STYLISTICS - Stylistic Analysis * RIGOROUS Rigorous means that it should be based on an explicit framework of analysis. * RETRIEVABLE Retrievable means that the analysis is organised through explicit terms and criteria, the meanings of which are agreed upon by other students of stylistics * REPLICABLE Replicable simply means that the methods should be sufficiently transparent as to allow other stylisticians to verify them, either by testing them on the same text or by applying them beyond that text.Table 1.1 Language analysis and branches of linguistics Levels of language Branch of Linguistics "The sounds and pronunciation of spoken language ‘The patterns and shapes of written language ‘on the page The construction of words from smaller units ‘The words that are used; the vocabulary of a language The combination of words to form phrases and sentences ‘The meanings of words and sentences ‘The way words and sentences are used in everyday situations Phonetics and Phonology (study of phonemes) Graphology (study of graphemes) Morphology (study of morphemes) Lexical analysis, Lexicology (study of lexemes) Grammar and Syntax (study of phrases, clauses, and sentences) Semantics (study of meaning and meaning-relations) Pragmatics, Discourse Analysis (study of meaning in context)+ Syllable a unit of pronunciation having one vowel sound, with or without surrounding consonants. © Stressed ° Unstressed Example : water | 'wota(r) + Prosody - Foot basic repeating rhythmic unit composed of syllables ° Iamb : Unstressed + Stressed e.g above | a'bAv - Meter basic rhythmic structure of a verse composed of feet ° Jambic pentameter Shall I compare thee to a summer's day? Scansion : x f x f/f eae) Shall I | com.pare | thee to | a summ | er’s day 2" Feet * lamb x / * Trochee 1x * Anapest xx / + Dactyl 1x + Spondee // + Pyrrhic x xPoint of View in Fiction Explained First Person 1. Pronouns used: 'I', ‘we! 2. Story told from an individual (or group's) subjective perspective. Example: I look at the picture but don't know the artist's intent.’ Reader sees through the narrator's eyes. Limited Third Person 1. Pronouns used: ‘She’, ‘he’, ‘they’, 'it', other (gender-neutral) 2. Story told from a person, group, or object's perspective. 3. Narrator only has access to what the current viewpoint character sees, knows or feels. Example: 'She looks at the picture but doesn't know the artist's intent.’ Reader follows single character ata time, like a camera. Second Person 1. Pronoun used: 'You'. 2. Has a ‘choose your own. adventure’ effect. Example: ‘You look at the picture but don't know the artist's intent! Narrator tells reader what they see. Omniscient 1, Pronouns used: Same as limited third. 2. Story told from multiple perspectives. 3. 'All-seeing' narrator knows and can share any character's private thoughts. Example: 'She can't tell the artist's intent, but he thinks she's judging his simplicity.’ @ Reader can see from any perspective at any time.Metaphor Metaphor is when there is a comparison| made between two different things which share something in common. E.g. The world is your oyster. : Metonymy is when a phrase is replaced with another which has a similar meaning, used to describe something in an indirect manner. E.g. I remain loyal to the crown. Onomatopoeia is a word which resembles the sound itis describing. E.g.My watch ticks loudly. Oxymoron is when two words in a phrase contradict one another. E.g.The girl next door is pretty ugly. Paradox is a statement which contradicts itself. E.g. Deep down Anna is really shallow. Personification is when an object which is not alive is given human qualities. E.g. My car is areal beauty. Apun isa play on words, it uses a word to give a different sense to the sentence and adda double meaning. E.g. An egg for breakfast is not easy to beat. Simile is a phrase which compares something to something else using the words like or as. E.g. Her hair was as golden as the sun. ___ Snecdoche Synecdoche is a statement in which only part of something is expressed to relate to the whole. E.g. He has just got some new wheel. Understatement is a statement which is made to be less important than what is actually being conveyed. E.g. | only have two million dollars. ESL COMAnaphora Alliteration is when there is a repetition of sound within a phrase or sentence. E.g. She sells seashells on the seashore. Anaphora is when a word is repeated multiple times within a phrase. E.g. He had one apple, one banana and one pear. ‘Apostrophe Antithesis is applying a juxtaposition of ideas which are contrasting ina statement that is balanced. E.g. Man proposes and God deposes. E,g. Come on trousers, you have to fit me, Apostrophe is speaking to an object or item that is not alive as if it were in fact, alive. _Chiasmus Assonance is the similarity in sound between vowels in the middle of neighbouring words. E.g. How now, brown cow. Chiasmus is when two sentences are balanced against one another but with the words reversed. E.g. Work to live and do not live to work. ___ penis Euphemism is the replacement of a phrase which might be deemed offensive by one which implies the same meaning but does not carry offence with it. E.g. Instead of ‘he died’ you would say ‘he passed away. Hyperbole is aterm which uses an exaggeration to add a more dramatic meaning to the sentence. E.g. My bag weighs a tonne. Irony is a statement which conveys the exact opposite meaning of what is literally being said. E.g. The fire station burnt to the ground. Litotes is an understatement which applies a negative to express the meaning of the affirmative. E. }. That dress is not too bad ESL. ColSpeoch Presentation ‘Speech Presentation Categories a. He said, ‘I'll come back here to see you again tomorrow’, (Direct Speech: DS) b. He said that he would return there to see her the following day. (Indirect Speech: IS) c. He said I'll come back here to see you again tomorrow. (Free Direct Speech: FDS) d. He would return there to see her again the following day. (Free Indirect Speech: FIS) e. He promised to return. (Narrative Report of Speech Act: NRSA) Thought Presentation Thought Presentation Categories a. He wondered, ‘Does she still love me? (Direct Thought: DT). b. He wondered if she still loved him. (Indirect Thought: IT) c. Does she still love me? (Free Direct Thought: FDT) d. Did she still love him? (Free Indirect Thought: FIT) e. He wondered about her love for him. (Narrative Report of Thought act: NRTA)