ee ee Haasan te .STRONOMICAL .LGORITHMS ean MeeusPoblished by Wilimano-Bel Ie PO. Bax 8025, Rion, Virginia 20235 Comyight ©1901 by Willaann-Ba ae int Bogieh ition Allright eerved. Except fo brie passages quote in rele no par of "sok ay bereproduced by ny esha, pogo csc provi, nor may Te be stored ls any information reevalsystm, tae ted, otkerwise copied or pubic or pat un without the wate besmation af the ples: Reuter peomsion eth ireaton ‘hot be adresed to Peemsions Department, Willann al ne. P.O. ‘3902, Rickman, VA 29238, ubeary of Congress Cataloging n-Pablication Duta ‘Astronomieaalortbins/ Jean Mews Int nr arn aint sn nae Age Te Sh dean 12501 ‘cP 9495 06 07089876 543, wee seems es Foreword People who write their own computer programs often wonder why the mie ‘Moon phase, Sometimes they insist, bewildered, “an I used double pet ‘on too” Even commercial software x sometines iced th gon, wich comet quite = shock to eujone cought up i the mpi aad Prsuaedinalliy of computers. Good techuies ea lp w ac {ronenar ros from fed Progen or sms procedure ad {Hewat thie book labo othe Sed of eesti calculations, Jean Mesut har enjoyed wide a= clan al epee since long before mictocouputers and pode! ealelars Srpmed en the marit. When he brought ov ha Astronomia Fos: lt for Calultors in 1879, it was pracialy the only took of is gee Tt cueklybecana the “ours wong sarees” oven oe ole wees i Hee Any af tom haem warmly acknowl thir dat (rsa fw), tng the usparled clarity of is ntraetions an the ral is ‘Aud now thie Ragan mtronomer hs outdone hima yt sexi! Wir tally very previous handbook on celestial exeulatons (incuding town ‘ast wort) was fore to ayo erie forthe Sun loom, se ns "at wee developed i the ast contury—oF at least bere 120. The ast 1D years, tomeve, have sen a stunning revlon in how the wom Joc nertoros produce Us imac The Jet Propalsn Laewary In Caldera and the US. Naval Obeermtory in Washiton, D.C. sae perce powell ew machine method for tolling the los od {Srectna of Udi wii the sla ate Ab the ste ns Ps he Burau ds Longltdes hasbeen 4 Becive of atv aid wt eserbing ‘hese tations anally in the form of explicit aquaions- Yet il tthe fa of hla oxding work ave rma sly cut ofeach of ordinary people, The detals have existed manly reds ‘ignite ape in fo comprchensible only to Uelarest ray,husa oe ‘Stcirole But Autonoma Algorithms change al that, With hi spitlac fr computations of al wrt the author hae mae the tnt "hse moder teeniques avalable ow al ‘We aly stand al a confusing crstoads for astronomy. Te just the tae dow yuns the International Astonia Union ho ted ee shange ithe reference fue sed forthe coorlnates of eesti ob Jets both wnt and far beyond ut snare. So meen ce thse "vious that a highly respected work fr professional tonamers the Br ‘planter Supplement tothe Atronotca! Ephemera, publabed io 1861, yoru nt Ser Wile ed jroo ry ‘fell papers Use sues, the book youre holding wow is te fs to ofl suit and practi ethos for coping wt the changeover I “onvertit te new yet, and snore win ted a etl derstand. ing of a's going on will apprecstethis books many comments aot otwoes "J" and when pled before an spc ie 200.0 Serely uy formule preseted witout a fly worked nunc ccample ao erica to the debusting poss. The eps trough om tsting on the proper arrangement of formal, and on oot Paring ‘ins nich wo of hs sort, roving tof the ats ln experience ‘ith vaio computers and tal languages. He wets us to ater pitas Tivo the teat Anpune wt etch the path f= my fe Instance, soon encounters Kepe's equation. Tt asso vexed astroners ner the year tat Hterlly reds of latins bw bes props the Whenever Tread abou interpolation tecaique, as in Chapter 3 Pa {cgmat stir in the spring of 973, and thon i lot observ dn ith * laeluster performance, But this comet sho taht oe an Ipertnt emer points noticed that i war sung 1 pas ery eat the Sun ded several iterpoation schemes in hopes of fing out what the ‘Set tie and isu nance mld Ach So my ourpin hy ‘iliaed to give an srawer matching what ras precy obvious ora 9 Sart! Render of this hook ean sve hemes slr sean ty ‘When bet aot ay wring or conducting seminars on comping tt nique, ees ie tome tl fan astronomical pote with rosa, ‘realy fh sre aleuaion tat hax ner ds Bete (One ae h about the dates the part and fre wen the Mom sks be ha erent a table much ike that gen in ble 48. ots ‘Dok. He ator coud tht thie earalation od tae 129 hry ts 'HP-85 computer, eoneimng, 12 Uilment-hou flay. ‘On another octson Theard about» progatn tat was nc oo ler forthe mata eompiter he war tata the tte Soe eve a ‘seme to aod storia the vst marher nf refit in tho smpaer Hite memory is Fitran program siply read and rewound the save mgt tape 319 tne a tbe cu of geting ebb tae ephemeris Be sought. No problem, except that she emt ton oer {ers began to tbe otic, getting tly peur “Acronomiclcleultions have a vain fury, Ome saree) forsee tn the person making therm AS Yong ego a6 196, forex, Mess Ted tn article in the Brith Astronomia! Asotin Journal cant Mars op 198 Ray 1, be explained they should be abet sth low fate of Barth pass dveeiy aera the fae ofthe Sun Amon i oes teas the sinc Retion witr Afi Cloke. who lator incmpute he falelations ine shor story, Transit of Barth ‘he pee tls tee tnt mrad othe ea plane, he Barty manag fo wis this eva Inefire his oxen supply eins ot Many ofthe topes in this book ze targeted at sco aber ef the sly: This: Chapiet 1 cau tp priest ts ops ‘yok on the Moon, fr any ate and tne. Observes often wa oe the exact moments when sunlight wil jst lace cos pasiclrtae, ‘ean il, © peal loping nar douse, Uva ger beng oa fr telscopic wcrtiny, making subtle ef ta ut beter thn he GE NASA dscup space photogs. ‘This pe aa np es the nb ur 4. i PLE Chaper&8 olds a special treat for studs f Jupiter, Fie che ‘simple mathod for lating the four fama aan, ute unt ar *denifying them in our own telescope oon historical drawings bo ‘nm of Galo. Then ces second ot of forainc ef the etme ce cy, Here the computer hbbrist can ae 2 fl ay, rating coun seh not only for ordinary satelite ips and transits but als et ‘he muta eveats eines oat auaite and ater Astonony reat ‘ve bees li in foreasting these datnatie events that any ther ve oe keep acide, For hing the Jovan ten by the gent hatin! almanac fice “ ter msl topes i fi He the thd in Cape 3‘vow cauliton, forthe very sve cme wp in eto dings about» ‘atary-old murder ial involving the Hass hmyer aad san tobe US. ng testimony about the Mon and it en along wt toc he ‘ras or te ures. Some suggested tht incl e lmyer forthe de fas, may have tampered with an alana Not we 1900 os hs cuss situation explazed, abd Litcoln's integrity wpb, when Doz W. Oso Sod Thsel! Dob utc suteshing ute tu sow the Mon he mg in question: 1857 Atgast 28. AS ay ar of he bk can nm frm, the Moon hd fr southerly delnaon that gt, meaty te ost ‘strane val pol in to 186 year cee a this mstence Mae Ue time of moonst appear quite at od with te phase Hes abet Insane o astveomesstpplg ning te opel haowlee ad ‘leans to hte om» Ingateding posto hitrane ‘We aw ie na tring tine fr partons of tena ranching sa. The for fueron pocket ealesitos that were so costly 20 Yeas soe {fe now incorporated as rimmice on cotan written The emery ‘apuity ofthe TK RARE board i the ponerng MTS Altair microm, Due exceed BOD yw sale cit ome of toa apa a otek computers. Who Knows wat oer rarest abe? BY Drsetig these attonowsal algorithms in standanratheraticl wot, on, rather the nth orm f progr cng hen ude tet coma to ues of «wide variety of machines end compater langues Tnataing toe not 96 veto Roger W. Sinnott Shy 8 Pelee ganas Introduction eens 38 19, wo erate the Carat (Betgian) edition of our At accscelariy the tdoption of the now skantacg'opuch S000 oC ease” ions aed sles and he must have aufficlent Samwlagge ef CS ee ott en rte SSR ence Wainy cea seonu, or Le this a Tenthok op mtheeat tes 't nquel’ fot meee Suite ta ete Ts Siued Eo ata eM la pee ‘Henacane Bue we coneet AISLE only, there ave fo mary versions ‘speesbody without atking’ the ntcetenry changes, Brery calculator Sea ee RAN SSN MOET ue Esereierres anaes setin'Day{ohaede ste eal= ‘stan onepeee yeep cine (Gtr ity and flaeiy he" Biefapte {9 ‘aned Cloth). Elenenes aod foeslae abut transis of Morey sod The latter two Books aru published by Witlmana-Belly tne yuan, “Tealy) tah BT Grae) ad Sore Gietasueh, fan's sates wate Sd a Contents ihe farallactic Angle. = : dagulac Seperation scvssscctonceecsoe a Planetary Cnjucetiona ss icneeiicd Ioperent Hace st # Stat Mtl of tipi ounce foe oe hut lnonot aot Seles me 7 Wbenerts for Physical Observations of the Sun sssSome Swawous AND ABpREVIATIONS ot ae fat aChapter 1 Hints and Tipsual(eA HERRssn, Nes | Chapter 3 Interpolation,ASTROICAL ALGORITINS4 staroisin cans ptorae on cnpen (2 gums iany ‘int at etn States the sigh ar piaimes Pat aet at at et aaa we a tence tne, format (2.0 et yy. 122272b sates ast of con eee er fe a eam ea Imterptain with unequalyspacea aDsisae ree aoe Pe mere 12. bm 150, sy 22 Pint Sida oF ven pots = +; 3 er (2) THEN PRINT THIS VALUE GFX mA aan Teac ise! Soo up na PRINT ORM OIA x Fan wna atin = + Ba wana ssTeONONCAL GOREN aa cL En i ae Wah of oe ‘The snpeeeion (2.13) 12s polyno ef Ggeee = 1y and £1 vo COSHH + © SEHR B ES oy eBeR Get ay BEBE sth wo spinon eieso pede sme eae an) Chapter 4 Curve Fitting igh line, an exponential, polgeonial, a Loge eutwe, sual sgn Ee ear iessriaum Sire iy ae thick 8 sm ‘corresponding to the values Mr Figure 1ae SURE UPSe eR OR eRe eRe Se SS ee ee ee ee ee: sense nee mi Example d= vow praverevereveres a Chapter 5 IterationSTROMA ALGRTTINS‘Ge hapeee 3):10 DEF FARIA) © Hetse +7) » hze vans) vesrmg) Chapter 6 Sorting Numbers36 astRonocAL ALORS SIMPLE Sont Pie ‘nen ee Be fay Shey 1 1b) =4 fe ar 1 BETTER Mo fae ict tana He tol Hp fet be tor 0 PPK} HEN men(D) sea Beg ABI) = nO)=W Hapa 38 ESS QuieKsoat we on 02), ie SEPA naan Bia 20, Ho ta/tt-asiea 32 aol 0 ia Ine THM 80 Mg EG)t sac =k Fapluny for taryer values of Wy except for the QUTCESOR algorithm SPE star BETTER QUIESORT ee a me ms ee = aChapter 7 Julian DayBeng Yebraary 7h, then in fects (hits here's ere | a Hot When ie 2 given year leap year? 1p 2p fal clr, Catettion ofthe Calendar Date from the 10 a= wr (25 J8216.25 : sammy = mmr gti) >= um(s65.250) ee mtae he oct (wlth decimal) i then B= = IeGsosoute) +P ate gti ater sha fom (7-0. 6MEAG Rese ease eee ae eee en Ono. alo mt Sed Chapter 8 Date of Easter weet AED) 4 30a meee Fi 5 i ees tea as tt CAL ALGRITNSDynamical ‘lime and Universal Timecet 0h nse frie fe es ve eg | Bee = aed prorite alot of Ap Cin amrnin) aoe Be deduce how it Sa {Hop telsela aude Notincy and sapiens fy ar + 18 + 0.0015 (yaar = 1810)? ors toa suse esse oy 9.4060 eat "Covered by at eparade parsbosle Hee) BE RSGQEE: I Bepmeewor (at any hae tore A.D, 2 (0 been ala (2 90h) a euaseatet s he ftonag een to: See ar ease Eunavree cir ess so ee"Wels (el ‘The Barth’s Globe Chapter 10 ee ee ee eeChapter 11 Sidereal Time at Greenwich_ i 1, stdeeat ne 8 — Dhoni tun + hae. rane = ams cans rere -— 14 mre _Chapter 12 Transformation of Coordinates .58ASTON, aLsORETINSChapter 13 QQ Da 1 CO peeix / ay fot _ =) S Cire pepeThe hour angle corresponding to the time of rise or set of a celes- ‘ial body is obtained by putting h=0 in formula (12.6). ‘This gives cos H, = -tan¢ tan § However, the instant so obtained refers to the geometric rise or set of the center of the celestial body. By reason of the atmosphe- ric refraction, the body is actually below the horizon at the in- stant of its apparent rise or set. The value of 0°34’ ig generally adopted for the effect of refraction at the horizon. For the Sun, the calculated times generally refer to the apparent rise or set of the upper limb of the disk; hence, 0°16’ should be added for the semidiameter. of sunrise and sunset by about 20 seconds in mid-northern ant maa southern latitudes, Similarity, observing sunrise or sunset over a Fange of barometric pressures leads to a variation of a dozen seconds trae times. However, in this Chapter we shall use a mean value fos the atmospheric refraction at the horizon, nanely the value ot 0°34! mentioned above. We will use the following symbols : 1 = geographic longitude of the observer in degrees, measured posi- tively west from Greenwich, negatively to the east ; ry geographic latitude of the nhenecnw 2.0:100 ASTHONCHECAL ALGORITHNS ett oe “LOLS »o3 = a = 7 i= Chapler 15 Atmospheric Refraction5.9) eS oE? Seated of exactly eto, thie an fo Peete y eat sleo shoved boy Bis formula can be een aby So wapresion (15%), without farther ‘W801 5875 co the sacond mater" 5.1) G80) 1)'t8 5.4) showld be mateigited sy” 15. Atmospheric Refraction 103 ala (15.3) gives R= 261,954, 20 the tev a Of hy Foraula (15.4) yilde «20/618, 30 the Yor ofghts of a feu degrees te results te Jaina S28 cht, Bae" EEe fer lSon uarasiceabie Seton the sencaphare Secome rather inportant Aesoesi EF stheste aeaiter [sly eha refraction at the ty Ov raat ainean value normallyAngular Separation Chapter 16208 ASTRONOMICAL ALGORITHMS LE Oa ts axpreage so sscsnde of tion (2), and 6 tn eacnd a ss eageen (), then @axpransed ie ta give i o: Gere ey ower, sae ai4o the altarnative formulae at tha end of thie chapter Example 16.3 — calculate the angular distance betvman Arcturee The 120000 caordtnates of she Formula (16.1) gives cor # = 40.889623, vege # = 3227990 Hleat the quantities” é, ty aed (aya) am lnerpa ede ‘e (6.2). wine: “fron the interpolated quantities, calculate cond on Lu 4 oe 6 WS BPRS NES wean larga 1. ang sepatation 10 {Gay ~'a,). should be incecpolatad, not. the distances thonmelves, The shanslves. By nants of forme Ueri)e ae" fias the eotlotag aie inte the value of tha nisinsn ty neuns of forms (aj oben Yields a ‘better’ valun for rg, after hich (2.8) to used te cater Inte fhe value of the Funct sod for that vatue of at this sises Bt distance Gs wely U°O}"asy Sor Geeiy Seaant seponts (ore nearby the other fron € te B)y Form (3.3), (3.4) ant (3.5), for snotan ml Gi3)y we in face dry a'jartble through ene tees pickyee me eeno ASTRONOMICAL ALGO 16. Angular Separation an 1. A, Danan, astronone cdnérate, page 36, formulae 3 bia (Parts, a a a a ae ak kh UlPlanetary ConjuneMa i i ht i te 2 aties in Straight Lin; Chapter 18 Bodi tal et SLT PULSE ao =Chapter 19 Smallest Circle containing three Celestial Bodies AAA AAA Ae att bt lm hme tlhe eee ee aj) he a bb ee Rb He a ee we19, smattont cirete aaChapter 20 Precessi SRE LR RRR — im38 Bn web ee ek UelUmECUmEUGUlUG OC ASTRONONECAL ALGORITIS“EY [LLL Ai mu CREEP EPP EESae ASTRONOMICAL ALGO a= Boree.7o8, 5s sis'san72 sate noted that the formule (20.2) and (203) ane aid Using ecintical enortnatee satdtlntin}y tase ies eigeiat Setsinteg Clipse” ithe), the folotiee rgstns eet cee ats n= (4.0029 = oro6se3s + 000 9828) ‘riSovodany 0% ue stan) + 09500? TS Geaphbags + 08 Sbasi Ne + Oetssbeet p= (suey + 22268 ~ a.900 04278) PCNA = Goon Oa oHe 20.5) (0.8) 20, Precennion ke sorogthe" 1 ashy ot the actin ope ed SS Se B= conn coe hein =A feos 8, coe (=A) c= wn ain B, + sin m coe B sin (=A) tee toa) = sip eer ‘sed the wit oe ine’ 12 ow tho Sulfa gene Ba 2S dae) ge 2), Previously, the bepiontag of the Ree ouneer, those are not the opty teres ten (the Tit) aad the now one (eke SSN Fiesty. theca Se a antl cevor (sl ‘equinox correction!) ta the aro point of the right axonsions of the Bes [GEMEREE of a Star” in Tongitate (a2) snd in latieuse [ial asec bee fee the matin or em bares in tts elliptic eat peer eR, ae sin(®=)) sin @ 4 on sin(n-A) sin 8 Tel of fan a ttceiy Sen tect oth a eal fetloracEice fetta this pare oF the serrations (the mest ota inthe sens yniclene ofthe atetee ‘eal lealated sn th radu ten "feon' masa vn opseran Sh igh aitins of tara tefercedto Che aes sgeten Sere,i aytton) to the nt TAU apotom at J2000,0 (the F4S) can be found, Toe Uatammes ine aarrnreteny Sime tr S888 C3 a, oman (20-2) and 82), my bond oly fr, 1. use must Be made of Novcon'spracestional formulae (see beled): Lat (Ys aD) te the Jean Dye corcegntig #9 the Sa & (om, = 2415070.3135, o- agaaw 1. Anteonoacl Almanac tor the year 1HHh (Washington, Bas 14, 2, connaissance dex Tanp poar 1984 (Rais, 1983), pages 10K and 5. antronantcal Alnanic {OF the eae 1986 (WaRnENORy D:Gs4 1959), Lou iL LOLOLoLS_LESLALe = 1 La Chapter 21 Nutation and the Obliquity of the Ecliptic COSTA, eeciad Sciation asta a, seas dB oo Be an sore JUH fs the Dian tphoverts Days it eiffre fron the Susan By ERAS matGuely e eFet cae‘Moat tmton [1)7 they auger staan Tar theory (Caper 4). 1 = c¥/ 850s + A49287-111 HOT ~ 0.00 914222 + 24/189476 Nv 13496298 + 477198.87 9962 0.008 7209 + 9736250 Y= a3.2791 + 663202017 367 = o.00neea522 4 28/327270 = 125.0652 ~ 1934.196261F © 0.40207009" + 13/450000 SSS anes hme, ee ee RNA EIT Te hema oY et ean aceuray of O75 in 4 and of O21 In Be ave sufficient, oy + -t7t20 sin 2 = 132 ain 2 ~ O83 ain 2 + a2 ain 28 en ebVeutty (te) The anit 2 on, argument te 20022 “ier | tse “tar 206 0 0 2 wor we oi 0 a 6 ioe fat 21d ee ar -a62 oo 1 22 star 2408? “ose sasz eee et soar =0 aoa 2 | “5 oo 4 ot “oar pe oo 2 2 “18 oo 2 2 2 on oo 20 4 ooo 2 6 20020 220 0 0 car l 220 22 voar a oto 8d 4ASTRONOMICAL Loon FS yy TABLE 21.8 cont.) 4 the noes6 ASTRONOMICAL ALE Chapter 22 Apparent Place of a Star bebe wn aw li‘The efecto tationver SHO EN Gee tain sn (223) = ran (2. 955} BPs dnt Example 2.2 Glclate te apparent place of © Fae for sn'be Towed by aaa of te autho givin tn apter 1 Ye sp esta ae = 27s Guitst ftraw tas ec yen ene So + aus bis bow wu A uk iaddaChapter 23 Reduction of Ecliptical Elements from one Equinox to another one ete Cantnow) values at re ' nwa, eee Kees eee eed eeSLM BE EEESolar Courdinates Chapt ee ee eSCe ee ee ee uuu UW LS co Se too by eas of the netiod from “A600 2 12000 (Wimam te aes Tei 3 Chapter 25, Gods Fre: age eee Pie60 stRoMMTCA,AcoITHNS fi la aed fund eon Stik va cs. a : a Sa EARTH 200.0 (sane ters only)ee eas cael ; t PeedEquinoxes and Solstices Chapter 26 a) ye) ey oe ee prarar Se reez Aston Rca TINS Lee = TLeLSLS SL fay 1 42.06 Aewieten) 0.186 10 6 Bal 28 2 9 3 eee 3 Berea: a agate a10 ASTRONOMICAL ALGORITHMS ! ——— == - 4 ele eyes eueea| Caper B/E ine/e Gees Gaels al ' B Sau [2 Equation of Time a Lil= Toe ep = \ i ee 1 iEta eu Chapter 28 ‘Ephemeris for Physical Observations of the Sun tise by Cartartee{1863, eheh have ben Sno for any urs a hitienfsttion ape ae Seeman te ‘Stun aie stot Hor 6 C7257 tad Sager 8 (D925) 2, dacraate by abut 13.2 degees fa ay. The asus yma pe HOARE UPD MSCS GE? ties cmon la 3 be fe lin Femi Day ee can te cleat byEquation of Kepler Chapter 29 i fala ate gat fog 05ee ae eeSHH i (im 7 iT r vy v A) i: Sees wee wiSieh Go tieican “iptens ton nadcnne tents Cin depres) ace wots a Toa Toorergence Th succusetve eaules Susp stegstariy IF Ste NT ean oft opal seme ad ‘ably evn chon of M in changed very Uitte i Cte, orm (4.7) te rate wren fe ay vee ‘This trouble cam be eoided by toting SS ET ‘hee « pod starting valu fo fomute (20.7) be Bene ee 40) oe G53) We used with the starting value pie by (9.0)gue CCElements of the Planetary Orbits Chapter 30 aT — ee ao oy no298 ASTROMMLCAL AGORTTNS ALi =Orbtat Elemis for she mein egunoh ot the cate iT nencuay Hines 1 )as.asosos | aapars.orezsn | vo.c0020397- |v. 000000018 Ht arenes nn anne ae ne Glare user (Meat | senses (secant | seca eee | roosses [ocentsais | -o.cooatnon | vo ernennest 4] esisseon | so.rveoses | vo-eoonreas | sonoone ses 8) sa.sooes | stiesieso —fooceoorrsay | s.ococcn2it pumoen locosn fasemie |e mascuis [rssneis — [casceazases | toooroooese find ee surrteR venus 18) wastes poses 4 antorseor | osasis.arson | o.eoosioea )w.ctoono0is =| ‘Saxseeis | ovceseenns | SBM. [*emomes 2] eras |-.cecetrre | w.onaonon | nce soa 1] Sama” |Site | Saeomen” [eeamen 1] siamese [sa.o0100a7- | “0.con0eoe8 | -o.co0000 ot? 1 aloocserses | si-aassso | “aceooaorir | v-eoaoon ses 4 fisossonses yj souno.ressza2 | 0.00026868 | 0.000000021 | ‘castonnses|o-svonztamn [“OR872 |-o.cotonans 2} tomoniaie «| eosssoese |-o.coostesis | -0.c00000656 | 1.10 eon ona 5] severe |-oomecean |-.cen 6} 1 tnoom soot i] lemane [-oansroes | “prgomensa | st-atnoanacs shies Jarriesees — | re.cooessce | s0.000 000439 +l sacoserar | 1.96a7604 | soccopears? | socsonsoe acews aaeta aaae |} TABLE 30.4 {eont.) | i I en | 2 eas t “= “ as tlie saeese | Socenerllficiceee coal CA i r mercury {J nrsise™ roo” | Cason [a.roconse el 4] 2eoisae | osossste | oowomer | ‘eames, ee ee : Jomovea | snaisone | o.cmea16 | -.cosoene ‘« | 20.110386.869 |-0.000000 166 | +0,.000.000 00069] ] aan | -0.000nsen ~0.0000224¢ | +0.009000010 | o-cuesesae | +0.000006408 | 0.00000 0ce8 |-0.000 000 0000 Hh | 8) 2679920 | -e.zrecos | -0-caore2ss. | -0-o00000 198 afacreis [irueam | cemoone [seoneene -y! Joie To) pee | ce zee scone 0 ana steal Mamie: eth ee - shore | Seem [mie [eens T! wars aot 1 [iatize | “loans | ene | enenonn sf tegen, nels megs te nme ts rane, | [cams | “ewone [pamenes | oom? Shel Wop attary a staptcan tt fara slasowee | sostime — |eesier | ssmause cSTABLE 30.8 cont.) 2] aaniere | -o.cnrsere | so.tcoosie | +2.0ono00082 f}iwo.geeeex | so.si6esze | sostonseee7 | o.to0o0r 2 saTuRM E] sworren | stzz2.111796 | so.s002300% | -0.020900013 rT sncossrer | sa'seeste6 | volacosznes | o.tzooosaee uraMus s] criss | “ocareess | solsnoccses | ) ae BE (ey ate Gigi ONES ample sic), oe fina that >a Lacie “pwc wants oF a aa on Chapler 33 Parabolie Motion ‘Sue that toe tiemaats of this orbit a be asp eeertetione) ‘ad tae they ate referred tava sensans an ellipéte'orbit sce formiae (32-9) aed (23.8). "hens to ou wig gle ware te hn tides prea (adese oe 4 asa of elgg eutien (3.2) by teaton, = cm eta fsa free op lee Ania afte ace Selcn cll te 9 atpigs aS tan = B= suse 24 os © on Rt ietane, STC ibe forma (3-1) aa (3.3) can ee a: Te marae ieee en oe opt clea Wy 86 SEE ID 2 ie em aeChapter 34 ‘Near-parabolic Motion Teese . ae eee oe pete20 ASTRONOMICAL AGORLTINS as cS LGR eyes tn MSI, gy weit by ot anit) foe fotly hypertolic orbits (2 2 piesa) 2 pr s8o/n, Ore jammy re /3 = 1=ac-9, ‘eat Spin ik biotic ="; out eccentaely =" £0 aS fasan ts 1 /9)/.280) = (a -eoy/(240) Inet ns aon etecin = : » $2 Enaatsaa ramsey Peete ‘SIF amas 92) > Wty oo i § Eee eeno He? ae SB ae Line 45 sim mer B10 adjonta to eat ip Mim as wind e Geey imma nee Lines 00 ad 62+ sulvng apatioe Ge by Seartion. Thin ie on fee Ge a" | Bae ee ee ee sit mes S| BRS ae rev Renan Coen) seul Cite tte te TP i teaa scrum aceon SS Chapter 35 o ‘The Calculation of some Planetary Phenomena i va et i = ‘ 1. coer mame ear matted gee te j pate ta enjncetoc with ite Bam Maren positions and eoniunetions with the Sun a ___| £2 28 £8 828 88 88 s| €8 a2 22 2285 22 48 sigge¢ aa gases ¥ 4825 528842 98 e| 2222 $2 9958 99 98 S* 8s gs BE Bs ge Be EE ge 83 28 23 98 38 ~| ES Es 28 92 G2 £9 58 .| | 3282 22 2888 98 55 s| | $288 82 8882 58 98 ee eae ae gsi 33 “oF 2 222i a 5 3 83 33 Bis 8235 595553 say ete (is sarees) t= | 7 ~ 2. Planeary Phonon ns sal os od hime Ty expensed in cena fran the baton oft sath" grotand in dngrecs, there aioe areon er ne meer ape eeColeen SIRE REEtow: ae isis ania #000 toooene. ey im worount Sunue3e pepe vg vaya wo saahoe)CET Rp EE a eeeChapter 36 Pluto Letr tate ta hl aH = rm sist ar taLOBEL lids iets id8 3 & a 2g 5 & ee ee eee Pigidaadiveartraaneas sconce, GORTINS a = 2011.20) 2032 Nev 26258 AsTROWMCAL AsaRTINS ae : US cee ea ee Passages Uhrough the NodesC] Gl geet et Stk te) i leion for Parallax Chapter 39 WORE ERE LET ETnooo eas ail onl ool ok ll elChapter 40 Uluminated Fraction of the Disk ‘and Magnitude of a PlanetASTRON. Gans . | Magastude ot the SHH | lam0 ASTROWMAL ALGAE NS I I wi Mt Chapter 41 (2 Ii “eu eapeenasos at's fae auton . “ I 4 ) i — fen I 1m Ast Aetna SRE Us Se eo fy fey ER odo Deere oe aa EOM emacs TT T. 7 ‘equinox “ 0 and apoch 1950.0 pi i re en cat es te * atganaaae 2 Ti Ren eee TH te zie anh seit 0. fs faa etttenam sstowmnteat ener wr Speier fate eae 1s, Garsct A and 8 for the aberration of Hara torooseoa SO Lla= a soro0s6en ata, 8.) sed On 8) to te eqntoa continues Chaim re IE 3s the Atuminated fection of the plane (Chapt 40), ‘Soto gteatancuntect of siuanancion 224 0 Ea a a a oa a) iy 8, Poyloatepbnerteof Mas ms ste Step 3 Step 6. ynteptiaton, ich thie value of 8, we obtain foe te LghEtime the sen Ecce yoy 08 saad fe pe sieser ay26 ASTRO ALORS Sie 9. we suansIseD «2s : 2 Ra Ste. ay esistad aes 100 Er oninsSt fomia (ae8) "yrs Mace gs Toe ria (Wt) yicas’ “id Pe manny atts Chapter 42, Ephemeris for Physical Observations of Jupiter Bese os te Se 1 a ‘hu'citor in by. sats by naplacting this abereation Sill never «2 a ngtant fy Om valuts of Op Dyy whe Uy and P canPutcas nsec eee ee Osos oe oe eaei “UPDRS USAR ERE |So eG Sd SREBa ee eee Chapter 43 Positions of the Satellites of Jupiter 2sASTRONOMICAL RoR i! AU \ u250 ASTON. ARES "tes se Giang Socata ae) Locate of the nade ot Phe on FeRODLE TS IN THE LONGITUDES OF THE SATELLITES tun 29 ain 2004 —be) sia (y=) 8.01756 sin (1) ty = 28-26) goconie? sis (my =m) seiotons sie (222985 25) eoeise He thy 4800683 Sin (,- 28542.) 0.00142 sin (94 0 28-20) $8.00653 3in (G -28, + 4) #9.00089 sin (tm) TeooSoa fan G8 Es felonost ein Gy 2a} “eonait tan G9 = 2 olan tin 2 coiotaes ie CEP Ee a Zana felonaen te 22535) ve.000e9 ain t=) Be find cite eae) fia aad is (35-0) BEBE) sin (y=) ido fe sori ap) te Geng oe Po) Hie (hos) Bets me Wns) eee Te ‘oie Geta come sin y-£) o:0o 068 ein CE) = 28 + 9) 0.00061 Sin (ym 10.00058 in (ug -4p ‘elooass sin atc 8) fotos an Oe a, 2.00063 in Ly o.anoat sin 5023-2) folonath Sin (ayo) 400038 sin (2) = 2 ‘ecetoae tin Guy 2a) 40:000%8 ois (eyo) Toco fin (32 “Be sie by = 20,440) Bote} Bata, +a22 AsTNONTAL GTS sin tty = 26,699) 0.00885 sin (2k, ~ 3k, ta) Caeoaut Sin (ee) Th.coen Sin Cr — ooo tin 6th = seein win =n wage a 8 Sha cn ha eotte Hf =n ‘eines sia Gye tan am n-oate sin (32 “ay sovaasy Se se So) Seba se eo) Sonne sn oh) on a ft 2 ay sea in (Ey GS tn BBE nets yelatd, dye here neQen Gy ti se ecan-ag an -toe sin 20-0) fn a seas) fa 2Ce-e—m) mona} He (yemeae Ho sin GH 78,429 sin et ag in (lon 43 "hn sin tay) sin aes - 8) * sea ey fin Gat ea Bin eno) fea peer) [PERIODIC TERAS FOR THE LATITUDES OF THE SATELLITES Batibo onan, Bint) Ed) «Lowers + o> Sin! ye 23n S20) Bane 22 605) Sa op, Bess Biren ee) Bell. 3 =3t 30)ASTOMMTAL AGERLTINS PeMIOD1G TERNS FOR THE RADIUS VECTOR 29 oa 058) “elipomne for (22-92) fee Senet ar ee, “oteeoe) cat CEL San -20) 2.00034 oe (= 93) 9.000085 eos (03 — 4) seine ots See (8 = E ‘euamome cor 204; ¥,) {OL 187 eas (Ee ey 9) Teceooaor Sor (4 243 9.0007904 coe (L.~) eon Se HB) 40.000 0296 cos (2° 6,9" $0.0000155 oon (2, = 8) Seemost ob EB) Stomooort 2s GE. 3, my Tevoao 0st ae (ey 782 26) seisaits ESE Semon co 12, moet SE: Seca tata osteo GI gag) feiteoeie coe 2-9? ts ws moe —— — — — ao tata ai at 5 may seeps eee folomona ee 2a) 1 tare) Sig goes oe be pa eee Hy + ay cong = 9) cor By ny + ay atm, 8) coreee eee el ll oo} aree Cen Don MWR zsg a8 AU ee etOR oREEHEIM BE a eeeeeoonosaasinn qs TeChapter 45, Position of the Moon ee Se et ee ASHONATAL LORIN eee eeaengegeenge coin wee et itSe ef iAnn WHE HERAoe Asana, RTs Mil le Chapter 46 Illuminated Fraction of the Moon’s DiskChapter 47 Phases of the Moona ‘sow anne iaSee ees TOLLE EEE = eS ot inChapter 48 ep en! Perigee and Apogee of the Moon cda soon Acs aAmana, aLcoRsTNs | sass SED] ete dg tare ar BE) t= ane gpa TR te tal ageChapter 49 Passages of the Moon through the Nodes — See ee a a ae18, mon thigh tn Aine ne ee | = we ia ee co Gini GiskMaximum Declinations of the Moon ee eee eene Aston. meats Periotie tame (aye) for tw tn ofthe Mav's mtn Get inaton “elena “ome | in ea = 4) oA] oa -an safc2e| in 20 +3 Saceom| Soe tae) lens | sin (om) ecban |S Ge 9) econ "e028 Gey” seer). csiae- avn) {2.001 |.0019| Sor cw 439) eta | Sows [ounce many | AOE] 01 te eo ‘ove 8.061 foe aes) | “gon [tacout [cates ‘asin | aoa [ote Ge war) | canta | seat [cane a “e.ana|4-oua [Eon a" 20) "| “oon ut | sno“ aon [etetce any | cer | sans | 208 G8) Zeaor [sons] oe Gee EY asnoo0 ak “het sh We 08627084 + e.etoatin =» esooouest vast 4 2, mermunDuInatlons of Roo ny ine veronne| -0038 ow x=) fects fin b> ‘on |e Se be soins | or (20-27), eats | san ve acnot [ine e2e) | “o-coat Hh Go+e) ‘om [ear ‘eln| cetera te s0iten | sin Go-4n-sy +] S008 to feign |fiegrsan | cor See? foioig [tines | Sa-oi5 ioc or) Toren ten: | sintan-2e seit eee a 5.0087 | Sin (20-4 =) ca‘oese {cae e+e) | 0-000 sin te evn [1.040 [eae 3°) ‘nate sear ae indent tym teeta 7 ‘When octtations this Jclintlon thus Le at affected By tanASTRON. ARES Chapter 51 Ephemeris for Physical Observations of the Moon pte3a ASTRONOMICAL ALGRETNS be sina ah Hens "bat lett (7 “ and tthe (2) ean Teebmuciceal Aten tens? me se stot by ihe ents RECS cela ont sin! + ~stn con sin = sin B con rsteal i rotation; ei cated the aston ec tgertha’0.0 capes in oth oeetade ede ent BGret Shatin in loi ("a inte a) Pinta Seo cate gta OF find’ 9” by meane of (43,6), and the afuhen fy ant Wy Cin by @ od + (in deea) by onan of the 4 Sh snyder oh ton 36 car "7 felts Sua Go 28) Sr be =n) ah Si oe (27-20) 4a:002te sin (2m - 20) See {erent sie 3 cage sh ‘elooie) fos Ge - core te) {eluis un Ge = 20) “alegre Sr “oot sin (w= Bee SESE ay ams Zin eB) Bn Ge- 20) “itto0L? Sin 27) on Ge FD 4oce0001 Sin (2m? = 2 = 20) haem tin (+289 sovtene Son 25 ‘elon sin Ge 2-20) arent 4 (pase as 6 nina tan wy Paitin Angle of Asi a for fhe planeta (ano Chapters 41 and 42).” Tt can bw calculating 2 Sateau smONOMCAL ALGORTINS site rahe canton of fe Moos malt the epoca Hoeadane 1 es i a ce el ws Stinger fonctions” a = ARGO). Te'this facts fee 1 os : a] oe Se meats oc HE MESS gpay Se meets aes Ga ant a wee =atanfe=e) fi t= 49! carlo) ab sin tan) er aime tan ta issas ASTRRROMCAL ALGO ae ‘se onion Fiat, ite emsine (51, tee ee ceerches 1, af te oon by the iflten re trout tere dye det tnor eA sre206 coe § stn ed ects’ Une Sir arioe tant en stg tae ane te ang be secrete nay etch te 9 at oth ng eutci0oae ciocies) ory Siplomnt tthe Aetrononicn! Emmis (anton,i a 2 ¢ S 6 8 aaSOREMCAL AGRI of cure if gh ceca ‘ine Se oleae Ge 99 [ullue of te" ponombeat cone nthe Fandanetal plane (e82 ASTRAL GaN 2 scpses on ceiiger il356 Asta TNE vample 62.4 — Pind tha fret tuae aig after 187 bly 1h Yor 1997.3, formula (0-2) piven BAS RATE Gattis hea maa Fiat oe ior i tii wes Forme (52.0) then rede a sagitnde of 1,187. Sonce. she Seetcniion of pata psn ier (Tis) EIR + ot aaetee See MORITA = 30 wines eve contact withthe perntes + UAH = A538 = Jehu Seemed Seleh r BASIE, REPS BE ‘highly teeurate temults. Stitt, for lunar tclipean tha Pesslty will {ceurecy tne aaededy Ot hw other hand fs has doen aia ah ‘egisning ot hie thapiec, accurate data for polera solar eclipses Cin be obtained hy uring tur Bomnse of sola febuoy 121 sou fh hen" forma (53.2), (S59) ond (52.0) aod te ee tral eclige ia Inge [yl'cO9DE GD. slitting vue of 00 Su Ney nn aria elie SVs aneaty eh Caen eel Pi cee Recah Toney ae ig ie tae ez th ar cite of Oa Nr 26 (he 14,5), oe ae (Fe ges emma) 6.002 ay wag are 8.007 a Tosi ian oe clipe to mehatose ASTEOWNICAL ARETE Sow that thre are four solar ecipues in he year 2100, and that "ant, 868 Sona eclipse of the your 128, (nme! the partial amar ct of 2 nace ‘Scrnalscar tae Guan Tangs ts “HEP 8065 ‘estheneton 1178 Gaahageon, 840, * P Eabee Uabtobiy Bree (i ‘Pastries Wale tb, pager 1°33 (eboes WL Salhi! fe teeta Atm. Aeon Chapter 53. Scmidiameters of the Sun, Moon and Planets sts auetaee (a, Yor the bun, tae value apt in the caleslatices 16 1) ater, the fooving valuta have been adopted (2)Mr nn: ASTRON aoRETNSChapter 54 Stellar Magnitudes68 ASTRON ALORS 28 tg (108K 5 gl OK.20 5 yg K-0.40(.60)) 7 25 tg (0.01282 + o.00817 + 0.00818) = 3.89, beample Stic A nae coeter contate of be 9008) ten 10-046) 23+ 109-90). games 28x 106000) 5 oon Lo a 1/5 6 thats apparent hanoett la ea'be found few” Best ample Sd — nm es tga Cutt 0.18) bier Example i.e — A star tx S00 eines at bright as aster onexe satan, aso Distance ana ADsotne Magnitude tus ates dietaee four is opal tg) amir oF #aetrn BIE sigh peeee Name Se3 tone UGteatiae = 95° thm nam te 8 conteection sf perlite aed feond. Chapter 55 Binary Stars laa Tine tSitjoe ats erento «dea (1 a ventssea ASTROWMLAL ALTON pesG-ecen con tan (8-8) = tan (0 64) coed atm hue cua th corset uncen or (4-2) Ine dete: “rrsle (o'0) at ance tn the correct quitante 2) te found, add 2 to obtain Oo TE ecesary, enue ost xente 4 — Asodig to tern (12) te otal Laurus wu us l aan oxercize, caoulate on egtmaris for y Virgin, using the pli aT SRS co. ion a Last aparaion (PS) ccecs a epoch 205.2.Aerised9y the ether (2) aa ee ee) Fee eee ey Chapter 56 Calculation of a Planar Sundial uF Saget and. von (2)sm sone, Ls H re ee se ee ee ear erne ASTRON, AHRENS Appendix T Some Astronomical ‘Termsight secenson ta munud (rn 0 to 24 bees some nes {508 frocecsion (oncolar effects) bot sot tbe mieation (periodic effects), rte (or thas) ues ch ein he postion Geb Se atl Seal 3 igh bh ‘ove auartly, around Tin baryeancar of tie solar spstan).™ = OF" onjuesion that eoetgieetion oF eo cle SS EGSDS ATG or ti ee seit REG ey TAN ei we ws Panetgraphte cordate syst coediute saben on he EEK Genaraohie! for tbe Bare fe apamers day te watt to 2460 vaca in tin nif tne {he'GS the Toes tote angie of 2a San." the mean’solar ties Ie oe cil time’ sh wean slat flan tnenasal hy 12 hours avd thos 1s ent asta seaataigh: {in preston teat tet Santa Fer ialghie Sees own ine the ma Gear) ‘Universal Time is thn etvtt tine on he eeristan of fraenton 1he_stronoicl nit (A) ss peeturbetions, would dascribe around the Sen vith a period af 24/ teal ty ara leh eee ane ae ea tht ‘tesa "Ren netant. The sediay"wetoe ‘of 4 plano ov coat Prion: he plot of ort (af planet ator planet or net) heh ta'nstee teehe sun for'taa Letaepnlieg Paat GE taaceliea of Supltcroieh cetbect ce thes glamary Qa Seite Aswronetre psttins ate pope 216.Appendix II Planets : Periodic Terms wwnoseARONA, ALGORITISaeaegeuengssvasegzanaaal GEEngussepacgrasszeacesnssresee Ere eee RAC pnaaee -qeeaeEO TEESE ascesgusurasonagngrsacnests| Si8#igruqarenensnseuramnaneezas wogrereescisvsusteernnaanaan legcosseee, a| ‘Eade REE REESE! i GPE EPAEIEE Sneernpagesaaggasieitage coneoorengannanstaennungnanataesnnasMire occ guess scausastasassay nen auiann@naRancnana BARSSS:nHRteReRRRawaanshaseseesy386 snaancousuuusaneuunuensEnee: saee AsTROOMTCAL ALSRITS aay agegnstassasumeunasseen:sree aie it }AsTRONOICAL ALGORINSnenegusseruseesenesagoseswasssueceusseneegosernecrass 9283 EES=ERGHUDEESONE sasgeansssasases Ag E8gS28902 48288 SRORRGHRRAARARRAMEARARARSTOUS EHS | “Sew N OR rNMERARERATERRMAR RSRRAGREIS ERE Hadabdeceuugegraesncanegszeascernotgse segccatge sgnnggeeaueecsssusconnancas: ASTRONOMICAL ALORE TS SSSRRANRARRARAAAEARARARGSUESENEsESAaTT: 40608 ASTRONONICAL NGOS | 1 1secknseossusumnzeneyseBAIBTSRRnocaee SRISELESSEUSALEIEEC RE oneresuzeaesezaesaysonan obbpeagengtaee Rogge gravaguee war ugageeguees;~"qae=ngaegiscRag Sagsefteccans Mazaseaysaassaeansaaennes |g ecstuee HHH Sgrgrees onmsagrass SEdADSaSEGCaReRansERRRRE SsgusessssaanusgsncassatsessseReneRceneRacuensanases7 gine Appendix: IIT : igs ag Companion diskette s 2, CALENDAR i 3. ePHENreper E de cscs ts is ts istesis ta sls ie ls ao Lacate cr ce oresSome Other Books Published by Willmann-Bell, Inc, tod f Orbe Dermistion othe tempat yD. Rs, er i eyes a ae SENSES Sere tet cr mo i fs ba aa ne co eS Somerton te ered mane ea most an TBRLPC wing BASICA cr GWBASIC Far clas em pesin eee ‘soup in ttf ow he ea reed he ap ee ee Se sie eee hae aa ae subg toeakimi ye toew ‘Se Cina" ot andar pe ka ene Ae in ee te, cpa wanes ing ae ‘Si char dongs nd th alee geal ae ep sy Ee 20 a ‘nat ‘ng hg’ Sts san has eae a amesAbout the Author Jean Meeus, born in 1928, studied mathematics at the University of Louvain (Leuven) in Belgium, where he received the Degree of Licentiate in 1953. Since then be has been a meteorologist at Brussels Airport. His special interest is spherical and mathematical astronomy. He isa member of several astronomical associations and the author of many scientific papers. He is co-author of Canon of Solar Eclipses (1966), the Canon of Lunar Eclipses (1979) and the Canon of Solar Eclipses (1983). His Astro- nomical Formulae for Calculators (1979 and 1982) has been widely ac- claimed by both amateur and professional astronomers. Further works, published by Willmann-Bell, Inc., are Astronomical Tables of the Sun’ Moon, and Planets (1983), Elements of Solar Eclipse 195 1-2200(1989) and Transits (1989). For his numerous contributions to astronomy the International Astronomical ‘Union announced in 1981 the naming of asteroid 2213 Meeus in his honor. About This Book From Sinnott’s Introduction In the field of celestial calculations, Jean Meeus has enjoyed wide acclaim and respect since long before microcomputers and pocket calculators appeared on the market. When he brought out his Astronomical Formulae for Calculators in 1979, it was practically the only book of its genre. It quickly became the “source among sources,” even for other writers in the field. Many of them have warmly acknowledged their debt (or should have), citing the unparalleled clarity of his instructions and the rigor of his methods. Andnow this Belgian astronomer has outdone himself yet again! Virtually every previous handbook on celestial calculations (including his own earlier work) was forced to rely on formulae for the Sun, Moon, and planets that were developed in the last century—orat least before 1920, Thepast 10 years, however, have seen a stunning revolution in how the world’s major observatories produce their almanacs. The Jet Propulsion Laboratory in California and the U.S. Naval Observatory in Washington, D.C., have perfected powerful new machine methods for modeling the motions and interactions of bodies within the solar system, At the same time in Paris, the Bureau des Longitudes has been a beehive of activity aimed at describing these motions analytically, in the form of explicit equations. Yet until now the fruits of this exciting work have remained mostly out of reach of ordinary people. ‘Thedetails have existed mainlyon reels of magnetic tape in aform comprehensible only to the largest brains, human orelectronic. Bur Asem Aras changes all that. With his special knack for computations of all sorts, the author has made the essentials of these modem techniques available to usall. From a Review There are times when an amateur astronomer wants to perform the computations that support his or her observations. Astronomical Algorithms is the reference to have for this. Jean Meus’ concise volume collects most of the algorithms and computational techniques an observer might want— coveringcoordinate transformations, the apparent place of astar, the positions of solar system bodies, eclipse predictions, and much more. Discussions are complete enough to make the equations fully understandable to the novice, and virtually every algorithm includes a fully worked numerical example... This isa very handy reference, well worth owning, even if you never have to perform a specific calculation. The text along is helpful for understanding how the theories of celestial mechanics are applied in practice. Ske & Telescope Magazine There is no doubt that the book is very good value for money, and, together with the companion disc, computer-minded astronomers will never want to be without it. Published by: The Observatory About the Front Cover Urania, the Greek Muse of astronomy is shown with a stellar tiara and holding the Sun and Moon. She is surrounded by nymphs depicting the five bright planets. , ‘Adapted from Johannes Hevelius’ Fimmamentum Willmann Bell, Inc. Sobiescianum sive Uranographia (1687). ‘Tite ot Baga Poe Bt TF P.O. Box 35025 + Richmond, Virginia 23235 ISBN 0-943396-35-2 United States of America + 98(804) 320-7016