1186 Environment & Ecology 28 (2A) : 1186—1189, 2010 ‘© Copyright by MKK Publication 2010 /SSN 0970-0420 Behavior of Cadmium in Loamy Sand Soil of Anand ‘AMRIT KUMAR JHA, B.P. SINGH, MANISH KUMAR AND SANIEEV KUMAR Department of Agronomy, Birsa Agricultural. University Ranchi 834006, India Abstract Cadmium is emerging as an important pollutant in the field of agriculture particulaly in industrial state like Gujarat. The present investigation was undertaken to study some important factors influencing + the Cd availabilty in sil through an incubation study. The study consisted of five levels of Cd (0,25, 5.0, 10.0 and 20 ppm) in presence of thre levels each of P (0, $0 and 100 kg/ha), FYM (0,10 and 20 Vha) and CaCO, (0, $ and 10%) in thre separate series for three incubation periods. The result of incubation study indicated thatthe availability of Cd increased with increasing. levels of is application and the per cent ‘ixaton of applied Ca ranged between 252 and 143 with Cd, and Cd, (20 ppm). The availabilty of Co decreased with application of increasing rates of P, FYM_ and CsCO,. Amongst these thee, FYM at 20 U hha most effectively reduced Cd availablity. Key words : Cadmium, Phosphorus, (Cadmium is one of the most important potential biotoxic heavy metal encountered in soil and water pollution. Though it occurs naturally in soil, its addi- tion as a pollutant has increased in recent times caus- ing problem in the field of agriculture, Cadmium is added to the soil as a contaminant in fertilizer, ma- ‘ure, municipal wastes, sewage sludge and also from aerial deposition. The amount of Cd contributed from ‘each source varies with location due to differences in soil formation, management practices and expo- sure to pollution sources (1). Soil properties such as pH, contents of organic matter and available phos- phorus affect the availability of Cd in the soil (@—4). Gujarat is one of the most industrialized states in the country. Ahmedabad, Baroda, Bharuch, Surat and Valsad are recognized as highly industrialized district of the state. A total of 8,157 industrial units are ‘operating in these five districts. Qut of these, 1,346 units generate hazardous wastes and it has been estimated that approximately 0.44 milion tons per year of hazardous waste is generated in 14 industrial estates of Gujarat (5). Keeping this in view the present investigation was undertaken to assess the availabil- ity of Cd in loamy sand soil as influenced by different levels of Cd, P, FYM and CaCO, Methods ‘An incubation study was carried out to assess yrmyard manure, Loamy sand soll. the changes in available Cd in loamy sand soil of ‘Anand as influenced by various levels of Cd (Cd,, Cd, Ca, Cd,and CA, ic.0,2.5, 5.0, 10.0 and 20.0 ‘ppm Cd, respectively) in presence of applied P (P,, P, and, ie.0, 50 and 100 kgP,O,/ha, respec tively); FYM (F,, F,andF, ie. 0, 10 and 20tFYM/ hha respectively) and CaCO, (L., L, and L.,respec- tively) forthree incubation periods (1,1, andi i.e. 30, {60 and 90 days). The physico-chemical properties of the experimental soil are given in Table 1. The experi- ‘mental design was complete randomized with two repetitions. Six hundred gram of soil was taken in a plastic basin and treated with Cd, P, well decomposed FYM and CaCO, based on treatments. Cadmium and ‘Pwere supplied through 3C4SO,.8H,O and KH,PO, in Solution form. The soil sample was mixed thor- ‘oughly to have uniform distribution of added mate- rial, twas then transferred to plastic jars and the soil sample was brought to 50% of water holding capac- ity by the addition of calculated amount of double distilled water. For maintaining the water regime, one F, > F,. John et al, (1) stated that the oxidizable organic matter contents of sil contributed to their capacities to adsorb, and therefore, affect cadmium concentration inversely. Sarkunan etal. (9) observed the decreased DTPA-extractable Cd in the soil due to addition of compost. Effect of Incubation Period. The effect of incu- bation period on Cd availability was not significant (Table 3). The lowest availability of Cd was noted at the end of incubation period (I,). Availability of Cd in Presence of CaCO, Data regarding availability of Cd as influenced by Cd levels, lime application and incubation peri- ods are given in Table 4. Effect of Cd. Application of Cd at increasing rates significantly increased the available Ca in the soil ateach level (Table 4). Out ofthe four levels viz., 2.5,5.0, 10.0 and 20.0 ppm Cd appliedto thesoil, 748, 804, 81.7 and 84.0% of Cd was inavailable form. The corresponding values of fixation in soil were 25.2, 19.6, 18.3 and 16.0%, respectively. The similar results of increased Cd due to Cd addition were also reported earlier (7,9, 10). Effect of CaCO,, Cadmium availability signifi- cantly decreased at each level of CaCO, application to the soil (Table 4). The L, and L, levels of CaCO, application resulted into 17.0 and 26.2% reduction in Cd availability, respectively over L, level. The pos- sible reason for decreased Cd availability in the soil with CaCO, addition might be due to the decreased CA solubility because of increase in soil pH and the adsorbing capacity of carbonates for the heavy metal ions. Street et al. (8) reported that CaCO, might limit Cd solubility in the soils. The results of present study ‘may be supported by the work of Sarkunan et al. (9). ‘They observed that when 100 ppm Cd was applied in the soil, the DTPA-extractable Cd atthe harvest of the crop was 62.5 ppm in absence of lime application, ‘which reduced to 48.0 ppm with 500 ppm lime appli- cation, Effect of Incubation Period. Table 4 indicates that Cd availability was significantly decreased upto 1, (60 days) that was at par with I, (90 days) levels ofBIAET AL incubation periods. The highest (6.33 ppm) and the lowest (6.17 ppm) Cd content were noted at, and I, levels, respectively Interaction Effect Table $ indicates that the effect of Cd x P interaction on available Ca values for different P lev- els were at par for Cd,, Cd, and Cd,. However, at Cd, level P, registered a significant reduction over P, and at Cd, level, the reduction was significant at P, and P, levels over P,. ‘The effect of Cd * F interaction showed that the DTPA-extractable Cad values for different FYM levels ‘were par for Cd,, Cd, and Cad, levels, respectively. However, at Cd, level, F, showed a significant de- ‘tease in the availability of Cd over F, while at Cd, level the availability of Cd was decreased with in: tease in the level of FYM. The availability of Cd was altered significantly due to combined effect of Cd and CaCO, (Table 5). ‘The available Cd values for different CaCO, levels were on par for Cd, and Ca, Jevels. While L, and L, levels registered significant reduction in available Cd for Cd, Cd, and Cd, levels, respectively. Conclusion The findings of incubation study indicated that applying P, FYM and CaCO, reduced availability of cadmium in loamy sand soil. Hence, these amend- 1189 ‘ments can be advantageously used to keep the avail- ability of cadmium to the minimurn, References affecting plant uptake and phytotoxi- city as cadmium added to soils. Environ. Sct, Technol 6 : 1005—1009. 2. Chaney R. L,, M. C. White and P. W. Simon. 1975, Plant Incavy metals fom sewage sludge app- lied land. Proc. 2nd Nat. Conf. munteipal sludge ‘management. Information Transfer Ine., Rockville. 169—178 pp. : 3. Eriksson J. 1989. The influence of pit, soil type and time on adsorption and uptake by plants of Ca added 10 the soil Water, di, Soll, Pollua8 : 317335, 4. Gupta V. KN. C. Pandey and B, §. Panwar. 1997, Phosphorus-cadmium interaction effect on yield of and content of P and Cd in Rice. J. Indian Soe. Sel ‘Sol 45 : 139841. 5. Saxena A. K. and N. Venkatesan, 1995. Hazardous ‘waste generation in Gujarat (India). Productivity 36: 165—168, 6. Linndsay W. L. and W. A. Norvell. 1978, Develop- ment of DTPA test for zinc, iron, manganese and copper. Soll Sot. Soc. Am. J 42 : 21428. 7. Miles LJ. and G.R. Parker. 1979. DTPA soil exrac- ble and plant heavy metal concentration with soll—added Cd treatments, PI, Soil $1 : $968. 8. Sweet J.J, B. R. Sebey and W. L. Lindsy. 1978. Ine ‘luence of pH, phosphorus, Cd, sewage sludge and incubation time on the solubility and plant uptake of cadmium. J. Environ. Qual 7 : 286-290. 9. Satkunan ¥., A. K. Misra and P. K. Nayar, 1991 Effect of compost, lime and P on cadmiuin toxicity in rice. J. Indian Soc. Soil Sel. 39 : $95 ~$97. 10, Khan S. and N. N. Khan. 1983, Influence of lead and cadmium on the growth and nutrient concentration ‘of tomato and egg plants. PL Soil 74 : 387394,