¶e

moXm
npã
b Ho$e
Z,
nwU
o
 _hmamï´> gH©$b _w§~B©Ûmao KoÊ`mV `oUmè`m
nmoñQ>_Z, _ob JmS>©, E_. Q>r. Eg. d BVa nXm§À`m ^aVrgmR>r AË`§V Cn`wº$

^maVr` S>mH$ {d^mJ

¶enmoñQ>_Z nona-1
moXm _ob JmS>©
npE_.
ãb Q>r. Eg.
Ho$e(CBT)
Am°ZbmB©Z narjm
Z
n[anyU© _mJ©Xe©H$ ,
nwU
: boIZ : o
S>m.° gmo_ZmW JwUdao
S>m.° ñZohb WmoamV-VwaHw§$S>o

{H§$‘V : ê$ 200/-

`emoXm n[ãbHo$eZ - nwUo

2
 • ^maVr` S>mH$ {d^mJ ^aVr _mJ©Xe©H$

• àH$meH$ :
`emoXm n{ãbH$oeZ
Hw§$Ora Vmbr‘, AÊUm^mD$ gmR>o emiog‘moa
Hw$‘R>oH$a añVm, gXm{ed noR>, nwUo 411030

¶e
_mo~m. : 9689451560/9370799002

moXm
• © `emoXm n{ãbH$oeZ

• boIZ npã
S>m.° gmo_ZmW JwUdao
S>m.° ñZohb WmoamV-VwaHw§$S>o b Ho$e
Z,
• Amd¥Îmr : ZdrZ gwYm{aV
nwU
• _wÐH$ :
`emoXm E§Q>aàmB©Pog, nwUo
o
• Aja OwidUr :
{XnH$ naXoer, nwUo

gXa nwñVH$ n[anyU© H$aÊ`mÀ`m Ñï>rZo AÚ`mdV _m{hVr XoÊ`mÀ`m à`ËZ Ho$bm Amho. na§Vw ZOaMwH$sZo H$mhr ÌwQ>r AmT>ë`mg Ë`mg
àH$meH$ VgoM boIH$ O~m~Xma ZmhrV.
 AZwH«$_{UH$m

{d^mJ 1 : A§H$J{UV 1 Vo 64
1. g§»`m 12. H$mi, H$m_, doJ d _Owar
2. ñWm{ZH$ qH$_V 13. JwUmoÎma d à_mU
3. {d^mÁ`VoÀ`m H$gmoQ>çm 14. ^mJrXmar
4.
5.
¶e
~oarO, dOm~mH$s, ^mJmH$ma, JwUmH$ma
dJ©, KZ, dJ©_yi d KZ_yi
15.
16.
d`dmarVm
nmÊ`mMr Q>mH$s, Zi

moXm
6. KmVm§H$ 17. eoH$S>odmar
7. AnyUmªH$ 18. Z\$m-VmoQ>m
8. Xem§e AnyUmªH$ 19. gai ì`mO d MH«$dmT> ì`mO
9.
10.
_gm{d - cgm{d
gamgar npã 20.
21.
A§H$J{UVr d ^y{_Vr` loUr
^y{_Vr g§H$ënZm
11. doJ, doi Am{U A§Va
b Ho$e
{d^mJ 2 : gm_mÝ` kmZ
^maVr` S>mH$ {d^mJ àmW{_H$ _m{hVr : 9. gm_mÝ` {dkmZZ, 1 Vo 80

1. AmYw{ZH$ ^maVmMm B{Vhmg

1) _hmamîQ´> nwU
1) ^m¡[VH$emñÌ
2) Amamo½`emñÌ

2.
2) ^maV
3) OJ
_hmamï´>mVrb g_mO gwYmaH$
3) agm`ZemñÌ
4) àmUremñÌ
5) dZñnVremñÌ
o
3. n§Mm`VamO 10. ^yJmob 1 Vo 64
4. _wbH$s àemgZ 1. _hmamîQ´>
5. ^maVr` amÁ`ì`dñWm d amÁ`àemgZ 2. ^maV
6. ^maVr` AW©emó 3. OJ
7. g§ajUemó
8. g§JUH$
 {d^mJ 3 : ~w{Õ_mnZ 1 Vo 48

1. Aja_mcm 7. gm§Ho${VH$ {cnr

2. {dg§JV KQ>H$ AmoiIm 1) Ajam§Mr gm§Ho${VH$ {bnr
1) [dg§JV Aja 2) eãX, Aja, A§H$ gm§Ho${VH$ {bnr
2) {dg§JV g§»`m 8. ãm¡R>H$ ì`dñWm
3) {dg§JV AmH¥$Ë`m 9. KS>çmi
4) {dg§JV eãX 10. {XZX{e©H$m

¶e
3. nañna g§~§Y
1) g§»`m_Yrb ghg§~§Y
11.
12.
{Xem
ZmVo g§~§Y

moXm
2) Ajam_Yrb ghg§~§Y
3) ^m{fH$ ghg§~§Y
13.
14.
doZ AmH¥$Vr
AmH¥$Ë`m§Mr g§»`m _moOUo

npã
4. A§H$ d Ajao emoYUo 15. Hy$Q> àíZ
5. g§»`m _m{cH$m 16. KZmH¥$Vr R>moH$io
17. AmaemVrb à{V_m

b
6. g§»`m§Mr, Ajam§Mr, {MÝhm§Mr b`~Õ _m{cH$m
18. nmÊ`mVrb à{V_m

Ho$e
Z,
nwU
o
 àmW{_H$ _m{hVr

{ZdS> à{H«$`m :
nXm§Mr Zmdo :
1) nmoñQ>_Z
2) _ob JmS>©

¶e
3) _pëQ> Q>mpñH¨$J ñQ>m\$ (MTS)
nmÌVm :

moXm
A. H«$.
1.
nX
nmoñQ>_Z
{ejU
12 dr CÎmrU©
2.
3. npã _ob JmS>©
_pëQ> Q>mpñH¨$J ñQ>m\$ (MTS)
12 dr CÎmrU©
10 dr CÎmrU©

b
Q>rn : darb gd© nXm§gmR>r C_oXdma hm _amR>r {df` KoD$Z 10 dr ~moS>© narjm CÎmrU© AgUo Amdí`H$ Amho
d Ë`mg g§JUH$ _wb^yV kmZ AgUo Amdí`H$ Amho.
doVZ : Ho$e
1) nmoñQ>_Z - no _°{Q´>Šg, no bodb-3 (21,700 - 61,100)
2) _ob JmS>© - no _°{Q´>Šg, no bodb-3 (21,700 - 61,100) Z,
nwU
3) _pëQ> Q>mpñH¨$J ñQ>m\$ (MTS) - no _°{Q´>Šg, no bodb-1 (18,000 - 56,900)
d`mo_`m©Xm :

o
1) nmoñQ>_Z :
Iwbm - 18 Vo 27 df}, Amo~rgr - 18 Vo 30 df}, AO d AOm - 18 Vo 32 df}
2) _ob JmS>© :
Iwbm - 18 Vo 27 df}, Amo~rgr - 18 Vo 30 df}, AO d AOm - 18 Vo 32 df}
3) _pëQ> Q>mpñH¨$J ñQ>m\$ (MTS) :
Iwbm - 18 Vo 25 df}, Amo~rgr - 18 Vo 28 df}, AO d AOm - 18 Vo 30 df}
AZma{jV :
1) Iwbm An§J 10 df}, AO d AOm An§J 15 df}, B_md An§Jm§Zm 13 df} d`mMr AQ
2) _mOr g¡{ZH$m§Zm Ë`m§Zr Ho$boë`m gpìh©g H$mbmdYr ì`{V[aº$ 3 df} BVH$s gdbV Amho.
3) gaH$mar ZmoH$ar_Ü`o H$m`©aV Agboë`m C_oXdmam§Zm 40 dfmªn`ªV gdbV Amho.
(3 df} H$_rV H$_r ê$Oy Agbobo C_oXdma.)
{ZdS> à{H«$`m :
1) C_oXdmam§Mr {ZdS> Am°ZbmB©Z narjoV {_imboë`m JwUm§À`m AmYmao Ho$br OmB©b.
2) Am°ZbmB©Z narjm nona n{hbm 100 JwUm§Mm dñVw{Zð> àíZm§da AmYm[aV AgyZ Ë`mgmR>r 90 {_{ZQ>o
H$mbmdYr Agob.
nona n{hbm Am°ZbmB©Z narjm Aä`mgH«$_
A. H«$. KQ>H$ JwU àíZg§»`m

¶e 1.
2.
gm_Ý`kmZ (Or. Ho$.)
A§H$J{UV
30
40
30
40
3.
moXm ~w{Õ_Îmm 30 30
C_oXdmamg nona n{hbm Am°ZbmB©Z n[ajo_Ü`o dJ©dmarZwgma {H$_mZ JwU àmá H$aUo Amdí`H$ Amho.

npã
Iwbm - 40% JwU, AO/AOm - 33% JwU, Amo~rgr - 37% JwU,

b
EWS - 37% JwU, PWD - 33% JwU
nona Xþgam :
Ho$e
n{hë`m nona_Ü`o JwUdÎmmàYmZ {ZdS>H$ C_oXdmam§Zm Am°ZbmB©Z narjm nona Xþgam 60 JwUm§Mm
AgyZ Ë`mgmR>r 45 {_{ZQ>o H$mbmdYr Agob.

Z,
1) B§J«Or eãX _amR>rV ^mfm§Va H$aUo. - 15 JwU (dñVw{Zð> d ~hþn`m©`r àíZ)
2) _amR>r eãX B§J«OrV ^mfm§Va H$aUo. - 15 JwU (dñVw{Zð> d ~hþn`m©`r àíZ)
3) nÌ boIZ _amR>r ^mfoV (80 Vo 100 eãX) - 15 JwU
nwU
4) {Z~§Y boIZ/CVmam _amR>r ^mfoV (80 Vo 100 eãX) - 15 JwU
nona {Vgam : o
Xþgè`m nona_Ü`o JwUdÎmmàYmZ {ZdS>H$ C_oXdmam§Zm Am°ZbmB©Z narjm nona {Vgam 40 JwUm§Mm AgyZ Ë`mgmR>r
20 {_{ZQ>o H$mbmdYr Agob.
hr narjm S>mQ>m EÝQ´>r g§JUH$s` H$m¡eë`mda AmYmarV Agob.
 ^maVr` S>mH$ {d^mJ

^maVmV 1766 gmbr bm°S>© ŠbmBìhZo \$º$ gaH$mar H$m_H$mOmH$[aVm Q>nmb godm gwê$ H$aÊ`mV
Ambr hmoVr. 1837 gmbmnmgyZ AmYw{ZH$ Q>nmb godm Am_ OZVogmR>r Iwbr H$aÊ`mV Ambr.

¶e
n{hbr Q>nmb {VH$sQ> (nmoñQ> {VH$sQ>) 1582 H$amMr `oWo Omar H$aÊ`mV Ambo. ho Ho$di qgY
àm§VmnwaVoM _`m©{XV hmoVo. 1854 _Ü`o Q>nmb {d^mJ ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mV Ambm. Ë`m gw_mamg XoemV

moXm
700 Q>nmb H$Moè`m H$m`© H$arV hmoË`m. 1880 gmbr _ZrAm°S>©a (YZàof god) godm gwé H$aÊ`mV
Ambr. 1882 ho df© ^maVr` Q>nmb H$m`m©b`mÀ`m H$ma{H$XuVrb A{V_hËdmMo df© _mZbo OmVo.

npã
H$maU Ë`mdfu S>mH$Ka ~MV ~±Ho$Zo g§~§Y Xoe^a H$m`© H$aÊ`mg àma§^ Ho$bm. 1883 gmbr ^maVr`
Q>nmb d Vma {d^mJmZo S>mH$Ka ~MV ~±Ho$Mr eVmãXr gmOar H$aÊ`mg àma§^ Ho$bm. XoemV EHy$U

b
1,56,600 S>mH$Ka H$m`©aV AgyZ, Ë`mn¡H$s 15,599 ZmJar ^mJmV Va 1,41,001 J«m_rU ^mJmV

Ho$e
H$m`©aV AmhoV. Va {d^mJr` nmoñQ> Am°{\$g 25,487 BVH$s g§»`m Amho.
 ^maVmVrb Q>nmbgodoVrb _hËdmMr df} :
1766 - bm°S>© ŠbmB©ìhZo Q>nmbì`dñWoMm nm`m KmVbm.
1837 - A{Ib ^maVr` nmoñQ> godm gwê$. Z,
1852 - XoemVrb n{hbo nmoñQ>Mo {VH$sQ> H$amMr `oWo {dVarV.
1854 - nmoñQ> Am°{\$g H$m`Xm g§_V. nwU
1874 - OJmVrb Q>nmb g§KQ>ZoMr ñWmnZm - ~Z© (pñdËPb©S>)
1880 - nmoñQ> ImË`m_m\©$V _{ZAm°S>©a godm gwê$.
1898 - ^maVr` Q>nmb H$m`©H«$_ A{Y{Z`_ g§_V.
o
1972 - XoemV {nZH$moS> nÕVr gwê$.
1986 - XoemV ñnrS> nmoñQ> godm gwê$.
2002 - _ohmB©V nmoñQ> H$mS>© godm gwê$.
2004 - B©-nmoñQ> godm gwê$.
 {nZ H$moS> {gpñQ>_
PIN - Postal Index number - ghm A§H$s, CXm. 413109
n{hbm A§H$ - {d^mJ Xe©{dVmo, CXm. 4 - _hmamï´>, _Ü` àXoe, N>ÎmrgJS>, JwOamV
n{hbo XmoZ A§H$ - Cn{d^mJ Xe©{dVmV, CXm. 41 - _hmamï´>

¶e
n{hbo VrZ A§H$ - {Oëhm Xe©{dVmV, CXm. 413 - gmobmnya
eodQ>Mo VrZ A§H$- {dVaU nmoñQ> H$m`m©b` Xe©{dVmV, CXm. 109 - qeXodmS>r, Hw$a~mdr, S>m|~midmS>r
 Vmagodm
moXm
npã
1844 - OJmVrb n{hbr Vmagodm - dm{e§½Q>Z Vo ~mëhr_moa `m {R>H$mUr gwê$ Pmbr.
1851 - ^maVmVrb n{hbr Vmagodm - H$mobH$Vm Vo S>m`_§S> hm~©a `m {R>H$mUr gwê$ Pmbr.

^maVr` S>mH${d^mJ `moOZm :

b
2013 - Vmagodm ~§X H$aÊ`mV Ambr Amho.

Ho$e
1) AmdVu ImVo `moOZm
2) _m{gH$ CËnÞ `moOZm Z,
3) ~MV ImVo `moOZm
4) {H$gmZ {dH$mg nÌ nwU
5) gwH$Ý`m g_¥Õr `moOZm
6) amï´>r` ~MV à_mUnÌ
7) H$mbmdYr O_
o
 1 g§»`m

1. Z¡g{J©H$ g§»`m - Á`m g§»`m§Mm dmna AmnU ì`dhmamV H$aVmo Ë`m§Zm Z¡g{J©H$ g§»`m åhUVmV. na§Vw,
F$U g§»`m `m Z¡g{J©H$ g§»`m ZgVmV.
2. g_ g§»`m - Á`m g§»`og XmoZZo {Z:eof ^mJ OmVmo Ë`m§Zm g_ g§»`m åhUVmV. CXm. 2, 4, 6, 8, 10
3.

¶e
{df_ g§»`m - Á`m g§»`og XmoZZo {Z:eof ^mJ OmV Zmhr Ë`m g§»`m§Zm {df_ g§»`m Ago åhUVmV.
CXm. 1, 3, 5, 7, 9 ..... 99

moXm
4. _yi g§»`m - Á`m g§»`obm \$º$ EH$ qH$dm Ë`mM g§»`oZo ^mJ OmVmo Vr g§»`m åhUOo _yi g§»`m hmo`.
CXm. 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23 .....
5. g§`wº$ g§»`m - _yi g§»`m Zgboë`m g§»`m§Zm g§`wº$ g§»`m åhUVmV. CXm. 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 .....

npã
• 1 hr g§»`m _yi g§»`m d g§`wº$ g§»`mhr Zmhr.
• 2 hr EH$_od g_ g§»`m _yi g§»`m Amho.
6.
b
nyU© g§»`m (Whole Numbers) - 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 .... `m g§»`m§Zm nyU© g§»`m Ago åhUVmV.
• "0' hr gdmªV bhmZ nyU© g§»`m Amho.
• gdmªV _moR>r nyU© g§»`m gm§JVm `oV Zmhr. Ho$e
7.

Z,
nyUmªH$ g§»`m (Integers) - eyÝ`, YZ g§»`m d F$U g§»`m `m g§»`m§Zm nyUmªH$ g§»`m åhUVmV.
CXm. --- - 4, - 3, - 2, - 1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, -----
• "0' hm _Ü`dVu q~Xÿ Amho.

8.
• gdmªV bhmZ qH$dm gdmªV _moR>r nyUmªH$ g§»`m gm§JVm `oV Zmhr.
nwU
n[a_o` g§»`m - H$moUË`mhr nyUmªH$ g§»`oÀ`m N>oXmV eyÝ` gmoSy>Z H$moUVrhr nyUmªH$ g§»`m Amë`mg Ë`m
g§»`obm n[a_o` g§»`m åhUVmV.
CXm. 0.6666 ........
• Á`m H$aUrMo CÎma nyUmªH$ g§»`m {_iVo {Vbm n[a_o` g§»`m åhUVmV.
o
CXm. 1) 100 = 10 2) 3 125 = 5
9. An[a_o` g§»`m - H$moUË`mhr nyUmªH$ g§»`oÀ`m N>oXmV eyÝ` `oVmo. Ë`m g§»`obm An[a_o` g§»`m
åhUVmV.
6 15 143
CXm. , ,
0 0 19  19
• Á`m H$aUrMo CÎma nyUmªH$ g§»`m {_iV Zmhr Ë`m§Zm An[a_o` g§»`m åhUVmV.
CXm. 11, 3
24
 9 _gm{d - cgm{d
• _gm{d - _hÎm_ gm_mB©H$ {d^mOH$ åhUOoM _gm{d.
• XmoZ qH$dm XmoZnojm A{YH$ g§»`m§Mm _gm{d åhUOo Aer _moR>çmV _moR>r g§»`m H$s, Ë`m g§»`oZo {Xboë`m
g§»`obm {Z:eof ^mJ OmB©b.
• bgm{d - bKwÎm_ gm_mB©H$ {d^mOH$ åhUOoM bgm{d.
• XmoZ qH$dm XmoZnojm A{YH$ g§»`m§Mm bgm{d åhUOo Aer bhmZmV bhmZ g§»`m H$s, Á`m g§»`obm
{Xboë`m gd© g§»`oZo nyU© ^mJ OmVmo.

¶e XmoZ g§»`m§Mm JwUmH$ma = bgm{d_gm{d

1. 54 d 36
3
3
moXm
Mm _gm{d H$mT>m.
54
18
36
12 _gm{d = 332 = 18
2 6
3
4
2 npã
2. 48 d 72 `m§Mm bgm{d {H$Vr?
12 48 72
2 4 6
b Ho$e _gm{d = 212 = 24
bgm{d = 22312 = 144

3.
2 3

27, 81, 162 `m g§»`m§Mm bgm{d {H$Vr? Z,

(am. am. nmo. 8. 2014)
9
3
27 81 162
3 9 18
nwU
_gm{d = 93 = 27
bgm{d = 273  2 = 162

o
3 1 3 6
1 1 2

4. 150, 140, 210 `m§Mm bgm{d H$mT>m. (bmVya nmo. 2014)

10 150 140 210 _gm{d = 10
3 15 14 21 bgm{d = 1037  5  2 = 2100
7 5 14 7
5 2 1

5. XmoZ g§»`m§Mm bgm{d 420 d _gm{d 15 Amho. EH$ g§»`m 105 Agë`mg Xþgar g§»`m H$moUVr?
gyÌ - n{hbr g§»`mXþgar g§»`m = _gm{dbgm{d
105Xþgar g§»`m = 15420

Xþgar g§»`m = Xþgar g§»`m = 60

 11 doJ, doi Am{U A§Va
- `m àH$maMr J{UVo gmoS>{dV AgVmZm àW_ EH$Ho$ g_mZ AmhoV H$m Zmhr Vo nhmdo.
doJ – km/hr m/sec
A§Va – km m
doi – hr sec

- km/hr `m doJmÀ`m EH$H$mMo m/sec _Ü`o ê$nm§Va H$aVmZm km/hr bm Zo JwUmdo.

1. ¶e
- m/sec `m doJmÀ`m EH$H$mMo km/hr _Ü`o énm§Va H$aVmZm m/sec bm Zo JwUmdo.
300 _rQ>a bm§~rÀ`m Vmer 72 {H$_r. doJmZo OmUmè`m AmJJmS>rbm EH$ {dOoMm Im§~ Amobm§S>Ê`mg {H$Vr
doi bmJob?
moXm
npã
gyÌ -

2. b Ho$e
350 _rQ>a bm§~rMr JmS>r 150 _rQ>a bm§~rMm nwb 30 goH§$XmV Amobm§S>Vo Va {VMm Vmer doJ {H$Vr?

gyÌ -

Z,
nwU
3.
o
450 _rQ>a bm§~rMr EH$ AmJJmS>r EH$m Im§~mg 30 goH§$XmV Amobm§S>Vo Va Ë`m AmJJmS>rMm doJ {H$Vr?

4. 120 _rQ>a bm§~rÀ`m aoëdobm 1080 _rQ>a bm§~rMm ~moJXm Amobm§S>Ê`mg 54 goH§$X bmJVmV Va doJ {H$Vr?
 15 d`dmarVm
`m KQ>H$mdarb gd© àíZx_mZyZ gmoS>dmdoV.
• am_Mo 3 dfm©nyduMo d` =x- 3
• am_Mo 3 dfm©Z§VaMo d` =x+ 3
1. gmo_m Am{U Jmo_m `m§À`m d`mVrb \$aH$ 10 df©o Amho. 2 dfmªnydu Ë`m§À`m d`mVrb \$aH$ {H$Vr?
d` dmT>bo H$s XmoKm§À`m d`mVrb \$aH$ gmaImM amhVmo. \$aH$ hm H$Yrhr ~XbV Zmhr.
 \$aH$ = 10 df}
2.
¶eA_mob Am{U Jmonmb `m§À`m d`mMo JwUmoÎma 5:2 Amho Ë`m§À`m d`mVrb \$aH$ 12 df} Amho, Va JmonmbMo
d` {H$Vr?

moXm
A_mobMo d` = 5x
JmonmbMo d` = 2x

npã
5x – 2x = 12
3x = 12
12
x=

x=4
3
b
A_mobMo d` = 5x = 5  4 = 20 df} Ho$e
Z,
JmonmbMo d` = 2x = 2  4 = 8 df}
3. A{Zb d gw{Zb `m§À`m d`mMo JwUmoÎma 5:4 Amho. Ë`m§À`m d`mMr ~oarO 36 Agë`mg XmoKm§Mo AmOMo d`

nwU
{H$Vr?
5 + 4 = 36
9 = 36

=4
A{ZbMo AmOMo d` = 54 = 20 df©
o
gw{ZbMo AmOMo d` = 44 = 16 df©
4. aoImMo 13 dfm©nyduMo d` 21 df© hmoVo Va {H$Vr dfm©Z§Va Vr 45 dfmªMr hmoB©b?
21 + 13 = 34 - 45 = 11 dfm©Z§Va
5. amYm d am_ `m§À`m AmOÀ`m d`mMo JwUmoÎma 5:6 AgyZ 7 dfmªZr Vo 6:7 hmoB©b Va AmOMo d` H$mT>m.
AmOMo d` - amYm 5x am_ 6x
7 dfm©Z§VaMo d` - amYm 5x + 7 am_ 6x + 7
 21 ^y{_Vr g§H$ënZm
• H$mQ>mHo$Z 900 • bKwH$moZ 900 nojm H$_r.
• {dembH$moZ 900 nojm OmñV. • nwaH$H$moZ 900 + H$mQ>H$moZ.
• XmoZ nyaH$H$moZmÀ`m _mnmMr ~oarO 1800 AgVo.
• {ÌH$moUmÀ`m {VÝhr H$moZmÀ`m _mnmMr ~oarO 1800 AgVo.
• {ÌH$moUmÀ`m {VÝhr ~mø H$moZm§Mr ~oarO 3600 AgVo.
• dVw©imMm H$moZ 3600 AgVmo.

¶e
_hÎdmMr gyÌo-
•
• moXm
{ÌH$moUmMo joÌ\$i = nm`mC§Mr.
nm`WmJmoagMo à_o` = H$U©2 = nm`m2C§Mr2
•
•
•
npã
Am`VmMo joÌ\$i = bm§~r  é§Xr
Am`VmMr n[a{_Vr = 2 (bm§~r + é§Xr)

b
Mm¡agmMo joÌ\$i = ~mOy2
• {ÌH$moUmMr n[a{_Vr = {ÌH$moUmÀ`m {VÝhr ~mOyMr ~oarO
•
•
dVw©imMm n[aK = 2r (r = {ÌÁ`m)
dV©imMo joÌ\$i = r2 (
Ho$e
qH$dm 3.14 ¿`mdo)
•
•
dVw©imMm ì`mg = 2{ÌÁ`m
nmÊ`mÀ`m Q>mH$sMo KZ\$i = bm§~r  é§Xr C§Mr Z,
• e§Hy$Mo KZ\$i =
nwU
1.
H$mhr gmoS>dbobr CXmhaUo
EH$m Mm¡agmMr ~mOy 6 g|_r. Agë`mg joÌ\$i {H$Vr?
- Mm¡agmMo joÌ\$i = ~mOy2 62 = 36 g|_r.
o
2. EH$m {ÌH$moUmMm nm`m 4 g|_r d C§Mr 5 Va joÌ\$i {H$Vr?
- {ÌH$moUmMo joÌ\$i = nm`mC§Mr

= 4  5 = 10 Mm¡.g|_r.

3. EH$m dVw©imMr {ÌÁ`m 14 g|_r Agë`mg joÌ\$i {H$Vr?

- dVw©imMo joÌ\$i = r2 =
Mm¡.g|_r.
 B{Vhmg
YeejleeceOÙes Fb«epeebÛÙee meeceeefpekeâ megOeejCee
]›eâ. Jne@F&meje@Ùe keâeÙeoe Je<e& Gefö°Ÿes
1) }e@[& yesefšbie meleeryeboer keâeÙeoe 1829 meleerØeLesJej yeboer
2)
3) ¶e
}e@[& [}newmeer
}e@[& [}newmeer
JeejmeenkeäkeâeÛee keâeÙeoe
efnbot efJeOeJee hegveefJe&Jeen
1851
1856
OeceeËleefjleebvee Jeef[}esheeefpe&le mebheòeer DeefOekeâej
efJeOeJee efJeJeen cebpegjer (F&çJejÛebo efJeÅeemeeiej)

moXm
4) }e@[& efjheve He@âkeäšjer De@keäš 1881 yee}cepegjerJej yeboer
5) }e@[& }eTvme[eTve mebceleer JeÙeeÛes efJeOesÙekeâ 1891 yee}efJeJeeneme yeboer (yesnjecepeer ce}yeejer)
6) }e@[& DeeÙeJeeave çeeoje De@keäš 1929 yee}efJeJeeneÛÙee JeÙeesceÙee&osle Jee{

npã
Yeejleeleer} ]›eâebleerkeâejkeâebÛes keâš-Keš}s
]›eâ.
1)
2)
keâš
De}erhetj
veeefçekeâ
Je<e&
1908
1910
b menYeeieer ›eâebleerkeâejkeâ

Ho$e
yeejeRõkegâceej Iees<e, YetheWõ oòe, Kegoerjece yeesme, DejefJebo Iees<e
efJe. oe. meeJejkeâj, Deveble keâevnsjs, ieCesçe meeJejkeâj

Z,
3) }enesj 1915 efJe<Cet ieCesçe efhebieUs, jemeefyenejer yeesme
4) keâekeâesjer 1925 ÛebõçesKej DeePeeo, jeceØemeeo efyeefmceu}e, jesçeveefmebie, DeçeHeâekeâGu}e
5) cesj" 1928 efcejpekeâj, peesieUskeâj, ßeerheeo, Dece=le [ebies
6)
7)
}enesj
efÛeòeieeJe
1929
1930
Yeieleefmebie, jepeieg¤, megKeosJe
nwU
metÙe&mesve, DepeÙe Iees<e, keâuhevee oòe, efØeleer}lee Jeñsoej

]›eâ. mebmLeehekeâ
Yeejleeleer} ]›eâebleerkeâejer mebIešvee
mebIešvee
o ef"keâeCe mLeehevee
1) ÛeeHesâkeâj yebOet JÙeeÙeece ceb[U hegCes 1896
2) efJe. oe. meeJejkeâj efce$ecesUe veeefçekeâ 1900
3) %eeveWõ yeesme Devegçeer}ve meefceleer ceefoveehetj 1901
4) efJe.oe. meeJejkeâj DeefYeveJe Yeejle veeefçekeâ 1904
5) yeejeRõcegkeâej Iees<e, YetheWõ oòe Devegçeer}ve meefceleer {ekeâe 1907
6) meefÛÛebõveeLe mebvÙee} efnbogmLeeve efjheefy}keâve DemeesefmeSçeve keâevehetj 1924
7) Yeieleefmebie veewpeJeeve meYee }enesj 1926
8) ÛebõçesKej DeePeeo efnbogmLeeve meesçe@ef}mš efjheefy}keâ DemeesefmeSçeve efou}er 1928
 Yeejleeleer} ]›eâebleerkeâejkeâebÛes JeOe
]›eâ. ]›eâebeflekeâejkeâ JeOe Je<e&.
1) cebie} heeb[s cespej ¢etmesve 29 ceeÛe&, 1857
2) ÛeeHesâkeâj yebOet, jB[, jcenmš& 22 petve 1897
3) Kegoerjece yeesme, ØeHegâu}kegâceej Ûeekeâer (peKeceer) efkebâipeHeâes[& 30 SefØe} 1908
4) ceove}e} efOeb«ee keâPe&ve JeeÙe}er 1 peg}w 1909
5) Deveble keâevnsjs pe@keämeve 21 ef[meWyej 1909
6) jemeefyenejer yeesme, DeJeOeefyenejer Iees<e (peKeceer) neef[Ëipe ef[meWyej 1912
7)
8) ¶e
Yeieleefmebie Je jepeieg¤
megveerleer ÛeewOejer Je çeebleer Iees<e
meB[me&
mšerJnvmeve
17 ef[meWyej 1928
1930
9)
10) GOeceefmebie
moXm
yeUJeble JeemegosJe ieesiešs ne@šmeve
Dees[JeeÙej
1935
13 ceeÛe& 1940

]›eâ. mebmLeehekeâ npã

Yeejleeleer} ]›eâebleerkeâejkeâebÛÙee hejosçeeleer} mebIešvee
mebIešvee ef"keâeCe mLeehevee
1)
2)
3)
çÙeecepeer ke=â<Ce Jecee&
efJe. oe. meeJejkeâj
leejeveeLe oeme
b Fbef[Ùee neTme
DeefYeveJe Yeejle
Ho$e
Fbef[Ùeve Fbef[hes[vme }erie
ueb[ve
}b[ve
Decesefjkeâe
1904
1906
1907
4) }e}e njoÙeeU ieoj heešea Decesefjkeâe 1913
5)
6)
7)
JeerjWõveeLe ÛešesheeOÙeeÙe
cenWõ Øeleehe
jemeefyenejer yeesme
Fbef[Ùeve Fbef[hes[vme
Fbef[Ùeve Fbef[hes[vme
Fbef[Ùeve Fbef[hes[vme
}erie
Z,
}erie De@C[ ieJnve&j
}erie
yeef}&ve
keâeyet}
šesefkeâÙees
1914
1915
1942
8) jemeefyenejer yeesme DeePeeo efnbo Heâewpe
Yeejleeleer} ]›eâebleerkeâejkeâebÛeer Je=òehe$es
nwU šesefkeâÙees 1942

]›eâ.
1)
mebheeokeâ
yeejeRõkegâceej Iees<e
Je=òehe$e
Ùegieeblej
ef"keâeCe
{ekeâe
o mLeehevee
1906
2) yeÇÿeosJe GheeOÙeeÙe mebOÙee keâ}keâòee 1906
3) efçe. ce. hejebpehes keâeU hegCes 1880
4) çÙeecepeer ke=â<Ce Jecee& Fbef[Ùeve meesçe@ef}mš }b[ve 1905
5) ce@[ce efYekeâeF& keâecee Jebos ceelejced peerefveJne 1909
6) JeerjWõveeLe ÛešesheeOÙeeÙe le}Jeej yeef}&ve 1914
7) }e}e njoÙeeU ieoj me@veøeâeefvmemkeâes 1991
8) meblees<eefmebn efkeâleea }enesj -
9) meefÛebõveeLe mevÙee} yeboerpeerJeve keâevehetj -
10) meefÛebõveeLe mevÙee} efjJne@uÙetçevejer keâevehetj -
 n§Mm`VamO
- n§Mm`V amO ho _hmË_m Jm§YrMo ñdßZ hmoVo.
- bm°S>© {anZ `m§Zm ^maVr` ñWm{ZH$ ñdamÁ` g§ñWoMo OZH$ åhUyZ AmoiIbo Jobo.
- ñWm{ZH$ ñdamÁ` g§ñWm ñdrH$maUmao n{hbo amÁ` -amOñWmZ
- n§Mm`VamO ñdrH$maUmao Zddo$ amÁ`-_hmamï´>
- ñWm{ZH$ ñdamÁ` g§ñWobm n§{S>V Zohê$ `m§Zr n§Mm`VamO ho Zmd {Xbo.

¶e J«m_n§Mm`V
- J«m_n§Mm`V øm n§Mm`VamOg§ñWoMm nm`m Amho.

moXm
- _w§~B© J«m_n§Mm`V A{Y{Z`_ 1958 _Yrb H$b_ 5 Zwgma Am{U ^maVr` KQ>ZoVrb H$b_ 40 Zwgma
J«m_n§Mm`VrMr VaVyX H$aÊ`mV Ambobr Amho.

npã
- J«m_n§Mm`V ñWmnZ hmoÊ`mgmR>r g§~§{YV IoS>çm§Mr bmoH$g§»`m {H$_mZ 600 BVH$s AgUo Amdí`H$$ Amho.
- gXñ` g§»`m {H$_mZ 7 d H$_mb 17

b
JmdÀ`m bmoH$g§ñWoZwgma gXñ`m§Mr bmoH$g§»`m Imbrbà_mUo:
A. H«$.
1)
2)
JmdMr bmoH$g§»`m
600 Vo 1500
1501 Vo 3000
Ho$e
J«m_n§Mm`V gXñ` g§»`m
7
9
3)
4)
3001 Vo 4500
4501 Vo 6000
11
13 Z,
5)
6)
6001 Vo 7500
7501 BË`mXr nojm OmñV
15
17 nwU
-
-
-
J«m_n§Mm`V gXñ`m§Zm n§M Ago åhUVmV.
o
J«m_n§Mm`Vr_Ü`o _{hbm§gmR>r EHy$U gXñ` g§»`oÀ`m 50% OmJm amIrd AgVmV.
_mJmgdJu` àdJm©gmR>r EHy$U gXñ` g§»`oÀ`m 27% OmJm amIrd AgVmV.
- J«m_n§Mm`V gXñ`m§Mr {ZdS> àË`j àm¡T> _VXma nÕVrZo hmoVo.
- J«m_n§Mm`VrMm AÜ`j gan§M AgVmo.
- J«m_n§Mm`VrMr {ZdS>UyH$ bT>dÊ`mgmR>r C_oXdmamMo d` 21 df} nyU© Agmdo bmJVo.
- J«m_n§Mm`VrMm H$mbmdYr 5 df} AgVmo.
- J«m_n§Mm`VrÀ`m {ZdSy> Z Amboë`m gXñ`m§Zm n§M Ago åhUVmV.
- gan§M hm J«m_n§Mm`VrMm dmñVd H$m`©H$mar à_wI AgVmo.
- {Oëhm n[afoXoÀ`m ñWm`r g{_VrÀ`m {e\$maerZwgma amÁ` emgZ J«m_n§Mm`VrMm H$m`©H$mb 6 _{hZo dmT>dy eH$Vo.
- J«m_n§Mm`VrÀ`m ~¡R>H$m dfm©VyZ 12 ~mobdmì`m bmJVmV. åhUOo àË`oH$ _{hÝ`mVyZ 1 ~¡R>H$ ¿`mdr bmJVo.
- J«m_n§Mm`V {dg{O©V H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma amÁ` emgZmbm Amho.
_hmZJa nm{bHo$À`m {ZdS>UwH$m {H$Vr dfm©V hmoVmV? nmM
àemgZmÀ`m gmo`rgmR>r amÁ`m_Ü`o {H$Vr àemgH$s` {d^mJ AmhoV? ghm
H$moUË`m gmbr _hmamï´> nmobrg A{Y{Z`_ g§_V H$aÊ`mV Ambm? 1967
VmbwŠ`mVrb em§VVm d gwì`dñWoMr O~m~Xmar H$moUmH$S>o AgVo? VhgrbXma
nmobrg nmQ>rb nXmgmR>r C_oXdmamMo d` H$_rV H$_r {H$Vr Agmdo? 25 df}
nmobrg nmQ>bmg gÜ`m doVZ {H$Vr {Xbo OmVo? 3000
H$moVdmbmMr {ZdS> H$moU H$aVo? VhgrbXma
VbmR>çmÀ`m H$m`m©b`mg H$m` åhUVmV? gOm
J«m_n§Mm`VrÀ`m H$m`m©b`mg H$m` åhUVmV? MmdS>r

¶e
VhgrbXmamMr {ZdS> H$moUm_m\©$V Ho$br OmVo?
_hgyb {XZ H$moUË`m {Xder gmOam Ho$bm OmVmo?
H$moVdmbmg _m{gH$ doVZ {H$Vr {Xbo OmVo?
_hmamï´> bmoH$godm Am`moJ
1 Am°JñQ>
5000

moXm
_hmamï´> nmobrg ImË`mVrb gdm}ÀMnX H$moUVo?
VhgrbXmamMr Zo_UyH$ H$moU H$aVo?
nmobrg _hmg§MmbH$
amÁ`emgZ

npã
^maVr` amÁ`KQ>ZoVrb H$b_ 243 H$emÀ`m g§~§{YV Amho?
ñWm{ZH$ ñdamÁ` g§ñWm§À`m {ZdS>UwH$m H$moUm_m\©$V KoVë`m OmVmV?
dg§Vamd ZmB©H$ g{_VrZo H$moUË`m KQ>H$mg _hÎd {Xbo Amho?
n§Mm`V amOer
amÁ` {ZdS>UwH$ Am`moJ
{Oëhm n[afX

b
XoemVrb Amgm_ amÁ`mV {H$Vr ñVar` n§Mm`V amOì`dñWm Amho.

Ho$e
nmobrg nmQ>bmÀ`m aIdmbrVrb H¡$Úm§da H$moU nhmam R>odVmo?
H$moVdmbmg {Zb§{~V H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$mar H$moUmg AgVmo?
JmdnmVirda {nH$nmÊ`mMr Zm|X H$moU H$aVmo?
EH$ñVar`
H$moVdmb
VhgrbXmamg
VbmR>r
VmbwH$mñVamda gìh} Z§~aÀ`m gahÔr H$moU R>adVmo?
VmbwŠ`mV H$m`Xm gwì`dñWm amIÊ`mMo H$m_ H$moU H$aVmo?
g§nyU© {OëømMm àemgZ à_wI H$moU AgVmo?
Z, VhgrbXma
VhgrbXma
{OëhmAm{YH$mar
amoOJma h_r `moOZoMm {Oëhm ñVamdarb à_wI H$moU AgVmo?
{Oëhm Am_g^oMm g{Md H$moU AgVmo? nwU {OëhmAm[YH$mar
{OëhmAm{YH$mar
J«m_g^oo_Ü`o {H$Vr dfm©darb gd© ñÌr-nwéf `m§Mm gh^mJ AgVmo.
{Oëhm Am_g^oMo AÜ`j H$moU AgVmV?
amÁ`mV H$m`Xm d gwì`dñWm amIÊ`mMr O~m~Xmar H$moU H$aV AgVo?
^maVmV 1955 gmbr gd©àW_ ñÌr-nmobrgm§Mr Zo_UyH$ H$moR>o H$aÊ`mV Ambr?
o 18 df}
nmbH$_§Ìr
amÁ` nmobrg
_w§~B©
amÁ`mV {H$Vr {R>H$mUr nmobrg _w»`mb`o AmhoV? 10 {R>H$mUr
amÁ`mV amIrd nmobrg XbmMr ñWmnZm Ho$ìhm Pmbr? 1981
hmo_JmS>©Mm à_wI H$moU AgVmo? _hmg_mXoeH$
J«m_n§Mm`VrMr gXñ` g§»`m {ZYm©[aV H$aÊ`mMo A{YH$ma H$moUmg AmhoV? {Oëhm{YH$mar
J«m_rU {ÌñVar` ñWm{ZH$ ñdamÁ` g§ñWmer g§~§{YV KQ>ZmXþéñVr H$moUVr? 73 dr
gÜ`mÀ`m ZJanm{bH$m d _hmZJanm{bH$m§_Ü`o _{hbm§gmR>r {H$Vr Q>ŠHo$ OmJm amIrd AmhoV. 50%
352 ho H$b_ H$em g§~§{YV Amho? amï´>r` AmUr~mUr
356 ho H$b_ H$em g§~§{YV Amho. KQ>ZmË_H$ AmUr~mUr
H$moUË`m J¥hmMm g^mnVr hm Ë`m J¥hmMm gXñ` ZgVmo? amÁ`g^m
CÀM Ý`m`mb`mVrb Ý`m`mYrem§Mr Zo_UyH$ H$moU H$aVmV? amï´>nVr
 AW©emñÍm
- ^maVmVrb {dÎm Am`moJmMo AÜ`j d H$mbmdYr
- amï´>nVrÛmao {dÎm Am`moJmMr ñWmnZm d AÜ`jmMr Zo_UyH$ Ho$br OmVo. AmVmn`ªV 13 {dÎm Am`moJ
Zo_Ê`mV Ambo hmoVo. ZwH$VmM 14 dm {dÎm Am`moJhr ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mV Ambm Amho.
_hÎdmMo {dÎm Am`moJ AÜ`j H$mbmdYr
n{hbm {dÎm Am`moJ Ho$.gr. {Z`moJr 1952 Vo 1957

¶e
Voamdm {dÎm Am`moJ
Mm¡Xmdm {dÎm Am`moJ
S>m°. {dO` Ho$iH$a
dm`.ìhr. aoÈ>r
2010 Vo 2015
2015 Vo 2020

GST Mr
moXm
dñVy d godm H$a H$m`Xm (Goods and Services Tax Act : GST)
gwédmV : 1 Owb¡ 2017 nmgyZ ^maVmV dñVy d godm H$a H$m`Xm. (GST Act. 2017)

npã
`m H$m`ÚmMr A§_bãmOmdUr gwê$. KmofdmŠ` : 1 Nation, 1 Tax, 1 Market
amÁ`m§Mm GST H$m`Xm "amÁ` H$a H$m`Xm' åhUyZ Amoi>bm OmUma. GST Mo g{XÀN>mXyV : A{_Vm^ ãmƒZ

b
3 Am-°JñQ> 2016 amoOr amÁ`g^oV GST KQ>ZmXwéVr {dYo`H$ ãmhw_VmZo g§_V Pmbo. (122 dr KQ>ZmXwéñVr

Ho$e
{dYo`H$ d 101 dr KQ>ZmXwéñVr). bmoH$g^oV ho {dYo`H$ 6 _o 2015 amoOr _§Oya Pmbo hmoVo. `m {dYo`H$mg
AÊUmÐ_wH$ njmZo {damoY Xe©dyZ g^mË`mJ H$obm. GST `m {dYo`H$mg ^maVmVrb {Zåå`mhyZ A{YH$ KQ>H$amÁ`m§À`m
_mÝ`VoMr Amdí`H$Vm hmoVr, na§Vw `m {dYo`H$mg ^maVmVrb 21 KQ>H$ amÁ`o d {Xëbr Am{U nwXwÀMoar `m 2

Z,
H|$Ðem{gV àXoem§Zr _§§Owar {Xbr. GST {dYo`H$mg _mÝ`Vm XoUmao Amgm_ (12 Am°JñQ> 2016) ho n{hbo amÁ` Va
_hmamï´> (29 Am-°JñQ> 2016) ho GST {dYo`H$mg _mÝ`Vm XoUmao Xhmdo amÁ` R>abo.
_hmamï´> GST H$m`Úmg amÁ` {d{Y_§S>imMr _§Owar : 22 _o 2017
nwU
GST Mr A§_bãmOmdUr : ^maVmV VgoM _hmamï´>mV 1 Owb¡ 2017 nmgyZ gwê$ Pmbr.

GST bmJy H$aUmam OJmVrb n{hbm Xoe : \«$mÝg

o
GST H$m`Xm H°$ZS>m, B§S>moZo{e`m, Ý`yPrb§S>, `yH$o, BË`mXr 160 hyZ A{YH$ amï´>mV bmJy Amho.

H$o§Ð d amÁ`m§Mm GST Agm Xwhoar H$a bmJy H$aUmam n{hbm Xoe : H°$ZS>m
 n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZm
n§Mdm{f©H$ H$mcmdYr à{V_mZ AÜ`j d¡{eîQ>ço
`moOZm
n{hbr 1951-56 hoam°ëS> S>mo_a n§. Zohê$ H¥$fr joÌmda gdm©{YH$ ^a, Xm_moXa Imoao
d {hamHy$S> `moOZm, npíM_ ~§Jmb `oWo
aoëdo B§{OZ H$maImZm, noam§~Xy ÿa (V{_iZmSy>)
aoëdo S>ã`mMm H$maImZm.
Xþgar 1956-61 nr. gr. _hmbZmo~rg n§. Zohê$ CÚmoJY§Úm§da ^a XoÊ`mV Ambm
 g§ajUemñÍm
^maVr` ~ZmdQ>rMm n{hbm aUJmS>m - {dO`§Vm
^maVr` ~ZmdQ>rMm AË`mYw{ZH$ aUJmS>m - AOw©Z
AË`mYw{ZH$ {MbIV - H$dM
A_o[aH$Z ~ZmdQ>rMr d¡_m{ZH$ {da{hV bú`H|${ÐV {d_mZo - MH$moa
^maVr ~ZmdQ>rMr d¡_m{ZH${da{hV bú`H|${ÐV {d_mZo - bú`

¶e
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- HAL
- VoOg

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a{e`Z ~ZmdQ>rMo _hÎdmMo aUJmS>o
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npã
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Ho$e
O{_Zrdê$Z hdoVrb bjmMm doY KoUmao à^mdr jonUmñÌ
^maVmZo {dH${gV Ho$bobo aUJmS>m>{damoYr jonUmñÌ
- {Ìeyb
- ZmJ

Zm¡XbmÀ`m A{Vnyd© à^mJmMo _w»`mb`

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- nmoQ>© ãboAa
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- H«y$P ~«m÷mog

a{e`Z ~ZmdQ>rMo jonUmñÌ

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o - ñ_M
- A¾rdfm©d
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 g§ajUXbmVrb A{YH$manXmMm H«$_
^yXb (Am_u) Zm¡Xb (Zoìhr) dm`wXb (EAa\$mog©)
OZab A°S>{_ab EAa Mr\$ _me©b
boâQ>Z§Q> OZab ìhmB©g A°S>{_ab EAa _me©b
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H$Z©b H°$ßQ>Z J«wn H°$ßQ>Z

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boâQ>Z§Q> H$Z©b
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

npã
ho Vwåhmbm _m{hV Amho H$m?
1. Xoer eãX
b Ho$e
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~mOarÀ`m nrR>mV T>>oHy$Z gmnS>ë`mZo nrR> \o$Hy$Z XoVmZm Vo nmoQ> JwS>Km d bwJS>çmda gm§S>bo
2. JwOamVr eãX
JwOamVr KrMm S>ã~m XmXamdarb [aH$m_Q>oH$S>m eoR> Xbmbmg XoVmo. Z,
3. H$mZS>r eãX
nwU
H$mZS>r eãX MmH$ar H$aUmao H$m§~io, AmÊUm, VmB© d Am¸$m `m§Zm Vyn, ^mH$ar, JmOa, AmS>H$sVm
d Hw§$MrV nH$Sy>Z Ib~Ë`mV KmbyZ ~marH$ H$ê$Z {H$ëbrZo H$mT>m`bm gm§JVmV.
4. \$maer eãX o
\$maer A~«wXma noeì`mZo nmoemI MT>dyZ AÎma, ImZm dmnê$Z \$S>Udrg, JwÝhoJma, H$m_Jma `m§Zm
hH$sH$Và_mUo gm_mZ {Xbo.
5. Ama~r eãX
Ama~r emhra C\©$ BZm_gmho~ d _m{bH$ `m§Zr _ohZVrZo AO© H$ê$Z H$O© _§Oya H$ê$Z hþHy$_ Omhra
Ho$bm.
6. nmoVw©{JO eãX
nmoVw©{JOm§Mm nJma Pmë`mda Vo ~Q>mQ>m, H$mo~r, hmnyg, \$Ug d {~`m©Ur `m§Mr _oOdmZr XodyZ eodQ>r
V§~mIy ~rOJè`m§À`m gmømZo Im`bm XoVmV.
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- "H$m°åß`wQ>a' ho BboŠQ´>m°{ZH$ CnH$aU Amho. _amR>r_Ü`o `mbm g§JUH$ Ago åhUVmV. gwédmVrÀ`m H$mim_Ü`o
g§JUH$mMm Cn`moJ AmH$S>o_moS> H$aÊ`mgmR>r H$aV hmoVo. na§Vw ZdrZ ZdrZ gwYmaUm H$ê$Z g§JUH$mMm
Cn`moJ J{UVr` d Vm{H©$H$ à{H«$`m H$aÊ`mgmR>r, {MÌo H$mT>Ê`mgmR>r, _m{hVr {b{hÊ`mgmR>r g§JUH$mMm
Cn`moJ hmoVmo. ho H$m_ g§JUH$ A{Ve` doJmZo d {~ZMyH$ H$aVmo.
- g§JUH$ hm BZnyQ> d AmD$Q>nyQ> {S>ìhmBgZo ~Zbobm Amho.

¶e g§JUH$

BZnyQ> {S>ìhmBgog

{H$-~moS>©
moXm
AmD$Q>nyQ> {S>ìhmBgog

_m°{ZQ>a
H$å`w{ZHo$eZ {S>ìhmBgog

_moS>o_
ñQ>moaoO {S>ìhmBgog
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_mD$g
Om°`ñQ>rH$ npã
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H$mS>©
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H$m°ån°ŠQ> {S>ñH$
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`w. Eg. ~r. (USB)
Pain Dirve

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ZoQ>dH©$À`m _mÜ`_mVyZ H$aVm `oVo.
 b°Z (LAN) Local Area Network
nwU
o
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 d°Z (WAN) Wide Area Network
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_mÜ`m§_mVyZ EH$_oH$m§Zm OmoS>bobo AgVmV.
 _°Z (MAN) Metro-polition Area Network
EH$mM XoemVrb EH$mM g§ñWoÀ`m BVa ehamVrb {d{dY g§ñWmË_H$ gd© emIm g§JUH$mÀ`m {d{eï> _mÜ`_mVyZ
EH$_oH$m§Zm OmoS>boë`m AgVmV. Ë`m_wio XoemÀ`m {d{dY ehamVrb {d{dY emIm§Mo ì`dhma, _m{hVrMr XodmU-
KodmU hmoVo d H$m_mMr JVr dmT>Vo.
ALU - Arithmatic Logical Unit `mÀ`m_Ü`o Vm§{ÌH$ Am{U A§H$J{UVr à{H«$`m nma nmS>ë`m OmVmV.
 ^m¡{VH$emñÍm
 ÜdZr
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- ÜdZr _mÜ`_o - ñWm`y, Ðdo, dm`y `m _mÜ`_m§VyZ ÜdZrMo àgmaU hmoVo.
- gd©gmYmaU Vmn_mZmbm ÜdZrMm doJ 340 M/s Amho.

¶e
- Vmn_mZmV 10C dmT> Pmë`mg ÜdZrMm doJ 0.6 M/s. Zo dmT>Vmo.
- ÜdZrMo _mnZ S>ogr~b `m EH$H$mV H$aVmV.
- ÜdZrMm doJ ñWm`y_Ü`o gdm©V OmñV AgVmo.
-
- moXm
lmì`mVrb ÜdZr _mZdmg EoHy$ `oV Zmhr.
Xdq~Xÿ - Á`m Vmn_mZmg hdoVrb nmÊ`mÀ`m dm\o$Mo g§KZZ hmoÊ`mg àma§^ hmoVmo. Ë`m Vmn_mZmg Xdq~Xÿ

-
åhUVmV.
npã
AmЩVm - hdoVrb nmÊ`mÀ`m dm\o$_wio V`ma hmoUmam X_Q>nUm åhUOo AmЩVm. AmЩVm _moOÊ`mgmR>r

-
b
hm`J«mo_rQ>a ho CnH$aU dmnaVmV.

AgUmè`m CîUVog {d{eï> Cî_mYmaH$Vm åhUVmV.

Ho$e
{d{eîQ> Cî_mYmaH$Vm - EH$H$ dñVy_mZmÀ`m nXmWm©Mo Vmn_mZ 10C Zo dmT>{dÊ`mgmR>r Amdí`H$

CîUVoMr EH$Ho$ - m.k.s. EH$H$ - {H$bmo H°$bar SI

-
-
EH$H$ - Á`yb
Z,
{d{eï> Cî_mYmaH$Vm - m.k.s. EH$H$ {H$bmoH°$bar/{H$J«° oC CGS EH$H$ cal/gc H°$bar/J«°_ 0C SI

nwU
EH$H$ {H$bmo H°$bar kcal.
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- CîUVoMo dhZ - ñWm`y_Ü`o CîU ^mJmH$Sy>Z W§S> ^mJmH$S>o hmoUmè`m CîUVoÀ`m ñWmZm§VaUmg

 JVr
dhZ åhUVmV.
o
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ñWmZm§VaUr` JVr åhUVmV.
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JVr åhUVmV. CXm. b§~H$mMr JVr, {ebmB© `§ÌmVrb gwB©Mo JVr.
- Mmb - EH$H$ H$mbmdYrV dñVyZo H$mnboë`m A§Vamg MmbH åhUVmV. Mmb hr m/s, km/Hr `m
EH$H$mg _moOVmV.
- doJ - EH$H$ H$mbmdYrg EImÚm dñVyZo EH$m {d{eï> {XeoZo H$mnbobo A§Va MKS EH$H$ M/S CGS
EH$H$ CMIS
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 [dkmZmVrb emoY d emókmMr Zmdo
emoY emókmMo Zmd emoY emókmMo Zmd
j-{H$aU am±Q> OoZ nmo{bAmoMr bg gmëH$ d go~rZ
\$mD§$Q>Z noZ Eb.dm°Q>a_Z Am°pŠgOZ (àmUdm`y) Oo.~r. {àñQ>bo
Q>o{bpìhOZ Om°Z ~oAS>© CËH«$m§VdmXmMm {gÕm§V S>m{d©Z
{d_mZ amB©Q> ~§Yy JwéËdmf©H$U {gÕm§V Ý`yQ>Z
Mb{MÌnQ> E{S>gZ A§Ym§gmR>r {bnr ~o«b bwB©g

¶e
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nmíMam`PoeZ moXm
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dZñnVtZm g§doXZm AgVmV
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nmU~wS>r
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Om°Z hm°b§S>
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b
H$moëQ> g°å`wAb

am°~Q>© H$m°H$
H$m°pñ_H$ {H$aU

Ho$e
hm`S´>moOZ ~m°å~
A°Q>_ ~m°å~
AUwMo H|$ÐH$
S>m°.hmo_r ^m^m
Q>oba
AmoonoZhmB©_a
AZ}ñQ> éXa\$moS>©
ao{S>Amo Or. _mH$m}Zr
Z
Amamo½`emñÍm ,
AZwd§{eH$VoMm {gÕm§V _|S>ob


nwU
 _mZdr earamVrb hmS>m§Mr g§»`m - 206
H$dQ>rMr hmS>o
hmVmVrb hmS>o
22
60
o
Mohè`mMr hmS>o 14, S>moŠ`mMr hmS>o 8 = 22
X§S> 1, hmVmMm nwT>rb ^mJ 2, VihmV 13, ~moQ> 14, (A§JU 2, àË`oH$
~moQ>mV 3)
nm`mVrb hmS>o 60 _m§S>r 1, JwS>Km 1, nm` 2, Vinm` 12, ~moQ>o 14,
nmR>rMm _UH$m 33 _mZ 7, N>mVr 12, H§$~a 5, {ÌH$maMr 5, _mH$S>hmS> 4
N>mVrMm qnOam 25 ~aJS>çm 24, N>mVrMo hmS> 1
AhH$maMr 2
nmR>rMo hmS> 2
_mZoÀ`m g_moarb 1
{hn~moZ 1
EHy$U hmS>o 206
 OrdZgÎdmA^mdr hmoUmao amoJ
OrdZgÎd "A' amVm§YionUm OrdZgÎd "S' _wS>Xÿg
OrdZgÎd "~' ~oar~oar, nobmJ«m OrdZgÎd "B' dm§PnUm
OrdZgÎd "H$' ñH$ìhu OrdZgÎd "Ho$' aº$ Z JmoR>Uo
 hdo_m\©$V ngaUmao AmOma
1. j`amoJ 2. Ý`y_mo{Z`m 3. S>m§½`m ImoH$bm
4. Hw$ð>amoJ 5. Jmb\w$Jr, JmbJw§S> 6. Jmoda O_©Z Jmoda

¶e
7. BÝâë`yEÝPm 8. gXu nS>go 9. KQ>gn©
10. A°W°«Šg 11. nmo{bAmo
- H$~m}XHo$, H$m~m}h>m`S´> oQ> >

moXm agm`ZemñÍm
- H$~m}XHo$ hr H$m~©Z, hm`S´>moOZ d Am°pŠgOZ `m KQ>H$m§nmgyZ ~Zbobr AgVmV.


npã
H¥${Ì_ dm`y
bH
H$emnmgyZ V`ma H$aVmV

o$eZ
H$mobJ°g XJS>r H$moiemMo ^§OH$ D$Üd©nmVZ
dm°Q>aJ°g CîU H$moH$dê$Z nmÊ`mMr dm\$ gmoSy>Z
Am°B©b J°g Ho$amo{gZMo ^§OZ H$ê$Z
àmoS>çwga J°g
noQ>´mob J°g
L.P.G.
,
CîU H$moiemdê$Z Anwè`m hdoMm PmoV gmoSy>Z
noQ>´mobMo ^§OZ H$ê$Z
noQ>´o{b`_
nwU
 {dkmZmVrb _hÎdmMr g§km

-
g{_lo
ñQ>oZbog ñQ>rb
KQ>H$
H«$mo{_`_ + bmoI§S> + H$m~©Z + {ZHo$b
o
- Zm`H«$mo_ bmoh + {ZHo$b+ H«$mo{_`_ + _±JoZrO
- A°ë`w{_{ZA_ ~«m±P Vm§~o + A°ë`w{_{ZA_
- {nVi Vm§~o + OñV
- ~«m±P Vm§~o + H${Wb
- O_©Z {gëìha Vm§~o + OñV + {ZHo$b
- _°¾o{b`_ _°¾o{eA_ + A°ë`w{_{ZA_
- JZ_oQ>b Vm§~o + OñV + H${Wb
- S>çwa°ë`w{_{ZA_ Vm§~o + A°ë`w{_{ZA_ + _±¾o{eAa
 àmUremñÍm
 àmÊ`m§Mo dJuH$aU
- àmoQ>moPmoAm (AmXrOrd) CXm. A{_~m, `wp½bZm, n°am_mo{eA_ ßbmP_mo{S>A_
- _oQ>°PmoAm (AmXrOrd) _oQ>mPmoAm `m Cng¥ï>rMo n¥ð>aOy AgUo AWdm ZgUo `mÀ`m AmYmao Aem n¥ð>a‚mwàmUr
d g_n¥ð>a‚mwàmUr `m§_Ü`o dJuH$aU Ho$bo Amho.


g§K ¶e
Ag_n¥ð>a‚mwàmUr
àmUr
1.
2.
nmo[a\o$am
{gb|Q>amQ>m moXm -
-
gm`H$m°Z, `wñn§O, ñn°{Obm
hm`S´>m, {g A°{Z_m°Z, \$m`bo{P`m, Oo{b\$se, H$moaëg
3.
4.
ßb°{Q>hob _|{Wg
Zo_°hmoS>m
-
- npã
MnQ>o H¥$_r, hÿH$d_©, AñH°$arg nrZd_©, \$m`bo{a>`m
Jmob H¥$_r, hÿH$d_©, AñH°$arg, nrZd_©, \$mbo[a`m
5.
6.
7.
A°{Z{bS>m
Am°W«monmoS>m
_mobwñH$m
-
-
-
b
Jm§Sw>i, Oiy, Zoarg, brM

Ho$e
H$sQ>H$, VgoM qdMy, IoH$S>m, H$moi§~r, _Y_mer, H$moir, Pwai, Jmo_
e§I, qenbm, JmoJbJm`, Am°ŠQ>mong
8. BH$m` ZmoS>_m©Q>m - Vmam_mgm, gr-A{M«Z, {~«ñQ>b, ñQ>ma, gr-H$Hw§$~a


9. ho{_H$m°S>m©Q>m
g_n¥ð>a‚mwàmUr
-
Z,
~ob°Zmo½bm°gg, A°på\$AmŠgg, hS>©_m{Z`m

g§K àmUr
nwU
o
1. nm`gog (ObMa) - amohþ, nmnboQ>, ~m§JS>m, S>m°J{\$e, B. _mgo
2. EdP (njr) - nmonQ>, _moa, {M_Ur, H$mdim, Kw~S>, Kma B. njr.
3. Am°på\${~`mZ (C^`Ma) - ~oSw>H$, Q>moS>, g°b_°S>a
4. aoßQ>mBbg (ganQ>Umao) - gmn, nmb, _Ja, H$mgd, gaS>m, Ym_U, AOJa
5. _°_bg (gñVZ) - _mZd, _m§Oa, dmK, qgh, Xod_mgm, Jm`, B.
6. ñbm`H$moaQ>mo_mQ>m - noQ´>mo_m`P_, {_ {H$P_


ho Vwåhmbm _mhrV Amho H$m?

• {ÌJwUr cg H$moUË`m amoJm§gmR>r dmnaVmV? KYS>m
K = KQ>gn© Y = YZwdm©V S>m = S>m§½`m ImoH$cm
 dZñnVremñÍm
 dZñnVrMo dJuH$aU
Cng¥ï>r - A~rOnÞr
1. W°bmo\$m`Q>m- nmZ, _yi, ImoS>, ho Ad`d ZgVmV. `m nmÊ`mV AmT>iVmV d ñd`§nmofr AgVmV.
2. ~«m`mo\$m`Q>m - nmZ, ImoS>, ho Ad`d ZgVmV nU `m dZñnVr ñd`§nmofr AgVmV. ~rOmUy {Z{_©VrZo
àOZZ H$aVmV. CXm. [apŠg`m, â`wZm[a`m, _m°g, _mg}{b`m, A°ÝWm°{gam°g.

¶e
3. Q>o[aS>mo\$m`Q>m - nmZ, _yi, ImoS>, ho Ad`d AgVmV, gwñnï> g_yhmZo g§ñWm AgVo.
CXm. ZoMo, Zo\«$mogo{ng, A°{S>EÝQ>_, bm`H$mo nmo{S>`_, _{g©{H$`m {gb°{OZobm.

moXm
Cng¥ï> - ~rOnÞr
1. AZmd¥Îm~rOr dZñnVr - `m dZñnVrV gXmh[aV, ~hþdm{f©H$ AgVmV `m dZñnVr§Zm \$m§Úm ZgVmV d

npã
\$io `oV ZmhrV Va, ~rOo AZmd¥Îm (AmdaU Zgbobo) AgVmV. CXm. - gm`H$g, nmB©Z, XodXma BË`mXr.
2. Amd¥{Îm~rOr dZñnVr- `m dZñnVrMr \w$bo hrM Ë`m§Mr àOZAm§Jo AgVmV d \$im§Mm AmV_Ü`o ~rOm§Mr
{Z{_©Vr hmoVo. `m dZñnVrMr EH$~rOnÌr (EH$Xb) d {Û~rOnÌr ({ÛXb) Ago dJuH$aU Ho$bo OmVo.

b
3. EH$~rOnÌr - H$m§Xm, ~mOar, JwbN>S>r

Ho$e
4. {Û~rOnÌr - ha^am, dmQ>mUm, Jhÿ, gXm\y$br, Am§~m


{dkmZmdarb H$mhr _hÎdmMo àíZ

{_WoZ dm`ybm _me© J°g Agohr åhUVmV. Z,
nmobmX ho bmoI§S>mMo g§{_l Amho.
_mUyg 0 Vo 80 S>o{g~b j_Von`ªVMm AmdmO ghZ H$ê$ eH$Vmo.nwU
gamgar àm¡T> _mUgmÀ`m öX`mMo 72 R>moHo$ nS>VmV.
~oar~oar hm amoJ Wm`{_ZÀ`m A^mdm_wio hmoVmo.
ñH$ìhu hm amoJ "H$' OrdZgÎdmÀ`m A^mdm_wio hmoVmo.
o
"S>' OrdZgÎdmÀ`m A^mdm_wio _wS>Xÿg hm amoJ hmoVmo.
"A' OrdZgÎdmÀ`m A^mdm_wio amVm§YionUm hm amoJ hmoVmo.
H°$amoQ>rZ KQ>H$m_wio XþYmMm a§J nm§T>am hmoVmo.
earamVrb gdm©V _moR>r Z{bH$m {da{hV J«§Wr- `H¥$V
H$m°bam amoJm_wio earamMo {ZO©brH$aU hmoVo.
BÝgw{bZ ho aº$mVrb gmIaoda {Z`§ÌU R>odVo.
BÝgw{bZÀ`m A^mdm_wio _Yw_oh hm AmOma hmoVmo.
Hw$ð>amoJ ~am H$aÊ`mgmR>r Am¡fY-S>°ßgmoZ
 ^yJmob
^maVmVrb 29 KQ>H$ amÁ`m§n¡H$s _hmamï´> EH$ amÁ` Amho. gZ 1956 n`ªV npíM_ _hmamï´>, JwOamV d CÎma
H$Zm©Q>H$Mm g_mdoe Agbobo _w§~B© amÁ` ApñVËdmV hmVo.
29 {S>g|~a 1953 amoOr \$Ob Abr `m§À`m AÜ`jVoImbr ^mfmda amÁ` nwZa©MZm Am`moJmMr ñWmnZm
H$aÊ`mV Ambr. `m Am`moJmZo JwOamVr d _amR>r ^m{fH$m§À`m Û¡^m{fH$ _w§~B© amÁ`mMr {e\$mag Ho$br. Ë`mZwgma 1
Zmoìh|~a 1956 amoOr Û¡^m{fH$ _w§~B© amÁ` ApñVËdmV Ambo.

¶e
""_w§~B©gh g§`wº$ _hmamï´> PmbmM nm{hOo'' `m _mJUrZo Am§XmobZmMo ê$n YmaU Ho$bo d 1 _o 1960 amoOr
_w§~B©gh _amR>r ^m{fH$m§Mo _hmamï´> ho amÁ` ApñVËdmV Ambo.
ñWmZ
{Z{_©Vr moXm : ^maVmÀ`m npíM_ ^mJmV Aa~r g_wÐmg bmJyZ
: 1 _o 1960
joÌ\$i
bmoH$g§»`m
npã
: 3,07,713 Mm¡.{H$._r.
: 11,23,72972

b
gmjaVm : 82.91

Ho$e
KZVm : 365
bmoH$g§»`m dmT>rMm Xa : 15.11
aoImd¥Îmr` {dñVma : 72.6 nyd} Vo 80.9 nyd© aoIm§e
Ajd¥Îmr` {dñVma
nyd©-npíM_ {dñVma : 800
X{jU-CÎma {dñVma : 700
: 15.8 CÎma Vo 22.1 CÎma A§e
Z,
g_wÐ{H$Zmè`mMr bm§~r : 720
nwU
CÎmaog
nyd}g
:
:
_Ü` àXoe
N>ÎmrgJS>
eoOmarb amÁ`
X{jUog : H$Zm©Q>H$, Jmodm
Am¾o`g : Vob§JUm
o
dm`ì`og : JwOamVamÁ` d X_U Am{U XmXa ZJa hdobr (H|$Ðem{gV àXoe)
amOYmZr : _w§~B©, CnamOYmZr- ZmJnya
EHy$U {Oëho : 36 EHy$U {Oëhmn[afX : 34
EHy$U VmbwHo$ : 358 EHy$U ZJanm{bH$m : 241
EHy$U _hmZJanm{bH$m : 27 H$Q>H$_§S>io : 7
_hmamï´> amÁ` àmUr : eoH$ê$ Ima _hmamï´> amÁ` d¥j : Am§~m
_hmamï´> amÁ` \y$b : Omê$b/_moR>m ~m|S>mam
_hmamï´> amÁ` njr : h[a`mb/hamdV amÁ` \w$bnmIê$ : ãby _m°a_m°Z
_hmamï´> amÁ` \$i : Am§~m _hmamï´> amÁ` amO^mfm : _amR>r
- ^maVmV gdm©V OmñV gmjaVm Ho$ai `m amÁ`mV Amho. (92%)
- amÁ`mVrb _w§~B© eha d _w§~B© CnZJa ho {Oëho e§^a Q>¸o$ ZmJar bmoH$g§»`oMo {Oëho AmhoV.
_hmamï´>mVrb ZXràUmbr
- gømÐr hm _hmamï´>mVrb à_wI Ob{d^mOH$ Amho. Vmo _hmamï´>mÀ`m npíM_ ^mJmV CÎma-X{jU Agm
ngabobm Amho. `oWo CJ_ nmdUmè`m ZÚm npíM_oH$S>o d nyd}H$S>o dmhV OmVmV VgoM gmVnwS>m, AqOR>m,
h[aíM§Ð-~mbmKmQ>, _hmXod S>m|Ja `m§Mmhr Ob{d^mOH$ Amho.
- _hmamï´>mVrb H$mhr ZÚm npíM_oH$Sy>Z nyd}H$S>o dmhVmV. Ë`mV JmoXmdar, H¥$îUm, ^r_m, n¡ZJ§Jm `m ZÚm§Mm

¶eg_mdoe hmoVmo. `m ZÚm _hmamï´>, H$Zm©Q>H$, Vob§JUm, Am§Y« àXoe amÁ`m§VyZ dmhV OmD$Z ~§JmbÀ`m
CngmJamg {_iVmV.
- JmoXmdar hr _hmamï´>mVrb gdm©V bm§~ ZXr Amho. {VMr _hmamï´>mVrb bm§~r 668 {H$._r. Amho d Vr gdm©V

moXm
OmñV {Oëøm§VyZ dmhUmar ZXr Amho.
- g§J_Zoa d Zodmgm hr {R>H$mUo àdam ZXrÀ`m H$mR>mda dgbr AmhoV. g§V kmZoídam§Zr Zodmgm `oWo kmZoídar
{b{hbr.
npã
- JmoXmdar ZXrda J§Jmnya (Zm{eH$) ho XoemVrb n{hbo _mVrMo YaU Amho.

b
- Om`H$dmS>r YaUmÀ`m Obme`mg ZmWgmJa Ago åhUVmV.
- COZr YaUmÀ`m Obme`mg `ed§V gmJa Ago åhUVmV.
- JmoXmdarbm X{jUoH$S>rb J§Jm Ago åhUVmV. Ho$e
- ^r_m ZXr _hmamï´>mVrb nwUo, gmobmnya, Ah_XZJa `m {Oëøm§VyZ dmhVo.

Z,
- _wim-_wR>m ZÚm§Mm g§J_ nwUo `oWo hmoVmo. `m ZÚm§Mm g§`wº$ àdmh am§OUJmd `m {R>H$mUr ^r_obm {_iVmo.
- ^r_m-Zram `m§Mm g§J_ nwUo {OëømV Zram-ZaqgJnya `oWo Pmbm Amho.
- _hmXod S>m|Jam§Zr ^r_m d H¥$îUm ZÚm§Mo nmÌ doJio Pmbobo Amho.
- gañdVr hr b¥á ZXr _mZbr OmVo. nwU
- H¥$îUm ZXr hr gmVmam, gm§Jbr d H$moëhmnya {Oëøm§VyZ dmhVo.
o
- H¥$îUm d H$mo`Zm `m§Mm g§J_ H$èhmS> `oWo hmoVmo Ë`mg àr{Vg§J_ Ago åhUVmV. (`ed§Vamd MìhmU
g_mYrñWi)
- H$mo`Zm YaUmÀ`m Obme`mg {edmOrgmJa Ago åhUVmV.
- n¡ZJ§Jm hr {dX^m©Vrb gdm©V bm§~ ZXr Amho.
- dYm© d d¡ZJ§Jm øm _hmamï´>mVrb X{jU dm{hZr ZÚm AmhoV.
- dYm© d d¡ZJ§Jm `m§À`m g§`wº$ àdmhmbm àmU{hVm åhUVmV. Vr JS>{Mamobr {OëømV Amho.
- Z_©Xm, Vmnr d H$moH$UmVrb gd© ZÚm npíM_oH$S>o dmhV OmdyZ Aa~r g_wÐmbm {_iVmV.
- Vmnr hr _hmamï´>mVrb gdm©{YH$ bm§~rMr npíM_dm{hZr ZXr Amho. (208 {H$._r.)
- Z_©Xm ZXrMr _hmamï´>mVrb bm§~r 54 {H$._r. Amho. Vr gdm©V bhmZ npíM_dm{hZr ZXr Amho.
- Cëhmg hr H$moH$UmVrb gdm©V bm§~ ZXr Amho. (130 {H$._r.)
- d¡VaUm ZXrda _moS>H$gmJa àH$ën Amho.
 - doid§S>r hr {Zam ZXrMr CnZXr Amho.
- A§~r hr _wR>m ZXrMr CnZXr Amho.
- _hmamï´>mVrb n{hbo Ob{dÚwV H|$Ð - Imnmobr (am`JS>)
- _hmamï´>mVrb gdm©{YH$ g_wÐ{H$Zmam bm^bobm {Oëhm - aËZm{Jar
- ^maVmVrb gdm©{YH$ g_wÐ{H$Zmam bm^bobo amÁ` - JwOamV
_hmamï´>mVrb ZXràUmbr
_hmamï´>mVrb ZÚm

¶e
H$moH$UmVrb ZÚm

nR>mamdarb ZÚm

npíM_dm{hZr ZÚm
 moXm nyd©dm{hZr ZÚm

npíM_dm{hZr ZÚm

X{jUdm{hZr ZÚm

Aa~r g_wÐmg
{_iVmV. npã
~§JmbÀ`m
CngmJamg {_iVmV.
Aa~r g_wÐmg
{_iVmV.
JmoXmdarg
{_iVmV.

gy`m©, d¡VaUm, Cëhmg,
gm{dÌr, d{eð>r, VmZgm,
X_UJ§Jm, H$mi, Hw§$S>{bH$m,

b
JmoXmdar, ^r_m, H¥$îUm
Ho$e

Z_©Xm, Vmnr

dYm©, d¡ZJ§Jm


emór, VoaoImob.
ZÚm, CnZÚm d CJ_ ñWmZ Z,
ZXr CJ_ _hmamï´> bm§~r ^maV bm§~r
nwU CnZÚm
JmoXmdar

^r_m
Í`§~Ho$ída (Zm{eH$)

^r_me§H$a
668
{H$._r.
451
(Vm. Am§~oJmd, {O. nwUo) {H$._r.
1465
{H$._r
867
{H$._r.
o
àmU{hVm, _m§Oam, XþYZm, B§ÐmdVr
XmaUm, àdam, qgX\$Um, nyUm©
Hw$H$S>r, KmoS>, ^m_m, ndZm,
B§Ðm`Ur, _wim-_wR>m, Zram,
H$èhm, grZm, _mU
H¥$îUm _hm~ioída 282 1280 n§MJ§Jm, ^r_m, Vw§J^Ðm
({O. gmVmam) {H$._r. {H$._r. doÊUm, H$mo`Zm, doaim, dmaUm,
Vmnr _Ü` àXoemVrb 208 670 nyUm©, {JaUm, nm§Pam
gmVnwS>m nd©Vam§Jmda {H$._r. {H$._r.
_ybVmB© `oWo
Z_©Xm _Ü` àXoe 54 1260 {haU, ~maUm, H$mobma, Vdm,
A_aH§$Q>H$ Odi {H$._r. {H$._r. Hw§$S>r
 _hmamï´>mVrb gdm©V _moR>o d bhmZ
gdm©V OmñV nmdgmMoo [R>H$mU - A§~mobr (qgYwXþJ©)
gdm}ƒ {eIa - H$igw~mB© (1646 _r.)
gdm©V OmñV H$maImZo {Oëhm - A.ZJa.
gdm©V _moR>r ZXr - JmoXmdar
joÌ\$imÀ`m Ñï>rZo _moR>m {Oëhm - A.ZJa
bmoH$g§»`oZo gdm©V _moR>m {Oëhm - R>mUo.

¶e
gdm©V OmñV gmja {Oëhm
gdm©V OmñV Vmn_mZ {Oëhm
gdm©V OmñV Vbmdm§Mm {Oëhm
-
-
-
_w§~B© CnZJa
M§Ðnya
^§S>mam

moXm
gdm©V OmñV Q>nmb H$Moar
gdm©V OmñV g_wÐ {H$ZmanÅ>r bm^bobo {Oëhm
-
-
_w§~B©
aËZm{Jar

gdm©V doJdmZ aoëdo npã

gdm©V OmñV {dÚwV CËnmXZ H$aUmam {Oëhm -
-
ZmJnya
_hmamï´> EŠgàog (H$moëhmnya Jm|{X`m)
joÌ\$imZo gdm©V bhmZ {Oëhm
gdm©V H$_r nmdgmMo [R>H$mU
gdm©V H$_r bmoH$g§»`oMm {Oëhm
b Ho$e
-
-
-
_w§~B© eha
åhgdS> (gmVmam)
qgYwXþJ©
gdm©V H$_r gmja {Oëhm - Z§Xþa~ma
gdm©V H$_r {ó`m§Mo à_mU
gdm©V OmñV ZmJar bmoH$g§»`oMm {Oëhm Z, -
-
_w§~B© eha
_w§~B©

nwU 

^maVmMm ^yJmob o
^maV hm CÎma-nyd© JmobmYm©V dgbobm Amho. Ajad¥Îmr` {dñVma : 804 Vo 3706
^maV hm Am{e`m I§S>m_Ü`o Amho. aoImd¥Îmr` {dñVma : 6807 Vo 97025 nyd© aoIm§e
joÌ\$i : 32,87, 263 {H$._r. X{jU-CÎma bm§~r : 3214 {H$._r.
nyd©-npíM_ bm§~r : 2933 {H$._r. ^maVmMr ^y-gr_m : 15,200 {H$._r.
bmoH$g§»`oMr KZVm : 382
eoOmarb Xoe
CÎmaog - MrZ, Zonmi, ^yV>mZ X{jUog - lrb§H$m
nyd}g - ~m§JbmXoe, å`mZ_ma A¾o`og - B§S>moZo{e`m
 ZXr CJ_ñWmZ bm§~r CnZÚm
~«÷nwÌm ZXr H¡$bmg nd©Vam§Jm ^maV (725) {H$_r gw~mZ{ear, YmZm{ear, O`^moaobr,
({h_mb`mMm CÎma^mJ) EHy$U 2900 {H$_r {VñVm, {XqhJ, {Xgm§J.
H$mdoar ZXr npíM_ KmQ>mVrb ~«÷{Jar 760 {H$_r ho_dVr, bmoH$nmdZr, {e_gm,
Q>oH$S>çmda Vi H$mdoar AH$m©dVr, bú_UVrW©, H$m{dZr,
({O.Hw$J©, H$Zm©Q>H$) gwdUm©dVr, ^dmZr
_hmZXr ~ñVa Q>oH$S>çm 890 {H$_r {hamHw$S>, _m§X, Vob.
{O.am`nya, N>ÎmrgJS>>

¶e ^maVr` ZÚm§Mo dJuH$aU

Aa~r g_wÐmg
moXm
{h_mb`mV CJ_ nmdUmè`m ZÚm

~§JmbÀ`m CngmJamg
^maVr` nR>mamdarb (ÛrnH$ënr`) ZÚm

Aa~r g_wÐmg ~§JmbÀ`m CngmJamg

{_iUmè`m {_iUmè`m
npã {_iUmè`m {_iUmè`m

1. qgYy
2. gVbO
1. J§Jm
2. ~«÷nyÌm b npíM_
dm{hZr
Ho$e
X{jU
dm{hZr
nyd©
dm{hZr
CÎma
dm{hZr

Z_©Xm, Vmnr, byZr JmoXmdar, M§~i, emoU,

Cëhmg, d¡VaUm,
eamdVr, d{eð>r, VoaoImob, no[a`ma
gm~a_Vr
Z, H¥$îUm, ~oQ>dm, Ho$Z

nwU
Q>rn - ^maVmVrb gdm©V _moR>o Imoao J§Jm ZXrMo AgyZ Ë`mZ§Va JmoXmdar ZXr Imoè`mMm Xþgam H«$_m§H$ bmJVmo.

 à_wI ZÚm d H$mR>mdarb ehao

ZXr H$mR>mdarb ehao ZXr
o
H$mR>mdarb ehao
J§Jm H$mZnya, h[aÛma, ~Zmag H¥$îUm dmB©, H$amS>, gm§Jbr,
(dmamUmgr), nmQ>Um
`_wZm AmJ«m, {X„r, _Wwam, H$mënr Pob_ lrZJa
KmKam (ea`y) A`moÜ`m gVbO {\$amOnya, by{Y`mZm
Jmo_Vr bIZm¡ gm~a_Vr Ah_Xm~mX, Jm§YrZJa
M§~i H$moQ>m (amOñWmZ) Z_©Xm O~bnya, n§M_T>r
hþJir H$mobH$mVm Vmnr gwaV
~«÷nwÌm Jmobnmam, JwdmhmQ>r, J§Jm-`_wZm-gañdVr Abmhm~mX g§J_
{X~«wJS>, gm{X`m
 1 Aja_mcm

Aja_mbobmM dU©_mbm Agohr åhQ>bo OmVo. Aja_m{bHo$da narjo_Ü`o ~aoMgo àíZ {dMmabo OmVmV. Vgm hm
KQ>H$ Iyn gmonm AgVmo. `m_Ü`o B§J«Or Aja_mboÀ`m {d{eï> _m§S>Urda gd© àíZ AmYm[aV AgVmV.
Aja_m{bHo$_Ü`o Ajao AjaJQ>, Aja, g§»`m Agm H«$_ bjmV KoD$Z Jmiboë`m OmJr AMyH$ CÎma
n`m©`m_YyZ emoYmdo bmJVo.

¶e
Aja_mboÀ`m Aä`mgmgmR>r EH$m {d{eï> nÕVrZo B§J«Or Aja_mbm {bhÿZM `m àH$mamVrb gd© àíZ gmoS>{dVm
`oVmV. `m Aja_mbrHo$H$S>o {dg§JVr, g_mZ g§~§Y, gm§Ho${VH$ ^mfm B. KQ>H$mdarb CXmhaUo gmoS>{dVm `oVmV.

2 moXm
B§J«Or Aja_mcm {c{hÊ`mMr nÕV
1 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
A
Z
B
Y
C
X
D
W npã
E
V
F
U
G
T
H
S
I
R Q
J K
P
L
O
M
N
26 25 24 23 22
b 21 20 19

Ho$e
H$mhr Z_wZm CXmhaUo
18 17 16 15 14

1. C, E, G, ....?
(1) H (2) J (3) I
Z, (4) K

Z§Va H dJiyZ I ho Aja `oB©b.

nwU
ñnï>rH$aU : darb dU©_mboV C Z§Va D dJiyZ E, Ë`mZ§Va F dJiyZ G Aer Ajao Ambr Amho. G
(n`m©` 3)
2. W, U, R, N, I ....?
(1) B
ñnï>rH$aU :
(2) B (3) C o (4) F

5 4 3 2 1

A, B, C, D, E F, G, H, I J, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, S T, U, V, W, X, Y, Z.
darb _m{bHo$_Ü`o gwédmVrbm 1 Aja dJiyZ Z§Va, 2 Aemà_mUo 3, 4 d eodQ>r 5 Ajao dJiyZ C ho
Aja `oB©b. (n`m©` 3)
 3. {dg§JV AmH¥$Ë`m AmoiIm
1. (1) (2) (3) (4)

ñnï>rH$aU : AmH¥$Vr H«$. 4 gmoSy>Z BVa gd© AmH¥$Ë`m§_Ü`o AmVrb ^mJmV VrZ N>m`m§{H$V aofm AmhoV.

2. (1) (2) (3) (4)

¶e
ñnï>rH$aU : n`m©` 3 _Yrb AmH¥$VrVM VrZ ~mUm§Zm XmoÝhr ~mOy§Zr Q>moH$ Amho. BVa gd© AmH¥$Ë`m§V XmoZM
~mUm§Zm XmoÝhr ~mOy§Zm Q>moHo$ AmhoV.

3. (1)
moXm (2) (3) (4)

; ;
npã
ñnï>rH$aU : n`m©` 4 _Yrb AmH¥$Vr dJiVm BVa AmH¥$Ë`m§_Yrb gd© KQ>H$ KS>çmimÀ`m {XeoZo {\$adbo
Va Ë`m§Mm H«$_ ; AgmM AgVmo.

4. (1) (2)
b Ho$e
(3) (4)

ñnï>rH$aU : n`m©` 3 hr EH$M AmH¥$Vr Mma aofm§Zr ~Zbr Amho. ~mH$s gd© VrZ aofm§Zr ~Zbr Amho åhUyZ

5.
n`m©` 3.

(1) (2) (3) Z, (4)

nwU
ñnï>rH$aU : n`m©` 3 _Yrb AmH¥$Vr \$ŠV dVw©i Amho. gai aofoZo ~Zbobo Zmhr. BVa gd© AmH¥$Ë`m gai

1.
aofm§Zr ~Zboë`m AmhoV.

(1) _moQ>ma
4. {dg§JV eãX AmoiIm
(2) Orn (3) _moQ>ma gm`H$b
o (4) {d_mZ
ñnï>rH$aU : {d_mZ gmoSy>Z ~mH$s gd© O{_Zrda MmbVmV. (n`m©` 4)
2. (1) _m°ñH$mo (2) n°[ag (3) Ý`y`m°H©$ (4) {X„r
ñnï>rH$aU : Ý`y`m°H©$ gmoSy>Z BVa gd© Xoem§À`m amOYmÝ`m AmhoV. (n`m©` 3)
3. (1) _R> (2) _§{Xa (3) {dhma (4) Jwê$Ûma
ñnï>rH$aU : _R> gmoSy>Z BVa gd© nwOoMr Ym{_©H$ ñWio AmhoV. (n`m©` 1)
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1. 15 (1) 15 (2) 16
* 19 (3) 23 (4) 14
13 ñnï>rH$aU : 15 + 25 = 40, `mà_mUo 17 + 23 = 40
27
(n`m©` 3)
21 17
25
2.
¶e *
2
3
(1) 28
(3) 20
(2) 26
(4) 27
18
moXm 4
ñnï>rH$aU : (2)2 + 2 = 6 `mà_mUo (5)2 + 2 = 27 (n`m©` 4)

11
6
5
npã
3.

5
2
3 b(1) 729
(3) 216
Ho$e
(2) 512
(4) 343
ñnï>rH$aU : (2)3 = 8 `m à_mUo (7)3 = 343 (n`m©` 4)
*

Z,
7
27 125
8

4. A (1) P (2) S nwU

o
Y D
(3) R (4) Q
* H ñnï>rH$aU : Aja_m{bH$mà_mUo _m§S>ë`mg
A B C D E F G H I J K L M
B Z Y X W V U T S R Q P O N
W
Z `mà_mUo H = S (n`m©` 2)
E
5. 11
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8 H (3) 13 (4) 15
ñnï>rH$aU : E hm Aja_mboVrb H«$_mZo nmMdm Amho.
K M åhUyZ M = 13 (n`m©` 3)
5
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AmnU gH$mir CR>ë`mnmgyZ amoOÀ`m X¡Z§XrZ ì`dhmam_Ü`o KS>çmimMm _moR>çm à_mUmV Cn`moJ H$aVmo.
KS>çmimdaVr narjo_Ü`o ~è`mM doim doJdoJù`m nÕVrZo àíZ {dMmabo OmVmV. ho àíZ H$R>rU d doiImD$ dmQ>V
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H$mhr àmW{_H$ _m{hVr
KS>çmi ho EH$ àH$maMo dVw©i AgVo. åhUOo 3600 Mo gm_Z ^mJ H$aUo. Ë`mMo g_mZ 12 ^mJ nS>VmV.

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àË`oH$ XmoZ A§H$mV 300 A§e H$moZ AgVmo.
1 Vmg = 60 {_{ZQ>o

moXm
1 Vmg = 3600 goH§$X
1 {_{ZQ> = 60 goH§$X

npã
1 goH§$X = 100 _m`H«$mo goH§$X
KS>çmù`mÀ`m XmoZ H$mQ>çmVrb H$moZ H$mT>Ê`mMo gyÌ
= Vmg {_{ZQ>o
b Ho$e
Z_wZm CXmhaUo
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(1) 900 (2) 1000 (3) 1050
Z, (4) 1100

nwU
gyÌ = Vmg {_{ZQ>o

= 2 x 30 - x 30 = 60 - 165 = 1050 (n`m©` 3)

2.

(1) 105 (2) 165 0 (3) 180 0

o
gmS>o ~mam dmOVm KS>çmimÀ`m Vmg H$mQ>çmV d {_{ZQ> H$mQ>çmV {H$Vr A§emMm H$moZ AgVmo?

0
(_w§~B© bmoh_mJ© nmo.^.2014)
(4) 1450

gyÌ = Vmg {_{ZQ>o = 12 x 30 - x 30 = 360 - 165 = 195

195 hm H$moZ 180. nojm _moR>m Amho åhUyZ 360-195 = 165 (n`m©` 2)
3. EH$ KS>çmi Xa XmoZ Vmgm§Zr 30 goH§$X _mJo OmVo. Xþnmar 3 dmOVm ~amo~a bmdbobo KS>çmi Xþgè`m
{Xder Xþnmar 3 dmOVm {H$Vr dmObobo XmIdVrb. (gmVmam nmo.^. 2014)
(1) 2 dm.50 {_. (2) 2 dm. 54 {_. (3) 2 dm. 58 {_. 4) 3 dm. 54 {_.
 14 AmH¥$Ë`m§Mr g§»`m _moOUo
1. gmo~VÀ`m AmH¥$VrV EHy$U {ÌH$moU {H$Vr AmhoV? (bmVya nmo.^.2014)
(1) 4 (2) 7
(3) 5 (4) 6
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2. gmo~VÀ`m AmH¥$VrV EHy$U {ÌH$moU {H$Vr AmhoV.

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(1) 8 (2) 7
2 (3) 6 (4) 5
1 2 3 ñnï>rH$aU : (1 + 2 + 3 + 2) = 8 (n`m©` 1)
3.
moXm
eoOmar AmH¥$Vr EHy$U {H$Vr H$moU AmhoV.
(1) 4 (2) 7

3
1
2
npã (3) 6 (4) 5
ñnï>rH$aU : EHy$U H$moZ = 1 + 2 + 3 = 6 (n`m©` 3)
4.

1+ 2+ 3+ 4+ (3) 100
b
Imbrb AmH¥$VrV Mm¡H$moZmMr/Am`V g§»`m {H$Vr?
(1) 120
Ho$e (2) 200
(4) 90
2+

Z,
ñnï>rH$aU : 1. AmH¥$Vr XmIdë`mà_mUo H«$_m§H$ Úm.
3+ 2. Z§Va AmS>dr d C^r ~oarO H$am.
4+ 3. AmS>dr ~oarO C^r ~oarO H$am.

5. Imbrb AmH¥$Vr Mm¡agmMr g§»`m {H$Vr Amho?

10 10 = 100
nwU (n`m©` 3)

2
1 2 3 4
(1) 20
(3) 35
(2) 30
(4) 40 o
AmH¥$VrV XmI{dë`mà_mUo OmoS>çm bmdyZ ¿`m Z§Va Ë`m g§»`mMm JwUmH$ma
3 H$am.
4 (4 x 4) + (3 x 3) + (2 x 2) + 1
16 + 9 + 4 + 1 = 30 (n`m©` 2)
6. eoOmaÀ`m AmH¥$VrV EHy$U {H$Vr Mm¡agm§Mr g§»`m Amho.
1 2 3 4 (1) 45 (2) 30
2 (3) 40 (4) 50
3 ñnï>rH$aU : (4 x 5) + (3 x 4) + (2 x 3) 20 + 12 + 6 + (Cd©[aV
4 g§»`m 1, 2) n¡H$s _moR>r g§»`m ¿`m 20 + 12 + 6 + 2 = 40 (n`m©` 3)
5
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moXm
npã
b Ho$e
Z,
nwU
o