareTSi, makedoniaSi, rumineTSi, sloveniaSi.
6.1.3. mesame modeli
mesame modeli, romelic gulisxmobs prezidentisa da sakanonmdeblo organos

mier premier-ministris erToblivad daniSvnas, moicavs centraluri da aRmosavleTi
evropis Semdeg qveynebs: litva, xorvatia, serbeTi, poloneTi. prezidentisa da parla-
mentis TanamSromlobis variaciebi sxvadasxvanairia.70
mesame modeliT gaTvaliswinebuli procedurebi radikalurad gansxvavebuli
araa meore modelisgan im TvalsazrisiT, rom orive SemTxvevaSi parlamentis roli
gadamwyvetia, parlamentis dasturis gareSe mTavroba ver Seudgeba muSaobas. Tumca
meore modelSi prezidentis roli ufro sustia. sityva `winadadeba~ miuTiTebs, rom
67
safrani u., mmarTvelobis principebi: aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba, respublika: sapar-
lamento Tu saprezidento, o. melqaZis redaqtorobiT, Tb., 1996,184.
68
lovo f., parlamentarizmi, Tb., 2005, 89-90.
69
70
242
gadawyvetilebas iRebs parlamenti da ara prezidenti. am SemTxvevaSi savaldebuloa,

rom prezidentma iqonios kontaqti partiebTan, sanam Tavis winadadebas waradgens. me-
same modelis SemTxvevaSi partiebTan koordinacia mizanSewonilia. Tumca premier-mi-
nistris `daniSvna~, kandidaturis `dasaxelebisgan~ gansxvavebiT, prezidents aniWebs
garkveuli gavlenis moxdenis SesaZleblobas,71 aRniSnulis Sedegad prezidenti asru-
lebs mniSvnelovan rols premier-ministris arCevaSi. xorvatiasa da litvaSi investi-
turaze uaris Tqma undoblobis gamocxadebas emgvaneba;72 xolo poloneTSi preziden-
tis mier wardgenili mTavrobisTvis ndobaze uaris Tqmis SemTxvevaSi parlaments Se-
saZlebloba aqvs, airCios Tavad parlamentis mier dasaxelebuli kandidatura. unda
aRiniSnos, rom poloneTSi seims ufro meti uflebamosileba aqvs premier-ministris
moxsnisas, vidre misi daniSvnisas.73 mTavrobis moxsnisas parlamenti moqmedebs sruli-
ad damoukideblad da prezidentis kompetenciebi parlamentis arCevanis dadasture-
biT Semoifargleba warmatebuli undoblobis konstruqciuli votumis ganxorciele-
bis SemTxvevaSi.
mesame modelis TvalsazrisiT, SeiZleba aRiniSnos, rom, rodesac prezidentis
kandidatura saWiroebs parlamentis mxridan dadasturebas da prezidents ar aqvs pre-
mieris gadayenebis ufleba, prezidents aqvs ori arCevani: a) daniSnos parlamentisTvis
misaRebi kandidatura; b) daniSnos Tavisi rCeuli kandidatura, romelsac gadaayenebs
parlamenti.74 amasTan, gasaTvaliswinebelia politikuri partiebis sistemac. iq, sadac
Zlieri politikuri partiebia, prezidenti emorCileba sakanonmdeblo organos nebas,
rogorc es safrangeTSia. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu partiebi araorganizebuli da instituci-
urad sustia, Sesabamisad, sakanonmdeblo organo fragmentirebuli, aseT SemTxvevaSi
parlamentis Tanxmoba azrs moklebuli xdeba da daniSvnis procesSi prezidenti domi-
nirebs.75
6.2. mTavrobis dakompleqteba
mniSvnelovania aseve mTavrobis wevrebis daniSvnis ufleba. mTavrobis wevrebis

dasaxelebasa da daniSvnas SeuZlia, mniSvnelovani zegavlena moaxdinos prezidentis
rolze da Stoebs Soris Zalauflebis balansze. prezidenti damokidebulia premier-
ministris SeTavazebaze, Tu vin gaxdeba ministri. amgvari gadawyveta mizanSewonilo-
bas moklebuli araa, ramdenadac premier-ministri swored am xalxs unda daeyrdnos
Tavisi politikis aRsrulebis procesSi.76
71
72
iqve.
73
McMenamin I., Semi-presidentialism and democratisation in Poland, Semi-presidentialism in Central and
Eastern Europe, edited by Elgie R., Moestrup S., 2008, 130.
74
75
iqve, 48.
76
243
es xels uwyobs premier-ministris gaZlierebas prezidentis Zalauflebis sapi-

rispirod. premier-ministri, romelsac SeuZlia kabinetis wevrebis daniSvna, ufro
qmediTad akontrolebs kabinets da prezidentis Zalauflebis sawinaaRmdego basti-
ons qmnis. premier-ministris mier kabinetis kontroli ara mxolod prezidentis av-
tokratiisgan dacvis saSualebaa, aramed es aseve aZlierebs mTavrobis stabilurobas.
premier-ministri, romelic TviTon irCevs Tavis mTavrobas, ufro meti SesaZleblo-
ba aqvs, Seqmnas erTiani da efeqtiani mTavroba. Tumca maSinac ki, rodesac premier-mi-
nistrs aqvs erTpirovnuli ufleba, SearCios mTavrobis wevrebi, misi Zalaufleba ab-
soluturi araa. premier-ministri rCeba sakanonmdeblo organos agentad da man unda
SearCios kabineti, romelic SeinarCunebs parlamentis ndobas. Sesabamisad, gasaTva-
liswinebeli aqvs koaliciis nebac.77
araerTi qveynis konstitucia moiTxovs, rom sakanonmdeblo organos mxridan
moxdes mTliani kabinetis damtkiceba, magaliTad: xorvatia, poloneTi, litva, slova-
keTi, rumineTi, bulgareTi, makedonia, serbeTi.
aRsaniSnavia, rom ukrainasa da poloneTSi arsebobda imgvari modeli, romelic
iTvaliswinebda premier-ministris da prezidentis mier Zalauflebis ganawilebas ka-
binetis daniSvnis procesSi. ukrainaSi 2006-2010 wlebSi prezidenti uflebamosili
iyo, daeniSna Tavdacvisa da sagareo saqmeTa ministrebi. mTlian kabinets ki amtkicebda
parlamenti. aseve poloneTSi 1992-1997 wlebSi, mcire konstituciis arsebobis piro-
bebSi, premier-ministrs unda gaevlo konsultacia prezidentTan Tavdacvis, Sinagan
saqmeTa da usafrTxoebis sferoSi ministrebis daniSvnis dros.78
6.3. mTavrobis gadayeneba
naxevrad saprezidento reJimis mniSvnelovani kriteriumia mTavrobis gadayene-

bis ufleba, romelic, marTalia, diuverJes definiciaSi mocemuli araa, Tumca swored
daTxovnis ufleba gansazRvravs prezidentsa da premier-ministrs Soris urTierTo-
bas. kabinetis daTxovnis uflebamosilebis kontroli aris naxevrad saprezidento
sistemis mTavari elementi sam instituciur moTamaSes – prezidents, parlamentsa da
kabinets – Soris urTierTkavSiris gansasazRvravad.79 Zalauflebis gaziarebis siste-
ma SeuZlebelia arsebobdes kabinetis daTxovnis uflebis frTxili regulaciis gare-
Se. prezidentisTvis mTavrobis gadayenebis uflebis miniWebis SemTxvevaSi, premier-
ministri prezidentis xelSi Tojina xdeba, mTavrobis gadayenebis uflebamosileba
prezidentis xelSi Zalauflebis konsolidacias axdens; xolo roca es ufleba ara
aqvs prezidents, prezidenti da premier-ministri xdebian Tanabari Zalis mqone aRmas-
ruleblebi.80
77
Center for Cnstitutional Transitions and International IDEA, 2014, 52-53.
78
iqve, 53.
79
Tvelosa da somxeTis respublikebis magaliTebze), 64, ix: <http://www.tsu.edu.ge/data/file_db/
80
244
premieri prezidentTan erTad reJimSi mxolod sakanonmdeblo organos SeuZlia

premier-ministris daTxovna. Sedegad, prezidenti SedarebiT sust mdgomareobaSia.81
premieri prezidentTan erTad sistemaSi mTavrobis gadayenebis saSualeba undoblo-
bis votumia.
7. parlamentis daTxovna
premieri prezidentTan erTad sistemaSi prezidents ar aqvs mTavrobis calmxri-

vi gadayenebis ufleba, Tumca sakanonmdeblo organos eqskluziur uflebas, gadaaye-
nos mTavroba, abalansebs prezidentis ufleba – daiTxovos parlamenti. sakanonmdeb-
lo organos mier mTavrobis undoblobis gamocxadebis ufleba prezidents aiZulebs,
premier-ministrad SearCios parlamentis rCeuli. Tumca prezidentis ufleba, daiTx-
ovos parlamenti, sakanonmdeblo organos, Tavis mxriv, aiZulebs, mxedvelobaSi mii-
Ros prezidentis arCevani.
prezidentis mier daTxovnis uflebis borotad gamoyenebas SeuZlia, xelyos
Zalauflebis gamijvna. sakanonmdeblo organo, romelsac emuqreba daSlis mudmivi
safrTxe, naklebad savaraudoa, rom Seasrulebs gamawonasworebeli meqanizmis rols
prezidentis Zalauflebis sapirispirod. parlamentis daSlis uflebas aqvs `msusxavi
efeqti~ maSinac, rodesac misi gamoyeneba arc ki momxdara;82 meore mxriv, rodesac saka-
nonmdeblo organo dayofilia da partiebs Soris gauTavebeli qiSpia, ris gamoc mniS-
vnelovani sakanonmdeblo aqtebis miReba ver xerxdeba, magaliTad biujetis kanonis,
araefeqtiani parlamentis daSla SesaZloa, aucilebelic iyos.83
dasaxelebul qveynebSi imisTvis, rom prezidentis diskreciuli Zalaufleba ar
gaxdes uflebamosilebis borotad gamoyenebis safuZveli, rogorc wesi, daTxovnis
uflebamosileba prezidents specifikuri konstituciuri garemoebebis dadgomisas
warmoeSoba.
parlamentis daSlis uflebamosilebis SezRudvis samgvari saxesxvaoba arsebobs:
1) Sinaarsobrivi garemoebebiT SezRudva, rodesac prezidents mxolod konkretuli
konstituciuri garemoebebis dadgomisas SeuZlia parlamentis daTxovna; 2) garkveul
periodebSi daTxovnis akrZalva; 3) proceduruli moTxovnebi.84
8. prezidentis Zalauflebis SezRudvis formebi
prezidenti politikuri pasuxismgeblobisgan Tavisufalia. Tumca misi Zalauf-

lebis SezRudvis ramdenime meqanizmi mainc arsebobs: pirvel rigSi, es prezidentis
xelmeored arCevaze SezRudvis dawesebiT xdeba. aseve prezidentis pasuxismgeblobis
ZiriTadi forma impiCmentia, romelic samarTaldarRvevis Cadenas ukavSirdeba da Se-
81
iqve.
82
iqve, 30.
83
Stacey R., Choudhry S., Semi-presidential Government in the Post-authoritarian Context, Center for Constitutional
Transitions at NYU Law, 2014, 7, ix. <http://constitutionaltransitions.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/SEMI-
PRESIDENTIAL-GOVERNMENT1.pdf>, [25.05.2015].
84
Extracted from Semi-Presidentialism as Power Sharing: Constitutional reform after the Arab Spring, International
Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance 2014, 66, ix. <http://www.idea.int/publications/constitutional-
reform-after-the-arab-spring/upload/Semi-Presidentialism-p2.pdf>, [25.05.2015].
245
icavs mraval formalur proceduras, maT Soris saWiroa sasamarTlos daskvna prezi-
dentis braleulobis Sesaxeb.
aRsaniSnavia, rom SeiniSneba prezidentis pasuxismgeblobis sxva formac. amgvari
formaa prezidentis Tanamdebobidan moxsna sasamarTlo ganxilvisa da oficialuri
braldebis wayenebis gareSe. moxsnis procedura SedarebiT martivia, ramdenadac ar
Seicavs sasamarTlo procesebs, Tumca zRvari prezidentis mosaxsnelad sakmaod ma-
Ralia. es wesi arsebobs litvaSi, sadac 3/5-is umravlesoba sWirdeba am sakiTxis warma-
tebiT gadawyvetas,85 rac dakavSirebulia konstituciiT gansazRvrul garemoebasTan.
kerZod, prezidents ufleba aqvs, daSalos parlamenti mTavrobisTvis undoblobis ga-
mocxadebis Semdeg, Tu mTavroba mimarTavs mas TxovniT axali arCevnebis daniSvnis Se-
saxeb. am situaciis balansirebisTvis konstitucia aseve acxadebs, rom, Tu prezidenti
daSlis seims, axalarCeul parlaments SeuZlia, daniSnos vadamdeli saprezidento ar-
Cevnebi 3/5-is umravlesobiT.86 litvaSi amis paralelurad aseve arsebobs prezidentis
impiCmentis institutic, rodesac prezidenti Tanamdebobidan moixsneba konstituci-
is darRvevis, ficis gatexis an sisxlis samarTlis danaSaulis Cadenis SemTxvevaSi.
9. pasuxismgebloba saprezidento-saparlamento sistemaSi
saprezidento-saparlamento sistemaSi prezidenti irCevs kabinets da aseve

flobs misi gadayenebis uflebamosilebas. saprezidento-saparlamento sistemaSi
mTavroba pasuxismgebelia prezidentis winaSe da SeiZleba prezidentis mier mTavroba
mTlianad iqnes gadayenebuli. mTavroba, amave dros, pasuxismgebelia ara marto pre-
zidentis, aramed parlamentis winaSec da parlamentsac, undoblobis gamocxadebis
gziT, SeuZlia misi gadayeneba. amis sapirispirod prezidents aqvs parlamentis daSlis
ufleba. aRniSnuls xelisuflebis danawilebis principi minimumamde dahyavs.
roca prezidents aqvs premier-ministris daTxovnis ufleba (saprezidento-sa-
parlamento sistema), mas aqvs SesaZlebloba, aiZulos premier-ministri, prezidents
politikurad dauWiros mxari. Sedegad, prezidentsa da premier-ministrs Soris ur-
TierToba ierarqiulia.87prezidents araferi amoZravebs imisTvis, rom parlamentSi
warmodgenil gansxvavebul politikur interesebs Seewyos, radgan prezidents marti-
vad SeuZlia gadaayenos opoziciuri mTavroba. aseT SemTxvevaSi prezidents martivad
SeuZlia Zalauflebis centralizacia.88
saprezidento-saparlamento modeli postsabWoTa sivrceSia gavrcelebuli.
85
86
Krupavicius A., Semi-presidentialism in Lithuania: origins, development and Challenges, Semi-presidentialism
87
mmarTvelobis naxevrad saprezidento sistemebSi (azerbaijanis respublikis, saqarTve-
losa da somxeTis respublikebis magaliTebze), 57, ix. <http://www.tsu.edu.ge/data/file_db/faculty-
law-public/Malkhaz%20Nakashidze.pdf >, [15.05.2015].
88
PRESIDENTIAL-GOVERNMENT1.pdf>, [25.05.2015]
246
prezidentis gadaWarbebuli kompetenciebis gamo mas supersaprezidento modeladac

miiCneven. am modelis TvalsaCino magaliTia ruseTi.89 saprezidento-saparlamento
sistema prezidents ufro met kompetencias aniWebs, vidre premieri prezidentTan er-
Tad sistema, magaliTad, kanonSemoqmedebiT uflebamosilebas. ruseTSi prezidents
dekretebis gamocemis farTo kompetencia aqvs. premieri prezidentTan erTad siste-
maSi prezidents an ar aqvs veto, an susti veto aqvs, rac zrdis parlamentis kompeten-
cias.90
ruseTis prezidenti niSnavs da aTavisuflebs premier-ministrsa da ministrebs.
Tu duma uaryofs samjer dasaxelebul Semadgenlobas, prezidents SeuZlia, daSalos
qveda palata da daniSnos axali arCevnebi. igive vrceldeba undoblobis gamocxade-
baze. parlamentis mier mTavrobisadmi undoblobis gamocxadebis dros prezidents
SeuZlia, gadaayenos an ar gadaayenos premieri. Sedegad, premieri, ZiriTadad, prezi-
dentzea damokidebuli.91 konstituciis xazebs Soris, rac SeiZleba amokiTxul iqnes,
aris mxolod is, rom prezidentma unda gaimarjvos nebismier SemTxvevaSi. safrange-
Tis konstituciis efeqtianobis formula – cvalebadi diarqia – sruliad dakargulia
rusul modelSi. franguli aRmasrulebeli sistema aris moqnili ormagi aRmasrule-
beli struqtura, bicefaluri aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba, romlis `pirveli Tavi~
icvleba umravlesobis cvlilebis Sesabamisad. ruseTis konstitucia ki arsebiTad mo-
nokratiulia.92
es wyoba qmnis avtokratiuli, Zlevamosili prezidentis safrTxes, gansakuTre-
biT maSin, rodesac prezidents aqvs mTavrobis gadayenebis ufleba, Sesabamisad, mTav-
roba iZulebulia, misdios an daeTanxmos prezidents. gadayenebis saSiSroeba premier-
ministrs ar aZlevs aRmasrulebel xelisuflebaze Secilebis realur SesaZleblobas.93
Sugarti da keri prezidenti parlamentTan erTad sistemis demokratiulobas
eWvqveS ayeneben. aseTi sistema arsebobda germaniaSi, e.w. vaimaris respublikaSi (1919-
1933), rac faSizmis mosvliT dasrulda; dRes mocemulia ruseTis federaciis respub-
likaSi da sxva saxelmwifoebSi. miiCneva, rom am sistemaSi darRveulia Sekaveba-gawo-
nasworebis meqanizmebi.
89
90
91
92
second edition, New York, 1997, 138.
93
247
10. naxevrad saprezidento sistemis Sefaseba
naxevrad saprezidento sistemaSi mTavrobis dabalansebis mizniT Seqmnilia pa-

raleluri aRmasrulebeli struqtura – prezidentis saxiT.94 naxevrad saprezidento
respublikis upiratesobaa Sekavebisa da gawonasworebis meqanizmis uzrunvelyofa
aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis farglebSi – prezidenti uzrunvelyofs mTavrobebs
Soris periodSi Canacvlebas da amave rols asrulebs maSinac, rodesac mTavroba sus-
tia.95 konstituciuri wyoba, romelic Zalauflebis mraval centrs qmnis da xels uS-
lis reJimis personalizacias, daculi legitimurobisTvis ufro xelsayrel safuZ-
vels qmnis.96 Tumca naxevrad saprezidento sistema sxvadasxva models aerTianebs,
romelTagan zogierTi sistemis funqcionirebis uaryofiTi SedegiT aWarbebs orive
zemoT dasaxelebul mmarTvelobis formas. magaliTad, saprezidento-saparlamento
modeli saxelmwifos meTauris absolutizmis ganmtkicebas emsaxureba da Zalaufle-
bis Sekavebisa da gawonasworebis instrumentebi uaryofilia.
frangul modelSi mTavrobis pasuxismgebloba ufro qmediTia, saparlamento um-
ravlesobas aqvs premier-ministris da mTeli mTavrobis gadayenebis ufleba, Tumca ès
kompetencia Tavis klasikur daniSnulebas kargavs, rodesac formalurad parlamenti-
sadmi araangariSvaldebuli prezidenti mTavrobis funqciebis nawils, faqtobrivad,
iTvisebs da inarCunebs uflebas, daiTxovos parlamenti~.97 franguli modeli kanon-
mdeblis dasustebis xarjze aZlierebs aRmasrulebel xelisuflebas. es konstruqcia
safrangeTSi problemas ar qmnis saxelmwifo organoTa demokratiuli funqcionire-
bis TvalsazrisiT, ufro metic, aseTi konfiguracia daexmara mTavrobas stabiluro-
basa da efeqtianobis miRwevaSi. Tumca es ganpirobebulia franguli demokratiis sau-
kuneebis gamocdilebiT, rac axali demokratiis qveynebSi ar arsebobs. Sedegad, Zlie-
ri prezidenti axerxebs saxelmwifo organoebze dominirebas maTi uflebamosilebebis
ugulebelyofis xarjze.
axali demokratiis qveynebSi naxevrad saprezidento sistemis mimzidvelobas ga-
napirobebs ormagi aRmasrulebeli sistema, romelic amcirebs politikuri Zalaufle-
bis centralizaciis risks prezidentis an premier-ministris xelSi. es sistema yofs
aRmasrulebel Zalauflebas prezidentsa da premier-ministrs Soris. aseve sustdeba
saparlamento sistemaSi swrafad gadasvlis safrTxeebi, ramdenadac igi uzrunvel-
yofs aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis arsebobas maSinac ki, Tu sakanonmdeblo organo
naklebad efeqturia.
94
Krupavicius A., Semi-presidentialism in Lithuania: origins, development and Challenges, Semi-presidentialism
95
Eastern Europe, edited by Elgie R., Moestrup S., 2008,132.
96
fiSi s., saqarTvelos konstituciuri ganviTareba SedarebiTi analizis rakursSi, babeki
v., fiSi s., raihenbeheri c., konstituciis gadasinjva – saqarTvelos gza evropisken, a. de-
metraSvilis winaTqmiT, Tb., 2012, 66, ix. <www.giz.de/law-caucasus>.
97
gegenava d., qanTaria b., canava l., TevzaZe T., maWaraZe z., javaxiSvili p., erqvania T., pa-
paSvili T., saqarTvelos sakonstitucio samarTali, d. gegenavas redaqtorobiT, meore
gamocema, Tb., 2014, 249.
248
Tumca naxevrad saprezidento sistemis daarseba sakmarisi araa imisTvis, rom axa-
li demokratiis qveynebSi Tavidan iqnes acilebuli rogorc Zalauflebis centrali-
zacia, ise fragmentizebuli sakanonmdeblo organo. gansakuTrebuli winadaxeduleba
sWirdeba prezidents, premier-ministrsa da sakanonmdeblo organos Soris urTier-
Tobis reglamentacias da imis gansazRvras, Tu romeli konstituciuri gadawyveta uz-
runvelyofs or dasaxelebul Sedegs:
1. efeqtiani, magram SezRuduli, pasuxismgebeli aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis
arseboba;
2. efeqtiani da qmediTi sakanonmdeblo xelisufleba, sadac prezidenti kisru-
lobs aRmsrulebeli xelisuflebis liderobas, rodesac sakanonmdeblo organo ver
axorcielebs Tavis funqciebs.
aucilebelia, saTanado konstituciuri garantiebi dadgindes, raTa qveyana da-
culi iyos prezidentis avtokratiisgan. aseT garantiebad ki SeiZleba miviCnioT pre-
zidentis mier mTavrobis calmxrivi daniSvnis uflebis SezRudva, rac prezidentis da
sakanonmdeblo organos mier erToblivad unda wydebodes. ramdenadac saxezea saxal-
xo legitimaciis mqone ori organo, saWiroa, gaTvaliswinebul iqnes orives neba. aseve
daTxovnis ufleba unda Semoifarglos konstituciiT zustad reglamentebuli Sem-
TxvevebiT da ar unda iyos undoblobis sakiTxis dasmisTvis parlamentis dasjis for-
ma. am sakiTxebis saTanadod mowesrigebis SemTxvevaSi saxezea dabalansebuli naxevrad
saprezidento sistema, romelSic arc prezidenti da arc premier-ministri araa àrCe-
viTi monarqi~. am sistemas SeuZlia, daicvas qveyana wminda saparlamento sistemis riske-
bisgan. axali demokratiis qveynebSi, sadac politikuri partiebis sisuste da namdvili
saparlamento cxovrebis gamocdilebis naklebobaa, iqmneba parlamentis danawevrebisa
da dayofis safrTxe, amave dros, aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba balansdeba SigniT, pre-
zidenti da premieri erTmaneTs awonasworeben. Tumca, rogorc aRiniSna, es im SemTxve-
vaSi, Tu uflebamosilebebi Tanazomierad aris gadanawilebuli.
dabalansebuli naxevrad saprezidento sistema iZleva imgvar gadawyvetas, sadac
prezidenti araa aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis eqskluziuri mflobeli, amave dros,
prezidents eZleva SesaZlebloba, ganaxorcielos aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba, ro-
desac sakanonmdeblo organo uars ambobs premier-ministrisa da mTavrobis mxardaWe-
raze. agreTve, es Tavidan icilebs romelime erTi eqstremaluri politikis gatarebas,
ramdenadac mraval politikur institutsa da jgufs aiZulebs kompromissa da mSvido-
bian Tanacxovrebas.
am sistemis negatiuri faqtoria SidaaRmasrulebeli konfliqti, romelic yovel-
Tvis SesaZlebelia, warmoiSvas naxevad saprezidento sistemaSi. amis mizezi SeiZleba
iyos is, rom prezidenti araa saparlamento umravlesobis lideri, an premier-ministrs
ar uWers mxars umravlesoba, an konstituciis teqsti bundovania da damkvidrebuli
araa saTanado konstituciuri praqtika.98 Tumca kohabitacia yovelTvis uaryofiT
konteqstSi ar unda iqnes ganxiluli. kohabitaciam SeiZleba uzrunvelyos Zalaufle-
bis gaziareba. prezidentsa da premier-ministrs Soris uflebamosilebis zomieri ga-
danawilebis SemTxvevaSi, kohabitaciis uaryofiTi Sedegebi SeiZleba Semcirdes, ufro
metic, dadebiTad aisaxos mTavrobis kontrolis konteqstSi.
98
Eastern Europe, edited by Elgie R., Moestrup S., 2008, 132.
249
beqa ZamaSvili *
diskriminaciasTan efeqturi brZolis mizniT

saxelmwifos mier gansaxorcielebeli RonisZiebebi
statiaSi ganxilulia diskriminaciasTan efeqturad brZolis mizniT saxel-

mwifos mier gansaxorcielebeli RonisZiebebi. kerZod, gaanalizebulia ro-
gorc diskriminaciis prevenciis, ise diskriminaciis faqtebze reagirebis-
Tvis aucilebeli zomebi. prevenciis nawilSi gansakuTrebuli yuradReba
eTmoba diskriminaciuli regulaciebis modificirebis sakiTxs da gakriti-
kebulia diskriminaciuli Cveulebebis Secvlis Taobaze calkeuli saerTa-
Soriso konvenciebiT dadgenili midgoma.
saxelmwifos mier gansaxorcielebeli pozitiuri RonisZiebebis WrilSi xaz-
gasmiTaa aRniSnuli gonivruli misadagebis principis mniSvneloba da misi
farTod gamoyenebis aucilebloba, xolo mizanSeuwonlad aris miCneuli de
faqto uTanasworobis aRmosafxvrelad specialuri droebiTi zomebis gata-
reba. statiaSi agreTve gaanalizebulia efeqturi antidiskriminaciuli sa-
kanonmdeblo da instituciuri meqanizmebi.
sakvanZo sityvebi: diskriminacia, diskriminaciasTan efeqturad brZola,

gonivruli misadagebis principi, de faqto Tanasworoba, antidiskriminaci-
uli sakanonmdeblo da instituciuri meqanizmebi.
1. Sesavali
diskriminaciasTan brZola Tanasworobis uflebis uzrunvelyofis aucilebeli

winapirobaa da saxelmwifos mier unda ganxorcieldes yvela is RonisZieba, rac auci-
lebelia adamianis uflebebis erovnul doneze uzrunvelsayofad. adamianis ufleba-
Ta samarTlis mixedviT, saxelmwifos ekisreba rogorc negatiuri valdebuleba, Ta-
vad ar daarRvios adamianis uflebebi, agreTve pozitiuri valdebuleba, miiRos Sesa-
bamisi zomebi uflebebis uzrunvelsayofad.1 Tavis mxriv, pozitiuri valdebuleba or
nawilad iyofa: saxelmwifom daicvas adamianebi maTi uflebebis mesame pirTa mxridan
darRvevisgan (duty to protect) da Seqmnas adamianis uflebebis uzrunvelsayofad aucile-
beli pirobebi (duty to fulfill).2 adamianis uflebebis dacvis valdebuleba saxelmwifosgan
*
Tsu-is iuridiuli fakultetis doqtoranti, mowveuli leqtori, Queen Mary University of
London-is magistri.
1
burduli i., gociriZe e., erqvania T. da sxv., saqarTvelos konstituciis komentari, Tavi
meore, saqarTvelos moqalaqeoba, adamianis ZiriTadi uflebani da Tavisuflebani, Tb.,
2013, 58.
2
Schutter O. D., Eide A., Khalfan A. et al, Commentary to the Maastricht Principles on Extraterritorial Obligations
of States in the Area of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, Human Rights Quarterly, 2012, 34(4), 1090.
250
beqa ZamaSvili, diskriminaciasTan efeqturi brZolis mizniT saxelmwifos mier
gansaxorcielebeli RonisZiebebi
moiTxovs efeqturi prevenciuli RonisZiebebis gatarebas, xolo darRvevis dafiqsi-

rebis SemTxvevaSi mis droul identifikacias da damrRvevisaTvis saTanado pasuxis-
mgeblobis dakisrebas. agreTve, aucilebelia darRveuli uflebis aRdgenis saTanado
meqanizmebis arseboba.3 rac Seexeba uflebebis uzrunvelsayofad aucilebeli piro-
bebis Seqmnas, am SemTxvevaSi aucilebelia uflebis realizebisTvis saWiro sistemis,
meqanizmebis, infrastruqturisa da sxva msgavsi garemoebebis arseboba.4
yovelive aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom Tanasworobis ufle-
bis uzrunvelsayofad da, Sesabamisad, diskriminaciis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad, au-
cilebelia, saxelmwifoSi arsebobdes iseTi sistema da meqanizmebi, romlebic efeqtu-
rad uzrunvelyofs diskriminaciis prevencias, gamovlenas, saTanado pasuxismgeblo-
bis dakisrebas da darRveuli uflebis aRdgenas.
2. diskriminaciis prevenciisTvis saWiro zomebi
zemoT rogorc aRiniSna, diskriminaciasTan brZola da misi aRmofxvra ar niSnavs

mxolod diskriminaciis faqtebze efeqtur reagirebas, aramed es aris mudmivi pro-
cesi, romlis umniSvnelovanesi komponentia diskriminaciis maqsimaluri prevencia.5
diskriminaciis SemTxvevebis Tavidan asacileblad, upirveles yovlisa, saWiroa sazo-
gadoebaSi cnobierebis amaRleba,6 rac, umTavresad, unda ganxorcieldes ganaTlebis
sistemis meSvebiT, romelic waaxalisebs tolerantobas da aRmofxvris diskriminciis
gamomwvev stereotipebs.7 amasTan, aucilebelia warmoeba mTeli rigi treningebisa da
sainformacio Sexvedrebisa, gansakuTrebiT ki, sajaro funqciebis ganmaxorcielebe-
li pirebisaTvis.8 agreTve, mniSvnelovania mediasaSualebebis treningi imisaTvis, rom
informaciis gavrcelebisas gamoiricxos diskriminaciuli elementebi.9
diskriminaciis prevenciisTvis aucilebeli sxva RonisZiebebia diskriminaciuli
normebis Secvla/gauqmeba10 da pozitiuri RonisZiebebis ganxorcieleba Tanasworobis
uzrunvelsayofad,11 rac mizanSewonilia, calke iqnes ganxiluli qveviT.
3
Report of the Special Representative of the Secretary General on the Issue of Human Rights and Transnational
Corporations and Other Business Enterprises, John Ruggie Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights:
Implementing the United Nations “Protect, Respect and Remedy” Framework, A/HRC/17/31, 21 March 2011, 7.
4
Green M., What We Talk About When We Talk About Indicators: Current Approaches to Human Rights Me-
asurement, Human Rights Quarterly, 2001, 23(4), 1072.
5
ECRI General Policy Recommendation N7 on National Legislation to Combat Racism and Racial Discrimination,
13 December 2002, § 8.
6
Explanatory Memorandum to ECRI general policy recommendation N7 On National Legislation to Combat
Racism and Racial Discrimination, § 27.
7
International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, art. 7.
8
Explanatory Memorandum to ECRI general policy recommendation N7 on national Legislation to Combat
Racism and Racial Discrimination, § 54.
9
Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, art. 8(2)(c).
10
International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, art. 2(1)(c).
11
UN Human Rights Committee, General Comment N18: Non-discrimination, § 10.
251
2.1. diskriminaciuli regulaciebis modificireba
diskriminaciuli kanonebis, normebisa da regulaciebis modificirebis valde-

buleba pirdapir gamomdinareobs gaeros antidiskriminaciuli konvenciebidan12, rac
Zalian logikuria, radgan diskriminaciuli regulaciebi da normebi safuZvelia mra-
vali diskriminaciuli qmedebisa, romelic maT safuZvelze ganxorcieldeba.
amave konteqstSi aRsaniSnavia konvenciebis moTxovna, saxelmwifoebma moaxdi-
non diskriminaciuli Cveulebebis modificireba.13 adamianis uflebebis universalu-
robidan gamomdinare, gasagebia, rom saxelmwifos evaleba, maT Soris, Cveulebebis
modificireba, Tu es saWiroa diskriminaciasTan sabrZolvelad. Tumca am valdebule-
bis Sesruleba dakavSirebulia ramdenime problemasTan: 1) saxelmwifo ar qmnis Cveu-
lebebs da sakiTxavia, rogor SeiZleba, man misi modificireba moaxdinos; 2) Cveuleba
da tradicia adamianis Sinagani rwmenis gamomxatvelia, romelic mniSvnelovan rols
asrulebs adamianis ganviTarebaSi.
gansaxilvel sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT mniSvnelovania adamianis uflebebis venis
msoflio konferenciaze gaJRerebuli midgoma, romlis mixedviTac, adamianis ufle-
bebi aris universaluri da yvelasTvis unda iqnes uzrunvelyofili, Tumca maTi rea-
lizebisas gasaTvaliswinebelia istoriuli, kulturuli da religiuri Tavisebure-
bebi.14 rogorc Cans, msoflio konferenciam aRiara kulturuli mravalferovneba da
adamianis uflebebis realizebisas maTi pativiscema moiTxova. es midgoma, marTalia,
ar iZleva pasuxs, rogor unda moxdes im Cveulebebis pativiscema, romlebic adamianis
uflebebs ewinaaRmdegeba,15 magram mniSvnelovania imis aRiareba, rom adamianis ufle-
bebis universaluroba ar gulisxmobs tradiciebis, Cveulebebisa da kulturis gaer-
Tferovnebas. anu universaluri unda iyos adamianis uflebebi da ara Cveulebebi, rac
niSnavs imas, rom saxelmwifom Cveulebebis modificirebaze ki ar unda izrunos, ara-
med samarTlebrivad uzrunvelyos adamianis uflebebis dacva nebismieri Cveulebis
pirobebSi. Cveuleba SesaZloa, ewinaaRmdegebodes Tanasworobis uflebas, Tumca sa-
xelmwifos ar unda hqondes misi modificirebis mcdeloba, radgan Cveuleba aris sa-
zogadoebrivi da ara samarTlebrivi movlena. Cveulebas qmnis xalxi da ara saxelmwi-
fo, Sesabamisad, misi modificirebac xalxis mier unda xdebodes. Cveuleba adamianis
pirovnuli ganviTarebisTvis mniSvnelovani fenomenia da rodesac adamiani mas neba-
yoflobiT misdevs, is ar SeiZleba iyos saxelmwifos Carevis obieqti, Tundac is ewina-
aRmdegebodes Tanasworobis uflebas. saxelmwifos pozitiuri valdebuleba, daicvas
Tanasworobis ufleba, unda gamovlindes imaSi, rom arsebobdes Sesabamisi samarTleb-
12
ix. International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, art. 2(1)(c); Convention
on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, art. 2(f); Convention on the Rights of Persons
with Disabilities, art. 4(1)(b).
13
ix. Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, art. 2(f); Convention on the Rights of
Persons with Disabilities, art. 4(1)(b).
14
Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action, Adopted by the World Conference on Human Rights in Vienna
(25 June 1993), § 5.
15
Charlesworth H., Chinkin C., The Boundaries of International Law: A Feminist Analysis, Manchester University
Press, 2000, 228.
252
rivi da instituciuri CarCo, romelic pirs SesaZleblobas miscems, daicvas Tavisi

ufleba, rodesac Cveuleba mas ewinaaRmdegeba.
yovelive zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, saxelmwifos unda evalebodes im dis-
kriminaciuli normebis, regulaciebisa Tu debulebebis modificireba, romlebsac
aqvT samarTlebrivi buneba da saxelmwifo ar unda Caerios kulturuli Tu Cveulebi-
Ti normebis modificirebis procesSi.
2.2. Tanasworobis uzrunvelsayofad saxelmwifos mier

gansaxorcielebeli pozitiuri RonisZiebebi
cnobierebis amaRleba da diskriminaciuli normebis modificireba aris saxel-

mwifos pozitiuri RonisZiebebis saxe, Tumca calke yuradReba unda gamaxvildes iseTi
zomebis miRebaze, romelTa gareSec Tanasworobis uflebis uzrunvelyofa ver moxde-
ba. Tanasworobis uflebis uzrunvelsayofad saxelmwifo valdebulia, mniSvnelovnad
gansxvavebul pirobebSi myof pirebs Tanasworad ar moeqces. piriqiT, imisaTvis, rom
Tanasworobis uflebis realizeba moxdes, saxelmwifo gansxvavebul pirebs gansxva-
vebulad unda moepyros.16 ufro metad rom dazustdes es principi, SeiZleba iTqvas,
rom saxelmwifom yvela piris individualuri saWiroeba unda gaiTvaliswinos adami-
anis uflebebis uzrunvelsayofad, raTa ar daarRvios maTi Tanasworobis ufleba. es
midgoma konkretuli principis saxiT aisaxa SezRuduli SesaZleblobis mqone pirTa
uflebebis gaeros konvenciaSi, romelic cnobilia gonivruli misadagebis saxeliT.17
gonivruli misadagebis principi miznad isaxavs SezRuduli SesaZleblobis mqone pi-
rebisTvis aucilebeli da Sesabamisi zomebis miRebas, imisaTvis, rom maT sxva pirebis
msgavsad moaxdinon uflebebis realizeba.18 realurad, es aris piris individualur
saWiroebebze morgebuli principi da, pirvel rigSi, gamoiyeneba SezRuduli SesaZ-
leblobis mqone pirTa mimarT, Tumca es principi ufro farTo gamoyenebisaa, Tavisi
Sinaarsidan gamomdinare.19 amitom, nebismier SemTxvevaSi, rodesac pirs SezRuduli
SesaZleblobis Tu sxva obieqturi garemoebis gamo aqvs individualuri saWiroeba, sa-
xelmwifom misi uflebebis realizeba am saWiroebis gaTvaliswinebiT unda moaxdinos.
pozitiuri zomebis kidev erTi kategoria gulisxmobs de faqto uTanasworobis
aRmosafxvrelad droebiTi zomebis miRebas. am princips iTvaliswinebs rasobrivi dis-
kriminaciis yvela formis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb konvencia,20 agreTve qalTa diskrimina-
ciis yvela formis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb gaeros konvencia.21 principi dasaSvebad miiC-
nevs pirTa mimarT gansxvavebul mopyrobas, Tu is emsaxureba faqtobrivi uTanasworo-
bis aRmofxvras da es gansxvavebuli mopyroba dasruldeba dasaxuli miznis miRwevis-
16
Thilimmenos v. Greece, App. no. 34369/97, ECtHR, 6 April 2000, § 44.
17
Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, art. 2.
18
iqve.
19
Schutter O.D., International Human Rights Law: Cases, Material, Commentary (Cambridge University Press,
2010), 644.
20
International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, art. 1(4).
21
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, art. 4(1).
253
Tanave.22 miiCneva, rom amgvari qmedeba erTgvarad winare diskriminaciis gamosworebas

emsaxureba da amiT aris gamarTlebuli,23 Tumca misi realizeba SesaZloa, TviTnebu-
rad moxdes, radgan arasakmarisad aris ganmartebuli misi elementebi. pirvel rigSi,
sakmaod saxifaToa, miznad iqnes dasaxuli de faqto Tanasworobis miRweva, radgan bun-
dovania, rodis miiRweva es Tanasworoba. Tanasworobis uflebis arsi adamianebisTvis
Tanaswori SesaZleblobebis miniWebaa,24 rac avtomaturad iwvevs faqtobriv uTanaswo-
robas. Sesabamisad, de faqto Tanasworoba yvela sferoSi an verasodes miiRweva, an mi-
iRweva calkeuli jgufis mimarT upiratesobis miniWebis, anu araTanaswori pirobebis
SeqmniT. nebismier SemTxvevaSi es Zalian saxifaTo kategoriaa, romelic Tavad qmnis
diskriminaciis safrTxes.
agreTve, unda iTqvas, rom droebiTi specialuri zomebis miReba aris ara saxel-
mwifoze dakisrebuli konvenciuri valdebuleba, aramed konvenciebis moTxovnaa, de
faqto uTanasworobis aRmosafxvrelad ganxorcielebuli gansxvavebuli mopyroba sa-
xelmwifom ar daakvalificiros diskriminaciad.25 Tumca am konteqstSic absolutu-
rad zedmetia specialuri kategoriis Seqmna, radgan gansxvavebuli mopyroba yovel-
Tvis SeiZleba gamarTldes obieqturi da gonivruli safuZvliT, anu, rodesac is em-
saxureba legitimur mizans da mis misaRwevad gamoyenebuli saSualebebi aucilebeli
da proporciulia.26 es zogadi formula sakmarisad moqnilia imisaTvis, rom yvela gan-
sxvavebuli mopyroba ar CaiTvalos diskriminaciad da axali specialuri kategoriis
Seqmna namdvilad zedmetia. amasTan, es kategoria, miiCneva, rom aris droebiTi, Tumca
droebiToba damokidebulia dasaxuli miznis miRwevaze, rac, Tavis mxriv, Zalian Se-
fasebiTia da qmnis imis safrTxes, rom miRebuli zomebi iqneba ganusazRvreli vadiT
„droebiTi“.
3. diskriminaciis faqtebze efeqturi reagireba saxelmwifos mier
prevencia diskriminaciis aRmosafxvrelad umniSvnelovanesi komponentia, Tum-

ca maqsimalurad gamarTuli prevenciuli RonisZiebebis arsebobis drosac SeuZlebe-
lia diskriminaciis yvela faqtis Tavidan arideba. Sesabamisad, aucilebelia saxelmwi-
fos mxridan efeqturi reagireba diskriminaciis yvela gamovlinebaze. amisaTvis ki au-
cilebelia, saxelmwifoSi arsebobdes Sesabamisi samarTlebrivi baza da instituciuri
meqanizmebi, romlebic antidiskriminaciuli normebis implementacias moaxdenen.27 aR-
niSnulidan gamomdinare, mizanSewonilia, gaanalizdes, ra saxis samarTlebrivi da in-
stituciuri CarCo unda arsebobdes erovnul doneze, rom diskriminaciasTan brZola
efeqturad CaiTvalos.
22
CEDAW, General recommendation №25, on Article 4, Paragraph 1, of the Convention on the Elimination of All
Forms of Discrimination against Women, on temporary special measures, § 15.
23
iqve.
24
25
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, Art. 4(1).
26
D.H., Others v. the Czech Republic, App. №57325/00 ECtHR [GC], 13 November 2007, §184.
27
UN Human Rights Committee, General Comment N18: Non-discrimination, § 9.
254
3.1. efeqturi antidiskriminaciuli kanonmdebloba
erovnuli kanonmdebloba rom qmnides diskriminaciasTan efeqturad brZolis

safuZvels, unda asaxavdes saerTaSoriso da regionaluri instrumentebiT dadgenil
standartebs. upirveles yovlisa, kanonmdeblobaSi mocemuli unda iyos diskriminaci-
is definicia da misi saxeebi, romlis mixedviTac SesaZlebeli iqneba yoveli konkretu-
li SemTxvevis diskriminaciad kvalifikacia.
aRsaniSnavia, rom gaeros konvenciebSi mocemuli definicia28 gansxvavebulia ada-
mianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlos mier dadgenili ganmartebisgan,29 romelic,
Tavis mxriv, eyrdnoba evrokavSiris antidiskriminaciul direqtivebs.30 Tumca am uka-
nasknelis mier dadgenil definicias ar ewinaaRmdegeba gaeros konvenciebis interpre-
tacia da mTlianobaSi saerTaSoriso da regionaluri standartebis gaTvaliswinebiT
unda gamoiyos diskriminaciis Semdegi elementebi: 1) qmedeba – gansxvavebuli mopyro-
ba, 2) Sesadarebeli kategoria – visTan mimarTebiTac dgindeba gansxvavebuli mopy-
roba, 3) qmedebis mizezi – niSnis arseboba, ris gamoc pirs gansxvavebulad moepyrnen,
4) qmedebis mizani an Sedegi – araxelsayrel mdgomareobaSi Cayeneba, 5) gansxvavebuli
mopyrobis obieqturi da gonivruli gamarTlebis ararseboba. Sesabamisad, erovnul
kanonmdeblobaSi diskriminacia imgvarad unda ganimartos, rom masSi asaxuli iyos qme-
debis diskriminaciad kvalifikaciisTvis saWiro yvela aRniSnuli elementi.
amasTan, erovnul doneze diskriminaciis ganmartebisas gansakuTrebuli yuradR-
eba unda gamaxvildes or faqtorze, romelTan dakavSirebiTac saerTaSoriso da regi-
onalur aqtebSi ar aris sicxade: 1) gansxvavebuli mopyroba yovelgvari niSnis gareSe
unda dakvalificirdes Tu ara diskriminaciad? 2) diskriminacia SezRuduli unda iyos
Tu ara mxolod kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli uflebebiT sargeblobisas gansxvavebuli
mopyrobiT? niSnebTan mimarTebiT unda iTqvas, rom diskriminaciis mTavari gamomwvevi
mizezi, umetes SemTxvevaSi, swored am niSnebis arsebobaa da swored amitom saerTaSo-
riso da regionaluri konvenciebi definiciaSi pirdapir gamoyofen, rom gansxvavebu-
li mopyroba diskriminaciuli niSnis gamo unda xorcieldebodes. Tumca Tanasworoba
irRveva maSinac, rodesac ver xdeba niSnis identificireba, magram xdeba TviTneburad
gansxvavebuli mopyroba. amitom mizanSewonili iqneboda, diskriminaciuli niSnis dad-
28
gaeros adamianis uflebaTa komitetis, rasobrivi diskriminaciis yvela formis
aRmofxvris Sesaxeb konvenciisa da qalTa diskriminaciis yvela formis aRmofxvris
Sesaxeb konvenciis mixedviT, diskriminacia aris raime niSnis gamo nebismieri gansxvaveba,
gamoricxva, SezRudva an upiratesobis miniWeba, romelic miznad isaxavs an iwvevs
politikuri, ekonomikuri, socialuri, kulturuli an sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis sxva
sferoebSi adamianis uflebaTa da ZiriTad TavisuflebaTa Tanasworobis sawyisebze
cnobis, gamoyenebis an ganxorcielebis mospobas an Selaxvas.
29
adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlos mier damkvidrebuli gansazRvrebis
mixedviT, diskriminacia aris arsebiTad Tanaswori pirebis mimarT iseTi gansxvavebuli
mopyroba, romelsac ar aqvs obieqturi da gonivruli gamarTleba. sasamarTlos mixedviT,
gansxvavebuli mopyroba gamarTlebulia, Tu mas aqvs legitimuri mizani da gamoyenebuli
saSualebebi aris am miznis miRwevisTvis aucilebeli da Tanazomieri.
30
ix. Racial Equality Directive (Council Directive 2000/43/EC) art. 2; Employment Equality Directive, Council
Directive 2000/78/EC, art. 2.
255
gena ar iyos aucilebeli winapiroba qmedebis diskriminaciad dakvalificirebisTvis,

Tumca, radgan konvenciebi pirdapir miuTiTeben am niSnis arsebobaze da strasburgis
sasamarTlos praqtikac ar aris erTgvarovani, erovnuli kanonmdebloba, romelic au-
cilebel elementad miiCnevs diskriminaciuli niSnis arsebobas, ver CaiTvleba arae-
feqturad. nebismier SemTxvevaSi niSnebis CamonaTvali ar unda iyos amomwuravi da
SezRuduli, rom regulirebis miRma ar darCes romelime niSani.
rac Seexeba kanonmdeblobis moqmedebis sferos, saxelmwifom piri unda daicvas
nebismieri mesame pirisgan momdinare diskriminaciisgan. Tumca imisaTvis, rom kerZo
urTierTobebSi zedmetad ar Caerios saxelmwifo, diskriminacia unda aikrZalos mxo-
lod kerZo pirebs Soris iseT urTierTobaSi, romelic sajarod SeTavazebul momsaxu-
rebas an saqonels ukavSirdeba.31 aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, efeqturi kanonmdebloba
pasuxismgeblobas unda awesebdes ara mxolod sajaro pirebze, aramed kerZo pirebzec,
Tu maTi saqmianoba scdeba wminda saxis kerZo urTierTobebs.
efeqturi kanonmdebloba, bunebrivia, gansakuTrebul yuradRebas unda uTmob-
des procesualur normebs, romlebiTac gaTvaliswinebuli iqneba antidiskrimina-
ciuli materialuri normebis praqtikuli implementacia. Sesabamisad, prevenciiT
dawyebuli, diskriminaciis faqtebis referirebisa da misi Sedegebis aRmofxvris me-
qanizmi Zalian detalurad unda iyo gawerili erovnul kanonmdeblobaSi. am sakiTx-
ze sistematizebuli rekomendaciebi aqvs gakeTebuli rasizmisa da Seuwynareblobis
winaaRmdeg evropul komisias (SemdgomSi – ECRI),32 romlis analizic mizanSewonilia
ganzogadebuli daskvnebis gasakeTeblad.
ECRI-is rekomendaciiT, erovnulma kanonmdeblobam konstituciis doneze unda
gaiTvaliswinos Tanasworobis principi da saxelmwifos valdebuleba, rom yvela ada-
miani daicvas diskriminaciisagan. amasTan, konstituciaSive unda gakeTdes daTqma,
rom kanoniT ganisazRvreba SemTxvevebi, rodesac gansxvavebuli mopyroba ar aris dis-
kriminacia.33 aRniSnulTan mimarTebiT, unda iTqvas, rom, cxadia, konstitucia maqsima-
lurad zogadad unda exebodes Tanasworobis uflebas, Tumca konstituciuri norma
ver iqneba efeqturi, Tu gansxvavebuli mopyrobis gamarTlebis SemTxvevebi kanoniT
iqneba gansazRvruli, radgan sxva sakanonmdeblo aqtebis konstituciuroba ar SeiZ-
leba Sefasdes im normebis safuZvelze, romlebic agreTve kanoniT aris gansazRvru-
li. yovelgvari koliziis Tavidan acilebis mizniT, saWiroa, konstituciis donezeve
ganisazRvros diskriminaciis elementebi. rogorc minimum, konstituciis teqstidan
unda dgindebodes, rom diskriminaciuli niSnebis CamonaTvali ar aris amomwuravi da
gansxvavebuli mopyroba gamarTlebulia mxolod obieqturi da gonivruli mizeziT.
cxadia, nebismier SemTxvevaSi konstituciuri normis ganmartebis prerogativa sakon-
stitucio sasamarTlos aqvs, Tumca antidiskriminaciuli norma ufro efeqturi iqne-
ba, Tu mas SeZlebisdagvarad mcire ganmarteba dasWirdeba.
31
Developing Anti-Discrimination Law in Europe, Prepared by Isabelle Chopin and Catharina Germaine-Sahl for
the European Network of Legal Experts in the Non-discrimination Field, October 2013, 65.
32
13 December 2002.
33
iqve, § 2.
256
imisaTvis, rom erovnuli kanonmdebloba iyos efeqturi da srulad iTvaliswi-

nebdes diskriminaciis msxverplis saWiroebebs, aucilebelia kompleqsuri midgoma,
rac moiTxovs saTanado sisxlis, administraciuli da samoqalaqo kanonmdeblobis ar-
sebobas.34 samoqalaqo samarTalze aqcentireba, komisiis poziciiT, aris xazgasma imisa,
rom diskriminacia unda aikrZalos ara mxolod sajaro, aramed kerZo seqtorSic35 da,
amasTan, aucilebelia diskriminaciuli normebis modificireba, maT Soris kerZo xasi-
aTis regulaciebSi.36 administraciuli samarTlis nawilSi komisia iTxovs sasamarTlo
an/da administraciuli procedurebis arsebobas, romelic advilad xelmisawvdomi iq-
neba diskriminaciis yvela msxverplisTvis da uzrunvelyofs diskriminaciis Camdenis-
Tvis adekvaturi sanqciis dakisrebas, maT Soris miyenebuli materialuri Tu moralu-
ri zianis anazRaurebis saxiT.37
rac Seexeba diskriminaciisTvis sisxlissamarTlebriv pasuxismgeblobas, ECRI-
is rekomendacia pasuxismgeblobas iTxovs diskriminaciis iseTi mZime formebisTvis,
rogorebicaa: genocidi, rasobrivi SuRlis gaRviveba da sxv.38 amasTan, principis sa-
xiT mniSvnelovania rekomendaciis moTxovna, rom diskriminaciul niadagze Cadenili
danaSauli gamocxaddes pasuxismgeblobis damamZimebel garemoebad,39 xolo sanqcia
iyos efeqturi, proporciuli da Semakavebeli efeqtis mqone.40 es moTxovnebi sruliad
logikuria, Tumca praqtikul problemebs Seqmnis rekomendaciis im nawilis gaTvalis-
wineba, romelic iTxovs sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis dawesebas sajaro
funqciis Sesrulebisas ganxorcielebuli diskriminaciis gamo. realurad, diskrimi-
nacia sakmaod maRali sixSiriT swored sajaro funqciis ganxorcielebis dros xdeba
da, bundovania, am SemTxvevaSi sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgebloba rogor unda
gaimijnos administraciuli pasuxismgeblobisgan, romelic agreTve unda iyos efeq-
turi, proporciuli da Semakavebeli efeqtis mqone.41 am sakiTxTan mimarTebiT, ECRI
damatebiT ganmartavs, rom pasuxismgeblobis sxvadasxva saxe erTmaneTs unda avsebdes
da sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgebloba aris Zlieri Semakavebeli efeqtis mqone
saSualeba.42 Sesabamisad, aucilebelia, erovnul doneze mkacrad gaimijnos diskrimi-
naciisTvis administraciuli da sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis dakisrebis
winapirobebi.
yovelive zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom efeqturi anti-
diskriminaciuli kanonmdebloba orientirebuli unda iyos diskriminaciis msxver-
34
Explanatory Memorandum to ECRI General Policy Recommendation №7 Introduction on National Legislation
to Combat Racism and Racial Discrimination, § 3.
35
iqve, § 7.
36
iqve, § 14.
37
iqve, § 12-13.
38
iqve, § 18-19.
39
iqve, § 21.
40
iqve, § 23.
41
iqve, § 12.
42
iqve, § 3.
257
plis interesebze da mas unda aZlevdes darRveuli uflebis aRdgenis efeqtur saSu-
alebebs. Sesabamisad, aucilebelia, gaanalizdes, Tu ra saSualebebiT unda xdebodes
diskriminaciis Sedegad darRveuli Tanasworobis uflebis aRdgena.
4. Tanasworobis darRveuli uflebis aRdgenis efeqturi saSualebebi
darRveuli uflebis samarTlebrivi wesiT aRdgenis SesaZlebloba adamianis Zi-

riTadi uflebebis is maxasiaTebelia, romelic samarTlebriv aqtSi arsebul debule-
bebs praqtikul daniSnulebas sZens.43 sxva sityvebiT rom iTqvas, adamianis uflebis
arseboba Tavis TavSi gulisxmobs imas, rom misi darRvevis SemTxvevaSi SesaZlebelia
samarTlebrivi wesiT misi dacva da piriqiT, Tu SeuZlebelia darRveuli uflebis aR-
dgena, maSin realurad adamianis ufleba arc arsebobs.44 swored amitom adamianis uf-
lebaTa yvela ZiriTadi saerTaSoriso45 da regionaluri aqti pirdapir gansazRvravs
uflebis samarTlebrivi wesiT dacvis SesaZleblobas.46 miCneulia, rom darRveuli
uflebis aRsadgenad saxelmwifom unda gamoiyenos efeqturi, proporciuli da Sema-
kavebeli efeqtis mqone zomebi.47 am SemTxvevaSi ar arsebobs avtoritetuli organos
ganmarteba, Tu ra igulisxmeba TiToeul terminSi, Tumca, doqtrinis mixedviT, efeq-
turad miiCneva iseTi zomebi, romlebic realurad iZleva dasaxuli miznis miRwevis
SesaZleblobas. proporciuli saSualeba unda iyos Cadenili qmedebis simZimisa da
xasiaTis Sesabamisi, xolo Semakavebeli efeqtis mqonea iseTi sanqcia, romelic sakma-
risad mkacria imisaTvis, raTa maqsimalurad gamoricxos samomavlod imave qmedebis
Cadenis SesaZlebloba.48 amasTan, darRveuli uflebis aRdgena rom iyos erTdroulad
efeqturi, proporciuli da Semakavebeli efeqtis mqone, kompleqsurad unda iqnes ga-
moyenebuli reparaciis yvela saWiro zemoT ganxiluli saSualeba samoqalaqo, admi-
nistraciuli Tu sisxlis samarTlis farglebSi.49
43
Tomuschat C., Human Rights: Between Idealism and Realism, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, 2008, 5.
44
Steiner H.J., Alston P., Goodman R., International Human Rights in Context: Law, Politics and Morals, 3rd ed.,
Oxford: OUP, 2007, 263.
45
ix., magaliTad, adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaraciis me-8 muxli. agreTve, sa-
moqalaqo da politikur uflebaTa Sesaxeb saerTaSoriso paqtis me-2 muxlis me-2 punqti
da me-3 punqtis „b“ qvepunqti.
46
adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis me-13 muxli; adamianis uflebaTa amerikuli
konvenciis me-2 muxli; adamianisa da xalxTa uflebebis Sesaxeb afrikuli qartiis pirveli
muxli.
47
Remedies and Sanctions in EC non-discrimination law: Effective, proportionate and dissuasive national sanctions
and remedies, with particular reference to upper limits on compensation to victims of discrimination, European
Commission Directorate-General for Employment, Social Affairs and Equal Opportunities, June 2005, 32.
48
iqve, 10.
49
iqve, 5.
258
5. diskriminaciasTan brZolis specialuri organos

arsebobis saWiroeba
imisaTvis, rom diskriminaciasTan brZola realurad iyos efeqturi samarTleb-

rivi CarCos paralelurad, aucilebelia, arsebobdes saTanado instituciuri meqa-
nizmebi, romlebic uzrunvelyofen antidiskirminaciuli debulebebis praqtikul
implementacias da ganaxorcieleben yvela saWiro zomas, prevenciiT dawyebuli, dis-
kriminaciis faqtebis gamovlenisa da darRveuli uflebis aRdgeniT damTavrebuli.
saerTaSoriso antidiskriminaciuli instrumentebis Sesabamisad, efeqturi institu-
ciuri CarCo unda moicavdes sasamarTlo da administraciuli meqanizmebis arsebobas,
romlebiTac uzrunvelyofili iqneba diskriminaciis winaaRmdeg brZola da darRveu-
li uflebis aRdgena.50
sasamarTlo, cxadia, uflebis dacvis yvelaze mniSvnelovani saSualebaa, Tumca
sasamarTlos mandati aris kanoniT mkacrad gansazRvruli da misi funqciis Sesabami-
si. saTanado sakanonmdeblo safuZvlebis arsebobisas sasamarTlos meSveobiT SesaZ-
lebelia diskriminaciis Sedegad darRveuli uflebis aRdgena, Tumca, rogorc ukve
ganxilul iqna, diskriminaciasTan brZola gacilebiT farTo da kompleqsur midgomas
saWiroebs, vidre mxolod ukve gamovlenili diskriminaciis faqtebis sapasuxo zome-
bis miReba. aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, imisaTvis, rom diskriminaciasTan brZola iyos
efeqturi, saxelmwifoTa umetesobaSi iqmneba specializebuli organo, romelic pa-
suxismgebelia Tanasworobis dacvaze.51 evropis sabWos wevri qveynebisTvis amgvari
organos Seqmnis saWiroeba gansazRvrulia rasizmisa da Seuwynareblobis winaaRmdeg
evropuli komisiis 2 zogadi politikis rekomendaciiT (General Policy Recommendation).52
evrokavSiris wevri qveynebisTvis specializebuli organos Seqmna damatebiT gaTva-
liswinebulia specialuri direqtivebiT.53
imisaTvis, rom Tanasworobis dacvis organom Seasrulos Tavisi funqcia da uz-
runvelyos diskriminaciisgan pirTa efeqtiani dacva, saWiroa, mas saTanado funqci-
ebi hqondes. calkeul saxelmwifoTa antidiskriminaciuli kanonebis Sefasebisas eu-
Tos demokratiuli institutebisa da adamianis uflebaTa ofisis (OSCE/ODIHR) mier
araerTxel dafiqsirda pozicia, rom Tanasworobis dacvis specializebuli organos
mandati unda faravdes rogorc sajaro, ise kerZo sferos.54 amasTan, es organo ver Ca-
iTvleba efeqturad, Tu mas ar eqneba saTanado SesaZlebloba, rom daakisros jarima,
zianis anazRaureba, an diskriminaciis Sedegebis aRmosafxvrelad miiRos sxva efeqtu-
50
Kudla v. Poland, App. №30210/96, (ECtHR, 26 October 2000), § 157; gaeros adamianis uflebaTa
komitetis 2004 wlis №34 zogadi komentaris me-15 punqti.
51
<http://www.coe.int/t/dghl/monitoring/ecri/library/links_en.asp#bodies>, [26.05.2014].
52
<http://www.coe.int/t/dghl/monitoring/ecri/activities/gpr/en/recommendation_n2/Rec02en.pdf>, [26.05.2014].
53
ix. Council Directive 2000/43/EC implementing the principle of equal treatment between persons irrespective
of racial or ethnic origin, 29 June 2000, article 13; Council Directive 2004/113/EC implementing the principle of
equal treatment between men and women in the access to and supply of goods and services, 13 December 2004.
54
OSCE/ODIHR Comments on the Draft Law on Prevention and Protection against Discrimination of the Former
Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, 13 October 2009, § 44.
259
ri zoma,55 Tumca am SemTxvevaSi jarimebisa da sanqciebis dakisreba mxolod adminis-

traciuli pasuxismgeblobiT unda Semoifarglos.56
rasizmisa da Seuwynareblobis winaaRmdeg Seqmnili evropuli komisia CamoTvlis
mTel rigs uflebamosilebebisas, romlebiTac sasurvelia, aRWurvili iyos diskrimi-
naciasTan brZolis specializebuli organo,57 Tumca gansakuTrebuli aqcenti keTdeba
iseT funqciebze, rogorebicaa: diskriminaciis msxverplTa daxmareba, saqmeebis gan-
xilvis SesaZlebloba, sakanonmdeblo normebis daxvewisaTvis winadadebebis wardgena,
cnobierebis amaRleba, diskriminaciasTan brZolis kuTxiT arsebuli mdgomareobis
Seswavla da Sesabamisi angariSebis momzadeba.58
yovelive zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom diskriminacias-
Tan brZolis instituciuri meqanizmebi moicavs sasamarTlo da administraciuli in-
stitutebis arsebobas, romlebmac erTianobaSi unda uzrunvelyos yvela im RonisZi-
ebis ganxorcieleba, romlebic aucilebelia diskriminaciasTan efeqturad sabrZol-
velad prevenciis, diskriminaciis faqtebis gamovlenisa da misi Sedegebis aRmofxvris
saxiT.
6. daskvna
dasaxuli miznis Sesabamisad, gaanalizebul iqna diskriminaciasTan efeqturad

brZolisTvis aucilebeli saxelmwifos mier gansaxorcielebeli RonisZiebebi. kvle-
vis Sedegad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom diskriminaciis aRmofxvrisken mimarTuli brZola
unda iyos mudmivi da kompleqsuri procesi, romelic moicavs prevencias, diskrimina-
ciis faqtebis gamovlenasa da misi Sedegebis aRmofxvras. Tumca am sakiTxebTan mimar-
TebiTac ar aris saTanado sicxade.
pirvel rigSi, kritikas imsaxurebs gaeros antidiskriminaciuli konvenciebis
moTxovna, rom saxelmwifoebma moaxdinon diskriminaciuli Cveulebebis modificire-
ba. gaumarTlebelia am valdebulebis saxelmwifosTvis dakisreba, radgan saxelmwifo
ar qmnis Cveulebebs da sakiTxavia, rogor SeiZleba, man misi modificireba moaxdinos.
amasTan, Cveuleba da tradicia adamianis Sinagani rwmenis gamoxatulebaa, romelic
mniSvnelovan wvlils asrulebs adamianis ganviTarebaSi da gaumarTlebeli iqneba, sa-
xelmwifos misi modificirebis valdebuleba hqondes. amitom saxelmwifos diskrimi-
naciuli Cveulebebis modificirebis valdebuleba ki ar unda hqondes, aramed unda ar-
sebobdes iseTi samarTlebrivi garemo, sadac pirs SeeZleba, daicvas sakuTari ufleba,
romelic SesaZlebelia vinmes mier irRveodes Cveulebaze dayrdnobiT.
55
iqve, § 48; OSCE/ODIHR Opinion on the Draft Law on Preventing and Combating Discrimination of the
Republic of Moldova, 29 October 2010, § 70.
56
iqve, § 73.
57
ECRI General policy Recommendation N2 on Specialised Bodies to Combat Racism, Xenophobia, Antisemitism
and Intolerance at National Level, 13 June 1997, Principle 3.
58
13 December 2002.
260
kvlevam cxadyo, rom problematuria pozitiuri zomebis is kategoria, romelic

de faqto uTanasworobis aRmosafxvrelad droebiTi zomebis miRebas gulisxmobs. pir-
vel rigSi, sakmaod saxifaToa, miznad iqnes dasaxuli de faqto Tanasworobis miRweva,
radgan bundovania, rodis miiRweva es Tanasworoba da droebiTi RonisZieba SesaZloa,
uvadod gagrZeldes. amasTan, Tanasworobis uflebis arsi adamianebisTvis Tanaswori
SesaZleblobis miniWebaa, rac avtomaturad iwvevs faqtobriv uTanasworobas. Sesaba-
misad, de faqto Tanasworoba yvela sferoSi an verasodes miiRweva, an miiRweva calke-
uli jgufis mimarT upiratesobis miniWebis, anu araTanaswori pirobebis SeqmniT. ami-
tom, nebismier SemTxvevaSi, es Zalian saxifaTo kategoriaa, romelic Tavad qmnis dis-
kriminaciis safrTxes da mizanSewonili ar aris am principis praqtikuli realizeba.
rac Seexeba diskriminaciis faqtebis gamovlenasa da reagirebas, kvlevis Sedegad
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom am miznebis misaRwevad aucilebelia efeqturi samarTlebrivi da
instituciuri meqanizmebis arseboba. antidiskriminaciuli normebi unda iyos kom-
pleqsurad asaxuli samoqalaqo, administraciul da sisxlis samarTlis kanonmdeblo-
baSi ise, rom gaurkvevlad ar xdebodes erTmaneTis gadafarva. kanonmdebloba saTa-
nadod unda asaxavdes diskriminaciis elementebsa da mis saxeebs da iTvaliswinebdes
darRveuli uflebis aRsadgenad aucilebel procedurebs. es ukanaskneli unda, erTi
mxriv, uzrunvelyofdes dazaralebulisTvis miyenebuli uaryofiTi Sedegebis repa-
racias, romelic iqneba efeqturi da proporciuli, xolo, meore mxriv, gaTvaliswi-
nebuli unda iyos Sesabamisi sanqciebi, romelTac eqneba Semakavebeli efeqti samomav-
lod diskriminaciuli qmedebis Cadenis Tavidan asacileblad.
antidiskriminaciuli normebis efeqturi implementaciisTvis aucilebelia,
arsebobdes saTanado instituciuri meqanizmebi da mizanSewonilia, sasamarTlos pa-
ralelurad yvela saxelmwifoSi iyos specialuri organo, romelic pasuxismgebeli
iqneba diskriminaciasTan sabrZolvelad kompleqsuri zomebis gatarebaze da romlis
mandatic moicavs prevenciis, diskriminaciis gamovlenisa da misi Sedegebis aRmof-
xvris elementebs, rogorc sajaro, ise kerZo sferoSi.
yovelive zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, daskvnis saxiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom
Tumca diskriminacia ikrZaleba adamianis uflebebis aRmocenebis momentidan, is
dRemde sakmaod kompleqsur samarTlebriv kategoriad rCeba, romlis dadgena yovel
konkretul SemTxvevaSi did sirTuleebTan iqneba dakavSirebuli. diskriminaciasTan
efeqturi brZola saWiroebs am fenomenis zusti samarTlebrivi bunebis erTgvarovan
aRqmas, romelic saTanadod aisaxeba kanonmdeblobaSi da saxeze iqneba misi implemen-
taciisTvis aucilebeli instituciuri meqanizmebi.
261
paata javaxiSvili *
saerTo sasamarTloebis gadawyvetilebaTa

sakonstitucio kontroli: samxreT kavkasiis
saxelmwifoebis gamocdileba da perspeqtivebi
saxelmwifo xelisuflebis organoebs Soris sakonstitucio sasamarTlos ad-

gilsa da mniSvnelobas umetesad ganapirobebs am instituciis damoukideblo-
ba da misi kompetenciuri arsenali. sakonstitucio sasamarTlos uflebamo-
silebebs Soris gansakuTrebuli adgili realur sakonstitucio kontrols
ukavia. winamdebare statiis mizani samxreT kavkasiis saxelmwifoebSi realu-
ri kontrolis sakanonmdeblo sinamdvilisa da sakonstitucio marTlmsaju-
lebis Sefasebaa. statiaSi ganxilulia realuri sakonstitucio kontrolis
institutis arsi da misi mniSvneloba, sakonstitucio sasamarTlos adgili
azerbaijanSi, TurqeTisa da somxeTis respublikebSi, Sefasebulia uSualod
am institutis gavlena sakonstitucio marTlmsajulebaze da realuri kon-
trolis perspeqtivebi samxreT kavkasiis saxelmwifoebSi.
sakvanZo sityvebi: konstituciuri kontroli samxreT kavkasiaSi, konsti-

tuciuri marTlmsajuleba, realuri sakonstitucio kontroli.
1. Sesavali
normatiuli aqtebis konstituciurobaze zogadi kontroli msoflios mrava-

li saxelmwifos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos umniSvnelovanesi funqciaa, romlis
ganxorcielebisas uzrunvelyofilia konstituciis, rogorc ZiriTadi kanonis, uze-
naesoba.1 konstituciuri normebisa da adamianis ZiriTadi uflebebis dacvis mizniT2
sakonstitucio sasamarTlo realuri kontrolis ganxorcielebisas axdens xelisuf-
lebis yvela Stos saqmianobis konstituciasTan Sesabamisobis monitorings. sakonsti-
tucio sasamarTlo aris institucia, romlis mizania, daicvas konstitucia xelisuf-
lebis Stoebis arakonstituciuri Carevebisgan.3 am funqciis ganxorcieleba ki mas sa-
xelmwifo xelisuflebis saqmianobis makontrolebel umaRles organod aqcevs.
*
1
kaxiani g., abstraqtuli normaTkontrolis problemebi saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sa-
samarTlos saqmianobaSi, Jurn. „samarTlis Jurnali“, №1, 2009, 62.
2
Patrono M., The Protection of Fundamental Rights By Constitutional Courts – A Comparative Perspective,
2000, 405.
3
gegenava d., sakonstitucio marTlmsajuleba saqarTveloSi: samarTalwarmoebis
ZiriTadi sistemuri problemebi, Tb., 2012, 26.
262
paata javaxiSvili, saerTo sasamarTloebis gadawyvetilebaTa sakonstitucio kontroli:
samxreT kavkasiis saxelmwifoebis gamocdileba da perspeqtivebi
evropis sabWos daxmarebiT, centraluri da aRmosavleTi evropis qveynebma sab-

WoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg axali konstituciebis miRebis an Zvelis gadasinjvis sa-
fuZvelze moaxdines sakonstitucio sasamarTlosaTvis fizikuri da iuridiuli pire-
bis mier pirdapiri mimarTvis institutis danergva, romlis mizani iyo adamianis Ziri-
Tadi uflebebis dacvis sferoSi e.w. `nacrisferi zonebis~4 dafarva. am saxelmwifoTa
jgufs miekuTvnebian samxreT kavkasiis saxelmwifoebic.
winamdebare statiis mizania analitikur, logikur da SedarebiTsamarTlebriv
kvlevaTa meTodebze dayrdnobiT, sakonstitucio kontrolis im modelebis ganxilva,
romlebic samxreT kavkasiis sakonstitucio samarTlebriv sinamdvileSia damkvidre-
buli. amdenad, ganxiluli iqneba TurqeTis, azerbaijanisa da somxeTis respublikebis
(SemdgomSi – TurqeTi, azerbaijani, somxeTi) kanonmdeblobebi, adamianis uflebaTa sa-
erTaSoriso institutebisa da mecnierTa Sefasebebi am saxelmwifoebis sakonstitu-
cio sistemebis Taobaze.
2. realuri sakonstitucio kontroli – evropuli sinamdvile da

misi damkvidreba samxreT kavkasiis saxelmwifoebSi
2.1. realuri sakonstitucio kontroli, rogorc

ZiriTad uflebaTa dacvis efeqturi Tanamedrove meqanizmi
konstituciuri sarCeli individisa da moqalaqis uflebebis dacvis ZiriTadi me-

qanizmia. is aris individualuri iniciativa, romelic qmnis konkretul procedurul
instruments. individualuri konstituciuri sarCelis doqtrinis mixedviT, sasamar-
Tloebs ufleba aqvT, gaauqmon mTavrobis gadawyvetilebebi, roca isini ar Seesabame-
bian an ewinaaRmdegebian konstitucias.5 saerTaSoriso uflebadamcveli organizaci-
ebis SefasebiT, es meqanizmi, rogorc samarTlebrivi dacvis saSualeba, xelmisawvdomi
unda iyos yvelasTvis,6 radgan konstituciuri sarCelis moqmedebis arealSi xvdeba
rogorc negatiuri, aseve pozitiuri uflebebis dacvac.7
adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlos statistikis analizma aCvena, rom im
saxelmwifoebidan, romelTac aqvT sruli konstituciuri sarCelis meqanizmi, adamia-
nis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlos mimarT ganacxadTa raodenoba gacilebiT daba-
lia, im saxelmwifoebTan SedarebiT, romelTac msgavsi meqanizmi ar gaaCniaT.8 swored
amis gamo lobirebs evropuli sasamarTlo realuri kontrolis uflebamosilebis mi-
niWebas sakonstitucio sasamarTloebisaTvis.
4
Gentili G., A Comparative Perspective on Direct Access to Constitutional and Supreme Courts in Africa, Asia,
Europe and Latin America: Assessing Advantages for the Italian Constitutional Court, Penn State International
Law Review, University of Sussex, 2011, 708.
5
Karakamisheva T., Constitutional Complaint – Procedural and Legal Instrument for Developmant of the
Constitutional Justice (Case study – Federal Republic of Germany, Repyblic of Croatia, Republic of Slovenia
and Republic of Macedonia) ix. <http://www.venice.coe.int/WCCJ/Papers/MKD_Karakamisheva_E.pdf>.
6
ix. Mavcic A.M., Individual Complaint As a Domestic Remedy th be Exhausted or Effective Within the Meaninig
of the ECHR, Comparative and Slovenian Aspect, Preddvor, Slovenia, 2011, 6-7.
7
ix. Ulvan N.C., Constitutional Complaint and Individual Complaint In Turkey, Ankara Bar Review, 2013,181.
8
ix. Paczolay P., Report Introdaction to the Report of the Venice Commission on Inividual Access to Constitutional
Justice, Conference on Individual Access to Constitutional Justice, Strasburg, 2013, 2.
263
ìmisaTvis, raTa uflebaTa dacvis saSualeba efeqtiani iyos, man mxolod iribad
ki ar unda daicvas konvenciiT garantirebuli uflebebi, aramed unda uzrunvelyos
sasarCelo pretenziebis pirdapiri da swrafi dakmayofileba~.9 miuxedavad araerTgva-
rovani damokidebulebisa, saerTo sasamarTloebis gadawyvetilebaTa sakonstitucio
kontrolis meqanizmi swored im procesualur SesaZleblobad da erT-erT ZiriTad
principad miiCneva, romelmac am miznis miRweva unda uzrunvelyos.
2.2. saerTo sasamarTloebis gadawyvetilebaTa sakonstitucio

kontrolis damkvidreba samxreT kavkasiis saxelmwifoebSi
individTa ufleba sakonstitucio sasamarTlosTvis individualuri sarCeliT

mimarTvaze germaniis samarTlebriv sistemaSi 1969 wels damkvidrda10 da sarCelis es
forma dResac konstituciis dacvis yvelaze efeqtur saSualebad miiCneva.11 federa-
luri sakonstitucio sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebebis naxevarze meti swored am ka-
tegoriis saqmeebs ukavSirdeba.12 zogierTi mecnieri germaniis sakonstitucio samar-
TalSi damkvidrebul sakonstitucio kontrolis meqanizms universalurad miiCnevs,13
radgan martivi proceduris saSualebiT nebismier pirs SeuZlia gaasaCivros sajaro
xelisuflebis organos gadawyvetileba.14
realuri sakonstitucio kontroli TurqeTSi 2010 wels damkvidrda da saka-
nonmdeblo reglamentaciidan 2 wlis Semdeg sakonstitucio sasamarTlom pirveli
ganacxadi miiRo.15 TurqeTis konstituciis 148-e muxlis Sesabamisad, nebismier pirs,
realuri kontrolis germanuli modelis msgavsad, ufleba aqvs, gaasaCivros ara mxo-
lod sasamarTloebis ukanaskneli instanciis mier miRebuli gadawyvetilebebi, aramed
saxelmwifo xelisuflebis mier miRebuli nebismieri aqti an ganxorcielebuli qmede-
ba, romelic pirdapir da imwuTier zians ayenebs konstituciiT aRiarebul mis ZiriTad
9
SaraSiZe m., saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlosaTvis `realuri~ konstituciuri
sarCelebis ganxilvis uflebamosilebis miniWebis perspeqtivebi, statiaTa krebuli,
adamianis uflebaTa dacvis konstituciuri da saerTaSoriso meqanizmebi, red. korkelia
k., ix. sqolio 6, deveri belgiis winaaRmdeg, 1980, 29-e, 59-e punqtebi.
10
Patrono M., The Protection of Fundamental Rights By Constitutional Courts – A Comparative Perspective,
2000, 409.
11
Fremuth M. L., “Patchwork Constitutionalism”, Constitutionalism and Constitutional Litigation in Germany and
Beyond the State – A European Perspective, 2011, 384-385.
12
Prakke C.L., Constitutional Law of 15 EU Member States, Edited by Prakke L., Kortmann C., Brandhof H.,
Burkens M., Calogeropoulos A., Craenen G., Frieden L., Gilhuis P., Ballin E., Koekkoek A., Kraan K., Lunshof
H., Meij J., Schagen J., Steenbeek J., Thill J., Deventer, 2004, 356.
13
ix. Singer M., The Constitutional Court of the German Federal Republic: Jurisdiction Over Individual
Complaints, 1982, 332.
14
gadawyvetileba saqmeze – apostoli saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg, adamianis uflebaTa evro-
puli sasamarTlo, ganacxadi №40765/02, strasburgi, 2006, 42-e punqti.
15
Üstün B., Protection of Human Rights By the Turkish Constitutional Court, Short History of the Turkish
Constitutional Court, ix. http://www.constcourt.md/public/files/file/conferinta_20ani/programul_conferintei/Bur-
han_Ustun.pdf.
264
uflebas.16 uSualod individualur konstituciur sarCelebze TurqeTis sakonsti-

tucio sasamarTlom dRemde ZiriTadi uflebebis darRvevis 165 faqti gamoavlina.17
azerbaijanis konstituciaSi realuri sakonstitucio kontrolis damkvidreba
adamianis uflebaTa saerTaSoriso instituciebis rCeviT moxda.18 azerbaijanis kon-
stituciis 130-e muxlis Sesabamisad, kanonmdeblobiT dadgenili wesiT, yvelas aqvs
ufleba, maTi darRveuli uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis aRdgenis mizniT waradginos
konstituciuri sarCeli sajaro xelisuflebisa da municipalitetebis mier gamoce-
muli normatiuli aqtebis, aseve sasamarTlos mier miRebuli im gadawyvetilebebis mi-
marT, romlebic arRveven individis uflebebsa da Tavisuflebebs.19
somxeTis konstituciis 101-e muxlisa da sakonstitucio sasamarTlos reglamen-
tis ramdenime muxlis sistemuri analizi saSualebas gvaZlevs aRvniSnoT, rom somxe-
Tis sakonstitucio sasamarTlo ganixilavs mxolod normatiuli aqtebis konstitu-
ciurobas da ar gaaCnia saerTo sasamarTloebis gadawyvetilebaTa sakonstitucio
kontrolis uflebamosileba. amis gaTvaliswinebiT, ramdenadac winamdebare kvlevis
mizani samxreT kavkasiis im saxelmwifoebis praqtikis analizia, sadac saerTo sasamar-
Tloebis sakonstitucio kontrolis meqanizmi moqmedebs, Semdgom TavebSi somxeTTan
mimarTebiT mxolod calkeuli samarTlebrivi aspeqtebi iqneba ganxiluli.
3. realuri sakonstitucio kontroli samxreT kavkasiis

saxelmwifoebSi
3.1. sakonstitucio sasamarTlosaTvis individualuri sakonstitucio

sarCeliT mimarTvaze uflebamosili piri
realuri kontrolis mTavari arsi isaa, rom sarCelis wardgenaze uflebamosili

piri SeiZleba iyos nebismieri individi, romlis azriT, xelisuflebis mier miRebuli
gadawyvetilebiT dairRva konstituciiT garantirebuli misi ZiriTadi ufleba. ro-
gorc wesi, fizikuri da kerZo samarTlis iuridiuli pirebi aRWurvilni arian Ziri-
Tadi uflebebiT, Tumca realuri kontrolis SemTxvevaSi konstituciur sarCelze
uflebamosileba aqvs mxolod im pirs, romelic davobs Tavisi ZiriTadi uflebis dar-
Rvevaze.20
TurqeTis konstituciis 148-e muxlSi 2010 wels Sesuli cvlilebis safuZvel-
ze nebismier individs, romelic fiqrobs, rom dairRva adamianis uflebaTa evropuli
konvenciis CamonaTvalSi arsebuli misi konstituciuri ufleba, SeuZlia, mimarTos
16
The Constitution of the Republic of Turkey, 1982, Art. 148.
17
ix. Arslan Z., Constitutional Complaint In Turkey: A Cursory Analisis Of Essential Decisions, The draft paper
prepared for the Conference “ the Best Practices of Individual Complaint to the Constitutional Courts in Europe”,
8, Strasbourg, 2014.
18
ix. Martin C. H., Comparative Human Rights Jurisprudence in Azerbaijan: Theory, Practice and Prospects,
Journal of Transnational Law & Policy, College of Law The Florida State University, Tallahassee, 2005, 230, ix.
<http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=748124>.
19
Constitution of the Republic of Azerbaijan 1995, Art. 130.
20
ix. The Constitution of the Republic of Turkey, 1982, Art. 148.
265
sakonstitucio sasamarTlos sxva administraciuli da sasamarTlo procedurebis

amowurvis Semdeg.21 ZiriTadi uflebebiT sargebloben aseve kerZo samarTlisa da sa-
jaro samarTlis is iuridiuli pirebic, romlebsac ZiriTadi uflebebi aqvT.
azerbaijanis konstituciis 130-e muxlis Sesabamisad, kanoniT dadgenili wesis
mixedviT, yvelas aqvs ufleba, konstituciuri sarCeliT mimarTos sakonstitucio sa-
samarTlos im sakanonmdeblo da aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis normatiuli aqtebis,
municipalitetebis aqtebisa da sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebebis winaaRmdeg, romle-
bic laxaven maT ZiriTad uflebebsa da Tavisuflebebs.22 am Canawers imeorebs azerbai-
janis kanonic `sakonstitucio sasamarTlos Sesaxeb~.23
amave dros, azerbaijanis konstituciis 57-e muxlis safuZvelze miRebulia ka-
noni `moqalaqeTa ganacxadebis ganxilvis proceduris Sesaxeb~, romelic yvela moqa-
laqes uflebas aniWebs, waradginos peticia an sakuTari kritikuli mosazreba xeli-
suflebis organoebis mier miRebul gadawyvetilebebTan dakavSirebiT. es kanoni aseve
avaldebulebs yvela maRali politikuri Tanamdebobis pirs, gamoyos dro moqalaqeeb-
Tan Sesaxvedrad.24
3.2. konstituciuri sarCelis warmoebaSi miRebis winapirobebi
sakonstitucio sasamarTlos mier saxelmwifo xelisuflebis gadawyvetilebis

konstituciurobis Semowmebis safuZvelia am uflebis mqone individis mimarTva, ro-
melic unda upasuxebdes konstituciuri sarCelisTvis normatiuli aqtebiT dadgenil
moTxovnebs. im gavrcelebul moTxovnebs Soris, romlebsac realuri kontrolis mqo-
ne saxelmwifoebi gansazRvraven, SeiZleba gamoiyos ramdenime, maT Soris: individua-
luri ganacxadiT mimarTvis uflebis realizaciisTvis aucilebelia, mosarCele iyos
sarCelis wardgenaze uflebamosili piri; amowuruli iyos uflebis dacvis yvela Si-
dasamarTlebrivi saSualeba;25 sarCelis mizani unda iyos uSualod individis darRve-
uli konstituciuri uflebis dacva da sxv.
3.2.1. pirdapiri da imwuTieri ziani
Tu gasaCivrebuli aqti mosarCeles ar ayenebs pirdapir da imwuTier zians, maSin

saxezea abstraqtuli sakonstitucio kontroli. aq SeiZleba ori momenti gamovyoT:
1. radgan dainteresebul mxares warmoadgens `pirdapiri~ msxverpli, zogierTi saxel-
mwifos kanonmdebloba ukrZalavs nebismier pirs, imoqmedos dazaralebulis saxeliT.
es niSnavs imas, rom konkretuli saqmis ganxilvis dros sakonstitucio samarTalwar-
moeba mainc abstraqtulia, radgan ganmcxadebeli ar aris pirdapiri dazaralebuli;
2. zogierTi qveynis kanoni ZiriTadi uflebis darRvevis xasiaTs aRwers. umravles
21
ix. The Constitution of the Republic of Turkey, 1982, Art. 148.
22
Constitution of the Republic of Azerbaijan, Art. 130, V, 1995.
23
The Law of the Republic of Azerbaijan on Constitutional Court, Art. 34.1.
24
Law of the Azerbaijan Republic On Procedures For Review of Citizen Applications, Art.23.
25
ix. Gonenc L., Proposed Constitutional Amendments to the 1982 Constitution of Turkey, 2010, 4-5.
266
qveyanaSi ki ZiriTadi uflebebis darRveva pirdapir unda ukavSirdebodes mosarCelis

interess da uaryofiT gavlenas axdendes mis uflebriv mdgomareobaze.26
am mxriv samxreT kavkasiis samive saxelmwifos kanonmdebloba savaldebulo we-
siT adgens, rom konstituciuri sarCelis warmdgeni piri SeiZleba iyos mxolod is, vis
konstituciiT aRiarebul uflebebsa da Tavisuflebebsac sajaro xelisuflebis mier
gamocemuli aqtis safuZvelze adgeba ziani da am uflebis darRvevas mosarCele sarCe-
lis sakonstitucio sasamarTloSi wardgenis momentisTvis ganicdis.
3.2.2. ZiriTadi uflebebis samarTlebrivi dacvis saSualebebis

amowurva
individualuri konstituciuri sarCeliT sakonstitucio sasamarTlosTvis mi-

marTvis erT-erTi winapirobaa realuri kontrolis mqone saxelmwifoebSi yvela Si-
dasamarTlebrivi resursis amowurvis valdebuleba. SidasamarTlebriv saSualebebSi
igulisxmeba rogorc saerTo sasamarTloebis sistema, ise saxelmwifo xelisuflebis
mier gamocemuli aqtis gasaCivrebis nebismieri saSualeba.
sakonstitucio sasamarTlos Sesaxeb azerbaijanis kanonis 34.4. muxlis Sesabami-
sad, sakonstitucio sasamarTloSi sarCeli SeiZleba wardgenil iqnes mxolod yvela
samarTlebrivi saSualebis amowurvidan eqvsi Tvis ganmavlobaSi.27 asevea TurqeTis
SemTxvevaSic, sadac sakonstitucio sasamarTlo sarCels mxolod samarTlebrivi sa-
Sualebebis amowurvis SemTxvevaSi iRebs warmoebaSi.28
samarTlebrivi saSualebebis amowurvis moTxovna xazs usvams individualuri
konstituciuri sarCelis subsidiur xasiaTs, sadac sakonstitucio sasamarTlos mier
sakiTxis ganxilvamde aucilebelia sasamarTlos yvela instanciis gavla da sakonsti-
tucio sasamarTlo mxolod saboloo etapze erTveba warmoebaSi. Tumca im saxelmwi-
foebSi, sadac am wesis dacvam SeiZleba gamoiwvios individis uflebebis gamousworebe-
li darRveva, SesaZlebelia, es wesi gamonaklisis saxiT ar iqnes gamoyenebuli.29
ase magaliTad, Tu mosarCelis konstituciuri uflebebis dacvis mizniT saerTo
sasamarTloebisaTvis mimarTva ver uzrunvelyofs mosarCelis uflebebis seriozuli
da gamousworebeli zianisagan dacvas, an saerTod SeuZlebelia seriozuli da gamous-
worebeli zianis Tavidan acileba sxva sasamarTlosaTvis saCivriT mimarTvis saSuale-
biT,30 germaniis federaluri sakonstitucio sasamarTlos msgavsad,31 sarCeli SeiZle-
ba wardgenil iqnes pirdapir azerbaijanis sakonstitucio sasamarTloSi.32 es daTqma
xazs usvams formalur moTxovnasTan SedarebiT adamianis uflebebis dacvis intere-
sis upiratesobas.
26
ix. Study on Individual Access to Constitutional Justice, European Commission For Democracy through Law
(Venice Commission), №538/2009, Strasburg, 2011, 34.
27
The Law of The Republic of Azerbaijan on Constitutional Court, art. 34.7.
28
<http://www.codices.coe.int/NXT/gateway.dll?f=templates&fn=default.htm>.
29
ix. Study on Individual Access to Constitutional Justice, European Commission For Democracy Rhrough Law
30
The Law of The Republic of Azerbaijan on Constitutional Court, Art. 34.7.
31
Federal Constitutional Court Act Of Germany, Art. 90.
32
The Law of The Republic of Azerbaijan on Constitutional Court, Art. 34.5.
267
3.2.3. ZiriTadi uflebebis darRvevis faqti
iuridiul literaturaSi saerTo sasamarTloebis gadawyvetilebaTa sakonsti-

tucio kontrolis mimarT uaryofiTad ganwyobil pirTa skepticizmi, sxva faqtoreb-
Tan erTad, emyareba arguments: realuri kontrolis ganxorcielebiT xom ar iqceva sa-
konstitucio sasamarTlo kidev erT damatebiT instanciad, ris Sedegadac konfliqti
saerTo iurisdiqciis sasamarTloebsa da sakonstitucio sasamarTlos Soris garda-
uvali gaxdeba. miT umetes, rom realuri kontrolis klasikuri doqtrinis mixedviT,
sakonstitucio sasamarTlo uflebamosilia, ganixilos ara mxolod saerTo sasamar-
Tloebis mier miRebuli aqtebi, aramed, aseve, Seafasos xelisuflebis sxva Stoebis mi-
er miRebuli gadawyvetilebebis konstituciurobac.
sakonstitucio sasamarTlo afasebs ara saerTo sasamarTlos mier miRebuli ga-
dawyvetilebis mizanSewonilobas an kanonSesabamisobas, aramed amowmebs Sedegs – gan-
saxilveli gadawyvetilebiT dairRva Tu ara adamianis konstituciiT aRiarebuli
ZiriTadi ufleba. sakonstitucio kontrolis am modelis mixedviT, konstituciuri
sarCeli ganixileba adamianis konstituciuri uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis dacvis
ukanasknel saSualebad. es uflebamosileba sakonstitucio sasamarTlos ar aqcevs
saapelacio instanciad, radgan saqmis ganxilva ar Seexeba gasaCivrebuli SemTxvevis
samarTlebriv siswores, davis sagani gadawyvetilebaSi mxolod adamianis uflebebis
nawilia.33
aRniSnuli garemoebis gaTvaliswinebiT, realuri kontrolis mqone saxelmwifo-
ebi sakuTar kanonmdeblobaSi konstituciuri sarCelis dasaSvebobis winapirobad am
moTxovnas adgenen. besarion zoiZis SefasebiT, ZiriTadi uflebis darRvevad SeiZle-
ba miviCnioT: Tu sasamarTlo arRvevs procesSi monawile piris konstituciiT gaTva-
liswinebul saproceso uflebas; sasamarTlo iyenebs kanons, romelic ewinaaRmdegeba
(mxaris) ZiriTad uflebas; kanonis ganmartebisas an misi gamoyenebisas sasamarTlo ar-
Rvevs ZiriTad uflebebs; sasamarTlo moqmedebs (ganzrax) TviTneburad.34
azerbaijanis konstituciis 130-e muxlis Sesabamisad, yvelas aqvs azerbaija-
nis sakonstitucio sasamarTlosaTvis mimarTvis ufleba kanoniT dadgenili wesis
mixedviT, Tu saxelmwifo xelisuflebis samarTlebrivi aqti, iseve rogorc sasamar-
Tlos gadawyvetileba, arRvevs mis ZiriTad uflebebsa da Tavisuflebebs, raTa aRdges
es darRveuli uflebebi da Tavisuflebebi.35 TurqeTis sakonstitucio mowesrigebac
msgavsia. kerZod, 148-e muxlis Sesabamisad, TurqeTis sakonstitucio sasamarTlosaT-
vis mimarTvis ufleba aqvs yvelas, vinc Tvlis, rom ZiriTadi ufleba, romelsac iTva-
liswinebs adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvencia, irRveva saxelmwifo xelisufle-
bis organoebis mier.36
33
gegenava d., sakonstitucio marTlmsajuleba saqarTveloSi; samarTalwarmoebis Zi-
riTadi sistemuri problemebi, Tb., 2012, 26.
34
zoiZe b., sakonstitucio kontroli da RirebulebaTa wesrigi saqarTveloSi, Tb., 2007,
187.
35
36
268
3.2.4. individualuri konstituciuri sarCeliT mimarTvis uflebis

borotad gamoyeneba
konstituciuri sarCelis warmdgeni individebi valdebulni arian, maTze dakis-

rebuli uflebebi da movaleobani ganaxorcielon keTilsindisierad. Tu mxare boro-
tad sargeblobs sakuTari uflebiT, sakonstitucio sasamarTlos efeqturoba irRve-
va, radgan individualuri konstituciuri sarCelis proceduras gansakuTrebuli
mniSvneloba aqvs adamianis ZiriTadi uflebebis dacvisaTvis da amgvari uflebis bo-
rotad gamoyeneba zianis momtania im konstituciuri wesrigisaTvis, romelsac sakon-
stitucio sasamarTlo icavs.37
konstituciuri sarCelis wardgenis uflebis borotad gamoyenebis prevenci-
is mizniT realuri kontrolis mqone saxelmwifoebSi gavrcelebulia finansuri san-
qciebi. magaliTad, Tu germaniaSi konstituciuri sarCelis Setanas safuZvlad udevs
uflebis borotad gamoyeneba an sarCelis wardgena xdeba aSkarad aramarTlzomieri
mizniT, federalur sakonstitucio sasamarTlos ufleba aqvs, mosarCeles daakisros
finansuri gadasaxdeli.38
am mxriv TurqeTis sakonstitucio kanonmdebloba gansxvavdeba somxeTisa da
azerbaijanis kanonmdeblobebisgan, romlebic ar iyeneben am tipis finansur sanqciebs.
TurqeTis sakonstitucio sasamarTlo uflebamosilia, sakonstitucio sasamarTlo-
saTvis sarCeliT mimarTvis uflebiT borotad sargeblobisaTvis mosarCelis mimarT
gamoiyenos finansuri sanqcia 2000 Turquli liris odenobiT, Tu daadgens, rom sarCe-
lis wardgenas safuZvlad ar udevs konstituciiT garantirebuli ZiriTadi uflebe-
bis darRveva.
3.2.5. konstituciuri sarCelis warmoebaSi mimRebi

struqturuli erTeuli
individualur konstituciur sarCelTa simravle SeiZleba, nebismieri mdidari

samarTlebrivi tradiciis mqone evropuli saxelmwifosTvisac ki saziano aRmoCndes.
saqmis warmoebaSi miRebis dros ZiriTad wnexs sakonstitucio sasamarTlos swored
is struqturuli erTeulebi ganicdian, romlebic axdenen sarCelTa dasaSvebobis Se-
mowmebas. sakonstitucio sasamarTlos gadatvirTvis Tavidan acilebis mizniT, saxel-
mwifoebi mimarTaven sxvadasxva zomas. magaliTad, xdeba sakonstitucio sasamarTlos
struqturis reformireba – sasamarTlos aparatis TanamSromelTa ricxovnobis gaz-
rda an mcire struqturuli erTeulebis Seqmna, romlebic konkretuli saxis sarCele-
bis warmoebaSi miRebaze imsjeleben da sxv.39
37
Study on Individual Access to Constitutional Justice, European Commission For Democracy Rhrough Law
38
ix. xubua g., trauti i., konstituciuri marTlmsajuleba germaniaSi, Tb., 2001, 28.
39
ix. Study on Individual Access to Constitutional Justice, European Commission For Democracy Rhrough Law
269
TurqeTSi individualuri konstituciuri sarCelis dasaSvebobis Semowmebis

mizniT sasamarTlos struqturul erTeulad yalibdeba komitetebi, romelTa struq-
tura da saqmianobis wesi ganisazRvreba TurqeTis konstituciiTa da sakonstitucio
sasamarTlos reglamentiT.40 komiteti uflebamosilia, sarCeli dasaSvebad an dauS-
veblad cnos. Tu konstituciuri sarCeli akmayofilebs dasaSvebobis winapirobebs,
igi gadaecema erT-erT kolegias, romelic sakonstitucio sasamarTlos Tavmjdoma-
ris moadgilis xelmZRvanelobiT 4 wevrisgan Sedgeba. kolegia saqmes wyvets wardge-
nili masalebis safuZvelze, magram uflebamosilia, daniSnos Sesabamisi sajaro gan-
xilvac, Tu amas saWirod CaTvlis, Cveulebriv SemTxvevebSi ki sajaro ganxilvebi ar
imarTeba.41
azerbaijanSi individualuri konstituciuri sarCelebis dasaSvebobis Semowme-
bis mizniT, ar iqmneba raime specialuri struqturuli erTeuli. individualuri sar-
Celebis ganxilvas, maTi warmoebaSi miRebis mizniT, sakonstitucio sasamarTlos apa-
rati axdens, romelic aseve iRebs gadawyvetilebas sxva saxis sarCelebis warmoebaSi
miRebis Sesaxeb.42 saqmis sxdomaze momzadebis mizniT iniSnebian momxsenebeli mosamar-
Tleebi, romlebic amzadeben saqmes sajaro ganxilvisaTvis.
3.3. sakonstitucio sasamarTlosaTvis mimarTvis

safasuri da vada
zogierTi saxelmwifo sakonstitucio kontrolis ganxorcielebisaTvis adgens

konstituciuri sarCelis ganxilvis safasurs. amgvari safasuris dawesebis mizani sar-
CelTa xarisxisa da raodenobis kontrolia – mosarCele darwmunebuli unda iyos saku-
Tari sarCelis safuZvlianobaSi da mxolod gacnobierebulad mimarTavdes sakonsti-
tucio sasamarTlos. konstituciuri sarCelis wardgenis Rirebuleba gansxvavebulia
sxvadasxva saxelmwifoSi. magaliTad, ruseTSi safasuri Seadgens saarsebo minimumis
erTmag odenobas, somxeTSi xuTmag odenobas, avstriaSi 220 evros, israelSi 400 aSS-is
dolars.43
veneciis komisiis SefasebiT, sakonstitucio kontrolis ganxorcielebis safa-
suri individebisTvis SedarebiT dabali unda iyos da mosarCelis finansuri mdgoma-
reobis gaTvaliswinebiT arsebobdes maTi Semcirebis an safasuris gadaxdisgan gaTa-
visuflebis SesaZlebloba. sarCelis wardgenis safasuris ZiriTadi mizani unda iyos
uflebis borotad gamoyenebis SeCereba, Tumca safasuris dawesebam ar unda gamoiwvios
sasamarTlo xelmisawvdomobis uflebis SezRudva.44
azerbaijanis sakonstitucio sasamarTlo konstituciuri sarCelis wardgeni-
saTvis raime saxis safasurs ar iTvaliswinebs. `sakonstitucio sasamarTlos Sesaxeb~
40
41
ix. <http://www.codices.coe.int/NXT/gateway.dll?f=templates&fn=default.htm>.
42
The Law of the Republic of Azerbaijan on Constitutional Court, Art. 36.
43
ix. iqve.
44
Study on Individual Access to Constitutional Justice, European Commission for Democracy Rhrough Law
270
kanonis 50-e muxlis Sesabamisad, samarTalawarmoeba azerbaijanis sakonstitucio sasa-

marTloSi ufasoa da masTan dakavSirebuli xarjebi anazRaurdeba saxelmwifo biuje-
tidan,45 iseve, rogorc normatiuli kontrolis SemTxvevaSi, somxeTis sakonstitucio
sasamarTlo ar adgens moqalaqeebisaTvis raime saxis finansur valdebulebas. rac See-
xeba TurqeTs, `sakonstitucio sasamarTlos Sesaxeb~ kanonis Tanaxmad, individualuri
konstituciuri sarCelis wardgenisTvis dadgenilia safasuri, romlis odenobac Sead-
gens 172,5 Turqul liras. 46
veneciis komisiis rekomendaciis Sesabamisad, droiTi farglebi unda iyos goniv-
ruli, raTa arsebobdes yoveli konstituciuri sarCelis individualurad ganxilvis
saSualeba, an advokatma, romelsac evaleba saCivris warmodgena, saTanadod SeZlos in-
dividis uflebebis dacva.47 amave dros, gadawyvetilebis miRebis vadebi, Tu isini saer-
Tod dadgenilia, ar unda iyos Zalian xanmokle, raTa sakonstitucio sasamarTlos ar
SeezRudos saqmis mTlianad ganxilvis SesaZlebloba da ar unda iyos iseTi xangrZlivi,
rom sakonstitucio marTlmsajulebis meSveobiT adamianis ZiriTadi uflebebis dacva
araefeqturi gaxdes.
sakonstitucio sasamarTlosaTvis mimarTvis vada yovelTvis gansazRvrulia Se-
sabamisi normatiuli aqtiT da, rogorc wesi, erT wels ar aRemateba uflebis darRve-
vis momentidan.48 magaliTad, germaniis `federaluri sakonstitucio sasamarTlos Se-
saxeb“ kanonis 93-e muxlis Sesabamisad, konstituciuri sarCeli unda iqnes Setanili da
dasabuTebuli erTi Tvis vadaSi.49 vadis aTvla iwyeba gadawyvetilebis sruli teqstis
nebismieri formiT gacnobis an gamoqveynebis momentidan, xolo Tu gadawyvetilebis
gamoqveyneba ar xdeba, im momentidan, rodesac igi cnobili gaxda saCivris Semtani pi-
risaTvis.
`sakonstitucio sasamarTlos Sesaxeb~ azerbaijanis konstituciis 34-e muxlis
meoTxe punqtis Sesabamisad, konstituciuri sarCeli ZiriTadi uflebebis darRve-
vis Sesaxeb sakonstitucio sasamarTlos waredgineba eqvsi Tvis vadaSi, bolo instan-
ciis sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis ZalaSi Sesvlis momentidan, an sasamarTlosaTvis
mosarCelis uflebis darRvevidan sami Tvis ganmavlobaSi, am vadis aRdgenis piro-
biT.50TurqeTSi es vada 30 dRiT ganisazRvreba, samarTlebrivi dacvis saSualebebis
amowurvis momentidan.
45
The Law of the Republic of Azerbaijan on Constitutional Court, Art. 50.
46
ix. Ulvan N.C., Constitutional Complaint and Individual Complaint In Turkey, Ankara Bar Review, 2013, 184.
47
Study on Individual Access to Constitutional Justice, European Commission for Democracy Rhrough Law
(Venice Commission), №538/2009, Strasburg, 2011. 41.
48
Frremuth L. M., Patchwork Constitutionalism: Constitutionalism and Constitutional Litigation in Germany and
beyond the Nation State - A European Perspective, Dunquesne law Review, Vol. 49, Issue 2, 2011, 379.
49
Study on Individual Access to Constitutional Justice, European Commission For Democracy Rhrough Law
50
271
4. realuri kontrolis perspeqtivebi samxreT kavkasiis

saxelmwifoebSi
sakonstitucio kontrolis is modelebi, romlebic TurqeTsa da azerbaijanSi

moqmedebs, am saxelmwifoebis sakonstitucio marTlmsajulebis mniSvnelovani mo-
napovaria. veneciis komisiisa da sxva saerTaSoriso instituciebis rekomendaciebma
mniSvnelovnad ganapiroba am saxelmwifoTa sakonstitucio sasamarTloebis gaZlie-
reba. Tumca, ramdenadac idealuri sistema arcerT saxelmwifoSi ar arsebobs da SeuZ-
lebelia sxva saxelmwifos gamocdilebis gaTvaliswineba saxelmwifos samarTlebrivi
kulturis gauTvaliswineblad, TurqeTsa da azerbaijans mouwevT realuri kontro-
lis meqanizmis im xarvezebis gamosworeba, romlebic xels SeuSlian institutis efeq-
tur funqcionirebas.
TurqeTis sakonstitucio sasamarTlos reglamenti moicavs individualur ga-
nacxadTan dakavSirebul 7 muxls. sakonstitucio sasamarTlos iurisdiqcia moicavs
TurqeTis konstituciiTa da adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciiT gansazRvrul
ZiriTad uflebebs, magram sajaro xelisuflebis zogierTi aqtis gasaCivreba scdeba
individualuri ganacxadis farglebs. magaliTad, sagangebo da saomari mdgomareobis
gamocxadebis Sesaxeb gamocemuli dekretebi ver xvdeba TurqeTis sakonstitucio sa-
samarTlos mier kontrolis farglebSi. sakonstitucio sasamarTlos es `sisute~ uk-
ve moeqca kritikis qveS, radgan yvelaze mZime xasiaTis adamianis ZiriTadi uflebebis
darRvevis faqtebi swored sagangebo da saomari viTarebis periodSi SeiZleba moxdes.51
sakonstitucio sasamarTlos kompetenciis qveS aseve ar eqcevian `sakanonmdeblo da
maregulirebeli administraciuli aqtebi“.52 vfiqrob, TurqeTis sakonstitucio sasa-
marTlos uflebamosilebebi swored am mimarTulebiT gafarTovdeba da individebs sa-
jaro xelisuflebis nebismieri aqtis gasaCivrebis SesaZlebloba miecemaT.
azerbaijanis sakonstitucio tribunali aseve aqtiurad iyenebs sruli indivi-
dualuri sakonstitucio kontrolis saSualebas, Tumca sarCelebis dasaSvebobis gan-
msazRvreli raime meqanizmi ar Seuqmnia da individTa mier am uflebis farglebSi war-
dgenili sarCelebis dasaSvebobas saerTo wesiT amowmebs. am garemoebis mizezi SeiZle-
ba iyos sakonstitucio sasamarTlosaTvis naklebi mimarTvianoba, Tumca samomavlod,
savaraudoa, rom azerbaijanis sakonstitucio sasamarTlos swored am mimarTulebiT
mouwevs mniSvnelovani nabijebis gadadgma.
rac Seexeba somxeTis sakonstitucio sasamarTlos, normatiuli kontrolis is
modeli, romelsac sakonstitucio tribunali iyenebs am saxelmwifoSi, ar aris rea-
luri sakonstitucio kontroli, Tumca SesamCnevia am samarTlebriv sistemasTan da-
axloebis tendencia – somxeTis konstituciaSi sakonstitucio kontrolis definicia
aSkarad atarebs realuri kontrolis meqanizmisTvis damaxasiaTebel niSnebs (miniSne-
ba samarTlebrivi saSualebebis amowurvaze, adamianis ZiriTad uflebebsa da subsidi-
51
Özbudun E., Judicial Review of Political Questions in Turkey, ix <http://camlaw.rutgers.edu/statecon/
workshop11greece07/workshop5/Ozbudun.pdf>.
52
ix. Üstün B., Protection of Human Rights by the Turkish Constitutional Court, Short Histori of The Turkish
Constitutional Court, ix. <http://www.constcourt.md/public/files/file/conferinta_20ani/programul_conferintei/
Burhan_Ustun.pdf>.
272
urobis principis sxva elementebze). ase rom, samomavlod SeiZleba vivaraudoT somxe-
Tis sakonstitucio sasamarTlosTvis am uflebamosilebis miniWebis perspeqtiva. miT
umetes, amgvari rekomendacia somxeTTan mimarTebiT ukve arsebobs veneciis komisiis
mxridan.53
5. daskvna
im saxelmwifoebis gamocdilebis analizi, sadac sakonstitucio sasamarTlos

miniWebuli aqvs saerTo sasamarTloebis gadawyvetilebaTa konstituciasTan Sesaba-
misobis Semowmebis ufleba, naTlad aCvenebs, rom individis mier konstituciuri sar-
Celis wardgenis procedura sakonstitucio sasamarTlos aqcevs ZiriTadi uflebebis
efeqtur damcvelad.54 ramdenadac individualuri konstituciuri sarCelis meqanizmi
emsaxureba ZiriTadi uflebebis ukeTes da ufro efeqtur dacvas~,55 realuri sakon-
stitucio kontrolis meqanizmis damkvidrebas SeuZlia, Rirebuli wvlili Seitanos
adamianis ZiriTadi uflebebis dacvis garantiebis SeqmnaSi da daexmaros adamianis uf-
lebaTa evropul sasamarTlos ZiriTadi uflebebis grZelvadiani efeqturi meqanizme-
bis danergvaSi.56
saerTaSoriso rekomendaciebis gaTvaliswinebiT, samxreT kavkasiis qveynebidan
TurqeTisa da azerbaijanis respublikebma sakuTar sakonstitucio sasamarTloebs
ukve mianiWes saerTo sasamarTloebis gadawyvetilebaTa sakonstitucio kontrolis
uflebamosileba. ufro metic, am saxelmwifoebSi damkvidrebuli sakonstitucio kon-
trolis meqanizmi saSualebas iZleva, konstituciasTan Sesabamisobis kuTxiT gadaixe-
dos saxelmwifo xelisuflebis samive Stos mier miRebuli gadawyvetilebebi. es sasa-
marTloebi cdiloben iseTi evropuli saxelmwifoebis tradiciis gaziarebas, rogo-
rebic arian: germania, espaneTi, CexeTi da sxv. somxeTis SemTxvevaSi, sakonstitucio
sasamarTlo normatiuli kontrolis uflebamosilebiT Semoifargleba, Tumca am uf-
lebis momwesrigebeli konstituciuri norma realuri kontrolis institutis mniS-
vnelovan gavlenas ganicdis ukve.
winamdebare statiaSi Sefasda samxreT kavkasiis saxelmwifoebSi saerTo sasamar-
Tloebis gadawyvetilebaTa sakonstitucio kontrolis instituti, rogorc adamianis
ZiriTadi uflebebis dacvis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani samarTlebrivi saSualeba, gamo-
ikveTa mis funqcionirebasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi da Taviseburebebi, ganxilul
iqna am saxelmwifoebSi realuri kontrolis perspeqtivebi.
53
ix. Annual Report of Activities 2011, European Commission For Democracy Through Law, Strasburg, 2012, 39.
54
ix. Speech of Mr Dean Spielmann, President of the European Court of Human Rights, conference - The best
practices of individual complaint to the Constitutional Courts in Europe, Paris, Strasbourg, 2014, 2.
55
CDL-AD(2004)043 Opinion on the Proposal to Amend the Constitution of the Republic of Moldova (introduction
of the individual complaint to the Constitutional Court) adopted by the Venice Commission at its 61st Plenary
Session.
56
ix. aczolay P., Report Introdaction to the Report of the Venice Commission on Inividual Access to Constitutional
Justice, Conference on Individual Access to Constitutional Justice, European Commission to Democracy
Through Law (Venice Commission), Strasburg, 2013, 2.
273
giorgi TumaniSvili*
braldeba da misgan gadaxra sisxlis samarTlis

saqmis arsebiTi ganxilvis dros
braldebis Sesaxeb prokuroris dadgenileba aris is ZiriTadi dokumenti,

romelic gansazRvravs sisxlis samarTlis saqmis arsebiTi ganxilvis sagans.
braldebulis gasamarTleba unda moxdes prokuroris mier wardgenili bral-
debis farglebSi. problema maSin iCens Tavs, Tuki saqmis arsebiTi ganxilvi-
sas dgindeba braldebisgan gansxvavebuli faqtobrivi garemoebebi, an inkri-
minirebul danaSauls sxvagvari kvalifikacia eZleva. am SemTxvevaSi saubaria
braldebisgan faqtobriv da samarTlebriv gadaxraze, rac praqtikaSi arTu-
lebs ganaCenis dadgenas. statiis mizania braldebisgan gadaxris samarTleb-
rivi Sedegebis analizi da praqtikuli rekomendaciebis ganviTareba.
sakvanZo sityvebi: braldeba, braldebisgan gadaxra, qmedeba procesualuri

gagebiT, qmedeba materialuri gagebiT, gadakvalificireba, korespondenciis
principi.
1. Sesavali
sisxlis samarTlis procesSi saqmis arsebiTi ganxilvis sagani ganisazRvreba

braldebis Sesaxeb prokuroris dadgenilebiT. braldebis mxares arsebuli mtkicebis
tvirTidan gamomdinare, prokurorma braldebis farglebSi unda amtkicos bralde-
bulis mier inkriminirebuli danaSaulis Cadena. rogorc wesi, wminda SejibrebiT, e.w.
adversalur sisxlis samarTlis procesSi mosamarTle ar unda gascdes saqmis arsebi-
Ti ganxilvis sagans da miiRos saboloo gadawyvetileba braldebulisTvis wardgenili
braldebis farglebSi. braldebis farglebi danaSaulis kvalifikaciasTan erTad moi-
cavs aseve inkriminirebuli qmedebis faqtobriv garemoebebs, anu im faqtebsa da gare-
moebebs, romlebic braldebis mxaris SefasebiT warmoadgens konkretul danaSauls1.
sasamarTlo praqtikaSi problema iCens maSin Tavs, rodesac aris Seusabamoba bralde-
biT gansazRvrulsa da sasamarTloSi mtkicebulebebis gamokvlevis Sedegad dadgenil
qmedebis faqtobriv garemoebebSi, anu, rodesac xdeba braldebidan faqtobrivi gadax-
ra. aseT SemTxvevasTan gvaqvs saqme, roca sasamarTloSi dgindeba braldebulis mier
bralad wardgenili qmedebis Cadena, Tumca Seusabamobaa qmedebis ganxorcielebis xer-
xSi, droSi, adgilSi an danaSauliT xelyofil obieqtSi. problematuria aseve SemTxve-
va, rodesac sasamarTloSi xdeba braldebidan samarTlebrivi gadaxra, kerZod, roca
*
Tsu-is iuridiuli fakultetis asocirebuli profesori, samarTlis doqtori.
1
saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlo: saxelmZRvanelo winadadebebi sisxlis samarTlis
saqmeze ganaCenis formis, misi dasabuTebulobisa da teqstis stilistikuri gamarTulobis
Taobaze, Tb., 2015, 52.
274
giorgi TumaniSvili, braldeba da misgan gadaxra sisxlis samarTlis saqmis
arsebiTi ganxilvis dros
braldebiT wardgenili qmedebis nacvlad dgindeba braldebulis mier sxva danaSaulis

Semadgenlobis ganxorcieleba. sakiTxavia, SeuZlia Tu ara mosamarTles, msgavs Sem-
TxvevebSi gascdes braldebis farglebs da piri cnos damnaSaved an gadaakvalificiros
bralad wardgenili qmedeba da msjavri dasdos braldebuls braldebiT gauTvaliswi-
nebeli danaSaulis CadenisaTvis. am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT saqarTveloSi Camoyalibda
araerTgvarovani sasamarTlo praqtika. calkeuli mosamarTleebi braldebidan gadax-
ris SemTxvevebSi eridebian danaSaulis gadakvalificirebas SedarebiT naklebad mZime
danaSaulis Semadgenlobaze da gamoaqvT gamamarTlebeli ganaCeni2. amasTan, arsebobs
iseTi gadawyvetilebebic, rodesac mosamarTle ar eTanxmeba braldebis mxares war-
dgenil braldebaSi da braldebuls damnaSaved cnobs msgavsi simZimis (an SedarebiT
naklebad mZime), Tvisebrivad da materialur-samarTlebrivad msgavsi danaSaulis Ca-
denisTvis3. ufro metic, sasamarTlo praqtika icnobs iseT gadawyvetilebasac, sadac
braldebuli gamarTlda wardgenil braldebaSi da msjavri daedo mas Tvisebrivad
da materialur-samarTlebrivad gansxvavebuli danaSaulis CadenisTvis. magaliTad,
braldebuls bralad hqonda wardgenili gamoZalva, Cadenili jgufurad, didi odeno-
biT qonebis miRebis mizniT, araerTgzis, da aseve Tavisuflebis ukanono aRkveTa sxva
danaSaulis Cadenis gaadvilebis mizniT, winaswari SeTanxmebiT jgufis mier, ori piris
mimarT sicocxlisa da janmrTelobisaTvis saSiSi Zaladobis gamoyenebis muqariT. sasa-
marTlom braldebuli gaamarTla yvela wardgenil braldebaSi da braldeba gadaakva-
lificira ssk-is 376-e muxlze. mosamarTlem ganaCenSi miuTiTa, rom sasamarTlo sxdo-
maze gamokvleuli mtkicebulebebiT utyuarad iqna dadgenili mxolod braldebulis
SemTxvevis adgilze yofnis faqti, romelic Seeswro mZime kategoriis danaSaulis Cade-
nis faqts da hqonda gonivruli dro, momxdaris Taobaze policiisTvis Seetyobinebina,
2
magaliTisaTvis SeiZleba motanil iqnes mcxeTis raionuli sasamarTlos sisxlis sa-
marTlis kolegiis 2013 wlis 11 Tebervlis ganaCeni, sadac mosamarTlem piri gaamarTla ori
an meti piris ganzrax mkvlelobis braldebaSi, Tumca aSkarad ikveTeboda braldebulis
qmedebaSi janmrTelobis dazianeba aucilebeli mogeriebis farglebis gadacilebiT.
mogvianebiT aRniSnuli ganaCeni gauqmda Tbilisis saapelacio sasamarTlos 2013 wlis
14 maisis №1/b-117-13 ganaCeniT da braldebuls daedo msjavri ssk-is 122-e muxlis
Sesabamisad (janmrTelobis mZime an naklebad mZime dazianeba aucilebeli mogeriebis
farglebis gadacilebiT).
3
ix. Tbilisis saqalaqo sasamarTlos 2007 wlis 23 martis ganaCeni saqmeze 1/7129, sadac
sasamarTlom gadaakvalificira bralad wardgenili qmedeba, kerZod, man gaamarTla
braldebuli Zarcvis braldebaSi da mis nacvlad damnaSaved cno TaRliTobis Cadeni-
saTvis; ix. aseve Tbilisis saqalaqo sasamarTlos 2015 wlis 05 maisis ganaCeni saqmeze 1/6856-
14, sadac mosamarTlem bralad wardgenili danaSauli, gaTvaliswinebuli ssk-is 108-e
muxliT (ganzrax mkvleloba), gadaakvalificira ssk-is 113-e muxliT gaTvaliswinebul
danaSaulad (mkvleloba aucilebeli mogeriebis farglebis gadacilebiT), vinaidan
sasamarTlom miiCnia, rom braldebis mxaris mier ver iqna warmodgenili aSkara,
damajerebeli da erTmaneTTan SeTanxmebuli erToblioba mtkicebulebebisa, romlebic
utyuarad daadasturebdnen braldebulis mier ganzrax mkvlelobis Cadenas. imavdroulad,
sasamarTlo mivida im daskvnamde, rom erTmaneTTan SeTanxmebuli, eWvisgamomricxavi,
sasamarTlo sxdomaze gamokvleuli da saqmeSi arsebuli mtkicebulebebis erToblioba
utyuarad adasturebs, rom braldebulma Caidina mkvleloba aucilebeli mogeriebis
farglebis gadacilebiT.
275
rac man ar gaakeTa, xolo imis damadasturebeli utyuari mtkicebulebebi, rom bralde-
bulma raime formiT monawileoba miiRo bralad wardgenil qmedebebSi, braldebis mxa-
ris mier sasamarTlo sxdomaze warmodgenili da, Sesabamisad, gamokvleuli ar yofila.4
winamdebare naSromi aris mcdeloba, gansazRvros braldebis funqcia da SesTa-
vazos mkiTxvels braldebisgan gadaxris calkeul SemTxvevaSi problemis gadaWris
gzebi.
2. braldeba da misi funqcia
moqmedi sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kanonmdebloba, gansxvavebiT misi wina-

morbedisagan, ar icnobs iseT procesualur dokuments, rogoric aris `sabraldebo
daskvna~. am ukanasknels, saamiso safuZvlis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi, adgenda prokuro-
ri winaswari gamoZiebis dasrulebis Semdeg da gadascemda mis asls braldebuls (Zve-
lad moqmedi sssk-is 24-e muxlis me-7 nawili). imave kodeqsis 409-e muxlSi ganmartebuli
iyo sabraldebo daskvna da misi struqtura. sabraldebo daskvna warmoadgenda bral-
debulisadmi wayenebuli braldebis mokle werilobiT aRwerasa da gansasjelis samar-
TalSi micemis safuZvels. am ukanasknelSi braldebulis vinaobasa da mis mier Cadeni-
li danaSaulis samarTlebriv kvalifikaciasTan erTad miTiTebuli unda yofiliyo
danaSaulis garemoebani – adgili, dro, xerxi, motivi, Sedegi, mtkicebulebaTa nusxa,
romlebic adastureben braldebulis braleulobas; pasuxismgeblobis Semamsubuqebe-
li da damamZimebeli garemoebani. winaswari gamoZiebis dasrulebamde da sabraldebo
daskvnis Sedgenamde pirisTvis wardgenili braldebis Sesaxeb oficialuri saproceso
dokumenti iyo dadgenileba piris braldebulis saxiT pasuxisgebaSi micemis Sesaxeb,
romelsac iRebda prokuroris TanxmobiT gamomZiebeli an prokurori (Zvelad moqmedi
sssk-is 282-e muxli). dadgenilebaSi unda aRniSnuliyo braldebulis vinaoba, bralde-
bis formulireba, ese igi inkriminirebuli qmedebis aRwera, misi Cadenis adgilis, dro-
is, xerxisa Tu saSualebis, iaraRis, agreTve am qmedebiT gamowveuli Sedegis miTiTebiT,
mtkicebulebebi, romlebic sakmarisia dasabuTebuli varaudisaTvis, rom aRniSnuli
danaSauli am pirma Caidina da ssk-is muxli, muxlis nawili da qvepunqti, romliTac gaT-
valiswinebulia danaSauli. gansxvavebiT sabraldebo daskvnisagan, dadgenileba piris
braldebulis saxeliT pasuxisgebaSi micemis Sesaxeb ar Seicavda sasamarTloSi saqmis
arsebiTi ganxilvisTvis warsadgen mtkicebulebaTa amomwurav CamonaTvals. prokuro-
ris aRniSnuli gadawyvetileba eyrdnoboda garkveul mtkicebulebaTa erTobliobas,
romelic sakmarisi iyo dasabuTebuli varaudisTvis, rom konkretulma pirma Caidina
danaSauli. sabraldebo daskvna ki dgeboda mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac proku-
rori miiCnevda, rom arsebobda saqmis sasamarTloSi gadasagzavnad da arsebiTad gan-
saxilvelad safuZveli. miuxedavad imisa, rom piri braldebulis saxiT micemuli iyo
pasuxisgebaSi, prokurors ufleba hqonda, gamomZieblisTvis daebrunebina saqme Tavi-
si werilobiTi miTiTebebiT damatebiTi gamoZiebis Casatareblad, aseve Seewyvita sis-
4
ix. Tbilisis saqalaqo sasamarTlos 2014 wlis 11 agvistos ganaCeni saqmeze 1/6720-13; ix.
aseve Tbilisis saqalaqo sasamarTlos 2014 wlis 11 agvistos msgavsi ganaCeni saqmeze:
1/1182-14.
276
xlissamarTlebrivi devna (Zvelad moqmedi sssk-is 413-e muxli). amrigad, sabraldebo

daskvna srulyofilad asaxavda ganxorcielebuli winaswari gamoZiebis Sedegad mopo-
vebul mtkicebulebebsa da sisxlis samarTlis saqmisaTvis mniSvnelovan garemoebebs,
romlebic sisxlis samarTlis saqmesTan erTad egzavneboda saqmis arsebiTad ganmxil-
vel sasamarTlos. mosamarTle ki Seiswavlida saqmis masalebs da sabraldebo daskvniT
gansazRvruli braldebis farglebSi atarebda sasamarTlo gamoZiebas.
rogorc mogvexseneba, moqmedi sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kanonmdebloba
efuZneba wminda SejibrebiTobis princips, sadac sisxlis samarTlis saqmis arsebiTad
ganmxilveli mosamarTle aRar aris aRWurvili sagamoZiebo, instruqtoruli (inkvi-
ziciuri) uflebamosilebiT. saqmis arsebiTi ganxilvis sxdomis gamarTvamde mosamar-
TlisTvis ucnobia gamoZiebis Sedegad mopovebuli mtkicebulebebis Sinaarsi. amasTan,
igi arc damoukideblad da arc mxareTa monawileobiT aqtiurad ar axorcielebs mtki-
cebulebebis gamokvlevas. igi braldebulis udanaSaulobisa Tu braleulobis Sesaxeb
saboloo gadawyvetilebas iRebs mxareebis mier mopovebuli, sasamarTloSi warmodge-
nili da gamokvleuli mtkicebulebebis Sefasebis Sedegad da Tavad aRar atarebs sasa-
marTlo gamoZiebas. amdenad, SejibrebiTi sisxlis samarTalwarmoebis pirobebSi pro-
cesualuri dokumenti, rogoric iyo sabraldebo daskvna, miuRebelia da, ufro metic,
safrTxis Semcvelia im gagebiT, rom mas SeuZlia zegavlenis moxdena saqmis arsebiTad
ganmxilveli mosamarTlis neitralurobaze. swored amitom, moqmedi kanonmdeblobis
Sesabamisad, saqmis arsebiTad ganmxilvel mosamarTlesTan igzavneba mxolod proku-
roris dadgenileba piris braldebulad cnobasTan dakavSirebiT da winasasamarTlo
sxdomis mosamarTlis mier damtkicebuli mxareTa mier warmodgenili mtkicebulebe-
bis nusxa (maT Soris mtkicebulebaTa CamonaTvali, romelsac mxareebi sadavod ar xdi-
an). amrigad, Tanamedrove qarTul sisxlis samarTlis procesSi braldebis ganmsazR-
vreli ZiriTadi dokumentia prokuroris mier miRebuli dadgenileba piris braldebis
Sesaxeb. Tavad braldeba ki SesaZlebelia, ganimartos rogorc formaluri, ise mate-
rialuri gagebiT. formaluri gagebiT, braldeba aris prokuroris procesualuri ga-
dawyvetileba piris mimarT sisxlissamarTlebrivi devnis dawyebisa da braldebulis
sisxlis samarTlis pasuxisgebaSi micemasTan dakavSirebiT. materialuri gagebiT ki,
braldeba warmoadgens informacias inkriminirebuli qmedebis (qmedebaTa) Sesaxeb, anu
informacias `procesualuri gagebiT qmedebis~ Sesaxeb. ufro meti sicxadisTvis mniS-
vnelovania gaimijnos `qmedeba procesualuri gagebiT~ `materialuri gagebiT qmedebi-
sagan~. procesualuri gagebiT qmedebaSi moiazreba konkretul braldebaSi aRwerili
is erTiani istoriuli xdomileba, romelsac sxva msgavsi SemTxvevebisgan ganasxvavebs
calkeuli detalebi da saidanac ikveTeba braldebulis mier garkveuli danaSaulis
Semadgenlobis (an Semadgenlobebis) ganxorcielebis faqtobrivi garemoebebi5. proce-
sualuri gagebiT, erTi qmedeba moicavs braldebaSi miTiTebul sisxlissamarTlebri-
vad relevantur im qmedebaTa kompleqss, romelic samarTlebrivad SeiZleba Sefasdes
5
ix. ufro vrclad: Kühne H.-H., Starfprozessrecht, Eine systematische Darstellung des deutschen
und europäischen Strafverfahrensrechts, 8. Auflage, Heidelberg 2010, 396-397; Roxin C., Schünemann
B., Strafverfahrensrecht, 26. Auflage, München 2009, 128-129; Beulke W., Strafprozessrecht, 11. Auflage,
Heidelberg u.a. 2010, 331-332; Bauer W., Der prozessuale Tatbegriff, NStZ 2003, 174.
277
rogorc konkretuli danaSauli (anu qmedeba materialuri gagebiT) an danaSaulebi.

procesualuri gagebiT qmedebisTvis damaxasiaTebelia is, rom braldebaSi miTiTebu-
li danaSaulis Semadgenloba (Semadgenlobebi) ar aris statikuri, vinaidan igi SeiZ-
leba sasamarTlos SefasebiT daeqvemdebaros modificirebasa da cvlilebas. sasamar-
Tlo ar izRudeba braldebaSi aRwerili qmedebis braldebis mxaris mier miTiTebuli
samarTlebrivi SefasebiT. sasamarTlo uflebamosilia, braldebulis sasargeblod
Secvalos danaSaulis kvalifikacia da msjavri dasdos pirs SedarebiT naklebad mZime
danaSaulisTvis, Tu aseTi danaSaulis Semadgenlobis elementebs Seicavs wardgenili
braldebiT gaTvaliswinebuli danaSaulis elementebi. amrigad, sasamarTlo afasebs
ara `qmedebas materialuri gagebiT~, aramed `qmedebas procesualuri gagebiT~, rome-
lic mTlianad gansazRvravs procesis sagans.
rac Seexeba braldebis funqcias, upirveles yovlisa, is wardgenili braldebis
arsisa da safuZvlebis Taobaze braldebulis informirebiT gamoixateba. amdenad, igi
braldebulis informirebis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani instrumentia. garda amisa, ro-
gorc ukve aRiniSna, braldeba gansazRvravs sasamarTloSi sisxlis samarTlis saqmis
arsebiTad ganxilvis sagansa da farglebs. mizanSewonilia, braldebis TiToeuli fun-
qcia ufro detalurad iqnes ganxiluli.
2.1. braldebulis informireba
adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis me-6 muxlis me-3 punqtis à~ qvepunqtis
Tanaxmad, yvelas, visac bralad edeba sisxlis samarTlis danaSaulis Cadena, maTTvis
gasageb enaze dauyovnebliv da dawvrilebiT unda ecnobos wardgenili braldebis arsi
da safuZveli. aseve, sssk-is 38-e muxlis pirveli nawilis Sesabamisad, pirs dakavebis
momentSi an, Tu dakaveba ar xdeba, braldebulad cnobisTanave, dauyovnebliv, aseve ne-
bismieri dakiTxvis win misTvis gasageb enaze unda ecnobos saqarTvelos sisxlis samar-
Tlis kodeqsiT gaTvaliswinebuli romeli danaSaulis CadenaSi arsebobs mis mimarT
dasabuTebuli varaudi. amasTan erTad, mas unda gadaeces dakavebis oqmis an, Tu is ar
daukavebiaT, braldebis Sesaxeb dadgenilebis asli. amdenad, rogorc adamianis ufle-
baTa evropuli konvencia, ise moqmedi sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kanonmdebloba
avaldebulebs sisxlissamarTlebrivi devnis organos, rom braldebuls samarTalwar-
moebis adreul etapzeve ecnobos mis winaaRmdeg arsebuli braldebis Sesaxeb, raTa man
jerovnad SeZlos sasamarTloSi Tavis dacva. rogorc aRiniSna, braldebulad cnobil
pirs gadaecema braldebis Sesaxeb dadgenilebis asli, sadac mocemulia informacia
inkriminirebuli qmedebis, misi Cadenis adgilis, drois, xerxis, saSualebis, iaraRis,
agreTve am qmedebiT gamowveuli Sedegis Sesaxeb. braldebis Sesaxeb dadgenilebaSi mi-
TiTebulia aseve gamoZiebiT mopovebuli mtkicebulebebi, romlebic sakmarisia dasa-
buTebuli varaudisaTvis, rom aRniSnuli danaSauli braldebulma Caidina. amis garda,
dadgenilebaSi miTiTebulia saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis muxli, nawili
da qvepunqti, romlebiTac gaTvaliswinebulia es danaSauli (sssk-is 169-e muxlis me-3
nawili). Sesabamisad, braldebis Sesaxeb dadgenileba aris wardgenili rogorc bral-
278
debis Taobaze braldebulis informirebis pirveladi saSualeba. amasTan, gasaTvalis-

winebelia, rom braldeba ar aris wardgenili braldebis Sesaxeb informaciis mopovebis
erTaderTi formaluri instrumenti. amis garda, braldebuls ufleba aqvs, gaecnos
braldebis mxaris mtkicebulebebs da miiRos mtkicebulebisa da sisxlis samarTlis
saqmis masalebi (sssk-is 38-e muxlis me-13 nawili). aseve, braldebuli uflebamosilia,
gaecnos im informacias, romlis mtkicebulebad sasamarTloSi wardgenasac bralde-
bis mxare apirebs. braldebuls SeuZlia, gaecnos braldebis mxaris xelT arsebul ga-
mamarTlebel mtkicebulebebsac (sssk-is 83-e muxlis 1-li nawili). miuxedavad amisa,
braldebis Sesaxeb prokuroris dadgenileba mainc rCeba braldebulis informirebis
primerul instrumentad da am mxriv yvelaze mniSvnelovan procesualur dokumentad.
imisaTvis, rom braldebis Sesaxeb dadgenilebam Seasrulos informirebis fun-
qcia, braldebuls unda awvdides igi srul informacias wardgenili braldebis Sesa-
xeb. amasTan, gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom braldebis zedmetad detalizaciam da bral-
debis Sesaxeb dadgenilebaSi faqtobrivi garemoebebis zedmiwevniT sizustiT aRweram
SesaZloa, braldebis mxares sasamarTloSi gaurTulos braldebis mtkiceba. Tu bral-
debis mxare sasamarTloSi ver moaxerxebs braldebaSi miTiTebuli yvela garemoebis
saTanadod damtkicebas, SesaZloa, amas Sedegad mohyves danaSaulis Camdeni piris sa-
samarTlos mier gamarTleba. es riski kidev ufro maRalia wminda SejibrebiTi sisxlis
samarTalwarmoebis dros, sadac mosamarTle ar atarebs sasamarTlo gamoZiebas da da-
moukideblad ar ikvlevs mtkicebulebebs. amitom wminda SejibrebiT procesSi miRe-
bulia braldebis Sesaxeb dadgenilebis naklebad detalizebuli varianti, romelic
Sinaarsobrivad unda Sedgebodes minimum e.w. `savaldebulo elementebisagan~ da `faq-
tobrivi maxasiaTeblebisgan~.6
braldebis `savaldebulo elementebis~ moTxovna gulisxmobs imas, rom bralde-
baSi unda iyos miTiTeba inkriminirebuli danaSaulis Semadgenlobis ZiriTadi ele-
mentebis arsebobisTvis relevantur faqtobriv garemoebebze. garda amisa, braldeba
unda Seicavdes informacias iseTi faqtebis Taobaze, romlebic mianiSneben bralde-
bulis konkretul danaSaulSi monawileobaze7. Sesabamisad, braldebaSi mxolod imis
miTiTeba, rom, magaliTad, braldebulma ganaxorciela qurdobis Semadgenloba, gaT-
valiswinebuli ssk-is 177-e muxlis 1-li nawilis mixedviT, arasakmarisia. braldeba un-
da asaxavdes ssk-is 177-e muxlis 1-li nawiliT gaTvaliswinebuli danaSaulis Semad-
genlobis elementebis ganxorcielebis faqtebs (qmedebis obieqturi da subieqturi
Semadgenlobis ganxorcielebaze mimaniSnebel faqtobriv garemoebebs).
inkriminirebuli danaSaulis Semadgenlobis ZiriTadi elementebis Taobaze
braldebaSi mocemuli informacia unda iyos sakmarisad detalizebuli, rac warmo-
6
braldebis es kriteriumebi ganviTara aSS-is federaluri uzenaesi sasamarTlos samo-
samarTleo samarTalma. ix. Geisler M., Die Ausgestaltung des Anklageprinzips nach amerikanischem
Strafverfahrens- und Verfassungsrecht, Berlin 1998, 59.
7
ix. aSS-is federaluri uzenaesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebebi saqmeze: Hamling v. United
States, 418 U.S. 87 (117-118); United States v. Pearce, 275 F.2d 318, 324 (1960), United States v. Carll, 105 U.S.
611, 23 L Ed. 1135.
279
adgens braldebis `faqtobrivi maxasiaTeblebis~ nawilis mniSvnelovan moTxovnas8.

braldebaSi faqtobrivi garemoebebi bralmdeblis mier imdenad unda dakonkretdes,
rom SesaZlebeli iyos ara mxolod konkretuli danaSaulis Semadgenlobis gansazR-
vra, aramed imis garkvevac, braldebulis uSualod romeli qmedebaa sasamarTloSi gan-
xilvis sagani. magaliTad, 108-e muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli danaSaulis gamo sisxlis-
samarTlebrivi devnis SemTxvevaSi, piris braldebulad cnobis Sesaxeb dadgenilebam
informirebis funqcia rom Seasrulos, ar iqneboda sakmarisi mxolod imis aRniSvna,
rom braldebulma SurisZiebis niadagze ganzrax mokla Tavisi mezobeli. aRniSnulis
Taobaze faqtobrivi garemoebebi imdenad unda iyos detalizebuli, rom braldebul-
ma jerovnad SeZlos wardgenili braldebisagan Tavis dacva. amitom aseT SemTxvevaSi
braldebaSi aseve unda iyos miTiTeba danaSaulis Cadenis droze, adgilze, danaSaulis
sagansa da msxverplis pirovnebaze. inkriminirebuli qmedebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli
garemoebebi iseTi formiT unda iqnes gadmocemuli, rom zustad xdebodes misi indi-
vidualizacia da gamoricxuli unda iyos sxva danaSaulis SemadgenlobaSi aRrevis
safrTxe9. amasTan, gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom ar aris savaldebulo, braldebaSi iyos
saubari qmedebisTvis damaxasiaTebel yvela detalsa da faqtobriv garemoebaze. mTa-
varia, rom braldebis Sinaarsi braldebuls awvdides sakmaris informacias imis Taoba-
ze, Tu ris winaaRmdeg mouwevs mas sasamarTloSi Tavis dacva.
2.2. saqmis arsebiTad ganxilvis sagnisa da farglebis gansazRvra
sisxlis samarTlis procesSi moqmedi braldebis principidan gamomdinare, sa-

samarTlo ganixilavs sisxlis samarTlis saqmes mxolod braldebis dadgenilebaSi
gansazRvruli formulirebis farglebSi.10 sasamarTlos ufleba ar aqvs, imsjelos
braldebulis mier Cadenili sxva iseTi qmedebis Taobaze, rac ar aqvs am ukanasknels
braldebiT wardgenili. Sesabamisad, braldebis erT-erTi ZiriTadi funqcia saqmis
arsebiTad ganxilvis sagnisa da farglebis gansazRvraa. sasamarTlo procesis sagani,
ZiriTadad, Sedgeba braldebis ori elementisgan, kerZod, subieqturi da obieqturi
elementebisgan. braldebis subieqturi elementi miuTiTebs braldebulis pirovne-
baze, romlis mimarTac unda iqnes sasamarTlos saboloo gadawyvetileba miRebuli.
mxolod braldebiT gansazRvruli braldebuli piris sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxis-
mgeblobis Taobazea SesaZlebeli sasamarTlos mier gadawyvetilebis miReba. bralde-
bis obieqturi elementi ki miuTiTebs braldebulis im qmedebaze, romlis am ukanaskne-
8
ix. aSS-is federaluri uzenaesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba saqmeze: Russel v. United states,
369 U.S. 749, 82 S.Ct. 1038, 8 L Ed. 2d 240 (1962); McNamara R.B., Constitutional Limitations on Criminal
Procedure, Sephards/McGraw-Hill, Colorado Springs (Colorado) 1982, 110-113.
9
ix. Jakobs G., Probleme der Wahlfeststellung, GA 1971, 257, 258. Puppe I., Die Individualisierung der Tat in
Anklageschrift und Bußgeldbescheid und ihre nachträgliche Korrigierbarkeit, NStZ 1982, 230.
10
ix. laliaSvili T., saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis procesi, zogadi nawili, Tb., 2015,
103; saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlo: saxelmZRvanelo winadadebebi sisxlis sa-
marTlis saqmeze ganaCenis formis, misi dasabuTebulobisa da teqstis stilistikuri
gamarTulobis Taobaze, Tb., 2015, 52; TumaniSvili g., sisxlis samarTlis procesi, zogadi
nawilis mimoxilva, Tb., 2014, 67.
280
lis mier marTlsawinaaRmdegod da braleulad Cadena sasamarTlos kanonier ZalaSi

Sesuli ganaCeniT unda dadasturdes an uaryofil iqnes. braldebis orive elements
mWidro kavSiri aqvs erTmaneTTan, vinaidan sasamarTloSi gansaxilveli danaSaulebri-
vi qmedeba yovelTvis warmoadgens konkretul pirTan dakavSirebul xdomilebas. amri-
gad, sasamarTloSi mxareTa monawileobiT ganixileba mxolod braldebaSi miTiTebuli
`qmedeba procesualuri gagebiT~.
sasamarTlo procesis sagnis gansazRvras aqvs kidev sxva mniSvnelobac. vinaidan
braldebiT xdeba sasamarTloSi gansaxilveli inkriminirebuli qmedebis individuali-
zacia da amave qmedebis Sesaxeb xdeba sasamarTlos mier Semajamebeli gadawyvetilebis
miReba, kanonier ZalaSi Sesuli sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba samomavlod gamoricxavs
imave qmedebisTvis (procesualuri gagebiT) gamarTlebulisa Tu msjavrdebulis sis-
xlissamarTlebriv devnasa da gasamarTlebas. aRniSnuli gamomdinareobs ganmeorebi-
Ti msjavrdebis akrZalvis konstituciuri principidan (saqarTvelos konstituciis
42-e muxlis me-4 nawili). amrigad, sasamarTlo procesis erTi da igive sagani saboloo
instanciis sasamarTlos mier miRebuli gadawyvetilebis Semdeg veRar daeqvemdebare-
ba ganmeorebiT ganxilvas (aqedan gamonaklisia ganaCenis gadasinjva axalgamovlenil
garemoebaTa gamo).
3. braldebiT gansazRvruli qmedebidan faqtobrivi da

samarTlebrivi gadaxra
kontinenturevropul sisxlis samarTlis procesSi, sadac moqmedebs e.w. in-

struqtorul-sagamoZiebo principi, mosamarTle sakuTari kompetenciis farglebSi
atarebs sasamarTlo gamoZiebas da kanoni uflebas aZlevs mas, mtkicebulebebis gamok-
vlevis Sedegebis gaTvaliswinebiT Seitanos braldebaSi faqtobrivi da samarTlebri-
vi xasiaTis cvlilebebi. Sesabamisad, zemoaRniSnuli sistemis sisxlis samarTlis pro-
cesis farglebSi, SesaZlebelia, saqmis arsebiTi ganxilvis sxdomaze mtkicebulebebis
gamokvlevis Sedegad dadges braldebiT gansazRvruli faqtobrivi da samarTlebrivi
garemoebebisgan gansxvavebuli Sedegi. am SemTxvevaSi mosamarTle kanoniT dadgenili
proceduris dacviT axdens braldebis koreqtirebas da gamoaqvs gamamtyunebeli gana-
Ceni. gansxvavebiT amisgan, wminda SejibrebiT, adversalur procesSi moqmedebs `kores-
pondenciis principi”, rac niSnavs imas, rom gamamtyunebeli ganaCenis gamosatanad
braldebaSi miTiTebuli faqtobrivi da samarTlebrivi garemoebebi unda Seesatyvise-
bodnen mtkicebulebebis gamokvlevis Sedegebs. erTi mxriv, aRniSnuli principi uz-
runvelyofs braldebulis jerovan dacvas, kerZod, dacvis mxares unda hqondes imis
rwmena, rom dacvis strategiis momzadeba mouwevs mxolod wardgenili braldebis sa-
fuZvelze da farglebSi; meore mxriv, braldebuli unda iqnes iseTi moulodnelobis-
gan daculi, rom misi gasamarTleba moxdes saqmis arsebiTi ganxilvis dros gamovleni-
li braldebisgan gansxvavebuli faqtobrivi da samarTlebrivi garemoebebis safuZ-
velze. garda amisa, korespondenciis principi aseve uzrunvelyofs braldebulis mxo-
lod braldebiT gansazRvruli saqmis arsebiTi ganxilvis sagnis farglebSi gasamar-
281
Tlebas, raTa daculi iyos igi samomavlod erTi da imave danaSaulis CadenisTvis gan-
meorebiTi sisxlissamarTlebrivi devnisagan. unda aRiniSnos, rom SejibrebiT samar-
TalwarmoebaSi korespondenciis principis ganviTarebis adreul etapze gamamtyune-
beli ganaCenis gamosatanad mosamarTle iTxovda braldebis mxarisagan braldebaSi
miTiTebuli yvela garemoebis sasamarTloSi sityvasityviT, gramatikuli sizustiT,
damtkicebas. sayuradReboa, rom mosamarTle iTxovda ara mxolod braldebaSi miTiTe-
buli danaSaulis Semadgenlobis arsebobisTvis relevantur garemoebebSi Tanxved-
ras, aramed iseT faqtebTan dakavSirebiTac mtkicebulebebis gamokvlevis SedegebTan
Sesabamisobas, romlebsac, rogorc wesi, piris braleulobis sakiTxis gadawyvetisTvis
samarTlebrivi mniSvneloba ar eniWeba. am mxriv sanimuSoa aSS-is erT-erTi gadawyveti-
leba saqmeze – State v. Harris, romelic miRebul iqna 1841 wels. pirs bralad edeboda er-
Ti wyvili fexsacmlis qurdoba. mis mimarT pirveli instanciis sasamarTlom gamoitana
gamamtyunebeli ganaCeni, romelic mogvianebiT gauqmda zemdgomi instanciis mier. sa-
samarTlos mier ganaCenis gauqmebis mizezad dasaxelda is garemoeba, rom pirvel in-
stanciaSi ver damtkicda braldebulis mier erTi wyvili fexsacmlis qurdoba, vinai-
dan orive fexsacmeli marjvena fexisTvis iyo da, Sesabamisad, is wyvils ar qmnida, ro-
gorc es braldebaSi iyo miTiTebuli. msgavsi gadawyvetileba iqna aseve miRebuli saq-
meze – Brown v. Peoble (1872), sadac pirs bralad edeboda vinme pirovnebis, saxelad Òtha
Carr~-is, xelmoweris gayalbeba. saqmis arsebiTi ganxilvis dros ki dadginda, rom moxda
Òatha Carr~-is xelmoweris falsifikacia. imis miuxedavad, rom gansxvaveba iyo saxelis
mxolod erT asoSi, ver moxerxda gamamtyunebeli ganaCenis miReba, vinaidan braldeba-
Si miTiTebul faqtobriv garemoebebsa da mtkicebulebebis gamokvlevis Sedegebs So-
ris ar arsebobda Tavsebadoba. korespondenciis principis amgvari interpretacia
aris Sedegi SejibrebiTi samarTalwarmoebis Sesaxeb imdroindeli warmodgenisa, ro-
desac sisxlis samarTlis procesi gaigivebuli iyo sportul SejibrTan, sadac samar-
Tliani TamaSis wesebi mkacrad unda yofiliyo daculi da misgan gadaxveva arcerT Sem-
TxvevaSi ar unda darCeniliyo dausjeli.11 droTa ganmavlobaSi korespondenciis
principis mimarT midgomebi Seicvala da dResdReobiT SejibrebiT samarTalwarmoeba-
Si igi aRar gamoiyeneba mkacrad. mtkicebulebaTa gamokvlevis Sedegad braldebiT gan-
sazRvruli faqtebisagan gansxvavebuli garemoebebis dadgenis mimarT dRes ukve libe-
raluri damokidebuleba aqvT sasamarTloebs saerTo samarTlis qveynebSi. dRes domi-
nirebs korespondenciis principis e.w. funqciuri gageba, romelsac 1935 wels safuZve-
li Cauyara aSS-is federaluri uzenaesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebam saqmeze – Berger
v. United States, sadac saqmis arsi aseTi iyo: bergers bralad edeboda Svid sxva pirTan
erTad yalbi fulis gasaRebis dagegmva. saqmis arsebiTi ganxilvisas gamoirkva, rom re-
alurad saxeze iyo danaSaulis momzadebis ori epizodi, bergerma ki mxolod erT epi-
zodSi miiRo monawileoba. Sesabamisad, bergeri pirveli instanciis sasamarTlom dam-
naSaved cno danaSaulis erT epizodSi monawileobis gamo. sasamarTlos gadawyvetile-
ba dacvis mxarem gaasaCivra uzenaes sasamarTloSi da moiTxova gamamtyunebeli ganaCe-
11
ix. Pound R., The Causes of Popular Dissatisfaction With the Administration of Justice, 29 Reports of the ABA,
1905, 395, 406.
282
nis gauqmeba imis safuZvelze, rom braldebam srulyofilad ver SeZlo sabraldebo
aqtiT gansazRvruli braldebis damtkiceba, radgan bergeri aseve danaSaulis meore
epizodSic iRebda monawileobas. vinaidan sabraldebo aqtSi miTiTebuli faqtobrivi
garemoebebi srulfasovnad ar daemTxva saqmis arsebiTi ganxilvis dros dadgenil faq-
tebs, dacvis mxares miaCnda, rom zemdgomi instanciis sasamarTlos msjavrdebuli un-
da gaemarTlebina. federalurma uzenaesma sasamarTlom ar gaiziara dacvis mxaris sa-
marTlebrivi mosazrebebi da miiCnia, rom àraTanxvedra braldebiT gansazRvrul ga-
remoebebsa da sasamarTloSi dadgenil faqtebs Soris gamamtyunebeli ganaCenis gamo-
tanas Per se ar gamoricxavs. gamamtyunebeli ganaCenis gamotana unda gamoiricxos maSin,
rodesac braldebidan gadaxriT braldebulis fundamenturi uflebebia xelyofili.
aseTi uflebebis xelyofas adgili aqvs, rodesac braldebas ekargeba braldebulis
ìnformirebisa~ da `dacvis~ funqcia. Sesabamisad, braldebulis fundamenturi ufle-
bebis xelyofa erTi mxriv unda dadgindes maSin, rodesac mtkicebulebebis gamokvle-
vis Sedegad saqmis arsebiTi ganxilvis sagans emateba braldebisagan gansxvavebuli ise-
Ti faqtobrivi garemoeba, rac warmoadgens braldebulisTvis moulodnelobas (bral-
debuli ar iyo amis Taobaze informirebuli) an xelyofs mis jerovan dacvas. sxva mxriv,
aseve dairRveva braldebulis fundamenturi uflebebi, rodesac braldebuli mimdi-
nare procesSi axali faqtobrivi garemoebebis gaTvaliswinebis SemTxvevaSi veRar SeZ-
lebda imisgan gansxvavebuli realobis damtkicebas, rasac Tavdapirvelad iTvaliswi-
nebda wardgenili braldeba~12. zemoaRniSnul saqmeSi federalurma uzenaesma sasamar-
Tlom miiCnia, rom braldebidan gadaxra atarebda umniSvnelo xasiaTs, rasac Sedegad
ar mohyolia braldebulis fundamenturi uflebebis xelyofa. Tu ramdenad arsebiTia
gadaxra braldebisgan, damokidebulia yovel konkretul SemTxvevaSi calkeuli gare-
moebebis Sefasebaze. magaliTad, arsebiTad ar miiCneva braldebidan gadaxra, rodesac
sasamarTloSi mticebulebebis gamokvlevis Sedegad dgindeba danaSaulis Cadenis
droSi umniSvnelo cdomileba. Tu danaSaulis Cadenis drod braldebaSi miTiTebuli
iyo 1 seqtemberi, magram sasamarTloSi aseTad daadgines 3 seqtemberi, aseTi gadaxra
ar xelyofs braldebulis fundamentur uflebebs da ar ukargavs braldebas ìnfor-
mirebisa~ da `dacvis~ funqcias; Tumca braldebisagan arsebiTi gadaxra iqneba, rode-
sac braldebaSi danaSaulis Cadenis drod miTiTebulia 2010 weli da sasamarTloSi
mtkicebulebebis gamokvlevis Sedegad dgindeba, rom braldebulma 2010 wlis nacvlad
inkriminirebuli qmedeba Caidina 2013 wels; aseve aRiarebulia, rom umniSvnelo cdomi-
lebebi danaSaulis Cadenis adgilTan dakavSirebiT ar CaiTvleba braldebidan arsebiT
gadaxrad13. igive mosazreba dominirebs qmedebis obieqturi Semadgenlobis sxva niSneb-
Tan mimarTebiTac, vinaidan ar arsebobs imis moTxovna, rom braldebaSi miTiTebuli
garemoebebi sityvasityviTi sizustiT dadasturdes saqmis arsebiTi ganxilvis dros.
sakmarisia, rodesac braldebaSi miTiTebuli garemoeba sasamarTloSi gvarobiTi mniS-
vnelobiT mainc dasturdeba. magaliTad, Tu braldebaSi iyo miTiTebuli narkotikuli
12
ix. aSS-is federaluri uzenaesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba saqmeze: Berger v. United States,
295 U.S. 78, 55 S.Ct. 629, 79 L.Ed. 1314 (1935).
13
ix. aseve Herrick P.F., Underhill’s Criminal Evidence, A Treatise on the Law of Criminal Evidence, The Bobbs-
Merrill Company Inc., Indianapolis, New Yourk, 6th ed., 1973, 88, 89.
283
nivTierebis, `kokainis~, gasaRebis faqti da sasamarTloSi ki dadasturda braldebu-

lis mier `heroinis~ gasaReba, es ar aris braldebidan arsebiTi gadaxra da igi gamam-
tyunebeli ganaCenis gamotanas ar gamoricxavs.14 zemoT miTiTebuli magaliTebisgan
gansxvavebiT, adgili eqneba braldebisgan arsebiT gadaxras, rodesac sasamarTloSi
mtkicebulebebis gamokvlevis Sedegad dgindeba braldebulis danaSaulSi mamxilebe-
li iseTi faqtobrivi garemoebani, rac aSkarad cvlis braldebaSi miTiTebuli inkrimi-
nirebuli qmedebis Sinaarss da razec braldebis Sesaxeb dadgenilebaSi miniSnebac ki
ar yofila. am mxriv sainteresoa aSS-is federaluri uzenaesi sasamarTlos erT-erTi
gadawyvetileba,15 sadac pirs bralad edeboda erT-erTi organizaciisgan qrTamis sa-
xiT garkveuli Tanxis miReba. sasamarTloSi ki dadginda, rom braldebuls organiza-
ciisagan qrTamis saxiT Tanxa ar miuRia da sinamdvileSi organizacia sadazRvevo kom-
panias uxdida braldebulis sasargeblod misi sicocxlis dazRvevis gadasaxads (pre-
mias). aseTi gadaxra braldebisgan sasamarTlom miiCnia arsebiT gadaxrad.
rogorc aRiniSna, sisxlis samarTlis procesSi moqmedi braldebis (e.w. akuzaci-
is) principis moTxovnaa, rom braldebuli iqnes gasamarTlebuli mxolod im danaSa-
ulis CadenisaTvis, rac braldebaSi saxeldebiT aris aRniSnuli. bralmdebelma sasa-
marTloSi mtkicebulebebis wardgenisa da gamokvlevis gziT unda daarwmunos sasamar-
Tlo braldebulis mier inkriminirebuli danaSaulis Semadgenlobis ganxorcieleba-
Si. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, braldebuli unda gamarTldes wardgenil braldebaSi. im
SemTxvevaSic ki, rodesac inkriminirebuli danaSaulis Semadgenlobis nacvlad bral-
debuls sasamarTloSi daudasturda sxva iseTi danaSaulis Semadgenlobis ganxorci-
eleba, romlis samarTlebrivi kvalifikacia gansxvavdeba braldebiT gaTvaliswinebu-
li danaSaulis Semadgenlobisagan, braldebuli, rogorc wesi, unda gamarTldes, Tu
braldebiT wardgenili danaSaulis Semadgenlobis elementebi ar Seicavs braldebu-
lisTvis sasamarTloSi dadasturebuli SedarebiT naklebad mZime danaSaulis Semad-
genlobis elementebs da, amavdroulad, sasamarTloSi dadasturebuli danaSauli
arc braldebiT gaTvaliswinebuli `procesualuri gagebiT qmedebis~ nawili ar aris.
amrigad, braldebiT gansazRvruli qmedebisagan samarTlebrivi gadaxra, ZiriTad Sem-
TxvevaSi, aris arsebiTi gadaxra da, amavdroulad, gamamtyunebeli ganaCenis gamotanis
xelisSemSleli garemoeba. magaliTad, rodesac braldebuls bralad aqvs wayenebuli
sxvisi qonebis ganzrax dazianeba, magram mis nacvlad mtkicebulebebis gamokvlevis Se-
degad sasamarTloSi daudasturda yaCaRoba, braldebidan arsebiTi samarTlebrivi
gadaxris gamo gamoiricxeba misTvis sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis dakis-
reba. amisgan gansxvavebul situaciasTan gvaqvs saqme, rodesac braldebuls wardge-
nili aqvs bralad ganzrax mkvleloba damamZimebel garemoebebSi da sasamarTloSi da-
udasturda mas ganzrax mkvleloba damamZimebeli garemoebebis gareSe. imisaTvis, rom
braldebisgan samarTlebrivi gadaxrisas Tavidan iqnes acilebuli usamarTlo gama-
marTlebeli ganaCenebi, sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kanonmdebloba ar zRudavs mo-
14
ix. aSS-is federaluri uzenaesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebebi saqmeze: United States v.
Laite, 418 F.2d 576 (1969); United States v. Knuckles, 581 F.2d 305 (1978); United States v. Schrenzel, 462 F.2d
765 (1972); United States v. Sheikh, 654 F.2d 1057 (1981).
15
United States v. Lippi, 193 F. Supp. 441 (1961).
284
samarTles, msgavs SemTxvevaSi gamoitanos gamamtyunebeli ganaCeni da piri cnos dam-

naSaved ganzraxi mkvlelobis CadenisTvis. braldebidan gadaxra da braldebis mxaris
mier braldebulisTvis damamZimebel garemoebebSi mkvlelobis Cadenis dadasturebis
SeuZlebloba ver SeuSlis xels am ukanasknelis gamtyunebas da gasamarTlebas, vina-
idan sasamarTloSi dadasturebuli ganzrax mkvleloba (ganzrax mkvlelobis Ziri-
Tadi Semadgenloba) moicavs bralad wardgenili kvalificiuri Semadgenlobis yvela
elements. amrigad, mocemul SemTxvevaSi unda gamovideT iqidan, rom pirs, ssk-is 109-e
muxlTan erTad, avtomaturad aqvs bralad wardgenili ssk-is 108-e muxliT gaTvalis-
winebuli danaSaulis Cadena. SeuZlebelia ssk-is 109-e muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli da-
mamZimebel garemoebebSi mkvlelobis Semadgenlobis ganxorcieleba ise, rom amavdro-
ulad ar ganxorcieldes 108-e muxliT gansazRvruli danaSaulis Semadgenlobis, ro-
gorc ZiriTadi Semadgenlobis, yvela elementi. igive situaciaa, rodesac saqme exeba
bralad wardgenil damTavrebul da sasamarTloSi dadasturebul daumTavrebel da-
naSauls. magaliTad, Tu pirs bralad aqvs wardgenili ganzrax mkvleloba, magram sa-
samarTloSi ar dadasturda braldebulis mier ganxorcielebuli qmedebis Sedegad
sikvdilis dadgomis faqti da dadginda mxolod ganzrax mkvlelobis mcdeloba, ase-
Ti gadaxra braldebisagan ar gamoiwvevs gamamarTlebeli ganaCenis gamotanas. gasaT-
valiswinebelia, rom bralad wardgenili damTavrebuli danaSauli avtomaturad moi-
cavs daumTavrebeli imave danaSaulis umarTlobis Sinaarss. danaSaulis mcdeloba an
momzadeba aris danaSaulis ganxorcielebis dasjadi stadia da SeuZlebelia, daamTav-
ro danaSauli ise, Tu qmedebam ar miaRwia mcdelobis stadias. Sesabamisad, Tu bralad
wardgenili Sedegiani danaSaulis momzadebis an mcdelobis dasjadoba gaTvaliswine-
bulia sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsiT,16 sasamarTloSi damTavrebuli danaSaulis dau-
dastureblobis SemTxvevaSi dadasturebuli imave danaSaulis mcdeloba gamamtyune-
beli ganaCenis gamosatanad subsidiurad unda iqnes gamoyenebuli.17
sakiTxi, Tu ramdenad xorcieldeba konkretuli danaSaulis Semadgenloba bra-
lad wardgenil danaSaulis SemadgenlobasTan erTad da, Sesabamisad, ramdenad moi-
cavs aseTi danaSaulis Semadgenlobas braldeba, unda gadawydes TiToeuli SemTxvevis
analizis Sedegad. bralad wardgenil danaSaulis SemadgenlobasTan erTad sxva Seda-
rebiT naklebad mZime danaSaulis Semadgenloba paralelurad ganxorcieldeba yovel-
Tvis, rodesac am ukanaskneli danaSaulis Semadgenlobis elementebis Sesrulebis ga-
moricxviT gamoiricxeboda aseve inkriminirebuli danaSaulis Semadgenlobis ganxor-
cieleba.
garda zemoxsenebulisa, rogorc kontinenturevropuli, ise angloamerikuli
sasamarTlo praqtika aRiarebs imas, rom braldebulis mier braldebiT gaTvaliswi-
nebuli danaSaulis Semadgenlobisgan materialur-sisxlissamarTlebrivad gansxva-
vebuli da damoukidebeli danaSaulis Semadgenlobis ganxorcielebis sasamarTloSi
dadasturebis SemTxvevaSic, mosamarTle uflebamosilia, gamoitanos gamamtyunebeli
ganaCeni, Tu es ukanaskneli qmedeba samarTlebriv-eTikurad da fsiqologiurad urTi-
16
Simpson v. United States, 195 F.2d 721, 723 (1972).
17
danaSaulTa Soris subsidiurobis Sesaxeb ix. Wessels J., Beulke W., Strafrecht Allgebeiner Teil,
Straftat und ihr Aufbau, 37. Auflage, Heidelberg 2007, 307.
285
erTSedarebadi da ekvivalenturia bralad wardgenili qmedebisa.18 sasamarTloSi dad-

genili braldebisgan gansxvavebuli qmedebis samarTlebriv-eTikur SedarebadobaSi
moiazreba inkriminirebuli qmedebis miaxloebulad Tanabari simZime da zogadi mar-
TlSegnebis mixedviT moraluri da samarTlebrivad Sedarebadi Sefaseba. damatebiT
konkretdeba, rom samarTlebriv-eTikuri SedarebadobisTvis mniSvnelovania, sasamar-
TloSi dadasturebuli qmedebiTac erTi da igive an arsobrivad msgavsi samarTlebrivi
sikeTeebi unda iyos xelyofili. fsiqologiuri Sedarebadoba moiTxovs braldebulis
garkveulwilad msgavs sulier damokidebulebas inkriminirebul da mtkicebulebebis
gamokvlevis Sedegad dadasturebul qmedebebTan. amgvari sulieri damokidebuleba
maSin arsebobs, rodesac samarTlebrivi sikeTeebis mimarT braldebulis ganwyoba da
motivacia msgavsi xasiaTisaa.19 magaliTad SeiZleba motanil iqnes SemTxveva, rode-
sac pirs bralad edeba qurdobis Cadena (ssk-is 177-e muxli), Tumca es sasamarTloSi
ar dadasturda da amis nacvlad dadginda, rom braldebuli sxvis moZrav nivTs dae-
ufla ara qurdobis gziT, aramed man winaswari SecnobiT SeiZina danaSaulebrivi gziT
mopovebuli qoneba (ssk-is 186-e muxli). am SemTxvevaSi aRiarebulia, rom orive qmedeba
samarTlebriv-eTikurad da fsiqologiurad urTierTSedarebadi da ekvivalenturia.
amasTanave, xdeba danaSaulebrivi gziT erTi da imave (braldebiT zustad individua-
lizebuli da konkretizebuli) samarTlebrivi sikeTis xelyofa.20
zemoaRniSnuli SemTxvevebisgan gansxvavebiT, Tu sasamarTloSi braldebuls in-
kriminirebuli danaSaulis nacvlad daudasturdeba SedarebiT ufro mZime danaSau-
lis Cadena, mosamarTle ar aris uflebamosili, piri cnos damnaSaved am ukanaskneli
danaSaulis CadenisTvis.
4. daskvna
daskvnis saxiT unda aRiniSnos, rom braldebidan gadaxra TavisTavad ar zRudavs

mosamarTles gamamtyunebeli ganaCenis gamotanaSi, Tuki gadaxra ar aris arsebiTi da
igi ar ukargavs braldebas informaciisa da dacvis funqcias. mosamarTles sasamar-
TloSi dadgenili garemoebebis mixedviT bralad wardgenili danaSauli SeuZlia ga-
daakvalificiros sxva SedarebiT naklebad mZime danaSaulad, romlis elementebsac
Seicavs bralad wardgenili qmedeba da, aseve, Tu aseTi danaSaulis Semadgenloba ar
scildeba braldebaSi miTiTebuli `procesualuri gagebiT qmedebis~ farglebs. mniS-
vnelovania, rom danaSaulis gadakvalificirebis dros ar moxdes braldebulis imaze
ufro mkacrad dasja, vidre amas iTvaliswinebs braldeba.
18
ix. Wessels J., Beulke W., Strafrecht Allgebeiner Teil, Straftat und ihr Aufbau, 37. Auflage, Heidelberg 2007,
315; State v. Keeler, 710 P.2d 1279, 238 Kan. 358; United State v. Lovely, 77 F. Supp. 619, 621 (1948).
19
SeadareT Wessels J., Beulke W., Strafrecht Allgebeiner Teil, Straftat und ihr Aufbau, 37. Auflage, Heidelberg
2007, 315.
20
ix. aseve Wolter J., Tatidentiät und Tatumgestaltung im Strafprozeß – Zur Begründung eines normativ- fun-
ktionalen Tatbegriffs-, Wahrheit und Gerechtigkeit im Strafverfahren, Fesgabe für Karl Peters aus Anlass seines
80. Geburtstages, Wasserburg K., Haddenhorst W. (Hrsg.), Heidelberg 1984, 144-145.
286
giorgi dgebuaZe *
meTauris (ufrosis) sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgebloba

umoqmedobisaTvis saerTaSoriso sisxlis samarTalSi
meTaurTa (ufrosTa) sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgebloba xelqveiTebis

mier Cadenili danaSaulisaTvis sisxlis samarTlis erT-erTi mTavari prob-
lemaa. politikuri da samxedro liderebis umoqmedobis kriminalizaciisaT-
vis sisxlis samarTals efeqtiani cneba sWirdeba. statiaSi avtori aanalizebs
saerTaSoriso sisxlis samarTlis mier Seqmnil meTauris pasuxismgeblobis
(superior (command) responsibility) koncefcias, romelic meTaurTa pirdapiri gan-
zraxvis gareSe gamowveuli umoqmedobis dasjadobis SesaZleblobas iZleva.
misi azriT, igi avsebs im sivrces, romelsac individualuri pasuxismgeblo-
bis sxva kargad aprobirebuli pasuxismgeblobis saxeebi ver umklavdeba, an
`Riad tovebs~.
sakvanZo sityvebi: individualuri pasuxismgebloba, meTauris umoqmedoba,

gulgriloba, daudevroba, romis statuti, saerTaSoriso sisxlis samarTa-
li.
I. Sesavali
sisxlis samarTlis erT-erTi amocana samoqalaqo (politikuri) da samxedro me-

Taurebis `Segnebuli umoqmedobis~ kriminalizaciaa. es sakiTxi gansakuTrebiT mniS-
vnelovania XXI saukuneSi – Tanamedrove teqnologiebis ganviTareba da maTi efeqtiani
gamoyeneba xels uwyobs rogorc danaSaulTa gamoZiebas, aseve mniSvnelovani mtkice-
bulebebis ganadgurebas. sisxlis samarTlisTvis sasargeblo `meqanizmi~ xSirad mis
sawinaaRmdegod gamoiyeneba da sisxlis samarTals obieqtur (materialur) garemoe-
bebze dayrdnobiT uwevs moqmedeba, subieqturi (mentaluri) garemoebebis amsaxveli
mtkicebulebebis ganadgurebis gamo. pirdapiri ganzraxviT gamowveuli umoqmedobis
mtkicebis SeuZleblobisas sisxlis samarTlisTvis mTavari problema òbieqturad
arsebuli umoqmedobis~ dasjadobaa.
meTaurTa umoqmedobis dasjadobis sakiTxze safuZvlianad muSaobs saerTaSo-
riso sisxlis samarTali.1 kerZod, sisxlis samarTlis saerTaSoriso sasamarTloebis
mier individualuri pasuxismgeblobis dafuZnebisas gamoiyeneba meTauris pasuxis-
mgeblobis – superior (command) responsibility – koncefcia, romelic sisxlissamarTlebriv
* Tsu-is iuridiuli fakultetis asistenti sisxlis samarTlis mimarTulebiT.

1
saerTaSoriso sisxlis samarTlis cnebaze ix. turava m., saerTaSoriso sisxlis samar-
Tlis safuZvlebi, Tb., 2015, 1–16; ix. aseve: Kreß C., International Criminal Law, Max Planck
Encyclopedia of Public International Law, Vol. V, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2013, 717–732.
287
devnas axorcielebs meTaurebze, rogorc samxedro, aseve samoqalaqo pirebze, saerTa-

Soriso danaSaulebis Tavidan acilebis ganuxorcieleblobis, maTi arasaTanado kon-
trolisa da xelmZRvanelobisaTvis. es koncefcia mxolod meTaurTa pirdapiri gan-
zraxvis gareSe gamowveuli umoqmedobis dasjadobis SesaZleblobas iZleva.
meTauris pasuxismgeblobis doqtrina saerTaSoriso sisxlis samarTals sWirde-
ba swored politikuri da samxedro liderebis sisxlissamarTlebrivi devnis ufro me-
ti efeqtianobisaTvis.2 kerZod, farTomasStabiani da sistemuri danaSaulebisas, ro-
desac Tanamdebobis piri Segnebulad iCens umoqmedobas `kvalis ardatovebis~ mizniT,
raTa SemdegSi Tavi imarTlos, rom araviTari brali ar miuZRvis danaSaulebrivi qme-
debis CadenaSi. Tu meTauris umoqmedobis pirdapiri ganzraxva ver mtkicdeba amsru-
leblobis (ufro arapirdapiri amsruleblobis) koncefciiT, òbieqturad arsebuli
umoqmedobis~ dasjadobas meTauris pasuxismgeblobis doqtrina axdens.
meTauris individualuri pasuxismgeblobis koncefciis roli, sisxlis samar-
Tlis saerTaSoriso sasamarTlos (SemdgomSi – ICC) bolo precedentebis mixedviT,
ufro metad izrdeba, romis statutis 30-e muxlSi3 pirdapiri ganzraxvis mkacri stan-
dartis damkvidrebis gamo.4 kerZod, pirdapiri ganzraxvis gareSe Cadenili danaSaulis
2
Sead. Olasolo H., The Criminal Responsibility of Senior Political and Military Leaders as Principals to
International Crimes, Hart, Oxford and Portland, Oregon, 2009, 82–109.
3
ix. romis statutis 30-e muxli:
`1. Tu sxvagvarad ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli, pirs ekisreba sisxlissamarTlebrivi
pasuxismgebloba da daisjeba sasamarTlos iurisdiqciaSi Semavali danaSaulisTvis
mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu obieqturi mxarisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebiT igi Cadenili
iyo ganzrax da Segnebulad.
2. am muxlis miznebisTvis pirs aqvs ganzraxva:
(a) qmedebis mimarT, Tu igi apirebs am qmedebis Cadenas;
(b) Sedegis mimarT, Tu igi apirebs gamoiwvios es Sedegi an gacnobierebuli aqvs, rom igi
dadgeba movlenebis Cveulebrivi ganviTarebis SemTxvevaSi.
3. Segnebulad niSnavs imis gacnobierebas, rom garemoeba arsebobs an Sedegi dadgeba
movlenebis Cveulebrivi ganviTarebis SemTxvevaSi. `codna~ da `Segneba~ unda ganimartos
Sesabamisad.~
4
ICC-is mimdinare precedentuli samarTali romis statutis 30-e muxlis mentalur ele-
mentSi ganixilavs mxolod pirdapir ganzraxvas – pirveli xarisxis pirdapir ganzraxvasa
(dolus directus in the first degree, 30(2)(b)-e muxlis pirveli alternativa) da meore xarisxis
pirdapir ganzraxvas (dolus directus in the second degree, 30(2)(b)-e muxlis meore alternativa).
Tavidan, ICC-is winasasamarTlo palatam lubangas (Prosecutor v. Lubanga) saqmeze scada
romis statutis 30(2)(b)-e muxlSi eventualuri ganzraxvis (dolus eventualis) elementis
wakiTxva, kerZod, rodesac braldebuls Sedegis mimarT gacnobierebuli aqvs, rom ìgi
dadgeba movlenebis Cveulebrivi ganviTarebis SemTxvevaSi~, – ix. Prosecutor v. Thomas
Lubanga Dyilo, Decision on the Confirmation of Charges (ICC-01/04-01/06), Pre-Trial Chamber I, 29
January 2007, § 349–365, – rogori interpretaciac safuZvels ar aris moklebuli. Sead.
Jain N., Perpetrators and Accessories in International Criminal Law, Individual Modes of Responsibility for
Collective Crimes, Hart, Oxford, 2014, 90. mogvianebiT, winasasamarTlo palatam bembas (Prosecutor
v. Bemba) saqmeze Secvala aseTi gageba eventualuri ganzraxvis mentaluri elementis
uaryofiT. sityvasityviTi interpretaciiT `Sedegi dadgeboda~ (consequence will result),
misi azriT, niSnavs gardauval mosalodnelobas (inevitably expected). amave interpretaciiT
Tu wavikiTxavdiT winadadebis meore nawils – `movlenebis Cveulebrivi ganviTarebis
SemTxvevaSi~ (in the ordinary course of events), kerZod, `Sedegi dadgeboda movlenebis
288
giorgi dgebuaZe, meTauris (ufrosis) sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgebloba
SemTxvevaSi, meTauris pasuxismgeblobis cneba sisxlissamarTlebrivi devnis èrTa-

derT saSualebad rCeba~.
ICC-is meTauris pasuxismgeblobis doqtrinis materialur da mentalur
elementebs, ad hoc tribunalebis precendentul samarTalze dayrdnobiT, modifici-
rebulad ayalibebs. Tu sisxlis samarTlis saerTaSoriso sasamarTloebis praqtikidan
ukve kargad nacnobi joint criminal enterprise-s (SemdgomSi – JCE), Tanaamsruleblobis (co-
perpetration), arapirdapiri amsruleblobisa (indirect perpetration) da arapirdapiri (Tana)
amsruleblobis (indirect co-perpetration) pasuxismgeblobis saxeebis mizania, umeteswilad,
moqmedebiTa da pirdapiri ganzraxviT Cadenili danaSaulebisTvis individTa sisxlis-
samarTlebrivi devna, meTauris pasuxismgeblobis doqtrina, pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT,
umoqmedobiTa da pirdapiri ganzraxvis gareSe Cadenil danaSaulebze awesebs dasja-
dobas. SesaZloa iTqvas, rom igi avsebs pasuxismgeblobis im sferos, romelsac amsru-
lebloba ver umklavdeba, an `Riad tovebs~.
meTauris pasuxismgeblobis doqtrina sjis meTaurs saerTaSoriso danaSaulis
CadenisaTvis – erTi mxriv, rodesac igi `monawileobs~ Segnebulad da ver isjeba pasu-
xismgeblobis sxva formiT, an, meore mxriv, `monawileobs~ SedarebiT dabali mentalu-
ri elementiT – qarTuli sisxlis samarTlis terminologiiT, arapirdapiri ganzrax-
viT Tu ara, gacnobierebuli Tu gaucnobierebeli gaufrTxileblobiT.
statiis mizania, meTauris pasuxismgeblobis uaxlesi koncefciis gaanalizeba
ICC-is wesdebis mixedviT. kerZod, romis statutis 28-e muxlis, ICC-is praqtikis anali-
zisas mniSvnelovania, amsruleblobisa da Tanamonawileobisgan gansxvavebul, kvali-
fikaciisaTvis ra aucilebel materialur da mentalur niSnebs unda akmayofilebdes
igi. ICC-is sasamarTlo praqtikaze, kerZod, Jon-pier bemba gombos (Prosecutor v. Jean-Pierre
Bemba Gombo) saqmeze dayrdnobiTa da ad hoc tribunalebis precedentul samarTalTan
paralelebis gavlebiT, gansaxilvelia ra aucilebel niSnebs unda akmayofilebdes igi
da rogoria misi samarTlebrivi Sefaseba.
dasaxuli miznis misaRwevad gamosakvlevia Semdegi sakiTxebi: meTauris pasuxis-
mgeblobis cneba (command responsibility Tu superior responsibility); meTauris pasuxismgeblobis
damfuZnebeli garemoebebi ad hoc tribunalebSi; meTauris pasuxismgeblobisTvis ro-
Cveulebrivi ganviTarebis SemTxvevaSi~, naTelia, rom Sedegis dadgomis aucilebeli
standarti axlosaa udavo mosalodnelobasTan. palatam es standarti gansazRvra rogorc
virtualuri udavo mosalodneloba (virtual certainty), an praqtikuli udavo mosalodneloba
(practical certainty), rom Sedegi iqneba saxeze, moulodneli da gauTvaliswinebeli Carevis,
ìntervenciis~ gamoricxviT, romelic Tavidan aicilebda Sedegs. ix. Prosecutor v. Jean-Pierre
Bemba Gombo, Decision Pursuant to Article 61(7)(a) and (b) of the Rome Statute on the Charges (ICC-01/05-
01/08), Pre-Trial Chamber II, 15 June 2009, § 362, 341–371. ganzraxvis aseT viwro interpretacias
mxari dauWira ICC-is sasamarTlo palatam, katangas (Prosecutor v. Katanga) saqmeze 2014
wlis ganaCeniT. ix. Prosecutor v. Germain Katanga, Judgment Pursuant to Article 74 of the Statute
(ICC-01/04-01/07), Trial Chamber II, 7 March 2014, § 770–779. igive gaakeTa ICC-is saapelacio
palatam lubangas (Prosecutor v. Lubanga) saqmezec, riTac am etapze eventualuri ganzraxvis
mentaluri elementi 30-e muxlis miRma datova. ix. Prosecutor v. Thomas Lubanga Dyilo, Judgment
on the appeal of Mr Thomas Lubanga Dyilo against his conviction (ICC-01/04-01/06 A5), Appeals Chamber,
1 December 2014, § 441–452. romis statutSi mentaluri elementis Sesaxeb ix. Badar M., Porro
S., Rethinking the Mental Elements in the Jurisprudence of the ICC, krebulSi: Stahn G. (ed.), The Law and
Practice of the International Criminal Court, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2015, 649–668.
289
mis statutiT gaTvaliswinebuli materialuri elementebi, kerZod, samxedro da samo-

qalaqo meTaurebis pasuxismgeblobisaTvis gaTvaliswinebuli safuZvlebi, vin SeiZle-
ba iyos samxedro, samxedro meTauris saxiT efeqtianad moqmedi da samoqalaqo meTau-
ri, ra gansxvavebaa maT Soris, efeqtiani kontrolis cneba da misi arsebobis niSnebi, Ca-
denil danaSaulsa da xelqveiTebze saTanado kontrolis ganuxorcieleblobas Soris
mizezobrivi kavSiris mtkicebis mniSvneloba; meTauris pasuxismgeblobis mentaluri
elementebi, rogorebicaa: codna, ùnda scodnoda~, daudevroba (negligence), `hqon-
da mizezi rom scodnoda~, informaciis Segnebulad ugulebelyofa da gulgriloba
(recklessness);5 meTauris prevenciuli, represiuli da saWiro da gonivruli zomebis ga-
tarebis movaleobis standartebi; dabolos, Catarebuli kvlevis safuZvelze Sesaja-
mebelia meTauris pasuxismgeblobis koncefcia, kerZod, danaSaulSi amsruleblobis-
Tvis gaTvaliswinebul saxeebTan konkurenciisas romels unda mieniWos upiratesoba
– romis statutis 28-e Tu 25(3)(a)-e muxls, riT gansxvavdeba igi individualuri pasu-
xismgeblobis sxva saxeebisgan da danaSaulSi monawileobis romel formas miekuTvneba.
II. meTauris pasuxismgeblobis cneba
meTauris pasuxismgeblobis koncefcia saerTaSoriso CveulebiT samarTalSi

XX saukuneSi, kerZod, meore msoflio omis Semdgom ganviTarda.6 doqtrina kargad
gamoiyeneboda yofili iugoslaviisa (SemdgomSi – ICTY) da ruandis (SemdgomSi –
ICTR) sisxlis samarTlis saerTaSoriso tribunalebSi7 da dResac, ICC-is mimdinare
saqmianobaSi Tavisi adgilis damkvidrebas cdilobs.
meTauris pasuxismgeblobis (superior (command) responsibility) saxe, JCE-s msgavsad8,
5
recklessness-is qarTuli Sesatyvisis Sesaxeb ix. turava m., danaSaulis moZRvreba, Tb., 2011,
289.
6
meTauris pasuxismgeblobis ganviTarebis istoriuli eqskursi ix. Meloni C., Command
Responsibility in International Criminal Law, T.M.C. Asser Press, The Hague, 2010, 33–76; ix. aseve: Mettraux
G., The Law of Command Responsibility, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2009, 3–20; Arnold R.,
Triffterer O., Responsibility of Commanders and other Superiors (Article 28), krebulSi: Triffterer O. (ed.),
Commentary on the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, 2nd ed., C.H.Beck.hart.Nomos., München,
2008, 799-idan.
7
ad hoc tribunalebSi meTauris pasuxismgeblobasTan dakavSirebiT ix. Sliedregt E., Command
Responsibility at the ICTY – Three Generaions of Case-law and Still Ambiguity, krebulSi: Swart B., Zahar
A., Sluiter G. (ed.), The Legacy of the ICTY, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2011, 377–400; ix. aseve: Boas
G., Bischoff J., Reid N., International Criminal Law Practitioner Library: Forms of Responsibility in International
Criminal Law, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2008, 174-idan.
8
JCE-s mTavari koncefcia, romelic aerTianebs mis yvela wevrs, es aris TanaamsrulebelTa
erTiani ganzraxva – dajgufebaSi monawileoba saerTo miznis misaRwevad. saerTo gegma
gamoixateba konkretuli an/da abstraqtuli danaSaulebis CadenaSi. ICTY-s precedentul
samarTalSi, kerZod, ad hoc tribunalis pirvelsave etapze – tadiCis (Prosecutor v. Dusko
Tadic) saqmeze, JCE-s Seqmnis `mTavari winapiroba~ iyo individualuri pasuxismgeblobis
statutiseuli cnebis ùunaroba~ da zedmetad abstraqtuli Sinaarsi. ICTY-s wesdebis
me-7(1) muxli statutis gamomyenebels konkretuli principebis, dogmatikis doneze
individualuri pasuxismgeblobis dafuZnebis konkretul gzas ar sTavazobda. Sesa-
bamisad, aqcenti mTlianad gadatanili iyo precedentul samarTalze, am ùunarobisa~ da
290
saerTaSoriso sisxlis samarTlis mier òriginalurad~ Seqmnili koncefciaa, romlis

`nimuSi~ nacionalur samarTlebriv sistemaSi ar moipoveba.9 igi individualuri pasu-
xismgeblobis sui generis, gancalkevebuli saxea. miuxedavad imisa, rom romis statutis
25-e muxlSi miTiTebuli pasuxismgeblobis saxeebisgan damoukideblad 28-e muxlSia
mocemuli,10 meTauris pasuxismgeblobis forma organulad 25-e muxlis nawilia, misi
gagrZelebaa .
meTauris individualuri pasuxismgeblobis, rogorc statutiseuli, aseve doq-
trinuli koncefcia martivia. doqtrina sisxlissamarTlebriv devnas axorcielebs
samxedro da samoqalaqo pirebze prevenciuli, represiuli da saWiro da gonivruli
zomebis gautareblobis, arasaTanado kontrolisa da xelmZRvanelobisaTvis, ra dro-
sac genocidTan,11 adamianurobis winaaRmdeg mimarTul da omis danaSaulebTan mimar-
TebiT, xSirad ikveTeba meTaurTa garkveuli saxis `Semxebloba~ da `mdumare Tanadgo-
ma~, umoqmedoba.12
samxedro da samoqalaqo meTaurTa saerTaSoriso danaSaulebis Tavidan acile-
bis ganuxorcieleblobis, arasaTanado kontrolisa da xelmZRvanelobisaTvis sis-
xlissamarTlebrivi devnisas, braldebis azriT, meTauri isjeba imis gamo, rom Tavidan
ar aicila danaSaulSi Tanamonawileoba (mag., daxmareba – aiding and abetting), xelqveiTTa
monawileoba JCE-Si da sxv.13
meTauris pasuxismgeblobis doqtrinis gasaanalizeblad mniSvnelovania Jon-
pier bemba gombos (Prosecutor v. Jean-Pierre Bemba Gombo) saqme, romelSic ICC pirvelad
axdens romis statutis 28-e muxlis interpretacias. am saqmeze dayrdnobiTa da ad
hoc tribunalebis precedentul samarTalTan paralelebis gavlebiT, saerTaSoriso
sisxlis samarTals, SeiZleba iTqvas, axal moTxovnebze morgebuli meTauris pasuxis-
mgeblobis koncefcia aqvs.
meTauris pasuxismgeblobis cneba iuridiul literaturaSi urTierTSenac-
vlebadi terminebiT gamoiyeneba.
abstraqtulobis gamosasworeblad. ix. Prosecutor v. Tadic, Judgement (IT-94-1-A), Appeal Chamber,

15 July 1999, § 185–232; ix. aseve: Cassese A., the Members of the Journal of International Criminal Justice,
Amicus Curiae Brief of Professor Antonio Cassese and Members of the Journal of International Criminal Justice
on Joint Criminal Enterprise Doctrine, Criminal Law Forum, Vol. XX, 2009, 289–330.
9
Sead. Werle G., Jessberger F., Principles of International Criminal Law, 3rd ed., Oxford University Press,
Oxford, 2014, 221; Ambos K., Treatise on International Criminal Law, Foundations and General Part, Vol. I,
Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2013, 206.
10
Sead. Schabas W., The International Criminal Court: A Commentary on the Rome Statute, Oxford University
Press, Oxford, 2010, 457.
11
genocidis danaSaulTan dakavSirebiT meTauris pasuxismgeblobaze ix. Zahar A., Command
Responsibility of Civilian Superiors for Genocide, Leiden Journal of International Law, Vol. XIV, 2001, 591–
616.
12
ix. Arnold R., Triffterer O., Responsibility of Commanders and other Superiors (Article 28), krebulSi:
Triffterer O. (ed.), Commentary on the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, 2nd ed., C.H.Beck.hart.
Nomos., München, 2008, 798.
13
Sead. O’Keefe R., International Criminal Law, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2015, 201–202.
291
III. meTauris pasuxismgeloba – command responsibility Tu superior responsibility?
saerTaSoriso sisxlis samarTalSi meTauris pasuxismgeblobis ori saxelwo-

deba arsebobs – command responsibility da superior responsibility. doqtrina Tavdapirvelad
mimarTuli iyo mxolod samxedro meTaurebze sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis
dasasabuTeblad da command responsibility saxelwodebac aqedan momdinareobs. SemdgomSi
meTauris pasuxismgeblobis koncefciam Tavis TavSi moicva arasamxedro, samoqalaqo
pirebic, ris Semdegac igi, aseve, rogorc superior responsibility ise moixsenieba.14 saerTa-
Soriso sisxlis samarTlis literaturaSi orive saxelwodeba dResdReobiT, urTier-
TSenacvlebad terminebad gamoiyeneba.15 romis statuti meTauris pasuxismgeblobas
28-e muxlSi, misi Sinaarsidan gamomdinare, romelsac qvemoT gavaanalizebT, superior
responsibility-d moixseniebs.
meTauris pasuxismgeblobis modificirebuli cnebis safuZvlebi, rogorc zemoT
aRvniSneT, ad hoc tribunalebis precedentuli samarTlidan modis.
IV. meTauris pasuxismgebloba ad hoc tribunalebSi
naSromis miznidan gamomdinare, romelic romis statutis mixedviT meTauris

pasuxismgeblobis modificirebuli cnebis gaanalizebaa, aRsaniSnavia is moTxovnebi,
romlebsac ad hoc tribunalebis precedentuli samarTali uyenebda meTaurs moqmede-
bis SeusruleblobisaTvis.16
meTauris pasuxismgeblobisaTvis ad hoc tribunalebma ramdenime aucilebeli
pasuxismgeblobis damfuZnebeli moTxovna wamoayenes. esenia:
– meTaursa da xelqveiTs Soris ùrTierTobis~ (subordinaciis) arseboba;
– meTauris mxridan Tavisi uflebamosilebis farglebSi saWiro da gonivruli
zomebis gautarebloba, raTa Tavidan aecilebina misi xelqveiTis mxridan danaSaulTa
Cadena da ganexorcielebina sadamsjelo RonisZiebebi;
– meTauris codna, an `mizezi imis codnisa~,17 rom Cadenilia danaSauli, an ganzra-
xuli iyo misi Cadena.18
14
command responsibility da superior responsibility terminebTan dakavSirebiT ix. Weigend T., Superior
Responsibility: Complicity, Omission or Over-Extension of the Criminal Law?, krebulSi: Burchard C.,
Triffterer O., Vogel J. (ed.), The Review Conference and the Future of the International Criminal Court, Kluwer
Law International, The Hague, 2010, 67; ix. aseve: Meloni C., Command Responsibility in International
Criminal Law, T.M.C. Asser Press, The Hague, 2010, 1–5.
15
ix. Sliedregt E., Article 28 of the ICC Statute: Mode of Liability and/or Separate Offence? New Criminal Law
Review, Vol. XII, 2009, 420, sqolio 1.
16
ad hoc tribunalebSi meTauris pasuxismgeblobis doqtrinis Sesaxeb ix. dvaliZe i., gaer-
Tianebuli danaSaulebrivi organizacia (JOINT CRIMINAL ENTERPRISE) saerTaSoriso
sisxlis samarTalSi, krebulSi: naWyebia g. (red.), organizebuli danaSaulis Tanamedrove
gamovlinebebis kriminalizaciisa da samarTalSefardebis problemebi qarTul sisxlis
samarTalSi, Tb., 119–123.
17
ikveTeba mens rea-s ori aucilebeli moTxovna: icoda da hqonda mizezi, rom scodnoda. es
elementebi naSromSi ufro dawvrilebiT qvemoT iqneba ganxiluli.
18
ix. Prosecutor v. Boskoski/Tarculovski, Judgment (ICTY-IT-04-82-T), Trial Chamber II, 10 July 2008, § 406;
292
aseve, ganisazRvra meoTxe aucilebeli elementi, romelic, TavisTavad, meTauris

pasuxismgeblobis doqtrinis Sinaarsidan gamomdinare aRmocenda – saerTaSoriso da-
naSaulebis Cadena unda moxdes braldebulis xelqveiTis mier.19
romis statutis 28-e muxli oTxive elements modificirebulad avrcobs.
V. meTauris pasuxismgeblobis romis statutiseuli cneba
meTauris pasuxismgeblobis doqtrina romis statutis 28-e muxliT Semdegnairad

aris gansazRvruli:
`sasamarTlos iurisdiqciaSi Semavali danaSaulisaTvis am wesdebiT gaTvaliswi-
nebuli sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis safuZvlebis damatebiT:
a) samxedro meTaurs an samxedro meTauris saxiT efeqtianad moqmed pirs ekisreba
sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgebloba sasamarTlos iurisdiqciaSi Semavali danaSa-
ulisTvis, romelic Caidines mis efeqtian xelmZRvanelobas da kontrols daqvemdeba-
rebulma Zalebma, anda, calkeul SemTxvevaSi, Caidines misi efeqtiani Zalauflebisa da
kontrolis pirobebSi imis Sedegad, rom es piri aRniSnul Zalebs ar uwevda saTanado
kontrols, Tu:
(i) samxedro meTaurma an pirma, im droisaTvis arsebuli garemoebebidan gamomdi-
nare, icoda an unda scodnoda, rom es Zalebi Cadiodnen an ganzraxuli hqondaT am da-
naSaulTa Cadena;
(ii) samxedro meTaurma an pirma ar moaxerxa mieRo yvela saWiro da gonivruli zo-
ma Tavisi uflebamosilebis farglebSi, raTa Tavidan aecilebina an aRekveTa danaSa-
ulTa Cadena an gadaeca aRniSnuli sakiTxi kompetenturi organoebisTvis gamoZiebis
warmoebisa da sisxlissamarTlebrivi devnis gansaxorcieleblad.
b) ufrosisa da xelqveiTis im urTierTobasTan mimarTebiT, romelic ar aris gaT-
valiswinebuli (a) punqtiT, ufross ekisreba sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgebloba
sasamarTlos iurisdiqciaSi Semavali danaSaulisTvis, romelic Caidines misi efeqti-
ani Zalauflebis an kontrolis qveS, imis Sedegad, rom es piri aRniSnul xelqveiTebs
ar uwevda saTanado kontrols, Tu:
(i) ufrosma icoda an Segnebulad ugulebelyofda informacias, romelic aSkarad
miuTiTebda, rom xelqveiTni Cadiodnen an ganzraxuli hqondaT aseT danaSaulTa Ca-
dena;
(ii) danaSauli moicavda saqmianobas, romelic eqvemdebareba ufrosis efeqtian
pasuxismgeblobas da kontrols; da
Prosecutor v. Halilovic, Judgment (ICTY-IT-01-48-T), Trial Chamber I, 16 November 2005, § 56; Prosecutor
v. Limaj and others, Judgement (ICTY-IT-03-66-T), Trial Chamber II, 30 November 2005, § 520; Prosecutor v.
Kajelijeli, Judgement (ICTR-98-44A-T), Trial Chamber II, 1 December 2003, § 772; Prosecutor v. Aleksovski,
Judgment (ICTY-IT-95-14/1-T), Trial Chamber, 25 June 1999, § 69; Prosecutor v. Delalic and others, Judgment
(ICTY-IT-96-21-T), Trial Chamber, 16 November 1998, § 346.
19
es damatebiTi meoTxe elementi ganisazRvra ICTY-s mxridan oriCis (Prosecutor v. Oric)
saqmeze. ix. Prosecutor v. Oric, Judgement (ICTY-IT-03-68-T), Trial Chamber II, 30 June 2006, § 294, 295–
306.
293
(iii) ufrosma ar moaxerxa mieRo yvela saWiro da gonivruli zoma Tavisi ufleba-
mosilebis farglebSi, rom Tavidan aecilebina an aRekveTa danaSaulTa Cadena an ga-
daeca aRniSnuli sakiTxi kompetenturi organoebisTvis gamoZiebis warmoebisa da sis-
xlissamarTlebrivi devnis gansaxorcieleblad.~
am muxlis Sinaarsi da struqtura, cota ar iyos, rTulad gasagebi20 da kompleq-
suria,21 rac, romis statutis Seqmnis istoriidan gamomdinare, sulac ar aris gasakvi-
ri. 28-e muxli, iseve, rogorc mTlianad statuti, sxvadasxva samarTlebrivi sistemis
warmomadgenel iuristebs Soris gamarTuli rTuli molaparakebebis Sedegia, ris ga-
moc uwodeben mas, gansxvavebuli Sexedulebisas sasurveli definiciis misaRebad, kom-
promisis ilustraciis karg magaliTs.22
1. meTauris pasuxismgeblobis materialuri elementebi
meTauris pasuxismgeblobis doqtrinis pasuxismgeblobis damfuZnebeli materi-

aluri elementebis dasadgenad jer unda ganisazRvros, vin SeiZleba iyos samxedro
meTauri an samoqalaqo meTauri da ra igulisxmeba efeqtiani kontrolis cnebaSi, maT
Soris, daqvemdebarebuli Zalebis mimarT efeqtiani xelmZRvanelobis da kontrolis,
an efeqtiani Zalauflebisa da kontrolis arsebobaSi, ramdenad aucilebelia mize-
zobrivi kavSiris dadgena Cadenil danaSaulsa da xelqveiTze saTanado kontrolis ga-
nuxorcieleblobas Soris? yvela es elementi mniSvnelovania sxvadasxva konteqstSi,
imis mixedviT, umoqmedobas iCens samxedro meTauri Tu samoqalaqo meTauri meTauris
pasuxismgeblobis mTavari makvalificirebeli materialuri elementis – umoqmedobis
warmosaCenad.
1.1. samxedro da samoqalaqo meTaurebis pasuxismgeblobisaTvis

gaTvaliswinebuli safuZvlebi
meTauris pasuxismgeblobis doqtrinis specialuri subieqti, visac SeiZleba

saerTaSoriso sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgebloba daekisros, romis statutis
28-e muxlis mixedviT, aris samxedro meTauri (military commander-superior), samxedro
meTauris saxiT efeqtianad moqmedi piri (person effectively acting as a military commander) da
samoqalaqo meTauri (civilian superior). gansaxilvelia TiToeuli maTgani.
1.1.1. samxedro meTauri

ICC-is winasasamarTlo palatam bembas (Prosecutor v. Bemba) saqmeze ganmarta, rom
samxedro meTauri (military commander-superior) aris piri, romelic formalurad Tu
20
Sead. Weigend T., Superior Responsibility: Complicity, Omission or Over-Extension of the Criminal Law?,
krebulSi: Burchard C., Triffterer O., Vogel J. (ed.), The Review Conference and the Future of the International
Criminal Court, Kluwer Law International, The Hague, 2010, 71.
21
Sead. Sliedregt E., Individual Criminal Responsibility in International Law, Oxford University Press, Oxford,
2012, 199.
22
Sead. Mettraux G., The Law of Command Responsibility, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2009, 23.
294
kanonierad asrulebs samxedro meTauris funqciebs, e.w. de jure meTauri, miuxedavad mi-
si Tanamdebobrivi rangisa. aq SeiZleba moiazrebodes iseTi meTauri, romelsac, erTi
mxriv, ukavia maRali Tanamdeboba samxedro ZalebSi da eqvemdebareba didi samxedro
danayofi da, meore mxriv, iseTi, romelsac ar ukavia maRali Tanamdeboba da eqvemde-
bareba ramdenime jariskaci.23 samxedro meTaurSi moiazreba, aseve, iseTi ufrosi, ro-
melic èqskluziurad ar axorcielebs meTauris funqciebs~. es aris iseTi SemTxveva,
rodesac saxelmwifos meTauri aris qveynis samxedro Zalebis mTavarsardali (de jure
meTauri) da, miuxedavad amisa, ar asrulebs èqskluziurad~ masze dakisrebul samxedro
valdebulebas (e.w. quasi de facto meTauri). am SemTxvevaSi igi iqneba pasuxismgebeli
xelqveiTebis mier Cadenili qmedebisaTvis.24
ICC-is mimdinare praqtikaSi, bembas (Prosecutor v. Bemba) garda, sainteresoa kon-
gos demokratiuli respublikis situaciis ntagandas (Prosecutor v. Ntaganda) saqme,
romlis braldebebi moicavs misi xelqveiTebis mier Cadenili danaSaulebisTvisac
pasuxismgeblobas, samxedro meTauris (28(a)-e mux.) pasuxismgeblobaze miTiTebiT.25
1.1.2. samxedro meTauris saxiT efeqtianad moqmedi piri
samxedro meTauris saxiT efeqtianad moqmed pirSi (person effectively acting as a

military commander) igulisxmeba is `meTauri~, romelic àr aris ganwesebuli kanoniT~,26
Sesabamisad, romelsac ar akisria valdebuleba, Seasrulos `samxedro meTauris fun-
qcia~,27 an ùkanonod aris kanoniT ganwesebuli~.28 igi axorcielebs qmedebas de facto,
jgufze efeqtiani kontrolis gansaxorcieleblad.29
samxedro meTauris saxiT efeqtianad moqmedi, igive `samxedro meTaurebis
msgavsi~ (military-like commanders) pirebis30 sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobisas
unda damtkicdes, rom maT SeeZloT efeqtiani xelmZRvanelobisa da kontrolis, an
efeqtiani Zalauflebisa da kontrolis ganxorcieleba daqvemdebarebuli Zalebis
mimarT.31
23
ix. Prosecutor v. Jean-Pierre Bemba Gombo, Decision Pursuant to Atricle 61(7)(a) and (b) of the Rome Statute
on the Charges (ICC-01/05-01/08), Pre-Trial Chamber II, 15 June 2009, § 408.
24
ix. iqve, sqolio 522.
25
ix. Prosecutor v. Ntaganda, Decision Pursuant to Atricle 61(7)(a) and (b) of the Rome Statute on the Charges
(ICC-01/04-02/06), Pre-Trial Chamber II, 9 June 2014, § 164–175.
26
27
28
ix. Mettraux G., The Law of Command Responsibility, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2009, 28.
29
aq ICC-is sasamarTlo palatas Jon-pier bemba gombos (Prosecutor v. Jean-Pierre Bemba Gombo)
saqmeze, magaliTisaTvis, mohyavs meTaurebi, romlebsac aqvT Zalaufleba, ganaxorcielon
kontroli saxelmwifos daqvemdebarebaSi arsebul samxedro Zalebze (policiaze). ix.
Prosecutor v. Jean-Pierre Bemba Gombo, Decision Pursuant to Atricle 61(7)(a) and (b) of the Rome Statute on
the Charges (ICC-01/05-01/08), Pre-Trial Chamber II, 15 June 2009, § 410.
30
ix. iqve.
31
ix. Mettraux G., The Law of Command Responsibility, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2009, 28.
295
1.1.3. samoqalaqo meTauri. gansxvaveba samxedro da samoqalaqo

meTaurebs Soris
samoqalaqo meTauri (civilian superior) romis statutis 28(b)-e muxlis mixedviT, aris
piri, romelic ar akmayofilebs 28(a)-e muxlis moTxovnebs, rac gulisxmobs imas, rom
28-e muxlis (b) punqti (a) punqtiT gaTvaliswinebuli meTauris cnebis `subsidiuri
elementia~.32
ori arsebiTi ganmasxvavebeli niSani samxedro meTaursa da samoqalaqo meTaurs
Soris – es aris sxvadasxva mentaluri elementi da 28(b)-e muxlis damatebiTi (ii)
qvepunqti.33
romis statutis 28-e muxli saerTo aucilebel moTxovnad orive meTauris mimarT
efeqtiani Zalauflebisa da kontrolis (effective authority and control) arsebobas asaxelebs.
Tumca, 28(b)-e muxlis damatebiTi (ii) qvepunqtis mixedviT, danaSauli unda moicavdes
iseT saqmianobas, `romelic eqvemdebareba ufrosis efeqtian pasuxismgeblobasa da
kontrols~. am ukanaskneli elementis – efeqtiani pasuxismgeblobisa da kontrolis
(effective responsibility and control) mtkiceba, cota ar iyos, problemuria, miT ufro, rom ad
hoc tribunalebis precedentuli samarTalic aranair daTqmas aRniSnul sakiTxze ar
Seicavs.34 aseT daTqmas arc 28(a)-e muxli Seicavs.
aseve, erT-erTi mTavari problemaa, Tu rogor iqneba arasamxedro konteqstSi
damtkicebuli meTaursa da xelqveiTs Soris arsebuli urTierToba, efeqtiani
kontrolis moTxovnis samoqalaqo konteqstSi mtkicebis sirTulidan gamomdinare.35
es orive SemTxveva, individualuri saqmidan, samoqalaqo meTauris statusidan,
Tanamdebobidan gamomdinare unda Sefasdes.
romis statutis 28-e muxlSi miTiTebuli meTaurebi, martivad rom aRvniSnoT,
SeiZleba iyvnen politikuri liderebi, saxelmwifos meTaurebi, mTavrobis wevrebi an
sxva oficialuri pirebi, aseve, samoqalaqo pirebi kerZo seqtorSi, biznesSi, romlebsac
ukaviaT maRali adgilebi da floben Zalauflebasa da kontrols im situaciaze, sadac
saerTaSoriso sisxlis samarTlis farglebSi daculi samarTlebrivi sikeTe safrTxis
qveS dgas.36
am mxriv, yuradsaRebia ICTR-s mier ganxiluli nahimanas da sxvebis (Prosecutor v.
Nahimana and others) saqme. nahimana iyo istoriis profesori da ruandis sainformacio
ofisis – ORINFOR – direqtori. nahimana da sxva braldebulebi, sxva braldebebTan
erTad, gasamarTldnen meTauris pasuxismgeblobis saxeze miTiTebiT, genocidisa da
adamianurobis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli danaSaulebis CadenisaTvis. kerZod, nahimana iyo
32
Sead. Meloni C., Command Responsibility in International Criminal Law, T.M.C. Asser Press, The Hague,
2010, 144.
33
Press, Oxford, 2010, 460. pirveli ganmasxvavebeli niSani dawvrilebiT qvemoT iqneba
ganxiluli.
34
Sead. iqve.
35
2010, 159.
36
ix. iqve, 160.
296
kerZo radios personalis meTauri, romelmac ar moaxdina danaSaulebrivi gamosvlebis

prevencia da aRkveTa.37
SeiZleba iTqvas, 28(b)-e muxli iwyebs moqmedebas maSin, rodesac konkretuli
SemTxveva 28(a)-e muxlis moTxovnebs ar akmayofilebs. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu samoqalaqo
meTaurisTvis romis statutiT wayenebuli moTxovna ver damtkicdeba, ar aris
gamoricxuli, igi danaSaulSi TanamonawileobisTvisac daisajos.
gansaxilvelia efeqtiani kontrolis elementi, romlis mtkicebac meTauris
pasuxismgeblobis aucilebeli pirobaa.
1.2. efeqtiani xelmZRvanelobisa da Zalauflebis arseboba

daqvemdebarebuli Zalebis mimarT
meTauris pasuxismgeblobis doqtriniT, yvela meTauri ar aris pasuxismgebeli

umoqmedobisTvis, danaSaulis prevenciuli zomebis ganuxorcieleblobisaTvis,
aramed, mxolod is meTauria, romelsac ekava specialuri pozicia romis statutiT
daculi samarTlebrivi sikeTeebis dasacavad.38
romis statutis 28-e muxli iTxovs, rom samxedro Zalebi unda iyvnen de jure
samxedro meTaurebis efeqtiani xelmZRvanelobisa da kontrolis (effective command
and control), xolo de facto samxedro meTaurebi an arasamxedro meTaurebi efeqtiani
Zalauflebisa da kontrolis (effective authority and control) qveS.39
ICC-is winasasamarTlo palatam bembas (Prosecutor v. Bemba) saqmeze garkveviT
aRniSna, rom efeqtian xelmZRvanelobasa da efeqtian Zalauflebas Soris ar arsebobs
arsebiTi, substanciuri gansxvaveba.40 palatis azriT, xelmZRvaneloba niSnavs gavlenas,
gansakuTrebiT samxedro Zalebs Soris da Zalaufleba niSnavs brZanebis gacemis
SesaZleblobas, uflebamosilebas. magram muxlis SinaarsSi arsebuli àn~ konstruqcia
palatas aiZulebs, miuxedavad saerTo Sinaarsisa, efeqtian xelmZRvanelobasa da
efeqtian Zalauflebas Soris gaakeTos ganmasxvavebeli interpretacia.41
gansaxilvelia am debulebaTa Sinaarsi, romis statutis 28-e muxlis struqtu-
ridan gamomdinare.
37
ix. Higgins G., Evans J., Nahimana and others, krebulSi: Cassese A. (ed.), The Oxford Companion to
International Justice, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2009, 833–839; ix. aseve: Prosecutor v. Nahimana and
others, Judgment (ICTR-99-52-A), Appeal Chamber, 28 November 2007.
38
Sead. Kiss A., Command Responsibility under Article 28 of the Rome Statute, krebulSi: Stahn G. (ed.), The
Law and Practice of the International Criminal Court, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2015, 612.
39
ix. Schabas W., The International Criminal Court: A Commentary on the Rome Statute, Oxford University Press,
Oxford, 2010, 460.
40
41
ix. iqve, § 413.
297
1.3. efeqtiani kontroli
meTauris pasuxismgeblobis koncefciaSi zemoT aRniSnuli materialuri ele-

mentebidan gamosayofia efeqtiani kontrolis (effective control) cneba. es aris braldebis
mxaris mtkicebis mTavari elementi – Tu ramdenad hqonda meTaurs efeqtiani kon-
trolis SesaZlebloba daqvemdebarebuli xelqveiTebis mimarT. sasamarTlo efeqtian
kontrols gansazRvravs meTaursa da mis xelqveiTs Soris arsebul rogorc de jure, ise
de facto ierarqiul urTierTobas.42
efeqtiani kontroli unda ganimartos, rogorc danaSaulis Cadenis Tavidan
acilebisa da sadamsjelo RonisZiebebis ganxorcielebis materialuri SesaZlebloba,
an Zalaufleba.43 28-e muxlis konteqstiT, efeqtiani kontroli `danaSaulis Cadenis
Tavidan acilebisa~ da `sadamsjelo RonisZiebebis gatarebis~ garda, aseve exeba
`kompetenturi organoebisaTvis saqmis gadacemis SesaZleblobas~.44 Tumca, zemoT
aRniSnuli ar niSnavs imas, rom nebismieri dabali saxis kontroli, Tundac is SemdegSi
arsebiTad gadaiqces, mieweros aRniSnul situacias.45
mniSvnelovania, ICC-is mier meTauris pasuxismgeblobisTvis aucilebeli efeq-
tiani kontrolis arsebobis niSnebi rodis aris damakmayofilebeli. esenia: piris Ta-
namdebobrivi mdgomareoba; misi Zalaufleba, romelic gamoixateba brZanebis gace-
miT; Tanxmobis brZanebiT uzrunvelyofis SesaZlebloba; misi Tanamdeboba samxedro
struqturaSi da dakisrebuli amocanebi; masze daqvemdebarebul Zalebze samxedro
moqmedebebSi monawileobis miRebis brZanebis gacemis SesaZlebloba; danayofebis xe-
laxali damorCilebis, an brZanebis struqturaSi cvlilebebis Setanis SesaZlebloba;
dawinaurebis, gadayvanis, gaTavisuflebis an disciplinis damyarebis Zalaufleba; sa-
omar moqmedebebze samxedro Zalebis gagzavnisa da gamoyvanis Zalaufleba.46
efeqtiani kontrolis arsebobis damakmayofilebeli ramdenime niSani hgavs am-
sruleblobis pasuxismgeblobis moqmedebis sferos, magram aq mniSvnelovania ara mxo-
lod efeqtiani kontrolis elementis arseboba, aramed efeqtiani kontroli konteq-
stSi, pasuxismgeblobis damfuZnebel sxva garemoebebTan erTad.
Semdegi mniSvnelovani sakiTxia, Tu ra etapze unda hqondes meTaurs efeqtiani
kontrolis SesaZlebloba xelqveiTebis mimarT.
42
ix. iqve, § 414. palata efeqtiani kontrolis ganmartebisas eyrdnoba ICTR-s gada-
wyvetilebebs: Prosecutor v. Bagosora and others, Judgment and Sentance (ICTR-98-41-T) Trian Chamber,
18 December 2008, § 2012; Prosecutor v. Kajelijeli, Judgment (ICTR-98-44A-A), Appeal Chamber, 23 May
2005, § 84; Prosecutor v. Kajelijeli, Judgment and Sentance (ICTR-98-44A-T), Trial Chamber, 1 December
2003, § 773.
43
ix. iqve, § 415. palata eyrdnoba ICTY-sa da ICTR-s gadawyvetilebebs: Prosecutor v. Bagilishema,
Judgment (ICTR-95-1A-A), Appeal Chamber, 3 July 2002, § 51; Prosecutor v. Delalic and others, Judgment
(ICTY-96-21-A), Appeal Chamber, 20 February 2001, § 256; Prosecutor v. Musema, Judgment (ICTR-96-
13-A), Appeal Chamber, 27 January 2000, § 135.
44
ix. iqve. palata eyrdnoba ICTY-s gadawyvetilebebs: Prosecutor v. Hadzihasanovic and Kubura,
Judgment (ICTY-IT-01-47-T), Trial Chamber, 15 March 2006, § 80, 795; Prosecutor v. Kordic and Cerkez,
Judgment (ICTY-IT-95-14/2-T), Trial Chamber, 26 February 2001, § 412–413.
45
Sead. iqve.
46
ix. iqve, § 417. palata eyrdnoba ICTY-s gadawyvetilebebs.
298
1.4. efeqtiani kontroli da danaSaulebrivi qmedeba
efeqtiani kontrolis arsebobis periods arsebiTi mniSvneloba aqvs meTauris in-

dividualuri pasuxismgeblobisaTvis. kerZod, meTauris pasuxismgeblobis doqtrinis
precedentuli samarTlis mixedviT mxolod imis Cveneba, rom pirs hqonda efeqtiani
kontrolis SesaZlebloba, ar aris sakmarisi, aRsrulebisTvis saWiro drois periodis
gansazRvris gareSe.
Tu ra etapzea saWiro efeqtiani kontrolis arseboba, sisxlis samarTlis sa-
erTaSoriso iurisprudencia or pozicias aRiarebs: pirveli – ad hoc tribunalebis
poziciaa, romlis mixedviTac efeqtiani kontroli unda arsebobdes danaSaulis
Cadenis procesSi;47 meore – gansxvavebuli pozicia, romelic arsebobda ICTY-s umcires
mosamarTleebs Soris48 da gaiziara siera-leones hibridulma tribunalma (SemdgomSi
– SCSL).49 kerZod, meTaurs unda hqondes efeqtiani kontrolis ganxorcielebis
SesaZlebloba amsrulebelze im dros, roca man gadawyvita, ar emoqmeda, uari eTqva
Zalauflebis gamoyenebaze danaSaulis Tavidan asacileblad, an masSi monawile pirTa
dasasjelad.50
aRniSnulis gaTvaliswinebiT, ICC, romis statutis 28(a)-e muxlis Sinaarsidan
gamomdinare, miiCnevs, rom braldebulis mxridan efeqtiani kontrolis ganxorcielebis
SesaZlebloba, sul cota, maSin unda arsebobdes, rodesac danaSauli unda Cadeniliyo
(sanam konkretuli danaSaulebi ganxorcieldeboda).51 aRniSnuli niSnavs imas, rom
savaldebulo araa, efeqtiani kontroli arsebobdes danaSaulis Cadenis dros. es mo-
sazreba winasasamarTlo palatam bembas (Prosecutor v. Bemba) saqmeze gamoitana 28(a)-e
muxlis Sinaarsidan – `samxedro meTaurs an samxedro meTauris saxiT efeqtianad
moqmed pirs ekisreba sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgebloba sasamarTlos iurisdiq-
ciaSi Semavali danaSaulisTvis, romelic Caidines mis efeqtian xelmZRvanelobas da
kontrols daqvemdebarebulma Zalebma, anda, calkeul SemTxvevaSi, Caidines misi efeq-
tiani Zalauflebis da kontrolis pirobebSi, imis Sedegad, rom es piri aRniSnul Za-
lebs ar uwevda saTanado kontrols~. aq xazgasasmelia misi bolo winadadeba – ìmis
Sedegad, rom es piri aRniSnul Zalebs ar uwevda saTanado kontrols~. sasamarTlos
azriT, muxlis SinaarsSi – meTauri àr uwevda saTanado kontrols~ – maCvenebelia imi-
sa, rom meTaurs hqonda ukve kontroli, sanam konkretuli danaSaulebi ganxorciel-
deboda.52
47
ix. iqve, § 418. palata eyrdnoba ICTY-sa da ICTR-s gadawyvetilebebs: Prosecutor v. Bagosora
and others, Judgment and Sentence (ICTR-98-41-T), Trial Chamber, 18 December 2008, § 2012; Prosecutor v.
Halilovic, Judgment (ICTY-IT-01-48-A), Appeal Chamber, 16 October 2007, § 59.
48
ix. iqve; daw. ix. Prosecutor v. Oric, Judgment (ICTY-IT-03-68-A) Appeal Chamber, 3 July 2008, § 65–85.
49
ix. iqve; daw. ix. Prosecutor v. Sesay and others, Judgment (SCSL-04-15-T), Trial Chamber, 2 March 2009, §
299.
50
ix. iqve, § 418.
51
ix. iqve, § 419.
52
ix. iqve; daw. ix. Kiss A., Command Responsibility under Article 28 of the Rome Statute, krebulSi: Stahn
G. (ed.), The Law and Practice of the International Criminal Court, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2015,
618–622.
299
1.5. mizezobrivi kavSiris arseboba danaSaulsa da xelqveiTebze

saTanado kontrolis ganuxorcieleblobas Soris
romis statutis 28-e muxlis mixedviT, meTauri pasuxismgebeli iqneba Cadenili

danaSaulisaTvis, Tu ès iyo Sedegi~ misi arasaTanado kontrolisa xelqveiTebis
mimarT. es SeiZleba CaiTvalos, rogorc kauzalobis axleburi moTxovna.53
aRsaniSnavia, rom ad hoc tribunalebis CveulebiTi samarTali meTauris pasu-
xismgeblobaSi, rogorc pasuxismgeblobis sui generis formaSi, ar gansazRvravda
kauzalobis elementis mtkicebis aucileblobas.54 Sesabamisad, prokurors ar unda
emtkicebina, rom xelqveiTebis mier Cadenili danaSaulebi iyo saTanado kontrolis
ganuxorcieleblobis Sedegi.55
gamosayofia saTanado kontrolis ganuxorcieleblobis (exercise control properly)
konteqsti efeqtiani kontrolis (effective control) elementTan mimarTebiT. ICC-is azriT,
efeqtiani kontrolis elementi unda uswrebdes saTanado kontrolis ganxorcielebis
elements, vinaidan pirvelis Cvenebis gareSe SeuZlebelia meoris arseboba.56
Sesabamisad, meTauris mxridan saTanado kontrolis ganuxorcielebloba (failure to
exercise control properly) 28(a)-e muxlis farglebSi SesaZlebelia mxolod mas Semdeg, rac
damtkicdeba efeqtiani kontrolis arseboba misi xelqveiTebis mimarT – 28(a)(ii)-e mux-
liT gaTvaliswinebuli SemTxveva.57
danaSaulsa da meTauris saTanado kontrolis ganuxorcieleblobas Soris
mizezobrivi kavSiris aucilebloba pirdapir gamomdinareobs meTauris pasuxis-
mgeblobis statutiseuli cnebidan, kerZod, 28(a)-e muxlis ìmis Sedegad~ (as a result
of) konstruqciidan,58 rogorc muxlis Semadgeneli damoukidebeli materialuri
elementi.59
kauzalobis mtkiceba ar exeba romis statutis 28(a)(ii)-e muxliT gansazRvruli
samive aucilebeli valdebulebis Seusruleblobas, kerZod: danaSaulis Tavidan
acilebas (the duty to prevent crimes), danaSaulis aRkveTasa (the duty to repress crimes) da
konkretuli sakiTxis kompetenturi organoebisaTvis gamoZiebis warmoebisa da
sisxlissamarTlebrivi devnis ganxorcielebisTvis gadacemas (the duty to submit the matter
to the competent authorities for investigation and prosecution). mizezobrivi kavSiris elementis
53
Sead. Cryer R., Prosecuting International Crimes, Selectivity and the International Criminal Law Regime,
Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2005, 323; Mettraux G., The Law of Command Responsibility,
Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2009, 33.
54
ix. Prosecutor v. Hadzihasanovic and others,Judgment (ICTY-IT-01-47-A), Appeal Chamber, 22 April 2008, §
39; Prosecutor v. Halilovic, Judgment (ICTY-IT-01-48-T), Trial Chamber, 16 November 2005, § 78.
55
Oxford, 2010, 461.
56
57
ix. iqve, § 421–422.
58
ix. iqve, § 423.
59
ix. Triffterer O., Causality, a Separate Element of the Doctrine of Superior Responsibility as Expressed in Article
28 Rome Statute?, Leiden Journal of International Law, Vol. XV, 2002, 197–198.
300
mtkiceba SesaZlebelia mxolod pirvel, danaSaulis Tavidan acilebis, elementTan

mimarTebiT, vinaidan danarCeni ori elementi xorcieldeba danaSaulis Cadenis
procesSi an mis Semdeg.60 amis mtkiceba, winasasamarTlo palatis azriT, alogikuria.61
imisTvis, rom samxedro meTaurs an samxedro meTauris saxiT efeqtianiad moqmed
pirs sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgebloba daekisros, prokuraturis mxridan unda
damtkicdes, misi danaSaulis Tavidan acilebis valdebulebis ganuxorcieleblobam
gazarda Tu ara xelqveiTebis mxridan gansazRvruli danaSaulebis Cadenis riski,62
misma umoqmedobam gazarda Tu ara riskis saSiSroeba.63
2. meTauris pasuxismgeblobis mentaluri elementebi
umoqmedobis materialuri elementis Semdeg meTauris pasuxismgeblobis doq-

trinis èqskluziuri~ pasuxismgeblobis damfuZnebeli garemoeba misi mentaluri
elementia.
imis xazgasmiT, rom ICC-is wesdeba ar aRiarebs obieqturi pasuxismgeblobis (strict
liability) princips, nebismieri danaSaulisaTvis sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis
dakisreba damokidebulia Sesabamisi pasuxismgeblobis saxis mentalur elementze.64
meTauri pasuxs agebs misi xelqveiTebis mier Cadenili danaSaulebisaTvis mxolod
maSin, Tu:
a) icoda (knew);
b) unda scodnoda (should have known); hqonda mizezi, rom scodnoda (had reason to
know);
g) Segnebulad ugulebelyofda informacias, romelic aSkarad miuTiTebda,
rom xelqveiTni Cadiodnen an ganzraxuli hqondaT aseT danaSaulTa Cadena (consciously
disregarded information which clearly indicated, that the subordinates were committing or about to commit
such crimes).
romis statutis 30-e muxli yvela danaSaulis mimarT gansazRvravs subieqturi
mxaris sam aucilebel moTxovnas: 1) `Tu sxvagvarad ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli~ elementi;
2) ganzraxva; da 3) Segnebuloba.65 swored, `Tu sxvagvarad ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli~
60
61
ix. iqve. gansxvavebuli poziciis Sesaxeb ix. O’Keefe R., International Criminal Law, Oxford University
62
ix. iqve, § 426.
63
ix. iqve, § 425. mizezobrivi kavSiris Sesaxeb ix. Kiss A., Command Responsibility under Article 28 of
the Rome Statute, krebulSi: Stahn G. (ed.), The Law and Practice of the International Criminal Court, Oxford
University Press, Oxford, 2015, 634–638.
64
Sead. Prosecutor v. Jean-Pierre Bemba Gombo, Decision Pursuant to Atricle 61(7)(a) and (b) of the Rome
Statute on the Charges (ICC-01/05-01/08), Pre-Trial Chamber II, 15 June 2009, § 427.
65
romis statutis 30-e muxli ix. me-4 sqolioSi.
301
elementis66 farglebSi unda ganimartos qvemoT ganxiluli meTauris pasuxismgeblobis

doqtrinis mentaluri elementebi, romlebic Sinaarsobrivad ganzraxvisa da
Segnebulobis farglebSi ver jdeba. romis statutis 28-e muxlis mentaluri ele-
mentis standarti ufro dabalia, vidre es gaTvaliswinebulia zogadi midgomiT 30-e
muxlisTvis (ganzraxva da Segnebuloba).67
2.1. codnis elementi
codnis (knew) mentaluri elementi savaldebuloa rogorc samxedro meTauris,

aseve samoqalaqo meTauris pasuxismgeblobisTvis. meTaurs unda hqondes sruli
informacia imis Sesaxeb, rom misi xelqveiTebi Cadian, an ganzraxuli aqvT statutiT
gaTvaliswinebuli danaSaulebis Cadena da, miuxedavad amisa, ar unda miiRos saWiro
da gonivruli zomebi Sedegis Tavidan asacileblad da aRsakveTad. rogorc ICC-
is, ise ad hoc tribunalebis precedentuli samarTlis mixedviT, codnis elementi ar
unda iyos `savaraudo~,68 aramed igi unda iyos gamotanili pirdapiri da dawvrilebiTi
mtkicebulebidan, rogorebicaa: ukanono qmedebaTa mTeli rigi, maTi farglebi, aris
Tu ara isini farTod gavrcelebuli; dro, romlis ganmavlobaSic moxda akrZaluli
qmedebebi; CarTuli samxedro Zalebis saxe da ricxvi; meTauris poziciis farglebi da
`buneba~, meTauris adgilsamyofeli konkretul momentSi da qmedebaTa geografiuli
adgilmdebareoba.69
66
Tu sxvagvarad ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli elementis Sinaarsis mixedviT, danaSaulis
obieqturi elementebi, romis statutis 30(2)(3)-e muxlis mixedviT, romlebSic ICC
moiazrebs qmedebas (conduct), Sedegs (consequence) da Tanmdev garemoebas (contextual ele-
ments), Cadenilia ganzraxviTa da SegnebulobiT, Tu romis statutiTa da danaSaulis
elementebiT sxva ram ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli konkretuli danaSaulisaTvis. am
elementis farglebSi SeiZleba moeqces, aseve gulgrilobisa (recklessness) da daudevrobis
formebi. ix. Prosecutor v. Jean-Pierre Bemba Gombo, Decision Pursuant to Atricle 61(7)(a) and (b) of the
Rome Statute on the Charges (ICC-01/05-01/08), Pre-Trial Chamber II, 15 June 2009, § 353–354; ix. aseve:
Schabas W., The International Criminal Court: A Commentary on the Rome Statute, Oxford University Press,
Oxford, 2010, 474–475. Tu sxvagvarad ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli elementTan mimarTebiT, ix.
Werle G., Jessberger F., Unless Otherwise Provided: Article 30 of the ICC and the Mental Elements of Crimes
under International Criminal Law, Journal of International Criminal Justice, Vol. V, 2005, 35–55. danaSaulis
obieqturi (materialuri) da subieqturi (mentaluri) elementebis Sesaxeb ix. turava m.,
saerTaSoriso sisxlis samarTlis safuZvlebi, Tb., 2015, 163–171.
67
Oxford, 2014, 229, § 595, 599.
68
on the Charges (ICC-01/05-01/08), Pre-Trial Chamber II, 15 June 2009, § 430; Prosecutor v. Delic, Judgment
(ICTY-IT-04-83-T), Trial Chamber, 15 September 2008, § 64.
69
ix. iqve, § 431; Prosecutor v. Bagosora and others, Judgment and Sentence (ICTR-98-41-T), Trial Chamber,
18 December 2008, § 2014; Prosecutor v. Oric, Judgment (ICTY-IT-03-68-A), Appeal Chamber, 3 July 2008, §
319; Prosecutor v. Hadzihasanovic and others,Judgment (ICTY-IT-01-47-T), Trial Chamber, 15 March 2006, §
94; Prosecutor v. Delalic and others,Judgment (ICTY-IT-96-21-T), Trial Chamber, 16 November 1998, § 386.
302
2.2. potenciuri codnis elementi
ùnda scodnoda~ (should have known) – es mentaluri elementi mxolod samxedro

meTauris pasuxismgeblobisTvis aris gaTvaliswinebuli, rac braldebis mxridan
pasuxismgeblobis damfuZnebeli elementebis mtkicebis process ufro iols
xdis.70 ùnda scodnodas~ standarti iTxovs imis mtkicebas, meTaurs hqonda Tu ara
SesaZlebloba, scodnoda statutiT gaTvaliswinebuli danaSaulebis Cadenis Sesaxeb.
rogorc ICC-is winasasamarTlo palata bembas (Prosecutor v. Bemba) saqmeze sworad
aRniSnavs, ùnda scodnodas~ mentaluri elementis standarti daudevrobis niSnebs
Seicavs.71
2.2.1. daudevroba
daudevroba (negligence) yvelaze dabali individualuri pasuxismgeblobis dam-

fuZnebeli mentaluri elementia. SeiZleba iTqvas, igi damatebiTi, gamomricxveli
mentaluri elementis rols asrulebs.72 Tu gamoiricxeba ufro maRali mentaluri
elementis standarti, rogoricaa, ganzraxvis garda, gulgriloba (recklessness), maSin
SeiZleba misi gamoyeneba.
SegviZlia gamovyoT msubuqi (culpa levis) da uxeSi (culpa gravis) xasiaTis daudevroba.
pirvelis dros pirs ar aqvs Segnebuli `riski~, romelmac SeiZleba gamoiwvios danaSa-
ulis Cadena; xolo meoris dros, romelic, gulgrilobisgan (recklessness) gansxvavebiT,
ufro naklebi donis mentaluri elementia, piri Tavdajerebulia, rom mZime da-
naSaulebrivi Sedegi ar dadgeba, im zomebidan gamomdinare, romlebic man miiRo, an
apirebs maT miRebas.73
ùnda scodnodas~ standartSi, romis statutis 28-e muxlis Sinaarsidan
gamomdinare, ufro uxeSi daudevroba igulisxmeba. kerZod, ùnda scodnoda~ standarti
gulisxmobs meTauris daudevrobas misi xelqveiTebis mxridan Cadenil ukanono
qmedebaTa Sesaxeb miRebuli codnis mimarT.74
ùnda scodnodas~ elementi iTxovs, meTauris mxridan àqtiur movaleobas~,
saWiro zomebis SemuSavebas, misi xelqveiTebis qmedebebis Sesaxeb codnis miRebis
uzrunvelsayofad. statutis Semqmnelebs surdaT, rom samxedro meTaurebisa da
samxedro meTaurebis msgavsi pirebisadmi yofiliyo ufro mkacri midgoma, vidre
es 28(b)-e muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli sxva meTaurebis mimarT aris dadgenili. ufro
naklebi mentaluri elementis standarti am kategoriis meTaurisTvis wayenebuli
pasuxismgeblobis saxis bunebidan gamomdinare gadawyda.75
70
71
72
Sead. Gargani A., Negligence, krebulSi: Cassese A. (ed.), The Oxford Companion to International Criminal
Justice, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2009, 433.
73
daudevrobis Sesaxeb ix. Gargani A., Negligence, krebulSi: Cassese A. (ed.), The Oxford Companion
to International Criminal Justice, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2009, 433–434.
74
75
ix. iqve, § 433.
303
2.2.2. codnis valdebulebis elementi
ICC-is mier romis statutis 28(a)-e muxliT meTauris pasuxismgeblobisTvis

dadgenili ùnda scodnodas~ (should have know) standarti gansxvavebulia ad hoc tri-
bunalebisa da SCSL-s mier imave pasuxismgeblobisTvis dadgenili standartisgan –
`hqonda mizezi rom scodnoda~ (had reason to know).76 kerZod, daudevrobis mentalur
elementTan dakavSirebiT.77
`hqonda mizezi rom scodnodas~ mentaluri elementis standarti meryeobs
eventualur ganzraxvasa (an gulgriloba (recklessness)) da daudevrobas Soris, xolo
ùnda scodnodas~ mentaluri elementis standarti ufro daudevrobis formas
gulisxmobs.78 miuxedavad aRniSnuli gansxvavebisa, ICC-is winasasamarTlo palata
bembas (Prosecutor v. Bemba) saqmeze aRniSnavs, ad hoc tribunalebisa da SCSL-s mentaluri
elementis precedentuli samarTlis standarti, SesaZlebelia, aseve, sasargeblo iyos
ùnda scodnodas~ elementisTvisac.79 Tumca, eventualuri ganzraxvis SemTxvevaSi,
ICC-is precedentuli samarTlis mixedviT, mizanSewonilia, pirvel etapze Semowmdes
25-e muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli pasuxismgeblobis saxeebi80 da saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi
mxolod amis Semdeg gamaxvildes yuradReba 28-e muxlze.
2.2.3. samxedro meTauris pasuxismgeblobis

msubuqi mentaluri elementi
Sesabamisad, romis statutis 28(a)-e muxli samxedro meTaursa da samxedro

meTauris saxiT efeqtianad moqmed pirze pasuxismgeblobas awesebs, Tu maT im
droisaTvis, arsebuli garemoebebidan gamomdinare, icodnen an unda scodnodaT,
rom es daqvemdebarebuli Zalebi Cadiodnen an ganzraxuli hqondaT romis statutiT
76
ix. iqve, § 434.
77
ICTY-s saapelacio palata blaskiCis (Prosecutor v. Blaskic) saqmeze daeyrdno ICTR-s saapelacio
palatis mier bagiliSemas (Prosecutor v. Bagilishema) saqmeze moyvanil formulirebas imis
Sesaxeb, rom daudevrobis elementi meTauris pasuxismgeblobis konteqstSi ar yofila.
misi Sinaarsi azrTa sxvadasxvaobas gamoiwvevda tribunalis praqtikaSi. ix. Prosecutor
v. Blaskic, Judgment (ICTY-IT-95-14-A), Appeal Chamber, 29 July 2004, § 63; Prosecutor v. Bagilishema,
Judgment (ICTR-95-1A-A), Appeal Chamber, 3 July 2002, § 34–36; ix. aseve: Schabas W., The International
Criminal Court: A Commentary on the Rome Statute, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2010, 463; O’Keefe R.,
International Criminal Law, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2015, 205–206.
78
ganmasxvavebel niSnebze ix. Meloni C., Command Responsibility in International Criminal Law, T.M.C.
Asser Press, The Hague, 2010, 183–186.
79
daw. ix. Prosecutor v. Jean-Pierre Bemba Gombo, Decision Pursuant to Atricle 61(7)(a) and (b) of the Rome
80
ix. dgebuaZe g., amsrulebloba saerTaSoriso sisxlis samarTalSi, sisxlis samarTlis
samecniero simpoziumis krebulSi: turava m. (red.), sisxlis samarTlis mecniereba erTiani
evropuli ganviTarebis procesSi, Tb., 2013, 325–354; Ambos K., A Workshop, a Symposium and
the Katanga Trial Judgment of 7 March 2014, Journal of International Criminal Justice, Vol. II, 2014, 219–
229; Vest H., Problems of Participation – Unitarian, Differentiated Approach, or Something Else?, Journal of
International Criminal Justice, Vol. II, 2014, 295–309; Ohlin J., Sliedregt E., Weigend T., Assessing the Control-
Theory, Leiden Journal of International Law, Vol. XXVI, 2013, 725–746.
304
gaTvaliswinebuli danaSaulebis Cadena,81 ori mentaluri elementis gamoyenebiT:

`codna~, romelic gulisxmobs àqtiur codnas~ da ùnda scodnodas~ elementi, ro-
melic gulisxmobs daudevrobas.82 es ufro dabali elementia, vidre gaTvaliswi-
nebulia samoqalaqo meTaurisTvis.
2.3. informaciis Segnebulad ignorireba
romis statutis 28(b)(i)-e muxlis mixedviT, samoqalaqo meTauris mimarT unda

iyos damtkicebuli, rom man icoda an Segnebulad ugulebelyofda informacias,
romelic aSkarad miuTiTebda, rom xelqveiTni Cadiodnen an ganzraxuli hqondaT aseT
danaSaulTa Cadena (consciously disregarded information which clearly indicated, that the subordinates
were committing or about to commit such crimes).
es kriteriumi ufro `momTxovnia~83 samxedro meTaurisTvis zemoT aRniSnul
mentalur elementTan SedarebiT. 28(b)(i)-e muxlis mentaluri elementiT informacia
`garkveviT~ (clearly) unda Seicavdes danaSaulis Cadenis Sesaxeb cnobas.84 ICC
samoqalaqo meTauris mimarT ufro maRal mentalur elements awesebs.85 kerZod,
samxedro meTauris mimarT wayenebuli standartisgan (daudevroba) gansxvavebiT,
samoqalaqo meTaurisTvis wayenebulia gulgrilobis (recklessness) an eventualuri
ganzraxvis standarti. Sabasi 28(b)(i)-e muxlSi mocemul konstruqcias – Segnebulad
ugulebelyofda informacias (consciously disregarded information) – gulgrilobis (reckles-
sness) formad miiCnevs,86 gansxvavebiT samxedro meTaurisTvis gaTvaliswinebuli menta-
luri elementisgan, romelic, garkveulwilad, daudevrobis formas Seicavs. aq igi
eyrdnoba ad hoc tribunalebis `hqonda mizezi rom scodnodas~ mentalur elements,
sadac meTaurs unda hqonoda mizezi, scodnoda mosalodneli danaSaulebis riskis
Sesaxeb da misi xelqveiTebis mxridan saerTaSoriso danaSaulebis Cadenis ganzraxvis,
maTi mimdinareobis, Tu ukve Cadenis Sesaxeb. es informacia unda iyos xelmisawvdomi
meTaurisTvis, rom danaSauli SeiZleba Cadeniliyo misi xelqveiTebis mier.87
81
82
ix. iqve, § 429.
83
84
85
Sead. Cryer R., Friman H., Robinson D., Wilmshurst E., An Introduction to International Criminal Law and
Procedure, 2nd ed., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2010, 394; ix. aseve: Meloni C., Command
Responsibility in International Criminal Law, T.M.C. Asser Press, The Hague, 2010, 186.
86
Oxford, 2010, 463; ix. aseve: Meloni C., Command Responsibility in International Criminal Law, T.M.C. Asser
Press, The Hague, 2010, 184–185; Werle G., Jessberger F., Principles of International Criminal Law, 3rd ed.,
Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2014, 229, § 595, 599.
87
ix. iqve; ix. aseve: Prosecutor v. Milutinovic and others,Judgment (ICTY-IT-05-87-T), Trial Chamber, 26
February 2009, Vol. 1 of 4, § 120; Prosecutor v. Strugar, Judgment (ICTY-IT-01-42-A), Appeal Chamber, 17 July
2008, § 298, 304; Prosecutor v. Blaskic, Judgment (ICTY-IT-95-14-A), Appeal Chamber, 29 July 2004, § 62.
305
2.3.1. gulgriloba
samoqalaqo meTaurebis misamarTiT Sabasi argumentirebulad miiCnevs gul-

grilobis (recklessness) mentalur elements, rogorc romis statutis 30-e muxlis
gamonaklis SemTxvevas.88
sisxlis samarTlis saerTaSoriso sasamarTloebis statutebiTa da preceden-
tuli samarTliT gulgrilobis (recklessness) cneba, calsaxad, pirdapir, ar aris
dadgenili. martivi formulirebiT, igi unda ganimartos rogorc piris uyuradRebo
damokidebuleba `risksa~ da SesaZlo SedegTan mimarTebiT,89 sxva sityvebiT – rodesac
mosalodneli Sedegi damnaSavis mier aris aRqmuli, magram ignorirebuli.90 swored
amiT gansxvavdeba gulgriloba (recklessness) daudevrobisgan, ra drosac, pirs unda
scodnoda materialuri elementebis realizaciiT gamowveuli `riskis~ Sesaxeb.91
romis statutis 28(a)(i)-e muxlis SemTxvevac – `Segnebulad ugulebelyofda
informacias, romelic aSkarad miuTiTebda, rom xelqveiTni Cadiodnen an ganzraxuli
hqondaT aseT danaSaulTa Cadena~ – gulisxmobs piris uyuradRebo, gulgril (`Seg-
nebulad ugulebelyofda informacias, romelic aSkarad miuTiTebda~) damoki-
debulebas `risksa~ da SesaZlo SedegTan mimarTebiT (`rom xelqveiTni Cadiodnen an
ganzraxuli hqondaT aseT danaSaulTa Cadena~).
2.3.2. samoqalaqo meTauris pasuxismgeblobis

ufro mkacri mentaluri elementi
samoqalaqo meTaurisTvis gaTvaliswinebuli ufro maRali mentaluri elementis

standartis arseboba, rac SeiZleba iTqvas aseve materialur elementzec, gamomdina-
reobs samoqalaqo meTaursa da xelqveiTs Soris arsebuli `specifikuri~ subordina-
ciidan, samxedro meTaursa da xelqveiTs Soris arsebul subordinaciasTan Sedare-
biT. es ukanaskneli ufro struqturirebulia, sadac arsebobs mkacri dasjis sistema,
romelic saWiroebs xelqveiTebze kargi kontrolis SesaZleblobas. iqidan gamomdina-
re, rom aseTi sistema ar arsebobs samoqalaqo meTaurebis SemTxvevaSi, romis statuti
ufro metad àkontrolebs~ samoqalaqo meTaurs.92
88
Sead. iqve.
89
Sead. Martino A., Recklessness, krebulSi: Cassese A. (ed.), The Oxford Companion to International Criminal
Justice, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2009, 479. gulgrilobis (recklessness) cnebis Sesaxeb ix.
iqve, 479–482.
90
2010, 185, sqolio 226.
91
Sead. iqve.
92
306
VI. meTauris mier Seusrulebeli movaleoba
gamosayofia meTauris mier Sesasrulebeli sami movaleoba, gaTvaliswinebuli

romis statutis 28-e muxlis (a)(ii)-e da (b)(iii)-e qvepunqtebiT, rogorebicaa: prevenciuli
(preventive), represiuli (repressive) da saWiro da gonivruli (necessary and reasonable)
zomebis gatareba.
1. prevenciuli movaleoba
prevenciuli movaleobis Seusrulebloba gulisxmobs iseT SemTxvevas, rodesac

danaSauli jer ar aris Cadenili da meTauri, romelmac icoda an unda scodnoda mosa-
lodneli saSiSroebis Sesaxeb, ar atarebs Sesabamis prevenciul zomebs.93 magaliTad,
meTauri unda darwmundes, xelqveiTebma kargad ician Tu ara saerTaSoriso humanita-
ruli samarTali; ramdenad Seesabameba saerTaSoriso samarTals, omis samarTals mim-
dinare qmedebebi; aris Tu ara sakmarisi disciplina xelqveiTebis mier ukanono qmede-
bis gamosaricxavad da sxv.94
2. represiuli movaleoba
represiuli movaleobis Seusrulebloba gulisxmobs sam faqtors: erTi mxriv,

mimdinare danaSaulebis ugulebelyofas;95 meore mxriv, ukve Cadenili danaSaulebis
dausjelobas;96 da, mesame mxriv, saTanado organoebisaTvis informaciis gadaucemlo-
bas gamoZiebisa da sisxlissamarTlebrivi devnis dasawyebad.97
3. saWiro da gonivruli zomebis gatarebis movaleoba
saWiro da gonivruli zomebis gatarebis movaleoba exeba rogorc prevenciul,

ise represiul movaleobas, rac gulisxmobs, rom, Tu saWiro da gonivruli zomebis ga-
tarebis SesaZlebloba ar iyo, meTauri ver daisjeba prevenciuli da represiuli mova-
leobis SeusruleblobisaTvis.98 es elementi saerTaSoriso humanitaruli samarTlis
ganmartebis sagania. aq igulisxmeba zomebis gatarebis `materialuri SesaZlebloba~.99
saWiro zomebis miRebaSi igulisxmeba meTauris mier gansaxorcielebeli yvela auci-
lebeli pirobis miReba, romlebic, erTad aRebuli, uzrunvelyofda represiuli da
93
94
ix. iqve, § 438.
95
ix. iqve, § 439–441.
96
ix. iqve, § 439.
97
ix. iqve, § 442.
98
Oxford, 2014, 231.
99
307
prevenciuli movaleobis Sesrulebas. rac Seexeba gonivrul zomas, igi unda iyos pro-
porciuli, kerZod, romliTac iqneba gaTvaliswinebuli danaSaulis Cadenis albaToba
da konfliqtur situaciaSi Seqmnili nebismieri garemoeba.100
VII. daskvna
ICC-is mier meTauris individualuri pasuxismgeblobis damafuZnebeli garemoe-

bebis kvalifikaciisaTvis aucilebeli niSnebis mimoxilvis Semdeg SesaZlebelia meTa-
uris pasuxismgeblobis uaxlesi koncefciis Sejameba.
1. meTauris pasuxismgeblobis `specialuri subieqti~
meTauris pasuxismgeblobis doqtrinis subieqti SeiZleba iyos mxolod meTauri

– rogorc maRali Tanamdebobis piri, didi ZalauflebiT, ise dabali rangis, an
rangis armqone meTauri, romelic ramdenime pirs akontrolebs.101 kvalifikaciisTvis
aucilebeli araa danaSaulis pirdapiri amsruleblis identifikacia.102
2. umoqmedobis materialuri da mentaluri elementebi
romis statutis 28-e muxli Seicavs umoqmedobis or materialur elements: pirve-

li – es zogadi umoqmedobaa, rodesac meTauri isjeba saTanado kontrolis ganuxorci-
eleblobisaTvis, rasac Sedegad mohyva danaSaulebis Cadena; meore – es aris specialu-
ri umoqmedobis SemTxveva, gaTvaliswinebuli 28-e muxlis (a)(ii) da (b)(ii) qvepunqtebiT,
rodesac meTaurma ar miiRo zomebi, raTa Tavidan aecilebina an aRekveTa danaSaulTa
Cadena, an gadaeca sakiTxi kompetenturi organoebisTvis.103 aRniSnuli umoqmedobis
orive saxis materialur elementTan rogorc samxedro meTauris, ise samoqalaqo
meTauris damokidebuleba unda Semoifarglos saerTo codnis mentaluri elementiT,
30-e muxlis (default rule) interpretirebiT.
meTauris pasuxismgebloba romis statutSi mentaluri elementis axal
standarts awesebs, 30-e muxlis sityvasityviTi Sinaarsis gareT. kerZod, daudevrobis,
gulgrilobisa (recklessness) da sxva mentaluri elementebis gamoyenebiT igi, pirdapiri
ganzraxvis gareSe Cadenili danaSaulis SemTxvevaSi, sisxlissamarTlebrivi devnis
èrTaderT saSualebad rCeba~.
umoqmedobis elementidan gamomdinare, meTauris pasuxismgeblobis koncefcia
meTauris umoqmedobis dasjadobas axdens arasaTanado kontrolis, prevenciuli da
represiuli zomebis ganuxorcieleblobisa da sakiTxis kompetenturi organoebisTvis
gadaucemlobisaTvis. am mxriv igi gansxvavdeba JCE-sgan.
100
ix. Kiss A., Command Responsibility under Article 28 of the Rome Statute, krebulSi: Stahn G. (ed.), The
Law and Practice of the International Criminal Court, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2015, 631–632.
101
Sead. iqve, 614–615.
102
Sead. iqve, 615.
103
Sead. Sliedregt E., Individual Criminal Responsibility in International Law, Oxford University Press, Oxford,
2012, 199.
308
3. meTauris pasuxismgebloba da JCE
meTauris pasuxismgeblobis doqtrinis kvleva gviCvenebs, rom igi fundamenturad

gansxvavdeba JCE-sgan.104 farTo gagebiT, SesaZlebelia, orive msgavsi pasuxismgeblobis
saxeebis Sexedulebas tovebs. kerZod, gavrcobili JCE-is Tanaamsruleblis msgavsad105,
meTauri morCilad ìRebs risks sakuTar Tavze~, rom ar moxdeba danaSauli. Tumca
mTavari gansxvaveba isev umoqmedobasa da mentalur elementSia.
umoqmedobis elementTan dakavSirebiT, JCE iTxovs ufro `pozitiur aqts~ (positive
act)106, an kotribucias gaerTianebaSi, rodesac meTauris pasuxismgeblobisTvis umoq-
medobac sakmarisia. meTauris pasuxismgeblobisTvis aucilebelia ierarqiuli, `ver-
tikaluri~ urTierTobis arseboba im pirTa Soris, romelTagan erTis valdebulebaa
zedamxedvelobis, meTvalyureobis ganxorcieleba, xolo meoris mier aucilebelia
pirdapir, uSualod danaSaulis Cadena. am formulisgan gansxvavebiT, JCE-is wevrebi,
konkretulad, ZiriTadi JCE-is Tanaamsruleblebi, zogadad, damokidebuli arian
erTsa da imave ierarqiul doneze da moqmedeben `horizontaluri~ formiT. JCE-s
SigniT meTauris pasuxismgeblobis, politikuri lideris poziciis Cveneba ar aris
aucilebeli. JCE-is koncefcia iTxovs minimalur koordinacias, romelic warmodge-
nilia rogorc `nebis horizontaluri gamoxatuleba~, romelic aerTianebs amsruleb-
lebs. meTauris pasuxismgeblobis koncefciisgan gansxvavebiT, misi mTavari iaraRi –
es aris TanaamsrulebelTa araoficialuri kavSiri da martivi urTierTobebi.107
arsebiTi gansxvaveba aseve igrZnoba mentalur elementebSi. ZiriTadi JCE-is
dros amsrulebeli iziarebs sxva Tanaamsruleblebis ganzraxvas, sadac saerTo mens
rea mimarTulia konkretuli danaSaulebis amsruleblisken da gaerTianebis saboloo
miznisken. sxva kategoriebis, gansakuTrebiT gavrcobili JCE-is dros, amsrulebels
unda hqondes gaTvaliswinebuli danaSaulis saerTo mizani da ganWvretadobis ele-
menti. meTauris pasuxismgeblobis dros, aRniSnulisgan gansxvavebiT, xdeba meTauris
mxridan saTanado xelmZRvanelobis ganuxorcielebloba da, Sesabamisad, misi mens rea
saWiroebs am Seusruleblobis gafarToebas, magram ara im danaSaulebis mimarT, rom-
lebic Cadenilia xelqveiTebis mier.108
104
Sead. Ambos K., Command Responsibility and Organisationsherrschaft: Ways of Attributing International
Crimes to the ‘Most Responsible’, krebulSi: Nollkaemper A., Wilt H. (ed.), System Criminality in International
Law, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2009, 138.
105
gavrcobili JCE-is cnebiT, saerTo gegmis farglebSi, adamianTa jgufi Cadis gegmiT
gauTvaliswinebel qmedebas. individualuri pasuxismgeblobisTvis unda dadgindes:
Tu ramdenad iyo ganWvretadi jgufis erT-erTi wevris mier danaSaulis Cadena da
jgufis erT-erTma wevrma, gaerTianebis farglebSi aseTi danaSaulis Cadenis codniT,
nebayoflobiT, morCilad àiRo Tu ara riski sakuTar Tavze~. ix. Prosecutor v. Tadic, Judgement
(IT-94-1-A), Appeal Chamber, 15 July 1999, § 204, 220, 228; Prosecutor v. Stakic, Judgement (ICTY-IT-97-
24-T), Trial Chamber, 31 July 2003, § 436.
106
Sead. Ambos K., Command Responsibility and Organisationsherrschaft: Ways of Attributing International
Crimes to the ‘Most Responsible’, krebulSi: Nollkaemper A., Wilt H. (ed.), System Criminality in International
Law, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2009, 139.
107
Sead. iqve, 138–139.
108
Sead. iqve, 139.
309
am gansxvavebebis miuxedavad, zemoT aRniSnul doqtrinebs saerTo maxasiaTebeli

niSnebic aqvs. amis gamo maTi gamoyeneba erTdrouladac SeiZleba, im dros, rodesac
braldebulebs danaSaulebrivi aparatis ierarqiaSi garkveuli pozicia ukaviaT da ar-
sebobs ierarqiuli gansxvaveba danaSaulis amsruleblebs Soris.109
meTauris pasuxismgeblobis doqtrina gansxvavdeba amsruleblobis pasuxismgeb-
lobis saxeebisgan.
4. meTauris pasuxismgebloba da amsrulebloba
romis statuti, miuxedavad imisa, rom 25(3)-e muxlSi gansazRvravs individualuri

pasuxismgeblobis saxeebs, meTauris pasuxismgeblobas gamoyofs calke – 28-e muxlSi,
rogorc individualuri pasuxismgeblobis damatebiT, sui generis saxes.110 Sesabamisad,
misi bunebidan gamomdinare, amsruleblobasTan SedarebiT pasuxismgeblobac ufro
msubuqi unda iyos.111 qmedebis kvalifikaciisTvis mniSvnelovania, Tu romel muxls
unda mieniWos upiratesoba, rodesac konkurenciaa maT Soris da oriveTi SesaZlebelia
pirze sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis dakisreba.
konkretuli danaSaulis kvalifikaciis procesSi, rodesac arsebobs kon-
kurencia amsruleblobas (romis statutis 25(3)(a)-e muxli) da meTauris pasuxis-
mgeblobas (romis statutis 28-e muxli) Soris, upiratesoba eniWeba pirvels. ro-
gorc ICC-is winasasamarTlo palatam bembas (Prosecutor v. Bemba) saqmeze daadgina,
sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis dakisreba saerTaSoriso sisxlis samarTalSi
meTauris pasuxismgeblobis doqtrinis safuZvelze mxolod im SemTxvevaSi aris
SesaZlebeli, rodesac ar arsebobs safuZvliani eWvi imisa, rom braldebuli ar aris
pasuxismgebeli rogorc amsrulebeli 25(3)(a)-e muxlis farglebSi.112 kerZod, rodesac
konkretul saqmeze arsebuli mtkicebulebebi sakmarisia daskvnisTvis, rom iyo ro-
gorc àqtiuri amsrulebloba~, ise `pasiuri amsrulebloba~ – meTauris pasuxismgeb-
loba, upiratesoba amsruleblobas eniWeba.113
aRsaniSnavia, rom bembas (Prosecutor v. Bemba) saqmeze, Tavdapirvelad bralde-
ba pasuxismgeblobis dakisrebas romis statutis 25(3)(a)-e muxlis farglebSi, Ta-
naamsruleblobis braldebiT moiTxovda, Tumca SemdgomSi igi Seicvala 28-e muxliT.
winasasamarTlo palata darwmunda, rom braldebulze sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasu-
109
Sead. iqve, 139. ganmasxvavebeli da saerTo niSnebis Sesaxeb ix. iqve, 138–142; ix. aseve: Ambos
k., Joint Criminal Enterprise and Command Responsibility, Journal of International Criminal Justice, Vol. V,
2007, 159–183.
110
111
Sead. Burghardt B., Modes of Participation and their Role in a General Concept of Crimes under International
Law, krebulSi: Burchard C., Triffterer O., Vogel J., The Review Conference and the Future of the ICC,
Kluwer Law International, London, 2010, 90–91.
112
ix. Prosecutor v. Jean-Pierre Bemba Gombo, Decision Adjourning the Hearing Pursuant to Article 61(7)(c)(ii)
of the Rome Statute (ICC-01/05-01/08), Pre-Trial Chamber III, 3 March 2009, § 342.
113
310
xismgeblobis dakisreba SeuZlebeli iyo 25(3)(a)-e muxlis farglebSi, rogorc Tanaam-

sruleblobis formiT da gadavida 28-e muxlis pasuxismgeblobis formaze, rogorc al-
ternatiul saSualebaze.114
Sesabamisad, danaSaulis gamoZiebisas, rodesac prokurori miRebuli mtkicebu-
lebebiT `daeWvdeba~, rom konkretuli piri, SesaZloa, arsebiT kontribucias axorcie-
lebda danaSaulSi, SeuZlia sisxlissamarTlebrivi devna jer daiwyos amsruleblobis
doqtriniT. Tu gamoiricxeba braldebulis danaSaulSi arsebiTi kontribucia, maSin,
misi mxridan efeqtiani kontrolis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi, sisxlissamarTlebrivi dev-
na gagrZeldeba meTauris pasuxismgeblobis doqtriniT.
individualuri `pasuxismgeblobis saxeTa konkurenciis~ sakiTxis mxriv, ase-
ve, yuradsaRebia ICC-is al baSiris (Prosecutor v. Al Bashir) saqme – Tu ratom ar gamoiyena
braldebam meTauris pasuxismgeblobis koncefcia?
meTauris pasuxismgeblobis saxis gamoyeneba al baSiris (Prosecutor v. Al Bashir)
saqmeze, marTlac, safuZvels ar iyo moklebuli,115 kerZod, al baSiris sisxlissa-
marTlebriv pasuxismgeblobaSi micema romis statutis 28(b)-e muxlis farglebSi,
rogorc `samoqalaqo meTaurze, sasamarTlos iurisdiqciaSi Semavali danaSaulisTvis,
romelic Caidines misi efeqturi Zalauflebis an kontrolis qveS, imis Sedegad,
rom es piri aRniSnul xelqveiTebs ar uwevda saTanado kontrols~.116 iuridiul li-
teraturaSi es mosazreba mxardaWerilia im argumentiT, rom `kontrolis~ elemen-
tis arseboba, romelsac iTxovs Tavis TavSi Teoria amsrulebeli amsruleblis
ukan (perpetrator behind perpetrator, Täter hinter dem Täter)117, gaupatiurebasTan mimarTebiT,
rTulad dasamtkicebelia.118 meTauris pasuxismgeblobis farglebSi prokuraturam
unda amtkicos mxolod al baSiris umoqmedoba, òrganizaciaze~ misi efeqturi Zala-
uflebisa da kontrolis elementis gamoyenebiT. al baSiris Tanamdebobrivi mdgo-
mareoba ufro gaaiolebda am process. misi mtkiceba sajarod, rom darfurSi ar
momxdara gaupatiureba, SeiZleboda gamoyenebuliyo karg samxilad, rom man ar miiRo
yvela saWiro da gonivruli zoma, raTa Tavidan aecilebina an aRekveTa danaSaulTa
Cadena.119
114
Sead. Prosecutor v. Jean-Pierre Bemba Gombo, Decision Adjourning the Hearing Pursuant to Article 61(7)(c)
(ii) of the Rome Statute (ICC-01/05-01/08), Pre-Trial Chamber III, 3 March 2009, § 40–49.
115
ix. Jessberger F., Geneuss J., On the Application of a Theory of Indirect Perpetration in Al Bashir, Journal of
International Criminal Justice, Vol. VI, 2008, 865–866, romlebic meTauris pasuxismgeblobas, al
baSiris (Prosecutor v. Al Bashir) saqmeze individualuri pasuxismgeblobis yvelaze adekvatur
saxed miiCneven.
116
ix. romis statutis 28(b)-e muxli.
117
ix. Prosecutor v. Germain Katanga and Mathieu Ngudjolo Chui, Decision on the Confirmation of Charges (ICC-
01/04-01/07), Pre-Trial Chamber I, 30 September 2008, § 496–497. ICC-is winasasamarTlo palatis
mier citirebulia: Roxin C., Straftaten im Rahmen organisatorischer Machtapparate, Goltdammer’s Archiv
für Srafrecht, 1963; inglisuri versia ix. Roxin C., Crimes as Part of Orginized Power Structures, Journal of
International Criminal Justice, Vol. IX, 2011, 193–205. amis Semdgom klaus roqsinis Teoria aRiara
germaniis federalurma sasamarTlom (Bundesgerichtshof). amasTan dakavSirebiT ix. Weigend T.,
Perpetration through an Organization, The Unexpected Career of a German Legal Concept, Journal of International
Criminal Justice, Vol. IX, 2011, 94–99. doqtrinis kritikasTan mimarTebiT ix. iqve, 99–101.
118
ix. Giamanco T., The Perpetrator Behind the Perpetrator: A Critical Analysis of the Theory of Prosecution
Against Omar Al-Bashir, Temple International and Comparative Law Journal, Vol. XXV, 2011, 239, 242–243.
119
ix. iqve, 234; ix. aseve: romis statutis 28(b)(iii)-e muxli.
311
Tumca mTavari argumenti, romelic, am etapze gamoricxavs meTauris pasuxis-

mgeblobis gamoyenebas al baSiris (Prosecutor v. Al Bashir) saqmeze, es aris bembas (Prosecutor v.
Bemba) saqmeze miRebuli formula – romis statutis 25(3)(a)-e muxlis upiratesoba 28-e
muxlTan mimarTebiT.120 saqmeSi mopovebuli mtkicebulebebidan gamomdinare, rodesac
arsebobs safuZvliani eWvi, rom iyo rogorc àqtiuri amsrulebloba~, ise meTauris
pasuxismgebloba, upiratesoba pirvels eniWeba.121 Tu aRniSnuli pasuxismgeblobis
saxis mtkiceba ar gamouvida prokuraturas al baSiris (Prosecutor v. Al Bashir) saqmeze, ar
aris gamoricxuli, gadavides meTauris pasuxismgeblobis doqtrinaze.122
5. meTauris pasuxismgebloba da Tanamonawileoba
miuxedavad imisa, rom meTauris pasuxismgeblobasa da Tanamonawileobas bevri sa-

erTo niSani aqvs, pirvelis ganxilva ar SeiZleba meoris pasuxismgeblobaTa saxeebSi.123
doqtrinis mixedviT, meTaurze pasuxismgeblobis dakisreba xelqveiTebis mier Cadeni-
li danaSaulebis gamo xdeba ara rogorc Tanamonawileze, aramed misi umoqmedobisaT-
visa da arasaTanado xelmZRvanelobisaTvis, maSin, rodesac Tanamonawileobis pasu-
120
ix. Prosecutor v. Jean-Pierre Bemba Gombo, Decision Adjourning the Hearing Pursuant to Article 61(7)(c)(ii)
of the Rome Statute (ICC-01/05-01/08), Pre-Trial Chamber III, 3 March 2009, § 342.
121
Oxford, 2010, 458.
122
rac Seexeba individualuri pasuxismgeblobis sxva saxeebis gamoyenebas: JCE-s doq-
trinas ICC ver gamoiyenebda lubangas (Prosecutor v. Lubanga) saqmeze misi uaryofis
gamo; Tanaamsruleblobis koncefcia, al baSiris Tanamdebobidan gamomdinare, mi-
si `vertikaluri mimarTulebiT~ moqmedebis gamo, ver iqneboda produqtuli. Tana-
amsrulebloba sisxlissamarTlebriv pasuxismgeblobas `horizontaluri mimarTu-
lebiT~ aviTarebs; rac Seexeba individualur pasuxismgeblobas danaSaulSi Tanamo-
nawileobisaTvis, misi saxeebi ar Seicavs danaSaulis amsruleblobaze kontrolis –
qmedebaze batonobis elementebs. Tanamonawiles, romelic danaSaulSi `meore xarisxis~
monawilea, ar gaaCnia danaSaulze kontrolis (control over the crime) SesaZlebloba, danaSaulSi
axorcielebs ara arsebiT kontribucias (essential contribution), aramed substanciur kontri-
bucias (substantial contribution). swored es aris mTavari gansxvaveba amsruleblobasa da
Tanamonawileobas Soris, rasac lubangas (Prosecutor v. Lubanga) saqmeze gaesva xazi; igive
pasuxi ekuTvnis romis statutis 25(3)(d)-e muxliT gaTvaliswinebul individualuri
pasuxismgeblobis formas, romelic moiTxovs mniSvnelovani kontribuciis (significant
contribution) standarts. ix. Prosecutor v. Callixte Mbarushimana, Decision on the Confirmation of Charges
(ICC-01/04-01/10), Pre-Trial Chamber I, 16 December 2011, § 283; Prosecutor v. Germain Katanga, Judgment
Pursuant to Article 74 of the Statute (ICC-01/04-01/07), Trial Chamber II, 7 March 2014, § 1620, 1632–1636.
rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, prokuraturis mtkicebiT, al baSiri srulad akontrolebda
im pirebs, romlebic uSualod axorcielebdnen danaSaulebs, kerZod, pirdapiri am-
sruleblebis mimarT. romis statutis 25(3)(d)-e muxli, romelic miCneulia JCE-s msgavs
formad, damatebiTi xasiaTis matarebelia, rac mis gamoyenebas gamoricxavs. ix. dgebuaZe
g., arapirdapiri (Tana)amsruleblobis doqtrina saerTaSoriso sisxlis samarTalSi
(Prosecutor v. Al Bashir-is saqmis analizi), marTlmsajuleba da kanoni, 3(34), 2012, 91–101.
123
Sead. Bonafe B., Command Responsibility, krebulSi: Cassese A. (ed.), The Oxford Companion to In-
ternational Justice, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2009, 270; ix. aseve: Mettraux G., The Law of Command
Responsibility, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2009, 38. sawinaaRmdego azri ix. Prosecutor v.
Halilovic, Judgement (ICTY-IT-01-48-T), Trial Chamber, 16 November 2005, § 43.
312
xismgebloba gulisxmobs moralur Tu praqtikul daxmarebas ZiriTad amsrulebelze

Tanamonawilis mxridan,124 kerZod, substanciur kontribucias (substantial contribution).125
umoqmedoba dasjadia, vinaidan saerTaSoriso samarTali uwesebs valdebule-
bas meTaurebs, romelic xelqveiTebis mier Cadenili danaSaulebis prevenciiTa da ma-
Ti dasjiT gamoixateba. meTauri ar iziarebs pasuxismgeblobas xelqveiTTan erTad,
romelmac Caidina danaSauli. igi pasuxs agebs arasaTanado xelmZRvanelobisaTvis.126
aRsaniSnavia, rom adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlos didma palatam
saqmeze – koronovi latviis winaaRmdeg (Koronov v. Latvia) – danaSaulis Tavidan acilebis
ganuxorcieleblobisaTvis meTauris pasuxismgebloba gaigo rogorc `kontrolis
movaleobis Seusrulebloba~ (dereliction of a superior’s duty to control) da ara rogorc pasu-
xismgebloba sxvisi qmedebisaTvis.127 es mosazreba ar Seesabameba meTauris pasuxismgeb-
lobis zemoganxilul precedentul samarTals, romelic mas pirveli xarisxis pasu-
xismgeblobis saxed miiCnevs.
rodesac sisxlis samarTali usvams kiTxvas meTaurs – `ra moxda?~ da iRebs pasuxs
– àr vicodi da saidan unda mcodnoda, ra xdeboda~, meTauris pasuxismgeblobis kon-
cefcia aseTi pasuxis (umoqmedobis) Semowmebis idealuri saSualebaa.
meTauris pasuxismgeblobis koncefciis es cneba ar aris saboloo. misi pasuxis-
mgeblobis damfuZnebeli materialuri da mentaluri garemoebebis ganmarteba, SesaZ-
loa, momavalSi Seicvalos, am garemoebebTan dakavSirebiT praqtikasa da dogmatikaSi
arsebul azrTa sxvadasxvaobidan gamomdinare. amis mizezia is, rom igi Seicavs sisxlis
samarTlis zogadi nawilisTvis mniSvnelovan, fundamentur aspeqtebs,128 rasac war-
modgenili naSromic adasturebs.
124
125
Tanamonawileobis standartze ix. Olasolo H., Rojo E., Forms of Accessorial Liability under Article
25(3)(b) and (c), krebulSi: Stahn G. (ed.), The Law and Practice of the International Criminal Court, Oxford
University Press, Oxford, 2015, 557–591.
126
ix. Prosecutor v. Halilovic, Judgement (ICTY-IT-01-48-T), Trial Chamber, 16 November 2005, § 54. meTauris
pasuxismgeblobasa da Tanamonawileobas Soris ganmasxvavebel niSnebze ix. Mettraux G., The
Law of Command Responsibility, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2009, 37–44.
127
ix. Koronov v. Latvia, Judgment (ECHR-36376/04), Grand Chamber, 17 May 2010, § 156, 211, 213, 223;
O’Keefe R., International Criminal Law, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2015, 207.
128
313
kaxa wiqariSvili
danaSaulSi Tanamonawileobis dros mizezobrivi kavSiris

sakiTxi qarTul da angloamerikul sisxlis samarTalSi
qarTuli sisxlis samarTlis mixedviT, mizezobrivi kavSiri aris is obieqtu-

ri safuZveli, romelzec Tanamonawileobis dasjadoba efuZneba.
angloamerikuli sisxlis samarTali danaSaulSi Tanamonawileobis dasadge-
nad mizezobrivi kavSiris arsebobas ar iTxovs. piris qmedeba SeiZleba Tana-
monawileobad dakvalificirdes, Tu man xeli Seuwyo amsruleblis qmedebis
ganxorcielebas.
amis miuxedavad, saerTo samarTlis qveynebSi zogierTi avtori zogadad aRia-
rebs Tanamonawileobis mizezobriobas, Tumca iTxovs, rom yovel konkretul
SemTxvevaSi erTmaneTisgan gavmijnoT kauzaluri da arakauzaluri Tanamona-
wileebi.
sakvanZo sityvebi: Tanamonawileoba, amsrulebeli, damxmare, danaSaulis

obieqturi mxare, safrTxis Semqmneli deliqti, samoqalaqo agentis doqtri-
na, danaSaulis dafarva, mizezobrivi kavSiri, danaSaulis Sedegi, Tavisufa-
li neba, condicio sine qua non.
1. Sesavali
danaSaulSi Tanamonawileoba sisxlis samarTlis zogadi nawilis erT-erTi sain-

tereso da kompleqsuri problemaa. miuxedavad imisa, rom es instituti qarTul iuri-
diul literaturaSi siRrmiseulad aris damuSavebuli, kvlav arsebobs mravali mniS-
vnelovani sakiTxi, romlebic dRemde sadavoa.
sazRvargareTis qveynebis gamocdilebis Seswavla cxadyofs, rom, samarTlebri-
vi sistemebis daaxloebisa da harmonizaciis miuxedavad, mowinave qveynebi inarCuneben
gansxvavebul midgomebs sisxlis samarTlis zogadi nawilis institutebis mimarT, ro-
melTa Soris erT-erTia danaSaulSi Tanamonawileoba.
sakiTxi imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra safuZvels emyareba Tanamonawileobis dasjadoba, misi
gamovlinebis ra formebi arsebobs, rogori unda iyos obieqturi an subieqturi kav-
Siri Tanamonawilis qmedebasa da damdgar Sedegs Soris, riT gansxvavdebian erTmane-
Tisgan danaSaulis amsrulebeli da Tanamonawile, da sxv. Tanamedrove samarTlebriv
sistemebSi mniSvnelovan azrTa sxvadasxvaobas iwvevs.
winamdebare statia exeba erT mniSvnelovan Temas, kerZod, Tanamonawilis qmede-
basa da damdgar Sedegs Soris mizezobrivi kavSiris sakiTxs. sainteresoa imis aRniSvna,
*
314
kaxa wiqariSvili, danaSaulSi Tanamonawileobis dros mizezobrivi kavSiris sakiTxi
qarTul da angloamerikul sisxlis samarTalSi
rom angloamerikul samarTalSi gabatonebuli doqtrina da sasamarTlo praqtika Ta-

namonawilis qmedebasa da damdgar Sedegs Soris mizezobrivi kavSiris dadgenas ar iTx-
ovs, ris gamoc ismis SekiTxva: Tu ara mizezobriv kavSirs, maSin ra safuZvels emyareba
Tanamonawileobis dasjadoba? meore mxriv, Tanamonawileobis dasjadobis obieqturi
safuZvlis sakiTxi TiTqos myarad aris dadgenili qarTul sisxlis samarTalSi, Tumca
misi garkveuli aspeqtebi azrTa sxvadasxvaobas iwvevs.
2. mizezobrivi kavSiri Tanamonawileobisas

qarTul sisxlis samarTalSi
qarTul sisxlis samarTalSi mizezobrivi kavSiri qmedebis obieqturi Semadgen-

lobis dawerili niSania1. sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis me-8 muxlis pirveli nawiliT,
Tu `danaSauli mxolod maSin iTvleba damTavrebulad, rodesac qmedebam marTlsawi-
naaRmdego Sedegi gamoiwvia an aseTi Sedegis ganxorcielebis konkretuli safrTxe
Seqmna, aucilebelia mizezobrivi kavSiris dadgena am qmedebasa da Sedegs an safrTxes
Soris~. amave muxlis meore nawili mizezobrivi kavSiris dasadgenad iyenebs hipoTezu-
ri eliminaciis (azrobrivi gamoricxvis) meTods: `mizezobrivi kavSiri arsebobs maSin,
rodesac qmedeba warmoadgenda am kodeqsis Sesabamisi muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli mar-
TlsawinaaRmdego Sedegis an konkretuli safrTxis aucilebel pirobas, uromliso-
dac amjerad es Sedegi ar ganxorcieldeboda an aseTi safrTxe ar Seiqmneboda.~2
qarTul sisxlis samarTalSi damkvidrebulia mosazreba, romlis Tanaxmadac Ta-
namonawileoba gulisxmobs mizezobrivi kavSiris arsebobas Tanamonawilis qmedebasa
da damdgar Sedegs Soris.
prof. o. gamyreliZis azriT, mizezobriobas Tanamonawileobis dros ormagi mniS-
vneloba aqvs: pirvel rigSi, is asrulebs erTgvari garantis funqcias. es aris is zRva-
ri, romlis iqiT ar SeiZleba gavrceldes pasuxismgebloba danaSaulSi Tanamonawile-
obisTvis; meore mxriv, es niSnavs imas, rom amsruleblisa da Tanamonawilis xelyofis
obieqti erTi da igivea.3
sabWoTa sisxlis samarTalSi Tanamonawileobis dros mizezobrivi kavSiris dad-
genis saWiroebas ewinaaRmdegeboda a. viSinski, romelic iziarebda imdroindeli in-
glisuri sisxlis samarTlis midgomas da TanamonawileobisTvis sakmarisad cnobda
danaSaulTan piris raime kavSiris arsebobas. am midgomiT danaSaulis dafarvac gvev-
1
turava m., sisxlis samarTali, zogadi nawilis mimoxilva, Tb., 2013, 90.
2
Tanamedrove qarTul sisxlissamarTlebriv literaturaSi arsebobs mosazreba, rom
mizezobrivi kavSiris es sakanonmdeblo formula saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi unda Seicvalos
`kanonzomieri pirobis~ dauwereli formuliT da ganivrcos danaSaulis dauwereli
niSniT – obieqturi Seracxvis kategoriiT. turava m., sisxlis samarTali, zogadi nawilis
mimoxilva, Tb., 2013, 90. mizezobrivi kavSiris es formula mxolod Sedegian (materialur)
danaSaulebzea agebuli, Tumca Tanamonawileobis dros logikurad is aseve moicavs
Tanamonawilis qmedebis obieqtur kavSirs amsruleblis mier Cadenil formalur
deliqtTan.
3
gamyreliZe o., sisxlis samarTlis problemebi, t. II, Tb., 2010, 236.
315
lineba danaSaulSi Tanamonawileobis erT-erT formad4. rogorc samarTlianad miuTi-

Tebs T. wereTeli, `raime kavSiris~ cneba imdenad farTo da ganusazRvrelia, rom amas
SeiZleboda Sedegad mohyoloda sisxlis samarTlis pasuxisgebaSi iseTi pirebis mice-
ma, romelTac araTu monawileoba ar miuRiaT danaSaulis CadenaSi, aramed arc ki icod-
nen mis Sesaxeb.~5
T. wereTlis azriT, `TanamonawileTa moqmedebis obieqturi mxaris erTianoba,
upirveles yovlisa, imiT gamoixateba, rom yoveli Tanamonawilis moqmedeba unda iyos
mizezobriv kavSirSi danaSaulebriv SedegTan, ase rom, es Sedegi maTi saerTo saqmiano-
bis produqts unda warmoadgendes~.6
T. wereTeli akritikebs dasavlur sisxlis samarTalSi gavrcelebul midgomas,
romelic uaryofs mizezobrivi kavSiris arsebobas Tanamonawilis qmedebasa da dana-
Saulis Sedegs Soris, imdenad, ramdenadac àmsrulebeli, romelic `Tavisuflad~ ga-
dawyvets danaSaulis Cadenas, yovelTvis iwyebs axali da damoukidebeli mizezobrivi
kavSiris jaWvs~.7
`fsiqikuri kanonzomierebis gansakuTrebuli xasiaTi~, ambobs is, `SesaZleblo-
bas gvaZlevs, davasabuToT ara marto amsruleblis, aramed agreTve wamqezeblisa da
damxmaris moqmedebaTa mizezobrivi xasiaTi. adamians aqvs unari, nebelobiTi moqmede-
bis meSveobiT zemoqmedeba moaxdinos gareSe samyaroze, daumorCilos misi kanonzomi-
erebani Segnebulad dasaxul mizans. magram amave dros adamianis nebisyofa ganpiro-
bebulia ara TviT nebisyofis mier, ara sicarielidan, aramed adamianis garemos mier.
ramdenadac adamianis nebisyofa determinebulia garemomcveli samyaroTi, imdenad
adamiani Tavisi nebismieri moqmedebiT rodi iwyebs mizezobriobis axal jaWvs, rome-
lic wyvets mizezobriobis manamade arsebul jaWvs, aramed ganagrZobs mas, Sematebs
axal rgolebs~.8
T. wereTlis azriT, TanamonawileTa moqmedebasa da mavne Sedegs Soris mizezob-
rivi kavSiris dadgena ar aris Zneli im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac Tanamonawile fiziku-
rad monawileobs danaSaulis CadenaSi, magaliTad, roca pirma miawoda amsrulebels
iaraRi mkvlelobis Casadenad, an miutana kibe sawyobSi Sesaparad sawyobis gaqurdvis
mizniT. T. wereTels gamoaqvs daskvna, rom am SemTxvevebSi `fizikuri damxmare qmnis
aucilebel pirobas, romlis gareSe danaSaulebrivi Sedegi ar ganxorcieldeboda~.9
Tumca ufro rTuli xasiaTi aqvs mizezobriv kavSirs fsiqikur Tanamonawilesa da dana-
4
wereTeli T., sisxlis samarTlis problemebi, t. II, Tb., 2007, 19.
5
iqve, 20. mizezobrivi kavSiris aucileblobas Tanamonawileobis dros aseve uaryofda
p. miSunini, romelic aRniSnavda, rom mizezobrivi kavSiri TanamonawileTa moqmedebasa
da amsruleblis moqmedebiT ganxorcielebul danaSaulebriv Sedegs Soris ar aris
Teoriuli safuZveli Tanamonawileobis konstruqciisaTvis da rom Tanamonawileobis
cnebisaTvis aucilebelia minimaluri subieqturi kavSiri TanamonawileTa Soris. ix.
wereTeli T., sisxlis samarTlis problemebi, t.II, Tb., 2007, 27.
6
wereTeli T., sisxlis samarTlis problemebi, t. II, Tb., 2007, 12.
7
iqve, 14.
8
iqve, 16.
9
iqve.
316
Saulebriv Sedegs Soris. `fsiqikuri Tanamonawilis zemoqmedeba gaivlis amsruleblis

cnobierebaSi, gaxdeba misi nebelobiTi moqmedebis motivi da amgvarad CaerTvis mize-
zobrivi kavSiris jaWvSi.~10
is mosazreba, rom TanamonawileTa moqmedeba mizezobriv kavSirSi unda iyos da-
naSaulebriv SedegTan, aRiarebuli iyo sabWoTa sisxlis samarTlis TeoriaSi da masve
iziarebda sasamarTlo praqtika11. amis dasturia, magaliTad, ssr kavSiris umaRlesi
sasamarTlos sisxlis samarTlis saqmeTa sasamarTlo kolegiis 1942 wlis 15 ivlisis
ganCineba kosenkovisa da iakuSinis saqmeze, romlis mixedviTac, colebma, qmrebis da-
valebiT, mSrali xorbali tomaraSi Cayares da sakuWnaoSi Seitanes, riTac, braldebis
mixedviT, xeli Seuwyves qmrebs xorblis ardabrunebaSi. rogorc sasamarTlo ganCine-
baSi aRiniSna, am moqmedebebs xeli ar SeuwyviaT xorblis daubruneblobisTvis. bral-
debulTa qmrebs xorbali unda daebrunebinaT, miuxedavad imisa, Tu sad eyara is.12
T. wereTlis mier citirebuli es saqme friad sainteresoa mizezobrivi kavSiris
TvalsazrisiT da mas garkveuli analogi aqvs saerTo samarTlis sasamarTlo praqti-
kaSi. ismis SekiTxva: xom ar aris SesaZlebeli, colebis pasuxismgebloba am SemTxvevaSi
damdgariyo ara fizikuri, aramed fsiqikuri daxmarebisTvis?
sabWoTa samarTalSi Tanamonawileobis dros mizezobrivi kavSiris aucilebloba
aseve ganapirobebda gansxvavebas winaswar Sepirebul da winaswar Seupirebel dafarvas
Soris. winaswar Sepirebuli dafarva aRiqmeboda Tanamonawileobad, xolo winaswar Se-
upirebeli dafarva kvalificirdeboda rogorc damoukidebeli danaSauli (ix. zemoT).
profesori o. gamyreliZe miiCnevs, rom `pasuxismgebloba Tanamonawileobis dros
SeiZleba daefuZnos rogorc fizikur, ise fsiqikur mizezobriobas~.13 amave dros, is
miiCnevs, rom `fsiqikuri movlena socialuri cxovrebis faqtia, romelic ar SeiZleba
mizezSedegobriv kanonzomierebas ar emorCilebodes. Tuki Cven am Tvalsazriss vaRia-
rebT, rom mizezSedegobrivi damokidebuleba mxolod fizikur, materialur samyaro-
Si arsebobs, maSin unda vcnoT socialur sferoSi sruli TviTneboba da adamianis nebis
sruli Tavisufleba14~.
im mosazrebas, rom Tanamonawilis qmedeba mizezobriv kavSirSi unda iyos danaSa-
ulebriv SedegTan, iziarebs mravali avtori Tanamedrove qarTul sisxlis samarTal-
Si. magaliTad, a. maxaraZe am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT wers: `Tanamedrove sisxlis samar-
Tlis kanonmdebloba, praqtika da Teoria uryevad icavs im mosazrebas, rom danaSau-
lis Tanamonawilis qmedeba amsrulebelTan erTad aucileblad mizezobrivad unda ga-
napirobebdes danaSaulebriv Sedegs. es aris mtkice garanti im principis dacvisaTvis,
romlis Tanaxmadac damnaSaves pasuxismgebloba SeiZleba davakisroT mxolod im Sede-
gisaTvis, romelic misma moqmedebam gamoiwvia, garda amisa, Tanamonawilis qmedebasa da
amsruleblis mier gamowveul danaSaulebriv Sedegs Soris mizezobrivi kavSiris dac-
10
iqve, 17.
11
iqve.
12
iqve,18.
13
gamyreliZe o., sisxlis samarTlis problemebi, t. II, Tb., 2010, 224.
14
iqve, 222.
317
vis safuZvelze SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom Tanamonawile xelyofs da azianebs imave sa-
marTlebriv sikeTes, romelsac xelyofs da azianebs danaSaulis amsrulebeli~.15
danaSaulis Tanamonawileobis dros mizezobrivi kavSiris saWiroebasTan dakav-
SirebiT gansxvavebul Sexedulebas aviTarebs q. mWedliSvili-hedrixi. Tanamedrove
germanul sisxlissamarTlebriv doqtrinaze dayrdnobiT is askvnis, rom damxmaris
moqmedebasa da amsruleblis mier Cadenil danaSauls Soris mizezobrivi kavSiris ar-
seboba aucilebelia, Tumca àraa aucilebeli, rom damxmaris qmedeba Cadenili danaSa-
ulis aucilebeli piroba `condicio sine qua non~ iyos. damxmare maSinac agebs pasuxs, ro-
desac amsrulebeli danaSauls misi qmedebis gareSec ganaxorcielebda. qmedebis dax-
marebad dakvalificirebisaTvis gadamwyvetia is, rom damxmaris moqmedeba konkretul
mizezobriobaSia CarTuli, danaSaulis ganxorcielebas aadvilebs da Sedegis dad-
gomis Sanss zrdis.~16 q. mWedliSvils am debulebis dasadastureblad mohyavs Semdegi
kazusi: `rodesac piri qurdobisas amsrulebels jibis naTuriT unaTebs da amgvarad
Zvirfaseulobis moZebnas mxolod uadvilebs, an binis qurds fanjaraze misadgmeli ki-
bis tarebaSi exmareba, igi danaSaulis Cadenas mxolod aadvilebs da misi ganxorciele-
bis aucilebeli piroba araa~.17
q. mWedliSvilis es mosazreba, erTi mxriv, sainteresod exmianeba Tanamedrove
amerikeli avtorebis Sexedulebebs, romelTa mixedviTac Tanamonawileobis dros au-
cilebelia dadgindes ara aucilebeli, aramed SesaZlo mizezobrivi kavSiri, magram,
meore mxriv, is ufro met dasabuTebas saWiroebs, gamomdinare iqidan, rom qarTuli
sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi mizezobrivi kavSiris cnebas swored condicio sine qua non-is
formulaze agebs.
3. mizezobrivi kavSiri Tanamonawileobisas angloamerikul

sisxlis samarTalSi
angloamerikul sisxlis samarTalSi myarad aris fexmokidebuli azri, romlis

Tanaxmadac, Tanamonawileoba ar moiTxovs, rom Tanamonawilis qmedeba mizezobrivad
15
maxaraZe a., sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgebloba danaSaulSi daxmarebisTvis, Tb.,
2006, 41. Tanamonawileobis dros mizezobrivi kavSiris mniSvnelobaze aseve yuradRebas
amaxvilebs prof. g. naWyebia, romelic miiCnevs, rom am dros mizezobrivi kavSiri
Taviseburia da pirobaTa tolfasovnebis Teoria ver mogvcems saSualebas, organizatoris
moqmedeba gavarCioT damxmaris moqmedebisgan, rac pasuxismgeblobis individualizacias
SesaZlebels gaxdida. sisxlis samarTlis zogadi nawili, avtorTa jgufi, Tb., 2007, 191.
16
mWedliSvili q., sisxlis samarTali, danaSaulis gamovlinebis calkeuli formebi, Tb.,
2011, 233. meore mxriv, rodesac exeba wamqezeblis figuras, prof. q. mWedliSvili ambobs,
rom `wamqezeblis mier ganxorcielebuli qmedeba danaSaulis CadenasTan mizezobrivad
unda iyos dakavSirebuli. man amsrulebeli danaSaulis Cadenaze unda daiyolios. e.i.
mas danaSaulis Cadenis gadawyvetileba aRuZras. mWedliSvili q., sisxlis samarTali,
danaSaulis gamovlinebis calkeuli formebi, Tb., 2011, 219.
17
mWedliSvili q., sisxlis samarTali, danaSaulis gamovlinebis calkeuli formebi, Tb.,
2011, 233.
318
iyos dakavSirebuli amsruleblis qmedebasTan da danaSaulebriv SedegTan.18 am midgo-

mis erT-erTi Tavgamodebuli damcvelia s. kadiSi. Tavis naSromSi – `Tanamonawileoba,
mizezi da gakicxva. interpretaciis doqtrinis kvleva~19 – is miuTiTebs, rom Tanamona-
wileoba, iseve rogorc danaSaulis Cadenis sxva formebi, mWidrod ukavSirdeba gakicx-
vis cnebas, romelic moicavs msjelobas pirovnebis pasuxismgeblobaze da ukavSirdeba
arCevanis Tavisuflebas. Cven ara mxolod piris qmedebas vafasebT uaryofiTad, ara-
med mas vkicxavT, rom aseTi arCevani gaakeTa.20
meore mxriv, kadiSis azriT, adamiani konkretuli mavne SedegisaTvis ikicxe-
ba mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu mas es Sedegi Seeracxeba. am mizniT sisxlis samarTalma
mavne Sedegis Seracxvis ori doqtrina ganaviTara: erTi – es aris mizezobrivi kavSiri
da meore – Tanamonawileoba21. kadiSi Tvlis, rom Tu Cven Tanamonawilis qmedebas Cav-
TvliT amsruleblis qmedebis mizezad, maSin vewinaaRmdegebiT gakicxvis koncefcias.22
mizezobriobasa da Tavisufal nebasTan mimarTebiT is miuTiTebs Semdegs: `Cven
adamianis qmedebebs bunebis sxva movlenebisgan gansxvavebulad aRviqvamT. samyaroSi
movlenebi xdeba. isini xdebian ara anarqiulad da SemTxveviT, aramed iseTi Tanmimdev-
robiT da iseTi kavSirebiT, romlebsac aqvT mniSvnelovani Tviseba. Cven am Tvisebas ga-
movxatavT mizezobriobis saxeliT da aRviqvamT bunebis kanonebis saxiT, romelTa Sec-
vlac ar SegviZlia. adamianis moqmedebebi sul sxva safuZvels emyareba – erTi mxriv,
eqvemdebareba fizikuri samyaros kanonebs, magram, amave dros, flobs nebas, romlis
meSveobiTac aris Tavisufali sakuTar moqmedebaSi. garda calkeuli SemTxvevebisa, is
flobs nebas, romlis Sesabamisad, akeTebs arCevans. misi arCevani SesaZlebelia moeqces
zegavlenis qveS, magram es zegavlena ar moqmedebs ise, rogorc qari lerwamze. . . misi
qmedebebi aris mxolod misi, sakuTari. . . es gageba udevs safuZvlad pasuxismgeblobis
cnebas, romelsac, Tavisi mxriv, centraluri adgili uWiravs gakicxvis cnebaSi.~23
18
sainteresoa is, rom amerikul sisxlis samarTlis procesSi braldebis mxares ar evaleba
amtkicos, rom Tanamonawilis wvlili iyo arsebiTi danaSaulebrivi Sedegis dadgomaSi.
braldebas aseve ar evaleba amtkicos, Tanamonawileobis romeli formiT moqmedebda
braldebuli. ufro metic, verdiqtis gamotanis dros Tanamonawileobaze miTiTeba
saerTod ar xdeba. Tanamonawile cxaddeba braleulad zustad imave formiT, rogorc
amsrulebeli. igive wesi moqmedebs inglisSic: Lippman M., Contemporary Criminal Law, Concepts,
Cases and Controversies, Sage Publications, 2007, 158; DresslerJ., Reforming Complicity Law, Trivial Assistance
as Lesser Offence, Ohaio State Journal of Criminal Law, Vol. 5:427, 448; Ashworth A., Principles of Criminal
Law, 5th ed, 2006, 415. magaliTad, saqmeze – Gianetto (1977) – sasamarTlom ganaCenSi miuTiTa,
rom braldebulma an Tavad mokla Tavisi coli, an viRac daiqirava mis mosaklavad. saerTo
samarTalSi gavrcelebulma am wesma jerjerobiT gauZlo evropis adamianis uflebaTa
konvenciis me-6 (3) muxlis filtrs (romlis Tanaxmadac, braldebuls detalurad unda
ecnobos mis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli braldebis arsi da safuZveli. Ashworth A., Principles of
Criminal Law, 5th ed, 2006, 412.
19
Kadish S.H., Complicity, Cause and Blame, Study in the Interpretation Doctrine, California Law Review, Vol.
73, Issue 2, 1985.
20
iqve, 300.
21
iqve, 333.
22
iqve.
23
iqve, 330.
319
kadiSis azriT, adamianis Tavisufal qcevas aqvs ori mniSvneloba Tanamonawile-

obis doqtrinisTvis: `pirveli, rodesac Cven vixilavT movlenaTa jaWvs, romelic ga-
momdinareobs piris qmedebisgan, yoveli Semdgomi adamianuri qmedeba gamoricxavs ka-
uzaluri pasuxismgeblobis dakisrebas Tavdapirvelad moqmed pirze. is, rac gamomdi-
nareobs Semdgom moqmedi piris qcevisgan, gamowveulia mxolod am piris da sxva aravis
mier, es gamoixateba cnobili doqtriniT novus actus interveniens; meorec, rodesac Cven
vcdilobT, davadginoT erTi piris pasuxismgebloba sxvisi nebelobiTi qcevisTvis, mi-
zezis cneba pasuxs ver mogvcems. nebismieri kavSiri, rac SeiZleba arsebobdes pirveli
da meore piris moqmedebebs Soris, ver aRiwereba mizezSedegobrivi terminologiiT,
romlebic gamoiyeneba bunebrivi movlenebis daxasiaTebisas, ise, rom ar SeuracxvyoT
adamianis qcevis, rogorc Tavisufali arCevanis gamovlinebis, koncefcia~.24
Sesabamisad, kadiSi askvnis, rom Tanamonawilis roli danaSaulis CadenaSi gamoi-
xateba ara mizezobriobis, aramed zegavlenis an daxmarebis saxiT25:
`Tanamonawilis pasuxismgebloba imis gamo, rom man zegavlena moaxdina amsru-
leblis gadawyvetilebaze~, ambobs kadiSi, `srulad Seesabameba im mocemulobas, rom
misi qmedebebi aris ganpirobebuli sakuTari arCevaniT. imis aRiareba, rom pirze ze-
gavlenas axdens is, rasac sxvebi amboben an akeTeben, . . . sulac ar gulisxmobs imas, rom
nebelobiTi qmedebebi aris mizezobrivad gamowveuli fizikuri gagebiT, iseve rogorc
bunebrivi movlenebi aris ganpirobebuli wina movlenebiT. sabolood, amsruleblis
arCevani ganapirobebs zegavlenis efeqturobas.~26
kadiSis azriT, Tanamonawilis zegavlena amsrulebelze garkveulwilad waagavs
mizezobriobas: Tanamonawilis pasuxismgebloba mis warmatebaze aris damokidebuli.
warumatebeli daxmareba an waqezeba (Tu, magaliTad, erTma kacis mokvlisken sityvie-
rad waaqeza meore, romelic smenadaqveiTebuli aRmoCnda da misi sityvebi ver gaigo-
na, aseve, rodesac damxmarem winaswar gauRo karebi qurds, romelmac es ar icoda da
saxlSi fanjridan Semovida) ar unda iyos Tanamonawileoba, magram SeiZleba iyos raime
sxva damoukidebeli danaSauli, Tumca Tanamonawileobis dros formula `condicio sine
qua non~ ar gamoiyeneba.27 aseve gamoricxavs rogorc Tanamonawileobas, aseve mizezob-
riobas Soreuli, SemTxveviTi, atipuri, gauTvaliswinebeli kavSiri (mag., Tu me moCxu-
bars indurad vuTxari, rom ujraSi aris dana da man es ver gaigo, magram iqve SemTxveviT
aRmoCnda sxva, romelmac es uTargmna da moCxubarma dana gamoiyena).28
kadiSi askvnis, rom Tanamonawileoba da mizezobrioba monaTesave cnebebia, Tum-
ca Tanamonawileoba moiTxovs danaSaulTan ufro sust kavSirs, vidre mizezobrioba.
kerZod, Tanamonawileoba condicio sine qua non-s ar iTxovs, magram is moiTxovs, Tanamona-
wileoba iyos warmatebuli. kadiSis azriT, Tanamonawileoba warmatebulia, Tu man `Se-
saZloa, xeli Seuwyo amsruleblis qmedebis ganxorcielebas~.29
24
332, Issue 2, 1985.
25
kadiSi miiCnevs, rom, Tanamonawileobisagan gansxvavebiT, piri mizezobrivad moqmedebs
SualobiTi amsruleblobisas.
26
343, Issue 2, 1985.
27
iqve, 357.
28
iqve, 368.
29
iqve, 359.
320
kadiSis pozicia, rom TanamonawileobisTvis ar aris saWiro mizezobrivi kavSi-

ris mtkiceba, amsruleblis qmedebasTan sakmaod fexgadgmulia dRevandel amerikul
samarTalSi. maikl muri am pozicias Semdegnairad asabuTebs:
`standartuli Sexeduleba, Tu ratom ar aris Tanamonawileoba kauzaluri, efuZ-
neba or garemoebas: jer erTi, sisxlis samarTalSi mizezobrioba gulisxmobs aucile-
bel winapirobas – `sine qua non,~ anu gamoricxvis meTods: imisTvis, rom qmedebam gamoiw-
vios ziani, is unda iyos aucilebeli misTvis, anu, is rom ar momxdariyo, ziani ar dad-
geboda. Sesabamisad, Tanamonawileoba rom iyos mizezobrivi, amisTvis saWiroa, Tanamo-
nawilis qmedeba iyos saziano Sedegis dadgomis aucilebeli piroba; meore garemoeba
aris is, rom xSiria SemTxveva, roca Tanamonawilis qmedeba ar aris Sedegis dadgomis
aucilebeli piroba. aqedan gamomdinareobs daskvna: Tanamonawileobis dasjadoba ar
emyareba mis kauzalobas.~30
im mosazrebas, rom Tanamonawileobis dros braldebis mxares ar evaleba, amtki-
cos mizezobrivi kavSiri, eTanxmebian ingliseli avtorebic. aSvorzi, sasamarTlo
praqtikaze dayrdnobiT, miuTiTebs: sakmarisia damtkicdes, rom Tanamonawile daexma-
ra amsrulebels raime gziT an SesaZlebelia daxmareboda mas31.
Tanamonawileobis dros mizezobrivi kavSiris saWiroebaze uaris Tqmas zogier-
Ti avtori mihyavs im daskvnamde, rom Tanamonawileoba aris ara Sedegiani danaSaulis,
aramed safrTxis Semqmneli deliqtis Cadenis forma. am mosazrebis Tanaxmad, yvela
Tanamonawilem pasuxi unda agos mxolod mis mier Cadenili safrTxis Semqmneli qmede-
bisTvis da Sedegis dadgomas mniSvneloba ar aqvs32. am midgomas akritikebs profesori
joSua dresleri. misi azriT, Zalian cota Tu daeTanxmeba im mosazrebas, rom Tanamo-
nawilem pasuxi ar unda agos danaSauliT gamowveuli mavne SedegisaTvis.33
30
Moore M., Causing, Aiding and Superfluity of Accomplice Liability, 156 U. Pa. L. Rev., 395, 2007, 55.
31
Ashworth A., Principles of Criminal Law, 5th Edition, 2006, 415.
32
Dressler J., Reforming Complicity Law, Trivial Assistance as Lesser Offence, Ohaio State Journal of Criminal
Law, Vol. 5:427, 2008, 444. is avtorebi, romlebic ar cnoben Tanamonawileobis mizezobriobas,
Tanamonawilis dasjadobas sxvadasxva safuZvelze amyareben: samoqalaqo agentis Teoriis
Tanaxmad (civil agency doctrine), Tanamonawile Tanxmdeba amsruleblis, rogorc misi agentis,
moqmedebze da is personalurad pasuxs agebs am qmedebebze, anu `Tanamonawile nebas rTavs
amsrulebels, imoqmedos da Tavis Tavze iRebs mis qmedebas~; personaluri identurobis
konfiskaciis Teoriis (forfeited personal identity doctrine) Tanaxmad, is, vinc arCevs, daexmaros
damnaSaves, uars ambobs sakuTar personalur identobaze da misi identuroba SeboWilia
amsruleblis pirovnebiT. ix. Courtreau C., The Mental Element Required for Accomplice Liability,
Luiziana Law Review, Vol. 59, 1998, 327. sxvis danaSaulSi monawileobis TeoriiT, romlis
warmomadgenelia stenford kadiSi, Tanamonawile isjeba imitom, rom is xels uwyobs
amsruleblis mier kanonis darRvevas (ix. Kadish S.H., Complicity, Cause and Blame, Study in the
Interpretation Doctrine, California Law Review, Vol. 73, Issue 2, 1985); mimnebeblobis TeoriiT (complicity
as omission), Tanamonawileoba aris danaSaulis mimnebeblobis mZime forma, romliTac
Tanamonawiles danaSaulTan misi specifikuri kavSiris gamo gamovacalkevebT yvela im
pirisgan, vinc xeli ar SeuSala danaSaulis Cadenas da mas vakisrebT sisxlissamarTlebriv
pasuxismgeblobas. Kreutzer J., Complicity and Repentence, Reexamining Complicity in the Light of
Attempt Doctrine, NY Journal of Law and Liberty, Vol. 3:155, 2008, 5.
33
Kreutzer J., Complicity and Repentence, Reexamining Complicity in the Light of Attempt Doctrine, NY Journal
of Law and Liberty, Vol. 3:155, 2008, 6.
321
Tanamonawileobis sakiTxebze saintereso mosazrebebs gamoTqvams amerikeli

mkvlevari i. kroiceri. is TeoriaTa da sasamarTlo praqtikis mimoxilvis Sedegad am-
tkicebs: Tanamonawileobis dros mizezobrivi kavSiris dadgena rom aucilebeli iyos,
prokuraturas praqtikaSi Zalian gauWirdeboda TanamonawileTa pasuxisgebaSi mice-
ma.34 is eTanxmeba kadiSs da ambobs, rom mizezSedegobriobaze msjeloba SesaZlebelia
mxolod fizikur samyaroSi, xolo fsiqikur samyaroSi Cven arasodes SegviZlia dar-
wmunebiT vicodeT, Tu rogor moiqceva Tavisufali adamiani.35 Sesabamisad, Tanamonawi-
leobis dros sakmarisia imis mtkiceba, rom Tanamonawilis qmedebam zegavlena moaxdina
danaSaulis Cadenaze. sasamarTlo praqtika adasturebs, rom es zegavlena SesaZlebe-
lia minimaluric iyos, magaliTad, rogoricaa daswreba da taSis dakvra kanonis dar-
RveviT Catarebul koncertze36, an danaSaulis amsruleblisTvis saWmlis momzadeba.37
kroiceri ambobs, rom raRac kuTxiT erTmaneTs hgavs danaSaulis mcdeloba da dana-
SaulSi Tanamonawileoba, kerZod: orive, albaTobis raRac xarisxiT, dakavSirebulia
danaSaulebriv SedegTan (an savaraudo SedegTan), Sesabamisad, amis gamo, rogorc Ta-
namonawileobis, aseve mcdelobis dros, viTxovT bralis maRal formas – ganzraxvas.38
zemoT aRniSnuli Sexedulebebis ganxilvis Semdeg sainteresoa im mecnierTa
mosazrebebis ganxilva, romlebic aRiareben Tanamonawileobis mizezobriobas. maT
ricxvs miekuTvneba amerikeli profesori j. dresleri.
profesori dresleri fiqrobs, rom mizezobriobas sisxlis samarTalSi aqvs
udidesi mniSvneloba, ùpirveles yovlisa~, ìs damnaSaves akavSirebs danaSaulebriv
SedegTan~.39 ìm ori monadiridan~, ambobs igi, `romlebic Tofs erTmaneTisgan damou-
kideblad, gaufrTxileblobiT esvrian cocxal adamians, pasuxs agebs is, visi qmedebac
mizezobriv kavSirSia damdgar SedegTan~.40 profesor dresleris azriT, mizezobrivi
kavSiris meore mniSvnelovani roli isaa, rom igi saSualebas iZleva, pirs pasuxi vage-
binoT misi damsaxurebis mixedviT da davuniSnoT mis mier gamowveuli Sedegis propor-
ciuli sasjeli.41 is miiCnevs, rom sisxlis samarTlis swored am fundamentur princips
uaryofs Tanamonawileobis samarTali, romelic mizezobrivi kavSiris dadgenis saWi-
roebas ar moiTxovs da romelic SesaZleblobas iZleva, danaSaulSi umniSvnelo rolis
mqone pirs pasuxi amsruleblis msgavsad vagebinoT.42
profesori dresleri eTanxmeba kadiSs, rom adamianis fsiqikaSi mimdinare proce-
sebi Tvisebrivad gansxvavdeba fizikur samyaroSi mimdinaresgan, Tumca, misi azriT, es
ar gvaZlevs safuZvels, uari vTqvaT rogorc faqtobriv, aseve normatiul mizezobri-
34
Kreutzer J., Complicity and Repentence, Reexamining Complicity in the Light of Attempt Doctrine, NY Journal
of Law and Liberty, Vol. 3:155, 2008, 11.
35
iqve, 12.
36
iqve.
37
iqve.
38
iqve, 10.
39
Law, Vol. 5:427, 2008, 448.
40
iqve.
41
iqve.
42
iqve, 437.
322
obaze Tanamonawileobis dros.43 `marTalia~, ambobs is, `nebelobiTi adamianuri qceva

ufro naklebad prognozirebadia, vidre, magaliTad, gravitaciis kanonis moqmedeba,
magram is debuleba, rom adamianuri qceva yovelTvis ufro naklebad prognozireba-
dia, vidre zogierTi bunebrivi movlena, magaliTad, tornado, aSkarad mcdaria~.44
imave azrs iziarebs profesori gardneri, romelic miuTiTebs Semdegs:
`bevri ambobs, rom . . . adamianebs, rogorc pasuxismgebel subieqtebs, aqvT Tavisu-
fali neba da isini winaaRmdegobas uweven mizezobriobas. Sesabamisad, maTi qmedebebi
ar qmnian mizezobrivi kavSiris jaWvebs. amboben, rom, Tu amsruleblis qmedebas kauza-
lur ganmartebas davuqvemdebarebT, maSin Cven mas pasuxismgebel subieqtad ar aRviq-
vamT. CemTvis es debuleba aSkarad mcdaria. rodesac me fuls gadavuxdi daqiravebul
mkvlels, raTa movakvlevino Cemi mteri, Cemi qmedebis Sedegi iqneba is, rom igi moklavs
Cems mters, anu is mokvdeba. Sesabamisad, me vaqezeb da vexmarebi daqiravebul mkvlels
da viwvev sikvdils misi meSveobiT. es aris martivi kauzaluri axsna winamdebare da Sem-
degi qmedebebis. es sulac ar akninebs daqiravebuli mkvlelis, rogorc pasuxismgebeli
agentis, rols.~45
profesori dresleri erTmaneTisgan mijnavs kauzalur da arakauzalur Tanamo-
nawiles, aseve arsebiTi da araarsebiTi rolis Semsrulebel Tanamonawiles da midis
Semdeg daskvnamde:
`piri ar unda daisajos amsruleblis msgavsad, garda im SemTxvevisa, rodesac misi
monawileoba akmayofilebs kauzalur moTxovnas da, amave dros, aris arsebiTi rolis
Semsrulebeli mravalpirian danaSaulSi. Sesabamisad, Tanamonawile, romelic akmayo-
filebs kauzalobis da arsebiTobis standarts, pasuxs agebs amsruleblis qmedebaze
da daisjeba imave sasjeliT. kauzaluri, magram araarsebiTi, Tanamonawilis pasuxis-
mgebloba aseve damokidebuli iqneba amsrulebelze (vinaidan is akmayofilebs condicion
sine qua non-is tests) da, Sesabamisad, pasuxs agebs imave danaSaulisTvis, risTvisac am-
srulebeli, Tumca mas eqneba ufleba, miiRos Semcirebuli sasjeli misi mcire rolis
gamo. arakauzaluri monawile pasuxs agebs ara dasrulebuli danaSaulisTvis, aramed
ufro naklebi danaSaulisTvis da daisjeba naklebad mZimed, am safuZvlis gamo~.46
TanamonawileTa diferenciacias SedegTan kauzaluri damokidebulebis mixed-
viT aseve emxroba i. kroiceri. misi azriT, Tanamonawile rom amsruleblis qmedebaze
zegavlenas ver axdendes, maSin Tanamonawilis dasjas azri ar eqneba, vinaidan danaSa-
ulebriv Sedegs Tavidan mainc ver avicilebT.47 mas magaliTad mohyavs danaSaulSi mo-
nawileobis sxvadasxva forma, romlebsac erTmaneTisgan asxvavebs kauzaluri rolis
mixedviT:
43
Law, Vol. 5:427, 2008, 439.
44
iqve, 439.
45
Gardner J., Complicity and Causality, 1 CRIM. L. & PHIL. 127 2007, 14.
46
Dressler J., Dressler J., Reforming Complicity Law, Trivial Assistance as Lesser Offence, Ohaio State Journal
of Criminal Law, Vol. 5:427, 2008, 447.
47
Kreutzer J., Kreutzer J., Complicity and Repentence, Reexamining Complicity in the Light of Attempt Doctrine,
NY Journal of Law and Liberty, Vol. 3:155, 2008, 4.
323
a. klienti
ali qiraobs piters, romelic aris profesionali mkvleli, raTa moakvlevinos
Tavisi coli – violeta. piteri iRebs fuls da klavs violetas.
iakobi fiqrobs, rom mizezobrivi kavSiri aSkarad saxezea da alim pasuxi unda
agos mkvlelobisTvis.
b. specialisti
poli, romelsac surs bankis gaqurdva, usafrTxoebis sistemis gamosarTavad qi-
raobs abes, romelic aris saukeTeso specialisti. meore dResve abe TiSavs bankis usaf-
rTxoebis sistemas da poli qurdavs banks. iakob kroiceri fiqrobs, rom mizezobri-
vi kavSiri aqac saxezea, vinaidan abes daxmarebis gareSe poli ver gaqurdavda banks im
dros da ise, rogorc am SemTxvevaSi.
g. zedmeti damxmare
poli aris profesionali binis qurdi. misma colma alisma es icis da iwonebs. is
amzadebs misTvis saWmels, raTa am ukanasknelma miirTvas qurdobebs Soris pauzis gan-
mavlobaSi, rom ar moSivdes da saqme adre ar miatovos.
kroiceri fiqrobs, rom dRes moqmedi samarTliT alisi srulad agebs pasuxs po-
lis mier Cadenili danaSaulebisTvis. magram SemoTavazebuli sareformo winadadebis
mixedviT, alisi aris aramizezobrivi Tanamonawile da unda daeqvemdebaros nakleb pa-
suxismgeblobas. imis ubralo daSveba, rom SesaZlebelia, alisis gareSe es danaSaulebi
ar momxdariyo, ar amarTlebs mis aRiarebas Tanamonawiled.48
d. advilad Sesacvleli damxmare

antons ar aqvs raime gansakuTrebuli unari. poli mas, ubralod, sTxovs, rom gar-
kveuli gasamrjelos safasurad udarajos gareT, sanam poli qurdavs banks. Tumca po-
li ver gaqurdavda banks, rom ar hyoloda gareT mdgomi modaraje, magram sxvebic aseve
mzad iyvnen, mas daxmarebodnen da am saqmes imavenairad gaakeTebdnen.
kroiceris azriT es sakmaod sadavo kazusia. moqmedi samarTliT, antoni aris
qurdobis Tanamonawile. xolo SemoTavazebuli winadadebiT, sadavoa, aris Tu ara is
mizezobrivad dakavSirebuli qurdobasTan. azrobrivi gamoricxvis meTodiT, is ar
moqmedebs mizezobrivad, vinaidan pols SeeZlo, daxmareba sxvisganac mieRo. kroiceri
am SekiTxvas Riad tovebs da mis Sefasebas nafic msajulebs andobs.49
Tanamonawileobis mizezobriobasTan dakavSirebiT angloamerikuli midgoma
bevr SekiTxvas badebs, Tumca aseve bevr saintereso miniSnebasac iZleva.
pirvel rigSi, unda aRiniSnos is, rom amsruleblis Tavisufali nebis mier mi-
zezobrivi kavSiris gawyveta ar Seesabameba mizezobriobis Tanamedrove mecnierul
da Tundac aramecnierul (sayovelTao) gagebas. amsruleblis Tavisufali neba rom
48
Kreutzer J., Kreutzer J., Complicity and Repentence, Reexamining Complicity in the Light of Attempt Doctrine,
NY Journal of Law and Liberty, Vol. 3:155, 2008, 15.
49
iqve, 18.
324
wyvetdes mizezobriobas, aRar iarsebebda msoflios mraval enaSi arsebuli gamoTqma

`raimes gakeTebineba~50 da aseve is istoriuli WeSmariteba, rom `daviT aRmaSenebelma
aaSena gelaTi~ (gamomdinare iqidan, rom daviT aRmaSenebls, savaraudod, piradad arc
erTi qva ar daudia gelaTis mSeneblobisas. `sisxlissamarTlebrivi gagebiT~, is aris
gelaTis mSeneblobis òrganizatori~).51
Tumca meore sakiTxia is, rom qarTuli sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis me-8 muxliT
dakanonebuli azrobrivi gamoricxvis meTodi yovelTvis ver xsnis Tanamonawilis kav-
Sirs danaSaulebriv SedegTn. Sesabamisad, profesor dresleris Sexedulebebi mize-
zobrivi da aramizezobrivi Tanamonawilis gayofis Taobaze uintereso ar unda iyos
qarTuli sisxlis samarTlisTvisac.
4. daskvna
kvleva cxadyofs, rom qarTul samarTalsa da angloamerikul samarTalSi Tana-

monawileobis dasjadoba sxvadasxva obieqtur safuZvels emyareba. qarTuli samarTa-
li Tanamonawileobis dasjadobis obieqtur safuZvels mizezobriobaSi xedavs, maSin,
roca angloamerikul sisxlis samarTalSi gabatonebuli doqtrina da sasamarTlo
praqtika mizezobrivi kavSiris dadgenas ar iTxovs.
danaSaulSi Tanamonawilis angloamerikuli Teoria, vinaidan Sordeba mizezob-
riobas, kargavs Sedegis Seracxvis obieqtur safuZvels da iZulebuli xdeba, Tanamona-
wileobis dasjadoba sxvadasxva TeoriaSi eZebos, romelTa mecnieruli da praqtikuli
Rirebuleba sadavoa.
meore mxriv, qarTul samarTlebriv doqtrinasac aqvs naklovanebebi, vinaidan
aris SemTxvevebi, roca mizezobrivi kavSiri Tanamonawilis qmedebebsa da danaSauleb-
riv Sedegs Soris sadavoa. q. mWedliSvili-hedrixis mier SemoTavazebuli winadadeba,
rom Tanamonawileobis dros condicion sine qua non-is formula CavanacvloT sxva, `ris-
kis amaRlebis~, formuliT, savaraudod, safuZvels moklebulia, vinaidan is scildeba
sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis me-8 muxliT dadgenili mizezobrivi kavSiris cnebis far-
glebs.
am fonze sainteresod Cans profesor dreslerisa da profesor kroiceris Se-
xedulebebi mizezobrivi da aramizezobrivi (arsebiTi da araarsebiTi) Tanamonawilis
gamijvnis Taobaze. vfiqrobT, rogorc kontinentur, aseve angloamerikul sisxlis
samarTlis mecnierebaSi am mimarTulebiT kvlevebis gagrZeleba yuradRebas imsaxu-
rebs, raTa moxdes Tanamonawileobis institutis Semdgomi daxvewa-srulyofa da sa-
marTlebrivi sistemebis harmonizacia am kuTxiT.
50
inglisurad: make somebody do something, frangulad: faire faire, espanurad: hacer hacer algo da
sxv. magaliTad: `yava moaduRebina~, „puri moatanina~ da a.S.
51
imaves moswrebulad SeniSnavs amerikeli avtori daniel iageri, romelic ambobs, rom
`ludoviko XIV-m aago versali, Tumca is mas uSualod ar auSenebia~ –Yager D., Helping, Doing
and the Grammer of Complicity, 15 Crim. Just. Ethics, 1996, 25.
325
daviT wulaia *
danaSauli da danaSauloba, rogorc codvis gamovlinebis formebi

(normatiuli aspeqtis analizi)
statiaSi ganxilulia kvlevis mxolod is nawili, romelic normatiuli aspeqtis

analiziT warmoaCens danaSaulsa da danaSaulobas, rogorc codvis gamovline-
bis formebs.
kvleviT irkveva, codva gamoxatavs normis darRvevas. saxelmwifosa da samarT-
lis RvTiuri ontologia ki miuTiTebs imaze, rom codva aseve aris samarTlis
normis darRvevac. amgvarad, codva iTvaliswinebs rogorc zogadad normis kon-
cefciis, aseve pozitiuri samarTlis normis moTxovnas, rac imas niSnavs, rom
normatiuli koncepti aris danaSaulis, danaSaulobisa da codvis saerTo niSani.
statiis daskvniT nawilSi warmodgenilia codvis farTo da viwro gagebiT da-
yofa, romlis mixedviTac, codvis formaluri gageba gulisxmobs yvela saxis
(araformalurisa da formaluris) normis darRvevas, xolo viwro gageba mxo-
lod pozitiuri samarTlis normis darRvevas. Sesabamisad, normatiul aspeq-
tze dayrdnobiT, danaSauli da danaSauloba codvis gamovlinebis formebia.
sakvanZo sityvebi: codva, danaSauli, danaSauloba, norma, saxelmwifo da sa-

marTali.
1. Sesavali
danaSauloba, dRes, ocdameerTe saukuneSi, yvela wina saukunesTan SedarebiT,

raodenobrivad da Tvisebrivad gansxvavebulad aris warmodgenili. misi masStabebi
sul ufro izrdeba da met safrTxes uqmnis kacobriobas, rac metyvelebs imaze, rom
mecnieruli Teoriebi bolomde ver xsnian danaSaulobis arssa da fenomens. es mdgoma-
reoba, gvafiqrebinebs imis aucileblobaze, rom kriminologiuri sakiTxebis kvlevi-
sas mecnierebam gansakuTrebuli yuradReba unda dauTmos iseTi fuZemdebluri kate-
goriis Seswavlas, romelic dagvanaxvebda yvela negatiuri movlenisaTvis damaxasia-
Tebel saerTo safuZvels.
es garemoeba obieqturad gvkarnaxobs, rom sakvlev sakiTxze pasuxi veZioT mar-
Tlmadideblur qristianul moZRvrebaSi, radgan yovelgvari negatiuri movlenis saTa-
ved, iqneba es amoraluri, antisocialuri Tu danaSaulebrivi qceva, miCneulia codva.
warmodgenili statia aris kvlevis mxolod is nawili, romlis mizania, codvis
normatiuli aspeqtis analiziT warmoaCinos codvis, rogorc danaSaulis, aseve dana-
Saulobis buneba, rac, Tavis mxriv, sxva kriminologiuri aspeqtebis siRrmiseuli ga-
mokvlevis winapirobaa.
*
326
daviT wulaia, danaSauli da danaSauloba, rogorc codvis gamovlinebis formebi
2. pirveli codvis normatiuli buneba
codvis normatiul bunebis Seswavla obieqturad moiTxovs kvlevis dawyebas

RmerTis mier adamisaTvis micemuli gafrTxilebis gaanalizebiT, radgan, rom ara
RmerTis gafrTxilebis darRveva, ar iarsebebda codva.
bibliaSi, dabadebis wignSi vkiTxulobT:
„gaafrTxila ufalma RmerTma adami, uTxra: yvela xis nayofi geWmeva am baRSi;
mxolod keTilisa da borotis Secnobis xis nayofi ar Wamo, radgan, rogorc ki SeWam,
mokvdebi.‫(״‬dab., 2, 16-17).
Tavdapirvelad unda aRiniSnos, rom sityva „norma“ (laT. norma) ganimarteba, ro-
gorc: „1. savaldebulo wesi an standarti; 2. qcevis standarti an eTikuri Rirebuleba:
maqsima; marTebuli qcevis principi; gansakuTrebiT imperatiuli gancxadeba, romelic
adasturebs an uaryofs, rom raRac unda gakeTdes, an, rom raRacas aqvs Rirebuleba;
3. idealuri standarti, romelic savaldebuloa jgufis wevrebisTvis da emsaxureba
marTebuli da misaRebi saqcielis gakontrolebas an daregulirebas.“1
normativizmis fuZemdebeli h. kelzeni aRniSnavs, rom sityva „normaSi“ Cven vgu-
lisxmobT raRacas, rac unda iyos, an unda moxdes, gansakuTrebiT imas, rom adamiani un-
da moiqces konkretulad,2 rom `norma~ aris qmedebis Sinaarsi, romliTac konkretuli
saqcielia nabrZanebi, gansazRvruli an nebadarTuli.3 sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, norma
gamoxatavs jerarsul qmedebas.
msgavsad normis koncefciisa, „samarTlebrivia norma, mxolod maSin, Tu igi aR-
niSnavs adamianis qcevis regulirebas da Tu igi aregulirebs adamianis qcevas iZule-
biTi RonisZiebis uzrunvelyofiT, rogoric aris sanqcia.”4
Sesabamisad, normis koncefciidan Tu amovalT, gamodis, rom adamis gafrTxile-
biT, RmerTma daadgina norma, radgan gafrTxileba – „keTilisa da borotis Secnobis
xis nayofi ar Wamo“ – gamoxatavs konkretul qcevis wess, qcevis wesis dawesebas, xolo
pirveli codva gamoxatavs am normis darRvevas, normidan gadaxril qcevas.
kvlevis am etapzec ki, rodesac varkvevT, rom codva aris normis darRveva, da
Tu gaviTvaliswinebT imasac, rom danaSauli da danaSaulobac, Tavis mxriv, gamoxatavs
normis darRvevas,5 SesaZlebloba gveZleva, gavakeToT pirveladi, winmswrebi xasiaTis
daskvna, romlis Tanaxmadac codva aris danaSaulic da danaSaulobac. sxva sityvebiT
Tu vityviT, normatiuloba aris codvis, danaSaulisa da danaSaulobis damaxasiaTebe-
li saerTo niSani.
1
Webster’s Third New International Dictionary of the English Language Unabrudged, (Editor in Chief Philip
Babcock Gove Ph.D and the Mariam Webster Editoria staff), Sringfield, Massachusetts, USA, 1981, 1540; 2, <
www.britannica.com/dictionary/norm> [01.06.2015].
2
Kelsen H., Pure Theory of Law, 2nd edition, (M.Knight tr.), University of California Press, Berkeley, Los Angeles,
London, 1978, 4.
3
iqve, 5.
4
Kelsen H., General Theory of Law and State, 3rd Printing, (A. Wedberg tr.), Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.A,
2009, 123.
5
danaSauli, rogorc samarTlebrivi instituti, gamoxatavs sisxlis samarTlis normis
darRvevas, xolo danaSauloba, rogorc samarTlebrivi movlena, niSnavs unormatiulobas.
327
zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, gamoirkva, rom: 1. codvis normatiuli bunebis

kvlevisTvis umniSvnelovanesia qcevis wesis, rogorc normis niSnis, gansazRvra, da 2.
normatiuloba aris codvis, danaSaulisa da danaSaulobis damaxasiaTebeli saerTo ni-
Sani.
bunebrivia, kvleva amiT ver amoiwureba, radgan jer kidev gasarkvevia, ramdenad
gamarTlebulia mxolod normatiuli niSnis, kerZod, qcevis wesis dadgeniT codvis da-
naSaulTan da danaSaulobasTan gaigiveba, radgan, rogorc cnobilia: 1. mecnierebaSi
arsebul normaTa tipologiis Tanaxmad, RmerTis pirveli gafrTxileba ganekuTvneba
araformalur, dauwerel da ara saxelmwifos mier dadgenil, samarTlebriv, poziti-
ur normaTa kategorias, da rac yvelaze mTavaria, 2. T. hobsis sityvebiT Tu vityviT,
`xelisufleba, da ara WeSmariteba, gansazRvravs samarTals („auctoritas, non veritas facit
legem“).6 samarTali ki aris saxelmwifos mier dadgenili normebis erToblioba7 da Sed-
geba mxolod da mxolod normebisagan.8
Sesabamisad, sakiTxis arsSi gasarkvevad unda davadginoT, Tu rogor esmis mar-
Tlmadideblur qristianul swavlebas saxelmwifo da misi samarTali. mizanSewonilad
migvaCnia, sakiTxi gavaanalizoT istoriul WrilSi, qronologiurad, Zveli da axali
aRTqmis mixedviT.
3. codvis samarTlebrivi buneba
3.1. saxelmwifo da samarTali Zveli aRTqmis mixedviT
bibliaSi saxelmwifos mmarTvelobis formis Sesaxeb saubari gvxvdeba dabadebis

wignSive, rodesac RmerTi gamocxadebaSi aRuTqvams abraams STamomavlobaSi mefeebis
arsebobaze, kerZod: „didad gagamravleb, xalxebad gaqcev da mefeni gamovlen Sengan.“
(dab., 17, 6).9 igive aRTqma RmerTis mier meordeba iakobTan gamocxadebisas: „inayofiere
da gamravldi, xalxi da xalxTa krebuli warmoiSoba Sengan da mefeni gamovlen Seni sa-
zardulidan.“ (dab., 35, 9-12).
es is gamocxadebaa, romliTac samamamTavro Teokratiis saidumloa axsnili.10
garda amisa, iakobi iudas winaswarmetyveluri kurTxevis dros aseve saubrobs mefe-
ebze, romlebic warmoiSobian iudas Stodan „xalxTa imedis“ mosvlamde. (dab., 49, 10).
mose winaswar Wvrets israelSi samefo mmarTvelobis dadgomas da amitomac xalxs sa-
xelmZRvanelod aZlevs mefis arCevasTan dakavSirebul miTiTebebs. aseve miTiTebebs
iZleva igi momavali mefisaTvis, misi cxovrebisa da qcevis wesebTan dakavSirebiT.11
6
Pluralism and Law: State, Nation, Community, Civil Society, Vol.2, (ed. Soetemen A.), Proceedings of the 20th
World Congress, Amsterdam 2001, 10; xubua g., samarTlis Teoria, Tb., 2004, 137.
7
8
ix. Rohl K., Allgemeine Rechtslehre, 191, citirebulia: xubua g., samarTlis Teoria, Tb., 2004, 50.
9
wm. efrem asuri am detalze brZanebs, rom am mefeebSi moiazreba iudas, efremisa da idu-
mielTa tomebis mefeebi, ix. Rirsi efrem asuri, Sesaqmis ganmarteba, Tb., 2014, 102; gvasalia
g., Sesaqmis ganmarteba, seria ègzegetikuri krebuli~, t. I, Tb., 2014, 271; lopuxini a.p.,
bibliis ganmartebani, I, (gamomc. red. dek. z. ZinZibaZe; mTargmn. T. metreveli), 2000, 197.
10
gvasalia g., Sesaqmis ganmarteba, seria ègzegetikuri krebuli~, t. I, Tb., 2014, 582.
11
lopuxini a.p., bibliis ganmartebani, III, (gamomc. red. dek. z. ZinZibaZe; mTargmn. T. met-
reveli), 2000, 54.
328
mefis, rogorc saxelmwifos mmarTvelobis formirebis realuri etapi ki, aRwe-

rilia `pirvel mefeTa“ wignSi, rodesac samuelTan misulma israelis xalxma gamoxata
mefis dasmis survili: „...dagvidgine axla mefe...“ (1 mef., 8, 5), radgan sjerodaT, rom er-
Tmpyrobeli mefis Zlieri xeli sakmarisi garantia iqneboda mravali, meorexarisxovani
mmarTvelobis borotmoqmedebaTa asalagmavad.12
bibliis komentarebSi ganmartebulia, rom „am droisTvis arsebuli saxalxo mmar-
Tvelobis forma Teokratiis xasiaTs atarebda (anu RvTivmmarTvelobisa), am sityvis
sruli gagebiT. zecisa da yvela xalxis RmerTi (Teokratia farTo gagebiT) Tavisi rCeu-
li xalxebisTvis miwier xelmwifesac warmoadgenda. misgan momdinareobda da ara marto
sufTa religiuri, aramed, imavdroulad, sazogadoebrivi da saxelmwifoebrivi xasia-
Tis kanonebi, dadgenilebebi, brZanebebi. rogorc xelmwife, igi, amave dros, warmoadgen-
da Tavisi xalxis samxedro Zalebis mTavar winamZRols. saRvTo karavi, rogorc uflis
davanebis sagangebo adgili, imavdroulad ebraeli xalxis xelmwifis rezidenciac iyo;
aq euwyeboda xalxs misi zeciuri da miwieri xelmwifis neba, misi religiuri, saxelmwi-
fo, sazogadoebrivi Tu ojaxuri mniSvnelovani movlenebis dros. winaswarmetyvelebi,
mRvdelmTavrebi, winamZRolebi, msajulni xalxis zeciuri mefis mxolod morCili Sem-
srulebelni da gamtarebelni arian“.13
„pirvel mefeTa“ wignSi ki aRwerilia movlenebi, romlebic Seexeba mefis dasmis
moTxovnas. ufali samuels eubneba:
„Seismine xalxis yoveli sityva, rasac getyvis, radgan Sen ki ar uargyves, aramed
me uarmyves TavianT mefed. rogorc iqceodnen im dRidan, roca egviptidan gamoviyvane,
dRemde, roca damiviwyes da ucxo RmerTebs daemonnen, aseve geqcevian Senc“. (1 mef., 8,
7-8).
rogorc mogvianebiT vxedavT, samuelma CaTvala, rom am survilis Sesruleba iqneb
arc ewinaaRmdegeba ebraelobaSi damkvidrebul RvTivmmarTvelobis formas, radganac
ebraelebis Teokratiuli saxelmwifos miwieri xelmwife ar aris da ar unda iyos meti,
vidre misi mmarTvelobis qveS myof xalxSi zeciuri xelmwifis kanonebis Semsrulebeli
da gamtarebeli. (meore rjl., 17, 14-20).14 ufali samuels miugebs:
„axla Seismine maTi sityva, oRond gaafrTxile da auxseni uflebebi mefisa, romel-
mac maTze unda imefos. uTxra samuelma uflis sityvebi xalxs, mefes rom moiTxovdnen
misgan.“ (1 mef., 8, 9-10).
samuelma ebraelebis mefis ara Zalauflebis statusis monaxazi gaakeTa (1 mef., 8,
11-18),15 aramed aRwera imdroindeli aRmosavleli mefeebis qcevis suraTi, romlis mkac-
ri ferebi garkveulwilad Segoneba iyo, raTa ebraelebi sifrTxiliT mohkidebodnen
maT mier Cafiqrebul RonisZiebas.16 miuxedavad amisa, israelis xalxma ar daujera samu-
els da kvlav uTxra:
12
lopuxini a.p., bibliis ganmartebani, IV, (gamomc. red. dek. z. ZinZibaZe; mTargmn. T. met-
reveli), Tb., 2000, 159.
13
iqve, III, (gamomc. red. dek. z. ZinZibaZe; mTargmn. T. metreveli), 2000, 159-160.
14
ix. <www.orthodoxy.ge/tserili/biblia/2rjuli/2rjuli-17.htm>, [01.08.2015].
15
ix. iqve.
16
lopuxini a.p., bibliis ganmartebani, IV (gamomc. red. dek. z. ZinZibaZe; mTargmn. T. met-
reveli), 2000, 161. .
329
„ara da ara, mefe unda gvesvas, Cvenc iseTebi unda viyoT, rogorc sxva xalxebi
arian. Cveni mefe gangvsjis Cven, win wagviZRveba da Cveni gulisTvis ibrZolebs.“ (1 mef.,
8, 19-20).
ufali ki mefed gamoarCevs sauls, beniaminis tomidan, romelsac samueli zeTiT
akurTxebs mefed: „aha, gcxo ufalma Tavisi samkvidros mTavrad.“ (1 mef., 10, 1). samueli
ganucxadebs israelianebs, rom isini mefis dadgenis moTxovniT uaryofdnen TavianT
RmerTs, romelmac Znelbedobis Jams ixsna egviptelTagan da yvela samefosagan, ro-
mlebic maT aviwroebdnen da rom ufalma mefed airCia sauli, ris Semdeg „gamoucxada
samuelma ers mefobis uflebani, wignSi Cawera da uflis winaSe dado.“ (1 mef., 10, 25).
„mefobis uflebani“ – Cawerili da uflis kidobnis win dadebuli – unda ganvas-
xvaoT imisgan, rasac samueli xalxs warudgens, rogorc im droisaTvis aRmosavleli
mefeebis qcevas. (1 mef., 8, 11-18). amis sapirispirod, Tanaxmad meore sjulis XVII Tavis
me-14-me-20 muxlebisa, samuelma (rogorc Cans) asaxa is sasurveli, Teokratiis Tval-
sazrisiT (ix. 1 mef., 8, 6. ganm.), mefis ideali, romlisTvisac unda miebaZa ebraelTa me-
fes. Tumca am dokumentis Sinaarss Cvenamde ar mouRwevia.17
garda amisa, Zveli aRTqmis sxva wignebSic moipoveba sxva mravali cnoba, rom-
lebic adastureben samefo xelisuflebisa da misi samarTlis arsebobas.18 maT Soris
gansakuTrebul yuradRebas imsaxurebs wigni „igavni solomonisa“, sadac vkiTxulobT:
„CemiT mefoben mefeni da CemiT aweseben samarTals mTavarni. CemiT mTavroben mTavarni
da didebulni – qveynis yvela msajuli“ (igav., 8, 15-16).
3.2. saxelmwifo da samarTali axali aRTqmis mixedviT
axal aRTqmaSi saxelmwifosa da samarTlis sakiTxebze ZiriTadad saubaria maTe-

sa da ioanes saxarebaSi, werilebSi: kaTolike epistoleni, pirveli petresi da pavle
mociqulis epistoleni romaelTa, koloselTa da I timoTes mimarT.
maTes saxareba aRwers saxelmwifos mier dadgenili wesebisadmi morCilebas. fa-
risevlebis gamosacdel SekiTxvaze, SeiZleboda Tu ara keisrisTvis xarkis gadaxda, ie-
so pasuxobs: „miageT keisars keisrisa, xolo RmerTs RmerTisa.~(maTe, 22, 21). am epizod-
Tan dakavSirebiT maTes saxarebis ganmartebaSi aRniSnulia isic, rom ufalma am pasu-
xiT gamoaCina kavSiri or mcnebas Soris, kerZod: movaleoba keisrisadmi da RmerTisad-
mi, pirveli mcnebis arasrulyofileba ukanasknelis gareSe. ar aris Zneli imis danaxva,
rom meore naxevari am mcnebisa „mieciT RmerTs RmerTisa“ ufro farToa, ramdenadac
xelmwifeba RvTisa umetesia da didi, vidre xelmwifeebi keisrisa.19
v. cipinis Tanaxmad, ieso qriste daeqvemdebara amqveyniur wesrigs. ufalma Tavis
jvarmcmels, ierusalimSi romis prokurators uTxra: „ar geqneboda araviTari xel-
mwifeba Cemze, maRlidan rom ar mogcemoda.“ (ioane, 19, 11). amiT, v. cipini xazs usvams im
17
iqve, IV, (gamomc. red. dek. z. ZinZibaZe; mTargmn. T. metreveli) 2000, 173.
18
ix. os., 13,11; rjl. ,17,14-15. 1. mef., 9.16-17; 16,12; 1 neSt., 28, 4-6; 1. mef., 12,13. 13,13-14. 15,28-
29; 16,12; 2 mef., 12,7; rjl., 17,20. 1 mef., 13, 13-14; 15, 28-29; 2 mef., 7, 12-16. fsalm. 88, 36-38 da
sxv.
19
ix. <www.orthodoxy.ge/tserili/zosime/22_15-22.htm>, [01.08.2015].
330
garemoebas, rom am sityvebiT ufalma aRniSna yovelgvari miwieri xelisuflebis zeci-

uri wyaro.
v. cipini ganavrcobs qristes swavlebas saxelmwifo xelisuflebasTan swori da-
mokidebulebis Sesaxeb da iSveliebs mociqulebis – petresa da pavles – werilebs:
„maS, RmrTis gulisaTvis, daemorCileT kacTa yovelgvar xelmwifebas; ginda me-
fes, rogorc uzenaes mbrZanebels, ginda mTavarT, rogorc mis mier warmogzavnilT bo-
rotmoqmedTa dasasjelad da keTilmoqmedTa saqebrad, radgan ise ineba RmerTma, rom
keTili saqmiT avukraT piri ugunur kacTa umecrebas.“ (epist. 1. petresi, 2, 13-16).20
„dae, yoveli suli uzenaes xelmwifebas daemorCilos, radganac ar arsebobs xel-
mwifeba, Tu ara RvTisagan; yoveli xelmwifeba RvTis mier dadgenilia. amitom, vinc ewi-
naaRmdegeba xelmwifebas, RvTis ganCinebas ewinaaRmdegeba; xolo winaaRmdgomni Tavi-
anT Tavze TviTonve moiweven sasjels. vinaidan mTavarni keTilismoqmedTaTvis ki ara,
borotmoqmedTaTvis arian saSiSni. Sen ginda, ar geSinodes xelmwifebisa? keTili akeTe
da naqebi iqnebi misgan, radganac is RvTis msaxuria Senda sasikeTod. magram Tu borots
sCadixar, geSinodes, vinaidan tyuilad rodi artyia xmali, aramed imitom, rom RvTis
msaxuria, risxviT Surismgebeli borotmoqmedTa mimarT. amitomac gvmarTebs morCi-
leba, ara marto sasjelis SiSiT, aramed sinidisiTac. swored imitom ixdiT xarks, rom
RvTis msaxurni arian am saqmeze gadagebulni. amrigad, yvelas miageT misi kuTvnili:
visac xarki egeba - xarki, visac baJi - baJi, saSiSars - SiSi, pativsacems - pativiscema.“
(epist. romaelTa mimarT, 13,1-7).21
amiT, mociqulebi qristianebs aswavlidnen, damorCilebodnen xelisuflebas, mi-
uxedavad imisa, Tu ra damokidebuleba hqonda TviT xelisuflebas eklesiasTan. ana-
logiur komentars akeTebs wminda werilis mkvlevari a. lopuxini, romlis Tanaxmad,
samoqalaqo cxovrebaSi qristianma unda gamoavlinos pativiscema RmerTis mier dad-
genili xelisuflebis mimarT.22
sakiTxSi ukeT gasarkvevad v. cipini erTmaneTisgan mijnavs eklesias da saxel-
mwifos. aRniSnavs, rom eklesia daarsebulia RmerTis, ieso qristes, mier, saxelmwifo
xelisuflebis RvTismieri dadgenileba ki gameSveobiTebulia istoriuli procesiT,
romelic aResruleba Semoqmedi da ganmgebeli RmerTis nebiT, rom eklesiis mizania
adamianis maradiuli xsna, xolo saxelmwifosi miwier keTildReobaSi gamoixateba.23 v.
cipini ixilavs eklesiisa da saxelmwifos urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxs da, aRniSnavs,
rom marTlmadidebluri eklesia ucvlelad dgas xelisuflebis iseT aRqmaze, romlis
Tanaxmadac, yoveli xelisufleba qristianobis samsaxurSi unda iyos, radgan `masSi Se-
20
ix. <www.orthodoxy.ge/tserili/akhali_agtqma/1petre-2.htm>, [01.08.2015].
21
ix.<www.orthodoxy.ge/tserili/biblia_sruli/akhali/romaelta/romaelta-13.htm#sthash.NZye1zGY.dpuf>,[01.08.
2015].
22
Лопухина А. П., Толковая Библия или комментарий на все книги Священного Писания Ветхого и Ново-
го Заветов, [10.06.2013], <www.bible.in.ua/underl/Lop/>, <www.bible.in.ua/underl/Lop/index.htm>, [17.11.
2014].
23
damatebiTi informaciisTvis ix. cipini v. (dek.), saeklesio samarTali, saRvTismetyvelo
samecniero almanaxi `feriscvaleba~, №1, gamomc. ànTimoz iverieli“ , Tb., 2010, 123-131.
331
iqmna yoveli, miwieric da zecieric; xiluli Tu uxilavi, saydarni Tu uflebani, mTav-

robani Tu xelmwifebani _yvelaferi mis mier da misTvis Seiqmna“ (epistol. kolosel-
Ta mimarT, 1, 16).
garda amisa, v. cipinis azriT, èklesia ara mxolod ganuwesebs Tavis Svilebs sa-
xelmwifo xelisuflebisadmi morCilebas, miuxedavad maTi warmomadgenlebis Sexedu-
lebebisa da rwmenis aRmsareblobisa, aramed loculobs kidec misTvis, „raTa mSvidad
da uSfoTvelad vicxovroT mTeli RvTismosaobiTa da siwmidiT.“ (epist. 1 timoTes mi-
marT, 2, 2)“.24
3.3 saxelmwifosa da samarTlis sakiTxebis analizi Zveli da

axali aRTqmis mixedviT
Zvel aRTqmaSi SeiZleba Semdegi aspeqtebis gamoyofa, kerZod:

1. mefis instituti araformalurad arsebobda Tavad israelis xalxSi, israelis
xalxis mier mefis dasmis moTxovnamde;
2. mefis instituti formalurad arsebobda sxva xalxebSi israelis xalxis mier
mefis dasmis moTxovnamde;
3. mefis formaluri instituti da samarTali arsebobs israelis xalxSi;
4. israelis xalxis mier mefis dasmis moTxovnamde arsebobda rogorc dauwereli
aseve dawerili normebi.
pirvel sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, „pirveli mefeTas“ wignidan irkveva, rom isra-
elTa mefe aris ufali, maTi RmerTi. ufali samuels eubneba: „...me uarmyves TavianT me-
fed“ (1 mef., 8, 7-8) da „...Tqveni mefe ki ufalia, RmerTi Tqveni.“ (1 mef., 12, 12). garda ami-
sa, Zveli aRTqmis saRvTo istoria gadmogvcems, rom adamis sikvdilis Semdgom ojaxs
ganagebda CamomavlobaSi uxucesi, romelic iwodeboda patriarqad, anu mamamTavrad.
ojaxis yvela wevri emorCileboda mamamTavars, romelic arCevda sadavo saqmeebs, dam-
naSaves sjida, marTals ifaravda. is gadascemda swavlebas RmerTze, momaval macxovar-
ze, swiravda RmerTs msxverpls. amgvarad, mamamTavari iyo Tavis CamomavlobaSi mefec,
mRvdelic da maswavlebelic.25 magaliTad, egviptidan gamosuli israelis xalxis winam-
ZRoli, anu mefe aris mose, romelic RmerTis nebiT israelis xalxs ganusazRvravs aT
mcnebas, normas, anu samarTals.
meore sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, Zvel aRTqmaSi mefis formaluri institutis ar-
seboba fiqsirdeba babilonis godlis Senebis periodidan, rodesac xalxi gaifanteba
dedamiwis sxvadasxva mxareSi, daiviwyebs WeSmarit RmerTs, sarwmunoebas da maT So-
ris gavrceldeba cru sarwmunoeba. urwmuno xalxSi ki bunebrivi movlenebi da sagnebi
miiqcevs xalxis yuradRebas. ifiqreben, rom isini arian RmerTebi. erTi WeSmariti da
uxilavi RmerTis magier maT gamouCndebaT bevri xiluli cru RmerTi, romlis gamo-
24
ix.: cipini v. (dek.), saeklesio samarTali, saRvTismetyvelo samecniero almanaxi `feris-
cvaleba~, №1, gamomc. ànTimoz iverieli“, Tb., 2010, 124; aseve, ix. <. www.orthodoxy.ge/tserili/
akhali_agtqma/1timote-2.htm#sthash.Kx7g3adX.dpuf>, [01.07.2015].
25
ix. yubaneiSvili n. (dek.), Zveli aRTqmis saRvTo istoria, Tb., 1990, 11.
332
saxulebebs gaakeTeben qvisagan, xisgan da liTonisgan.26 im drois warmarTi mefeebi ki

gamoscemdnen Sesabamis normebs.27 bibliaSi mravlad gvxvdeba cnobebi kerpTa msaxuri
mefeebis Sesaxeb. magaliTad, aRwerilia, rom elamis mefem da misma mokavSire mefeebma
daipyres sodom-gomori, segori da maT mezoblad mdebare adgilebi. ris Semdeg sodom-
gomorelni da maTi mezobelni da sxv.28 emorCilebodnen elamis mefes 12 weliwads. gar-
da amisa, kerpTayvanismcemeli mefeebis institutis arsebobas adasturebs, rogorc
ukve zemoT aRiniSna, wigni „pirvel mefeTa“, romlis mixedviTac irkveva, rom israelis
xalxma moiTxova mefis dasma sxva kerpTayvanismcemeli xalxebis msgavsad. (1 mef., 8, 5,
19-20). roca kerpTayvanismcemloba gaZlierdeba da xalxebSi gavrceldeba, maSin Rmer-
Ti inebebs erTi xalxis sxva xalxTagan ganSorebas, raTa erT xalxSi daculi yofiliyo
WeSmariti sarwmunoeba macxovris ganxorcielebamde. es RvTisgan arCeuli xalxi iyo
ebraelebi.29
mesame sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT unda iTqvas, rom mefe saulidan iwyeba israelis
xalxSi oficialurad samefo xelisuflebisa da samarTlis istoria. samueli akurTxebs
sauls mefed: àha, gcno ufalma Tavisi samkvidros mTavrad~ da gamoucxadebs israelis
ers mefobis uflebebs (1 mef., 10, 25), rac gansxvavdeba imdroindel aRmosavlel mefeTa
qcevis wesebisgan (1 mef., 8, 11-18).
meoTxe sakiTxTan mimarTebiT ki unda aRiniSnos, rom Zveli aRTqma mijnavs saR-
vTo Sinagan sjulsa da saRvTo garegnul sjuls mcnebebis saxiT: Sinagani sjuli, anu
dauwereli, xolo saRvTo garegnuli sjuli dauwereli da dawerili normebia. saRvTo
garegnul dauwerel normebs miekuTvneba, magaliTad, RmerTis mier israelis xalxi-
sadmi dadgenili yvela is mcneba, vidre RmerTi sinas mTaze moses miscemda aT mcnebas,
qvis or fiqalze dawerils, da mefobis uflebanic, romelTac ufali samuels daud-
gens: „gamoucxada samuelma ers mefobis uflebani, wignSi Cawera da uflis winaSe da-
do.“ (1 mef., 10, 25). garda amisa, Zvel aRTqmaSi, rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, moipoveba cno-
bebi warmarT xalxebSi dauwereli da dawerili normebis arsebobazec.
zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, daskvnis saxiT unda iTqvas, rom Zveli aRTqma sa-
xelmwifosa da samarTals aRwers Teokratiul sawyisebze, romlis Tanaxmadac, mefe,
anu monarqi aris RmerTis nebis gamtarebeli dedamiwaze. aq gansakuTrebul yuradRe-
bas ipyrobs is garemoeba, rom Tavdapirvelad jer RmerTi irCevs (rjl., 17,15. 1 neSt.,
28, 4-6) da daadgens mefeebs (rom. 13,1), xolo mefe daviTis Semdeg mefoba memkvidreobi-
Ti gaxdeba (2 mef., 7, 12-16. fsalm., 88, 36-38).
26
magaliTad, egviptelebi Tayvans scemdnen mdinares, xars, katas da sxv. ix. yubaneiSvili n.
(dek.), Zveli aRTqmis saRvTo istoria, Tb., 1990, 40.
27
magaliTad, egviptis mefis gamocemuli brZaneba, romlis mixedviT, ebraelebs axalSobili
vaJiSvilni wyalSi unda CaeyaraT. am ubedurebam ki ebraelebs RmerTi gaaxsena da mxurvaled
sTxovdnen mas am ubedurebidan gamoxsnas. RmerTma ki mxsnelad mose gamougzavna (gam., 1,
16,22; 2, 1-25; 3, 1-22).
28
magaliTad, egviptis mefe (dab., 40, 1-23; gam. 1, 8); babilonis mefe (meore neStTa, 36. 5);
yamonelTa mefe (1 mef. 12, 12) da sxv.
29
yubaneiSvili n. (dek.), Zveli aRTqmis saRvTo istoria, Tb., 1990, 15-16.
333
dekanoz v. cipinis kvlevaSi aRniSnulia, rom wminda werilis swavlebiT, saxelmwi-

fo aris RvTivdawesebuli instituti da mohyavs episkopos nikodimis (milaSis) sityvebi:
„RmerTma saxelmwifo xelisuflebas, iseve rogorc ojaxis pirvel Tavs, uboZa Za-
la, RmerTis saxeliT warmarTos adamianebi keTil gzaze“ da iqve dasZens, rom `Zveli
aRTqmidan sami umaRlesi msaxurebaa cnobili: samRvdelTmTavro, sawinaswarmetyvelo
da samefo. ufalma akurTxa israelis pirveli mefis, saulis saxiT, samefo msaxureba,
amiT man akurTxa yovelgvari saxelmwifo xelisufleba, damoukideblad mmarTvelobis
formisa“.30
axali aRTqma ki ufro TvalnaTliv dagvanaxvebs saxelmwifos RvTivdawesebul
bunebas da saxelmwifos mier Seqmnili samarTlis normebisadmi morCilebis valdebu-
lebas, rac aRwerilia maTesa da ioanes saxarebisa da kaTolike epistolenis muxlebSi.
marTalia, qristem gamijna erTmaneTisgan politikuri da Teologiuri sistema
„Cemi meufeba ar aris amqveyniuri~(ioane, 18,36), magram zeciuri meufe ar gvaTavisuf-
lebs amqveyniuri meufisadmi valdebulebisagan, radgan Tavad cnobs maT da Tavad gva-
valebs maT Sesrulebas, rasac adasturebs axali aRTqmis Semdegi muxlebi: (maTe, 22, 21),
(ioane, 19, 11), (epist. 1. petresi, 2, 13-16), (epist. romaelTa mimarT, 13, 1-7), (epistol.
koloselTa mimarT, 1, 16), (epist. 1 timoTes mimarT, 2, 2), (axali aRTqma, rom. ,13,1).31 es
muxlebi ki miuTiTebs imaze, rom marTlmadidebluri qristianoba ar ebrZvis araTe-
okratiul mmarTvelobas da rom SeuZlia mSvidobiani Tanaarseboba sxva religiebTan.
dabolos, unda aRiniSnos, rom iuridiul mecnierebaSi saxelmwifosa da samar-
Tlis warmoSobis Sesaxeb Teoriebs Soris Teologiuri Teoria yvelaze adreuli Te-
oriaa, romelic aRmocenda msoflios Sesaxeb pirvelsawyisi religiur-miTologiuri
warmodgenebidan. ramdenadac msoflio Seqmna RmerTma, amitom saxelmwifoca da samar-
Talic RvTaebrivi warmoSobisaa.32
4. RmerTis pirveli gafrTxilebis daxasiaTeba samarTlis

normis TvalsazrisiT
mas Semdeg, rac gamoirkva, rom codva aris samarTlis normis darRvevac, codvis
normatiuli bunebis ukeT warmoCenis mizniT, mizanSewonilia, RmerTis pirveli gaf-
rTxileba davaxasiaToT samarTlis normis TvalsazrisiT.
RmerTis pirvel gafrTxilebaSi SesaZlebelia gamovyoT samarTlis normis
struqturisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli elementebi: dispozicia da sanqcia.
dispoziciad unda miviCnioT: „yvela xis nayofi geWmeva am baRSi; mxolod keTilisa
da borotis Secnobis xis nayofi ar Wamo“, radgan aRwers normis Sinaarsis ganmsazRvrel
qcevis wess.
sanqciad, anu sasjelad, „mokvdineba“, radgan miuTiTebs, Tu ra Sedegi mohyveba
normis Seusruleblobas, mis dispoziciaSi aRniSnuli moTxovnis darRvevas.
30
ix. cipini v. (dek.), saeklesio samarTali, saRvTismetyvelo samecniero almanaxi `feris-
cvaleba~, №1, gamomcemloba ànTimoz iverieli“, Tb., 2010, 123.
31
aseve ixileT Zveli aRTqma, igav., 8, 15.
32
qarTuli samarTlis safuZvlebi (avtorTa koleqtivi, red. r. Sengelia), Tb., 2000, 23.
334
imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom es sanqcia zustad gansazRvravs zemoqmedebis im zomas,

romelic gamoyenebuli iqneboda normis darRvevis SemTxvevaSi, SegviZlia imis Tqmac,
rom saxeze gvaqvs absoluturad gansazRvruli sanqcia.
dabadebis wignis mesame Tavis me-16-me-17 muxlebidan irkveva isic, rom sasjelad,
mokvdinebasTan erTad miviCnioT tanjvac, radgan RmerTi, pirveli codvis gamo jer de-
dakacs eubneba:
„satanjvels gagimravleb da gagiZneleb orsulobas, tanjviT Sob Svilebs, qmris-
ken geqneba ltolva, is ki ibatonebs Senze“. (dab., 3, 16), xolo Semdeg adams eubneba: „raki
Sens dedakacs daujere da SeWame xis nayofi, romlis Wama akrZaluli mqonda SenTvis, mi-
wa daiwyevlos Sens gamo; tanjviT miiRebde misgan sazrdos mTeli sicocxle.“ (dab., 3, 17).
RmerTis pirvel gafrTxilebaSi, moTxovna – „mxolod keTilisa da borotis Sec-
nobis xis nayofi ar Wamo“ – mocemulia zustad da konkretulad, romlis mixedviT,
adams ufleba ar hqonda, Tavisi Sexedulebisamebr Seecvala an gaefarToebina igi. am-
rigad, RmerTis mier dawesebuli pirveli gafrTxileba unda ganvixiloT rogorc im-
peratiuli xasiaTis norma.
RmerTis pirvel gafrTxilebaSi moTxovna impliciturad da eqspliciturad
adasturebs imasac, rom normis dispozicia aris amkrZalavi xasiaTis, radgan moTxov-
na formulirebulia moqmedebis pirdapiri akrZalvis, misi Sesrulebis dauSveblobis
saxiT, –„ar Wamo“. amkrZalavi buneba aseve dasturdeba dabadebis wignis momdevno mux-
lebSic, rodesac Tavad RmerTi adams eubneba akrZalvis Sesaxeb: „im xis nayofi xom ar
giWamia, me rom agikrZale?“ (dab., 3, 11), da „...xis nayofi, romlis Wama akrZaluli mqonda
SenTvis...“ (dab., 3, 17).
garda amisa, RmerTis gafrTxilebaSi adamisTvis moTxovnis Sesruleba savalde-
buloa yovelgvari winaswari pirobis gareSe, rac imas niSnavs, rom RmerTis pirveli
gafrTxileba aseve unda ganvixiloT rogorc upirobo norma.
imis gamo, rom RmerTis gafrTxileba mimarTulia konkretulad gansazRvruli
pirisadmi – „gaafrTxila ufalma RmerTma adami...“ (dab., 2, 16) – RmerTis es gafrTxi-
leba SeiZleba ganvixiloT rogorc individualuri normis daweseba. Tumca dabadebis
Tavis momdevno muxlSi vkiTxulobT, rom gafrTxileba exeboda evasac – „uTxra gvelma
dedakacs: marTla giTxraT RmerTma, baRis arc erTi xis nayofi ar SeWamoTo? miugo de-
dakacma gvels: rac ki baRSia, yvela xis nayofi gveWmeva, oRond Suagul baRSi rom xea,
nu SeWamT, gviTxra RmerTma; ar gaekaroT, Torem mokvdebiTo...“ (dab., 3, 1-3). garda ami-
sa, gafrTxilebis sasjeli vrceldeba, rogorc adamsa da evaze, aseve maT modgmazec:
„satanjvels gagimravleb da gagiZneleb orsulobas, tanjviT Sob Svilebs, qmris-
ken geqneba ltolva, is ki ibatonebs Senze.“ (dab., 3, 16), „raki Sens dedakacs daujere da
SeWame xis nayofi, romlis Wama akrZaluli mqonda SenTvis, miwa daiwyevlos Sens gamo;
tanjviT miiRebde misgan sazrdos mTeli sicocxle.“ (dab., 3, 17).
aRniSnuli garemoebebis gaTvaliswinebiT, RmerTis pirveli gafrTxileba unda
ganvixiloT rogorc individualuri, aseve sayovelTao xasiaTis normis daweseba.
RmerTi, pirveli da erTaderTi gafrTxilebiT, – „keTilisa da borotis Secnobis
xis nayofi ar Wamo“ – adamisagan moiTxovs ara normis Sesrulebas an gamoyenebas, ara-
med mis dacvas. samarTlis normis aRsrulebis TvalsazrisiT, normis dacva unda CaiT-
valos yvelaze advil formad da minimalur moTxovnad, radgan normis dacva niSnavs
335
normiT dadgenili akrZalvis darRvevisagan Tavis Sekavebas, anu moqmedebisagan Tavis

Sekavebas - „ar Wamo“, xolo Sesruleba da gamoyeneba gulisxmobs aqtiur moqmedebas.
rogorc irkveva, daxasiaTebam moicva iseTi aspeqtebi, rogorebicaa: 1. normis
struqtura (dispozicia da sanqcia); 2. normis tipologia - imperatiuli, amkrZalavi,
upirobo, individualuri da sayovelTao norma; 3. normis Sefardeba.
iuridiul literaturaSi samarTlis normis mravali gansazRvrebis33 miuxedavad,
ikveTeba is, rom samarTlis norma: 1. dadgenili unda iyos saxelmwifos mier; 2. gamoxa-
tavdes adamian(is)Ta qcevas socialuri Tanacxovrebis regulirebis mizniT; 3. atareb-
des sayovelTao, savaldebulo da jerarsul xasiaTs, da 4. mis darRvevas unda mohyve-
bodes sadamsjelo RonisZiebis gamoyeneba.
qristianuli swavlebiT, saxelmwifo da samarTali aris RvTivdawesebuli insti-
tutebi da codviT normis darRvevis sakiTxisTvis mniSvneloba ara aqvs, romeli kate-
goriis normis darRvevasTan gvaqvs saqme – araformalurTan Tu formalurTan. amis
gamo samarTlis normis moTxovna saxelmwifos mier normis dadgenasTan dakavSirebiT
aqtualobas kargavs. RmerTis pirveli gafrTxileba avaldebulebda adams, evas da, ma-
Ti saxiT, mTlianad kacobriobas normis dacvas. amiT ki vlindeba, rom RmerTis gaf-
rTxileba gamoxatavs adamianTa qcevas, maTi socialuri Tanacxovrebis regulirebis
mizniT, rom RmerTis pirvel gafrTxilebas aqvs sayovelTao, savaldebulo da jerar-
suli buneba. dabolos, RmerTis pirveli gafrTxilebis darRveva iTvaliswinebs sas-
jels, mokvdinebisa da tanjvis saxiT.
5. daskvna
kvleviT dgindeba, rom codvis normatiuli buneba iTvaliswinebs rogorc zoga-

dad normis koncefciis, aseve samarTlis normis moTxovnebs. es mtkiceba efuZneba Cven
mier Catarebul kvlevas. kerZod, Tavdapirvelad gamoirkva, rom RmerTis gafrTxile-
ba dadebiTad pasuxobs zogadad normis koncefciis moTxovnas, radgan gafrTxileba
gamoxatavs qcevis wesis dadgenas. sxvagvarad Tu vityviT, RmerTis pirveli gafrTxi-
leba aris normis dadgena, xolo pirveli codva, normis darRveva. Sesabamisad, normis
koncefciaze dayrdnobiT, SesaZlebloba gveZleva, vimsjeloT codvis normatiul bu-
nebaze.
kvlevis Semdgom etapze dgindeba, rom saxelmwifosa da samarTals aqvs RvTiu-
ri ontologia da rom samarTlis normis darRveva aris codva. aseTi formula niSnavs
imas, rom codvis normatiuli bunebis kvlevisTvis arsebiTi mniSvneloba ara aqvs, Tu
ra kategoriis normis darRvevas vixilavT, araformalurs Tu formalurs, Tu vin ad-
gens mas, „xelisufleba Tu WeSmariteba“, radgan normis darRveva, yvela SemTxvevaSi,
ganixileba rogorc codva.
zogadad, normis RvTiuri warmomavlobis identificireba ki codvis farTo da
viwro gagebis Camoyalibebis SesaZleblobas iTvaliswinebs, kerZod:
33
ix.: Kelsen H., General Theory of Law and State, third printing, (A. Wedberg tr.), Cambridge, Massachusetts,
U.S.A, 2009, 123; qarTuli samarTlis safuZvlebi (avtorTa koleqtivi, red. r. Sengelia),
Tb., 2000, 46; xubua g., samarTlis Teoria, Tb., 2004, 50-51.
336
1. codvis farTo gageba moicavs yvela saxis normis darRvevas, rogorc arafor-
malurs, aseve formalurs (pozitiurs).
2. codvis viwro gageba moicavs mxolod saxelmwifos mier dadgenili samarTlis
normis darRvevas, maT Soris sisxlis samarTlis normis darRvevas.
zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, codvis bunebaSi, zogadad, normis koncefciis,
maT Soris samarTlis normis aspeqtis identificireba da aseve, codvis viwro da far-
To gagebiT diferencireba im daskvnis safuZvelia, romlis Tanaxmadac, codva aris da-
naSauli da danaSauloba, radgan samive cneba gamoxatavs normis darRvevas.
337
Tamar RvamiCava *
kasaciis mizani da farglebi administraciul procesSi
administraciul procesSi mniSvnelovani adgili ukavia sakasacio saCivris

instituts, misi dasaSvebobis safuZvlebis dadgenas, kasaciis mizans, amoca-
nebsa da farglebs.
sakasacio saCivris farglebSi arsebuli individualuri da sajaro intere-
sis dacvis ganxorcielebis uzrunvelsayofad mniSvnelovania kasaciis fun-
qcionaluri kompetencia, gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetilebis samarTlebrivi
elementebis gadaxedva, gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetilebis samarTlebrivi sa-
fuZvlianobis Semowmeba, gadasinjvadi uflebis SezRudva, sakasacio wesiT
gasaCivrebuli gadawyvtilebiT Semofargvla, sakasacio saCivris dasaSvebo-
bis boWva da sakasacio sasamarTlos valdebuleba, arsebiTad ganixilos gan-
sakuTrebuli mniSvnelobis mqone yvela sakasacio saCivari.
saapelacio sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebaTa sakasacio instanciaSi gasaCiv-
rebis procesualuri instituti ramdenime mizans isaxavs: mxaris interesebis
dacvasa da erTiani marTlmsajulebis uzrunvelyofas; sakasacio instanci-
aSi saqmis ganxilvasa da msgavsi kategoriis saqmeebze erTgvarovani sasamar-
Tlo praqtikis Camoyalibebas.
sakvanZo sityvebi: kasaciis arsi, mizani, amocanebi, farglebi, kasaciis boW-

va, individualuri da sajaro interesi, erTiani marTlmsajuleba, samarTlis
ganviTareba, erTgvarovani sasamarTlo praqtika.
1. Sesavali
kasaciis arsi da mizani dargobriv literaturaSi ganixileba rogorc savalde-

bulo, xolo, nawilobriv, rogorc gardauvali. gansakuTrebuli dava mimdinareobs
imasTan dakavSirebiT, unda emsaxurebodes Tu ara kasacia mxolod da mxolod, an upi-
ratesad, erTiani sasamarTlo praqtikis Camoyalibebis sayovelTao interesebsa Tu
konkretul SemTxvevaSi arsebul, swori gadawyvetilebis miRebis individualur inte-
ress. es kanonmdeblisaTvis namdvilad mniSvnelovani sakiTxi SedarebiT naklebmniS-
vnelovania (Tumca ara umniSvnelo) samarTalgamomyeneblisaTvis.1
sakasacio gadawyvetilebis miRebis winapirobaa yovelTvis Sesabamisad ufle-
bamosili piris mier saproceso moqmedebis ganxorcieleba. miuxedavad imisa, rom ka-
*
Tsu-is iuridiuli fakultetis doqtoranti, asistent-profesori.
1
May A., Die Revision in den zivil-und verwaltungsgenichtlichen Verfahen (ZPO, ArbGG, VwGo, SGG, FGO)
Eine systemastsche Darstellung under besonderer Berûck-sichtigung der höchtrichterlichen Rechtsprechung/
von Artur May 2, ünberarbeitete-und erweiterte Auflage Köln. Berlin. Bonn. München: Heymanns, 1997, 16.
338
Tamar RvamiCava, kasaciis mizani da farglebi administraciul procesSi
sacia, am sityvis wminda enobrivi TvalsazrisiT, aris gadamowmeba, gadaxedva, anu ga-
daxedvis saganze misaRebi gadawyvetileba, aq saubaria procesis monawile mxaris mier
gasaCivrebis ukanasknel saSualebaze, romlis Setanis SesaZleblobasac mesame (gare)
piri moklebulia im SemTxvevaSic ki, rodesac am ukanasknels aqvs gadawyvetilebis ga-
dasinjvis samarTlebrivi, ekonomikuri (finansuri) Tu raime sxva saxis interesi. Ta-
vad procesis monawile mxares, romlis mimarTac ar gasaCivrebula wina instanciis sa-
samarTlo gadawyvetileba, ekrZaleba sakasacio sasamarTlo ganxilvaSi monawileobis
miReba.
gasaCivrebis sxva SesaZlebloba, magaliTad sakonstitucio saCivari, romelic
SesaZlebels xdis sakasacio gadawyvetilebis konstituciasTan Sesabamisobis kuTxiT
gadaxedvas, aris ara gasaCivrebis saxe, aramed konstituciuri kontrolis meqanizmi,
romelic, magaliTad, miniWebuli aqvs germaniis federalur sakonstitucio sasamar-
Tlos saxelmwifo xelisuflebis yvela demokratiuli organos mimarT.2
2. sakasacio sasamarTlos boWva, arsi da amocanebi
sakasacio saCivari SezRudulia rogorc dasaSvebobis, ise gadaxedvis moculobi-

sa da farglebis mixedviT. es boWva da gasaCivrebis sxva SesaZleblobebis mimarT misgan
gamomdinare gansxvaveba aris sinamdvileSi sakasacio saCivris ZiriTadi arsi da miza-
ni. nebismieri sasamarTlo samarTalwarmoebis mizania konkretul davis saganze samar-
Tliani gadawyvetilebis miReba, romelic Seesabameba moqmed samarTalsa da romelmac
sabolood unda daasrulos da amowuros procesis monawileTa Soris arsebuli dava.
amas ganekuTvneba: gadawyvetilebis misaRebad mniSvnelovani faqtobrivi garemoebebis
gamoZieba da dadgena; mxedvelobaSi misaRebi samarTlebrivi debulebebis SerCeva da
Sinaarsobrivi gansazRvra (ganmarteba); aseve saqmis faqtobrivi garemoebebidan da-
sadgomi samarTlebrivi Sedegebis dadgena (subsumcia – kvalifikacia).3
gadawyvetilebis misaRebad friad mniSvnelovania yvela es calkeuli aspeqti.
amavdroulad, kanonmdebloba Semoifargleba sakasacio wesiT gasaCivrebuli gadawy-
vetilebis samarTlebrivi gadaxedviT, maSasadame, moqmedi samarTlis normebis mar-
Tebuli gamoyenebiT. aqedan TvalnaTliv gamomdinareobs, rom saubaria konkretul
SemTxvevaSi misaReb samarTlian gadawyvetilebaze, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, sakasacio
sasamarTlos unda mieniWos gadawyvetilebis misaRebad mniSvnelovani faqtobrivi ga-
remoebebis SeuzRudavad gadasinjvisa da gamoZiebis uflebamosileba. aseT SemTxveva-
Si sakasacio gadaxedva daemsgavseboda saapelacio ganxilvas.
saapelacio sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis (ganCinebis) kanonierebis Semowmeba
gulisxmobs materialur-samarTlebrivi da procesualur-samarTlebrivi normebis
darRvevis Semowmebas. magram sakasacio sasamarTlos qarTuli modelis mixedviT, ga-
2
iqve, 16.
3
Eine systemastische Darstellung unter besonderer Berück-sichtigung der höchtrichterlichen Rechtsprechung/
von Artur May 2, ünberarbeitete-und erweiterte Auflage Köln. Berlin. Bonn. München: Heymanns, 1997, 16-17.
339
dawyvetilebis kanonierebis Semowmebas aqvs Tavisi farglebi, romelTac mosamarTle

ver gascdeba, kerZod, sssk-is 404-e muxlis pirveli nawilis4 Tanaxmad, sakasacio sasa-
marTlo amowmebs gadawyvetilebas sakasacio saCivris farglebSi. sakasacio sasamar-
Tlos ar SeuZlia, Tavisi iniciativiT Seamowmos saproceso darRvevebi, garda 396-e
muxlis pirveli nawilis `v“ punqtSi5 miTiTebuli faqtebisa, romlebic miuTiTeben
procesualur darRvevaze.6
zemoaRniSnuli miuTiTebs imaze, rom qarTuli modelis sakasacio sasamarTlo
ar aris faqtebis damdgeni sasamarTlo da amowmebs mxolod gasaCivrebuli gadawyve-
tilebis kanonierebis sakiTxs. SeiZleba sakmaod bevri iTqvas imis Sesaxeb, Tu riT aris
ganpirobebuli kasaciis aseTi modelis arseboba, magram, vfiqrobT, misi mTavari maxa-
siaTebeli is miznebi da amocanebia, romlebic dgas sakasacio sasamarTlos winaSe.
sakasacio sasamarTlos mier miRebuli gadawyvetilebis kanonierebis Taobaze sa-
kiTxis dayeneba samarTalwarmoebis mxaris uflebaa, xolo miRebul gadawyvetilebas-
Tan dakavSirebuli msjeloba uzenaesi sasamarTlos prerogativaa.7 sakasacio warmo-
ebis mTavari amocana (mizani) aris ara saqmis arsebiTad gadawyveta (ganxilva), aramed
qvemdgomi sasamarTlos mier miRebuli gadawyvetilebis kanonierebis Semowmeba.8
Semowmebis samarTlebrivi funqcia aris sakasacio sasamarTlos amocanebisa da
miznebis ganmsazRvreli erT-erTi elementi.9
kasacia, ZiriTadad, marTlmsajulebis erTiani sistemis dacvas emsaxureba, rome-
lic, Tavis mxriv, xels uwyobs rogorc samarTlebrivi usafrTxoebis ganmtkicebas, ise
SezRuduli moculobiT marTlmsajulebis calkeuli sakiTxebis ganviTarebas.10
aRsaniSnavia, rom, franguli kanonmdeblobis mixedviT, sakasacio saCivari miznad
isaxavs sakasacio sasamarTlos mier gadawyvetilebis kanonTan Sesabamisobis Semowme-
bas, aqedan gamomdinare, igi ganixilavs gadawyvetilebis mxolod samarTlebriv mxares.
igi ar amowmebs saqmis faqtobriv garemoebebs da ar SeuZlia mokvleviTi saqmianobis
ganxorcieleba. igi arc axal mtkicebulebebs ganixilavs da arc xelmeored amowmebs
mtkicebulebebs, romlebic gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetilebis gamomtan sasamarTloSi
iyo wardgenili.11
4
Sead. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsi, 404-e muxli, saqarTvelos parlamenti,
№1106, 14.11.1997, <https:/matsne.gov.ge/ka/document/view/29962>.
5
Sead. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsi, 396-e muxli, saqarTvelos parlamenti,
№1106, 14.11.1997, <https:/matsne.gov.ge/ka/document/view/29962>.
6
Todria T., faqtobrivi garemoebebis mniSvneloba sakasacio sasamarTloSi, Tb., 2011, 25-
26.
7
mamaiaSvili T., erTgvarovani sasamarTlo praqtikisadmi miZRvnili konferencia, saka-
sacio sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba, Jurn. `marTlmsajuleba~, №1, 2008, 104.
8
qurdaZe S., samoqalaqo saqmeTa ganxilva zemdgomi instanciis sasamarTloebSi, Tb., 2006,
94.
9
mamaiaSvili T., erTgvarovani sasamarTlo praqtikisadmi miZRvnili konferencia, saka-
sacio sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba, Jurn. `marTlmsajuleba~, №1, 2008, 105.
10
Zivilprozessordnung, Kommentar von Prof. Dr. Heinz Thomas, Dr. Klaus Reichold, Prof. Dr. Hans Putzo, Dr.
Rainer Hüsstege, 24., neubearbeitete Auflage, Vergal C.H. Beck, München, 2002, 895-896.
11
Ginchard S., Raynaud P., Nouveau Code de Procedure civile, Dalloz, edition 2002, 334-339.
340
garkveuli samarTlebrivi debulebebis samarTalgamoyenebiTa da aragadasin-

jvadobiT Semofargvla da sakasacio sasamarTlos Zalian mkacri dasaSvebobis wina-
pirobebi TvalnaTliv cxadyofs, rom konkretul SemTxvevaSi misaRebi samarTliani
gadawyvetileba ar aris sakasacio gadaxedvis erTaderTi mizani. erTiani sasamarTlo
praqtikis (samarTlebrivi usafrTxoeba) da samarTlis ganviTarebis sajaro intere-
si ganapirobebs kasaciis mizans. imavdroulad, qvemdgomi sasamarTlo instanciis mier
dadgenili faqtobrivi garemoebebi xSirad ar aris gamoricxuli sakasacio wesiT gada-
sinjvisas, risi gaTvaliswinebac xSirad arasakmarisad xdeba. faqtobrivi garemoebe-
bis gadaxedva aucilebelia aseve maTi moqmed samarTalTan Sesabamisobis kuTxiT. Tum-
ca es saWiroebs gansakuTrebul protests, romlis dasabuTebulobac aTavisuflebs
sakasacio sasamarTlos boWvisagan. kasaciis ZiriTad arsze zegavlenas axdens ara sa-
kasacio sasamarTlos pirobiTi boWva qvemdgomi sasamarTlo instanciis mier dadgenili
faqtobrivi garemoebebiT, aramed akrZalva, Tavadve gamoikvlios da daadginos gadawy-
vetilebis misaRebad mniSvnelovani faqtobrivi garemoebebi, rac, dasabuTebuli pro-
testis SemTxvevaSi, zogadad iwvevs gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetilebis gauqmebasa da saqmis
xelaxla gansaxilvelad qvemdgom, saqmis faqtobriv garemoebaTa damdgen sasamarTlo
instanciaSi gadagzavnas.12
sakasacio sasamarTlos winaSe mdgari umniSvnelovanesi amocanaa, Seamowmos saqmis
iuridiuli mxare, is, Tu ramdenad sworadaa Sefardebuli samarTlis norma, ramdenad
sworadaa gagebuli im normis (kanonis) azri da Sinaarsi, romelic gamoiyena sasamarTlom
konkretuli saqmis gadawyvetis dros.13 esaa kasaciis Taviseburebis arsi, samarTlebri-
vi saSualebebis sistema, romelic gansazRvravs kasaciis Taviseburebebs, da aris samar-
Tlebrivi mowesrigebis meqanizmi.14
franguli kanonmdeblobiT sakasacio sasamarTlo ar ganixilavs xelmeored saq-
mes, romlis mimarTac Semotanili iyo sakasacio saCivari. mas SeiZleba, gansaxilvelad
waredginos mxolod samarTlebrivi sakiTxebi, romlebic am saqmesTan dakavSirebiTaa
wamoyenebuli. dauSvebelia sakasacio sasamarTloSi axali mtkicebulebebis wardgena.15
avstriis kanonmdeblobiT, sakasacio samarTalwarmoebis mizania erTiani mar-
Tlmsajulebis uzrunvelyofa, samarTlis rogorc materialuri, ise saproceso nor-
mebis Sinaarsis erTgvarovnad gageba, samarTlebrivi usafrTxoeba, samarTlis ganvi-
Tareba. ar unda moxdes saapelacio sasamarTlos mxridan uzenaesi sasamarTlos mier
uzrunvelyofili marTlmsajulebis erTiani sistemis gverdis avla, maSin, rodesac
aseTi erTiani marTlmsajuleba jer kidev ar arsebobs, an arsebobs, magram ara erTiani
marTlmsajulebis saxiT.16
12
von Artur May 2, ûnberarbeitete-und erweiterte Auflage Kôln. Berlin. Bonn. Mûnchen: Heymanns, 1997, 17.
13
liluaSvili T., samoqalaqo procesis sakiTxebi saqarTvelos sasamarTloebis praqtikaSi,
nawili I, Tb., 2002, 165.
14
Алесеев С.С., Обшая теориа права. Т. 2, М., 1982, 9.
15
Couchez G., Procedure civile, Dalloz, 9e edition 1996, 387-389.
16
Jurisdiktionsnorm und Zivilprozessordnung, Herausgegeben von Dr. Rudolf Stohanzl. 15; Auflage. Wien 2002,
399-416.
341
saapelacio sasamarTlos yvela gadawyvetileba ar aris gasaCivrebadi sakasacio

wesiT, radgan kanonmdebloba garkveul winapirobebze damokidebuls xdis sakasacio
saCivris dasaSvebobas. mizani aris sakasacio sasamarTloebis gantvirTva sruliad
usagno, umniSvnelo samarTlebrivi davebis ganxilvisagan da maTi sicocxlisunaria-
nobis SenarCuneba, kanonmdeblis mier dasaSvebobis am winapirobebis SerCeva. aq mniS-
vnelovania kasaciis miznis upiratesobis sakiTxis gadasawyvetad sayovelTao da indi-
vidualuri interesi.
amdenad, sul ufro metad daimkvidra Tavi dasaSvebobis principma (sakasacio sa-
Civris qonebriv-samarTlebriv Rirebulebaze damokidebulebis gverdiT), umTavresad,
rodesac saqme exeba gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobasa da divergentulobas. am midgomiT,
sakasacio saCivari dasaSvebia mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac saxezea maRali finan-
suri interesisa da samarTlebrivi mniSvnelobis mqone samarTlebrivi dava. xelmi-
sawvdomobis SezRudvebi ki, ZiriTadad, gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobisa da divergen-
tulobis gamo, exeba dasaSvebobis aucileblobas, Tumca angariSs uwevs sajaro in-
teresebs, roca Tavidan aaridebs sakasacio sasamarTlos aragadasinjvad saqmeebs da
unarCunebs mas maRal funqciur unarianobas. amdenad, marTebuli da samarTliani ga-
dawyvetilebis miRebis individualuri interesi ar gadadis ukana planze, aramed rCeba
sakasacio samarTalwarmoebaSi kasaciis miznad. 17
unda aRiniSnos, rom sakasacio sasamarTlos Seqmnis mizania, uzrunvelyofili
iyos sasamarTlo praqtikis erTgvarovneba, kanonebis erTgvarovani gageba. kasaciis
ZiriTadi mizani ar SeiZleba iyos sxva, Tu ara mxareTa uflebebis dacva saqarTvelos
kanonmdeblobis Sesabamisad, sasamarTlo Secdomebis gamosworeba, romlebic SeiZle-
ba dauSvan maT am kanonmdeblobis gamoyenebisas.18
im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac erTiani sasamarTlo praqtikis Camoyalibebis uzrun-
velyofa mniSvnelovnad axdens zegavlenas kasaciaze, imavdroulad, es ar aris kasaci-
is arc erTaderTi da arc upiratesi mizani. kanonmdebeli ufro martivad miaRwevda
am mizans, Tu igi, konkretuli saqmis farglebSi gasarkvevi samarTlebrivi sakiTxebis
miRma SesaZlebels gaxdida konkretulad gasarkvev da dasadgen samarTlebriv sakiTx-
ebze mboWavi pasuxebis gacemas. samarTlebrivi erTgvarovnebisa da samarTlis ganvi-
Tarebis garda, kasaciam, misi SezRudvebis miuxedavad, unda uzrunvelyos konkretuli
saqmis samarTlianad gadawyveta. amaze, uwinares yovlisa, metyvelebs is, rom qvemdgo-
mi sasamarTlo instanciis gadawyvetileba gadaxedvadia ara sakuTari iniciativiT,
aramed mxolod da mxolod procesis erT-erTi monawile mxaris Suamdgomlobis safuZ-
velze. kanonmdebelma mianiWa procesis monawile mxareebs gasaCivrebis ukanaskneli
(Tumca SezRuduli) individualuri uflebebis dacvis uflebamosileba, roca isini ar
aqcia samarTlebrivi erTgvarovnebis damcvelebad.19
17
18
xrustali v., kasaciis miznebi da sakasacio saCivris gansaxilvelad miRebis (dasaSvebobis)
winapirobebi, krebulSi: liluaSvili T., 75 wlis saiubileo krebuli, Tb., 2003, 188.
19
342
amdenad, misi mizani didad arc gansxvavdeba sxvaTa miznebisagan, uzrunvelyos

samarTlebriv davaze swori gadawyvetilebis miReba da xeli Seuwyos procesis monawi-
le mxareTa Soris arsebuli davis sabolood dasrulebas.
dasaSvebobis winapirobebis arsebulma SezRudvebma, erTi mxriv, unda uzrun-
velyos sakasacio sasamarTlosaTvis naklebad mniSvnelovani saqmeebis Tavidan acile-
ba, xolo, meore mxriv, SezRudon gadasaxedi gadawyvetilebis moculoba. kanonmdebeli
Seecada am miznis miRwevas samoqalaqo saproceso samarTalSi, uwinares yovlisa, davis
sagnis Rirebulebis SezRudviT, mogvianebiT ki, nawilobriv paraleluradac, daawesa
dasaSvebobis winapirobebi. xolo administraciul samarTalwarmoebaSi, gansxvavebiT
samoqalaqo procesisagan, sakasacio saCivari dasaSvebia, miuxedavad sarCelis fasisa.
am SemTxvevaSi ar gamoiyeneba sssk-is 365-e muxlisa da 391-e muxlis me-2 nawilis20 moTx-
ovnebi. (sask-is muxli 3421). kasaciis dasaSvebobasa da gadaxedvis moculobas Soris
gansxvaveba yovelTvis ar aris sakmarisad gaTvaliswinebuli kasaciis miznis sakiTxze
msjelobisas.
tendencia aSkarad midis sasamarTlos gantvirTvis mizniT dasaSvebobis sul uf-
ro viwro winapirobebis dawesebisa da sakasacio sasamarTlos funqciuri unarianobis
SenarCunebisaken, samarTlebrivi erTgvarovnebisa da samarTlis ganviTarebis sayo-
velTao interesis wina planze wamowevisaken.22
3. sakasacio saCivris farglebSi arsebuli individualuri da

sajaro interesis dacvis ganxorcielebis uzrunvelyofa
kanonmdebeli, sakasacio saCivris dasaSvebobis winapirobaTa farglebSi, upira-

tesobas aniWebs samarTlebrivi erTgvarovnebis sajaro interesis dacvasa da calsa-
xad ayenebs mas konkretuli saqmis samarTlianad gadawyvetis individualur interes-
ze win. amis miuxedavad, sakasacio saCivari rCeba procesis calkeuli monawile mxare-
ebisaTvis individualuri uflebebis dacvisa da ganxorcielebis saSualebad. sajaro
interesebis dasacavad aRmocenebuli dasaSvebobis winapirobis daZlevis Semdeg saka-
sacio sasamarTlom unda miiRos konkretul saqmeze samarTlebrivad marTebuli ga-
dawyvetileba, romelsac ar eqneba aranairi pirdapiri da uSualo samarTlebrivi ze-
moqmedeba sxva, procesSi aramonawile, pirebsa Tu davis sxva sagnebze, am sxva saqmeze
msgavsi davis sagnisa da samarTlebrivi sakiTxebis arsebobis SemTxvevaSic ki. imavdro-
ulad, cxadia, rom sakasacio sasamarTlos mier amoxsnili samarTlebrivi sakiTxebi,
rogorc wonadi umaRlesi sasamarTlo instanciisa, zegavlenas axdens qvemdgomi sasa-
20
Sead. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsi, 365-e da 391-e muxlebis me-2 nawili,
saqarTvelos parlamenti, №1106, 14.11.1997, <https:/matsne.gov.ge/ka/document/view/29962>.
21
Sead. saqarTvelos administraciuli saproceso kodeqsi, 34-e muxlis pirveli nawili,
saqarTvelos parlamenti, №2352 23.07.1999, <https://matsne.gov.ge/ka/dokument/view/16492>.
22
343
marTlo instanciebis samarTalgamoyenebasa da mosaxleobis samarTlebriv qcevaze.23

sakasacio sasamarTlom, uwinares yovlisa, unda gaiTvaliswinos nebismieri sa-
marTaldarRveva da Tavadve gamoiyenos yoveli samarTlebrivi norma, romelsac esa
Tu is saproceso kodeqsi ar gansazRvravs, rogorc aragadaxedvad debulebas. kasato-
ris valdebulebaa konkretul kanondarRvevaze miTiTeba, romelic imavdroulad ar
gamoricxavs sakasacio sasamarTlos mier qvemdgomi sasamarTlo instanciis gadawyve-
tilebis kasatoris mier miuTiTebeli kanondarRvevis miuxedavad gauqmebas. sxva wesi
vrceldeba mxolod saproceso sakiTxebsa da, gansakuTrebiT, faqtobrivi garemoebe-
bis dadgenis proceduraze, romlebic sakasacio instanciaSi marTlac gadasinjvadia
mxolod kanondarRvevebis saproceso protestis (miTiTeba) farglebSi. Tumca aqac
arsebobs sagamonakliso SemTxvevebi gansakuTrebulad mZime saproceso xarvezebze,
romlebic gasaTvaliswinebelia sakuTari iniciativiTac.24
kanonmdebloba gadaxedvadi samarTlebrivi normebis darRvevas ayenebs wina
planze qvemdgomi sasamarTlo instanciis gadawyvetilebis gadasinjvis winapirobad,
sinamdvileSi saqme exeba ara imdenad kanondarRvevis gamovlenas, ramdenadac, metwi-
lad, sakasacio saganze swori saboloo gadawyvetilebis miRebas, gadasinjvadi samar-
Tlebrivi normebis gamoyenebis SezRudviT. aqedan, gansakuTrebiT, gamomdinareobs
is, rom kasacia SeiZleba dasabuTebuli iyos kanondarRvevis gareSec, magaliTad, im
SemTxvevaSi, rodesac gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetilebis miRebis Semdeg ZalaSi Sevida am
konkretul saqmeSi gamosayenebeli samarTlebrivi norma, romelsac qvemdgomi instan-
ciis sasamarTlo verc gamoiyenebda da verc daarRvevda.25
unda aRiniSnos, rom, germanuli kanonmdeblobiT, kanondarRvevis arseboba ar
aris sakasacio saCivris dasabuTebuloba da ar iwvevs gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetile-
bis gauqmebas, im SemTxvevaSi, Tu darRveva aramizezSedegobrivia, an kidev gauqmebu-
lia sxva romelime kanondarRveviT da imgvarad kompensirebadia, rom gadawyvetileba,
saboloo jamSi, marTebulia. germaniis federaluri sakonstitucio sasamarTlo sa-
marTlebrivi erTgvarovnebis dacvas miiCnevs sakasacio sasamarTlos upirveles amo-
canad. sxva gadawyvetilebebSi ki sasamarTlom erTgvarad Searbila es gamonaTqvami da
wamoayena, erTi mxriv, samarTlebrivi usafrTxoebisa da samarTlis ganviTarebis ar-
gumentebi, xolo, meore mxriv, mxaris daintereseba samarTliani gadawyvetilebis mi-
RebiT.26
mxaris interesebis dacvis argumentebi aris aseve sakasacio saCivris, rogorc ga-
saCivrebis namdvili saSualebis, Camoyalibeba, romelic SesaZlebelia mxolod mxaris
SuamdgomlobiTa da xarjebiT, aseve mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac gadawyvetile-
ba miiReba ara zogadsamarTlebriv, abstraqtul sakiTxze, aramed konkretul samar-
Tlebriv davaze, aseve reformatio in peius-is (uaresiT Secvla) akrZalva da mxolod pro-
23
Eine systemastsche Darstellung under besonderer Berück-sichtigung der höchtrichterlichen Rechtsprechung/
24
iqve, 20.
25
Eine systemastsche Darstellung under besonderer Berûck-sichtigung der hôchtrichterlichen Rechtsprechung/
26
iqve, 20-21.
344
cesis monawileTa Soris moqmedi kanonieri Zala. e.i., gadawyvetilebis sauaresod Seb-
runeba, gadawyvetilebis Secvla kasatoris sawinaaRmdegod, sakasacio sasamarTlos
gadawyvetilebis Zala mxolod procesis monawileebze vrceldeba.
erTiani sasamarTlo praqtikisa da samarTlis ganviTarebis sayovelTao intere-
sis sasargeblod ki metyvelebs kasaciis funqciuri kompetencia, gasaCivrebuli ga-
dawyvetilebis samarTlebrivi elementebis gadaxedva, gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetilebis
samarTlebrivi safuZvlianobis Semowmeba, gadasinjvadi uflebis SezRudva, sakasacio
wesiT gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetilebiT Semofargvla, sakasacio saCivris dasaSvebobis
boWva da sakasacio sasamarTlos valdebuleba, arsebiTad ganixilos gansakuTrebuli
mniSvnelobis mqone yvela sakasacio saCivari.27
germaniis federaluri sakonstitucio sasamarTlo miiCnevs, rom kasacia aris
„sakanonmdeblo mizanSewonilobis warmodgenis Sesabamisad Camoyalibebuli sapro-
ceso warmonaqmni. misi funqciuri gansazRvrisas ki unda vixelmZRvaneloT moqmedi
samarTliT“. am sakanonmdeblo konstelaciiT, kasacia aris „gasaCivrebis saSualeba,
romelic unda emsaxurebodes sayovelTao interessac da mxaris interesebsac“.28 mar-
Talia, SezRudulia sakasacio sasamarTlos mier saqmis gadasinjvis uflebamosile-
ba, Tumca, rogorc ki is Cndeba, misi mizania gadasawyveti SemTxvevis samarTlebrivad
marTebuli gadawyvetilebis miReba. es mizani pirdapir da uSualod gamomdinareobs
Tavad kanonismieri regulaciebidan, kerZod, kasaciis zemoT aRwerili formidan, ro-
gorc mxaris saCivridan saqmeze marTebuli gadawyvetilebis misaRebad.
sakasacio sasamarTlos xelmisawvdomobis kuTxiT, ZiriTadad, miznebi ar gamo-
ricxavs erTmaneTs; piriqiT, isini xels uwyoben da ganavrcoben erTmaneTs; calkeu-
li SemTxvevis gadawyvetis gadmosaxedidan, mizania erTiani sasamarTlo praqtikis
Camoyalibeba da samarTlis ganviTareba da qvemdgomi sasamarTlo instanciis mimarT
makontrolebeli funqciis arseboba. am miznisaken mimavali gza ki aris kanonismieri
regulaciiT calkeuli saqmis samarTliani da marTebuli gadawyveta.29 germaniis fed-
eralurma sakonstitucio sasamarTlom, faqtobrivad, samarTliani uari uTxra dar-
gobriv literaturaSi gamoTqmul upiratesi sayovelTao interesis mosazrebas da gan-
marta, rom kasacia, mis sxva miznebTan SedarebiT, ara mxolod meore rigSi, emsaxureba
calkeuli saqmis gadawyvetis dacvis interess.30 xazgasmulia sakasacio sasamarTlos
orgvari amocana: erTi mxriv, marTlmsajulebis erTiani sistemis dacva da samarTlis
27
Eine systemastsche Darstellung under besonderer Berûck-sichtigung der hôchtrichterlichen Rechtsprechung/
28
Sead. germaniis federaluri sakonstitucio sasamarTlos 1978 wlis 09 seqtembris gan-
Cineba 2, 831/76. BV erfG, Beshchl. V. 9.9. 1978 – 2 BvR 831/76 – Bverf GE 49, 148 ff.
29
Sead. germaniis federaluri sakonstitucio sasamarTlos plenumis 1980 wlis 11 ivnisis
ganCineba 1/79, germaniis federaluri sakonstitucio sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebebi, 54,
277, 289. BVerfG, Beschl.des Plenums v. 11.6.1980 – IPBvU 1/79 – BverfGE 54, 277, 289.
30
345
ganviTarebaze sajaro interesi da, meore mxriv, calkeul samarTlian gadawyvetile-

bebze mxareTa interesebis dacva.
amocanebi da miznebi ganuyofelia da, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom yvela konkretuli
amocana, garkveulwilad, TviTon aris mizani.31
sakasacio sasamarTlos, Tavis mxriv, evaleba, Tu arsebobs sakasacio saCivris
warmoebaSi miRebisa da dasaSvebobis yvela winapiroba, ganixilos sakasacio saCivari
arsebiTad da miiRos mis mimarT Sesabamisi gadawyvetileba; kerZod, imis miuxedavad,
Tu rogori iqneba ganxilvis Sedegebi, daakmayofilos, an uari uTxras kasators sakasa-
cio saCivris moTxovnaze, meore mxriv, gadawyvetilebis sakasacio wesiT gasaCivrebis
SesaZlebloba da TviT sakasacio sasamarTlos arseboba aris realuri samarTlebrivi
saSualeba, kidev erTxel Semowmdes gadawyvetilebis siswore, misi samarTlebrivi da-
sabuTebulobis TvalsazrisiT, rac iZleva imis imeds, rom Secdoma Tu samarTlebriv
dasabuTebaSi marTlac daSvebulia, gaswordes es Secdoma, gaswordes gadawyvetile-
ba. zemoT aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, naTlad gamoikveTa kasaciis erTi mizani: mxareTa
uflebebisa da interesebis dacva, romelsac sxvanairad individualuri interesebis
dacvas uwodeben.32
dasaSvebobis winapirobebis gansxvavebebi da aragadasinjvadi samarTlebrivi
normebi aris mxolod xarisxobrivi da ara zogadi xasiaTisa; amdenad, isini ar exeba ka-
saciis mizans. es namdvilad vrceldeba, magaliTad, im sxvaobaze, romelic axasiaTebs
SejibrebiTobis princips samoqalaqo samarTalwarmoebaSi da inkviziciurobis prin-
cips administraciul samarTalwarmoebaSi, romelic sakasacio instanciaSi gamoixate-
ba mxolod im sakiTxSi, aris Tu ara saproceso xarvezi mtkicebulebaTa moupovebloba.
kasaciis mizania gadawyvetilebis miRebis interesi da erTiani sasamarTlo praq-
tikisa da samarTlis ganviTarebis interesi, kanonmdeblis mier dasaSvebobis winapiro-
bebis kuTxiT, da aseve sakasacio sasamarTlos mosamarTlis winaSe, romelic kanonis
ZaliT valdebulia, daicvas, daakmayofilos da SesabamisobaSi moiyvanos orive inte-
resi ise, rogorc amas gansazRvravs konkretuli saproceso kanonmdebloba.
kasaciis mizani ar SeiZleba iyos sxva, Tu ara mxareTa uflebebis dacva saqarTve-
los kanonmdeblobis Sesabamisad, sasamarTlo Secdomebis gasworeba, romlebic SeiZ-
leba dauSvan maT am kanonmdeblobis gamoyenebisas.33 sakasacio sasamarTlos funqcia
unda iyos kanonebis erTgvarovnad gamoyenebis uzrunvelyofa saqarTvelos mTel te-
ritoriaze.34
sakasacio sasamarTlom unda Seamowmos da gaiTvaliswinos sarCelis dasaSvebobi-
saTvis aucilebeli uflebadacvis moTxovnileba, Tumca mxolod da mxolod dasaSvebi
kasaciis farglebSi.35
31
Алиескеров M.A., Кассационное производство по гражданским делам: вопросы теории и практики. Изд.
`норма~, 2005,42.
32
liluaSvili T., samoqalaqo saqmeTa warmoeba sasamarTloSi, praqtikuli saxelmZRvanelo,
II gamocema, 2005, 494.
33
iqve, 303.
34
qiria g., samoqalaqo saqmeebze sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebaTa gasaCivrebis Taviseburebani,
Jurn. `samarTali~, 1997, № 9-10, 76-78.
35
346
procesualuri saSualebebis sworad gamoyenebas aqvs gadamwyveti mniSvneloba

sakasacio sasamarTlos winaSe gansazRvruli miznebis miRwevisaTvis. SeiZleba iTqvas,
rom erTianobaSi aRebul samarTlebriv saSualebaTa sistemis meSveobiT mowesrigebu-
lia is procesualur-samarTlebrivi urTierTobebi, romlebic warmoiSoba sakasacio
saCivris aRZvriT.36
amasTan erTad, eWvs aRar iwvevs, rom saqarTveloSi kasaciis Seqmnis erT-erTi mi-
zani iyo kanonebis erTgvarovnad gageba da erTiani marTlmsajulebis uzrunvelyofa.
aseTi mizani dasaxulia TiTqmis yvela qveynis sakasacio sasamarTloebis winaSe, ro-
melsac sxvanairad sajaro interesebis dacvas uwodeben.37
kasaciis saqmianobaSi rogorc individualuri, ise sajaro interesebis dacva
Tanabrad mniSvnelovania.38
4. daskvna
swored sakasacio sasamarTlo unda iyos samarTliani sasamarTlos garanti sa-

xelmwifoSi. sakasacio sasamarTlosTan dakavSirebuli RonisZiebebis ganxilvisas
mxedvelobaSia misaRebi is faqti, rom saqme ukve or sasamarTlo instanciaSia ganxilu-
li.39
uzenaesi sasamarTlo, romlis konkretuli mizania samarTlis dinamikuri, prog-
resirebadi da maunificirebeli ganmartebis uzrunvelyofa, mniSvnelovan rols
asrulebs samarTlebrivi usafrTxoebis ganmtkicebaSi. zogadad, uzenaesi sasamar-
Tloebi uzrunvelyofen imas, rom garantirebuli iyos moqalaqeTa samarTlebrivi
mdgomareoba sxva moqalaqeebTan an xelisuflebis organoebTan urTierTobaSi. uzena-
esma sasamarTloebma unda uzrunvelyon konstitiuciuri normebis uSualo gamoyeneba
da am normebis gaTvaliswinebiT kanonebis ganmarteba.40
miuxedavad imisa, rom uzenaes sasamarTloebs ara aqvT sakanonmdeblo ufleba-
mosileba, maT unda Seasrulon kanonis ganmartebis dinamikuri roli, zedamxedveloba
gauwion sasamarTloebis mier kanonis gamoyenebas da amgvarad uzrunvelyon sasamar-
36
Todria. T., faqtobrivi garemoebebis mniSvneloba sakasacio sasamarTloSi, Tb., 2011, 28-
29.
37
liluaSvili T., samoqalaqo saqmeTa warmoeba sasamarTloSi, praqtikuli saxelmZRvanelo,
II gamocema, 2005, 494.
38
xrustali v., kasacia samoqalaqo samarTalwarmoebaSi, ix. disertaciis avtoreferati,
2004, 9-10.
39
qecbaia e., sakasacio saCivris dasaSvebobis pirobebi samoaqalaqo samarTalwarmoebaSi,
Jurn. marTlmsajuleba, №2, 2007, 158.
40
samarTliani sasamarTlos ufleba, Tb., 2001, 162; cntraluri da aRmosavleT evropis
uzenaesi sasamarTloebis TavmjdomareTa da mosamarTleTa Sexvedraze miRebuli re-
zolucia centralur da aRmosavleT evropis qveynebSi sasamarTlo xelisuflebis
gaZlierebis Sesaxeb, Temaze ùzenaesi sasamarTlo da sakonstitucio sasamarTlo:
rolis, uflebamosilebisa da funqciebis urTierTdamokidebuleba~, praRa da brno, 21-
23 oqtomberi, 1988.
347
Tlo praqtikis erTgvarovneba. rogorc kanonis damcvelebi, isini xels uwyoben Tavi-
suflebaTa da ZiriTad uflebaTa iuridiuli usafrTxoebis SenarCunebas da dacvas.41
uzenaes sasamarTlos akisria udidesi mniSvnelobis samarTlebrivi misia.42
es yovelive, sabolood, xels Seuwyobs ara mxolod moqalaqeTa ZiriTadi ufle-
bebisa da Tavisuflebebis efeqtur dacvas, aramed uzrunvelyofs qarTuli adminis-
traciuli samarTlis daxvewas da samomavlod ganviTarebas, rogorc mecnieruli, ase-
ve praqtikuli TvalsazrisiT.
41
samarTliani sasamarTlos ufleba, Tb., 2001, 157.
42
iqve,165.
348
liana giorgaZe *
miwis samSeneblosamarTlebrivi statusi
statiis mizania, gamokveTos da gansazRvros miwis samSeneblosamarTlebri-

vi statusi, rogorc samSeneblo samarTlis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani sakiTxi.
naSromSi ganxilulia miwis, rogorc obieqtis, arsi da mniSvneloba, samSeneb-
lo saqmianobis gansaxorcieleblad misi gamoyenebis pirobebi; cal-calke
aris ganxiluli miwis samarTlebrivi statusi dagegmarebis nawilSi da mSe-
neblobis nawilSi, aseve, miwisaTvis samarTlebrivi statusis miniWebis wina-
pirobebi.
sakvanZo sityvebi: samSeneblo samarTali, samSeneblo dagegmareba, miwa, ro-

gorc obieqti, miwis samarTlebrivi statusi, zonireba, miwis gamoyenebis pi-
robebi.
1. Sesavali
samSeneblo samarTali administraciuli samarTlis erT-erTi qvedargia. Tavisi

bunebidan gamomdinare, igi kavSirSia samarTlis sxva dargebTanac. Tumca, radganac aq
saqme Seexeba saxelmwifos mier am sferoSi aqtiur Carevasa da urTierTobebis mTeli
rigis mowesrigebas, samSeneblo samarTali ufro metad sajarosamarTlebriv bunebas
atarebs.
samSeneblo sferoSi umTavresi obieqtia miwa, romelzec xorcieldeba samSeneb-
lo saqmianoba. marTalia, am saqmianobis mTavari produqti aris aSenebuli Senoba-nage-
boba, romelic sxvadasxva daniSnulebiT gamoiyeneba da meti sargebeli moaqvs, magram,
samarTlebrivi mowesrigebis TvalsazrisiT, miwis samarTlebrivi statusi aranakleb
mniSvnelovania. winamdebare naSromis mizania, gamokveTos da gansazRvros miwis samSe-
neblosamarTlebrivi statusi, rogorc samSeneblo samarTlis erT-erTi mniSvnelo-
vani sakiTxi.
naSromSi ganxiluli iqneba miwis, rogorc obieqtis, arsi da mniSvneloba, samSe-
neblo saqmianobis gansaxorcieleblad misi gamoyenebis pirobebi; cal-calke iqneba
ganxiluli miwis samarTlebrivi statusi dagegmarebis nawilSi da mSeneblobis nawil-
Si, aseve, miwisaTvis samarTlebrivi statusis miniWebis winapirobebi.
naSromSi gamoyenebulia analizis, deduqciis, SedarebiTsamarTlebrivi kvlevis
meTodebi.
*
Tsu-is iurdiuli fakultetis doqtoranti.
349
2. miwa, rogorc obieqti
2.1. miwa – strategiuli daniSnulebis obieqti
miwa unikaluri resursia. mis mimarT adamianis interesi ar aris axali. jer kidev
uZvelesi droidan miwis floba miiCneoda Zlieri da stabiluri arsebobis garantad.
is, visac hqonda sakuTari miwa, sazogadoebaSi sargeblobda SedarebiT maRali socia-
luri statusiT.
miwis mimarT maRali interesi ar aqvs mxolod kerZo pirs. igi saxelmwifoebriva-
dac mniSvnelovani obieqtia. istoriulad kacobrioba arc ise male da martivad mivida
kerZo sakuTrebis aRiarebamde. rogorc wesi, miwis upirobo da erTpirovnul mesakuT-
red yovelTvis iTvleboda saxelmwifo.
saxelmwifos erT-erTi mTavari niSani aris teritoriis arseboba. cxadia, es te-
ritoria saxelmwifos sakuTrebad iTvleba, magram es ar zRudavs kerZo sakuTrebis
uflebas. TeoriaSi arsebobs mosazreba, romlis Tanaxmadac qveynis miwis fondis ga-
moyenebis globaluri mniSvnelobis sakiTxebs, erovnuli interesebidan gamomdinare,
wyvets saxelmwifo. amasTan, miwaze kerZo sakuTreba nawarmoebia saxelmwifo sakuTre-
bidan.1 Tumca saxelmwifos interesi, xSir SemTxvevaSi, kerZo interesze maRla dgeba
da, miuxedavad liberaluri midgomisa, is itovebs uflebamosilebas, kerZo mesakuT-
reebisgan damoukideblad gansazRvros miwis gamoyenebis ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi, ra-
mac SesaZloa gamoiwvios mesakuTreTa interesebis SezRudva.2
miwis daniSnuleba da mniSvneloba dramatulad Seicvala e.w. „industriuli re-
voluciis“ Semdeg,3 rodesac gaCndnen kompaniebi, romelTac daiwyes miwis aqtiuri ga-
moyeneba sxvadasxva kerZo samewarmeo mizniT. esec gaxda erT-erTi mizezi imisa, rom
momxdariyo miwis gamoyenebis samarTlebriv doneze mowesrigeba.
miwa ar mravldeba da Seucvlelia.4 igi aris imdeni, ramdenic aris da iseTi, rogo-
ric aris. es Tavisebureba iwvevs swored masze gansakuTrebuli mowesrigebis dadgenis
aucileblobas.
miwis arsis sxvadasxvagvari gageba arsebobs. miwa aris fizikuri monacemebis mqo-
ne bunebrivi warmonaqmni, romelic mTlianobaSi dedamiwis nawilia. Tumca aris ufro
farTo ganmartebac, magaliTad, is, rom miwa aris yvelaferi isic, rac miwas exeba da
masze aris damagrebuli/dakavSirebuli (Tundac saxli da misi saZirkveli, mcenare da
1
wiklauri b., qalaqTmSenebloba (samSeneblo dagegmva) samSeneblo samarTalSi, Jurn.
`sarCevi~, №1(2), Tb., 2011, 34, citirebulia: turabeliZe n., saqarTvelos miwis samarTali,
Tb., 2002, 58.
2
`sarCevi~, №1(2), Tb., 2011, 34.
3
McFarlane B., Hopkins N., Nield S., Land Law: Text, Cases, and Materials, Oxford University Press, 2012, 5.
4
`sarCevi~, №1(2), Tb., 2011, 34, citirebulia: Brenner M., Baurecht, 2. Neu bearbeitete Auflage,
Heidelberg, 2006, 14.
350
liana giorgaZe, miwis samSeneblosamarTlebrivi statusi
a.S.).5 sxva mosazrebiT, mxolod miwasTan mWidrod dakavSirebuli sagnebi ar moiazreba

miwad, aramed, aseve, nebismieri kanonieri qoneba da interesi miwis mimarT SeiZleba ga-
nixilebodes, samarTlebrivi TvalsazrisiT, „miwad“.6
sabolood, miwa aris is obieqti, romelzec xorcieldeba nebismieri procesi da
romelic yvela qveyanaSi specialuri mowesrigebis sagania, Tavisi gansakuTrebuli
mniSvnelobidan gamomdinare.
2.2. miwa – gansakuTrebuli samarTlebrivi mowesrigebis obieqti
samarTlebrivi TvalsazrisiT, miwa aris samoqalaqo brunvis sagani, rac gulis-

xmobs imas, rom masze Tavisuflad ideba xelSekruleba da igi eqceva sxvadasxva sa-
marTlebrivi reJimis farglebSi. Tumca, cxadia, miwa ar aris mxolod samoqalaqosa-
marTlebrivi brunvis sagani – is samarTlis araerTi dargisa da sferos mowesrigebis
farglebSic xvdeba.
sainteresoa, am TvalsazrisiT, germaniaSi damkvidrebuli midgoma. erT-erT saq-
meze germaniis federalurma sakonstitucio sasamarTlom ganmarta: is garemoeba, rom
miwa Seucvlelia da, amasTan, ar eqvemdebareba gamravlebas, krZalavs, rom igi srulad
iqnes mindobili Tavisufali Zalebis gauTvaliswinebel TamaSsa da calkeul pirTa mi-
xedulebebs; samarTliani samarTlebrivi da sazogadoebrivi sistema miwasTan mimar-
TebiT moiTxovs sazogadoebrivi interesebis metad gaTvaliswinebasa da gamoxatvas,
vidre sxva qonebrivi sikeTeebis SemTxvevaSi. arc saxalxo-sameurneo mosazrebebidan
da arc misi socialuri mniSvnelobidan gamomdinare, ar SeiZleba miwa avtomaturad ga-
uTanabrdes sxva qonebriv sikeTeebsa da Rirebulebebs; samarTlebriv brunvaSi ki igi
ver iqneba miCneuli da miRebuli rogorc moZravi saqoneli.7
radganac miwa mravalfunqciuria, misi marTlzomieri gamoyenebis sakiTxi sxva-
dasxva socialur urTierTobaSi ikveTeba. ramdenadac miwa aris sxvadasxva bunebrivi
resursis wyaro, igi eqceva maTi ganawilebis regulirebis sferoSi. miwa garemos ganu-
yofeli Semadgenelia, ris gamoc masze garemos dacvis samarTlis moqmedeba vrcelde-
ba. es gamoixateba garemosdacviTi nebarTvebis gacemiTa da, zogadad, garemoze zemoq-
medebis kontroliT sxvadasxva samarTlebrivi meqanizmis saSualebiT.
miwa samSeneblo saqmianobis ganxorcielebis erTaderTi da Seucvleli obieqtia.
swored miwis Tavisebureba ganapirobebs gansxvavebuli samSeneblo regulaciebis ar-
sebobas. ramdenadac, rogorc aRiniSna, miwa araganaxlebadi resursia, romelic sakma-
od SezRudulia, aucilebelia misi marTlzomieri da logikuri gamoyenebis pirobebis
dadgena, rasac uzrunvelyofs samSeneblo samarTali.
5
MacKenzie J-A., Phillips M., Textbook on Land Law, Oxford University Press, 2014, 10.
6
iqve. saintereso faqtia, rom monarqiebSi (mag., did britaneTSi) miwis mesakuTred iTvleba
mxolod monarqi, xolo danarCeni kerZo mesakuTreebi ganixilebian konkretuli mamulis
mflobelebad an pirebad, romelTac kerZo interesi aqvT am miwis mimarT. ix. MacKenzie J-A.,
Phillips M., Textbook on Land Law, Oxford University Press, 2014, 10.
7
Svabe i., germaniis federaluri sakonstitucio sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebebi, (GIZ),
2011, 252, <http://lawlibrary.info/ge/books/giz2011-ge-BVerfGE.pdf>.
351
samoqalaqo kanonmdeblobiT dadgenili uZravi nivTis cneba moiazrebs miwas, mas-

Si arsebuli wiaRiseuliTa da masze myarad damagrebuli Senoba-nagebobebiT.8 am nor-
mis gramatikuli ganmarteba rom gamoviyenoT, uZrav nivTad moiazreba mxolod miwa,
radgan masze arsebuli Senoba-nagebobebi an masSi arsebuli wiaRiseuli uZrav nivTad
CaiTvleba mxolod im pirobiT, Tu isini uZravad arian dakavSirebuli miwasTan. miwis-
gan maTi gamocalkevebis SemTxvevaSi, isini kargaven „uZravis“ statuss. Tavis mxriv, sa-
moqalaqo kanonmdebloba uZrav nivTebze, moZravisgan gansxvavebiT, gacilebiT mkacr
da zust regulaciebs awesebs. uZravi nivTis (miwis) mesakuTred piri CaiTvleba mxo-
lod sajaro reestrSi misi registraciis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi. aseve, sajaro rees-
trSi registracia aZlevs pirs uflebas, moaxdinos uZravi qonebis gasxviseba. aqve xde-
ba miwasa Tu sxva uZrav nivTze arsebuli uflebebisa da valdebulebebis registracia.
yovelive es adasturebs saxelmwifos gansakuTrebul interess miwis samarTlebrivi
mowesrigebis mimarT.
miwas, misi funqciuri daniSnulebidan gamomdinare, eniWeba sxvadasxva samar-
Tlebrivi statusi. sakanonmdeblo doneze calke kanoniT aris mowesrigebuli sasof-
lo-sameurneo daniSnulebis miwis gasxvisebisa da masTan dakavSirebuli sxva samar-
Tlebrivi sakiTxebi. sasoflo-sameurneo daniSnulebis miwa, iseve, rogorc nebismieri
miwa, saxelmwifosTvis strategiuli mniSvnelobis obieqtia, ramdenadac masze aris
didwilad damokidebuli qveynis ekonomikuri ganviTareba. cxadia, aseTi mniSvnelobi-
dan gamomdinare, dawesebulia gansakuTrebuli samarTlebrivi regulaciebi miwis gas-
xvisebasTan dakavSirebiT. am sakiTxze saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlomac
imsjela, rodesac ganixilavda sakonstitucio sarCels sasoflo-sameurneo daniSnu-
lebis miwis nakveTis ucxoelsa da sazRvargareT registrirebul iuridiul pirebze
gasxvisebisas damatebiTi valdebulebis dakisrebis Sesaxeb normis konstituciuroba-
ze. am gadawyvetilebis detaluri ganxilva ar aris saintereso,9 Tumca mniSvnelovania
aRiniSnos, rom mopasuxes (saqarTvelos parlamenti) am valdebulebebis dakisrebis ar-
gumentad mohyavs „sasoflo-sameurneo daniSnulebis miwebis strategiuli mniSvnelo-
ba qveynis usafrTxoebis, garemos dacvis, ekonomikisa da janmrTelobis dacvis sfero-
Si“.10 sakonstitucio sasamarTlom nawilobriv daakmayofila sakonstitucio sarCeli,
riTac sasoflo-sameurneo daniSnulebis miwis nakveTebis gasxviseba ucxoelebze yo-
velgvari damatebiTi valdebulebis dakisrebis gareSe aris SesaZlebeli. es ar aris ga-
marTlebuli, radgan miwa ar unda moiazrebodes Tavisufali brunvis sagnad da ar unda
8
ix. saqarTvelos kanoni „saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsi~, saqarTvelos sakanonmdeblo
macne, miRebulia 1997 wlis 26 ivniss, 149-e muxli.
9
sakonstitucio sarCelSi moTxovnili iyo „sasoflo-sameurneo daniSnulebis miwis
sakuTrebis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis me-4 muxlis me-11, me-12 punqtebis sityva
„ucxoeli da~ da me-13 punqtis antikonstituciurad cnoba, rogorc madiskriminebeli
terminisa, sakuTrebis uflebasTan mimarTebiT. es sarCeli sakonstitucio sasamarTlom
daakmayofila 21-e muxlTan mimarTebiT.
10
saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba №3/1/512, 2012 wlis 26 ivnisi,
me-12 abzaci.
352
moxdes misi Tavisufali gasxviseba/gankargva im SemTxvevebSi, rodesac es iwvevs „miwis

arajansaR ganawilebas“.11
amdenad, rogorc ikveTeba, miwa ar aris ubralod bunebrivi resursi, romelsac
adamianebi sxvadasxva daniSnulebiT iyeneben. miwa aris gansakuTrebuli samarTlebri-
vi reJimis qveS moqceuli obieqti, romelzec sxvadasxva samarTlebrivi urTierToba
axdens gavlenas.
3. miwis samSeneblosamarTlebrivi statusis

gansazRvris winapirobebi
3.1. miwis samarTlebrivi statusis zogadi gansazRvra
miwa rom gansakuTrebuli samarTlebrivi regulirebis sagania, amaze ukve iyo sa-
ubari. ramdenadac gansaxilveli sakiTxi ukavSirdeba samSeneblo samarTlis WrilSi
miwis statusis gansazRvras, saWiroa, gaimijnos miwis gamoyenebis mniSvneloba samSe-
neblo miznisaTvis da misi samarTlebrivi reJimi samSeneblo samarTalSi.
arsebobs sxvadasxva mosazreba imasTan dakavSirebiT, samSeneblo samarTali sa-
marTlis romel dargs ganekuTvneba, kerZo samarTals Tu sajaros. SesaZlebelia am
sakiTxze kamaTi da argumentebis moZiebac, Tumca erTi ki udavoa, rom samSeneblo sa-
marTals orive dargisTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebi aqvs. germaniaSi gamoyofen „kerZo
samSeneblo samarTals“ da „sajaro samSeneblo samarTals“.12 TiToeul maTganSi miwis
gansxvavebuli regulireba ikveTeba.
a) kerZosamarTlebrivi mowesrigeba
kerZo samSeneblo samarTlis sagania mSeneblobis procesSi warmoSobili kerZo-

samarTlebrivi urTierTobebi da mezobelTa kerZo interesebis dabalanseba.13 kerZo
interesebSi bevri ram SeiZleba moiazrebodes, dawyebuli mxareTa piradi, ekonomiku-
ri interesiT,14 damTavrebuli sxva nebismieri interesiT, romelic SeiZleba ukavSir-
debodes mSeneblobas.
kerZo interesis gamomxatvelia, agreTve, kerZo pirebs Soris SeTanxmebis dade-
bis SesaZlebloba miwis nakveTze mSeneblobis mimdinareobis procesSi.15
miwis statusTan mimarTebiT, kerZosamarTlebriv WrilSi, miwa unda ganixilebo-
des rogorc samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi brunvis sagani. miwaze SesaZlebelia nebismie-
ri samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi xelSekrulebis dadeba, kanoniT dadgenili wesebis gaT-
11
Svabe i., germaniis federaluri sakonstitucio sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebebi, (GIZ), Tb.,
2011, 250, <http://lawlibrary.info/ge/books/giz2011-ge-BVerfGE.pdf>.
12
turava p., samSeneblo samarTlis ZiriTadi cnebebi da institutebi, `samarTlis Jurnali~,
№2, 2009, 121.
13
iqve.
14
gegenava d., samSeneblo samarTali da misi samarTlebrivi buneba, Jurn. `sarCevi~, №1, 2011,
29.
15
iqve.
353
valiswinebiT. samSeneblo samarTlis miznebidan gamomdinare, mSeneblobis nebarTvis

gacemis dros dgindeba miwaze arsebuli samarTlebrivi reJimi, kerZod, mSeneblobis
maZiebeli subieqti miwis uSualo mesakuTrea, Tu mxolod mflobeli (ijaris an sxva sa-
xis xelSekrulebis safuZvelze).
samSeneblo samarTali TavisTavad gulisxmobs samezoblo urTierTobebis mTel
speqtrs, romelic, garda samSeneblo normebisa, regulirdeba samoqalaqo normebiT.
mezoblebs Soris arsebuli urTierTobebi dakavSirebulia gansxvavebuli kerZo inte-
resebis urTierTpativiscemasTan, samezoblo Tmenis valdebulebasTan da a.S. cxadia,
samSeneblo samarTali cdilobs, Tavidan aicilos nebismieri riski, magram kerZo inte-
resebis dapirispirebis SemTxvevaSi dava wydeba samoqalaqo samarTliT.
miuxedavad imisa, rom mSeneblobis nebarTva gaicema konkretul pirze, es xels
ar uSlis mas, moaxdinos miwis nakveTis gasxviseba masze arsebuli mimdinare mSeneblo-
biT. cxadia, am SemTxvevaSi yvela pasuxismgebloba da riski gadadis axal mesakuTreze,
romlis interesebSia, winaswar Seiswavlos da gaecnos arsebul mdgomareobas. kanon-
mdebeli saxelmwifo interess, aseT SemTxvevebSi, xedavs mxolod maSin, rodesac saqme
exeba sakiTxs, Tu vin unda gamoasworos mSeneblobaze arsebuli xarvezi da gadaixados,
magaliTad, jarima. aq sakiTxi wydeba martivad – jarimas ixdis Zveli mesakuTre, xolo
xarvezis aRmofxvra evaleba axals.16 sxva danarCeni urTierTobebi mxareebs Soris un-
da gadawydes saxelSekrulebo samarTliT dadgenil farglebSi.
b) sajarosamarTlebrivi mowesrigeba
sajaro samSeneblo samarTali, rogorc administraciuli samarTlis gansakuT-

rebuli nawili, aris im normaTa erToblioba, romelic sajaro interesebis gaTvalis-
winebiT awesrigebs miwis nakveTis samSeneblo mizniT gamoyenebis sakiTxebs, kerZod:
Senoba-nagebobis mSeneblobis dasaSvebobas, mSeneblobis process, Senoba-nagebobis
aucilebel maxasiaTeblebs, misi gamoyenebis, Secvlisa da demontaJis samarTlebriv
reJims, agreTve adgens mSeneblobis sferoSi marTlwesrigis dacvis normebsa da miwis
samSeneblo mizniT gamoyenebis farglebs.17
sajaro samSeneblo samarTali iyofa or nawilad – samSeneblo dagegmvisa da sam-
Seneblo wesrigis samarTlad.18 dayofa, SeiZleba iTqvas, pirobiTia, magram arsebiTad
gansxvavebul regulaciebs moicavs. samSeneblo dagegmvis samarTali awesrigebs miwis
dagegmarebis sakiTxebs, mis funqciur gamijvnas da konkretuli samarTlebrivi sta-
tusebis miniWebas. samSeneblo wesrigis samarTlisTvis ki miwas ufro kerZo interesi
aqvs, rac gamoixateba mSeneblobis nebarTvebis gacemiT konkretul pirebze, aseve mim-
dinare mSeneblobebze saxelmwifo zedamxedvelobis ganxorcielebiT.
16
saqarTvelos kanoni „produqtis usafrTxoebisa da Tavisufali mimoqcevis kodeqsi~,
saqarTvelos sakanonmdeblo macne, miRebulia 2012 wlis 8 maiss, 26-e muxlis me-5 nawili.
17
turava p., samSeneblo samarTlis ZiriTadi cnebebi da institutebi, `samarTlis Jurnali~,
№2, 2009, 121.
18
30.
354
samSeneblo dagegmvis nawilSi miwis mimarT saxelmwifos gansakuTrebuli inte-

resi ganpirobebulia swored rom misi strategiuli mniSvnelobiT. qveynis mTeli te-
ritoriis, aseve raionisa Tu konkretuli qalaqis (dabis/soflis) swor da efeqtur
dagegmarebaze aris didwilad damokidebuli qveynis ekonomikuri, socialuri, kul-
turuli, agraruli, turistuli da sxva saxis ganviTareba. am sakiTxze qvemoT ufro
vrclad iqneba saubari.
samSeneblo wesrigis samarTalSi ki miwa iZens konkretul mniSvnelobas, kerZod,
ama Tu im miwis nakveTisTvis garkveuli statusis (zonis) miniWeba ganapirobebs am miwa-
ze dasaSvebi mSeneblobis tipis dadgenas da, Sesabamisad, mSeneblobis nebarTvis saxis
gansazRvrasac.
nebismier SemTxvevaSi, saxezea saxelmwifos, rogorc administraciuli organos,
aqtiuri Careva. igi urTierTobaSi monawileobs rogorc momwesrigebeli subieqti da,
subordinaciis principidan gamomdinare, ierarqiulad maRal safexurze dgas. admi-
nistraciuli organos nebismieri qmedeba ki, Tavis mxriv, nakarnaxevia maRali sazoga-
doebrivi (sajaro) interesiT, romelic kidev ufro sayuradRebos xdis saxelmwifos
nebismier qmedebas.19
3.2. samSeneblosamarTlebrivi statusis gansazRvra
imisaTvis, rom ganisazRvros miwis samSeneblosamarTlebrivi statusi, cal-cal-

ke unda iqnes ganxiluli samSeneblo dagegmva da uSualod samSeneblo saqmianoba, ro-
gorc samSeneblo wesrigis Semadgeneli nawili.
a) miwa, rogorc dagegmarebis obieqti
dagegmareba mniSvnelovani procesia. is Tavidanve gansazRvravs miwis gamoyene-

bis samomavlo perspeqtivebs. teritoriis swor dagegmvas udidesi mniSvneloba aqvs,
ramdenadac miwa ar aris amouwuravi resursi da misma aramiznobrivad dagegmvam da ga-
moyenebam SesaZloa, gamousworebeli Sedegebi moitanos.
dagegmvis nawilSi gamoiyeneba saqarTvelos kanoni „sivrciTi mowyobisa da qa-
laqTmSeneblobis safuZvlebis Sesaxeb“. am kanonis terminTa ganmarteba iZleva iseTi
cnebis definicias, rogoric aris sivrciT-teritoriuli dagegmva. kanonis Tanaxmad,
„sivrciT-teritoriuli dagegmva – saqmianoba, romelic aregulirebs dasaxlebaTa te-
ritoriebis gamoyenebis, miwaTsargeblobis, ganaSenianebisa da keTilmowyobis, gare-
mosa da uZravi kulturuli memkvidreobis dacvis, rekreaciis sivrciT-teritoriuli
pirobebis, satransporto, sainJinro da socialuri infrastruqturis, aseve ekonomi-
kuri ganviTarebis sivrciT aspeqtebs da gansaxlebis teritoriul sakiTxebs“.20 amave
19
31.
20
saqarTvelos kanoni sivrciTi mowyobisa da qalaqTmSeneblobis Sesaxeb, miRebuli 2005
wlis 2 ivniss, 2015 wlis ianvris mdgomareobiT, me-2 muxlis „g~ qvepunqti.
355
muxliT ganimarteba dagegmvasTan dakavSirebuli sxva terminebic, magaliTad: miwaT-

sargeblobis gegma, ganaSenianebis regulirebis gegma da a.S. nebismieri maTganis arsis
gaanalizeba naTels xdis faqts, rom samSeneblo dagegmva miwaze sxvadasxvagvari ze-
moqmedebis saSualebas iZleva.
teritoriebis dagegmvis TvalsazrisiT gamoiyofa dagegmarebuli miwa, anu teri-
toria, romelzec SemuSavebulia dagegmarebis dokumenti da gansazRvrulia konkre-
tuli samarTlebrivi statusi, da dagegmvis gareT arsebuli miwa, anu daugegmavi teri-
toria, romelzec ar aris miRebuli Sesabamisi samarTlebrivi dokumenti.
dagegmarebuli miwa gulisxmobs konkretuli statusis miniWebas. kanonis Ta-
naxmad, dagegmvis dros ganisazRvreba teritoriebis struqtura, romelic moicavs,
magaliTad, urbanizebul teritorias, sasoflo teritorias, bunebriv-landSaftur
teritorias, specialur teritorias. aseve, gamoiyofa sarekreacio da sakurorto
teritoriebi, daculi teritoriebi, soflis meurneobis ganviTarebis teritoriebi,
satyeo masivis dacvisa da ganviTarebis teritoriebi, Tavdacvis miznebisTvis gamoye-
nebuli teritoriebi, sxva mniSvnelovani sazogadoebrivi miznebisTvis gamoyenebuli
teritoriebi da a.S.21
ama Tu im statusis miniWeba xdeba ara SemTxveviTi principiT, aramed mkacrad
dadgenili kriteriumebiT. es dgindeba samecniero kvlevebis Sedegad, sadac Sesabami-
si dargis specialistebis codna fasdaudebelia. dagegmvis dros swored am kvlevebze
dafuZnebiT xdeba teritoriebis dagegmareba. Tumca, garda samecniero dasabuTebisa,
arsebobs aseve strategiuli ganviTarebis politikac, romelmac SesaZloa, mniSvne-
lovani koreqtivebi Seitanos dagegmarebis etapze. Tuki garkveuli teritoria mniS-
vnelovania qveynis ekonomikuri, socialuri an kulturuli ganviTarebis romelime
segmentisTvis, aseT dros dagegmareba eqceva am interesebis gavlenis qveS, rac, sabo-
lood, aisaxeba kidec ZiriTad gegmebSi.
teritoriebis dagegmareba da miwisTvis konkretuli statusis miniWeba imdenad
mniSvnelovani procesia, rom zogierT qveyanaSi dagegmarebaSi cvlilebis Sesatanad
da miwis statusis Sesacvlelad procedurebis mTeli rigia gansaxorcielebeli. maga-
liTad, aSS-Si, imisaTvis, rom dagegmarebis rukaSi Sevides Sesworeba an cvlileba, rac
cvlis miwiT sargeblobis reJims, saWiroa lokalur doneze molaparakebebis warmoeba
adgilobriv macxovreblebTan, zogierT SemTxvevaSi SesaZloa referendumic ki Catar-
des.22
ramdenadac dagegmarebas axorcielebs saxelmwifo centralur da adgilobriv
doneze, is moqmedebs saxelmwifo da sazogadoebrivi interesebidan gamomdinare, ra-
sac xSirad kerZo interesebis Selaxva mohyveba. miwa SeiZleba iyos piris kerZo sakuT-
rebaSi, magram am miwis samSeneblosamarTlebrivi (gegmarebiTi) statusis gansazRvra
misgan damoukideblad xdeba. amrigad, sruliad SesaZlebelia, rom, magaliTad, ker-
21
wlis 2 ivniss, 2015 wlis ianvris mdgomareobiT, me-18 muxlis me-4 punqti.
22
Selmi D.P., Reconsidering the Use of Direct Democracy in Making Land Use Decisions, Journal of Environmental
Law, Vol. 19:293, 2002, 303.
356
Zo piris sakuTrebaSi arsebuli sasoflo-sameurneo daniSnulebis miwas saxelmwifos

mxridan calmxrivad Seecvalos statusi da is moeqces sxva romelime tipis miwis kate-
goriaSi. aseT SemTxvevaSi, kanonis Tanaxmad, fizikur da iuridiul pirebs, romelTa
sakuTrebis uflebebi da kanonieri interesebi dairRva dagegmvis RonisZiebaTa gan-
xorcielebis dros, ufleba aqvT, mimarTon sasamarTlos.23 aq umetesad saubaria zia-
nis anazRaurebaze an kompensaciaze. naklebad savaraudoa, rom kerZo piris interesma
gavlena moaxdinos mTlianad dagegmvaze.
sabolood, samSeneblo dagegmvis etapze miwisTvis statusis miniWebis sakiTxi
unda gadawydes imgvarad, rom miRweuli iyos mTavari miznebi: mosaxleobisaTvis jan-
saRi da usafrTxo sacxovrebeli da samoRvaweo garemos Seqmna, qveynis konkurentuna-
rianobisa da ekonomikuri zrda, kulturuli memkvidreobisa da bunebrivi resursebis
dacva da ganviTareba, kavkasiur, evropul da msoflio sistemebsa da struqturebSi
srulfasovani integracia.24
rac Seexeba daugegmav miwas, es iseTi teritoriaa, romelzec ar gavrcelebula
dagegmarebis RonisZiebebi da ar SemuSavebula Sesabamisi gegmebi.25 rogorc wesi, aseT
miwebs uwodeben ganaSenianebis gareT arsebul teritoriebs. maT ar aqvT miniWebuli
raime konkretuli statusi, am teritoriebis gamoyenebis pirobebic ar aris dadgeni-
li. amdenad, maTi gamoyeneba da maTze raime samSeneblo RonisZiebebis ganxorcieleba
xdeba individualuri mowesrigebis gziT, an romelime relevanturi dokumentis sa-
fuZvelze.
b) miwa, rogorc samSeneblo saqmianobis obieqti
miwa samSeneblo saqmianobis ZiriTadi obieqtia. yvelaferi, rac ukavSirdeba mSe-

neblobas, imavdroulad ukavSirdeba miwasac. ufro metic, miwis mdgomareoba da sta-
tusi gansazRvravs samSeneblo saqmianobis tips.
samSeneblo saqmianobis etapze miwis gamoyenebis pirobebsa da sakiTxebs gansazR-
vravs saqarTvelos mTavrobis dadgenileba. pirvel rigSi, unda aRiniSnos termin „mi-
wis nakveTis“ ganmarteba. am dadgenilebis miznebidan gamomdinare, es termini gani-
marteba rogorc „sakuTrebis uflebis obieqti, SemosazRvruli erTi uwyveti wiriT,
romelic warmoadgens sakadastro erTeuls da am dadgenilebis Sesabamisad SesaZle-
belia gamoiyenebodes samSeneblo saqmianobis ganviTarebis mizniT“.26
miwis nakveTebi samSeneblo saqmianobisaTvis gamoyenebis SesaZleblobebis mixed-
viT iyofa Semdeg saxeobebad: samSeneblo miwis nakveTi, samSeneblod SezRuduli miwis
23
wlis 2 ivniss, 2015 wlis ianvris mdgomareobiT, 27-e muxlis me-5 punqti.
24
wlis 2 ivniss, 2015 wlis ianvris mdgomareobiT, me-4 muxlis pirveli punqti.
25
aseTi ram xdeba maSin, rodesac qveynis teritoriis dagegmareba xorcieldeba araTan-
mimdevrulad, nawilobriv.
26
saqarTvelos mTavrobis 2009 wlis 24 martis dadgenileba №57, mSeneblobis nebarTvis
gacemis wesisa da sanebarTvo pirobebis Sesaxeb, me-3 muxlis 33-e punqti.
357
nakveTi, samSeneblod Seusabamo miwis nakveTi.27 TiToeuli am saxeobis gansazRvra xde-

ba rogorc miwis bunebrivi Taviseburebis gaTvaliswinebiT, ise garkveuli priorite-
tebis mixedviT.
samSeneblo miwis nakveTi aris ZiriTadi saxeoba, romelic dgindeba samSeneblo
miznebisTvis. aseTi miwis nakveTebi imijneba erTmaneTisgan zonirebis safuZvelze, ra-
zec mogvianebiT detalurad iqneba saubari. miwis nakveTis samSeneblod vargisad gan-
sazRvra gulisxmobs, rom masze SesaZlebelia samSeneblo saqmianobis ganxorcieleba
zogadad. TiToeuli kategoriis zonisTvis dgindeba gansxvavebuli samSeneblo piro-
bebi, rac gamomdinareobs miwis nakveTis Taviseburebidan da zonis mixedviT daSvebu-
li mSeneblobis saxeobidan.
samSeneblo miwis nakveTi unda iyos sainJinro da satransporto infrastruqtu-
riT saTanadod uzrunvelyofili, risTvisac minimaluri pirobaa mSeneblobadamTav-
rebul obieqtTan, minimum, erTi misasvlelis arseboba, maT Soris, servitutis gamoye-
nebiT.28
samSeneblod SezRuduli miwis nakveTis statusis gansazRvra gamomdinareobs
konkretuli zonis Taviseburebidan. SesaZlebelia, zog SemTxvevaSi SeizRudos mSe-
neblobis ganxorcieleba garkveul teritoriaze, magaliTad landSaftur-sarekrea-
cio zonaSi. am SemTxvevaSi igulisxmeba, rom aseT miwis nakveTze daSvebuli mSeneblo-
bis saxeobebi mkacrad aris gansazRvruli.
samSeneblod Seusabamo miwis nakveTi SeiZleba gaxdes kanonmdeblobiT gaTva-
liswinebul SemTxvevebSi.29 SeusabamobaSi ra igulisxmeba konkretulad, ar aris gan-
martebuli. aq SeiZleba moiazrebodes nebismieri saxis bunebrivi pirobebi, mudmivi an
droebiTi xasiaTis Seusabamoba, romelic, faqtobrivad, SeuZlebels xdis aseT miwis
nakveTze raime saxis samSeneblo RonisZiebebis ganxorcielebas.
aseTi statusis mqone miwis nakveTebis ganviTareba SesaZlebelia mxolod Seusa-
bamobis aRmofxvris Semdeg.30
3.3. miwis nakveTis zonireba, rogorc samSeneblosamarTlebrivi

statusis gansazRvris instrumenti
miwis zonireba gulisxmobs qalaqmSeneblobis procesSi konkretuli dasaxlebu-

li teritoriis miwis farTobis funqciur zonebad dayofas. TiToeuli miwis nakveTi
eqceva garkveuli zonis farglebSi, rac ganapirobebs Semdeg misi gamoyenebisa da gana-
Senianebis pirobebis dadgenas.
samSeneblo saqmianobis ganxorcielebis procesSi teritoriis zonebad dayofas
sasicocxlo mniSvneloba aqvs. zonis saxeoba karnaxobs mSeneblobis maZiebel subi-
eqts, ra tipis samSeneblo saqmianobis ganxorcielebis ufleba eZleva am teritoriaze.
27
iqve, me-5 muxlis me-3 punqti.
28
saqarTvelos mTavrobis 2009 wlis 24 martis dadgenileba №57, mSeneblobis nebarTvis
gacemis wesisa da sanebarTvo pirobebis Sesaxeb, me-6 muxlis me-2 punqti.
29
iqve, me-9 muxlis 1-li punqti.
30
iqve, me-9 muxlis me-2 punqti.
358
garda amisa, zonireba uzrunvelyofs dasaxlebuli teritoriis swor da mizanSewonil

ganviTarebas, rac, sabolood, mTeli qveynis met-naklebad Tanabar ganviTarebas gana-
pirobebs.
dRes moqmedi samarTlebrivi regulaciiT samSeneblo miwis nakveTi SeiZleba
moeqces TxuTmeti ZiriTadi zonis farglebSi.31 garda amisa, zonebi SeiZleba daiyos
qvezonebad. am sakiTxebs detalurad awesrigebs saqarTvelos mTavrobis dadgenile-
ba „teqnikuri reglamentis – dasaxlebaTa teritoriebis gamoyenebisa da ganaSeniane-
bis regulirebis ZiriTadi debulebebis damtkicebis Taobaze“.32 es dadgenileba iT-
valiswinebs rogorc zogad, ise konkretul funqciur zonebs (qvezonebs). magaliTad,
zogadi funqciuri zonaa sacxovrebeli zona, romelSic, Tavis mxriv, gamoiyofa eqvsi
saxis sacxovrebeli qvezona. satransporto zonaSi gamoiyofa ori saxis qvezona da a.S.
am dadgenilebiT aseve ganxilulia TiToeuli zonis/qvezonis arsi da masSi dasaSvebi
saxeobis samSeneblo obieqtebis kategoriebi.
a) zonebad dayofis winapirobebi
ramdenadac zonireba mniSvnelovani procesia, aucilebelia, mkafiod Camoyalib-

des zonebad dayofis winapirobebi.
miwis nakveTisTvis konkretuli zonis statusis miniWeba bevr faqtorzea damoki-
debuli. upirvelesad, aq mxedvelobaSi miiReba miwis bunebrivi Tvisebebi. landSaftur
-sarekreacio zona logikurad moicavs iseT teritorias, romlis klimaturi pirobebi
iZleva misi am funqciiT datvirTvis SesaZleblobas. igive SeiZleba iTqvas sasoflo-
sameurneo zonasa da nebismier sxvaze.
ramdenadac zonirebis dros viyenebT termin „funqciur zonas“, es gulisxmobs
miwis nakveTisTvis garkveuli funqciis micemas, Tu ra daniSnulebiT unda moxdes am
miwis gamoyeneba. funqciis gansazRvra xdeba dagegmarebis gziT. Tu dasaxlebuli te-
ritoria moiTxovs detalur urbanul ganviTarebas, xdeba teritoriis ufro met zo-
nad dayofa, im funqciuri daniSnulebidan gamomdinare, risi saWiroebac dgas am te-
ritoriisTvis. magaliTad, Tu arsebobs mkveTrad gamoxatuli sacxovrebeli zona, mas
logikurad ukavSirdeba satransporto zonis, sazogadoebrivi saqmianobis zonisa da
sxva zonebis gamoyofis aucilebloba. amdenad, xSir SemTxvevaSi, zonirebis ruka damo-
kidebulia imaze, Tu ra funqciuri datvirTvis mqone teritoriazea saubari.
aseve, zonirebis struqturidan gamomdinare, naTeli xdeba saxelmwifos politi-
ka da strategiuli ganviTarebis prioritetebi miwis gamoyenebasTan mimarTebiT. te-
ritoriis zonebad dayofa bevrad aris damokidebuli imaze, ra mimarTulebiT ganvi-
Tareba aris prioritetuli qveynis ekonomikuri, kulturuli Tu sxva TvalsazrisiT.
rodesac meti yuradReba eTmoba soflis meurneobis ganviTarebas, dagegmarebis etap-
ze saxelmwifo maqsimalurad cdilobs, am funqciisTvis gamosadegi rac SeiZleba meti
31
iqve, me-6 muxlis 1-li punqti.
32
saqarTvelos mTavrobis dadgenileba №59, 2014 wlis 15 ianvari, `teqnikuri reglamentis
– dasaxlebaTa teritoriebis gamoyenebisa da ganaSenianebis regulirebis ZiriTadi
debulebebis damtkicebis Taobaze~.
359
teritoria datvirTos da mianiWos mas sasoflo-sameurneo zonis statusi. Tu ganvi-

Tarebis prioritetia samrewvelo mimarTulebis xelSewyoba, Sesabamisad, zonirebisas
upiratesoba eniWeba samrewvelo (industriul) zonebs da a.S. amdenad, dagegmarebis
politika didwilad zonebad dayofis winapirobaa.
saWiroebidan gamomdinare, SesaZlebeli aris zonebis cvlileba. aseT SemTxveva-
Si zonebis cvlileba iwvevs cvlilebas qalaqTmSeneblobiT dokumentebSi da, Sesaba-
misad, saWiroebs imave procedurebis gavlas, rac maTi damtkicebisTvis aris dadgeni-
li.33 mniSvnelovania, rom zonebis Secvla moxdes aucileblobis SemTxvevaSi, saTanado
dasabuTebiT. garda amisa, dadgenilebiT dawesebulia SezRudvebi, Tu romeli zona ra
saxeobis zonad SeiZleba Seicvalos.34
b) miwis gamoyenebis pirobebis dadgenis parametrebi
zonireba gulisxmobs konkretul zonaSi, misi funqciuri daniSnulebidan gamom-

dinare, Sesabamisi miwis gamoyenebis pirobebis dadgenas.
konkretuli uflebrivi zonirebis dokumentSi unda aisaxos: a) zonebis terito-
riebze samSeneblo miwis nakveTebis ganaSenianebis regulirebis ZiriTadi parametrebi
da maTi dasaSvebi maCveneblebi; b) zonebis teritoriebze SesaZlebelia dadgindes ise-
Ti obieqtebis CamonaTvali, romelTa ganTavsebac dauSvebelia.35 aqedan gamomdinare,
nebismieri samSeneblo miwisaTvis, Sesabamisi zonis farglebSi, dgindeba Semdegi pa-
rametrebi: miwis nakveTis ganaSenianebis maqsimaluri koeficienti, ganaSenianebis in-
tensivobis maqsimaluri koeficienti, gamwvanebis minimaluri koeficienti.36 aseve Se-
saZlebelia, dadgindes ufro detaluri parametrebi, rogorebicaa: sarTulianobis/
simaRlisa da moculobis maqsimaluri maCveneblebi, miwis nakveTis farTobis minima-
luri da maqsimaluri zomebi, e.w. wiTeli da lurji xazebi, avtosadgomebis raodeno-
ba, aseve, ganaSenianebis sivrciT-dagegmarebiTi pirobebi da nebismieri sxva parametri,
romlebic SeiZleba mniSvnelovani iyos konkretuli zonisaTvis.37
garda am parametrebisa, TiToeuli zonisaTvis dgindeba am miwis nakveTze da-
saSvebi da dauSvebeli obieqtebis saxeobebi. rogorc wesi, am obieqtebis funqciuri
daniSnuleba unda pasuxobdes zonis funqciur datvirTvas. magaliTad: sacxovrebel
zonaSi dasaSvebia sacxovrebeli saxlebis aSeneba, aseve sazogadoebrivi daniSnulebis
obieqtebis mSenebloba38 (skolebis, baRebis, samedicino daniSnulebis obieqtebis da
33
saqarTvelos mTavrobis dadgenileba №59, 2014 wlis 15 ianvari, `teqnikuri reglamentis
debulebebis damtkicebis Taobaze~. me-14 muxlis pirveli nawili.
34
ix. iqve, me-14 muxlis me-2 da me-3 punqtebi.
35
iqve, me-7 muxlis pirveli nawili.
36
aq saubaria e.w. k-1, k-2 da k-3 koeficientebze.
37
saqarTvelos mTavrobis dadgenileba №59, 2014 wlis 15 ianvari, „teqnikuri reglamentis
debulebebis damtkicebis Taobaze~, me-7 muxlis me-2 da me-3 nawilebi.
38
iqve, me-12 muxlis me-7-me-12 punqtebi.
360
sxv.); sakurorto-sarekreacio zonaSi SesaZlebelia aSendes samkurnalo, sportuli,

gasarTobi daniSnulebis Senoba-nagebobebi39 da a.S.
miwis gamoyenebis pirobebi da ganaSenianebis parametrebi dgindeba rogorc bu-
nebrivi garemos gaTvaliswinebiT, aseve funqciuri daniSnulebidan gamomdinare. Se-
saZloa, miwis geologiuri pirobebi ar iZleodes imis SesaZleblobas, rom masze gan-
Tavsdes maRali Senobebi an garkveuli funqciis mqone obieqtebi. aqedan gamomdinare,
dgindeba Sesabamisi koeficientebi, rac zRudavs arasaTanado mSeneblobebs, raTa da-
culi iyos adamianebis sicocxle da janmrTeloba.
g) efeqturi zonirebis problema
zonireba mravalmxrivi procesia, romelic sxvadasxva aspeqtis gaTvaliswinebas

moiTxovs. am dros xSirad dgas efeqturi zonirebis problema. ramdenad sworad da mi-
zanSewonilad xdeba teritoriis funqciuri zonireba? ra unda gaiTvaliswinos Sesaba-
misma organoebma miwis nakveTisTvis raime zonis statusis miniWebisas?
pirvel rigSi, gasaTvaliswinebelia is garemoeba, rom miwa aris SezRuduli buneb-
rivi resursi, rac imTaviTve gulisxmobs, rom nebismieri gegma da strategia mas unda
moergos. zonireba maSin aris efeqturi, rodesac arsebuli mocemulobidan gamomdi-
nare, miwis simciris gaTvaliswinebiT xdeba yvela resursis srulyofilad da goniv-
rulad gamoyeneba. funqciuri zonebi ise aris gadanawilebuli, rom maqsimalurad
pasuxobs saxelmwifo da sazogadoebriv interesebs, iZleva teritoriis maqsimaluri
ganviTarebis SesaZleblobas, ar arRvevs ekologiur da bunebriv garemos, inarCunebs
kulturul da istoriul memkvidreobas da, amavdroulad, uzrunvelyofs mosaxle-
obisTvis (maT Soris, momavali macxovreblebisTvisac) jansaRi da usafrTxo garemos
Seqmnas.40 es mizani sakmaod rTuli misaRwevia, magram sworad dagegmili procesis Sem-
TxvevaSi miRwevadia. amisaTvis, specialistebis kompetenciasTan erTad, saWiroa saTa-
nado samarTlebrivi safuZvlis arsebobac.
zonebis saxeobebi unda iyos sworad gaTvlili. saxeobebis simcirem SesaZloa, ga-
moiwvios zogierTi mniSvnelovani obieqtis ganTavsebis problema, radgan ar arsebobs
maTi Sesabamisi funqciuri zona; meore mxriv, zonebis zedmetad detalizaciam SesaZ-
loa gamoiwvios sruliad arasaWiro miwis nakveTebisa da SezRudvebis arseboba, rac
xels SeuSlis teritoriebis ganviTarebasa da urbanizacias. dRes moqmedi kanonmdeb-
lobis mixedviT, es ukanaskneli problemaa saxeze. magaliTad, Tu arsebobs sacxovrebe-
li zonis eqvsi qvezona, romlebic arsebiTad ar gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisgan parametre-
biTa da dasaSvebi saxeobebis mixedviT, maTi gamijvna ufro metad xelovnuria. es iwvevs
imas, rom zogierTi maTgani praqtikaSi TiTqmis arc gamoiyeneba. am dros ki xdeba gar-
kveuli obieqtebis mSeneblobis akrZalva analogiuri tipis zonaSi, mxolod imis gamo,
rom is samarTlebrivad ar eqceva zonis kategoriaSi. amgvari midgoma SesaZloa aixsnas
imiT, rom dRes saqarTveloSi arsebuli gegmarebiTi dokumentebi da, zogadad, midgo-
39
iqve, me-12 muxlis me-4-me-5 punqtebi.
40
ix. aseve Bobrowski M., Handbook of Massachusetts Land Use and Planning Law, Aspen Publishers, 2002, 31.
361
mebi samSeneblo sferoSi SedarebiT konservatorulia da ver pasuxobs Tanamedrove

evropul standartebs. Tanamedrove midgomis arsi isaa, rom teritoriebis ganviTare-
ba unda moxdes martivi da efeqturi gziT, ekonomiurobis principis gaTvaliswinebiT,
ekologiuri garemos dacviT da maqsimalurad unda iyos morgebuli sazogadoebriv sa-
Wiroebebze. amdenad, miwis nakveTis zonirebis sakiTxi saWiroebs daxvewas.
da aranakleb mniSvnelovani aspeqti efeqturobis TvalsazrisiT aris zonaSi da-
saSvebi saxeobis Senoba-nagebobebis gansazRvris sakiTxi. dasaSvebi saxeobebi, funqci-
uri daniSnulebis TvalsazrisiT, unda Seesabamebodes zonis funqcias. ase magaliTad,
ar SeiZleba sacxovrebel an sarekreacio zonaSi ganTavsdes samrewvelo funqciis obi-
eqti, magram, meore mxriv, CamonaTvali ar unda iyos imdenad SezRuduli, rom indivi-
dualur SemTxvevaSi ar iZleodes zonaSi am obieqtis aSenebis SesaZleblobas mxolod
imis gamo, rom is ar xvdeba CamonaTvalSi, magram funqciurad ar modis winaaRmdegoba-
Si zonis saxesTan. garkveuli saxiT, aseTi gamonaklisis arsebobas dRevandeli kanon-
mdebloba uSvebs.
efeqturi zonireba mniSvnelovani sakiTxia, romelic unda gaiTvaliswinos sa-
xelmwifom dagegmarebis etapze. is pirdapir zemoqmedebas axdens miwis marTebuli sa-
marTlebrivi statusis gansazRvraze da misi Semdgomi gamoyenebis perspeqtivaze.
4. daskvna
naSromSi ganxilul iqna miwis samarTlebrivi statusi sxvadasxva aspeqtiT – ro-

gorc zogadad, ise konkretulad, samSeneblo samarTlis WrilSi. Tavis mxriv, moxda
dakonkreteba da miwis samarTlebrivi reJimis samSeneblo dagegmvisa da samSeneblo
saqmianobis ganxorcielebis etapze cal-calke ganxilva.
saubari Seexo miwis nakveTis zonirebis umniSvnelovanes sakiTxs da gamoikveTa
masTan dakavSirebuli problemebi. efeqturi zonirebis aucilebloba ganpirobebu-
lia miwis simciriT da misi marTlzomieri gamoyenebiT. radganac miwa amowurvadi re-
sursia, unda dadgindes misi imgvari samarTlebrivi mowesrigeba, romelic sabolood
uzrunvelyofs teritoriebis marTlzomier, mizanSewonil da efeqtur gamoyenebas.
naSromSi moyvanilma msjelobam cxadyo, rom erTi da igive miwa SesaZlebelia
sxvadasxva samarTlebriv reJims daeqvemdebaros. am dros mxedvelobaSi miiReba misi
bunebrivi Taviseburebebi, funqciuri datvirTva, sazogadoebrivi interesi, aseve sa-
xelmwifos strategiuli ganviTarebis politika. magram am procesSi mniSvnelovania,
yuradReba mieqces imas, rom miwa, rogorc bunebrivi resursi, im garemos Semadgeneli
nawilia, romelSic adamianebi cxovroben. Sesabamisad, isini Zalian didi sifrTxiliTa
da yuradRebiT unda moeqcnen mas da gamoiyenon sxvadasxva miznisTvis, raTa arasworma
da gauazrebelma qmedebebma ar gamoiwvios gamousworebeli Sedegebi. es ki pirdapir-
proporciulad aisaxeba rogorc axlandeli, aseve momavali Taobebis sicocxlis xa-
risxze.
362
daviT makariZe *
individualuri administraciul-samarTlebrivi aqtis

samarTlebrivi buneba
statia exeba individualuri administraciul-samarTlebrivi aqtis samar-

Tlebriv bunebas da mis mniSvnelobas administraciuli samarTlis mecniere-
baSi. naSromSi ganxilulia sakiTxebi: individualuri administraciulsamar-
Tlebrivi aqtis warmoSobis mokle istoria; individualuri administraci-
ulsamarTlebrivi aqtis cnebis ganmarteba qarTul da germanul kanonmdeb-
lobaSi, maTi msgavsebebi da gansxvavebebi; individualuri da normatiuli
administraciulsamarTlebrivi aqtebis urTierTgamijvnis problematika
da maTTan mimarTebiT terminologiuri gansxvavebis SemoRebis saWiroeba;
mosamarTlis, rogorc individualuri administraciulsamarTlebrivi aq-
tis gamocemaze uflebamosili subieqtis, institutis warmoCena da misi ar-
sebobis mizaSewoniloba.
sakvanZo sityvebi: saqarTvelos zogadi administraciuli kodeqsi, indi-

vidualuri administraciulsamarTlebrivi aqti, normatiuli administra-
ciulsamarTlebrivi aqti, terminologiuri gansxvaveba, administraciuli
iusticia.
1. Sesavali
sakvlevi Temis aqtualobas ganapirobebs is, rom individualuri administraci-

ul samarTlebrivi aqti administraciuli organos mier misi uflebamosilebis gan-
xorcielebis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani instrumentia. administraciuli organos mier
gamocemuli aqtis individualurad miCnevas gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs im dainte-
resebuli pirisTvis, romlis interesebsac uSualod exeba is. mas ukavSirdeba piris
garkveuli uflebis an valdebulebis warmoSoba, aseve uflebis dacvis meqanizmis
amoqmedeba, Tuki dainteresebul mxares eqneba imis gancda, rom am aqtiT ukanonod ila-
xeba misi ufleba. administraciuli aqti sajaro mmarTvelobis ganxorcielebis erT-
erTi umniSvnelovanesi samarTlebrivi formaa.1 amdenad, samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos
principidan gamomdinare, mniSvnelovania, administraciuli organoebis saqmianobis
wammarTveli erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi komponenti – individualuri administraci-
ulsamarTlebrivi aqtebis gamocemis maregulirebeli sakanonmdeblo safuZveli iyos
*
1
adeiSvili z., vardiaSvili q., izoria l., kalandaZe n., kopaleiSvili m., sxirtlaZe n.,
turava p., qitoSvili d., zogadi administraciuli samarTlis saxelmZRvanelo, Tb., 2005,
99-100.
363
maqsimalurad gamarTuli, gasagebi da araorazrovani, rac aseve miscems dainterese-

bul mxareebs SesaZleblobas, daicvan TavianTi uflebebi da interesebi, Tuki maT am
aqtebis safuZvelze adgebaT ziani.
naSromSi mimoxilulia individualur administraciul-samarTlebriv aqtTan
dakavSirebuli problematuri sakiTxebi. Seswavlil iqna sazRvargareTis qveynebis
(ZiriTadad, germaniis federaciuli respublikisa, vinaidan qarTuli administraci-
uli samarTlis institutebi didwilad germanuli samarTlebrivi sistemis msgavsad
aris daregulirebuli)2 analogiuri institutebis funqcionirebis meqanizmi da Semo-
Tavazebulia problemis gadaWris gzebi.
2. administraciul-samarTlebrivi aqtebis zogadi daxasiaTeba
2.1. administraciul-samarTlebrivi aqtebis warmoSoba
administraciuli samarTlis dargi mowodebulia imisaken, rom daareguliros

administraciis, mmarTvelobiTi funqciebiT aRWurvili subieqtebis, saqmianobis sa-
marTlebrivi safuZvlebi da maTi damokidebuleba am procesSi CarTul mxareebTan.
am funqciis ganxorcieleba ki, ZiriTadad, damokidebulia administraciuli qmedebis
ganxorcielebasTan, romelic gamoixateba administraciul-samarTlebrivi aqtebis
gamocemiT. sazRvargareTis qveynebis administraciul-samarTlebrivi doqtrina amo-
dis iqidan, rom administraciuli aqti aris sajaro administraciis nebis gamovlena,
sajaro administraciis samarTlebrivi aqtebi Sesabamisi organoebis nebis gamovlenaa
maTTvis mikuTvnebuli funqciebis ganxorcielebis procesSi. isini, rogorc wesi, miz-
nad isaxaven gansazRvruli cvlilebebis Setanas administraciul-samarTlebriv ur-
TierTobebSi.3 avtorTa koleqtivs administraciuli organos nebis gamovlenis erT-
erT formad swored administraciuli aqti aqvs moyvanili.4
samarTlis sxvadasxva doqtrinaSi ikveTeba suraTi imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom ad-
ministraciulsamarTlebrivi aqtebis ZiriTad funqciad miCneulia administraciuli
organoebisa da sajaro xelisuflebiT5 aRWurvili sxva subieqtebis mier maTi funqci-
ebis, mmarTvelobiTi RonisZiebebis ganxorcieleba sxva pirebTan mimarTebiT. es, ra
Tqma unda, gamarTlebuli midgomaa, Tumca administraciuli aqtebis funqcia ar Se-
iZleba amowurul iqnes mxolod am SexedulebiT. rogorc praqtika aCvenebs, adminis-
2
vinteri g., administraciuli samarTlis ganviTareba da samarTlebrivi konsultacia
saqarTvelos, rogorc gardamavali qveynis magaliTze, Jurn. „administraciuli sa-
marTali~, 1/2013, Tb., 2013, 70.
3
kozirini a., Smamina m., zelencovi a., bogdanovskaia i., danilovi s., saJina v., raitelmaieri
k., Saixi k., nikerovi g., sazRvargareTis qveynebis administraciuli samarTali, Tb.,
2014,195.
4
adeiSvili z., vardiaSvili q., izoria l., kalandaZe n., kopaleiSvili m., sxirtlaZe n., tu-
rava p., qitoSvili d., zogadi administraciuli samarTlis saxelmZRvanelo, Tb., 2005, 99.
5
makariZe d., xazaraZe g., administraciuli organos pasuxismgebloba. administraciuli
organos pasuxismgebloba janmrTelobis dacvis samarTalSi, Tb., 2014, 37.
364
daviT makariZe, individualuri administraciul-samarTlebrivi aqtis samarTlebrivi buneba
traciuli aqtebi zog SemTxvevaSi aseve mowodebulia, daareguliros TviT adminis-

traciis moqmedeba, misi saqmianobis wesi da urTierTobis forma moqalaqeebsa Tu sxva
mxareebTan. amdenad, administraciuli aqtebis funqcia aseve unda iyos sajaro admi-
nistraciis gamarTuli funqcionirebis uzrunvelyofa da mimarTuli unda iyos misi
saqmianobis efeqtianobis amaRlebisa da srulyofisaken.
administraciuli aqtebis Sesaxeb doqtrinaSi gansakuTrebuli adgili ukavia Si-
da da gare aqtebis urTierTmimarTebis problemas. sazRvargareTis administraciul-
samarTlebrivi mecniereba gamoyofs aqtebs, romlebic gamoicema administraciuli
organos mier maTTvis miniWebuli sajaro xelisuflebis safuZvelze da aqtebs, rom-
lebic exeba mxolod administraciuli organos Sida urTierTobebs. pirvels ewodeba
gare aqtebi, meores – Sida. gare aqtebad iTvleba aqtebi, romlebic axdenen iuridiul
zemoqmedebas im pirTa urTierTobebze, romlebic ar arian Cabmulni sajaro adminis-
trirebis ganxorcielebaSi. aseTi aqtebi SeiZleba mimarTuli iyos rogorc pirTa gan-
sazRvruli, ise ganusazRvreli wrisadmi. Sida aqtebi, pirvel rigSi, zemoqmedebas ax-
dens Tavad saxelmwifo (sajaro) mmarTvelobis meqanizmebis SigniT. aqtebi, romlebic
exeba mxolod administraciuli organoebis Sida urTierTobebs (Sida aqtebi), sazR-
vargareTis administraciul-samarTlebrivi mecnierebebis mier ar ganixileba admi-
nistraciul aqtebad, am sityvis zusti mniSvnelobiT. Tumca bolo dros dasavleTis
administraciul-samarTlebrivi mecniereba ufro met yuradRebas uTmobs Sida aqte-
bis kvlevas.6
2.2. individualuri administraciul-samarTlebrivi aqtis cneba
rogorc SesavalSi ukve aRiniSna, sakvlevi Tematikis ZiriTadi Tema aris indivi-
dualuri administraciul-samarTlebrivi aqtebi. amdenad, gansakuTrebuli yuradRe-
ba eniWeba mis ganmartebas da imis garkvevas, Tu ra igulisxmeba am terminSi samarTlis
sxvadasxva sistemaSi.
didi mniSvneloba eniWeba administraciuli aqtebis klasifikacias normatiul
da konkretul (individualur) aqtebad. normatiuli aqtebi sajaro administraciu-
li organoebis mier administraciuli saqmianobis procesSi miRebuli aqtebia, rom-
lebic mimarTulia ara konkretuli SemTxvevis, aramed sazogadoebrivi urTierTobis
abstraqtulad, zogadad mowesrigebisken. isini adgenen qcevis wesebs pirTa ganusazR-
vreli wrisaTvis da mravaljeradi gamoyenebisaTvis arian gankuTvnilni. konkretuli
(individualuri) administraciuli aqtebi, piriqiT, mimarTulia calkeuli gansazR-
vruli saqmeebis mowesrigebisaken (sagnebisken). isini gamoirCevian miTiTebebis kon-
kretulobiT da personaluri xasiaTiT, anu mimarTulni arian gansazRvruli piris an
pirTa wrisken, romelic SeiZleba TviTon aqtSi ar iyos aRniSnuli, magram advilad da-
sadgenia. administraciuli aqtebis dayofa normatiul da konkretul (individualur)
aqtebad damaxasiaTebelia safrangeTisa da im qveynebisaTvis, romlebmac franguli
6
k., Saixi k., nikerovi g., sazRvargareTis qveynebis administraciuli samarTali, Tb., 2014,
198.
365
modeli gadaiRes, rac ar gvxvdeba germanul samarTalSi. safrangeTSi administraci-

uli saqmianobis samarTlebriv meqanizmSi gansakuTrebuli adgili uWiravs aRmasru-
lebel administraciul aqtebs. maTSi moiazreba àdministraciis mier calmxrivad
gamocemuli aqtebi, romelTa meSveobiTac, movaleobebis dakisrebis an uflebebis mi-
niWebis gziT, miiRweva samarTlebrivi mdgomareobis Secvla~. yvela administraciuli
aqti, romelic calmxrivi nebis safuZvelze miiReba, ar warmoadgens aRmasrulebel ad-
ministraciul aqts. calmxriv administraciul aqtebs Soris, aRmasrulebel aqtebTan
erTad, arsebobs iseTebic, romlebsac, marTalia, gamoscems administraciuli organo,
magram isini ar cvlian moqmed normebs da iuridiul mdgomareobas. amdenad, aRmasru-
lebeli administraciuli aqtebis mTavari maxasiaTebeli, romelic mas ganasxvavebs
sxva calmxrivi aqtebisagan, aris is, rom aseT aqtebs Sedegad mohyveba arsebuli samar-
Tlebrivi mdgomareobis Secvla.7
administraciuli aqti germanuli samarTlis klasikuri instrumentia. is moi-
cavs xelisuflebis erTeul RonisZiebebs, romlebic gansazRvrul saerTo samarTlis
wesebs emorCilebian, rac vlindeba imiT, rom administraciis qmedebebi dadgenil sa-
marTlebriv normebs emorCilebian, ris magaliTadac SeiZleba moviyvanoT: moZraobis
niSnebi, mSeneblobis nebarTva, saqmianobis, vaWrobis nebarTva an uari, gadasaxadebis
dakisreba, Tanamdebobis pirebis daniSvna, iaraRis mowmobis gacema. administraciuli
aqtebis germaniis samarTlebriv reJimSi Setana o. maierma moaxdina. man Sinaarsobri-
vi mxare gadmoiRo franguli samarTlidan me-19 saukunis germaniis administraciuli
samarTlis gaTvaliswinebiT. sakanonmdeblo novaciis safuZveli iyo moqalaqeebis-
Tvis samarTlebrivi dacvis SesaZleblobis miniWeba saxelisuflebo RonisZiebebisgan,
qmedebebisgan. me-19 saukunis procesualuri kanonmdebloba iTvaliswinebda samar-
Tlebrivi dacvis mxolod erTeul RonisZiebebs, amitom aucilebeli iyo iseTi Ro-
nisZiebebis gatareba, romlis Sedegadac mizani – srulyofili samarTlebrivi dacvis
meqanizmis dadgena – miRweuli iqneboda. administraciuli aqtebis SemoRebis Semdeg
administraciis qmedeba CarCoebSi moeqca. administraciuli aqtebis procesualuri
mniSvneloba ki Semoifargla gasaCivrebis SesaZleblobiT. aqedan gamomdinare, admi-
nistraciuli aqtis ZiriTadi funqcia aris erTiani samarTlebrivi reJimis SemoReba,
romelic sxvadasxva mmarTvelobiTi RonisZiebebisaTvis saerToa. Zveli kanonebi iye-
nebdnen iseT terminebs, rogorebicaa: gankarguleba, nebarTva. es terminologia saer-
To gaxda da daerqva administraciuli aqti. administraciuli aqtis ganmarteba admi-
nistraciuli procedurebis Sesaxeb kanonis 35-e paragrafSia mocemuli, is aerTianebs
TiToeul Zvel termins da moicavs am cnebis mecnierul ganmartebas.8
anglosaqsur saxelmwifoebs axasiaTebT administraciuli aqtebis dayofa sabo-
loo da winaswar aqtebad. magaliTad, oqsfordis universitetis profesor galigans
7
376-377.
8
Peine F. J., Allgemeines Verwaltungsrecht 7.. neu bearbeitete Auflage, schwerpunkte C.F. Muller, Heidelberg
2004, §7, 102, 103.
366
moyvanili aqvs konkretuli administraciuli aqtebis dayofis erT-erTi varianti:

saboloo gadawyvetilebebi calkeul saqmeebze; winaswari an Sualeduri gadawyveti-
lebebi, romlebic win uswrebs saboloo gadawyvetilebebs; winaswari an Sualeduri
gadawyvetilebebi, romlebic win uswrebs aqtebs, magram ar mosdevs gadawyvetileba,
magaliTad gamoZieba; aqti, romelic ar aris gadawyvetileba (magaliTad, administra-
ciuli gadacdomis oqmi); aqtebi, romlebic win uswrebs an amzadebs saboloo gadawyve-
tilebebs; gadawyvetilebis miRebis SeuZlebloba an uari gadawyvetilebis miRebaze an
moqmedebis ganxorcielebaze (umoqmedobiT ganxorcielebuli aqti).9
3. individualuri administraciul-samarTlebrivi aqti

qarTul da germanul kanonmdeblobaSi
3.1. individualuri administraciul-samarTlebrivi aqtis

sakanonmdeblo definicia
(qarTuli kanonmdeblobis mixedviT)
qarTuli sakanonmdeblo definiciis Tanaxmad, individualuri administraciul-

samarTlebrivi aqti – es aris àdministraciuli organos mier administraciuli ka-
nonmdeblobis safuZvelze gamocemuli individualuri samarTlebrivi aqti, romelic
awesebs, cvlis, wyvets an adasturebs piris an pirTa SezRuduli wris uflebebsa da
movaleobebs. individualur administraciul-samarTlebriv aqtad CaiTvleba agreT-
ve administraciuli organos mier miRebuli gadawyvetileba mis uflebamosilebas mi-
kuTvnebuli sakiTxis dakmayofilebaze ganmcxadeblisaTvis uaris Tqmis Sesaxeb, aseve
administraciuli organos mier gamocemuli an dadasturebuli dokumenti, romelsac
SeiZleba mohyves samarTlebrivi Sedegebi~.10
individualuri administraciul-samarTlebrivi aqtis es legaluri definicia
iZleva mis oTx Semadgenel nawilad dayofis SesaZleblobas. cnebis elementebia: admi-
nistraciuli organo; administraciuli kanonmdeblobis safuZvelze; individualuri
samarTlebrivi aqti; awesebs, cvlis, wyvets an adasturebs.11 moqmedi kanonmdeblobis
Sesabamisad, imisaTvis, rom aqti CaiTvalos individualur administraciul-samar-
Tlebrivad, is unda akmayofilebdes zemoaRniSnul pirobebs. ganvixiloT TiToeuli
maTgani.
administraciuli organo. individualuri administraciul-samarTlebrivi aqti
SeiZleba gamoices mxolod administraciuli organos mier. administraciuli organo
ki aris yvela saxelmwifo an adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis organo an dawesebuleba,
sajaro samarTlis iuridiuli piri (garda politikuri da religiuri gaerTianebebi-
9
kozirini a., Smamina m., zelencovi a., bogdanovskaia i., s. danilovi s., saJina v., raitelmaieri
197
10
saqarTvelos zogadi administraciuli kodeqsi (SemdgomSi – szak), muxli 2.1 (d).
11
turava p., wkeplaZe n., zogadi administraciuli samarTlis saxelmZRvanelo, meore
gamocema, Tb., 2013, 69.
367
sa), agreTve nebismieri sxva piri, romelic saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis safuZvelze

asrulebs sajarosamarTlebriv uflebamosilebebs.12
administraciuli organos cnebis legaluri definicia ori nawilisgan Sedgeba:
definiciis pirveli nawili moicavs administraciuli organos organizaciulsamar-
Tlebriv cnebas, romelic administraciul organos mijnavs samTavrobo, sakanonmdeb-
lo da sasamarTlo xelisuflebisgan, ramdenadac administraciuli organos organi-
zaciulsamarTlebrivi gageba moicavs mxolod im organoebs, romlebic saxelmwifo
mmarTvelobis sistemis SemadgenlobaSi Sedian, e.i., yvela saxelmwifo da adgilobrivi
TviTmmarTvelobisa da mmarTvelobis organoebsa da dawesebulebebs. administraciu-
li organos funqciuri gageba, romelic cnebis definiciis meore nawilSia mocemuli,
aerTianebs rogorc administraciul organoebs, organizaciulsamarTlebrivi gage-
biT, aseve im fizikur da iuridiul pirebs, romlebic ar arian saxelmwifo organoTa
sistemis subieqtebi, magram kanonmdeblobis safuZvelze axorcieleben sajarosamar-
Tlebriv uflebamosilebebs da mis CarCoebSi gamoscemen administraciul aqtebs.13
aRsaniSnavia, rom germanul samarTalSi arsebobs termini `sajaro xelisuflebis
matarebeli~, rac imas gulisxmobs, rom administraciul organod miiCneva yvela is pi-
ri, vinc aRWurvilia sajarosamarTlebrivi uflebamosilebiT, anu visac gadacemuli
aqvs sajaro Zalauflebis tarebis da gamoyenebis ufleba. cnebaSi, iseve, rogorc ger-
manul samarTalSi, unda moiazrebodes yvela is piri, romelic aRWurvilia sajarosa-
marTlebrivi ZalauflebiT.14
administraciuli kanonmdeblobis safuZvelze. szakiT gansazRvrulia, rom is
RonisZieba, romelsac administraciuli organo konkretuli samarTlebrivi urTier-
Tobis mosawesrigeblad axorcielebs, administraciuli samarTlis sferodan unda ga-
momdinareobdes. kanoniT gansazRvruli es piroba, romelsac administraciuli aqti
unda pasuxobdes, dakavSirebulia samarTlis mecnierebaSi arsebul iseT zogad prob-
lemasTan, rogoric aris sajaro da kerZo samarTlis gamijvna da, aqedan gamomdinare,
administraciuli organos saqmianobis formebis sajarosamarTlebrivad da kerZosa-
marTlebrivad dayofa. arsebobs Tu ara es piroba, amis Semowmeba martivad SeiZleba im
SemTxvevaSi, rodesac administraciuli organo uflebamosilia swored sajarosamar-
Tlebrivi saqmianobisTvis, ramdenadac specifikuri samarTlebrivi urTierToba masa
da moqalaqes Soris, magaliTad, iseTi, rogoric sapolicio samarTalSia, administra-
ciuli samarTliT aris mowesrigebuli.15
individualuri samarTlebrivi aqti. administraciuli aqti maSin gvaqvs, rodesac
administraciuli organos RonisZieba mimarTulia piris an pirTa SezRuduli wrisken.
12
szak-is muxli 2.1 (a).
13
adeiSvili z., vardiaSvili q., izoria l., kalandaZe n., kopaleiSvili m., sxirtlaZe n.,
turava p., qitoSvili d., zogadi administraciuli samarTlis saxelmZRvanelo, Tb., 2005,
108.
14
makariZe d., xazaraZe g., administraciuli organos pasuxismgebloba. administraciuli
organos pasuxismgebloba janmrTelobis dacvis samarTalSi, Tb., 2014, 36-37.
15
rava p., qitoSvili d., zogadi administraciuli samarTlis saxelmZRvanelo, Tb., 2005, 110-
111.
368
konkretulia pirTa wre maSin, rodesac gadawyvetilebis miRebis dros garkveulia, Tu

vis exeba is. administraciuli aqti individualurad gansazRvruli pirebisken unda
iyos mimarTuli, an unda Seexebodes calkeul konkretul SemTxvevebs. samarTlebri-
vi aqti individualuri xasiaTisaa, rodesac is mimarTulia konkretuli pirisken, ro-
melsac aqti saxelobiT aRwers, an uSualod mimarTavs. amis magaliTia pirisTvis kerZo
saxlis mSeneblobis nebarTvis gacema. generaluri mowesrigebis dros samarTlebrivi
aqti pirTa ganusazRvrel wres Seexeba. misTvis damaxasiaTebelia is, rom igi `yvelas-
ken~ aris mimarTuli, rom misi gamocemis dros jer kidev ar aris gansazRvruli subieq-
tTa wre, romelzec es aqti gavrceldeba. konkretulia samarTlebrivi aqti, romelic
konkretuli saqmis viTarebas asaxavs da Tavisi bunebiT èrTjeradia~.16
awesebs, cvlis, wyvets an adasturebs. administraciuli organos qmedeba maSin Se-
iZleba miviCnioT administraciul aqtad, rodesac es qmedeba calmxrivad mkacrad gan-
sazRvruli samarTlebrivi Sedegisken (e.i., qmedebis Sedegi – mowesrigeba) aris mimar-
Tuli. administraciuli aqtis cnebis es elementi aRwers mis bunebas, rogorc RonisZi-
ebas, romelic mimarTulia urTierTobis samarTlebrivi mowesrigebisken, e.i., awesebs,
cvlis, wyvets an adasturebs piris samarTlebriv mdgomareobas. samarTlebrivi mowes-
rigebis arsi isaa, rom administraciuli aqtis gamocemiT ganxorcielebuli RonisZie-
ba administraciuli organos nebis Sesabamisad iqiTken aris mimarTuli, raTa calmxri-
vad da Sesasruleblad savaldebulo ZaliT uSualo samarTlebrivi Sedegi warmoSvas.
aseTi mowesrigebisTvis, pirvel rigSi, damaxasiaTebelia is, rom samarTlebrivi Sedegi
uSualod administraciuli organos nebis Sedegad dgeba: imitom, rom ase surs admi-
nistraciul organos da ara mxolod kanonis ZaliT. administraciuli aqtis calmxri-
voba da misi Sesasruleblad savaldebulo Zala am cnebis is elementebia, romlebic mas
administraciuli organos saqmianobis sxva formebisgan ganasxvavebs.17
3.2 individualuri administraciul-samarTlebrivi aqti

germanul kanonmdeblobaSi
rogorc SesavalSi aRiniSna, qarTuli administraciuli samarTali sakmaod ax-

losaa germanulTan, amdenad, sakiTxis ukeT warmoCenisaTvis mizanSewonilia imis mi-
moxilva, Tu rogor aris germaniis administraciul samarTalSi daregulirebuli ad-
ministraciuli aqtis instituti.
administraciuli aqtebis legaluri definicia mocemulia germaniis federaci-
uli respublikis administraciuli procedurebis Sesaxeb kanonis 35-e paragrafSi18,
16
rava p., qitoSvili d., zogadi administraciuli samarTlis saxelmZRvanelo, Tb., 2005, 115-
116.
17
rava p., qitoSvili d., zogadi administraciuli samarTlis saxelmZRvanelo, Tb., 2005,118-
119.
18
Verwaltungsverfahrensgesetz (VwVfG), <http://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/bundesrecht/vwvfg/gesamt.pdf>,
[11.11.2015].
369
romlis Tanaxmadac administraciuli aqti aris gankarguleba, gadawyvetileba an sxva

saxelisuflebo qmedeba, romelsac axorcielebs mmarTveli organo sajaro kanonmdeb-
lobis safuZvelze da erTeuli SemTxvevis regulirebisTvis, da romelic mimarTulia
garesamarTlebriv zemoqmedebaze. zogadi gankarguleba aris samarTlebrivi aqti, ro-
melic mimarTulia zogadi niSan-TvisebiT gansazRvruli an gansazRvradi pirTa jgu-
fisadmi da Seicavs nebis gamovlenas.
administraciul aqts aqvs regulirebis xasiaTi. regulireba aris samarTlebri-
vi qmedeba, nebis gamoxatva, romelic samarTlebrivi Sedegebis gatarebiskenaa mimar-
Tuli. samarTlebrivi Sedegi SeiZleba iyos uflebis an valdebulebis warmoSoba an
Secvla. yuradReba misaqcevia, rom regulirebas ormxrivi gamoxatuleba aqvs. is exeba,
erTi mxriv, moqmedebas da, meore mxriv, am moqmedebis Sedegs, magram Cveulebriv admi-
nistraciul aqtSi, ZiriTadad, igulisxmeba xolme saboloo Sedegi. am kuTxiT SeiZle-
ba aqtebi daiyos Semdegnairad:
a) wminda faqtobrivi administraciuli moqmedebebi (realuri aqtebi);
b) wina (mosamzadebeli) an Sualeduri aqtebi, rodesac ar aris miRebuli saboloo
gadawyvetileba;
g) samarTlebrivad mniSvnelovani nebis gamoxatva.19
amasTanave, SesaZlebelia gamoiyos administraciuli aqtebis cnebis Semdegi ele-
mentebi:
administracia, administraciuli organo. mxolod mmarTveli organos mier gan-
xorcielebuli qmedebis Sedegad SeiZleba warmoiSvas administraciuli aqti. adminis-
tracia aris instancia (samsaxuri, Tanamdeboba), romelic sajaro mmarTvelobis inte-
resebs icavs. is moicavs saxelmwifo administraciuli organizaciebis (organoebis)
erTobliv instanciebsa da Tanamdebobebs.
suverenuli, administraciuli organos mier gamocemuli samarTlebrivi aqti.
am elementis funqciaa, administraciis mravalferovani moqmedebebis saxeobidan amo-
arCios is, romelic ganixileba rogorc administraciuli aqti. saqme exeba moqmedebis
saxis dadgenas. administraciis qmedeba aris administraciuli samarTlis nebis gamo-
xatva da aqvs gansazRvruli amocana. qmedeba eyrdnoba or komponents: nebis formire-
bas da nebis gamoxatvas. administraciuli aqti unda gavigoT rogorc damoukidebeli
calmxrivi nebis gamoxatva, romelsac win uswrebs nebis formireba.20 regulacia unda
iyos suverenuli. es aris im SemTxvevaSi, Tu qmedeba sajaro samarTlis sferos mowes-
rigebiskenaa mimarTuli. amiT mniSvnelovani xdeba sajaro da piradi samarTali. kerZo
sferos momwesrigebeli aqti ver CaiTvleba administraciul aqtad.
calkeuli SemTxveva. administraciuli aqtis erT-erTi niSan-Tvisebaa, rom is
calkeul SemTxvevas aregulirebs. cnebis am elementis mizania zRvris gavleba pirTa
gansazRvrul da ganusazRvrel wreebs Soris. administraciuli aqti maSinaa saxeze,
rodesac regulacia exeba gansazRvrul wres da mas aqvs konkretul-individualuri
xasiaTi. aRniSnuli gulisxmobs ara imas, rom aqti mimarTuli unda iyos erTi pirisad-
19
Maurer H., Allgemeines Verwaltungsrecht, 15. Auflage, Verlang C.H. Beck, Munchen 2004, 190.
20
Peine F. J., Allgemeines Verwaltungsrecht 7.. neu bearbeitete Auflage, schwerpunkte C.F. Muller, Heidelberg
2004, §7, 110.
370
mi, aramed imas, rom unda ikveTebodes pirTa gansazRvruli wre. problemuria situa-
cia, rodesac aqtiT regulirdeba pirTa ganusazRvreli raodenoba, anu roca aqts kon-
kretul-generaluri xasiaTi aqvs.
gare qmedebis qona. administraciuli aqti aris mxolod iseTi regulaciis mqone
aqti, romelic moqalaqeebisTvis da sxva gareT mdgomi iuridiuli pirebisTvis adgens
uflebebsa da movaleobebs. ukve sityvidan Cans, rom administraciuli aqti mimarTu-
li unda iyos gareT. administraciuli aqtis gare qmedeba mxolod im SemTxvevaSia sax-
eze, Tu misi regulacia Sinaarsobrivad imis mixedviTaa gansazRvruli, rom mas gare
qmedebis ganxorcieleba samarTlebrivad SeuZlia. mniSvnelovani niSan-Tviseba am mi-
marTvisa aris kanonmdebloba, romelic dakonkretebuli da aRsrulebuli unda iyos.
amis mixedviT ganasxvaveben:
a) Sida miTiTebebs momsaxureTaTvis. ufrosi (maRali Tanamdebobis piri) ufle-
bamosilia, misadmi daqvemdebarebul administraciebsa da TanamSromlebs misces mi-
TiTebebi samsaxurebrivi Tanamdebobisa da saqmianobis gaTvaliswinebiT. maT ara aqvT
garegani zegavlena da amitom ar warmoadgenen administraciul aqts. miTiTebebi mxo-
lod maSin aris Sida moxmarebisa, rodesac isini TanamSromlebze, rogorc sajaro
mosamsaxureebzea mimarTuli, da piriqiT, aris administraciuli aqti, Tu mimarTulia
damoukidebeli iuridiuli pirebisadmi, pirvel SemTxvevaSi, TanamSromeli aris ad-
ministraciis SigniT, xolo meoreSi administraciuli sferos gareT. mniSvnelovania
aseve TanamSromlebis gadaadgileba an davalebebis cvlileba administraciis SigniT.
Zveli kanonmdeblobiT, gadaadgileba iyo mxolod administraciis Sida aqti.
b) Tanxmoba sxva administraciis samsaxurisa an sxva administraciuli pirisgan
(mravalsafexuriani administraciuli aqti). arsebobs mTeli rigi administraciuli
aqtebisa, romlebic ganxorcielebamde saWiroeben Tanxmobas sxva administraciuli
organosagan an pirisagan. Tanxmoba mxolod mas Semdeg kvalificirdeba aqtad, Tu is
moqalaqes sakuTar da pirdapir, uSualo samarTlebriv gavlenas ganuviTarebs. amis
niSani aris is, rom Tanxmobis mimcem organos gadaecema gansakuTrebuli interesebis
dacva da sakuTari uflebebis wayenebis ufleba. wesiT, Tanxmobas aqvs mxolod Sida ad-
ministraciuli axsna, nebadarTuli organosTvis da, aqedan gamomdinare, araa adminis-
traciuli. Tanxmobis miRebis saWiroebis mqone aqti, Sida zegavlenis gamo, sxva orga-
nodan miiCneva rogorc mravalsafexuriani administraciuli aqti.21
rogorc ganxiluli SemTxvevebidan Cans, qarTuli da germanuli kanonmdebloba,
ZiriTadad, erTnairad awesrigebs sakanonmdeblo doneze administraciuli aqtebis
cnebis definicias. ZiriTadi gansxvaveba ki isaa, rom qarTuli kanonmdebloba admi-
nistraciuli aqtis cnebaSi ar moiazrebs mis garesamarTlebrivi zemoqmedebis niSans.
germaniis samarTlebrivi sistemis ganxilvisas ki gamoCnda, Tu ra didi mniSvneloba
eniWeba cnebis am elements aqtis administraciulad miCnevis sakiTxSi. swored adminis-
traciuli aqtisTvis garesamarTlebrivi zemoqmedebis SemoRebiT iqneba SesaZlebeli,
moxdes administraciis mier gamocemuli samarTlebrivi aqtebis dayofa Sidauwyeb-
21
Maurer H., Allgemeines Verwaltungsrecht, 15. Auflage, Verlang C.H. Beck, München, 2004, 192, 194, 196,
199-210.
371
riv, Sualedur da administraciul aqtebad. am institutis danergva mniSvnelovnad

gaumartivebs administracias muSaobas im kuTxiT, rom misi detalurad Camoyalibebis
SemTxvevaSi, SesaZlebeli iqneba imis dadgena, Tu rodis aris administraciis mier ga-
mocemuli aqti individualuri da rodis ara. qarTul realobaSi damkvidrebul samar-
Tlebriv praqtikas Tu daveyrdnobiT, vnaxavT, rom administraciis mier gamocemuli
aqtebi, nebismier sakiTxze, iqneba es Sinaarsobrivad Sidauwyebrivi Tu Sualeduri aq-
ti, individualuri administraciul-samarTlebrivi aqtis gamocemisaTvis dadgenili
rekvizitebiTa da wesis saxiT gamoisaxeba. magaliTad, iseTi Sidauwyebrivi aqti, ro-
goricaa xelmZRvaneli piris mier droebiT Tavisi movaleobebis sxva TanamSromlis-
Tvis dakisreba, gamoicema individualur-administraciuli samarTlebrivi aqtisaT-
vis dadgenili wesis Sesabamisad.22 amasTanave, szak-is Sesabamisad, àdministraciuli
organo valdebulia, administraciuli warmoebisas gamoikvlios saqmisaTvis mniSvne-
lobis mqone yvela garemoeba da gadawyvetileba miiRos am garemoebaTa Sefasebisa da
urTierTSejerebis safuZvelze. am miznis misaRwevad organos SeuZlia, gamoiTxovos
dokumentebi.23 aRniSnuli Sinaarsis qmedeba administraciuli organos mxridan aris
Sualeduri aqti, raTa miRebul iqnes saboloo gadawyvetileba, Tumca werilis for-
ma da Sinaarsi emTxveva individualuri administraciul-samarTlebrivi aqtis for-
mas. amdenad, Tuki moxdeba administraciuli organos mier saqmianobis formebis gan-
sazRvra am niSniT, terminologiis doneze SemoRebuli iqneba is kanonmdeblobaSi da
SesaZlebeli iqneba administrciis mier gamocemuli aqtebis gansxvaveba maTi Sinaarsis
mixedviT, unda CaiTvalon isini `Sidauwyebriv~ Sualedur Tu individualur aqtebad.
aRniSnuli gaamartivebs rogorc administraciis muSaobas, aseve dainteresebuli mxa-
reebis aRqmadobas administraciuli aqtebis mimarT.
4. individualuri administraciul-samarTlebrivi aqti da

normatiuli administraciul-samarTlebrivi aqti
normatiuli administraciul-samarTlebrivi aqti ganimarteba rogorc ufleba-

mosili administraciuli organos mier sakanonmdeblo aqtis safuZvelze gamocemuli
samarTlebrivi aqti, romelic Seicavs misi mudmivi an droebiTi da mravaljeradi ga-
moyenebis qcevis zogad wess.24 normatiuli aqtis cnebis elementebia:
22
saqarTvelos centraluri saarCevno komisiis 2013 wlis 3 Tebervlis №7 dadgenilebiT
damtkicebuli sajaro samarTlis iuridiuli piris saarCevno sistemebis ganviTarebis,
reformebisa da swavlebis centris debulebis me-3 muxlis me-4 punqtiT dadgenilia,
rom swavlebis centris direqtori Sidauwyebrivi, sakadro da swavlebis centris saq-
mianobidan gamomdinare, sxva sakiTxebze saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis Sesabamisad,
gamoscems individualur administraciul-samarTlebriv aqts d brZanebas, xolo amave
muxlis me-11 punqtis Sesabamisad, Svebulebis, samsaxurebrivi mivlinebis an mis mier
movaleobaTa Sesrulebis SeuZleblobis SemTxvevaSi swavlebis centris direqtori
Tavisi movaleobebis Sesrulebas akisrebs swavlebis centris romelime TanamSromels.
<https://matsne.gov.ge/ka/document/view/1576925>, [11.11.2015].
23
szak-is 96-e da 97-e muxlebi.
24
szak-is me-2 I muxli.
372
uflebamosili administraciuli organo – normatiuli administraciul-samar-

Tlebrivi aqtis gamocemisaTvis uflebamosili organo ganisazRvreba im kanoniT, ro-
melic Sesabamis organoebs aRWurvavs aseTi aqtis gamocemis uflebamosilebiT. admi-
nistraciul-samarTlebriv normebs orgvari – samarTalgamoyenebiTi da samarTal-
damdgeni – iuridiuli datvirTva aqvs; es normebi emsaxureba samarTalgamoyenebis,
anu aRsrulebis, mizans, ris gamoc, moqmedi kanonmdeblobis mixedviT, aRmasrulebeli
organos normatiuli aqtebi gamoicema kanonis aRsrulebis mizniT, anu isini kanon-
qvemdebare aqtebia.
normatiuli administraciul-samarTlebrivi aqtis gamocemis sakanonmdeblo sa-
fuZveli – normatiuli administraciul-samarTlebrivi aqtis gamocemis uflebamosi-
lebis zogadi safuZvlebi Cadebulia saqarTvelos konstituciaSi, `normatiuli aqte-
bis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonSi da szak-Si. sakanonmdeblo aqtis safuZvelze norma-
tiuli administraciul-samarTlebrivi aqtis gamocemis SemTxvevaSi mniSvnelovania,
rom TviT am kanonSi ganisazRvros normatiuli administraciul-samarTlebrivi aqtis
gamocemis uflebamosilebis `Sinaarsi, mizani da moculoba~. e.i., TviTon kanonmdebel-
ma unda gansazRvros momavalSi normatiuli administraciul-samarTlebrivi aqtis
gamocemiT ganxorcielebuli samarTlebrivi mowesrigebis CarCoebi da mimarTulebebi
ise, rom mmarTvelobis organom SeZlos moqmedeba kanonmdeblis nebis farglebSi da
mis Sesabamisad.
qcevis zogadi wesi – normatiuli administraciul-samarTlebrivi aqtis cne-
bis es elementi mijnavs mas indivdualuri administraciul-samarTlebrivi aqtisagan.
normatiuli administraciul-samarTlebrivi aqti adgens qcevis zogad wess, romelic
gamiznulia misi gamocemis dros ganusazRvrelad mravali urTierTobis ganusazRvre-
li raodenobis monawileebisaTvis.
pirvel rigSi, individualur da normatiul aqtebs Soris urTierTkavSiris gan-
xilvisas unda aRiniSnos, rom individualuri samarTlebrivi aqti erTjeradia da un-
da Seesabamebodes normatiul aqts. individualuri samarTlebrivi aqti miiReba (gamo-
icema) mxolod normatiuli aqtis safuZvelze da mis mier dadgenil farglebSi.25
erTi SexedviT, sxvaoba individualur da normatiul aqtebs Soris aSkaraa da ma-
Ti gansxvavebis kuTxiT problemebi ar unda iyos. Tumca yuradReba msurs gavamaxvilo
iseT sakiTxze, romelic dagvanaxvebs problemas am kuTxiT da misi daregulirebis au-
cileblobas.
rogorc ukve aRiniSna, individualuri, aseve normatiuli aqti administraciuli
organos saqmianobis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani institutia. xSir SemTxvevaSi individu-
aluri da normatiuli aqtebis saxelwodeba erTmaneTs emTxveva. amis magaliTia saqar-
Tvelos ministris mier gamocemuli brZanebebi, romlebic, zog SemTxvevaSi, individu-
aluri, xolo zog SemTxvevaSi, normatiuli xasiaTisaa. `normatiuli aqtebis Sesaxeb“
saqarTvelos kanonis me-13 muxlis pirveli punqti saqarTvelos ministris normati-
ul aqtad adgens brZanebas. amasTanave, saqarTvelos mTavrobis 2013 wlis 30 dekembris
25
„normatiuli aqtebis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis 2.4 muxli.
373
389-e dadgenilebiT damtkicebuli `saqarTvelos iusticiis saministros debulebis~26

me-5 muxlis me-2 punqtis `m~ qvepunqtis Tanaxmad, ministri saqarTvelos sakanonmdeb-
lo aqtiT, saqarTvelos prezidentisa da saqarTvelos mTavrobis normatiuli aqte-
biT gansazRvrul SemTxvevebsa da farglebSi, gamoscems normatiul da individualur
samarTlebriv aqtebs – brZanebebs. analogiuri situaciaa saqarTvelos prezidentis
mier gamosacem aqtebs Soris. `normatiuli aqtebis Sesaxeb“ saqarTvelos kanonis me-
11 muxlis me-3 da me-4 punqtebis Sesabamisad, saqarTvelos prezidentis brZanebuleba
normatiuli aqtia (gamonaklisia brZanebulebebi, romlebic sakadro da personalur
sakiTxebs exeba); saqarTvelos prezidentis, rogorc saqarTvelos samxedro Zalebis
umaRlesi mTavarsardlis, brZaneba SeiZleba iyos rogorc normatiuli aqti, ise in-
dividualuri samarTlebrivi aqti. rogorc ukve 3.2 TavSi aRiniSna, administraciu-
li aqtebis gansxvaveba maTi Sinaarsis mixedviT terminologiurad gaamartivebda maT
aRqmadobas. analogiuri mosazreba SeiZleba moviyvanoT am SemTxvevaSi: kargi iqneba,
Tuki sakanonmdeblo doneze daregulirdeba individualuri da normatiuli aqtebis
gansxvaveba terminologiuradac, es ki Tavidan agvacilebs situacias, rodesac dain-
teresebuli mxare ver axerxebs daadginos, aqti realurad individualuria Tu norma-
tiuli. am aqtebis erTmaneTisagan garCevis problema kidev ufro TvalnaTeli xdeba
maSin, roca erTi da imave Sinaarsis mqone aqti erT SemTxvevaSi individualur aqtadaa
miCneuli, xolo sxva SemTxvevaSi normatiulad. amis magaliTad SeiZleba moviyvanoT
Semdegi SemTxvevebi:
sajaro samarTlis iuridiuli piris – Semosavlebis samsaxuris Sinaganawesi dam-
tkicebulia Semosavlebis samsaxuris ufrosis 2014 wlis 18 ivlisis 34134-e brZanebiT.
es aqti gamoqveynebulia saqarTvelos sakanonmdeblo macneSi da dokumentis tipad mi-
TiTebulia Semosavlebis samsaxuris individualuri aqti.27
saxelmwifo auditis samsaxuris generaluri auditoris 2013 wlis 18 ivnisis
122/37 brZanebiT damtkicebuli saxelmwifo auditis samsaxuris Sinaganawesi.28 zemo-
aRniSnuli aqtis samarTlebriv safuZvelSi miTiTebulia `saxelmwifo auditis samsa-
xuris Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis me-10 muxlis `m~ qvepunqti, romelic generalur
auditors aniWebs normatiuli aqtis – brZanebis – gamocemis uflebas.29
rogorc vxedavT, erTi da imave Sinaarsis matarebeli aqti – Sinaganawesi – erT
SemTxvevaSi aris individualuri, xolo meoreSi – normatiuli.
daskvnis saxiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom ufro detalurad unda mowesrigdes saka-
nonmdeblo doneze individualuri da normatiuli aqtebis gamocemis SemTxvevebi. sa-
Wiroa meqanizmis SemuSaveba, romelic gaavlebs mkveTr zRvars individualur da nor-
matiul aqtebs Soris. rogorc aRiniSna, erT-erTi saSualeba am problemis gadasaWre-
lad aris terminologiuri sxvaobis dadgena.
26
27
sajaro samarTlis iuridiuli piris – Semosavlebis samsaxuris Sinaganawesi, <https://matsne.
gov.ge/ka/document/view/2426434>, [11.11.2015].
28
29
374
5. mosamarTle rogorc individualuri

administraciul-samarTlebrivi aqtis gamocemaze
uflebamosili subieqti
(gansakuTrebuli SemTxveva)
metad mniSvnelovania iseTi institutis ganxilva, romelic dadgenilia saqar-

Tvelos administraciul samarTaldarRvevaTa kodeqsiT (SemdgomSi – sask). kerZod,
aRniSnuli kodeqsi adgens raionuli (saqalaqo) sasamarTlos gansjad administraci-
ul samarTaldarRvevaTa saqmeebs,30 romelTac sasamarTlo ganixilavs administraci-
ul samarTaldarRvevaTa oqmis safuZvelze.31 aRsaniSnavia, rom sasamarTlos gansjadi
administraciuli samarTaldarRvevis oqmebis Sedgenis uflebamosileba aqvs ramdeni-
me administraciul organos. magaliTisaTvis moviyvan ramdenime maTgans: sasamarTlos
administraciul samarTaldarRvevaTa kodeqsis 52-e muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli samar-
TaldarRvevisaTvis – miwis dabinZureba, degradacia an sxvagvari gauvargiseba – ad-
ministraciul samarTaldarRvevaTa oqms adgenen saqarTvelos garemosa da bunebrivi
resursebis dacvis saministros sistemaSi Semavali dawesebulebebis uflebamosili
TanamSromlebi; 1591 muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli samarTaldarRvevisaTvis – arasaTa-
nado reklamis ganTavseba (gavrceleba) – administraciul samarTaldarRvevaTa oqms
adgenen Sesabamisi adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis organoebis mier uflebamosili
pirebi. administraciuli samarTaldarRvevis saqmis ganxilvis Semdeg organos (Tanam-
debobis pirs) gamoaqvs dadgenileba aRniSnul saqmeze. dadgenileba unda Seicavdes:
dadgenilebis gamomtani organos (Tanamdebobis piris) dasaxelebas; saqmis ganxilvis
TariRs; cnobebs im piris Sesaxeb, romlis mimarT ganixileba saqme; saqmis ganxilvisas
dadgenil garemoebaTa gadmocemas; im normatiuli aqtis miTiTebas, romelic iTvalis-
winebs pasuxismgeblobas mocemuli administraciuli samarTaldarRvevisaTvis; saqme-
ze miRebul gadawyvetilebas.32 dadgenilebis samarTlebrivi buneba, zemoT CamoTvli-
li kriteriumebis Sesabamisad, migvaniSnebs imaze, rom is warmoadgens individualur
administraciulsamarTlebriv aqts. amdenad, gamodis, rom sasamarTlo aRniSnuli
kanoniT aRiWurveba individualuri administraciul-samarTlebrivi aqtis Sinaarsis
mqone aqtis gamocemiT. rogorc administraciuli aqtis cnebis ganxilvisas gamoCnda,
administraciul-samarTlebrivi aqtebis ZiriTad funqciad miCneulia administraci-
uli organoebisa da sajaro xelisuflebiT aRWurvili sxva subieqtebis mier maTi fun-
qciebis, mmarTvelobiTi RonisZiebebis ganxorcieleba sxva pirebTan mimarTebiT. amde-
nad, administraciuli aqtebi dakavSirebuli unda iyos administraciis mier mmarTve-
lobiTi RonisZiebis ganxorcielebisaken. saqarTvelos konstituciis Sesabamisad, sa-
xelmwifo xelisufleba saqarTveloSi xorcieldeba xelisuflebis danawilebis prin-
cipze dayrdnobiT.33 amasTanave, xelisufleba dayofilia sasamarTlo sakanonmdeblo
da aRmasrulebel xelisuflebad, rac uzrunvelyofs xelisuflebis Stoebis urTier-
30
sask-is 208-e muxli.
31
32
33
saqarTvelos konstituciis 5(4) muxli.
375
Tkontrolsa da urTierTgawonasworebas. administraciuli iusticiis mizani aris is,

rom mmarTvelobiT sferoSi kerZo pirsa da administracias Soris wamoWrili dava ga-
dawydes sasamarTlo saproceso wesiT.34 amdenad, administraciul samarTaldarRveva-
Ta kodeqsiT zemoaRniSnuli institutis SemoRebiT sasamarTlo faqtobrivad wyvets
im sakiTxebs, romelTa gadawyvetac uwyebrivad administraciuli organoebis kompe-
tenciaa, rac arRvevs administraciuli iusticiis arss.
6. daskvna
naSromSi ganxilul iqna administraciuli aqtebis cneba da zogadi daxasiaTeba

sazRvargareTis (ZiriTadad, germaniisa da safrangeTis) qveynebis magaliTebze day-
rdnobiT.
rogorc ganxilvis Sedegad warmoCnda, administraciuli samarTlis dargi mowo-
debulia imisaken, rom daareguliros administraciis, mmarTvelobiTi funqciebiT aR-
Wurvili subieqtebis saqmianobis samarTlebrivi safuZvlebi da maTi damokidebuleba
am procesSi CarTul mxareebTan. am funqciis ganxorcieleba ki, ZiriTadad, damokide-
bulia administraciuli qmedebis ganxorcielebasTan, romelic gamoixateba adminis-
traciul-samarTlebrivi aqtebis gamocemiT.
sazRvargareTis qveynebis samarTlebrivi doqtrinebi ganasxvaveben ramdenime aq-
tis saxeobas. iseTebi, rogorebicaa: Sida da gare aqtebi, Sidauwyebrivi, Sualeduri,
winaswari. aRmasrulebeli administraciuli aqtebis mTavari maxasiaTebeli, romelic
mas ganasxvavebs sxva calmxrivi aqtebisagan, aris is, rom aseT aqtebs Sedegad mohyveba
arsebuli samarTlebrivi mdgomareobis Secvla.
ganxilul iqna individualuri administraciuli aqtis mowesrigeba qarTul da
germanul kanonmdeblobaSi. germanulisagan gansxvavebiT, qarTul kanonmdeblobaSi
ar aris Cadebuli gare regulirebis meqanizmi, rasTan dakavSirebiTac gamoiTqva mo-
sazreba, rom swored administraciuli aqtisTvis garesamarTlebrivi zemoqmedebis
SemoRebiT iqneboda SesaZlebeli, administraciis mier gamocemuli samarTlebrivi aq-
tebis dayofa Sidauwyebriv, Sualedur da individualur administraciul-samarTleb-
riv aqtebad. am institutis danergva ki mniSvnelovnad gaumartivebda administracias
muSaobas im kuTxiT, rom misi detalurad Camoyalibebis SemTxvevaSi SesaZlebeli iqne-
ba imis dadgena, Tu rodis aris administraciis mier gamocemuli aqti individualuri
da rodis ara.
individualuri da normatiuli aqtebis urTierTSedarebisas warmoCnda, rom ar-
sebobs garkveuli problemuri sakiTxebi, romlebic dakavSirebulia am aqtebis erTi
terminiT moxseniebiT, aseve erTi da imave Sinaarsis aqtis erT SemTxvevaSi normatiu-
lad, xolo meoreSi individualuri formiT gamocemis gamo. problemis dasareguli-
reblad gamoiTqva rekomendacia, am aqtebis terminologiuri sxvaobis SemoRebisa da
34
kozirini a., Smamina m., zelencovi a., bogdanovskaia i., s. danilovi, saJina v., raitelmaieri
281.
376
iseTi meqanizmis danergvisaTvis, romelic mkafio zRvars gaavlebda aqtis am or saxes

Soris.
naSromis bolo TavSi yuradReba daeTmo individualuri administraciul-samar-
Tlebrivi aqtebis Sinaarsis mqone aqtis gamocemis SesaZleblobas sasamarTlos mier,
rac uaryofiTad Sefasda, vinaidan aseTi mowesrigeba ewinaaRmdegeba administraciu-
li iusticiis princips da aris sasamarTlo xelisuflebis Careva administraciis saq-
mianobaSi.
saboloo daskvnis saxiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom naSromSi warmoCenilia adminis-
traciuli aqtebis samarTlebrivi buneba. gamovlenilia garkveuli tipis xarvezebi,
gamoTqmulia garkveuli tipis SeniSvnebi da rekomendaciebi am samarTlebrivi insti-
tutis gaumjobesebisa da misi ukeT aRqmadobis kuTxiT.
377
*
ilia wiklauri
saqarTvelos finansTa saministros sistemaSi

sagadasaxado davis ganxilvis modelis SedarebiTi analizi
winamdebare statiaSi ganxilulia administraciuli samarTlis iseTi mniSvne-

lovani sakiTxi, rogoricaa sagadasaxado davis ganxilvis administraciuli
meqanizmi. saqarTveloSi es meqanizmi moicavs davis ganxilvas ssip – Semosav-
lebis samsaxurisa da finansTa saministros davebis ganxilvis sabWos mier.
statiaSi ganxilulia sagadasaxdo davis finansTa saministros sistemaSi gan-
xilvis arsi, Sesabamisi adminsitraciuli warmoebis Taviseburebani da saga-
dasaxado davis ganxilvis ucxouri praqtika amerikis SeerTebuli Statebisa
da germaniis federaciis magaliTebze.
statiis bolos dasaxulia konkretuli gza sagadasaxado davebis adminis-
traciuli wesiT ganxilvis proceduris srulyofisa da sagadasaxado davebis
prevenciisTvis.
sakvanZo sityvebi: sagadasaxado dava, sagadasaxado samarTali, administra-

ciuli samarTali, sagadasaxado davis prevencia.
1. Sesavali
sagadasaxado davebis ganxilva mravali TaviseburebiT xasiaTdeba, rasac sagada-

saxado samarTlis sirTule ganapirobebs. sagadasaxado samarTali moicavs rogorc
samarTlebrivi, ise sxvadasxva mecnierebis sakiTxebs. „miuxedavad gansakuTrebuli aq-
tualobisa, sagadasaxado samarTali Tanamedrove safinansosamarTlebriv mecniere-
baSi naklebad Seswavlili movlenaa.“1 am sferos sirTulidan da mravalferovnebidan
gamomdinare, sagadasaxado davebis ganxilvac mniSvnelovani specifikiT gamoirCeva.
winamdebare statiis ganxilvis ZiriTadi sagani sagadasaxado davis ganxilvis proble-
matikaa.
sagadasaxado davis ganxilvis arasasamarTlo meqanizmis arsi isaa, rom davis ga-
dawyvetis mTeli procedura mimdinareobs mxolod sagadasaxado organoebSi. am sta-
tiis mizani swored sagadasaxado davis finansTa saministros sistemaSi ganxilvis Ta-
viseburebaTa analizia. sakiTxi Zalze aqtualuria, radgan yoveldRiurad mravali sa-
gadasaxado dava warmoiSoba, Tumca igi mainc ar aris saTanadod Seswavlili.
statiaSi ganxilulia saqarTvelos sagadasaxado kodeqsis (SemdgomSi – ssk) debu-
lebebi. aseve gaanalizebulia ucxouri sakanonmdeblo aqtebi da samecniero naSrome-
bi. naSromSi gamoyenebulia SedarebiTi analizis meTodi.
statiaSi gaanalizebulia sagadasaxado davis saqarTvelos finansTa saministros
*
1
rogava z., gadasaxadebi, sagadasaxado sistema da sagadasaxado samarTali, Tb., 2002, 43.
378
ilia wiklauri, saqarTvelos finansTa saministros sistemaSi sagadasaxado davis
ganxilvis modelis SedarebiTi analizi
sistemaSi ganxilvis institutis arsi, Sesabamisi administraciuli warmoebis Tavi-

seburebani. aqve mimoxilulia ucxouri praqtika amerikis SeerTebuli Statebisa da
germaniis magaliTze. imedia, zemoaRniSnuli sakiTxebis ganxilvis Sedegad miRebuli
daskvnebi wvlils Seitans sagadasaxado davebis problematikis gadaWraSi.
2. sagadasaxado davis saqarTvelos finansTa saministros sistemaSi

ganxilvis institutis arsis zogadi mimoxilva
sagadasaxado davebi TaviseburebebiT xasiaTdeba, rasac misi interdisciplinu-

ri xasiaTi da mowesrigebis gansakuTrebuli sfero ganapirobebs.2
sagadasaxado dava gansxvavdeba sxva tipis davebisgan ramdenime aspeqtiT. Cveu-
lebriv, samoqalaqo dava mimdinareobs romelime mxaris raime aramarTlzomieri qme-
debis safuZvelze, xolo sagadasaxado davis safuZveli xSirad SecdomiTi deklarire-
ba xdeba.3
sagadasaxado samarTalSi SesaZlebelia gamovyoT gadasaxadis gadamxdelis uf-
lebis dacvis arasasamarTlo da sasamarTlo saSualeba.4 sagadasaxado davis finansTa
saministros sistemaSi ganxilvas awesrigebs ssk, romlis XI Tavi orientirebulia saga-
dasaxado davis finansTa saministros sistemaSi ganxilvis regulirebaze.5
administraciuli wesiT sagadasaxado davebis ganxilva xasiaTdeba SedarebiT
martivi procedurebiT, rac momCivans aZlevs realur SesaZleblobas, damoukideblad
daicvas ufleba kvalificiuri iuridiuli momsaxurebis gareSe. administraciuli ga-
saCivreba, Tundac pirisaTvis uaryofiTi SedegiT, saSualebas aZlevs mas, sadavo sa-
kiTxTan dakavSirebiT ukeTesad gaerkves sagadasaxado organoebis SexedulebebSi da
sasamarTloSi saqmis ganxilvisaTvis ukeT moemzados sakuTari poziciebis dasacavad.6
Tumca iuridiul literaturaSi davis ganxilvis administraciuli meqanizmi arcTu
efeqturadaa miCneuli. saerTaSoriso gamocdilebis Sesabamisad, gadasaxadis gadam-
xdelTa saCivrebis ganxilva zemdgom sagadasaxado organoebSi Zalian iSviaTad mTav-
rdeba gadasaxadis gadamxdelis gamarTlebiT.7 aseTi mdgomareoba axsnilia zemdgomi
administraciuli organos mier misi qveda ierarqiuli rgolis poziciis gamyarebiT.8
saqarTvelos sagadasaxado sistema sagadasaxado davis warmoebis ramdenime for-
mas iTvaliswinebs, magram gadasaxadis gadamxdelsa da saxelmwifos Soris davis gan-
2
wiklauri i., sagadasaxado davebis ganxilvis qarTuli modelis Taviseburebani da misi
reformirebis saWiroeba, Jurn. „sarCevi~, №1-2 (3-4), 2012, 77.
3
Smith W.K., Stalans J.L., Negotiating Strategies for Tax Disputes: Preferences of Taxpayers and Auditors, Law
& Social Inquiry, Vol. 19, No.2, 1994, 343.
4
rogava z., gadasaxadebi, sagadasaxado sistema da sagadasaxado samarTali, Tb., 2002, 67.
5
wiklauri i., sagadasaxado davebis ganxilvis qarTuli modelis Taviseburebani da misi
reformirebis saWiroeba, Jurn. „sarCevi~, №1-2 (3-4), 2012, 78.
6
iqve, 669.
7
ix. rogava z., gadasaxadebi, sagadasaxado sistema da sagadasaxado samarTali, Tb., 2002,
269.
8
iqve, 270.
379
xilvis yvelaze efeqtur da qmediT meqanizmad sasamarTlo miiCneva.9

ssk-is Sesabamisad, „saqarTvelos finansTa saministros sistemaSi sagadasaxado
davis ganmxilveli organoebi arian Semosavlebis samsaxuri da saqarTvelos finansTa
saministrosTan arsebuli davebis ganxilvis sabWo, xolo davebis ganxilvis sabWo aris
saqarTvelos finansTa saministrosTan arsebuli sagadasaxado davis ganmxilveli or-
gano“.10 ssk-is Tanaxmad, saqarTvelos finansTa saministros sistemaSi sagadasaxado
davis ganxilva oretapiania da iwyeba saCivris Semosavlebis samsaxurSi wardginebiT.11
amrigad, sagadasaxado organoebis sistemis yvelaze dabali rgolis regionuli cen-
trebisa (sagadasaxado inspeqciis) da sxva organoebis aqtebis gasaCivreba xdeba jer
Semosavlebis samsaxurSi, Semdgom ki am organos gadawyvetilebasTan erTad finansTa
saministrosTan arsebul davebis ganmxilvel sabWoSi an sasamarTloSi.
3. saqarTvelos finansTa saministros sistemaSi sagadasaxado davis

ganxilvasTan dakavSirebuli administraciuli warmoeba
3.1. sagadasaxado davis dawyeba
sagadasaxado davis dawyebis momentisaTvis davis monawile mxareebis samarTleb-

rivi mdgomareoba metad Taviseburia. gadasaxadis gadamxdeli da sagadasaxado organo
Tavidanve araTanabar mdgomareobaSi arian. miuxedavad imisa, vin ityvis uars moTxov-
nis Sesrulebaze, dava mainc gadasaxadis gadamxdelma unda daiwyos. aqedan gamomdi-
nare, sasamarTloSi sarCelis Setanisasac baJis gadaxda yovelTvis gadamxdels mou-
wevs.12
sagadasaxado davis dawyeba gulisxmobs piris uflebis dacvisaken mimarTul qme-
debas sasamarTlo an arasasamarTlo meqanizmebis gamoyenebiT. ssk-is mixedviT, dad-
genilia sagadasaxado davis dawyebis zogadi danawesebi, romlebic dakavSirebulia
sagadasaxado organos gadawyvetilebebis gasaCivrebasTan. sagadasaxado kodeqsi ad-
gens, rom sagadasaxado organos mier piris mimarT am kodeqsis safuZvelze miRebuli
gadawyvetileba SeiZleba gasaCivrdes davis ganmxilvel organoSi.13
ssk CamoTvlis gadawyvetilebaTa saxeebs, romlebic eqvemdebareba gasaCivrebas.14
aseTi gadawyvetilebebis gasaCivrebisaTvis dadgenilia 30-dRiani vada am gadawyveti-
lebaTa Cabarebidan.15 kanoniT gansazRvruli 30-dRiani vada SedarebiT axalia da misi
gansazRvra am saxiT moxda ssk-Si 2011 wlis 20 dekembers ganxorcielebuli cvlilebis
9
gabisonia i., sagadasaxado samarTali, gadasaxadis gadamxdelis uflebebis dacvis
meqanizmebi, Tb., 2013, 109.
10
ssk-is 54-e, 297-e I da 297-e II muxlebi, saqarTvelos sakanonmdeblo macne, 12.10. 2010.
11
iqve, 297-e III muxli.
12
xmalaZe v., SaviSvili i., xatiaSvili d., migriauli d., saqarTvelos sagadasaxado kodeqsis
komentarebi, Tb., 2006, 220.
13
ssk-is 54-e da 299-e I muxlebi, saqarTvelos sakanonmdeblo macne, 12.10. 2010.
14
iqve, 299-e muxli.
15
iqve, 299-e IV muxli.
380
Semdgom. manamde arsebuli mdgomareobiT ssk aseTi gadawyvetilebebis gasaCivrebi-

saTvis adgenda 20-dRian vadas.
TiTqosda dakonkretebuli davis sagnebi sagadasaxado davisa realurad ar
aris yovlismomcveli da ar asaxavs mTlianad sagadasaxado davis yvela safuZvels.
aRniSnul muxlSi araferia naTqvami sagadasaxado organos marTlsawinaaRmdego qme-
debebisa da maT mier miyenebuli zianis gasaCivrebaze.
sagadasaxado davis dawyebasTan mimarTebiT aRsaniSnavia kanonmdeblis met-nak-
lebad loialuri pozicia, romelic pirs gamonaklis SemTxvevebSi saSualebas aZlevs,
dadgenili vadis gasvlis Semdegac daicvas ufleba. kanoni gansazRvravs, rom 30-dRia-
ni vadis gasvlis Semdeg davis dawyeba dasaSvebia axlad aRmoCenili an axlad gamovle-
nili garemoebebis an mtkicebulebebis safuZvliT.16
met-naklebad novaciaa is, rom, moqmedi kanonmdeblobis Sesabamisad, saCivari da-
vis ganmxilvel organos waredgineba eleqtronuladac. momCivnis mier davis ganmxil-
vel organoSi eleqtronuli formiT wardgenil informacias aqvs iseTive Zala, rogo-
ric werilobiTi formiT wardgenils.17 amgvari wesi ufro daaCqarebs da gaamartivebs
saCivris, rogorc uflebis dacvis saSualebis, gamoyenebas.
3.2. sagadasaxado davis ganmxilveli subieqti
3.2.1. sagadasaxado davis ganxilva Semosavlebis samsaxuris mier
kanonmdeblobiT gansazRvrulia, rom saqarTvelos finansTa saministros siste-

maSi sagadasaxado davis ganmxilveli organoebia Semosavlebis samsaxuri da saqarTve-
los finansTa saministrosTan arsebuli davebis ganxilvis sabWo (SemdgomSi – davis
ganmxilveli organoebi).18
ssk-is Tanaxmad, gadasaxadis gadamxdels sakuTari uflebis dacva, upirveles
yovlisa, SeuZlia Semosavlebis samsaxurSi.19 ssk-is XIV kariT dadgenilia sagadasaxado
davis saqarTvelos finansTa saministros sistemaSi ganxilvis wesi.20
ssk gansazRvravs, rom saqarTvelos finansTa saministros sistemaSi sagadasaxado
davis nebismier etapze momCivans ufleba aqvs, mimarTos sasamarTlos.21 sasamarTloSi
sagadasaxado davis warmoebis wesi ganisazRvreba saqarTvelos administraciuli sap-
roceso kanonmdeblobiT.22 Sesabamisad, saqarTvelos ssk uSvebs imis SesaZleblobas,
rom pirma sakuTari ufleba uflebis dacvis arasasamarTlo meqanizmis gamoyenebis ga-
reSec daicvas. Tumca saqarTvelos administraciuli saproceso kodeqsiT (Semdgom-
Si – sask) dadgenilia, rom sasamarTlo, garda kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli SemTxvevisa,
16
ssk-is 54-e da 299-e VI muxlebi, saqarTvelos sakanonmdeblo macne, 12.10. 2010.
17
ssk-is 299-e IX muxli, saqarTvelos sakanonmdeblo macne, 12.10. 2010.
18
iqve, 297-e I muxli.
19
20
iqve, 296-e II muxli.
21
22
iqve, 296-e IV muxli.
381
ar miiRebs sarCels administraciuli organos mimarT, Tu mosarCelem saqarTvelos

zogadi administraciuli kodeqsiT (SemdgomSi – szak) dadgenili wesiT ar gamoiyena
administraciuli saCivris erTjeradad wardgenis SesaZlebloba.23 aRniSnulidan ga-
momdinare, gadasaxadis gadamxdelis sarCeli sasamarTloSi dasaSvebi iqneba mxolod
im SemTxvevaSi, Tu man gamoiyena saCivris wardgenis erTjeradi SesaZlebloba. imisaT-
vis, rom pirma SeZlos sakuTari uflebis dacva sasamarTloSi, aucilebelia, minimum,
Semosavlebis samsaxurSi saCivris wardgenis SesaZleblobis gamoyeneba.
ssk-is Tanaxmad, davis ganmxilvel organoebs aqvT saqarTvelos mTavrobis mier
damtkicebuli reglamenti, romelic gansazRvravs saCivris ganxilvisa da momCivneb-
Tan urTierTobis wess.24
davis ganmxilveli organoebis mier saCivris ganxilvisa da momCivnebTan urTier-
Tobis wesi gansazRvrulia saqarTvelos mTavrobis 2011 wlis 14 dekembris №473 dadge-
nilebiT damtkicebuli reglamentiT. davis ganmxilveli organoebis reglamenti aris
saqarTvelos finansTa saministros sistemaSi arsebuli sagadasaxado davis ganmxil-
veli organoebis saxelmZRvanelo dokumenti, romelic gansazRvravs saCivris ganxil-
visa da momCivnebTan urTierTobis wess, agreTve davis ganmxilveli organoebis saqmia-
nobis samarTlebriv safuZvlebs, funqciebsa da funqcionirebis wess.25
Semosavlebis samsaxuri, rogorc davis ganmxilveli organo, Sedgeba misi xel-
mZRvanelebis, saTaTbiro organosa da aparatisagan. saTaTbiro organos Semadgenlo-
bas gansazRvravs Semosavlebis samsaxuris ufrosi.26
saqarTvelos mTavrobis 2011 wlis 14 dekembris №473 dadgenilebiT damtkicebu-
li reglamentiT umetesad daregulirebulia davis ganxilvis proceduruli da teq-
nikuri sakiTxebi. amave reglamentiTaa gansazRvruli sagadasaxado saCivris forma.27
3.2.2. sagadasaxado davis ganxilva saqarTvelos

finansTa saministros davebis ganxilvis sabWos mier
sagadasaxado davis ganxilvis meore safexuri aris misi finansTa saministros

davebis ganxilvis sabWoSi ganxilva. davebis ganxilvis sabWos Semadgenlobas gansazR-
vravs saqarTvelos mTavroba.28
davebis ganxilvis sabWo saqarTvelos finansTa saministrosTan arsebuli sagada-
saxado davis ganmxilveli organoa.29 igi Sedgeba 13 wevrisagan. sabWos wevrad SeiZle-
ba daniSnul iqnes rogorc sajaro moxele, ise kerZo piri. sajaro moxelis samsaxuris
davebis ganxilvis sabWos wevrad daniSvna SeiZleba Sesabamisi organos xelmZRvanelis
23
sask-is me-2 V muxli, saqarTvelos sakanonmdeblo macne, 06.08.1999, 39(46).
24
ssk-is 54-e da 297-e V muxlebi, saqarTvelos sakanonmdeblo macne, 12.10. 2010.
25
nadaraia l., rogava z., ruxaZe k., bolqvaZe b., saqarTvelos sagadasaxado kodeqsis ko-
mentari, wigni me-2, Tb., 2012, 670-671.
26
iqve, 671.
27
ixileT saqarTvelos mTavrobis 2011 wlis 14 dekembris №473 dadgenilebiT damtkicebuli
„davis ganmxilveli organoebis reglamenti~, 16.12.2011.
28
ssk-is 54-e da 297-e IV muxlebi, saqarTvelos sakanonmdeblo macne, 12.10. 2010.
29
382
wardginebis safuZvelze. piri, romelic ar aris sajaro mosamsaxure, sabWos wevrad

iniSneba piradi gancxadebisa da saqarTvelos mTavrobis gadawyvetilebis safuZvelze.
davebis ganxilvis sabWos xelmZRvanelobs Tavmjdomare. davis ganmxilveli organos
wevrs ufleba aqvs, asrulebdes sxva anazRaurebad saqmianobas, Tu es ar ewinaaRmdege-
ba saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobas.30
davebis ganxilvis sabWos hyavs aparati, romelic uzrunvelyofs sabWoSi Sesuli
saCivrebis gansaxilvelad momzadebas, momCivnebisTvis samarTalwarmoebasTan dakav-
Sirebuli informaciis miwodebas da sabWos mier miRebuli gadawyvetilebis gaforme-
bas.31
saqarTvelos finansTa saministros sistemaSi sagadasaxado davis Sedegad dauS-
vebelia momCivnis sagadasaxado valdebulebebis damZimeba, garda gadamxdelis Tan-
xmobiT amave davis farglebSi Catarebuli Semowmebis SemTxvevisa.32
finansTa saministros sistemaSi specialurad Seqmnilia davebis ganxilvis samsa-
xuri, romlis erT-erTi ZiriTadi amocana da funqciaa gadasaxadis gadamxdelis/saga-
dasaxado agentis an sxva valdebuli piris saCivrebis da am saCivrebTan dakavSirebiT
warmodgenili yvela masalis ganxilva, saTanado informaciis momzadeba saqarTvelos
finansTa saministrosTan arsebul davebis ganxilvis sabWoze gasatanad.33
sagadasaxado davis ganxilvis administraciuli meqanizmis meore safexuris anu
davis saqarTvelos finansTa saministros davebis sabWoSi ganxilvis mizanSewonilobis
Sesaxeb arsebobs mravali winaaRmdegobrivi mosazreba.
saqarTvelos finansTa saministrosgan gancxadebiT gamoTxovil iqna sagadasaxa-
do davebis ganxilvis Sesaxeb statistikuri monacemebi. am gancxadebis pasuxad, saja-
ro samarTlis iuridiuli piri (SemdgomSi – ssip) – Semosavlebis samsaxuris 2014 wlis
28 maisis №21-03/36342 weriliT ganimarta, rom 2013 wels ssip – Semosavlebis samsaxu-
ris davebis departamentis sammarTveloSi Sevida 9837 saCivari, maT Soris nawilobriv
dakmayofilda 3072 da srulad dakmayofilda 856 saCivari. Sesabamisad, Semosavlebis
samsaxuris mier nawilobriv dakmayofilebul saCivarTa odenoba saerTo odenobis 31,2
%-s, xolo srulad dakmayofilebul saCivarTa odenoba 8,7%-s Seadgens.
amasTan, 2013 wlis ganmavlobaSi davebis ganxilvis sabWoSi daregistrirda 1875
mimarTva. aqedan sabWom warmoeba daasrula 877 saCivarze. am saCivarTagan sruliad an
nawilobriv dakmayofilda 450 saCivari.34 anu davebis sabWos mier dakmayofilebul sa-
CivarTa odenoba 2013 wels wilobrivad 51,3%-s Seadgens.
2014 wlis ganmavlobaSi davebis ganxilvis sabWoSi daregistrirda 1940 saCivari.
2014 wels sabWom sxdomaze gansaxilvelad gaitana 3027 saCivari. (wina wlebSi wardgeni-
30
nadaraia l., rogava z., ruxaZe k., bolqvaZe b., saqarTvelos sagadasaxado kodeqsis ko-
mentari, wigni me-2, Tb., 2012, 670-671.
31
ssk-is 54-e da 297-e VI muxlebi, saqarTvelos sakanonmdeblo macne, 12.10. 2010.
32
33
saqarTvelos mTavrobis 2013 wlis 17 dekembris z341 dadgenileba „saqarTvelos finansTa
saministros debulebis damtkicebis Sesaxeb~, 19.12.2013, me-20 (a) muxli.
34
ix. saqarTvelos finansTa saministrosTan arsebuli davebis ganxilvis sabWos 2013 wlis
statistikuri angariSi, <http://taxdisputes.gov.ge/images/file/2013%20Report.pdf>.
383
li davebis CaTvliT). 2014 wels davebis ganxilvis sabWos mier gadawyvetileba miRebul
iqna 2550 saqmeze. miRebuli gadawyvetilebebiT momCivanTa moTxovna 1062 SemTxvevaSi
srulad an nawilobriv dakmayofilda, 1052 momCivans uari eTqva, xolo 436 SemTxvevaSi
saCivari ganuxilveli darCa, anu davebis sabWos mier 2014 wels dakmayofilebul saCi-
varTa odenoba 42 %-s Seadgens.35
ssip – Semosavlebis samsaxuris 2014 wlis 28 maisis №21-03/36342 weriliTve irkve-
va, rom 2013 wels sasamarTloSi Semosavlebis samsaxurisa da finansTa saministros 324
gadawyvetileba gasaCivrda, maT Soris, gadasaxadis gadamxdelis sasargeblod 90 saqme
dasrulda. Sesabamisad, sasamarTlom gadasaxadis gadamxdelis sasargeblod 27,7% ga-
dawyvita warmoebaSi arsebuli davebidan.
aRsaniSnavia, rom sagadasaxado davis ganmxilveli organoebis mier davebis dak-
mayofilebis procenti sakmaod maRalia. amgvari praqtika SesaZlebelia metyvelebdes
sagadasaxado administraciis araefeqtur muSaobaze.
sagadasaxado davis ganxilvis oretapiani wesi unikaluria da gansxvavdeba sxva
sferoebSi warmoSobili davis ganxilvisaTvis saqarTveloSi da sazRvargareTis qvey-
nebSi dadgenili wesebisagan. erTi mxriv, amgvari meTodi SesaZlebelia mizanSewonilad
miviCnioT, radgan is xels uwyobs sagadasaxado organos TviTkontrolsa da sasamar-
Tloebis gantvirTvas. amgvari TviTkontroli dRes aucilebelia, Tumca mizanSewoni-
lia Tavad sagadasaxado administraciis muSaobis efeqturobis amaRleba, raTa sagada-
saxado organoebis gadawyvetilebani ar iyos masobrivad ukanono da saWiro ar gaxdes
maTi sagadasaxado administraciis mierve gabaTileba.
3.3. davis ganmxilveli organos mer saCivris ganxilvis procesi

3.3.1. saCivris ganxilvis vadebi
mas Semdeg, rac gadasaxadis gadamxdeli daiwyebs davas da sagadasaxado saCivari

miRebul iqneba warmoebaSi, uflebamosili organo uSualod ganixilavs mas.
davis ganmxilveli organo saCivars ganixilavs 20 dRis vadaSi.36 aRsaniSnavia, rom
es vada gansxvavdeba szak-iT gansazRvruli vadisganac.
szak-is Tanaxmad, Tu kanoniT an mis safuZvelze gamocemuli kanonqvemdebare aq-
tiT sxva ram ar aris dadgenili, uflebamosili administraciuli organo valdebulia,
administraciuli saCivari ganixilos da Sesabamisi gadawyvetileba miiRos erTi Tvis
vadaSi.37 ucnauria, rom esoden rTuli davis saxeobisaTvis kanonmdebloba gansazR-
vravs 20-dRian vadas, magram vadis simcire tvirTad awveba sagadasaxado organos da
ara gadasaxadis gadamxdels, amitomac gadasaxadis gadaxdisa da davis ganxilvis swori
administrirebis miznebisaTvis ar aris uaryofiTi davis 20-dRian vadaSi ganxilva. ga-
saTvaliswinebelia isic, rom amgvarma tvirTma xeli ar unda SeuSalos saCivris obieq-
35
ix. saqarTvelos finansTa saministrosTan arsebuli davebis ganxilvis sabWos 2014 wlis
statistikuri angariSi, <http://taxdisputes.gov.ge/images/file/statistika_2014.pdf>.
36
37
szak-is 183-e I muxli, saqarTvelos sakanonmdeblo macne, 15.07.1999.
384
turad ganxilvas da davis ganmxilveli organo orientirebuli unda iyos ara mxolod
warmoebis formalurad dasrulebaze, aramed saqmis Sinaarssa da mis srulyofilad
Seswavlaze.
3.3.2. saCivris ganxilvis farglebi
davis ganmxilveli organo saCivars ganixilavs mxolod momCivnis moTxovnis far-

glebSi.38
ssk-iT gansazRvrulia, rom davebis ganxilvis sabWo saCivars ganixilavs Semosav-
lebis samsaxurSi gasaCivrebuli davis sagnis farglebSi.39
msgavs Canawers iTvaliswinebs szak-ic, romlis Tanaxmadac, Tu kanoniT an mis sa-
fuZvelze gamocemuli kanonqvemdebare aqtiT sxva ram ar aris dadgenili, administra-
ciuli saCivris ganmxilveli administraciuli organo ixilavs administraciul saCi-
vars masSi aRniSnuli moTxovnis farglebSi, xolo kanoniT gaTvaliswinebul SemTxve-
vaSi SeuZlia gascdes maT.40
mizanSewonilia, rom sagadasaxado organo ar SeizRudos momCivnis mier daye-
nebuli moTxovnebiTa da faqtobrivi garemoebebiT da orientirebuli iyo sakiTxis
Rrmad Seswavlaze, miT umetes, maSin, rodesac calsaxaa, rom gadasaxadis gadamxdeli
Tavad ver axerxebs uflebis efeqturad dacvas. aseT SemTxvevaSi mizanSewonilia, ad-
ministraciuli organo gascdes kidec moTxovnis farglebs. Sesabamisad, ar aris mizan-
Sewonili, rom mxolod gamonaklis SemTxvevebSi xdebodes administraciuli organos
rolis gazrda saqmis garemoebaTa srulyofilad Seswavlis mimarTulebiT.
3.4. sagadasaxado davis ganmxilveli organos gadawyvetileba
davis ganmxilvel organos gamoaqvs gadawyvetileba gadasaxadis gadamxdelis sa-

CivarTan dakavSirebiT da am gadawyvetilebiT davis ganmxilveli organo uflebamo-
silia: a) daakmayofilos saCivari; b) nawilobriv daakmayofilos saCivari; g) ar daakma-
yofilos saCivari; d) ganuxilvelad datovos saCivari; e) miiRos Sualeduri gadawyve-
tileba da SeaCeros saCivris ganxilva; v) miiRos gadawyvetileba am nawilis „a“ da „d“
qvepunqtebSi miTiTebuli Sinaarsebis gaerTianebiT.41
sagadasaxado kanonmdeblobis Sesabamisad, sagadasaxado organos gadawyvetile-
bis gauqmebuli nawilis proporciulad uqmdeba amave organos mier gamocemuli is aq-
tebi, romlebic safuZvlad daedo gamocemul gasaCivrebul gadawyvetilebas.42 unda
aRiniSnos, rom mxolod is aqtebi, romlebic safuZvlad daedo sagadasaxado organos
gadawyvetilebas, xSirad Tavad ar awesrigebs urTierTobas, magram amgvari Canaweri
SeiZleba logikurad miviCnioT.
38
ssk-is 54-e da 302-e II muxlebi, saqarTvelos sakanonmdeblo macne, 12.10. 2010.
39
ssk-is 302-e III muxli, saqarTvelos sakanonmdeblo macne, 12.10. 2010.
40
szak-is 193-e I muxli, saqarTvelos sakanonmdeblo macne, 15.07.1999.
41
42
385
vinaidan sagadasaxado davis ganxilva xdeba or etapad, TiToeuli davis ganmxil-

veli organos gadawyvetilebas aqvs ZalaSi Sesvlisa da gasaCivrebis konkretuli vade-
bi. davis ganmxilveli organos gadawyvetileba ZalaSi Sedis momCivnisTvis Cabarebidan
21-e dRes, misi gausaCivreblobis SemTxvevaSi.43
davis ganmxilveli organos gadawyvetilebac eqvemdebareba gasaCivrebas. ssk gan-
sazRvravs, rom Semosavlebis samsaxuris mier momCivnisTvis arasasurveli gadawyveti-
lebis miRebis SemTxvevaSi am momCivans ufleba aqvs, gadawyvetileba misi Cabarebidan
20 dRis vadaSi gaasaCivros davebis ganxilvis sabWoSi an sasamarTloSi.44 igive 20-dRi-
ani vadaa dadgenili davebis ganxilvis sabWos gadawyvetilebis sasamarTloSi gasaCiv-
rebisaTvis.45 amasTan, momCivnis mier sagadasaxado davis dadgenil vadaSi gaugrZeleb-
loba iTvleba gasaCivrebuli sagadasaxado davalianebis aRiarebad.46 mniSvnelovania
aRiniSnos, rom sagadasaxado davebis gansakuTrebuli sirTulidan da specifikidan
gamomdinare, SesaZlebelia, gadasaxadis gadamxdelisaTvis ar aRmoCndes sakmarisi ga-
saCivrebis 20-dRiani vada. rogorc CvenTvis cnobilia, zogadad, administraciuli or-
ganos gadawyvetilebis sasamarTloSi gasaCivrebisaTvis erTTviani vadaa dadgenili.47
aseve aRsaniSnavia, rom aseTi mdgomareobac ki SedarebiT ukeTesia gadasaxadis
gadamxdelisaTvis, radgan davis ganmxilveli organos 20 dRis ganmavlobaSi gasaCivre-
bis SesaZlebloba dadginda mxolod saqarTvelos sagadasaxado kodeqsSi cvlilebis
Setanis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos kanoniT, romelic miRebul iqna 2011 wlis 20 dekembers. am
periodamde moqmedi redaqciiT ssk-is 305-e muxliT Semosavlebis samsaxuris gadawyve-
tilebis sasamarTloSi an saqarTvelos finansTa saministros gasaCivrebisaTvis mxo-
lod 10-dRiani vada iyo gansazRvruli. arsebuli vada gaizarda, Tumca mizanSewoni-
lia, gadasaxadis gadamxdels kidev meti periodi mieces davis ganmxilveli organos
Tundac sasamarTloSi gasaCivrebisaTvis.
4. sagadasaxado davebis ganxilvis ucxouri praqtika
4.1. sagadasaxado davis ganxilvis germanuli modeli
rogorc saqarTvelos, ise sazRvargareTis qveynebis kanonmdeblobebi iTvalis-

winebs sagadasaxado davebis ganxilvis rogorc sasamarTlo, ise arasasamrTlo me-
Tods. sazRvargareTis qveynebis praqtikaSi yvelaze sarwmunod sagadasaxado davis
specialur sasamarTloSi ganxilvis wesi aris miCneuli.
rogorc ukve aRiniSna, sagadasaxado davis ganxilvis Taviseburebebi mniSvnelov-
nad aris dakavSirebuli konkretuli qveynis sagadasaxado organoebis sistemaze.
germaniaSi sagadasaxado organoebis sistema gansazRvrulia „germaniis fiskalu-
ri kodeqsiT“. am aqtiT sagadasaxado organoebSi igulisxmeba federaluri sagadasa-
43
szak-is 306-e I muxli., saqarTvelos sakanonmdeblo macne, 15.07.1999.
44
45
46
iqve, 305-e V muxli.
47
sask-is 22-e muxli, saqarTvelos sakanonmdeblo macne, 06.08.1999, 39(46).
386
xado administraciuli organoebi da `landebis~ sagadasaxado organoebi.48 germaniaSi

agreTve funqcionirebs adgilobrivi sagadasaxado organoebic.49 swored am organoTa
mier ganxorcielebuli RonisZiebebis mimarT SeiZleba warmoeSvas gadasaxadis gadam-
xdels Sesabamisi interesi uflebis dacvisa.
germaniis sagadasaxado sistema TviTadministrirebadia. arapirdapiri gadasa-
xadebis garda, gadasaxadebis umetesoba administrirebadia specialuri werilobiTi
„Sefasebis cnobiT“, romelic waredgineba gadasaxadis gadamxdels sagadasaxado or-
ganos mier.
am dokumentis miRebis Semdeg gadasaxadis gadamxdels SeuZlia Seadginos admi-
nistraciuli saCivari. gadamxdeli, pirvel rigSi, uflebas administraciuli wesiT
icavs da Tu sagadasaxado organom ar daakmayofila saCivari, gadasaxadis gadamxdeli
iZulebulia, ufleba sasamarTlo wesiT daicvas. administraciuli saCivari saSuale-
bas aZlevs sagadasaxado organos, gadaxedos sakuTar gadawyvetilebas faqtobriv da
samarTlebriv WrilSi.
gadasaxadis gadamxdels, Cveulebriv, aqvs erTTviani vada imisaTvis, rom Seadgi-
nos administraciuli saCivari sagadasaxado organos RonisZiebis safuZvelze. aseTi
saCivari ufasoa.
sagadasaxado davis ganxilvis procesi sakmaod xangrZlivia da SesaZlebelia moi-
cavdes ramdenime Tves, faqtobrivi da samarTlebrivi Sinaarsis gaTvaliswinebiT.
martooden gasaCivreba aqtisa ar niSnavs imas, rom SeCerebulia gasaCivrebuli aq-
ti, aramed amisaTvis specialurad unda mimarTos gadasaxadis gadamxdelma sagadasaxa-
do organos. Tu organom es moTxovna ar daakmayofila, gadasaxadis gadamxdels saSua-
leba aqvs, sasamarTloSi gaasaCivros aseTi uaric.
sagadasaxado RonisZiebaTa gasaCivrebis vadis sapatio mizeziT gaSvebis SemTxve-
vaSi dasaSvebia misi aRdgena, Tu amas daasabuTebs saCivris avtori, magaliTad, im Sem-
TxvevaSi, Tu mas hqonda raime sapatio dabrkoleba.50
germaniaSi sakmaod waxalisebulia sagadasaxado davis prevenciis RonisZiebani.
germaniaSi sagadasaxado konsultantis profesias didi tradicia aqvs. sagadasaxado
konsultireba regulirdeba kanoniT „sagadasaxado konsultirebis Sesaxeb“. germa-
niaSi 2007 wlis bolosaTvis 73 000-ze meti fizikuri da 7500 iuridiuli piri ayo ak-
reditebuli sagadasaxado konsultantad. isini gamoirCevian profesionalizmiT da
TavianTi saqmianobis Sesrulebis dros emorCilebian mkacr eTikur principebsa da
wesebs. sagadasaxado konsultanti gadasaxadis gadamxdels sTavazobs momsaxurebas
xelSekrulebis safuZvelze da exmareba maT.51
germanuli sagadasaxado sistemis mixedviT, waxalisebulia davis gadawyvetis
sxva iseTi alternatiuli meTodebi, rogoricaa, magaliTad, faqtobrivi SeTanxmeba.
48
Fiscal Code of Germany, promulgated on 1 October 2002, Section 6. (2)
49
iqve, Section, 6.5.
50
ix. KPMG Deutsche Treuhand-Gesellschaft AG., Tax Procedure: Tax Litigation and Dispute Resolution in
Germany, <http://www.mondaq.com/x/7706/Arbitration+ Dispute+Resolution/174+Tax+Procedure+Tax+ Liti-
gation+and+Dispute+Resolution+in+Germany>, [29.07.1999].
51
gabisonia i., sagadasaxado samarTali, gadasaxadis gadamxdelis uflebebis dacvis
meqanizmebi, Tb., 2013, 112.
387
1984 wlis Semdeg gansakuTrebiT gaaqtiurda msjeloba am sakiTxze da germanulma sasa-

marTlom ganmarta, rom mizanSewonili iqneba, amgvar SeTanxmebas savaldebulo xasiaTi
mieniWos, Tundac gaformdes sagadasaxado auditorsa da gadasaxadis gadamxdels So-
ris. swored amitomaa waxalisebuli Sexvedrebisa da molaparakebebis meTodi mxareebs
Soris, raTa gaizardos faqtobrivi SeTanxmebebis miRwevis sixSire.52 pozitiurad unda
Sefasdes amgvari RonisZiebis arseboba, Tumca zusti kalkis saxiT gadmotana da saga-
dasaxado auditorisaTvis msgavsi uflebamosilebis miniWeba SesaZlebelia, ar iyos mi-
zanSewonili qarTuli realobisaTvis, raTa ar miviRoT mankieri praqtika da gadasaxa-
dis gadamxdelsa da auditors Soris ar Sedges ukanono garigeba.
germanuli modelis Sesabamisad, SemoTavazebulia agreTve winaswari gadawyveti-
lebis instituti, romelic xorcieldeba uSualod sagadasaxado auditis dasrulebis
Semdeg. federalurma sagadasaxado sasamarTlom daadgina, rom amgvari gadawyvetile-
ba SesaZlebelia, saxeze iyos, rodesac saWiroa konkretuli movlenebis fiqsacia, ro-
melic moxda organosaTvis miniWebuli diskreciis gamosaxatavad, an gadasaxadis ga-
damxdels aqvs ekonomikuri interesi, miiRos winaswari gadawyvetileba.53
4.2. sagadasaxado davis gadawyvetis

amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis modeli
sagadasaxado davebis ganxilvis sakiTxSi amerikeli mecnierebis mier prioriteti

miniWebuli aqvs winasasamarTlo meqanizmebs da miiCneva, rom sagadasaxado davis swo-
rad warmarTvaSi gadamwyvet rols swored winare stadia asrulebs. gadasaxadis gadam-
xdels SeuZlia airCios ramdenime organo, romlis saSualebiTac igi miiRebs Sesabamis
samarTlebriv gadawyvetilebas, Tumca amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi (SemdgomSi – aSS)
kanonmdebloba qmnis garkveul winare safexurebs da zogierT sakiTxSi es administra-
ciuli RonisZiebani savaldebuloa.54 amasTan, sul ufro xSirad SeiniSneba tendencia
imisa, rom dava gadawydes ara sasamarTlo warmoebis wesiT, aramed Tavad sagadasaxado
organos sistemaSi. sagadasaxado samsaxurebi Riad waaxaliseben Suamavlobasa da neba-
yoflobiT makavSirebel arbitrs, aseve davis alternatiul gadawyvetis saSualebebs;
sagadasaxado sasamarTlos wesebi agreTve waaxlisebs sagadasaxado davis ganxilvis
alternatiul meTodebs.55 rac Seexeba davis gadawyvetis alternatiul meTodebs, am-
Jamad amerikaSi aqtiurad gamoiyeneba sagadasaxado arbitraJebis meqanizmi. amerikeli
52
Germany, <http://www.mondaq.com/x/7706/Arbitration+Dispute+Resolution/174+Tax+ Procedure+ Tax+
Litigation+and +Dispute+Resolution+in+Germany>, [29.07.1999].
53
Germany, <http://www.mondaq.com/x/7706/Arbitration+Dispute+Resolution/174+Tax+ Procedure+ Tax+
Litigation+and +Dispute+Resolution+in+Germany>, [29.07.1999].
54
Treusch E.P., What to Consider in Choosing a Forum to Resolve an Ordinary Tax Dispute, Journal ~Tax Lawyer~,
Vol.55, No.1, 2001-2002, 83.
55
iqve, 84.
388
mecnierebi gansakuTrebiT mxars uWeren sagadasaxado arbitraJis arsebobis waxalise-

bas sxvadasxva StatisaTvis.56
aSS-Si sagadasaxado organo gamoscems gasaCivrebis formalur safuZvels – „sa-
gadasaxado moTxovnas“, romelic aSS-Si gasaCivrebas eqvemdebareba misi Cabarebidan 90
dRis ganmavlobaSi.57
aSS-Si mosamarTleebi Tavs ikaveben gadawyvetilebis miRebisagan, manamde, sanam
gadasaxadis gadamxdelma ar amowura mis gankargulebaSi arsebuli dacvis administra-
ciuli saSualebebi. zemoaRniSnuli meTodis Sedegad sagadasaxado davis ganxilvisas
mxareebi xSirad mosmenis dawyebamde midian SeTanxmebamde. aSS-Si sagadasaxado sasa-
marTlos mosamarTle sarCelis 10%-s ganixilavs amgvari politikis damsaxurebiT.
rac SeexebaT pirebs, romlebsac sakmao dasabuTebis gareSe SeaqvT saCivari sagadasa-
xado sasamarTloSi da ganzrax aWianureben process, SeiZleba jarimis gadaxdac ki da-
ekisroT.58
aSS-Si sul ufro da ufro eniWeba prioriteti davis gadawyvetis alternatiul
meTodebsa da dasawyis etapzeve mis aRmofxvras. sagadasaxado mecnierebaSi didi mniS-
vneloba aqvs miniWebuli audits, sagadasaxado davis prevenciisa da masze konsensusis
miRwevis sakiTxSi. is sakmaod aqtualuri RonisZiebaa, miT umetes, rom aSS-Si gamokiTx-
ulma gadasaxadis gadamxdelebis 45%-ma aCvena, rom maT mimarT ganxorcielda auditi.59
mecnierTa azriT, davebi sajaro xelisuflebasa da moqalaqeebs Soris sagadasa-
xado sakiTxebSi gansxvavdeba ramdenime aspeqtiT. dava wamoiWreba, rodesac Sesabamisi
Tanamdebobis piri Tvlis, rom moqalaqe ar daemorCila kanons. amasTan, Sesabamis Ta-
namdebobis pirs aqvs formaluri Zalaufleba, daasrulos dava im farglebSi, romel-
Sic dasaSvebia gadawyvetilebis aRsruleba.60 Tanamedrove sagadasaxado mecnierebaSi
gamoyofen sagadasaxado davis ganviTarebis ramdenime etaps.
pirveli nabiji potenciuri sagadasaxado davisa aris auditoris mxridan Secdo-
mis an araswori deklarirebis identificireba. Tu auditori aRmoaCens raime xarvezs,
man unda gadawyvitos, wamoiwyebs Tu ara mas gadasaxadis gadamxdelTan.
mas Semdeg, rac auditori sakuTar pozicias saCivris/sarCelis saxiT gamoxatavs
da Camoayalibebs problemis gadaWris Taviseul gzas, moqalaqes SeuZlia, daeTanxmos
am pozicias, an mihyves auditoris mier SemoTavazebul gzas sakiTxis gadawyvetamde,
raTa saqme ar mivides sagadasaxado davamde.
Tu gadasaxadis gadamxdeli uaryofs auditoris pozicias mTlianad an nawilob-
riv, sakiTxi transformirdeba davaSi, rac, Tavis mxriv, Seicavs molaparakebebsa da Se-
sagebels gadasaxadis gadamxdelis mxridan.61
56
Treusch E.P., What to Consider in Choosing a Forum to Resolve an Ordinary Tax Dispute, Journal ~Tax Lawyer~,
Vol.55, No.1, 2001-2002, 6.
57
iqve, 86.
58
gabisonia i., sagadasaxado samarTali, gadasaxadis gadamxdelis uflebebis dacvis me-
qanizmebi, Tb., 2013, 114.
59
& Social Inquiry Journal, Vol.19, No. 2, Spring, 1994, 355.
60
iqve, 337.
61
iqve, 342.
389
amitomac, davis wamowyebamde winare etapze gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs mi-

niWebuli auditorisa da gadasaxadis gadamxdelis molaparakebas. auditorebis mxri-
dan ZiriTadi aqcenti gakeTebulia kanonis Sesabamis konsensusze. isini naklebad moi-
woneben kompromisisa da kapitulaciis meTodebs, gadasaxadis gadamxdelebisagan gan-
sxvavebiT. formaluri Zalauflebis gansxvaveba, agreTve, gamosWvivis molaparakebe-
bisaTvis prioritetis miniWebis sakiTxSic. auditorebi ufro xSirad udrekad dganan
TavianT poziciaze, rodesac gadasaxadis gadamxdelebi metad mowodebulebi arian Ta-
namSromlobisaken, gansakuTrebiT ki isini, romlebic orientirebulebi arian drois
mcire danaxarjze.62 aqedan gamomdinare, mniSvnelovani da sainteresoa sagadasaxado
davis Tavidan acilebis amgvari meTodi, rodesac garkveuli uflebamosilebiT aRWur-
va xdeba auditorisa, Tumca mniSvnelovania, kargad gaanalizdes is riskebi, romlebic
aseTi uflebamosilebis miniWebas SeiZleba mohyves.
aSS-Si gadasaxadis gadamxdelebi gamoikiTxnen imis Taobaze, Tu ramdenad SeeZ-
loT maT, zemoqmedeba moexdinaT auditoris gadawyvetilebaze 1-idan 5-amde qulebiT,
sadac 1 qula aRniSnavda zemoqmedebis srul SeuZleblobas. 11%-ma upasuxa, rom maT ar
icodnen pasuxi. xolo maT, vinc icoda, ZiriTad pasuxad 3,0 miuTiTa.63 amitomac mniS-
vnelovania, auditisa da gadasaxadis gadamxdelis konsensusma ar miiRos negatiuri sa-
xe da ar gadaizardos mankier praqtikaSi.
5. daskvna
daskvnis saxiT unda aRiniSnos, rom sagadasaxado davebis ganxilva specifikuro-

biTa da sirTuliT xasiaTdeba. amas adasturebs sakanonmdeblo normebisa da Sesabamisi
literaturis analizi. swored amitom kanonmdebloba iTvaliswinebs sagadasaxado da-
vebis ganxilvis arasasamarTlo meqanizmis rTul da orsafexurian sistemas.
sagadasaxado orsafexuriani sistema, miT umetes, davebis finansTa saminist-
ros sistemaSi ganxilvis orsafexuriani meqanizmi, dResdReobiT arc ise efeqturia.
am fonze uflebis dacvis ufro efeqtur saSualebad sasamarTlo gvevlineba. mizanSe-
wonilia, yuradReba metad gamaxvildes sagadasaxado organoTa muSaobis efeqturobis
amaRlebisa da maT mier kanonier gadawyvetilebaTa miRebis gazrdaze. am miznis misaR-
wevad ki mxolod sagadasaxado davis ganxilvis rTuli, orsafexuriani sistemis arse-
boba araefeqturi meqanizmia.
sagadasaxado organoebis RonisZiebaTa administraciuli wesiT gasaCivrebisaT-
vis manamde dadgenili 20-dRiani vada sakmaod mcired SegviZlia miviCnioT, radgan am
RonisZiebaTa adresatisaTvis SesaZlebelia, es dro sakmarisi ar iyos, raTa srulyo-
filad moemzados davis dasawyebad. am fonze dadebiTad unda Sefasdes is, rom gada-
saxadis gadamxdels mieca gacilebiT didi, 30-dRiani vada, gaasaCivros sagadasaxado
organos konkretuli RonisZiebani, rac pozitiuri movlenaa.
62
& Social Inquiry Journal, Vol.19, No. 2, Spring, 1994, 365.
63
iqve, 355.
390
amasTan, sagadasaxado organos mier esoden rTuli davis ganxilvisaTvis kanon-

mdebloba gansazRvravs 20-dRian vadas, magram es vadis simcire tvirTad awveba saga-
dasaxado organos da ara gadasaxadis gadamxdels. da miuxedavad imisa, rom mcirea sxva
qveynebis kanonmdeblobiT gansazRvrul vadasTan SedarebiT, is ar uzRudavs gadasa-
xadis gadamxdels, srulyofilad daicvas ufleba. Tumca mniSvnelovania, rom mTavari
principi aris ara davis swrafi ganxilva, aramed misi sruli da obieqturi gaanalizeba,
samarTliani da kanonieri gadawyvetilebis miReba. am debulebis gaTvaliswinebiT ar
iqneboda urigo, gazrdiliyo davis ganxilvis vadac.
aTidan oc dRemde gaizarda davis ganmxilveli organos gadawyvetilebis sasa-
marTloSi gasaCivrebis vadac. miuxedavad ukve arsebuli cvlilebisa, mizanSewonilia,
gadasaxadis gadamxdels kidev meti periodi mieces davis ganmxilveli organos gadawy-
vetilebis sasamarTloSi gasaCivrebisaTvis.
mizanSewonilia, rom sagadasaxado organo ar SeizRudos momCivnis mier daye-
nebuli moTxovnebiTa da faqtobrivi garemoebebiT da orientirebuli iyos sakiTxis
Rrmad Seswavlaze. amasTan, sagadasaxado davis ganmxilveli organo orientirebuli
unda iyos dainteresebuli mxaris maqsimaluri CarTulobiT davis ganxilvis procesSi.
mniSvnelovania, agreTve, gaTvaliswinebul iqnes sagadasaxado davebis ganxilvis
ucxouri praqtika da mis Sesabamisad gaizardos uflebis dasacavad sagadasaxado or-
ganoTa RonisZiebebis gasaCivrebisaTvis dadgenili vadebi. amasTan, saWiroa gaizardos
sxvadasxva institutisa da RonisZiebis roli, rogorebicaa: sagadasaxado konsultan-
ti, sagadasaxado auditi, faqtobrivi SeTanxmeba, winaswari gadawyvetileba da sagada-
saxado arbitraJebi. sazRvargareTis qveynebSi arsebuli sagadasaxado davis ganxil-
vis sxvadasxvagvari specialuri wesi sakmaod efeqturi da gonivruli meqanizmia.
mizanSewonilia gaizardos sagadasaxado davis ganxilvis arasasamarTlo meqaniz-
mis roli da daixvewos procedura, rac gamoiwvevs darRveuli uflebis ufro swrafad
da efeqturad aRdgenas.
391
marina gariSvili*
gamoxmaureba prof. i.a. isaevis monografiaze – „kanonis

miTologemebi. samarTali da literatura“
2015 wels gamovida cnobili rusi iuristis, samarTlis istorikosis, prof.

igor isaevis kidev erTi monografiuli naSromi „kanonis miTologemebi. samarTali da
literatura“. es gamocema aris pativcemuli mecnieris mravalwliani kvlevis Sedegi
samarTlis filosofiis, istoriis, politologiisa da samarTlebrivi kulturis sfe-
roSi.
samarTlis istoriaSi SesaZlebelia vixiloT normativizmis wnexis daZlevis ara-
erTi mcdeloba. samarTlis miTi realobis ara mxolod ufro maRali done, aramed sa-
marTlianobaze ocnebis esTetikuri gamoxatulebac aris.
monografias safuZvlad udevs im wyaroTa vrceli masala, romlebSic asaxulia
samarTlisa da kanonis warmoSoba da evolucia, marTlSegnebisa da samarTlebrivi
kulturis done, samarTalwarmoebis procesi, sxvadasxva saxis samarTaldarRvevisa
da sasjelis zomis Sesaxeb arsebuli warmodgenebi; mecnieri yuradRebas amaxvilebs
samarTalSemfardebel organoebsa da pirebze, agreTve saxelmwifoebriobis formi-
rebis Taviseburebebze Zveli, Sua saukuneebisa da Tanamedrove miTebis, Tqmulebe-
bis, legendebis saxiT, dawyebuli Zveli eladis epoqidan, damTavrebuli XX saukunis
miTuri movlenebiT. kerZod, pativcemuli avtori sakuTari msjelobisas eyrdnoba
sofokles, evripides, esqiles tragediebs, platonis, aristotelesa da makiavelis is-
toriul-filosofiur da eTikur Txzulebebs, goeTes, dantes, f. kafkas, e. iungeris,
k. Smidtis, k. iaspersis literaturul nawarmoebebs, markiz de sadis mrwamsis kvlevas.
Zveli da SedarebiT axali miTebisa da Tqmulebebis aseTi mravalferovneba, romel-
Sic aisaxa uZvelesi eTikuri da RvTaebrivi moTxovnebis kanonSi gardasaxvis urTu-
lesi procesi, SesaZlebels xdis, Tvali mivadevnoT maT evolucias, miT umetes, rom,
avtoris marTebuli SefasebiT, kanonis miTologema uTvalavia da ukidegano. xsenebu-
li monografiis mecnieruli faseuloba TviT gamokvlevis mizniT ganisazRvreba: dad-
gindes kanonis SeqmnaSi miTebis roli da mniSvneloba, farTo gagebiT ki, kulturaze,
politikasa da enaTmecnierebaze maTi zemoqmedebis Sedegi; Tvali miedevnos saxalxo
sulis wiaRSi miTebisa da samarTlis warmoSobis process da dasabuTdes maTi mWidro
kavSiri, agreTve samarTlebrivi realobisa da marTlSegnebis specifikuri tipolo-
giis miTuri axsna. dasaxul amocanas avtori kidev ufro ganamtkicebs im magaliTebiT,
romlebic moyvanilia msoflio civilizaciis sxvadasxva etapze warmoqmnili uamravi
miTis, Tqmulebis, literaturuli da filosofiuri Txzulebis safuZvelze. sazoga-
doebriv-iuridiuli movlenebis warmoSobis urTulesi procesis mecnieruli kvlevi-
*
Tsu-is iuridiuli fakultetis asocirebuli profesori, samarTlis doqtori.
392
marina gariSvili, gamoxmaureba prof. i.a. isaevis monografiaze – „kanonis miTologemebi.
samarTali da literatura“
sas literaturuli nawarmoebis gamoyenebis xerxi mkiTxvelTa farTo wres am movlene-

bis Tanamonawiled aqcevs, vinaidan misTvis adreuli asakidan nacnobi miTuri gmirebi
da maTi uCveulo Tavgadasavlebi gaigivebulia im zneobriv da samarTlebriv wesebTan,
romelTa dacva da aRsruleba Zveli da Tanamedrove sazogadoebis TiToeul wevrs mo-
eTxoveba.
monografiuli kvlevis struqtura mTlianad esadageba Zvel droSi, agreTve
adreul da gvian Sua saukuneebSi warmoSobili civilizaciebisa da axali xanis mcxov-
rebTa samarTlSemoqmedebis, marTlSegnebisa da samarTlebrivi kulturis evoluciis
process, miT umetes, rom maT umravlesobas ganuzomlad didi wvlili miuZRvis am sa-
zogadoebrivi movlenebis formirebisa da Semdgomi srulyofis saqmeSi.
monografia Sedgeba Svidi Tavisagan, TiToeuli Tavi ki moicavs msoflio civi-
lizaciis sakmaod vrcel, istoriul da kulturul fenas. is mogviTxrobs adamianTa
marTlSegnebaze Zveli elinuri misteriebisa da tragediebis batonobis periodSi; gva-
iZulebs, davfiqrdeT imaze, Tu ra gavlena aqvT stiqiur movlenebs, an ra Sedegi mo-
aqvT uZvelesi drois gmirebis – RmerTkacebis naRvaws, maT mier Zvelelinuri qalaq-
saxelmwifoebis marTvis an maTze mfarvelobis procesSi; Tvalyurs miadevnebs elnur
polisebSi moqalaqeTa demokratiuli ufleba-movaleobebis Camoyalibebas, kanoni-
erebis principis, samarTliani samsjavrosa da msjavris, agreTve braleuli qmedebis
principebis damkvidrebas; ganmartavs Sua saukuneebis kanonSi sityvisa da niSnis arss,
„RmerTebis daRupvisa“ da „zekacis mosvlis“ process; gvagzavnis kamelotSi da mefe
arturis mrgvali magidis wevrebad gvaqcevs, miT umetes, rom Zveli inglisis istori-
aSi ar moiZebneba ufro mSvenieri epoqa, vidre mefe arturisa da misi mamaci raindebis
mmarTveloba iyo, roca Sua saukuneebSi gamefebuli sastiki Zalisa da daundobeli Ra-
latis sapirwoned damkvidrda keTilSobileba da sakuTari mefisa da qveynis mimarT
Tavdadebuli erTguleba; SevyavarT graalis sasaxleSi; gvisaxavs graalisaken mimaval
gzas, romlis kultic Sua sukuneebis britaneTSi yalibdeba (es is Tasia, saidanac sai-
dumlo serobisas sasmelsa da sakvebs ieso qriste iRebda, vinaidan saxarebaSi pirda-
pir aris miTiTeba raRac Tasis Sesaxeb, romelsac ieso qristesaTvis gansakuTrebuli
mniSvneloba hqonia, radgan golgoTaze misi jvarcmisa da SubiT gangmirvis Semdgom
swored am TasSi SeugrovebiaT Turme qristes sisxli. mogvianebiT, ioseb arimaTiels,
iesos biZas, „yovlad keTil da marTal kacs“ (cnobils imiT, rom, xelisufalTa nebar-
TviT, iesos jvarcmuli sxeuli jvridan Camouxsnia, sakuTar samoselSi Seuxvevia da
sasaxleSi Causvenebia, riTac macxovris dakrZalvis rituali moumzadebia kidec), pi-
late pontoelisagan am Tasis miReba da britaneTSi misi gagzavna SesZlebia, sadac gra-
ali pirvel qristianTa Tilismad qceula. sadRac, glostenberis – britaneTSi qris-
tianobis pirveli centris – maxloblad dafluli Tu dakarguli Tasi mravali sau-
kunis ganmavlobaSi Ziebis obieqtad iqca. mefe arturis raindebma rogorRac SeZles
graalis povna – im droisaTvis Tasi ara mxolod qristianTa siwminded, aramed Tavi-
sebur jadosnur Tasadac iqca, romlis SigTavsi mis mflobels ukvdavebas da arami-
wier sibrZnes sZens. Tumca maleve graali iseTive saidumloebis burusiT mocul vi-
TarebaSi daikarga, rogoradac mas mefe arturis raindebma miagnes, – im dRidan moyo-
393
lebuli, mas uSedegod eZeben); xels gviwyobs, dantes „RvTaebrivi komediis“ mixedviT,
„sxva samyaros“ gamocdilebis SecnobaSi, romelic aRsaqmelad sakmaod gamWvirvale,
amavdroulad rTuli da harmoniulad agebuli samyaro aris da romelSic, ase Tu ise,
erTmaneTSia gadajaWvuli antikuri kosmogonia, „eneidas“ universumis elementebi,
platonis filosofia da Sua saukuneebis RvTismetyveleba, sadac samyaros Seqmnis
danteseuli sistema mkacr logikas efuZneba da harmonizebulia. (danteseuli samya-
ros samnawiliani struqtura, samidan TiToeulis cxra nawilad dayofa – mTeli am sak-
raluri cifrebis magiuroba, dantesdroindel samyaroSic ki, – fesvebiT saukuneTa
bnel siRrmeSi iZireboda da platonis RvTaeba-ricxvs gvagonebda. platonis RvTaebam,
ebrauli da qristianuli RmerTisagan gansxvavebiT, samyaro arafrisgan ki ar Seqmna,
aramed gardaqmna misi winmswrebi masala. man suls STabera goni, xolo sxeuls – su-
li, samyaro ki, im erTian cocxal arsebad Seqmna, romelic sulieric aris da gonieric.
arsebobs mxolod erTi samyaro, da ara maTi simravle, rogorc amas dosokratikosebi
qadagebdnen; SeuZlebelia erT samyaroze metis arseboba, vinaidan is Seqmnili aslia,
romelsac evaleba, rac SeiZleba zustad miesadagebodes RvTis mier Secnobil, mud-
miv originals. samyaro mTlianobaSi erTi xiluli cxovelia, romelic sakuTar TavSi
danarCen cxovelebsac itevs. is imitom aris sfero, rom msgavsia aTasjer ufro mSve-
nieri aramsgavsisa da mxolod sferoa yvelgan Tavisi msgavsisa. is brunavs imis gamo,
rom wriuli moZraoba yvelaze srulyofilia; da radgan es misi erTaderTi moZraobaa,
mas arc fexebi, arc xelebi esaWiroeba. oTx elementTagan – cecxli, haeri, wyali da
miwa – TiToeuli, savaraudod, ricxvis saxiT warmodgenili, mudmivad proporciulia,
anu cecxli ise Seefardeba haers, rogorc haeri wyals, xolo wyali – miwas. RmerTma
yvela es elementi samyaros Sesaqmnelad gamoiyena, amitomac samyaro srulyofilia da
mas ar emuqreba dabereba an avadmyofoba. samyaros harmonizacia proporciam uzrun-
velyo, xolo harmonia samyaroSi megobrobis suliskveTebas warmoSobs, ris gamoc mxo-
lod RmerTs ZaluZs samyaros nawilebad dayofa. RmerTma jer suli Seqmna, Semdeg ki
sxeuli. suli Sedgeba ganuyofel-ucvlelisagan da gayofad-cvalebadisagan. es aris
arsis mesame da Sualeduri gvari.); gviambobs qristianul ezoTerizmsa da uZveles wi-
naqristianul mistikur moZRvrebaze wminda ricxvebisa da samyaroSi maTi Tanafardo-
bis Sesaxeb; gvabrunebs „gamoqvabulSi“ da sxv.
sagangebo aRniSvnas moiTxovs is garemoeba, rom naSromis Tavebi – Txzulebis lo-
gikurad agebuli nawilebi, erTi SexedviT, sxvadasxva miTidan Tu legendidan amokre-
fil, samyaros evoluciis Sesaxeb TiTqosda araTanmimdevrul da erTobas moklebul
pasaJebs Seicaven, magram teqstis gulmodgined wakiTxvis Semdeg rwmundebi, rom cal-
keuli miTuri personaJebi da maTi gamaerTianebeli qmedebebi samarTlisa da kanonis
evoluciis procesSi erTiani da urTierTganmapirobebeli movlenebis jaWvia, romel-
Ta gareSe SeuZlebelic ki aris imis warmodgena, Tu rogor SeZlo kacobriobam misTvis
sasurveli marTlwesrigis, kanonmorCilebis nimuSis, da rogorc Sedegi – saxelmwifo-
ebrivad mowyobili sazogadoebis Seqmna, Tu imasac gaviTvaliswinebT, rom msoflio
civilizaciis arsebobis pirvel etapze mas sazogadoebrivi codnis da, Tundac, pri-
mitiuli protocivilizaciebis mmarTvelobis unar-Cvevebis sakmaod mwiri arsenali
hqonda.
394
marina gariSvili, gamoxmaureba prof. i.a. isaevis monografiaze – „kanonis miTologemebi.
samarTali da literatura“
TiToeuli Tavi Tematur rubrikebad – paragrafebad iyofa, romlebic moZRvre-

bis konkretul sagans exeba da amisTvis mecnieri kvlevis istoriulSedarebiTi da Se-
darebiTsamarTlebrivi analizis, agreTve qronologiur da portretul meTodebs
iyenebs.
profesor i.a. isaevis monografia „kanonis miTologemebi: samarTali da litera-
tura“ gankuTvnilia istoriis, samarTlis, politologiis, filosofiis sferoTi da-
interesebuli specialistebisa da samarTlisa da samarTlebrivi kulturiT gatace-
bul mkiTxvelTa farTo wrisaTvis.
395
niklas lumani *
xelisuflebis cikli da samarTali demokratiebSi **
I.
Cemi moxsenebis Tema Seexeba Tanamedroveobis pirobebSi politikisa da samar-

Tlis urTierTmimarTebas. visaubreb evropul gamocdilebaTa Tvalsazrisze day-
rdnobiT. amiT ar igulisxmeba, rom es gamocdilebani yvela pirobisas moqmedeben; arc
is, rom isini yvela qveynis mimarT moqmedeben da, miT umetes, arc is, rom isini Sore-
ul perspeqtivaSic gauZleben momaval ganviTarebebs. Tumca mocemuli gamocdileba-
ni mainc imdenad mniSvnelovania, rom imsaxureben guldasmiT Teoriul analizs. isini
mniSvnelovania, rameTu, istoriulad ganumeorebeli saxiT, evropis zegavleniT, ka-
cobriobis cxovrebiseuli pirobebi Seicvala, metadre tradiciuli didgvarovnuli
sazogadoebidan axali tipis modernul sazogadoebaze gadasvliT. Cven unda SevZloT
am cvlilebaTa struqturis gageba – miuxedavad im daskvnebisa, rasac aqedan momav-
lisaTvis gamovitanT. Cven ar gvWirdeba im formebsa da gamocdilebebTan CabRauWeba,
romlebic ganapirobeben modernulobaze gadasvlas da romlebmac gaamarTles evro-
pis SemTxvevaSi. magram maTi gaazrebisa da Sesabamisi Teoriuli rekonstruqciis Se-
saZleblobis gareSe, saeWvoa SevZloT Tanamedrove msoflio viTarebis problemaTa
wvdoma.
Cemi Tezisis meore amosavali wertili sociologiur TeoriaSia. es Teoria, Ta-
vis mxriv, auTvisebeli miwaa da ar SeuZlia saTanado pasuxebi gasces im kiTxvebs, rom-
lebic Cven gvainteresebs. magram Semdgomi ganviTarebisaTvis aq karg Sansebs vxedav
– nawilobriv, sociologiuri Teoriis „samamulo“ tradiciebis, nawilobriv ki, siste-
maTa zogadi Teoriis ufro axal ganviTarebaTa safuZvelze.
sociologiur tradicias, – SesaZloa aq spenserze, diurkemsa an parsonsze vi-
fiqroT – upirveles yovlisa, SeuZlia sazogadoebis diferencirebis cnebis SemoTa-
vazeba. dRes zogadad es gagebulia rogorc sistemuri diferencireba. igulisxmeba
Semdegi: sazogadoeba ganimarteba sistemad, romelic diferencirebulia qvesistema-
*
avtoris SeniSvna: moxseneba, wakiTxuli samarTlis filosofiis pirvel braziliur kon-
gresze, romelic Catarda 1980 wlis 28 seqtembridan 3 oqtombramde Joao pesoaSi, paraiba,
brazilia. germanulad Targmnisa da saredaqcio damuSavebisas SevinarCune moxsenebis
forma.

mTargmnelis SeniSvna: winamdebare naSromi pirvelad 1981 wels gamoqveynda: Luhmann,
Niklas: „Machtkreislauf und Recht in Demokratien“, in: Zeitschrift für Rechtssoziologie, Band 2, Heft 2, 1981,
158-167. Semdgom ki ucvleli saxiT Sevida lumanis naSromTa ciklis – sociologiuri
ganmanaTlebloba – me-4 tomSi, romelic 1987 wels gamoica da aerTianebs naSromebs
sazogadoebis funqcionaluri diferencirebis Sesaxeb: Luhmann, Niklas: „Machtkreislauf
und Recht in Demokratien“, in: Soziologische Aufklärung 4: Beiträge zur funktionalen Differenzierung der
Gesellschaft, Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag, 1987, 142-151.
396
niklas lumani, xelisuflebis cikli da samarTali demokratiebSi
Ta simravled. amis Sesabamisad, tradiciuli da modernuli sazogadoebani maTive di-

ferencirebis principiT gansxvavdebian. tradiciuli sazogadoebani stratifikaciis
princips emyarebian. isini ierarqiuladaa diferencirebuli sxvadasxva fenad, soci-
aluri wodebis Tanazomierad. diferencirebis maTeuli principi efuZneba „zevidan
– qveviT“ gansxvavebas. amis sawinaaRmdegod, modernuli sazogadoeba, pirvel rigSi,
funqciis sferoebadaa danawevrebuli. is axdens Tavis umniSvnelovanes qvesistemaTa
daqvemdebarebas gansazRvruli funqciebisadmi – igulisxmeba, magaliTad, ekonomikis,
mecnieruli kvlevis, aRzrdis, politikis, samarTlis funqciebi. am wesrigSi jer ki-
dev arsebobs stratifikacia, magram mxolod klasTa formirebisaTvis saWiro Sesus-
tebuli saxiT, risi kvlavwarmoebac funqcionalur sistemaTa (upiratesad aRzrdisa
da ekonomikis sistemebis) avtonomiiT xorcieldeba.
aq mxolod swrafad moxazuli diferencirebis Teoria1 iZleva misi kombinire-
bis saSualebas TviTreferenciul-daxurul sistemaTa savsebiT axlebur TeoriasTan,
romelic amJamad viTardeba logikis, kibernetikis da sistemaTa zogadi Teoriis kvle-
vis farglebSi.2 TviTreferenciulia is sistemebi, romlebsac SeuZliaT im elemente-
bis kvlavwarmoeba, romlebisganac Tavad Sedgebian – iqneba es ujredebi, moqmedebe-
bi, gadawyvetilebani Tu komunikaciebi. TviTreproducireba uSualod elementTa
seleqciuri mowyobiT, anu maTi organizebis gansakuTrebuli xerxiTaa SesaZlebeli.
TviTreferenciul sistemebs unda SeeZloT yovel Tavis operaciasTan erTad Tavisive
kvlavwarmoebis aRsruleba. isini imdenadaa daxuruli sistemebi, ramdenadac yvelafe-
ri, rasac akeTeben, unda SeaTanxmon sakuTar TavTan; da igive wesi moqmedebs maSinac,
rodesac isini garesamyarosTan urTierTqmedeben.
sazogadoebis sistemasTan mimarTebiT gamoyenebisas, es Teoria iZleva sistemuri
diferencirebis cnebis damatebiTi gamoxatvis unariT gamdidrebis saSualebas. Sede-
gad, sazogadoebis diferencireba gulisxmobs: sazogadoebis sistemis dekompozicias
qvesistemebSi, met-naklebad maRali TviTreferenciuli avtonomiiT. amdenad, strati-
fikaciulidan funqcionalur diferencirebaze gadasvla SeiZleba gagebul iqnes ro-
gorc pirobebis Secvla sazogadoebaSi TviTreferenciul qvesistemaTa warmoSobisaT-
vis. stratificirebul sazogadoebebSi mxolod umaRles fenaTa donezea TviTrefe-
renciuli wesrigebis mikvleva SesaZlebeli, sadac maTi TviTaRqma moralur kategori-
ebSia gadacmuli da mTeli sazogadoebis warmomadgenladaa gasaRebuli. es aris maires et
saniores partes tipis WeSmariti sazogadoeba, es „kargi“ sazogadoebaa. amgvari TviTgamo-
xatva imsxvreva funqcionalur diferencirebaze gadasvliT. moyolebuli me-18 sauku-
nidan, evropaSi viTardeba specifikur funqcionalur sferoTa (upiratesad: mecniere-
ba, ekonomika, aRzrda, intimuri sfero, politika, samarTali) refleqsiuri Teoriebi,
romlebic Tavisufldebian adre gabatonebuli fenobrivi principisagan, gamoxataven
mocemuli funqcionaluri sferoebis TviTkanonierebas da, am TeoriaTa mibaZviT, far-
To moculobiT, Seiqmna kidec instituciebi da meTodebi; isini, rogorc momenti TviT-
1
Sdr.: Niklas Luhmann, The Differentiation of Society, New York, 1982.
2
ix. mag.: Humberto R. Maturana / Francisco J. Varela, Autopoiesis and Cognition: The Realization of the
Living, Dordrecht, 1980.
397
referenciuli mimdinareobisa, TviTCarTulni arian funqcionalur sistemebSi da em-

saxurebian realobis aRweras, risi Tanawarmoebac Tavadve ganaxorcieles.
amjerad mxolod ori amgvari funqcionaluri sistemiT davkavdebiT: samarTlis
sistemiTa da politikis sistemiT. Tumca, maTi analizisaTvis Teoriuli CarCo ufro
farToa. misi mizania modernuli sazogadoebis daxasiaTeba, risTvisac mudam mimar-
Tavs calkeuli funqcionaluri sistemis analizs, sazogadoebriv-Teoriuli koncef-
ciis verifikaciisaTvis. samarTlisa da politikis daxasiaTebac aqedan gamomdinare-
obs.
II.
samarTlis sistemaSi, me-18 saukunis dasawyisidan, SegviZlia davakvirdeT TviT-

referenciuli avtonomiis problemebis mzard gaTvaliswinebas.3 rasakvirvelia, bo-
lo dromde saxezea principis aRiarebisagan Tavis arideba. rameTu TviTreferireba
samarTalSi gulisxmobs Semdegs: samarTali aris is, rasac samarTali ambobs, rom aris.
rogor SeuZlia samarTlis sistemas, miiRos amgvari martivi, tavtologiuri, uazro
formula rogorc TviTgamoxatvis principi, rodesac Tavad sazogadoebis sistemis
struqturuli ganviTareba samarTlis avtonomiis aRiarebas moiTxovs?
samarTlis dogmatikis ganviTarebam aseve aSkarad scada TviTreferirebis aRniS-
nuli principis Tavidan acileba. magram, ramdenadac Tavdacvis yovel mcdelobas kri-
tika xvda wilad, warmoiSva erTgvari sawinaaRmdego efeqti: aman, nebismieri ganzrax-
vis sawinaaRmdegod, gamoiwvia principTan TandaTanobiTi miaxloeba.
mokled mimovixilav samarTlis dogmatikis am ganviTarebis yvelaze mniSvnelo-
van nabijebs da amisTvis daveyrdnobi mxolod germanul literaturas, saidanac naT-
lad ikiTxeba mtkicebuli garemoeba samarTlis sruli kontingenciurobis aRiarebis
kontraintuiciuri xelSewyobis Sesaxeb:
1. me-18 saukunis dasawyisSi saxezea klasikuri bunebiTi samarTlis CamoSla mora-
luri (Sinaganad mboWavi) da samarTlebrivi (garedan mboWavi) normebis gancalkevebis
meSveobiT. es gamijvna, romelic qristian tomasiuss ukavSirdeba, saSualebas aZlevs
mimdevrebs, axleburad ganmarton bunebiTi samarTali, rogorc imperatiuli samar-
Tali da samarTlis legitimurobaze daafuZnon iZulebis legitimuroba, Tumca mora-
lur motivacias es unda gamoericxa.4
2. mas Semdeg, rac me-18 saukunis 90-ian wlebSi kantis filosofiam daipyro ger-
manuli universitetebi, samarTlis TeoriiT dainteresebul wreebSi daiwyo sawinaaR-
mdego moZraoba, romelic miuTiTebda praqtikuli samarTlebrivi sakiTxebisaTvis am
filosofiuri safuZvlis usargebloobaze, ewinaaRmdegeboda CveulebiTi normebisa-
gan samarTlis deducirebas da, nacvlad amisa, mxars uWerda „pozitiuri samarTlis
3
sakiTxis kargad warmoCenisaTvis, Tumca mxolod me-19 saukunidan moyolebuli, ix.:
Raffaele de Giorgi, Scienza del diritto e legitimazione: Critica dell’epistemologia giuridica detesca da Kelsen
a Luhmann, Bari, 1979.
4
ix. gansakuTrebiT: Nicolaus Hieronymus Gundling, Ius naturae et gentium, Halle, 1714. Semdgomi
ganviTarebisaTvis, aseve: Johann Gottlieb Buhle, Lehrbuch des Naturrechts, Göttingen 1798, S. 43 ff.
398
filosofias“ (rasac dRes samarTlis Teorias uwodeben). gustav hugo, paul iohan an-
zelm foierbaxi da anton fridrix iustus tibo am moZraobis cnobili saxelebia.
3. amasTan uSualo damokidebulebaSi daiwyo, upirveles yovlisa, fridrix karl
fon savinis meTaurobiT, mcdelobebi pozitiuri samarTlis, rogorc istoriulad mo-
cemuli faqtis, analizisa sakuTar cnebiT struqturaSi. amasTanave, kanonmdeblobis
roli Segnebulad iqna dakninebuli – nawilobriv imitom, rom misi meSveobiT samar-
Tlis kontingenciuroba Zalze aSkarad gacnobierdeboda; nawilobriv ki imis gamoc,
rom igi germaniis mraval teritoriul saxelmwifoSi iyo danawevrebuli.
4. amis sapirispirod, me-19 saukunis meore naxevarSi daiwyo iuridiuli poziti-
vizmis ganviTareba, romelmac yvelanairi samarTali kanonmdeblis gadawyvetilebas
miando da ar aRiara aranairi sxva safuZveli. ramdenadac gadawyvetileba yovelTvis
SerCeviTi aqtia, amiT aRiarebul iqna samarTlis mTeli kontingenciuroba. aucilebe-
li iyo imaze SeTanxmeba, rom mTeli samarTali SeiZleboda Secvliliyo gadawyveti-
lebebiT, im samarTlis CaTvliT, romliTac dgindeba sakanonmdeblo procedura. mag-
ram amiT wamoiWreba kiTxva, Tu rogor unda gagebuliyo samarTlebrivad SesaZleblis
farglebi.
5. es kiTxva, piriqiT, iwvevda interesis principis mzard aRiarebas. samarTali Se-
exeba interesebs, icavs an zians ayenebs interesebs da Tavisi gamovlinebiT SesaZloa
gansazRvruli interesebis poziciiT Sefasdes. Rirebulebani ukve aRar ganekuTvneba
TavisTavad – qua Natur an a priori – moqmed gansjis principebs; isini mxolod imdenadaa
qmediTi, ramdenadac iZleva interesTa Sedarebisa da gansxvavebuli samarTlebrivi
regulirebis SedegTa Sefasebis saSualebas. swored am poziciazea momarTuli Tana-
medrove germanul iurisprudenciaSi dResdReobiT gabatonebuli samarTlebrivi
grZnoba. amiT igi miiwevs samarTlis sociologiuri ganmartebis SesamCnevi siaxlovis-
ken – cxadia, Zalze arasaimedo Teoriuli safuZvlisaken.5
aRniSnuli mimoxilva warmoaCens tendencias, romelic samarTlis dogmatikam ve-
rasodes gaacnobiera. samarTlis dogmatikam moaxdina samarTlis mzardi kontingenci-
urobisa da cvalebadobis (rac sazogadoebrivad moTxovnili iyo) Tanawarmoeba, imiT,
rom daupirispirda mas. igi Seecada Tavi aeridebina mojadoebuli wreebisa da tavto-
logiebisaTvis, risTvisac sistema mimarTa TviTreferenciuli dafuZnebisaken. amas-
Tanave, Tavi mouyara iseT mniSvnelovan Tvalsazrisebs, rogorebicaa: damokidebuleba
iZulebaze, imanenturi da samarTlis Teoriuli safuZveli, damokidebuleba istori-
aze, gadawyvetilebis SesaZleblobani, interesebze dayrdnoba da SedegTa kontroli,
romelTagan yoveli maTgani imsaxurebs yuradRebas samarTlis sistemaSi, Tumca ara-
feri aqvT sawinaaRmdego samarTlis TviTdafuZnebisa. SesaZlebelia, Tu am ganviTare-
bebs mTlianobaSi davakvirdebiT, amovicnoT evoluciuri procesi, romelsac Tavisi
Sedegi ar dausaxavs miznad da, romelic Tavisi ganzraxvebiT ufroa motyuebuli da,
5
samarTalSi interesebsa da Sedegebze orientirebis Sesaxeb aqtualuri diskusiisaTvis,
Sdr.: Niklas Luhmann, Rechtssystem und Rechtsdogmatik, Stuttgart, 1974, S. 31 ff.; Gunther Teubner,
Folgenkontrolle und responsive Dogmatik, Rechtstheorie, Band 6, 1975, S. 179-204; Thomas W. Wälde,
Juristische Folgenorientierung, Königstein, 1979.
399
saerTo jamSi, imas emsaxureba, rom samarTlis sistema miusadagos metad kompleqsuri
socialuri garesamyaros moTxovnebs. samarTlis sistemis evolucia, amgvarad danaxu-
li, saerTo-sazogadoebrivi evoluciis momentia.
aRniSnuli ganviTarebis Sedegi arasakmarisadaa gagebuli Tavisive saSualebebis
gamoyenebiT, magram es zustad Seesabameba TviTreferenciul sistemaTa Teoriis war-
modgenebs. gadawyvetilebas „samarTlebrivi“ kvalifikacia SeiZleba mieniWos mxolod
„samarTlebrivad“ kvalificirebuli gadawyvetilebebis damowmebiT – anu, ara ubra-
lo politikuri nebis miTiTebiT, ara damaimedebeli ekonomikuri sargebliT da, ase-
ve, arc, kelzeniseuli gagebiT, Semecnebis Teoriis hipoTezasTan Serwymis gziT.6 igive
Seexeba kanonebsac, romlebic acxadeben pretenzias samarTlebriv xasiaTze, iseve, ro-
gorc aRsrulebis gadawyvetilebebsac. kanonebi maT aRsrulebas efuZneba, aRsruleba
ki kanonebs, ramdenadac samarTlebriv elementTa sakmarisi raodenoba SeiZleba iyos
damatebiT asocirebuli.
gadawyvetilebani samarTlis sistemaSi SemTxveviTia, isini iwarmoeba uSualod
sistemis mier da sxva pirobebSi SesaZloa sxvagvari saxe mieRoT (winaaRmdeg SemTxve-
vaSi, aRarc Seexeboda saqme gadawyvetilebebs). magram aqedan ar gamomdinareobs, rom
samarTlis sistema, romelic axdens gadawyvetilebaTa warmoebasa da kvlavwarmoe-
bas, Tavis mxriv, kontingenciuria. is kidev ufro saWiroa metad zusti aRwerilobiTi
funqciis Sesasruleblad, rodesac sazogadoeba ganviTarebis gansazRvrul mdgoma-
reobaze ivaraudeba.7 miuxedavad imisa, rom samarTlis sistema mxolod gadawyveti-
lebebisgan Sedgeba da samarTlis sistemaSi yvela gadawyvetileba Canacvlebadia sxva
gadawyvetilebebiT, uSualod kvlavwarmoebiTi kavSiris wesrigia aucilebeli. sxva
formulirebiT, samarTlis sistemis piradi aucilebloba imaSia, rom aucileblobi-
dan gamomdinare, igi swored SemTxveviTi gadawyvetilebebisgan Sedgeba.8
III.
azrobrivad da instituciurad sazogadoeba mxolod maSin dauSvebs samarTlis

sistemis gadadiferencirebis da TviTreferenciuli wesrigis risks, rodesac sazoga-
doebis sxva Semadgeneli sistemebic saamisodaa momarTuli da Sesabamisobis umcire-
si pirobebic Sesrulebulia. Teoriuli TvalsazrisiT, mosalodnelia, rom TviTre-
ferireba samarTlis sistemaSi moiTxovs da ganamtkicebs Sesabamis TviTreferirebas
politikis sistemaSi. yovel SemTxvevaSi, evropuli gamocdilebani samarTlisa da po-
litikis Tanamedrove ganviTarebis Sesaxeb – miuxedavad yovelgvari xazgasmisa „samar-
6
sagangebod am Tvalsazrisis Taobaze kelzenTan kamaTisaTvis, Sdr.: Torsten Eckhoff / Nils
Kristian Sundby, The Notion of Basic Norm(s) in Jurisprudence, Scandinavian Studies in Law, 1975, S. 123-
151.
7
amasTan dakavSirebiT: Niklas Luhmann, Rechtssoziologie, Reinbek, 1972, S. 27 ff.
8
me ar ugulebelvyof, rom aq gamoyenebulia is argumentaciuli figura, romelic Sua
saukuneebis Teologias miekuTvneba: araaucileblis aucilebloba (kontingencia).
Sdr.: Duns Scotus, Ordination I. dist. 39 q. 1-5, zit. Nach Opera Omnia Bd. VI, Civitas Vaticana, 1963, S.
401 ff.
400
Tlebriv saxelmwifoze“, politikis sistemis samarTlebrivi formiT Camoyalibebis

mniSvnelobiT – am xazs mihyveba. magram ras gulisxmobs TviTreferireba politikis
sistemaSi?
upirveles yovlisa, sruliad martivad, demokratiis principi TviTreferirebis
formulaa. xalxi marTavs xalxs, xalxi batonobs Tavis Tavze. magram es formula jer
kidev gansamartavia. igi ewinaaRmdegeba cnebas, romlisganac iRebs tradicias da „re-
ferirebis“ aRsaniSnavad TviTreferirebaSi gamoiyenebs mmarTvelobis cnebas, da mas
aqvs tavtologiis an logikuri winaaRmdegobis forma, romelic, azrisagan daclili
srulyofilebis msgavsad, miiwevs kiTxvisaken, Tu rogorRa iqneboda SesaZlebeli xal-
xis Tavis Tavze mmarTvelobis institucionalizeba. Semdgom amisa, xdeba Tavis aride-
ba am SemTxvevaSi, saukeTesoTa Soris meore an mesame amonaxsenisaTvis: warmomadgenel-
Ta aRricxvisa an, saerTod, mmarTveli elitis samoqmedo programisaTvis.
Tu ufro zustad iqneba gamokvleuli is, rac, moyolebuli safrangeTis revolu-
ciidan, gakeTda politikur realobebSi, moxdeba Sejaxeba radikalur cvlilebasTan,
risi ganmartebac martooden mmarTvelobis formis cvlilebis saxiT (monarqiidan de-
mokratiisaken) ver iqneba sakmarisi. saqme Seexeba politikuri sistemis Sinagani dife-
rencirebis tipis Secvlas, metadre orjeradi diferencirebidan samjerad diferen-
cirebaze gadasvlas.9
yoveli ufro Zveli tipis sazogadoeba, Tavisi politikuri instituciebis for-
mirebisas, sazogadoebis fenobrivi wesrigis paralelurad, gamoiyenebda ierarqiis
formas.10 amgvari wesrigi ori poziciuri saxidan gamomdinareobs: zeviT da qveviT. Se-
saZlebelia misi kopireba Tavis TavSi da amgvarad Sualeduri safexurebis Seqmna; mag-
ram ar arsebobs aranairi pozicia da aranairi Semadgeneli sistema, romelic sxvebTan
mimarTebiT ar imyofeba zeviT an qveviT. ar arsebobs aranairi mesame saxis, am Tvalsaz-
risiT ganusazRvreli, xarisxi.11 amgvar wesrigs aqvs aucileblad asimetriuli struq-
tura, romlis danaxvac mainc ori mimarTulebiTaa SesaZlebeli: zevidan qveviT da qve-
vidan zeviT. igi absoluturi poziciiT sruldeba sul zeviT an sul qveviT, rac seman-
tikurad transcendirebs, anu SesaZloa ganivrcos, rogorc, erTi mxriv, angelozTa da
RmerTis, meore mxriv ki, cxovelTa samefod.
wesrigis amgvarma modelma, sazogadoebis fenobrivi agebulebis ukugdebasTan
erTad, dakarga damajerebloba da politikis sistemis „demokratizebasTan“ erTad
Canacvlebul iqna sammagi diferencirebiT, rac iZleva saxelisuflo konstelaciis
wriul formaze gadasvlis SesaZleblobas. im Semadgenel sistemasTan erTad, rome-
lic mboWavi gadawyvetilebebis SemuSavebiTaa dakavebuli (parlamentebi, mTavrobebi,
9
Sdr. aq da Semdgom, aseve: Niklas Luhmann, Politische Theorie im Wohlfahrtstaat, München, 1981.
10
rasakvirvelia, Rrma regionaluri gansxvavebebiT. Sdr.: Louis Dumont, Homo Hierarchicus:
The Caste System and its Implications, engl. Übers. London, 1970.
11
is, rom religiasa da politikas Soris amgvari wesrigis formirebisas gansakuTrebuli
problemebi aucileblad iCenda Tavs, naTelia. umetesad, maTi amoxsna religiis
„mxolod semantikuri“ upiratesobiT moxerxda da sxvaTa Soris, orive sferos
mmarTveli personalis fenobrivi TanasworobiT ganimuxta. religiisa da politikis
funqcionaluri diferencireba amgvar wesrigSi ver (an, yovel SemTxvevaSi, rolTa
doneze) ganxorcielda.
401
administraciuli biurokratiebi) da rasac aq minda, ubralod, administracia (far-

To mniSvnelobiT) vuwodo, vxvdebiT politikis (viwro mniSvnelobiT) qvesistemasac,
metadre Temebis momzadebisa da pirTa SerCevisaTvis, Tanxmobis SansTa Semowmebisa
da xelisuflebis formirebisaTvis. mocemuli Semadgeneli sistema Tavis arsebobas,
upirveles yovlisa, politikuri partiebis organizebas unda umadlodes, romlebic
ukve imdenad TviTdamkvidrebulni arian, rom arsebobas maSinac ki inarCuneben, rode-
sac ar aqvT marTviTi poziciebi. bolos, da ufro metic, politikis sistemaSi yvela
adamiani gansazRvruli roliTaa CarTuli, ramdenadac aRiarebs mboWav gadawyvetile-
bebs, ramdenadac SeuZlia politikur sistemaSi komunicireba da, upirveles yovlisa,
ramdenadac misi xma miiReba politikur arCevnebSi. am sferos Cven vuwodebT xalxs.
ramdenad Zlierad da mkafiodac aris SesaZlebeli politikis sistemaSi xelSewy-
obis am sami formis – xalxi, politika da administrireba – erTmaneTisgan gamijvna
da erTmaneTis pirispir TviTdamkvidreba, imdenad Zlierad yalibdeba xelisuflebis
wriuli formis procesi: xalxi irCevs mmarTvel pirebs da politikur programebs po-
litikaSi, politikosebi Seajereben winapirobebs mboWavi gadawyvetilebebisTvis, ad-
ministracia iRebs gadawyvetilebebs da amiT aerTianebs xalxs, romelic, Tavis mxriv,
kvlav irCevs. es wrebrunva, Tavis mxriv, axdens sawinaaRmdego wrebrunvis inducirebas,
metadre im zomiT, rom qceva unda airCes maRali kompleqsurobis pirobebSi da amgva-
rad rCeba adrindel reduqciebze damokidebuli. amdenad, politikas arc ki SeuZlia
administraciis gegmebis gareSe muSaoba. xalxs eZleva uflebamosileba politikaSi pi-
rebisa da programebis winare daxarisxebisa. administrireba moiTxovs, im zomiT, ram-
denadac igi kompleqsur samuSao sferoebSi vrceldeba, xalxis nebayoflobiT Tanam-
Sromlobas, visac gavlena unda SeuTanxmos. amgvar ormag wrebrunvaSi amovardnilia
yvela „absoluturi“ sawyisi wertili, yvela bunebiTsamarTlebrivi an transcenden-
taluri usafrTxoeba. sistema yalibdeba daxurul TviTreferenciul sistemad. in-
tensiuri kontaqti garesamyarosTan amis gamo sulac ar gamoiricxeba; magram informa-
ciebi mxolod maSin miiReba, Tu da ramdenad moxdeba maTi Segueba sistemis TviTrefe-
renciul ganviTarebasTan da xelSewyoba eqneba misi wesrigis mudam axali elementebiT
kvlavwarmoebas.
IV.
politikis sistemis analizic, Cans, adasturebs, rom sazogadoebis sistemis gan-

viTarebul funqcionalur diferencirebas mivyavarT TviTreferenciuli wesrigebis-
ken qvesistemaTa doneze, anu im formebisken, romlebic manamde, ZiriTadad logikuri
mizezebis gamo, uaryofili iyo an fasdeboda azrovnebis, cnobierebis, gonis maxasi-
aTeblebis saxiT. TviTreferenciul wesrigTa am tradiciul, logikaze dafuZnebul
uaryofas Tu SevwyvetT, – da uSualod logikis ganviTarebac aqeTkenaa mimarTuli12 –
12
Sdr. mag.: George Spencer Brown, Laws of Form, 2. Aufl. New York, 1972; Francisco J. Varela, A Calculus
for Self-reference, International Journal of General Systems, Vol. 2, 1975, S. 5-24; ders., Principles of
Biological Autonomy, New York, 1979, S. 106 ff.; Ranulph Glanville, Consciousness: and so on, Journal of
Cybernetics, Vol. 10, 1980, S. 301-312.
402
moxerxdeba im sakiTxTa axleburi dasma, romlebic Zirs uTxris rogorc evropisaTvis

Cveul Sepirispirebas – materiasa da suls, aseve ideebsa da cnebebs, da romelTa meS-
veobiTac SesaZlebeli xdeba modernulobaze gadasvla da metadre – misi wvdoma. rac
Seexeba politikasa da samarTals, aucilebelia, viswavloT imis aRqma, rom informa-
ciaTa politikuri da iuridiuli damuSavebis mxolod ufro Zlieri diferencirebiT
aris SesaZlebeli orive funqcionaluri sferos maRali donis urTierTdamokidebu-
leba, rac orive maTganis moqmedebiT miiRweva. ufro maRali donis damoukidebloba,
paradoqsulad rom CamovayaliboT, aris piroba ufro maRali donis damokidebulebi-
saTvis; amdenad, swored amgvarad miiRweva sistemaTa maRali funqcionaluri specifi-
ka da mxolod elementTa TviTreferenciuli warmoebisa da kvlavwarmoebis wesrigis
ganviTarebiTaa SesaZlebeli garesamyarosadmi sistemis mgrZnobelobis gaZliereba.
ormxrivi damokidebulebis amgvari urTierTobani, rac ormxriv damoukideblo-
bas ganapirobebs, SesaZlebelia sistemaTa TviTreferenciuli formirebis safuZvel-
ze. imis gamo, rom elementebis kvlavwarmoeba, am SemTxvevaSi samarTlebrivi da, Sesa-
bamisad, politikuri gadawyvetilebebisa, imave sistemis sxva elementebTan mimarTe-
bis meSveobiT cirkularulad daxurulia, sistemebi erTmaneTisagan damoukidebelni
xdebian; da imis gamo, rom isini TavianT elementebs azrobrivad arCeviTi movlenebis
saxiT awarmoeben, SeuZliaT im orientaciis aReba, rasac, saWiroebis mixedviT, sxva sis-
tema informaciebiT miawvdis.
samarTlisa da politikis sistemebis urTierTdamokidebuleba, upirveles yov-
lisa, gamomdinareobs fizikuri Zaladobis kontrolis saerTo safuZvlisagan, razec
orive sistema rCeba damokidebuli. Tanamedrove pirobebSi emateba isic, rom samar-
Tlis sistema politikurad kontrolirebul (da Semdgom, samarTlis sistemaSi kidev
erTxel kontrolirebul) kanonmdeblobazea damokidebuli. mxolod ase SeuZlia mas,
mimarTos Tavisi wesrigis muSaoba Tanamedrove cxovrebis pirobebis kompleqsuro-
bisa da cvalebadobisken; mxolod amgvarad SeuZlia mas Tavisi funqciis Sesruleba,
romelic mdgomareobs qceviTi molodinebis gamyarebaSi, saWiroebisamebr, arastabi-
lur sazogadoebriv urTierTobaTa dros. da piriqiT, politikis sistema iZulebulia,
uwyvet politikur problematizebas CamoaSoros gadawyvetilebaTa winapirobebi da
gadawyvetilebani, da SeZlos maTi ganxilva samarTlebrivi mocemulobis WrilSi. swo-
red demokratiebs esaWiroebaT amgvari gantvirTva, esaWiroebaT yoveldRiurobaSi
imisi SesaZlebloba, rom gadawyvetilebani moqmed samarTalze daafuZnon, anu miakuT-
vnon garegan Zalas. ganuwyveteli legitimacia „xalxis nebiT“ moqmedebs maSin, rode-
sac yovelTvis yvelaferi kiTxvis qveS ar eqceva, Tumca principulad yvelaferi mza-
daa axleburi gadawyvetisaTvis.
rogorc Cans, sazogadoebis maRalganviTarebul sistemebSi saxezea struqturu-
li urTierTdamokidebulebani (1) funqcionalur sistemaTa diferencirebas, (2) qve-
sistemaTa maRali donis avtonomias, (3) TviTreferenciuli saxis operaciebsa da (4)
ormxrivi damoukideblobisa da, amave dros, damokidebulebis gaZlierebis SesaZleb-
lobebs Soris da im saxiT, rom, rasac sazogadoeba dakargavs diferencirebis Sedegad
miRebuli mTlianobiT, SeZlebs ukanve daibrunos qvesistemaTa urTierTdamokidebu-
403
lebiT. miuxedavad imisa, rom zogierTi dakvirveba ganviTarebis am mimarTulebis sa-

sargeblod metyvelebs, mis Sesaxeb nebismieri daskvna naadrevi iqneboda. SesaZlebe-
lia, TviTreferenciuli avtonomiis msgavs gamovlinebebs aseve sxva funqcionalur
sferoebSic davakvirdeT, upirveles yovlisa, rasakvirvelia, samecniero kvlevasa da
fulze orientirebul ekonomikaSi. Semdgom TvalSisacemia, rom iwyeba damokidebule-
bis saxeTa da mentalobaTa misadageba sazogadoebis am tipisadmi, am procesis riskTa
Sefasebisa da formirebadi sazogadoebrivi wesrigis sxva SesaZleblobebTan Sedare-
biT amorCevis gareSe. rogorc mizandasaxulobani, aseve TavdacviTi reaqciebi, ro-
gorc imedebi, aseve sifrTxileebi gamowveulia jer kidev mTlianobaSi gauazrebeli
struqturebiT.
amgvari mdgomareobisas aucilebelia sazogadoebis Teoriis SemuSaveba da, aqe-
dan gamomdinare, samarTlisa da politikis gaazrebis mcdeloba – aseve da swored ma-
Sin, rodesac ar varT mzad, amgvar wesrigs upirobod mivendoT. gamoxatuli proble-
mebis aRqmis dasaCqareblad13 da kritikis samarTavad aucilebelia Sesabamis cnebaTa
sakmarisi raodenoba. upirveles yovlisa, ori kiTxvaa akviatebuli, romelTa mniSvne-
lobac cxadia, magram romelTa problemis Sinaarsi mxolod TviTreferenciul siste-
maTa Teoriis safuZvelze SeiZleba damuSavdes: pirveli Seexeba sazogadoebis siste-
mis garesamyaros, meore ki uSualod Teoriis gamoyenebas.
gadaudebelia imis gamokvleva, Tu rogor SeuZliaT TviTreferenciul-daxurul
funqcionalur sistemebs sazogadoebrivi garesamyaros problemebis – an, ufro glo-
balurad rom iTqvas, adamianuri sicocxlis ekosistemis problemaTa – aRqmisaTvis
iyvnen mzad da razea damokidebuli informaciis damuSavebis maTeuli SesaZleblo-
bis gaZliereba. aq ganxiluli magaliTebiT, samarTlisa da politikis sistemebiT, uk-
ve Cans is problemebi, romelTa warmoSoba SesaZlebelia, Tu sistemis yvela operacia
monologis saxiT unda warimarTos, anu am operaciebma moiTxovon iuridiuli an,
Sesabamisad, politikuri SekavSirebis unari, rogorc piroba maTi SesaZleblobisa. Se-
degad, aucilebelia sistemis enis, istoriuli TviTkavSirebis, misi semantikis tran-
sformaciis wesebis gamokvleva, imisaTvis, rom moxerxdes dadgena, Tu ramdenad Se-
uZlia amgvar sistemas mis garesamyaroSi cvlilebebze adekvaturi reagireba, Tavisi
TviTreferenciuli kvlavwarmoebisaTvis safrTxis Seqmnis gareSe.
sxva kiTxva Seexeba Teoriis funqcias TviTreferenciul sistemaSi da TviTrefe-
renciuli sistemebisTvis. moyolebuli me-18 saukunidan, evropam SeimuSava savsebiT
uCveulo moculoba Teoriuli orientirebisa TiToeuli specifikuri funqciona-
luri sistemisaTvis da es Teoriebi uSualod sistemebSi Seitana. SesaZloa, vifiqroT
lokze, monteskiesa da rusoze politikis sistemisaTvis, adam smiTze an keinsze – eko-
nomikisaTvis, hiumsa da kantze – Semecnebisa da samecniero kvlevisaTvis an samarTlis
Teoriis transformaciebis jaWvze, ris Taobazec zeviT aRiniSna. saukunis bolos ukve
gvxvdeba refleqsiebi Teoriis Setanis Sesaxeb im sistemaSi, romelsac Tavad Teoria
aRwers. magaliTad, fridrix Slegelis romani „lucinde“14 Seicavs romanis Teorias,
13
am saxis droiTi problemis Sesaxeb, Sdr.: F. E. Emery / E. L. Trist, Towards a Social Ecology: Contextual
Appreciation of the Future in the Present, London – New York, 1973.
14
Friedrich Schlegel, Lucinde, Berlin 1799.
404
rogorc romanis nawils, magram es yovelive adekvaturad ar gagrZelebula. imis mixed-

viT, rom adamiani socialur realobaSi konfrontirebulia socialuri sistemebiT,
romlebic Seicaven Tavisi Tavis Sesaxeb Teorias, rogorc Tavis Semadgenel nawils –
vifiqroT Tundac „marqsistulad“ orientirebul sazogadoebebze – aRmocendeba im
TeoriaTa saWiroeba, romelTac SeuZliaT gaumklavdnen TeoriaTa amgvar TviTrefe-
renciul gamoyenebas – daaxloebiT, rogorebicaa kiTxvebi kritikuli unaris, Semec-
nebis unaris an TeoriaSi ndobis inflaciisa Tu deflaciis Sesaxeb.
amgvari problemebi ar ukargavs Zalas politikuri xelisuflebis ganxorcie-
lebisas TviTnebobis aRkveTis an samarTlebriv gadawyvetilebaTa dasabuTebisas maT
ueWvelobaze miTiTebis Cveul problemebs. Semdgom, rogorc adre, iseT problemebTan
gveqneba saqme, romelTac Cveni azrovneba da Cveni instituciuri zomebi, didi xania,
miesadaga. magram, Tu eqskluziurad mxolod am sakiTxebiT SemovifarglebiT, imgvar
problemebs avcdebiT, romlebic saswrafodaa gadasaWreli sazogadoebis sruliad ax-
lebur saxeobaSi.
germanulidan Targmna laSa bregvaZem*
* TinaTin wereTlis sax. saxelmwifosa da samarTlis institutis direqtori
405
saxelmZRvanelo principebi avtorTaTvis
1. avtorTa wre
iuridiuli fakultetis Jurnali aqveynebs statiebs iurisprudenciis yvela mi-

marTulebiT. gamosaqveyneblad statiisa Tu sxva masalis wardgenis uflebiT sargeb-
loben Semdegi pirebi:
• Tsu-is iuridiuli fakultetis profesor-maswavleblebi (maT Soris, mowveuli
pedagogebi);
• iuridiuli fakultetis doqtorantebi;
• samarTlis sferoSi moRvawe mecnierebi da praqtikosi iuristebi, iuridiuli
fakultetis profesorTan TanaavtorobiT;
• sxva avtorebi, romlebic saredaqcio kolegiis davalebiT moamzadeben publika-
ciebs calkeul sakiTxebze.
2. statiis moculoba
statiis saorientacio moculoba ar unda aRematebodes 70 000 nabeWd simbolos

sityvebs Soris arsebuli manZilis CauTvlelad.
3. Sinaarsobrivi moTxovnebi
• gamosaqveynebel statiaTa Soris gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba mieniWeba akade-

miuri personalis mier warmodgenil im statiebs, romlebSic iqneba warmoCenili
samarTlis aqtualuri problemebi da SemoTavazebuli maTi gadaWris gzebi;
• praqtikul saqmianobaSi Cabmuli specialistebis mier warmodgenili im stati-
ebis mecnierul Rirebulebas, romlebic exeba samarTalgamoyenebis praqtikis
analizs, gansazRvravs avtoris mier praqtikuli samarTlebrivi problemebis
identificireba, dasma da dasabuTebuli gadawyveta.
4. gamosaqveyneblad warmodgenis procedura da formati
avtorma statia unda warmoadginos eleqtronuli formatiT, Microsoft Word-is do-

kumentis saxiT, da asaxavdes:
a. avtoris vinaobas;
b. statiis saxelwodebas;
g. avtoris sakontaqto monacemebsa da eleqtronuli fostis misamarTs;
d. statiis gamogzavnis TariRs.
statiis qarTuli teqsti Sesrulebuli unda iyos Sylfaen–12 fontiT, ucxoenovani
teqsti – Times New Roman–12 fontiT, sqolio – imave fontebis `10~ zomiT; striqonebi
unda daSordes erTi intervaliT, abzaci gamoiyos erTi Enter-iT da ara Tab-klaviSiT,
stilebi unda iyos maqsimalurad erTgvarovani da teqstSi ar Caisvas gadatanis niSne-
406
bi; marjvena mxares unda darCes 4 sm siganis mindori. TiToeuli gverdi unda dainom-
ros gverdis bolos, marjvena mxares.
naSromis struqturulad Camoyalibeba unda moxdes ara marto Sesabamisi Tavebi-
saTvis numeraciis miniWebiT, aramed gansaxilveli sakiTxebis dasaTaurebiT. stati-
is Tavebad, qveTavebad da qveqveTavebad dayofisas gamoyenebul unda iqnes arabuli
ricxvebi. mag.: 1.; 1.1.; 1.1.1. da a.S., calke unda gamoiyos Sesavali da daskvna.
teqsti, ZiriTadad, unda gadmoices III pirSi, avtori sakuTari poziciis dasafiqsi-
reblad maqsimalurad unda moeridos I pirSi Txrobas.
statias ar daerTvis gamoyenebuli literaturis sia (wyaroebi ganTavsebulia
sqolioebSi).
5. citirebis teqnika da sqolios gaformebis wesi
avtorma sqolioSi unda miuTiTos Tavis mier moyvanili citatebisa da faqtobri-

vi garemoebebis wyaro.
sityvis, saxelwodebis, saTauris Semokleba teqstsa da sqolioSi ar daiSveba, gar-
da sayovelTaod miRebuli Semoklebebisa (mag.: paragrafi – §, weli – w., magaliTad –
mag., ixile – ix., Seadare –Sead. da a.S.).
Tu statiaSi aris abreviatura, misi gamoyenebis pirvel SemTxvevaSi is unda iyos
gaSifruli, ris Semdegac frCxilebSi mieTiTeba abreviatura, romelic Semdgom iqneba
gamoyenebuli (mag., germaniis samoqalaqo kodeqsi (SemdgomSi – gsk); amave principiT,
xSirad gamoyenebul konvenciaTa, kanonTa Tu sxvaTa saxelwodebebi Semokldeba sak-
vanZo sityvis mixedviT, anu misi gamoyenebis pirvel SemTxvevaSi is moxseniebuli un-
da iyos srulad da frCxilebSi mieTiTos sakvanZo sityva (mag., adamianis uflebaTa ev-
ropuli konvencia (SemdgomSi – konvencia); xolo ucxouridan pirdapir gadmotanili
abreviaturebi, aseve pirveli gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi, unda gaiSifros ucxouradve da
mieweros misi qarTuli Targmanic, an iqve, an sqolioSi.
• samarTlebrivi aqtis gamoyenebisas aucilebelia sqolioSi mieTiTos misi sru-
li dasaxeleba da wyaro, romelSic is gamoqveynda, agreTve TariRi da gverdi.
• literaturuli wyaroebis gamoyenebisas aucilebelia mieTiTos:
1. wignisTvis – avtoris (avtorebis) gvari, saxelis iniciali, wignis saxelwodeba
(ubrWyalebod), nawilis, nakveTis, tomis nomeri (Tu saWiroa), gamocemis adgili, weli,
gverdi (gv.-s gareSe);
2. krebulis statiisTvis – statiis avtoris (avtorebis) gvari, saxelis inici-
ali, statiis saTauri (ubrWyalebod), krebulis saxelwodeba (ubrWyalebod), miTiTe-
biT, Tu visi redaqciiT gamodis, nawilis, nakveTis, tomis nomeri (Tu saWiroa), gamoce-
mis adgili, weli, gverdi (gv.-s gareSe);
3. Jurnalis (gazeTis) statiisTvis – statiis avtoris (avtorebis) gvari, sa-
xelis iniciali, statiis saTauri (ubrWyalebod), periodikis saxe SemoklebiT (Jurn.,
gaz.,), saxelwodeba (brWyalebSi), nomeri, weli (Tve, ricxvi), gverdi (gv.-s gareSe);
ucxouri wyaroebis yvela bibliografiuli elementi unda mieTiTos originalis
enaze, an im enaze, romelzec mas ecnoba avtori (Sesabamisi oficialuri Targmanis mi-
TiTebiT).
naSromSi miTiTebul samecniero wyaroTa saerTo raodenobis aranakleb 4/5 unda
Seadgendes dasavleTevropul enebze Sesrulebul literaturas, garda Temis speci-
fikidan gamomdinare gamonaklisi SemTxvevebisa.
407
sqolioSi aucilebelia erTiani sistemis dacva: avtori da naSromis saTauri ga-

moikveTos sityvaTa sxvadasxva daxrilobiT (mag., avtori – italikiT, danarCeni in-
formacia – gamarTulad, aseve italikiT xdeba yvela gamoyenebuli gvaris miTiTeba,
mag., redaqtoris), amave dros, yvela erTeuli (garda gvarisa da saxelis inicialisa)
erTmaneTisagan gamoiyofa mZimiT da sqolios bolos iwereba wertili.
masala, romelic mopovebulia internetis saSualebiT, saWiroebs Sesabamisi in-
ternetgverdisa da bolo ganaxlebis TariRis miTiTebas; statiis SemTxvevaSi unda mi-
eTiTos avtoris gvari, statiis saTauri, internetgverdi, TariRi. samkuTxed frCxi-
lebSi (<....>) mieTiTeba eleqtronuli misamarTi, kvadratul frCxilebSi ([....]) ki bolo
ganaxlebis TariRi.
4. saerTaSoriso sasamarTlosa da sxva qveynebis gadawyvetilebebisaTvis:
Court of Justice
mag: Case 16/62, Van Gend en Loos, [1963] ECR 95.
European Court of Human Rights
mag:. Kostovski v. The Netherlands, [1990] ECHR (Ser. A.), 221.
International Court of Justice
mag.: Maritime Delimitation and Territorial Questions Between Qatar and Bahrain, [1995] ICJ Reports, 6.
saqmeebisa da maTi gadawyvetilebebis saxelwodebebi teqstSi gamoiyeneba qarTu-
lad (italikiT), srulad ki originalis enaze SeiZleba iqve mieweros, an sqolioSi mie-
TiTos Semdegi TanmimdevrobiT: mxare mxaris winaaRmdeg, weli, gamomqveynebeli orga-
no, gverdi, sasamarTlo.
mag.: didi britaneTis sasamarTloebisTvis: saqme argili argilis winaaRmdeg (Argyll
v. Argyll, [1967] 1Ch 302,324, 332));
aSS-is sasamarTloebisTvis: saqme brauni ganaTlebis sabWos winaaRmdeg (Brown v. Bo-
ard of Education, 347 US 483 (1954)).
5. erovnuli sasamarTloebis gadawyvetilebebisaTvis
aucilebelia oficialuri erovnuli stilis SenarCuneba. erTgvarovani erovnu-
li midgomis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi avtorma unda ixelmZRvanelos Semdegi ZiriTadi
wesiT:
saqarTvelos sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebis gamoyenebisas unda gamoiyos Sem-
Txvevebi – 1. gadawyvetileba gamoqveynebulia; 2. SesaZlebelia misi gacnoba oficia-
lur eleqtronul wyaroSi; 3. xelmisawvdomia mxolod sasamarTlo arqivSi – da Camo-
yalibdes erTiani midgomebi.
6. saerTaSoriso organizaciaTa dokumentebi
gamoiyeneba im stiliT, romelic gamoyenebulia oficialurad saerTaSoriso or-

ganizaciis mier (ix. oficialuri saitebi).
7. konvenciebi da saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebi
konvenciebi da saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebi mieTiTeba, mag.: 1985 Vienna Conventi-

on for the Protection of the Ozone Layer, International Legal Materials, 1985, 1520.
408
saTanadoa miTiTeba, Tu citata Casmulia brWyalebSi da sqolio gaformebulia

zemoT aRniSnuli wesebis mixedviT. perifrazis an calkeuli azris formirebis wyaros
miTiTebisas gamoiyeneba Sesabamisi sityva: ìxile~ an `Seadare~. `Seadare~ gamoiyeneba
im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac avtors sWirdeba gansxvavebul azrze miTiTeba.
ZiriTad teqstSi dasaSvebia mxolod naSromis saTaurTan uSualo kavSirSi myofi
an dasaxuli miznis misaRwevad aucilebeli informaciisa Tu analizis miTiTeba. dama-
tebiTi informacia SesaZlebelia mieTiTos sqolioSi.
ucxouri terminebi da gamoTqmebi unda gadmoices sqolioSi, Tu naSromis uSualo
mizani ar aris terminis warmoSobis dadgena.
qarTuli teqstisTvis unda gamoviyenoT `qveda~ da `zeda~ (`.~..) brWyalebi, ucxoe-
novani teqstisTvis – `zeda~ (~.~..) brWyalebi;
citirebuli teqstis bolos sasveni niSnebi – wertili, wertil-mZime, orwer-
tili an tire daxuruli brWyalebis Semdeg daismis; kiTxvisa da Zaxilis niSnebi an
mravalwertili daismis brWyalis win, Tu igi ganekuTvneba im sityvas an sityvebs,
romlebic brWyalebSia moqceuli, xolo brWyalis Semdeg, Tu igi brWyalebSi Casmul
sityvebTan erTad mTel winadadebas ganekuTvneba.
rodesac sityvasTan erTdroulad Tavs iyris brWyali, sasveni niSani da sqolios
niSani, unda davicvaT Semdegi Tanmimdevroba: 1. brWyali, 2. sasveni niSani, 3. sqolios
niSani; citirebuli teqstis (anu winadadebis) bolos ki: 1. brWyali, 2. sasveni niSani, 3.
sqolios niSani. erTad ar iwereba ori brWyali. frCxilebis SemTxvevaSi ki SeiZleba ma-
Ti gansxvavebuli formebis gamoyeneba;
teqstSi unda gairCes tiresa da defisis daweriloba. defisi aris mokle xazi, rom-
lis win da Semdeg ar aris intervali, tire ki ufro grZeli xazia da mis win da Semdeg
aucilebelia intervalis dacva;
sqolioSi imave wyaroze miTiTebisas, romelic ukve gamoyenebuli iyo, saWiroa ga-
moiyos Semdegi SemTxvevebi:
a. zustad wina sqolioSi miTiTebuli wyaros nacvlad mieTiTeba ìqve~. ìqves~ Sem-
deg ki (Tu saWiroa) mieTiTeba gansxvavebuli monacemebi (tomi, weli, gverdi);
b. manamde miTiTebuli, magram ara winamdebare, wyaros gamoyenebisas SesaZlebelia
mieTiTos am wyaros sruli dasaxeleba Sesabamisi gverdiT, an im sqolios nomeri, rom-
liTac moxda am wyaros bolo miTiTeba Sesabamisi gverdiT (mag. ix. sqolio 15, 20).
409
gamocemaze muSaobdnen:
naTia CitaSvili (gamocemaze pasuxismgebeli)

Tamar gabelaia (gamomcemlobis redaqtori)
naTia dvali
mariam ebraliZe
lela wiklauri
0179 Tbilisi, ilia WavWavaZis gamziri 14

14 Ilia Tchavtchavadze Avenue, Tbilisi 0179
Tel 995 (32) 225 14 32
www.press.tsu.edu.ge

სამართლის ჟურნალი,სტატიაა PDF

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

სამართლის ჟურნალი,სტატიაა PDF

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

samarTlis Jurnali

irakli burduli (prof., Tsu)

levan aleqsiZe (prof., Tsu)

© ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis

saxelmZRvanelo principebi avtorTaTvis .............................................................................406

col-qmris mkvleloba Zvel qarTul samarTalSi

winamdebare statia exeba col-qmris mkvlelobis sakiTxs Zvel qarTul samar-

sakvanZo sityvebi: qmris mkvleloba, colis mkvleloba, meuRlis mkvlelo-

colisa da qmris urTierTobebis maregulirebeli normebi uxvadaa Zvel qarTul

iqneba Zveli qarTuli samarTlis normebi da samarTlis istoriis arapirdapiri wyaro-

2.1. colis mkvleloba „SuSanikis wamebis~ mixedviT

pirveli werilobiTi Zeglis, „SuSanikis wamebis~, saTanadod Seswavlisa da gaaz-

Tanamedrovea, Zegls udides upiratesobas sZens. Sesabamisad, rogorc ar unda gaez-

rom nawarmoebi sarwmunoebriv motivebzea Seqmnili, misi mTavari gmiri politikuri

am faqts yuradReba miaqcia g. nadareiSvilma. mecnieris dakvirvebiT, ZeglSi naxsene-

am epizods da mxolod varsqenis reaqcias gadmoscems: „maSin varsqen Seudga mravalRo-

momdinare, pirdapir veravin ver upirispirdeba. sasuliero pirebic masTan mowiwebiT

2.2. mruSi colis mkvleloba

qarTuli pozitiuri samarTali icnobda colisa da qmris sicocxlis xelyofis

erTi pasuxismgeblobis gamomricxveli garemoebiTac dasturdeba, romlis mixedviT,

li exeba sacolis mkvlelobas. saqmro klavs sacoles, radgan am ukanasknelma piroba

moeWra da gaegdo~.76 adiReelebis SemTxvevaSi ki, „sasjeli mruSi colisTvis damokide-

2.3. udanaSaulo colis mkvleloba

saqme saeklesio sasamarTlos gadaecemoda, gamoricxuli araa, msgavsad qmris an Zmis

ni calke muxls uTmobs colis mkvlelobas da qmars sisxlis gadaxdiT da sakanonoTi

3.1 Zveli qarTuli samarTlis normebi qmris mkvlelobis Sesaxeb

vaxtang VI-is samarTlis mixedviT, mZime danaSaulTa kategorias miekuTvneboda

ar aris, magram ivaraudeba, rom msgavsi danaSaulisaTvis SesaZloa, sikvdiliT dasja

3.2 qmris mkvlelobis erTi saqmis Sesaxeb

sakiTxavia, rogori iyo meuRlis mkvlelobis Sesaxeb sasamarTlo praqtika Zve-

Zveli qarTuli samarTali icnobs colisa da qmris mkvlelobis amkrZalav nor-

mediaciis eTikis regulirebis farglebi da

mediaciis sakanonmdeblo mowesrigebis kvaldakval eTikis wesebis drouli

sakvanZo sityvebi: mediaciis eTika, mxareTa TviTgamorkveva, miukerZoeb-

`mediacia moiTxovs formalur wesebs,

saqarTveloSi mediaciis institucionalizaciis gzaze akademiuri sferos war-

`mediaciis eTikis normebiT umTavresad ikrZaleba qceva, romelic emsaxureba me-

II. mediaciis eTikis regulirebis aucilebloba da

`eTikuri qcevis standartis arseboba bevri profesiisTvis Tvisebrivi maxasia-

aTi, wesebis aRsrulebis uzrunvelyofis mkacri meqanizmebisa da sanqciebis dauSveb-

nuri pasuxismgeblobis dakisreba, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, sisxlis an samoqalaqo pasu-

III. mediatorTa eTikis kodeqsis regulirebis farglebi

mediaciis eTikis standartebis SemuSavebisas mniSvnelovania dadgindes im saer-

isTvis.44 winamdebare statiaSi mediaciis eTikis kodeqsis regulirebis farglebi, misi

2. mediatorTa qcevis modeluri standartebiT ganmtkicebuli

2.1. mxareTa TviTgamorkveva (Self-determination)

mxareTa TviTgamorkveva mediaciis fundamenturi safuZvelia,46 romelic media-

kerZod, Tu mxares ar aqvs saTanado codna mediaciiT gansaxilvel sakiTxTan dakavSi-

degad isic ganixileba, rom advokatis CarTuloba an damoukidebeli eqspertis mowveva

2.2. miukerZoebloba (Impartiality)

mediatorTa qcevis modeluri standartebis Tanaxmad, mediatorma procesi un-

miuyeneblad“.67 sabolood, komisiam am winapirobis gansazRvra mediaciidan gasvlis

2.3. interesTa konfliqti (Conflicts of Interest)

interesTa konfliqtis sakiTxi pirdapir dakavSirebulia mediatoris neitralu-

bas, gansakuTrebiT maSin, rodesac SeTanxmebiT mediators warmoeSoba damatebiTi biz-

2.4. kompetencia (Competence)

mediatorTa qcevis modeluri standartebis Tanaxmad, mediatorma SesaZlebe-

2.5. konfidencialuroba (Confidentiality)

konfidencialuroba mediaciisaTvis ganmsazRvreli upiratesoba da fundamen-

biT,83 aseve mediaciis eTikis kodeqsebiT. Sesabamisad, konfidencialurobis dacva ro-

2.6. procesis xarisxi (Quality of the Process)

mediatorTa qcevis modeluri standartebis pirveli wesis Tanaxmad, mediatori

TiTebas mediatorTa savaldebulo treningsa da kvalifikaciaze mediaciis xarisxiani