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Chapter6 PDF
Chapter6 PDF
Normal Matrices
Normal matrices are matrices that include Hermitian matrices and enjoy
several of the same properties as Hermitian matrices. Indeed, while we
proved that Hermitian matrices are unitarily diagonalizable, we did not
establish any converse. That is, if a matrix is unitarily diagonalizable, then
does it have any special property involving for example its spectrum or its
adjoint? As we shall see normal matrices are unitarily diagonalizable.
Examples.
197
198 CHAPTER 6. NORMAL MATRICES
Example
· 6.1.1.
¸ Consider the arbitrary matrix N ∈ M2 (R) , written as
a b
N= . If we suppose that N is normal then
c d
· ¸T ·¸ · ¸
∗ a b a b a2 + c2 ab + cd
N N = =
c d c d ab + cd b2 + d2
· ¸· ¸T · ¸
∗ a b a b a2 + b2 ac + bd
NN = =
c d c d ac + bd c2 + d2
AU = U D
(a) A is normal.
Proof. First of all, any matrix A of the form given by (1) is normal, and
therefore so also is any matrix unitarily similar (real orthogonally similar in
this case) to it.
200 CHAPTER 6. NORMAL MATRICES
Corollary 6.1.2. (a) A ∈ Mn is symmetric if and only if (1) holds with all
blocks 1 × 1 (and real).
(b) AAT = I if and only if (1) has the form
λ
1
...
λp ∗
A1
..
∗ .
Ak
h i
cos θj − sin θj
where λj = ±1 and Aj = sin θj cos θj θj ∈ R.
6.2 Exercises
1. If A and B commute and if A is normal, then A∗ and B commute.