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m
of its elements. It consists of a countable number of
terms. The set of even numbers from 2 to 10 forms The nth term of an AP
the finite sequence, {2, 4, 6, 8, 10}.
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( )
Tn = a + n − 1 d
An infinite sequence can be specified by an
incomplete list of its elements. It has an ‘infinite’
.
Example 1
hs
number of terms and in listing the terms, we use a set An arithmetic progression is defined by
of three dots after the last term in the list to indicate
{4, 2, 0, −2,…}. Determine
that it has no end. The set of even numbers forms an
infinite sequence, {2, 4, 6, 8, …} i. the common difference, d
1 1 1 𝑑, we have
4, 3 , 3, 2 ,... has a common difference of −
2 2 2 ∴T406 = 4 + ( 406 − 1) × ( −2 )
( )
w
m
(𝑎 + 𝑑) + (𝑙 − 𝑑) = 𝑎 + 𝑙.
1000 = 10 + ( n - 1) ´ 5
Therefore, the sum of both sequences will look like: 990 = 5 ( n - 1)
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2𝑆) = (𝑎 + 𝑙) + (𝑎 + 𝑙) + (𝑎 + 𝑙) + ⋯ n - 1 = 198
(𝑎 + 𝑙) + (𝑎 + 𝑙) + (𝑎 + 𝑙) n = 199
.
Since there are 𝑛 terms in the sequence,
hs
The sum of all 199 terms, S199 , can be found using
2𝑆) = 𝑛(𝑎 + 𝑙)
n n
𝑛
𝑆) = (𝑎 + 𝑙) either Sn = ( a + l ) or {2a + ( n - 1) d }.
2 2 2
\ l = a + ( n - 1) d OR
n
\ Sn =
n
{ }
a + ( a + ( n - 1) d ) Using Sn = {2a + ( n - 1) d }
sp
2 2
199
n
Sn = {2a + ( n - 1) d } S199 =
2
{2 (10 ) + (199 - 1) 5}
2
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= 100 495
The sum of the first n terms of an AP
n Example 4
Sn = ( a + l )
w
m
b. Example 6
n Find the sum of all the numbers from 1000 to 2000
Recall Sn = {2a + ( n - 1) d } which are divisible by 5.
co
2
\ Sum of the last 48 terms =
Solution
101 ì 1 ü 53 ì 1ü
í2 ( 8 ) + (101 - 1) ý - í2 (8 ) + ( 53 - 1) ý The series is 1000, 1005, 1010, …, 1995, 2000.
.
2 î 6þ 2 î 6þ The terms are in AP with the first term, a = 1000
hs
2 2 The common difference, d = 1005 - 1000 = 5
= 1649 - 653
3 3
= 996 Last term, l = a + ( n - 1) d , where n = number of
Example 5 at terms.
\ 2000 = 1000 + ( n - 1) 5
m
A marathon runner begins his first day of training
by running 2 km. He then increases this distance 1000 = ( n - 1) 5
s
by ½ km more each day, from the distance he ran n = 201
as
the previous day. To find the sum of all the terms from 1000 to
i. On what day would he first cover 15 km? 2000, we can use any one of the methods below.
n
ii. What is the total distance covered after 30 S201 = ( a + l )
sp
days? 2
201
= (1000 + 2000 )
Solution 2
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2 2 2
where the first term a = 2 and the common 2
201
{2 (1000 ) + ( 201 - 1) 5}
w
difference d = 1 . =
2
2
= 301500
w
m
OR −8 ÷ 4 = −2, and 16 ÷ −8 = −2 Equation (1) ´r
rSn = ar + ar 2 + ar 3 + ar 4 + ... + ar n (2)
Notice that the common ratio may take any value.
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That is, it may be positive or negative or fractional. Equation (1) – Equation (2)
𝑆) − 𝑟𝑆) = 𝑎 + 𝑎𝑟 + 𝑎𝑟 9 + 𝑎𝑟 : + ⋯ + 𝑎𝑟 )+, −
Notation for a Geometric Progression
.
(𝑎𝑟 + 𝑎𝑟 9 + 𝑎𝑟 : + ⋯ 𝑎𝑟 )+, + 𝑎𝑟 ) )
hs
First term = a
Number of terms = n Notice all the terms will cancel out except the first
The nth term = Tn term of equation (1) and the last term of equation (2)
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 a ( r n - 1)
Sn = r >1
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From the above table, we observe that the coefficient The formula for the sum of n terms in a GP can now
w
-
ar n
=
The sum of the first n terms is: 1− r 1− r 1- r 1- r
As the value of n ® ¥ , then, r n gets smaller and
Sn =
(
a rn −1 ) smaller, that is, it tends to 0. Hence, as rn ® 0, the
r −1 ar n
(( ) − 1)
40 term ®0 .
4 2 1- r
S40 = a a
2 −1 Therefore, Sn approaches -0 = .
(( ) − 1)
40 1- r 1- r
=4 2
This means that when r < 1 , the more and more
m
terms of the GP that we add, the closer and closer we
Divergent and Convergent Series a
co
would get to the value of . We say that the
1- r
Consider the sum of the terms of an AP in which 𝑎 = a
3 and 𝑑 = 2. series converges with limit and this value is
.
1- r
𝑆) = 3 + 5 + +7 + 9 +
hs
called its sum to infinity.
Notice that the terms of the progression are The sum to infinity of a GP
increasing and as 𝑛 gets larger the sum will approach
infinity. It is impossible to sum all the terms of this
sequence. This is because this sum approaches at S¥ =
a
1- r
m
infinity. All AP’s have sums that approach infinity with the first term, a and common ratio, r.
and such a series is a divergent series. This exists only when, r < 1.
s
Consider the sum of the terms of a GP in which Example 9
as
r > 1 . For example, let 𝑎 = 3 and 𝑟 = 2. Find the sum to infinity of the geometric series
𝑆) = 3 + 6 + 12 + 24 + 48 + ⋯ {8, 4, 2,…}
sp
1 1
𝑆) = 243 + 81 + 27 + 9 + 3 + 1 + + + ⋯ Example 10
3 9
w
Example 11 Day 1 2 3 4…
An item of jewellery appreciates by 10% of its Amount 6 6 6 6 6 6
of soil 10 10 ´ 10 ´ ´ 10 ´ ´ ´ ...
value each year. If its original value is $1 000, find removed 5 5 5 5 5 5
its estimated value at the start of the 11th year. in m3 6 2 3
10 ´æ6ö æ6ö
10 10 ´ ç ÷ 10 ´ ç ÷ ...
5
è5ø è5ø
Solution
Term a ar ar 2
ar 3 ...
We look at the initial value of the item and
calculate its new value each year. At the start, the 6
m
value of the item of jewellery is $1000 Where a = 10 and r = are the first term and the
5
common ratio of a geometric progression.
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At the end of year 1, the value is
$ 1000 + 10% ( $1000) To complete the job, 800 m3 of soil is to be removed.
= $1000 ´ 1.1 Let n be the number of days taken to complete the
.
job. Then Sn = 800 where Sn = sum of the first n
hs
At the end of year 2, the value is
terms of the geometric progression.
($ 1000 ´ 1.1) + 10 % of ($ 1000 ´ 1.1)
= $ 1000 ´ (1.1)2 a ( r n - 1)
Sn = r >1
At the end of year 3, the value is
($ 1000 ´ 1.12) + 10 % of ($ 1000 ´ 1.12) at r -1
Substituting in the above formula, we have:
æ æ 6 ön ö
m
= $ 1000 ´ (1.1)3 10 ç ç ÷ - 1÷
çè 5 ø ÷
\ è ø = 800
s
When we observe its new value each year, a 6
-1
as
1.2 = 17
n
Hence, the estimated value of the item of jewellery
To solve for n, take logs to the base 10
after eleven years can be obtained by using the
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𝑛=
=$ 1000 ´ 1.111 – 1 = $ 1000 ´ 1.110 = $2 593.74 𝑙𝑔1.2
𝑛 = 15.5, 𝑛 𝜖 𝑍 I
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The value at the start of the 11th year is $2 593.74 Hence the job is complete on the 16th day
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∑ (2n − 1)
40
n=1
å ( 2r - 3) = -1 + 1 + 3 + ... + 77
r =1
n=∞
This is an AP with 𝑎 = 1, 𝑑 = 2, 𝑛 = 40 and 𝑙 = 77
So we can write ∑ (2n − 1) = 1+ 3+ 5 + ... 40
\ å ( 2 r - 3) = S40
n=1
r =1
Summation Notation
n n
A series may be denoted by å Tn , where
b
For an AP Sn = ( a + l ) OR Sn = {2a + ( n - 1) d }
2 2
n=a 40
40
b
∑ (2r − 3) = (−1+ 77) = 20(76) = 1520
m
å denotes the sum of and åT
n=a
n denotes the sum r=1 2
OR
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of all the terms from n = a to n = b. 40
40
∑ (2r − 3) = 2 {2(−1) + (40 − 1)2}
r=1
.
hs
50
Find the sum å (3k + 2) .
k =1 Alternative Method
We could have solved this problem using basic laws
Solution
50
å ( 3k + 2 )
at involving the summation notation. We can distribute
the summation as shown:
m
means the sum of the terms of the
40 40 40
k =1
sequence from k = 1 to k = 50 , inclusive. å ( 2 r - 3) º 2 å r - å 3
s
r =1 r =1 r =1
To obtain the first term substitute k = 1 , so
T1 = 3(1) + 2 = 5
as
r =1
()
and T3 = 3 3 + 2 = 11 . This is an AP with a = 1 , d = 1, n = 40 and l = 40 .
The sequence looks like {5, 8, 11, …} Any of the formulae for Sn may be used.
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40
This is an AP with 1st term a = 5 common S40 = (1 + 40 ) = 20 ( 41)
2
difference, d = 8 - 5 = 3 and the number of terms,
S40 = 820
n = 50
w
å 3 = 3 + 3 + 3 + ... + 3 å 3 = 120
w
50
n 50 (40 times). So,
(
∴ ∑ 3k + 2 = S50 = ) 2
(a + l) =
2
( )
5 + 152 = 3925 r=1 r=1
k =1 40 40 40
w
å ( 2r - 3) = 2 (820 ) - 120
r =1
=
50
2
{
2 (5) + (50 − 1) 3 = 3925 } 40
å ( 2r - 3) = 1520
r =1
Example 14
40
Evaluate å (2r - 3) .
r =1