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    G. E. M. Anscombe - Intention-Harvard University Press (2000) PDF

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    Hermano Callou

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    INTENTION » G. E. M. ANSCOMBE SECOND EDITION apg ©9796 by CM Amu CONTENTS "aig ed 5 Pave ne Se of Aci 1 The subject introduced under thre heads: expression of imeation for the fare inteonal acdon, and hig bisa Ep i by asl hh Intention i acting, : Helse Fe pec in 00 freer ieee pen dirdietfpecorepyartnnel | “prediction "and “expesion of intention * ejected foundation for & philosophical acount of exper Soas of intenon. Prediction dened oat to eon Prise orders and expressions of intention at well a ‘stimats of the fare. ‘The fairy of expressions of [tention in the simple fare tense) ing and) ss ality beease the intendon is not eased oat. 5. Useflaess of considering the verbal expression of Intention forthe fate ia order to avoid various dead cds. Uslessness of an intompectve explanation of Intevion. Expresions of intentions diioglshed ftom etimates ofthe future by the json i any, tive for them, 5 4 Ave thete any statements of the frm ‘A intends X* ‘which ean be made with sir certainty? Destiptons (faa asions often detrptions truly sobettale for"XC"in"A lnends X°- Reaoes why we soppore& ‘min the sole sithory on his own intentions, , 1, Intentional setons defined a hove to which «ceria sease of the queston * Why?’ i given application, Difcly of defining the relevant sense ad danger of ‘moving in acre in our explanations of ete for sting and “acon. "I knocked the cap off the tae becrose was stared” gives an anzwer tos quetion Why?" sou something done. ° 6. ‘The question * Why ?"isefased application by che answer ‘I did noe know T was doing that’. ‘The ‘me action can have many deseiptins, in some of ‘hich che agent knows iad in some aot " Ineo “The question ko refed apltion when the action itech bc te cme enol ‘thou eating st solve the very Kind of problem fren dhcoiog, Dice of the oon “in otc” |." Non-observational knowledge" introduced a eg. tbelinowedge one ha of sae of ones own ant, ‘men Toots ao non oewratonal knowledge of ‘Secauntion movement when ay hy eee {iar We cn die oe cht of invohnasy weve tnenewithont begging ay gestion: the seo tmovenent known witout oberatin, bat where thee nao room for sonar wedge of aun eth moss spun one omens bas S2 dropping of o ue. noon Why?" eanver menos ec a aero gusto Why?" aout sa ston, which der nt anon eviene, dw atthe secs give «enon for acing, The ees whee {tes dito dstngosh + ie from © ron tur ett be anes whether oe-obveratonal lnowlelge of he canton ‘This ind of causation label ‘mental causal Menal cae: should be dangled from aes fon ad objet of eligs ‘Adal rominttons wih which pertonacteven ‘hough thse maybe expres in the foun “I waned * Menal etary i notimporaat nel batt ivimporant o make ese datos. Mouves have bern sharply dings fom iten- for by plnopets ted died cu Popuby shaved intone ot odor bot ‘pode wider noon anintetons A meive inno case ‘Among swives ht ae not intetons forthe fare ‘ee can distinguish brweenbackvs ooking moves ike revenge | hled in bash le my ots) age od motivein general (He did it oat of fendsip), Mosive ia genctal can also be called" ineepret Wat disingsishes backward-looking motives frm penal cute? “The notions of good snd haem are Involved in them Tn some cases the diinction Berteen mental case fda teaton i not sharp-—E g."Tput it dowa beease he tad mew ‘Summary of rete reached 60 ft. ‘The question ‘Why? ig not refused application ‘when the answer ise. ‘Porno paticala teson of TT don't know why Paid it. Considemtion of the ater answer, “Te fact tat or no pace reston* ia possible tnvwer to the qucton “Why? about a ation does ot shew that ik answer aways makes see. Bat Shen we spe of far not marking seme, ve mean Tint re cannot understand the man who mp ater Ahan that" form of words i exioded from the language’ The quion ¢ Why?” idened ar one Speci aa ane in she rage we have deeb, ‘Tick cage oe cto doo the Ga of inentioal ‘We do not mention any exes fertureataching 0 a0 scion at the time it 8 done by eling i intentional Proof ofthis by supposing there is uch a feature Discussion whether intentional setons could til have the camacterstic of being itetional although there ‘were no such shing as expression of intention forthe Fava, o farther intention with which one ats. Thete ‘would be no such thing as out verion * Why?" oF Intentional action if ehe only answer were: ‘For 90 parca revo a Ps Citic of the Arison prot of al end fora tenis actions. Sil we can ow sce hat vom tas reasons for acing mst ocr hte fc a ing $s ltendonal son at Discusion of itecon sith which when di ene tiossomeshing fore In ode for it be possible tovay thi an agent dos P in oer tat Q, ve must treat an ackaowiedgement of "Bat if 2 Q wont Japp as incompatible wih his having tha tenion inating 1s thee any description which se decipton ofan inventional von whe intentional ction cus? An trample iiaveted in which o examine te question {mun who moves harm in pumping wate fo elon isha house water spply to ptm te ntaets and Isao doing other things with te pnp handle ete Shine time Any ere desctpons 6 what hei doing Which stily oo eter, ae deseiption of inter ona ations. Arethte ay acne ta many Intentions a hee ae such dsctpins? Diu. If bes pionig the inbabiant is oae of thee descions, when ds he do this? How ‘moving hiram up ani down an sof poston Se inhabits Stpponng the an to know he water wl pion the intabtans,but omy "I dda cae shout ha was ny doing my obo pping this arwer dos noe {a wid the eage of enews to Wy?” by hich we have deed intention ation. Can one determine ac eats by wt oe ye ey ne? The inert af « man’s tenons pat ico hat he sev i = ‘Anewer tthe question of fr. The AWD onder: iC the orderof desipions of anacton a intentional sch ha each tem ofthe vere an be sdf Beas inestion i the action a descibed by the previous ter, and the ait term an iteaton ofthe Sonat Aleibed by she fin any intermedi tras, age “ ” 5s Conzenrs 1s there ever anyplace for an interior act of intention, ‘hich relly determines what is or i not going om Sider the de sucvand-uch t kind of ation"? Further engusy into non-observatioal knowledge. Knowledge of one's own intentional acons—T can fay what | am doing without looking tse But must hee not be two objects of knowledge—what Tama 'doing’ Le. my intention, and what is acealy taking pce, hich can ony be given by observation? Philosophical views on will and iatenion which have ssn rom this probe ‘An example to prove that its wrong to try and push ‘the real lnetion, of act of wil, back to someching Inititing the movements that then take place tempt at oltion by comparing the face which nay {ality statement of intentional aon to the faces ‘hich may make an onde fall tothe ground. Trade {sey ofthis solution, Example of man with a shopping lit: the telation of, this lit to what he buy, and of what he buys toast made by a detective following him. ‘The chascet fof discrepancy between the lst aad what is bought In the evo caret. Te thee sucha thing as "practical Knowledge’ in the tent of ancient and medieval plalosophy? ‘This notion can only be understood by fist under standing what Aritotle lled "practical easoaing ‘The praca! llogism is aot form of demonstration of what ought odo, Iti diferent kindof reason Ing fom that ofthe proof slogism, bu his has Been ‘musunderstood in modetn ome Practical sllogions are not confined to ones dat look parallel to proof syllogism. The suring pint fora piece of pracalressoning ie something wanted, si the Set premise mentions something wanted, ° ” 6 6 6 wn Oceustnce of evauntive tee in ht premise of prc silgime given by Arial Noe evxy Stemene of 4 sesun Tor Acting skews practal rexoning."*1'want” dor noe righty oct inthe premise, bt the Fit premise mise mention some: ‘Bing wanted. Ta he elevan seme of ‘waning “Xin ‘A wats X" doer not nge overall decrable objets ot Sater of afar. Voltton and sense knowledge ant te described independently of one sother Problem of waning «wie and gene of wanting what the gen doe ot even suppor foes yee, \faman wants something, he can aay asked what for, orin wha apt ei desible; ani he gives desirably ehraceiton The queion * What for?” cannot significantly be ‘sted ns coninaton ofthe erie of rch goes, tres desinly cinncnion is tes snchod ‘Th pine ated by sn example! best Nasi fo sfend hs hae out exerting Jews This het nr meta tat te peat easing cant be ‘std so longa ce alco “The act haa desi charceiaton regu dlsnct shew tint ay compare tn eon 82 Senay, Btw ot lilo Comparison of the problem of thereon of “wae tng" good "with hat ofthe elation of udging Toe mack of pol matoing is at tol iat doane fom te ete actos ‘The abrurdty” of sexing pratialreasonings out ia full The point ist describe noe what (psychologic aly) goes’ oa, but an onder; the same onder a3 1 Aesabed a dacussing what the intentional ation” 6 o ~ 6 % “ st Conresrs Conta beswoon ‘the stoves butning "andthe man fe paying his gue bill’: enormous. apparent com- plesiy of * doing inthe ber case Consideration of *1fT do this, this will happen, if that chat” followed by ation: eases in which this 5, find'in whichis noe * practi teasonig Practical knowledge considered asthe knowledge of ‘wt is done in dhe man who direct a project without teeing it Problem: how is his Knowledge, i is ondees noe ge cad ot? “The description of something as eg, balding a hoase rvetiting onthe Backboard employe the concep of ‘human ation, which we have seen to be dened. by react of our guesion "Why?" "The term "intentional ”elts toa frm of drpton of events Tevention ia animals “Many descriptions of events efected by humans a foumalydeserpeion of executed intentions. Elude ton of the notion of practical knowlege Account of “voluntary” action Return o expression of intention for the farur. What ts bea si about intention fa present actin also Apples to frat intention. A pedicon san expres Ben of itention when our question Why?” epples Consideration of I just want to, that’s ll” in regard toa expression of intention for the ftue. Tama not going to—" a8 an expesion of intention, and "Tam golag to—" a8 an expression of bei Canes where they might cur together page % 7 9 ci INTRODUCTION ‘The grester part of what appears here was delivered as a course of ectutes at Osfordin the Hilary Team of 1957. Excerpt, ‘wih sll modications, comprising he dicussion of de der. nee between motive’ intention and" mental exuse"formed Sp Acitotelan Society paper delivered on Jane st 2957. 1 Sm indebted to the Souiety for permission for a sobsantial ‘replat ofthat matter. ‘Tht book attembles the results 20 fat SF concerns ths paula topic, of rereatch begun diag my ‘enue ofthe Mary Somerville Reseach Fellowship Somerville College. Iwish therefore to express my grattde to the Donors More recent Ihave been supported by the Rockefeller Foenda: tion, t0 which an acknowledgment i therefore ao due. [Nott o the Seon Inprston have made few alterations; the only ones of any sia cance ate on pp. 25 8,39 and [Noten Second Eien For this edition 1 bave mide sone small akerations in 852.6. 17 35 and ya INTENTION 4. Very often, when a man sys “Tam going to do suche and-ach we should sy tha he wat an expression of iatetion. We leo somesimes speak ofa action sintetional, and we may alco ask with what itesion the thing was done. In etch ease ‘weemploy concept of intention" ow if we set out to describe this canept, and ook only one ofthese thee kinds of statement ‘containing oar whole opie, we might very ely say things hoor what intention” meant which ie would be false to s37 Inne ofthe otber case. For example, we might sa *Intendon Aloape concerns the forare™. But an acuon eam be intetonal ‘Tihoubelog concerned withthe fture in any way. Realising this might lead ur to say that there are vaious sees of inten tion’, and perhaps thar i thoroughly misleading tha the word "fotenional” should be connected wich the word "inteation' for an ation can be intentional without having ay intention in it. Oratemativly we ray be tempted to think tat only actions dove with ceraia fursher intentions ought to be called inte ona” And we may be iacined to say that “intention has & dliferen sense when we speak of « man's intentions sipliie-— le. what he intends to do-and of his itemion iv doing or proposing something—what he aime atin ie. Bat In fact is Irplasible osy hat the woed is equivocal as i oecus in these deren cases, ‘Where we are tempted to speak of “diferent seses of a ‘word which i clay not equivocal, we may ile that we are Jn fat pretty nach inte ack aboot the characte of the concept which i repiesents There i, however, nothing wrong with Taking 4 topic piecemeal. 1 shall therefore begin my engucy by considering exprerions of intention. 2 ‘The dlstnetion between an expression of itetion ad 1 preicion is geneally appeded to as something iutvely Clee, *Tam going tbe seks usullya prediction; Tam going fo take 2 walk" ‘sally an exprosion of iateaton. ‘The ds Sinron intended i inuitvely clear, i the folowing sense: if 2 Iiersron §2 ay ‘Tam going to fallin thie exam," and someone sy Surely you teats bad at dhe subject as that”, Tay make ay meaning ‘ar by exphining that Iwas expressing a intention, noe giving fn estimate of my chances, 1, however, we ask in pilosophy what che difrence is between eg. "Tam going to Be sick "a ¢ would mor usally be said and "I am going to take a walk’, as would most usually be ad ts noe iuminating to be oid that one i prediction ted the other the expression of an intention. Foc we ate realy fing what each ofthese is. Suppose ie is id “A prediction sa ffatementsbout the fare”. "Thit suggests titan exprestion of Intention snot. Tes perhaps the description expesion—of present sate of mind, a state which fas dhe propeetis dat ‘curate ita an dotetin, Presuiably wat these ae hat Jett be discovered, Bat then i becomes dificult see why they shoald be essentially connected with the future, as the Invasion seems to be. No one is lklyto believe that iti a9 sttiew, «mere fact of peychoogy, tat these sate of led Which ate intendonsalwaye have fo do withthe Tate, in de ‘way hat ii fact of racial prychology, as one might ay hat ‘Bott of the ease historical wadtons concem hele Spare. ‘Kad if you ty to make being concersed with the fat wre lato 1 efning property of intentions, you can be asked what sever fo dssingish this concern with the ature fom the predictive Tet us then try to give some accouat of prediction. ‘The following seems promising: 4 nan says sting with one Jaecion ofthe ve in is sentence; ter tha same thing, only ‘with changed iafction ofthe ves, can be called te fal) In face of what has happened late. "Now by this exteron, commands and expressions of inteation will ato be predictions. In view of the difcutics described hove, thir may not consieete an objection. Adopting » hint from Wirgennicin (Pliuopial Imeriarion if G9-9o) we might then Bs deae prediction in geneal in some sah fashion, and ‘Ben, among predictions, dvungulsh between commands, ‘xptesins of intention, estimates, pate prophecies, ete. The inraively clear” distinction we spoke of turns out to be a istnction berween expressions of intention and estimates. But reson §2 5 ‘single uterance may function 8 moze tan one ofthese Kad UN preicion, Eg. whens doctor sys oa patetin the pretence ttn mre“ Nucl wil ake you tthe operating test ht fay function both as an expression of hi intention (in Fila is dcion oso wha sal happen ges expressed) aed {Su outer, av wel as Slag infomation tote patent: ad tis {his later inspite of being in 0 sense an estimate ofthe forare founded on evidence, nor yet gues o prophecy: aor does he pent normaly fr the isfornation fom the fact thatthe [ctr said that; he would say ta the doctor fold him. This ‘example shows tht the odiative Geepsve, infrratory Samcir isnot the distinctive task of“ preicdons” ar oped fo expesions of intentions me might a ft igh have been tempted to dink Rn imperve will be «description of some fate action asddesed tothe progectve agent, and asin a form whose est inthe langue oe sak the pron do wha deserted Fay ha ths i pine in te nagage, ether than that i {he papose ofthe speaker, pal breate the speaker might of une give sn onder with ome purpose quite oct than at fPihoull be ected (eg. tat fe should mf be executed, ‘thou detent ot being an order. ‘Ereconcondiions for commands cortspond 10 eth ‘onions for propoiions. What sre the seston ote than Nopenble wage for not cling commands toe aed ase ‘coving they te obeyed or diabeyed? ‘hn dee wl sally be pres wth some intention or othe, tyre not at auch the expreson of volition; iis simply ‘ercupion ofan. acton cast inspec forms tis form it {Smetnes a speci ection and sometimes 8 fra tense Shc ha oter ue vel ‘Onder are ually cicised for being sound or unsound rater tan fo being fled ono ule; but ths does 208 tere to ditingish orders from estimates ofthe fra, since he Save may hold for estimates of the farare, where thee a Sclente. Unscentie enimates ae of course praised for beng filled tater than for being wellZounded, as 20 one knows that. a good foundation is for an anscleale etinate—e. poltial‘one). Bur there is difrence between the e7pet of ‘ Ivvesron §2 sound on which we cl anode od an eine of ee fr, {Sand The reson jing anode se nov oes pgeng ‘tis probs tly 6 happens bu ence nei is i Cosh te god fo ont ppen ns vattto t Sie oc wih ave to ood Steve in ted, SSieeich ad espe of emson t oars Tris eal fe fel an ejection bow ling commands sndtocling peo often, predonsntecre ‘Sma he ton les in the peel aetna ot Scie ad i inno ly dipond ot ce ot ‘Som, tpl ganar wos mies in wo wept lags ne common form of espn of tr Sipe arr tenes td inh fe ore ee mat plays dominate any‘chiy aming of Be oor Section ae dxfer ror if do nor Sow eT woud Ts spo thar sade inate, oreren ase bari sce tat {Gotcutofa scm fenton aoa mtr of ny dang sot I. Bot why shold weno sy: tony tows tat Thea oter sms ying wha now, besdes ing nd hp maken? “Rieter, i pole here; an 1 ey wha Kay fc texte of soit, ot forte, {gh era be Iyng saying {wu gg do Sorting hog srs dit soot fo his tht sl na tance comasy to ones mind, and ons mind my he eer soon oF & tind vo make someting the cae! ist lib tn wane Conary o's an does ot ean ta aie port of the contents of nes min m when oe a espont 0 the ‘peg penny fr your though ne might nthe silt do something, dings able om uring the wor And then Ques one at {Ge piso ecg, oe igh che ang Yo mabe ah Nentepopestion" of hot one fad wid For 1 don't do ‘rid ha ad wan toe Chagh ee igh ot ee Sperton of my rans Ia saying) othe ton Sy inc reali’ fei th hs aco doc oot nee Sy topogn what fa In some er te cs a, 0 ‘eh, topopod for sot being in scone wih te wor, Iomeron § 2-5 , athe than sis gra "The sometimes so when I change my Find; but soter ese of i occurs when eT wie something ‘ther thn I think Lam waking: a8 Theophrarssys (apie ‘Monga, the mistake bere ison of performance, not ‘ffi "There ae other ener 0: for example, St. Peet ‘Gh ot coge bo wid about denying Chet and ets ould Sot econ cosa he ae ying promi of fathfless. ‘A command is excaally « sgn (or snl), whereas an imenton can ext without «symbol hence we speak of om funds no ofthe expression of commanding; Bt of he expres incon, ‘This another reson fr the very eater ea {hati ode to undetoaod the expression of ites, we ooght to conser vorething ital, n-what iam expresion of Tir conatnon Ginny wo el rote ing his btn. “The question ariset: what can be te interes f the intention of the man we have deacibed, who wat only doing his usual job, ete? It is censinly not an chia! or legal interest if what fe Sid was tv, shar wl at absolve him from gull af sure ‘We justo inetested in whats tue abouts man in this kod of sway. Here again Witgenrein sys something eran, ia his Tabustion of leas gotg 10" “Why do I wast to tell him about aa intention ro, a swell a telling bie what T did? because T want tll fim something about ms, which goes beyond what happened a tha time, I revel to him something of melt when tell him what I war going to do.—Net, however, on {rounds of seltabservation, but by way of &respoms ( {Bight also be called a ination)” (Philp! Imetiation, $63). Wittgenstein is presumably thinking of a response, ot tection, to the memory Of" tha time"; in the eaten of on interes, We (0 think ofa a reeponse to our special question * Why? 26. Let us now seeuta 0 the question with which we cnded fa: Are we to sty tac the man who (intentionally) moves [is arm, operster the pamp, replenishes the water spp, poisane the inbaitants, in performing for actions? Or only one? ‘The answer that we imagined tothe question * Why? elas it cout that the four deseripions form a seis, A—B—C—D, in ‘which eich deseiption is inwoduced as dependent on the prcviour one, chough independent ofthe following one. Thea E'Bie descipuon af A, C of Band so on? Not tha means that we can see hat “he Is operating the pump” 18 another “ Inerasuios § 26 eseription of what i here alo decribed by “he is moving his fm up and down'—in sch way dats hat what verifies the tates inthis eve, aso vere the forme,’ On the ote hand if te any there ar four ations, we sll find that the only aon that B consist ere i Ayan s0on, Only, more deeumtances Ue reguited for Aro be Bthan for A justo be A. And far more ‘Groomatances for A to be D, tan for A to be By” But these CGteumtances md oot include any patculaly recent acon Gf the man who is maid to do A, BC and D (though we ‘nade it'a cumulative poison, for present purposes we can Soppote chat single pumping is enough to do the eck). In Shor, the only dtinct action of bis tat i in question is this ‘ne, A For moving his tm up and down with hi fingers round the pomp hende in dese cxcumstances, operating the pump; nd, in the sircunances, it replenishing the howe water ‘appl and in these ccumstances, poisoning the household. So here is one action with four desrptions, each dependent ‘on wider cumstances, and each elated to the aca desertion ‘means o ends which means thet we can speak equally well of forr cocresponding intentions, or of om intention—the last tern that we have brought in inthe sexes By making ide se term s0 far brought in, we have give it the character of being the inenion (eo far dacoveed) Sib which dhe actin its odhet ‘dsexptions was done, ‘Thos when we speak of fou tention, ‘weare spenking of dhe character of being intentional that belongs to the actin each ofthe four descriptions but when we speak fof one intention, we ae speaking of intention tb shih the las tern we give in sacha erie gives the intention wid which the act in each ofits other desrptione war done, and this Intention wo to speak swallows up al the preceding intentions tub which eat meter ofthe series were done, The mack ‘fths “allowing up is that itis ot wrong to give Das the Sawer co the question ‘Why?’ about Ay A’ belag done wid Bas intention does nt mean tht Dis only indice de inten- tion off iT pres on something which s presi on some- thing which f prening agaist a wall, Tam cal indvetly Pressing agaiat the wall If D is given 2s the answer 0 the SGuestion "Why? about A, B and Cean make a appeance in Shower to a questo “How? "When terms are tasted in his horenton § 26-87 a fashion, they constitute a series of mean, the lst term of which 1, jase by beng piven asthe ast, sofa ented as end "tem filing outside the tees A~-D may be a term in another sei with some of the members Ay B, C in tr for trample ifthe man ir beating ou the hythm’ of God Save the King in the clicking of the pump. ‘The intention of dang 30 ith which he moves his arm ap and down ist "swallowed up” by the intention of D (Desting out that shyt Is not hw he pumps the water); and the mat of thi i that if the question Fviy are you moving your atm up and down?” recrives a3 soswer “To click out the shytim of God Save the King the Soswer to" Why? asked about #i action doesnot lad to D. "Another impliction of ‘what I call ‘swallowing vp” ie that nothing define has told about dow mary terms we put ‘berween A and D; for example, inthe imagined eae we dd not ppt in fem aking the wate Dow along the pipes, which {et would take its place in the sven if anyone thought of asking ‘the question "Why?" about it 27, Is there ever a place fo an iteio at of intention? 1 suppove dat the man Timapined, who wid *T was only doing ‘2 unl Job’, might Gnd’ chi formula and administer i Fimeelt inthe’ present tense at some sage of is activi, Homerer if he doe this, we notice thatthe question immediately stivers with what intention does he do it? This question would Always wise about anything which was delibentely pecformed fan "act of intending. The answer inthis case might be "So {hat I don't have wo consder whose side Tam on Thus the lnvecior performance hat not secured’ what yow might have thought, aamely thatthe man's neon in pumping the water i= just ding his oral fobs stella new ston, te cicking out {he thythm of God Save the King an the pump. Tei in fac aly If te thoughe “I'm only doing my usual job" ie spontaneous father than delibernte tat ite ocearence har some face value ‘elevance to the question what the man’s intentions really ae ‘Aad when spontaneous, ix aabjectto thor tess forteutfuless, ‘whieh, ar we sate applied 0 the sume form of words given fran explanation afer the event; and piven that survives all the same enteral tet, ie comes under the eae st deter “ Inesrion § 37 ‘mination: ‘In ond ony you cA know whether hat is Your Tinton oc nor tat mea ong there omer plat wire a ‘hun can oy "This ony iteadon'y and no ove ee can one tribucanyting to sete the matter (Redoes norman te when fe says Ths is ay intention" he 18 evincng 2 koowledge tall only t hin. Tes hee “knows "nly means "an Uns inde we fnapine ace where could be sud he ‘gt tos wis ftenton, but bec cat that he oat SmEned) The only now poality would be one of cing Some obvious gente rection by ying sad things 2 (© five rude capi) Well shen you wont be much interested {O haar da he poton is old and woo' work's ot “Thea you ‘Mont be ching n stein reat sum with whieh someone ‘Vth to reward the conspctor'. This sor of thing it of Tours tock way of binging out pretences, often met with i fRemture= te deat man tio ears cletly what he ought fotos nie pets ao dou deed by Sled Poychologie detectives, Dut thee comes poi at w TED or percologic detectives has no erteria for is own success. For, afterall probing questions may lad « man to Pecend somthing new, intea! Of revealing what wat shere en). So perhaps po concrete inference ato mnie of fact ‘hich ire quae snpiy tenable ca be Grn rom he detectives ericss Guemay jr tat the Veni ing; the the man who [ies ths "nig Bat, a Wingentein pot (Papel Trig, ps8 he consequences ere ae of + ius Hd ‘The ference of tse tat one hat’ wonld be # die ensequence orf you want" consequence tb mean inference, the uuncs a selafonhis with eter in he pot that you il ‘pect tie runt have ley the amophere Between hn sd ‘fo and ae ings. ‘We an imine av neti which sa porely ise mater cyttnes changing the whe character of extant A ‘Suemprocs ought nigh cater ame’s mind 0 that he east {ib polte and afectonteheaviow 0 vomeone on spurl ‘ucion only ironies, wou there bing any eater ign ‘tus or pss he dd not vate to give any onward ie) “Tere seed not be any speci sory, oe ay comequency in the light of which an owe once cold see the forms af emer § 27-8 ” Metin a izoiclly meant fr as fa at concerns history iti sways pose to find hinge to espte in people without aay ‘ery special story lselng in contempt on thie oration; and therwarshemighechangehisnind, think oft epaode aan odd Shevation, and hever tara farure ocssons into a development fof Let ox sppore tat the thought i hie mind it "you sly Tide evil” Now hereto, iti aot enough that these words should een to him. He his #9 mean them. This shews once ‘more, that you cannot take any pesformance (even an interioe pesformunct) a lf an act of imention; for f you deren Devformanes, dhe fact that it as taken place Is Sota proof of {ntention; words for example may occu i somebody's mind ‘without his meaning the So intention is never a performance {in the mind, thoagh in tome maters «performance inthe mind ‘hich is seviusly mane may make a dilreace eo the correct Account of the man’s action~eg. in embracing someone. Dut ‘he mates in quertion are neoeailyoner in which outward ‘cts ae sigaiean a some way 28, We mut sow look mote doy into the formula which ‘ast comtnly ocd in tis inveiaon: known wit ‘obserstion ‘This had ir fist application to the poson of ‘ones mbes cern moverent sich athe uel spn {nig seep I is aot exinary posse to Bod saying that shows one that onc eg is bent. Ie may ndced be hats Iecate one hat sessone tat one knows ths bat Unt does ‘ot mean tat one knows by idnfying te sensations one ha. ‘Wid he eter ener ally pouble odo thie. Tren hat if «san eye be rw aan atttog Ino oa ple teard someone toning ences, o fen tec cling ores ipo tut at wheter he migudged a penance, 4 sound, ora fering; atin, we can sy: Loci he pcs ‘What oa sar and fprodace ana fet of which be tay) "Yes tht ot eel be, what Ts ana Tad an be oe of mote ha hts andthe tame with the tod o the feng tn ow en ew Ee god pa | ed Sera gees eS greater pol SEE mat ne nnd Ke ay ag ad © Ierenon 628 ‘But with eg the postion of one's Ln tis there than with the cnr ence aan nye tat hs eg i ere when fs Ting song ot would be icorsec to say at he had mi jadged anne Kinesis ppeatnce san sparc of his tee ent when in face wie as appearing to hn was bis leg seca out (he topits cera adel one eerving Filer dscasion; es however, sucha dvcasion would be out Of plas), This consideration sting scorers, 204g to any saying ta ocaly one dot so kaow the potion at tnovemeat of ones lnk by oberon Tn coping into intenoal acon, howeve, Ihave wed this formula quite genni, andthe fallowing objection will ter ltl have ochre tos render *Kaown without ober Tou’ may very well bea sable frmala for koowledge of the pontion snd morerent ef oe imbs, bat You ave spoken tf alnentonl cont ang unde it cncepe. Now emay fetta one pins wll yelow, menting to do so. Bat XE schonabie to ay tat one "Kiows wie stnction™ ing twa elow?_ Aad all foral sos of aioe bat, ata eked wer 207 pet ‘yond tat of bly movenens 7 Ty rel atte topic ofan tention may be mater oo whl! BEE I tnevtedg oo opinion toed on ebro, IMlerencs hearsay, sapesiton r anything tae kaowicige ot Spin Cer ee fased ony or agin tne bn which an opinion SPIRO sethout any founduson sea When hnowlolge oe ‘Oplion ae peat conerning wet is he se and what can bappen-ny 2—if one docs cenain ting? say ABC, den i Penal o have the inion of doing Zn ding ABC; ad if Uz ce one of knowledge or if the opinion i comer, hea dig or cing Z's an intentional ston, ad He tot bY ‘tects at ine known on dln 2 in 0 ft one iS Sinereings inferring ett actualy taking place ones nowiege notte knowlege ta aa has fs intents felons By te knowledge tat san ha of is itetnal Seer eg eee een hein ves keoag Ieresriow § 28-29 ” stions I en the knowledge that one denies having i when shed eg. Why ae you singing that bell?" one replies" Good. Teaven Tdidnt ow Twat enging it” "Tis is dice Say Igo over tothe wiodow and open it Someone who hears me moving cls out: What ae you doing ‘making that ive? T reply “Opening the window” T have Called wach a statement knowledge al slong; and precisely [ectuse ia soch a ere what Tae true—T do open the Window ad that means thatthe window isting opened by the mover ‘ments of the body out of whose mouth those words come But I doa’ sy the word Uke thi: "Let me es what in thie tbody bringing about? Ah ss! the opening ofthe window Or even lke thie Let me sce, what ae my movements benging shout? The opening ofthe window To sce ths, i i snot Slredy pai, contrat this ave withthe following one: T open the window andl focuses a spo flight onthe wall. Someone ‘eho canno eee me bo can sx the wally ape" What ae you doing ‘making that light come on the wall? and Tsay “AR ye 8 ‘pening the window that does ir’ of “That aways happens ‘when one open that window at midday if ee un is sini” 49, The dicuty however is thiet What can opening the window ‘be except making suchandsuch movements with ‘ichand-roch a result? Ad in that case what can bwin one ir opening the window be except Knowing dat Oat i aking lice? Now if eer are roo nay of knowing bere, one of which Tall knowledge of one's intentional action and the other of ‘which Teall knowledge by observation of what takes place, chen Ist there not be two bis of knowlege? How ea one speak of two diferent knowledges of exer the ame thing? it fot that there ate two descriptions ofthe same thing, both of ‘hich ate Keown, as when one knows that someching i red and that its eoloued; ao, here the description, opening the ‘window, is iene, wheter it is knowa by observation ot by fs being one's intentions action. Teh the tthe diicly of tis question that has led some people to sy that what one knows as intentional ation x aly the intention, of posibly also the bodily movement; and thatthe est kaown by cbieriton tobe there which wat e Invennon 529 tho wile in he ntetion, Dut that ia mad acount; fr the Setybnse tan give oiling” isin which Tigh sae orching and il to move. People sometimes Oat one fn get ones am fo move by so act of wil bu ot «many tec hey mean Willa natcbox to ove and woe he taswes ts AFT ily sen to move Batwa, i woo sand iPikey sean can move my arm but aoe he machbox the thiwc int {can move te enchanting ene “Antberfi reno of ecape ia toy Gat ely on das menses! tose wine tink Tam dong. gi T ak Tam moving my toe, bu is at actaly roving hen 1 nt moving my te fna crn ese an for what een, SF cute Iver any consol over dha exp inane tees The ctl lg uous as gone n in te ad ‘ithe seh we Td epi Tims tis ca gnc of nes unk wus Winget’ ‘hough in Trane when be wooe: "The word de: pendent of my wil and “ven what we wih were ales to happen, cis seul only bos pace of itor rinse any Wogial cone Trion rece wil andthe word tar would gariies {his tnd fore presumed physical onze, we ant vil et” (575 6370 “That stony asa ito cat ling wil betel Zn dun this socng apps to the Secrecy te wil Hence Witgentin rom in his sooo a as tines Tam comply powers och reset. ori oting grote ta the window ges opened when opel te widow equally aot iEzgustctat my toe move when ave my toe" 0 be tal thing tn dcr happen omy neon bat wheres at {0 be found? I mean hat fa veil? fom in Sorte? Andi soy what guaran ta do fom the words ar intend? forthe fomelaon ofthe words alan inesional et Andi te ncaton hsm vhie that guna teeth hat thee eft fort be bara bombo fa waeuan? mye forme, a conieing thee problems ase out sich fers 1 what hppa, Tht toy, when he Irannion § 29-30 s exertion of what happens is the very thing which 1 should ‘ay I wat doing, den ther i no distinction between my doing hd the thing's happening. But everyone who heard this formula found it extremely paradoxical and obscure. Aad I think the reason i thie: hat happens most be ven by observation; bat have argued that my Enowledge of what Ido nor by obsere- ation. Avery cleat tnd intererting ese of this a in which That ny eyez and write something: Lean sy what Tam weiing ‘And what | say Tar writing wil alos always in face appeae on the paper. Now hee i isle that my capacity to say what is ‘weiten is noe desived from any observation. Ia pescice of Docs the man wart to have something to ell hs own, and ‘more? Now it the soply isp Phonics have rag tat thing ean bean bjt of dete so cer cam be no ted for fret care thee oe ar emchow ere merely {S happen hat I wan thems then ie fas aoc ‘Beteannota any any get? Fcc cxly go fer objects tate ace each her and keep then eat ims peshaps he then vigorously pete them frm temoval tthe hs ala beplaing to make sense hese ae Ns pomesson he waotd to ot them he maybe i,t Ne "Fantini tcopaabe a such, Sob can sy pepe Twat 1 uaverof ud’ Now saying I want's olen Way to be flven something; so when athe blue someone yf wants pin and denies wang or anything tu suppor we pve Ei an see wha he does wth i fie ake iit oy be fei aod ays Thack you. My wants geod bet Chat does he do with the pin? the pts doen and forges about in what sense was ref say that he wate apn? He wed {hese word te eect of which was tat he was ren one, bat thet resion fate we tay he wanted pin rate than fo see XE we would ae he rouble ope hin oe? Tels ats mete ater of wa is olin the way of wants tod what snot. Ie oe all cles wat meant say he tan spy waned pin, OF cour if hei cael vay to ‘Sty the pla fais baad thereat, orale Fors tine, we ony fecupe sys eally ened tat pin. Then porkap Oe Entwer to What do you want # for?! may be fio cmny ‘Sour with me's a 4 an tay want a ack. at hee theve Jr foiee chaacerstians "I don't fel comforsble tithout ils plat to bave one" ands on. Tosny" Tn Want dhs" without any cateiation to deprive the word of tenses fe insists on hvng the thing we wnt to know what "ing ount "Tice Arion’ sets “should site“ plese” ctarsctttions of what they apply to as dsb Sach 2 ‘Sncsctrintion bas the consesucice dato father ueniont ‘ht for ling cocci o occuring in pre, n Iensmos § 375 ite any answer, We fave sen that a least sometines Sseripcon ofa object wanted is subject to sucha question, i Sch! question shout the decom does rere an a {Th thea willbe why Anse’ sformea he pests sive’ sch fie premises. “sist ives ut 4 fuser praca splogizm when he senate "a man may know that ighe meus ze digestible and ‘SHotsowe but act tooo which meats are Hight" Here the ‘esrgtion ‘digestible snd wBoleaome "might seem not to bea pure desiablltycharaceiation. Bet sine wholesome means [ood forthe heathy and ea is by dition the gn general ‘ne of the physical ongenib, the characterisation Sv adequate Tor'a proper fis premise and docs not need tobe eked out by, 4), "heath sa human good "(e wuolog). 38. Let us now consider an acral cae where a desis _chaacteriation give anal answer tthe ere of «What for? ‘Suestons that rie about an action. In the present nate of Philosophy, it seems necesary to choose an example which 5 ot obsated by the fact that total approbation on the part of the wer or render i called into phy for such approbation is Infact relevant to che logical features of practice reasoning ‘but fs eve, ic ay sem t ply &sigaican pare The ‘at, being prety well universal esecated seem to provi us with stale materia Lets suppose some Nazis caughe ia a teep in which they aze nue to be bled Tey ave » compound fal of Jewish childen nas them. One of them select ate and fut setting up a oar. Why thir te?—Any ste with sche feds chaeaccristes il do, and his has tem. Why st wp {he montr?—It isthe best way of ling ofthe Jewish chden Why hill of che Jeuish chldeen2—e Bete 2 Nex if be must fi, to spend his let hour exterminating Jews (Lam a Nasi ‘his ie my last how, here aze some Jews) Here we have arived Str desiablity characterisation which makes an end of the ‘questions "Wha for "Acetate would scem to ave held that every action done by rational agen was capable of having its grounds eet forth wp {ora premise containing a deseably carateisntion; anda we Ivrexion § 38 have seen, thee is «resonable ground for ths view, wherever there is aeulton of means to ends, oF of ways of doing what ‘one wants todo. Of cue fan ira desirability charcteration too, or plentnt: Suceand-rch Kind of thing fx pleasant ™ ‘soe of the possible fast premises. But canor pleasure be aken in anig? Teal seems eo depend on how the agent fees about fet" But on it be taken in aajeiag? Tagine saying "T want Tin" and when asked why, saying "Por fun"; or Beane af the Pleasure oft". One would be asked ro givean account making it tease dimly plasile that thete wat pletore here, Toes baled, pethaps wrongly, chat there could be nn such thing 5 plesure tn mere erty, simply in another's seins but he ‘tas nce 2 wrong ss we a Hil to think. He wat wrtog lo Suggestiog tha cuce had to have an end, but ie does have «© Inave a pont. To depict thie plerure, people evoke notions of power, of perhapr of getting one's own back on the worl, of fertape of sexe excement. No one acods to surround the pleas of food and dik with such explanations, ‘Arete’ pecfeations foe the ation of «etional agent do not cover the ese of “I just diy for no partir reson” Tat there this anower i genuine, thee is no caution, aed thee ore no intermediate press (ke ‘Any site with auch-and-such craters wil be asultable one for sting up my moras", Sd" Thiss the est way 0 kl of She children) shot which press the question * What for?” So we may note, a we have ‘one, that tis sort of action for no pace sein’ exists, fad that hee of cours there it no desiablitycharactecstion, tht that does aot shew thatthe demand fora dessblity char tertation, wherever dere isa purpose at al, is weony, "With Te bets a Nes if he us let spend his ast hoor ‘exteaminatng Jews’ we have then reached aterm in enquiring fivo that parla oder of teatons to which Aristotle pave the ‘name pric’. Or again: we have reached the prime stating point and ean ook no farther. (The question * Why bea Nasi?" {nots conination of thr eres; i addreres ite to one of the particular premises) Any premise, i rely works a8 8 fat premise ina bi of“ race reasoning’ continn a desrp tion of something wants but withthe sncrmediay premise, ” Iorenon § 38-39 the quetin ‘What do you want tat for?” arises—nt at last ‘we mach the desirability characterisation, about which * What do you ware that for? does not arise or if eis asked has not the ‘Same point, as we sa in de "suitable food "example. ‘Ba in saying ti, do nota all mean to suggest that there is no soch thing as taking exception to or agul agaiat dhe fest premise, o its being made the fst premise. Nor am T ‘Dinking of moral dissent fom it; T pete to leave that oat of Account” But cheze are ocher ways of taking exception (0, oF ‘iscatiag fro ie. The fat eto old the premise flses as + ‘icin sng hold false Aristotle’ views ca dy food Tk doer Indeed bet Nex to exerminate Jews, the objector may 5, but there is a Nazi sarament of dy whichis what eally bets 4 Nasl if he i goog to die, and as die frit. Or agin the ‘jectoe say deny that it bets a Nasi ae such to exterminate Jews a all However, Boob these denials would be incoeect, So we may pass quchy on to othe forms of demure. All of these adie the truth of the proposition, and al but one oppose the desir of wha it mentions, rely todo what beits 2 Naz Inthehour of death, The one ht does ot oppose isays:* Yes, that bes « Nas, but 2 equally does suchand such? why aot ho something falling wader #r deception lasted, namely.” ‘Another saye:* To be sare, buta thi momen lope al jreret Jn doing what bef a Nasi". And yet another say While that oes indeed bee a Natit is nt ite necessary for hm odo it [Neslam docs aot shuns requis a man to sai to the wtmos, {stag inhuman as tat a, Js ule compatible with being a food Nasi to give yourself over to sot and render thoughts of ‘Your home, yoo family, and you fends, to sng our songs and to dink the health of those we love”. If any of thee con- Sdertons work on him, the particular practi sllogie of out ‘riginal Nei fas, though not on account of ay falsehood inthe premise even acceding to hm, or on ecoune of any fale ia His practic ealelation 49. A (formal) ehial argument againe the Next might perhaps oppose the notion of What a-man ought to do” to SRS nee Iremnion $39 ” the Naas orginal premise; setting up a potion from which it followed incidentally that it did not best 2 man co be a Nash Hace a man ough not todo what bat a Nas Of cote itis ‘merely seademie 10 imagine this: ifthe man with the moe ‘bjeton were clever he would adopt one ofthe thre ast men= tioned methods of opposing the her, of which the fst one ‘would very lkaly be the Bests But the following (vague) question Froften seed in one fom or another if desirably character tions are required in the end for purposive action, then most not the ones which rele to human good a such in contast with he food of fm sae or shopkeepers) be in some obscure way ‘compulsive if believed? So someone who gets these right mt be good; oF at least (logically) mu eke a course within a ceria ‘ernie range of be ashamed.” Some such idea too lis atthe ack of the notion thatthe practical syllogism seh “Byil be ou my good" is often thought to be senseless in some way. Now all that concen us bere is that "What's the good oft?" is something that can be asked unt desialiy ‘aration hasbeen reached and made ineligible If then ‘he annwer to this guerdoa at site stage ia"The good of iis Shar is bad’ ths need not be unnteligible; one can go 08 to try ‘And what ie the good ots being bad? "Yo which the anvwer might be condemaation of good as impotent, savich, and orion. Then the good of taking evil fy good i my intact berry in the unstmlsvence of my wil. Bow ef mal goed is multifrm, and all that is tequted for out eoncepe of gancing’ is thar a'man should ace what he wants nde the aspect of some good. A collection of bits of bone thie inches Tong if fir a man’ objec, i something we wnt to hear de paniee of before we can undertand it ar a0 abject; it would be ‘Mecatioa to sy "One can want anything ad Appr to want this and infact a collector does not tlk like tat; noone talks like that excepe inition and to make an end of tedioat ‘questioning. But when a man aims at healt o pleasut, then the enquiry * What's the good of i?’ is not a senable one. As for ‘eatons agsnst 4 maa’s making one of them his principal sim; and whether there ate orders of hamaa goods, eg. whether Some are greater than others, and whether if this fe 90 8 man 6 ersron § 39-42 feed ever prefer the greater tothe les, and on pain of what; {his question would telog to ethics, i there le sucha sence. ‘AI that Tar eonceened to ague hee is atthe fat that oe

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