Permutations and Combinations: Dr. T.K. Jain

PERMUTATIONS AND
COMBINATIONS
by :
DR. T.K. JAIN
AFTERSCHO☺OL
centre for social entrepreneurship
sivakamu veterinary hospital road
bikaner 334001 rajasthan, india
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study material of PGPSE / CSE
My words.....
My purpose here is to give a few questions on

fundamentals of permutations and combinations. I
welcome your suggestions. I also request you to help me
in spreading social entrepreneurship across the globe – for
which I need support of you people – not of any VIP.
With your help, I can spread the ideas – for which we
stand....
What is permutation &
combination?
Permutation = it denotes order / Sequence but

combination = it only denotes that some
objects are together
example : ABC can have only one combination
taking all of them together. But permutations
are many : - ABC,ACB,BCA,BAC,CBA,CAB
What is formula of permutation ?
Npr = n! / (n-r)!
p=permutation
n= total number of objects
r=how many objects you are taking at a time
! = multiply with reducing numbers till it reaches 1
example : 5p5 = 5! / (5-5)!
5!=5*4*3*2*1
0! = 1
thus answer = 120 answer
There are 5 books on maths, 3 on
entrepreneurship and 2 on economics. In how
many ways can we arrange them. We have to
keep books of a subject together.
There are 3 subjects so we can arrange them in 3! methods

=6
there are 5 books on maths, we have 5! methods = 120
there are 3 books on entrepreneurship, so we have 3!
methods
there are 2 books on economics, so we have 2! methods.
Total we have : 6*120*6*2 = 8640 answer
A court has given 6 to 3 decision
in favaour of an issues. In how
many ways can it reverse the
decision?
There are 9 judges, 5 will make a majority

there may be 5,6,7,8,9 judges against the issue
we have 9c5 or 9c6 or 9c7 or 9c8 or 9c9
methods : 126 + 84+36+9+1 =256 answer
Three persons go into a room
which has 8 seats, in how many
ways can they occupy the seats ?
First person has 8 options, 2nd person has 7

options and 3rd person has 6 options.
Total = 8*7*6 = 336 answer
There are 5 routes between Bikaner and
Delhi. You may choose any route. In how
many ways can you go and return from
Delhi?
5*5 = 25
How many permutations are
possible from ACCOUNTANT ?
There are 10 digits, there are 2A, 2C, 2T, 2N,

so we have :
10! / (2!*2!*2!*2!)
answer
How many different 4 digit letters
can you make out of A,B,C,D,E?
N = 5 (A,B,C,D,E)
R=4
formula = Npr = n! / (n-r)!
=5!/(5-4)!
= 120 answer
How many different 4 digit numbers can you
make out of 1,2,3,4,0?
N = 5 (1,2,3,4,0)
R=4
but 0 cannot come in the first digit
for first digit we have 4 options (1,2,3,4), for next digits,
we can use 0. thus we have 4*4*3*2*1 = 96 options OR
=5!/(5-4)! but this contains all those numbers which start
with 0. so let us keep 0 as fixed for 1st digit and solve it.
Now we have to pick up 3 digit out of 4
contd.
contd.....
If it is not 0, permutation will be :
=5!/(5-4)!
= 120
Zero fixed for 1st potion, we have these options :
Npr = n! / (n-r)!
n=4,r=3
4!/(4-3)! = 24
deduct this 24 from 120
120 -24 = 96 answer
you can use any formula (out of these 2), you get the same answer
How many different 4 digit numbers can you
make out of 1,2,3,4,0 which are divisible by 2?
Start with 96 of the last question

now pick up all those which are ending with 1 :
3*3*2*1 = 18
similarly those which are ending with 3
3*3*2*1 = 18
thus 96 – (18+18) = 60 seems to be the answer
In how many ways can Raj invite
any 3 of his 7 friends?
This is a question of combination. Here order
(sequence) is not important, his friends can come in
any order. Thus this is a case of combination.
Formula : N! / ((n-r)!*r!)
you can calculate combination by dividing
permutation by r!
=7! / ((7-3)!*3!)
=(7*6*5)/(3*2*1) = 35 answer
How many different words can
you frame from FUTURE ?
Here we have two U
total we have 6 digits.
Formula : N ! / L!
N= total number of digits
L = those digits which are repeated.
Answer = 6! / 2!
= 360 answer
How many different words can
you frame from DALDA ?
Here we have two D & A
total we have 5 digits.
Formula : N ! / L!
N= total number of digits
L = those digits which are repeated.
Answer = 5! / (2!*2!)
= 30 answer
In how many ways can 8 person
sit around a round table ?
For questions relating to round table , we have

to use the following formula :
(n-1)!
So here answer = (8-1)! = 7! =5040 answer
How many 4 digit numbers can be
formed out of 1,2,3,5,7,8,9 if no
digit is repeated.
Total number ofdigits = 7

formula = Npr
n =7 r 4
7p4 = 7! / 3!
=7*6*5*4 = 840
How many numbers greater than
2000 can be formed from
1,2,3,4,5. No repeatition is
allowed.
5 digit numbers = 5! = 120
4 digit numbers,: we cant take 1 in the
beginning. We have 4 options for 1st digit 4 for
nd rd
2 digit 3 for 3 digit ...
4*4*3*2*1 = 96
total = 216 answer
There are 6 books on english, 3 on maths, 2 on
GK. In how many ways can they be placed in
shelf, if books of 1 subject are together?
We have 3 subjects so 3!
books of same subjects can be interchanged.
So answer : 3!*6!*3!*2!
=6*720*6*2 = 51840 answer
How many words can we make
out of DRAUGHT, the vowels are
never separated?
Number of vowels = 2
other digits = 5
we will treat vowels as 1 word
so we have 6!. Vowels can be interchanged so
2!
so answer = 6!*2! = 1440 answer
In how many ways can 8 pearls be
used to form a necklace ?
In questions of necklace, we use the following

formula : ½ (N-1)!
Here we can take reverse order of left to right
or right to left, so divide by ½
=1/2 (8-1)!
=2520
In how many number of ways can
7 boys form a ring ?
(7-1) !
= 6! = 720 answer
50 different jewels can be set to
form necklace in how many
ways ?
½ ( n -1) !
= ½ (50 -1)!
=1/2 (49)!
How many number of different
digits can be formed from
0,2,3,4,8,9 between 10 to 1000?
Let us assume that repeatition is not allowed
Let us make 2 digit numbers :
for first digit we have 5 option, for 2nd digit also we have 5 options
(including 0) = 25
for 3 digit numbers : 5*5*4 = 100
total 125
if repeatition is allowed :
for 2 digit : 5 * 6 = 30 for 3 digit : 5*6*6 = 180
total = 210 answer
What is the number of permutations of 10 different
things taking 4 at a time in which one thing never
comes ?
=9p4
= (9*8*7*6)
=3024
There are 5 speakers (A,B,C,D,E) , in how
many ways can we arrange their speach that A
always speaks before B
For A and then B without gap : Let us take A and B as

one.
4! = 24
for A and then B let us keep B at 3rd place and A at 1st

place =3!
there are total 6 such possibilities so we have 6*6 = 36
total possibilities = 60 answer
5 persons are sitting in a round table in such a
way that the tallest person always sits next to
the smallest person?
Keep tallest and smallest person as 1.

we have (4-1)! = 6
the tallest and the smallest person can be
interchanged = 2
=12
How many words can be formed
from MOBILE so that consonent
always occupies odd place ?
There are 3 odd and 3 even places.

We have 3! *3!
=36 answer
In how many ways can we
arrange 6 + and 4 – signs so that
no two – signs are together?
++++++
there are 5 places between 2 +. one on extreme
left and one on extreme right.
We have 7 positions for – sign
7c4
we have 6 places for 6 + sign, so we have 6c6
total = 35 answer
There are 10 buses between Bikaner and Jaipur. In
how many ways can Gajendra go to Jaipur and come
back without using the same bus in return journey?
There are 10 options while going

there are 9 options while returning (one bus
used earlier will not be used)
10*9 = 90 answer
In how many ways can yamini distribute 8
sweets to 8 persons provided the largest sweet
is served to Jigyasha?
1 sweet is fixed
so we have 7!
= 5040 answer
Yamini & Jigyasha go to a train and they find
6 vacant seats. In how many ways can they sit?
Yamini has 6 options but Jigyasha has only 5

options left
= 6*5 = 30 answer
How many words can you make
from DOGMATIC?
8!
40320 answer
Gajendra has 12 friends out of whom 8 are
relatives. In how many ways can he invite 7
in such a way that 5 are relatives?
8c5 * 4c2
=56*6
=336 answer
There are 8 points on a plane. No 3 points
are on a straight line. How many
traiangles can be made out of these ?
8c3
= 56 answer
In how many ways can you form a
committee of 3 persons out of 12
persons ?
12c3
=220 answer
How many different factors are
possible from 75600 ?
The factors are : 2^4* 3^3*5^2 *7

formula = (number of factors +1) (number of
factors +1) .... - 1
(4+1)(3+1)(2+1)(1+1) -1 =119 answer
A box contains 7 red 5 white and 4 blue balls.
How many selections can be made that we pick
up 3 balls and all are red?
It is a question of combination.
Total possibilities = 7c3
7c3 = 7*6*5 / 3*2*1 = 35 thus there are 35

chances of getting
A box contains 7 red 5 white and 4 blue balls.
What is the probability that in our selections
we pick up 3 balls and all are red?
Total possibilities for red = 7c3

7c3 = 7*6*5 / 3*2*1 = 35
total possibility of 3 balls : 16c3
=(16*15*14/3*2*1) =560
probability -
thus there are 35/560 chances of getting
red in all the three selections
What is the probability of getting
3 heads when I toss a coin 5
times?
This is a case of binomial probability (where
there are only 2 outcomes possible, we can use
this theory)
Here we can use this formula :
Ncr (p)^r * (q)^(n-r)
=n =5, p = ½ q = (1-p) = ½ , r = 3
5c3 (1/2)^3*(1/2)^2
=5/48 answer
In how many ways can Gajendra invite some
or all of his 5 friends in party hosted by him?
(at least 1)
Frmula of combination of 1 to all

= 2^n – 1
= 2^5 - 1
= 32-1
=31 answer
How many words can be formed by using all the
letters of the word DRAUGHT so that a. vowels
always come together & b. vowels are never together?
A There are 2 vowels. We treat them as 1.

solution : 6!*2! = 1440 answer
b. total possibilities = 7! = 5040
number of cases when vowels are not together
= 5040-1440 = 3600 answer
In how many ways can a cricket
eleven be chosen out of a batch
of 15 players.
15c11
=15! / ((15-11)!*11!)
=15!/(4!*11!)
=(15*14*13*12)/(4*3*2*1)
1365 answer
In how many a committee of 5 members can be
selected from 6 men 5 ladies consisting of 3 men and
2 ladies
6c3 *5c2
=[(6*5*4)/(3*2*1)] [(5*4)/(2*1)]
=20*10
=200 answer
How many 4-letter word with or without
meaning can be formed out of the letters of the
word 'LOGARITHMS' if repetition of letters is
not allowed
10p4
=(10*9*8*7)
=5040 answer
how many ways can the letter of
word 'LEADER' be arranged
We have two e, so divide 6p6 by 2

6!/2!
=720 / 2
=360 answer
How many arrangements can be made out of the
letters of the word 'MATHEMATICS' be arranged
so that the vowels always come
together
Let us treat all 4 vowels as 1

total digits are 11
we we take 11 – 4+1 = 8 digits
vowels can be arranged among themselves =
4!/2!
=8!/ (2!*2!) * 4!/2! = 120960 answer
In how many different ways can the letter of
the word 'DETAIL' be
arranged in such a way that the vowels occupy
only the odd positions
We have 3 odd and 3 even positions

=3! *3!
=36 answer
How many 3 digit numbers can be formed from the
digits 2,3,5,6,7 and 9 which are divisible by 5 and
none of the digits is repeated?
Last digit must be 5

now we have 5 options for 1st and 4 options for
nd
2 digit
=5*4 = 20 answer
In how many ways can 21 books on English and 19
books on Hindi be placed in a row on a self so that
two books on Hindi may not
be together?
We have 22 places for Hindi books.

22p19 *21!
Out of 7 constants and 4 vowels
how many words of 3 consonants
and 2 vowels can be formed?
Selection of 5 digits
=7c3 *4c2
=35*6 = 210
5 digits can be arranged in 5! ways
=120
total options : 210*120 = 25200 answer
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PERMUTATIONS AND

My purpose here is to give a few questions on

Permutation = it denotes order / Sequence but

There are 3 subjects so we can arrange them in 3! methods

There are 9 judges, 5 will make a majority

First person has 8 options, 2nd person has 7

There are 10 digits, there are 2A, 2C, 2T, 2N,

Start with 96 of the last question

For questions relating to round table , we have

Total number ofdigits = 7

In questions of necklace, we use the following

For A and then B without gap : Let us take A and B as

for A and then B let us keep B at 3rd place and A at 1st

Keep tallest and smallest person as 1.

There are 3 odd and 3 even places.

There are 10 options while going

Yamini has 6 options but Jigyasha has only 5

The factors are : 2^4* 3^3*5^2 *7

7c3 = 7*6*5 / 3*2*1 = 35 thus there are 35

Total possibilities for red = 7c3

Frmula of combination of 1 to all

A There are 2 vowels. We treat them as 1.

We have two e, so divide 6p6 by 2

Let us treat all 4 vowels as 1

We have 3 odd and 3 even positions

Last digit must be 5

We have 22 places for Hindi books.

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The factors are : 2^4* 3^35^2 7

7c3 = 765 / 321 = 35 thus there are 35