IBRU Publications Catalogue

PUBLICATIONS CATALOGUE
University of Durham, Department of Geography, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK
Telephone: +44 (0)191 334 1961 Fax: +44 (0)191 334 1962 E-mail: ibru@durham.ac.uk Website: www.dur.ac.uk/ibru
Boundary & Territory Briefings
This authoritative series offers a unique insight Volume 1

into key territorial issues around the world. Who Owns Antarctica? Governing and
Each briefing focuses on a specific regional Managing the Last Continent
Vol.1 No.1
territorial problem or boundary-related
Peter Beck
technical issue. An expert analysis of the issues
In spite of its inhospitable environment and isolated
is offered, including the geographical context, position, Antarctica consistently attracts the attention of
the most powerful countries in the world. The continent
the legal and historical background, the acts as the environmental engine which drives the
ocean currents, and possesses untold resource potential.
military, strategic and security implications, Antarctica also plays host to a vast spectrum of invaluable
and a summary of the current situation with an scientific research which has re-defined our understanding
of geologic history and climate change.
assessment of future prospects.
SOUTH
There are three volumes of the Boundary

AFRICA
Theoretical EEZ
& Territory Briefings composed of eight South Atlantic Ocean
briefings per volume, each one written by an South Sandwich

Islands
Indian
South Georgia Norw
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internationally acknowledged expert in the
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Price of Briefings 90°W South Pole
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Full price: Volume: Issue:

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Hard Copy* £195 £28
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PDF Copy £175** £25 Sea
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CD- ROM of all three volumes of both AA Antártida Argentina

NEW
Boundary & Territory Briefings and TCA Territorio Chileno Antártico
BAT British Antarctic Territory ZEALAND
AUSTRALIA
Maritime Briefings series:
£899 No fewer than seven states claim sovereignty over parts
of the ice-covered continent which accounts for some
All UK orders will be subject to VAT at 17.5%.
10% of the world’s land surface. The exception to many
Orders from other European Union countries
of the norms of sovereignty, Antarctica is maintained by
will be subject to VAT at 17.5% unless a VAT
a complex territorial regime under the Antarctic Treaty
registration number is supplied.
System. This briefing examines the background to
* A charge for postage and packing will be those territorial claims and traces the evolution of, and
added to all printed publication orders. prospects for, the Antarctic Treaty System. This System
provides a framework for the preservation of peace,
** Whole volumes ordered in PDF format will stability and scientific cooperation in the ‘last great
be supplied on CD-ROM wilderness on earth’.
Paperback, ISBN 1-897643-05-5, 1994, 57pp
Ceuta and the Spanish Sovereign Territorial Proposals for the Settlement
Territories: Spanish and Moroccan of War in Bosnia-Hercegovina
Claims Vol.1 No.3
Vol.1 No.2 Mladen Klemenc̆ ić
Gerry O’ Reilly Written over the course of the first two years of the war
Both Morocco and Spain claim sovereignty over the in Bosnia-Hercegovina, this briefing represents a unique
five territories of Ceuta, Melilla, Penon de Vélez de record of the various proposals for the partition of the
la Gomera, Penon de Alhucémas and the Chafarinas country put forward between the spring of 1991 and
Islands in North Africa. The most important of these May 1994. Drawing on local sources which were largely
is Ceuta which is located at the eastern entrance to the overlooked by Western media, Mladen Klemenc̆ i ć paints
Strait of Gibraltar. Spain claims these territories on a vivid picture of the disintegration of the ‘land of hidden
largely historical grounds: right of conquest, terra nullis hatred’ and the political machinations which undermined
principles and longevity of occupation. Spain stresses every attempt to resolve the conflict. The research is
that the majority of residents there are Spanish and wish drawn from the territorial claims and proposals of the
to remain under Spanish rule. It also argues that military Bosnian communities (made first to one another and
bases in the territories are important for Spanish national later to international mediators) and the proposals
security. Morocco argues that United Nations principles of assembled by international organisations in search of
decolonization should be applied, that Spanish occupation a solution to the ‘Bosnian knot’. This briefing explores
obstructs the economic and political independence of the the justifications for those territorial claims and positions
kingdom, and that the Spanish bases threaten Moroccan taken by the international community. The study is a
national security. Morocco also stresses that Spanish systematic analysis of the territorial dimensions of the
arguments for the recovery of the British Crown Colony struggle, within the greater chaos of events in Bosnia
of Gibraltar substantiate Morocco’s claim. Both countries during this critical period.
attempt to justify their claims in terms of the UN principle
of the territorial integrity of the state. This dispute has
on occasion reached boiling point, such as the face-off
between Moroccan and Spanish forces in July 2002 over
the islet of Perejil near Ceuta.
S PA I N N
Gibraltar (GB)
36°00'
Ceuta / Sebta
0 km 50
Mediterranean Sea
Islas
Melilla Chafarinas
Penon de Velez Penon de Alhucemas

35°00'N de la Gomera
MOROCCO
5°00'W 4°00' 3°00'
This briefing examines the Spanish and Moroccan

arguments concerning the disputed territories from
historical, geographical, demographic and legal Containing thirty specially-prepared maps and detailed
perspectives. It argues that, fundamentally, territorial demographic statistics drawn from over a hundred years
conflicts in the region are the legacy of the historical of population censuses, this study is essential reading for
geopolitical organisation of the area, and that the dispute anyone who wishes to understand the tragedy of Bosnia.
cannot be seen as a purely bilateral affair. In this context
it also considers issues such as economic and strategic Paperback, ISBN 1-897643-15-2, 1994, 74pp
security, the impact of the dispute on the issue of
Gibraltar, the potential for conflict, and possible scenarios
for the future.
The Boundary Between Ecuador and Cross-Border Crime in the Former Soviet
Peru Union
Vol.1 No.4 Vol.1 No.5
Ronald Bruce St John Mark Galeotti
Ronald Bruce St John first visited Ecuador and Peru in “For you [Westerners], borders represent barriers and
1968 and has been a regular commentator on Andean termini, for us they represent opportunities.” (Chechen
affairs since then, publishing more than 100 books and gangster, 1993)
articles. His timely and authoritative briefing traces the
From the assassination of a respected Russian television
historical roots of the boundary dispute between Ecuador
presenter to Moscow’s guerilla war in Chechnya, there
and Peru, analyses the legal cases of the two sides, and
have been numerous warnings indicating the extent to
discusses the various attempts that have been made to
which crime has exploded in all the post-Soviet states.
resolve the conflict from the Spanish arbitration of 1887
This is not only a problem of domestic politics, it has
to the present day.
direct implications for the rest of the world:
Note: Much of the material in this briefing has been
• for business executives looking towards investment
incorporated into the updated study in Boundary &
and operation within Eurasia;
Territory Briefing Vol. 3 No.1.
• for insurance firms being called upon to make risk
Paperback, ISBN 1-897643-12-8, 1994, 24pp assessments in the region;
• for financial institutions facing illegal money
laundering operations;
• for security analysts considering the potential
dangers posed by the new gangs, and their trade in
guns, narcotics and even nuclear materials;
• for every Westerner faced with the implications of
criminal penetration, from the eastwards flow of
stolen cars to the impact of cheaper eastern drugs on
the streets.
K A Z A K H S TA N
U Z B E K I S TA N Chu
Valley
Traffic North K Y R G Y S TA N
into Russia
Fergana N
● Tashkent Valley
Traffic North
into Russia
Cross - border
activity into
TA J I K I S TA N Xinjiang
● Dushanbe Gornyi-Badakhshan CHINA

T U R K M E N I S TA N Surkhandarya
Drugs,
Guns
Drugs INDIA
A F G H A N I S TA N Drugs
0 kilometres 300 PA K I S TA N
Herat Kabul
● ●
This fascinating contribution to the Boundary & Territory

Briefings series offers a timely and concise assessment
of the scale and implications of cross-border crime
in, from and through post-Soviet Eurasia. Written by
an acknowledged international expert in the field, it
addresses both the activities of the criminals and their
main theatres of operation, with maps and charts showing
the ‘soft borders’ most at risk, the penetration of gangs
from the former Soviet Union into Europe and their
principal routes in Europe and Asia as well as the global
‘criminal economy’. Its conclusions should be required
reading for anyone seeking an informed assessment of the
region’s prospects.
The Bolivia-Chile-Peru Dispute in the wide range of interrelated territorial, economic, and
political issues which defied energetic, creative attempts
Atacama Desert at settlement. Over time the controversy reached beyond
Vol.1 No.6 the original three protagonists to repeatedly involve other
regional powers, including the governments of Argentina,
Ronald Bruce St John Brazil, and the United States.
The Atacama Desert, situated on the central-west This briefing provides a detailed overview of the
coast of South America, is one of the more remote and Atacama Desert question, tracing the development of the
inhospitable areas in the world. In spite of its location this dispute from the early nineteenth century through to the
arid, sparsely inhabited region occupies a unique place in present day. Territorial changes and proposals are clearly
the contemporary pantheon of outstanding boundary and illustrated in a series of specially-drawn maps, and Dr St
territorial disputes. In a continent awash with territorial John’s commentary highlights the key events and actors
controversy the dispute in the Atacama Desert stands in this long and seemingly intractable dispute.
apart as one of the most involved and intractable. The
dispute reflects the conflicting geopolitical ambitions Paperback, ISBN 1-897643-14-4, 1994, 32pp
of Bolivia, Chile and Peru. It began before two of the
disputants won their independence from Spain, and it is
still active today, although the salient issues have changed
considerably over the last century.
Tiquina
Strait
16°
Copacabana
PERU
Desaguardero
a
am
S
BOLIVIA
Sama Grande Tacara
18° Tacna
Arica auc
L
A a
Vitor
Camarones
Ravine
B C
20°
Inquique
CHILE
Lo
a
22° Tocopilla
Calama
Cobija
San Pedro
Mejillones de Atacama
Calama
Antofagasta Final boundary Peru /
A Chile 1929
24° (1868)
Confirmed Chillean
B boundary after War
of Pacific 1883
Paposo C Final boundary 1904
Taltal 0 kilometres 200
o
d
26°S
72°W 70°
Sala 68°
A number of interrelated concerns combine to distinguish

the Atacama Desert dispute from neighbouring territorial
questions. Post-independence Bolivian politicians almost
immediately characterised the issue as a question of
national survival. Faced with a highly disadvantageous
geopolitical position, the Bolivian government placed
improved access to the Pacific coast at the very top
of its early foreign policy agenda. With the discovery
of, first, guano and later, nitrate deposits, the actual or
potential wealth of the region subsequently influenced
the diplomatic claims of the governments of both Chile
and Peru. Consequently, the dispute soon involved a
Boundaries in Flux: The ‘Green Line’ The Evolution of the Egypt - Israel
Boundary Between Israel and the West Boundary: from Colonial Foundations to
Bank - Past, Present and Future Peaceful Borders
David Newman Nurit Kliot
Until 1967, the boundary between Israel and the West
The formation of the present Egyptian-Israeli border
Bank was known as the ‘Green Line’. This line, delimited
has taken place over a period of almost 80 years during
in the armistice agreement of 1949, was formally
which four wars have been fought between Israel and
removed in 1967 following the Israeli occupation of the
Egypt themselves, as well as two world wars involving
West Bank. However, it has continued to function as an
the colonial powers which formerly ruled Egypt and
important boundary between Israel and the Occupied
Israel/Palestine. The final border line thus reflects three
Territories, albeit with different, and constantly changing,
major factors:
formal and functional definitions.
• The colonial struggle which took place between
This briefing examines the history and present
Great Britain and the Ottoman Empire, with the
characteristics of the ‘Green Line’. It shows how
participation of such bystanders as Russia, Germany,
the ‘Green Line’ has been preserved as an important
France and Austria.
administrative and perceptual boundary since 1967. It
also examines, and proposes, scenarios in which the • The wars between Egypt and Israel, the most
‘Green Line’ (or a modified Green Line) will return to important being the 1948-9 war (the Israeli War of
become the eventual political boundary separating Israel Independence).
from a Palestinian state under a final peace agreement
between the two parties. • The Peace Treaty which was signed between Israel
and Egypt in 1979 and which provided the final
a Location of the water aquifier 0 km 20
b Location of Israeli settlements 0 km 20 formal recognition of the border line as a mutually
N N
Northern recognised permanent and peaceful border between

Se a
Se a
Samaria
the two nations.

n
n
nea
Jordan
nea
Jordan
Trans-Samaria Route
ra
ra
e r
Jordan
e r
This briefing is divided into two main parts. The first

dit
Valley
dit
River
River
JORDAN
Me
JORDAN
West Bank
Me
Tel Aviv Tel Aviv

Western
part examines the development of the border between

West Bank Samaria
ISRAEL ISRAEL
1906 and 1948. The second deals with developments

Jerusalem
Jerusalem
Gus Etzion
in the period 1949 to 1982 and the ‘cold peace’ which
developed along the boundary thereafter. In addition,
Dead Dead
Sea Southern Sea
Hebron Hills
Critical regions
Aquifer boundary
Water divide
Major concentrations of a special section is devoted to the Taba dispute and its
settlement.
in proximity Israeli settlements
to the ‘Green Line’ Direction of flow
c Region of Israeli 0 km 20
d Cross-boundary areas of 0 km 20
redemarcation Palestinian settlement
N Israeli Arab populations
Jordan
in the Wadi Ara

S e a
and Galilee regions

S ea
N
e a n
Israeli Arabs
Jordan
River
in the Triangle
a n
an
Region
r r
ne
t e
ra
d i
e r
River
JORDAN
JORDAN
t
M e
di
Tel Aviv Tel Aviv

Me
West Bank West Bank

ISRAEL ISRAEL
Jerusalem Jerusalem
Dead Beduin in the Dead

Sea Northern Sea
Negev Region
Geographic coincidence of strategic sites, Major cross-boundary concentrations of

Israeli settlers and water aquifer Arab-Palestinian settlements
The study also touches on the role of the ‘Green Line’

within Jerusalem, probably the single most complex, and,
at this stage, seemingly insoluble aspect of the conflict.
The history of the ‘Green Line’ in Jerusalem closely
mirrors the functional changes which have taken place
along the remainder of the course of the boundary. While
both sides to the conflict see Jerusalem as the political
and administrative centre of their respective state/
autonomous entities, neither side supports the idea of a
city physically redivided.
Paperback, ISBN 1-897643-25-X, 1995, 52pp
Volume 2 The Territorial Dispute Between

Positioning and Mapping International Indonesia and Malaysia Over Pulau
Land Boundaries Sipadan and Pulau Ligitan in the Celebes
Vol.2 No.1 Sea: a Study in International Law
Vol.2 No.2
Ron Adler
Renate Haller-Trost
The architects of international boundaries are the
statesmen and politicians who negotiate and eventually Pulau Sipadan and Pulau Ligitan are two small islands
reach an agreement on the choice of boundary site and its in the Celebes Sea off the south eastern coast of the
definition within the framework of delimitation. In this Malaysian state of Sabah, whose sovereignty are disputed
process they are aided by diplomats, lawyers and political between Indonesia and Malaysia. The dispute flared up
advisors with backgrounds in fields such as political in 1991 when Indonesia discovered that Malaysia had
science, law, history and economics. Ideally, they built some tourist facilities on Pulau Sipadan. Indonesia
should also be assisted by boundary engineers skilled in claimed that the two governments had made a verbal
geography, geodesy, cartography and computer science, agreement in 1969 to discuss the question of sovereignty
who can provide the treaty negotiators with reliable at a later date; Malaysia denied this, maintaining that the
information about the potential boundary site and, islands have always been part of Sabah.
subsequent to delimitation, supervise the demarcation The dispute is significant as it was the first south-east
of the boundary on the ground. Unfortunately, this Asian territorial dispute to be settled at the International
rarely happens, and all too often matters dismissed by Court of Justice. Dr Haller Trost’s thoroughly-researched
negotiators as ‘technical issues’ later to re-emerge as legal analysis of the claims of the two parties examines
sources of serious political friction. the origins of the dispute, relevant international treaties,
cartographic evidence and state practice. This briefing
provides a unique overview of a hitherto little understood
dispute.
The purpose of this briefing is twofold: firstly, it provides

an overview of the scientific and technical services offered
by boundary engineers today; secondly, it proposes a
model for the incorporation of these services into the
overall boundary-making process, thereby helping to
bridge the gap between boundary architects and boundary
engineers. As the first serious study of the technical
aspects of land boundary delimitation to be published for
than fifty years, Dr Adler’s briefing is essential reading
for anyone with an interest in the establishment and
management of international boundaries.
Note: Much of the material in this briefing has been
incorporated into an updated study in Boundary &
Territory Briefing Vol. 3 No.4.
The Riau Islands and Economic This briefing provides a detailed analysis of the Riau
Islands project and its consequences. It begins by
Cooperation in the Singapore - discussing the context for Indonesian-Singaporean
Indonesian Border Zone cooperation in the area and outlines the development
Vol.2 No.3 strategy being followed. It then examines the flagship
projects and their impact on the Riau islands. Finally, it
Karen Peachey, Martin Perry and Carl considers the influence of the project on the Indonesia-
Grundy-Warr Malaysia-Singapore Growth Triangle and the region in
general.
In the early 1990s, Indonesia’s Riau islands to the south of
Singapore experienced an investment boom. Singaporean
investment in infrastructure and management combined
with low operating costs in Indonesia produced dramatic
growth. Between 1988 and 1993, Batam, the closes Riau
island to Singapore, experienced population growth
of over 50%, an eight-fold increase in the value of its
exports and a fifteen-fold increase in annual private
investment. Similar rates of growth have also taken place
on the neighbouring islands of Bintan and Karimun.
The transformation of the Indonesia-Singapore border

region is of more than local interest for several reasons.
First, the investment strategy employed by Singapore
in Batam has become the model for a much larger
regional programme. Second, the Indonesia-Singapore
cooperation in the Riau has become part of a tripartite
initiative in subregional cooperation with the inclusion
of the Malaysian state of Johor. Thirdly, the experience
of Batam and neighbouring islands is a test of the
Indonesian development model. Fourthly, the Riaus also
provide a case study of the constraints on seeking to ‘fast
track’ development in a low-income country with high
levels of population migration.
How to Prove Title to Territory: a Brief, War or Peace on the Line of Control?: the
Practical Introduction to the Law and India - Pakistan Dispute over Kashmir
Evidence Turns Fifty
John McHugo Robert G Wirsing
This monograph is developed from a lecture given by The Kashmir dispute between Pakistan and India passed
John McHugo of Trowers and Hamlins at the IBRU the fiftieth anniversary of its formal origins in mid-
workshop on negotiating international boundaries in August 1997. It is one of the world’s longest-running
December 1997. Its purpose is to show readers how to boundary conflicts, with a record of interstate violence
assess the strength of a claim to a territory and how to which continues to justify maintenance of the United
prove it before an international tribunal (or in mediation Nations’ second oldest peacekeeping mission. Efforts by
or negotiations). It is based on eleven years’ experience the international community to mediate the dispute stretch
by the author assembling and collating evidence, writing back nearly the entire fifty years, and the two feuding
objective assesments of the strength of territorial claims, governments of India and Pakistan have themselves for
and preparing pleadings to substantiate them. the same length of time repeatedly attempted to sort out
their differences through bilateral talks. The dispute’s
The author sets out the basic rules for acquiring and
intractability, in the face of all these efforts, warrants it
maintaining title to territory in international law, giving
being clubbed amongst the world’s ‘conflicts unending’
concrete examples of how the conduct states has affected
the strength of their claims. He then turns his attention to
the evidence which can prove a claim, including the use
and value of archival material, maps and expert evidence.
Before concluding, he takes the reader through two of the
leading cases concerning title to territory this century, and
examines which arguments by the parties convinced the
Tribunal. This well thought out and clearly written paper
is designed in particular for diplomats and others who
have not previously acquired an in-depth background in
this area, but wish to develop quickly a grasp of how to
prove title to territory. It concentrates on the practical, and
explains concepts and technical terms in approachable
language, avoiding complicated jargon.
The aim of this briefing is firstly to explain why progress

in regard to Kashmir up to this point in South Asian
history has been so painfully difficult. Secondly, it
hopes to evaluate the prospects under current conditions
for India and Pakistan to negotiate an agreement on
Kashmir that would finally place this dispute on the road
to peaceful resolution. The importance of an agreement
over Kashmir has been dramatically underscored by the
back-to-back series of nuclear tests conducted by the two
countries in May 1998.
The briefing includes sections on: the origins of the
dispute; the evolution of the Line of Control; the Aksai
Chin question; the Siachen Glacier dispute; the Kashmiri
uprising of 1989; diplomatic moves to negotiate a solution
for Kashmir; and proposals for a settlement.
The Land Boundaries of Indochina: The German - Danish Border: A

Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam Successful Resolution of an Age Old
Vol.2 No.6 Conflict or its Redefinition?
Ronald Bruce St John Vol.2 No.7
This briefing explores the history of the delimitation and

Norman Berdichevsky
demarcation of the land boundaries of Cambodia, Laos The Danish-German frontier is one several European
and Vietnam. borderlands that have undergone vigorous competition
The indigenous rulers of the pre-modern states which for the ‘hearts and minds’ of individuals regarding their
constituted Southeast Asia at the beginning of the ethnic origins and future loyalties.
nineteenth century were unable to resist either the modern
armaments of a determined European power or the
hegemonic thrust of European concepts of political space.
France began its occupation of the area it designated Ribe
Fyn
Lill
Indochina with the Treaty of Saigon in 1862 and
e B
Mandø
concluded it with the addition of Laos to the Indochinese
æ lt
Union in 1893. Where the former rulers of Cambodia, Rømø
ZO NE 1
Laos and Vietnam were generally content with shared D E N M A R K
sovereignty, leaving their frontier areas fluid, French

authorities insisted on the delimitation and demarcation
Als
of administrative boundaries through fixed lines drawn Padborg

F l e n s b u rg
on maps and border markers implanted in the soil. As a

F j o rd
Föhr Flensburg
ZO NE 2
result, the colonization of French Indochina went beyond Kiel
Bay
mere nineteenth century power politics to redefine and

reconstruct spatial realities throughout the region. ZO NE 3
Schleswig
Husum
I I
I I I I I
I I I I I
I I I
I I
N I I I I
I
Kiel
I
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der I
I
I
l
na
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Ri
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ver
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ie
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K
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HOL S TE IN
I
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Dannewerk
I I
(line of earthwork fortifications)

I
I
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G E R M A N Y
I
Southern boundary of Zone 2

I
I
I
I
1864 boundary
1920 boundary
Jutland Territories of the Kingdom 0 km 20
Areas exchanged for Jutland Territories
This briefing explores the conflict over South Jutland

because it demonstrates that national and ethnic identity
are not necessarily the same thing and because its
resolution was based on the principles of mutual respect
for minority rights, instread of the more usual ‘ethnic
cleansing’ pattern and wholesale exchange of populations.
This resolution of fundamental differences in conceptual It highlights current disagreement over how much EU
approaches to geography and sovereignty, and the spatial regional, economic and political co-operation should be
reconstruction which resulted, produced an enduring and sought by both sides at the expense of jeopardising the
paradoxical legacy. Colonial rule sparked a heady vintage mutual recognition of minority rights.
of Asian nationalism, but the new wine was poured
into old wineskins in the form of colonial boundaries. The author also considers the change in status of the
Consequently, the current boundaries of Cambodia, Danish minority in the Schleswig-Holstein region.
Laos and Vietnam amount to only small deviations from Although it felt abandoned following Denmark’s refusal
colonial boundaries albeit with the notable difference to press for a plebiscite or annexation of South Schleswig
that they were concluded between equal and independent in 1945, it has re-established a firm footing in the cultural,
states. Boundary by boundary, this briefing examines social and political life of the region, and is considerably
each of the land boundaries between these three states, in stronger than the German minority in Denmark, a reversal
adddition to discussing their respective boundaries with of the situation that prevailed in 1920 or 1939.
China. Paperback, ISBN 1-897643-34-9, 1999, 42pp
Estoppel, Acquiescence and Recognition Volume 3

in Territorial and Boundary Dispute The Ecuador - Peru Boundary Dispute:
Settlement the Road to Settlement
Nuno Sérgio Marques Antunes Ronald Bruce St John
International law is based on the concept of the state, with
Throughout Latin America, the exact borders of the
a stable international territorial order one of its cardinal
newly-formed republics at the outset of the independence
aims, territorial changes only taking place, prima facie, in
era were often a highly controversial subject. In
accordance with the principle of consent. Acquiescence,
consequence, bitter territorial disputes, often involving
recognition and estoppel are juridicial concepts to which
vast tracts of land and considerable wealth, soon
international tribunals have frequently resorted in order to
developed. Many of these territorial questions were in
reach decisions in situations where the evidence based on
fact boundary disputes resultng from the failure of the
treaties and custom is found inadequate or the application
Spanish government to delineate its administrative units
of uti possidetis is seen to be inconclusive.
during the colonial period with precision.
A B
The emotionally charged and highly involved boundary
Ceded to France, 13th February 1904
C D E F Ceded to France, 29th June 1904
F
Louangphrabang ●
G Ceded to France, 23rd March 1907 dispute between Ecuador and Peru, sometimes referred
D E Retroceded to Thailand, 23rd March 1907
to as the Zarumilla-Marañón dispute, was one of the
n a
Nam N
A N
last unresolved issues dating from this period. After
complicating and disrupting inter-American relations
Ma e
throughout most of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries,

M
ek
on
● Chiang Khan ● Nong Khai

g
E
Ban Chai Buri ● 0 kilometres 150
the dispute was finally settled with the signing of the
package of accords known as the Brasilia Agreements in
● Dan Sai
THAILAND Mukdahan ●
October 1998.
Khemmarat ●
Ma 81°W 78° 75°

e u n 2°N
Nam M
● Nakhon Ratchasima ● Champasac (Bassac) 1 Zarumilla Zone 1942 Rio Protocol line
D a n g Rek R a nge 2 Lajas - Puyango Zone

●
Preah Vihear 3 Cazaderos Zone
Aranyaprathet G C O L O M B I A
● Krung Thep (Bangkok) ● B 4 Nudo de Sabanilla Zone
● Stung Treng
Riv
● Siem Reap 5 Zamora - Santiago Zone er Aguar
G 0°
ic
o
Battambang ● River Guepi Riv
Tonle Sap 6 Mouth of the Yaupi Zone Quito er Ca
q ueta
● Kampong Thom
Chantaburi ● 7 Bellavista Zone
● Kratie
Ri
ve
D E C U A D O R r P
utum
Trat ● Riv ay
er
Con
onaco
o
Ko Chang
C
River
FRENCH ay
Koh Kut River R i v er River Curar Y
Phnom Penh ● INDOCHINA Co
Pin
as
na
mbo toyac
un
Ri
Gulf 2°
u
7
i
er
v
Bo Rive
of bo r
ap
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na
Saigon ● Guayaquil o
Thailand
za
5
Ri
ver
Ri
S
ve
Ti
6 re A
r
N
Riv
Co
ora
Y
rr
er Pastaz
A en
The purpose of this study, including an analysis of

i
am
Zarumilla M
Ri
te
Ri
rZ
s
ver Santiago
Tumbes Iquitos
ve
1 e
Riv
River Ce
r M
4°
relevant case law, is to describe how these concepts
a
ango
ver Puy
Ri
o ro n a
g ar i t z a
nep
2
er
have been used in both territorial and boundary dispute R i va n n Nauta

N ño
a
a
3 r Mar
ve
Ri
C h i n ch
settlement, and to look at some of the problems that may

ra
Riv ipe
hi
C r
e
River
result there from. 4 P E R U

i
al
y
ca
U
River
r
v
e
6°S Jaén Ri

Hu
nc Moyobamba
a
abamba
0 kilometres 200
Containing 27 highly detailed maps, this study should be

required readong for those interested in Latin America
territorial issues or dispute resolution.
Boundaries, Borders and Peace War and Peace on the Danube: The
- Building in Southern Africa: the Evolution of the Croatia - Serbia
Spatial Implications of the ‘African Boundary
Renaissance’ Vol.3 No.3
Vol.3 No.2 Clive Schofield and Mladen Klemenc̆ i ć
Richard A Griggs The Croatia-Serbia border was the scene of some of the
Border and boundary problems have enormous most intense fighting that accompanied the disintegration
implications for peace-building and demilitarisation in of communist Yugoslavia in 1991. This Briefing offers
the Southern African Development Community (SADC). a historical overview of the evolution of the Croatia
On one hand, secessionist movements, conflicting state - Serbia boundary, detailing events in Eastern Slavonia
claims to territory, ethnic claims to state powers and between 1991 and 2001. The authors examine the success
territories, and the illegal movement of people and goods of UN efforts to defuse ethnic and nationalist tensions,
bring instability and conflict to the region. On the other and bring about dispute resolution through the peaceful
hand, the spatial plans associated with the concept of an reintegration of Eastern Slavonia into Croatia. Events
African Renaissance propose opportunities for building in the region in the aftermath of the UN’s withdrawal
stability, peace and prosperity through regionalisation, are also studied to identify remaining points of dispute,
cooperative management of resources and transport explore the prospects for the region and analyze whether
corridors that link Southern African economies. and how new borderland regional identities are being
forged in Eastern Slavonia. In addition, the authors
UGANDA TRANS AFRICA RAIL LINK outline the prospects for the emergence of a borderlands
identity in the region.
BENGUELA DEVELOPMENT Links the narrow guage railroads
CORRIDOR KENYA
north of Zambia with the wider
Links mining areas of Zaire guages to the south through
and Zambia to the DEMOCRATIC RWANDA
Nairobi a transhipment facility at
Angolan port of Lobito. REPUBLIC OF Kidatu, Tanzania.
THE CONGO
(formerly ZAIRE)
BURUNDI
Kikoma TANZANIA
This creates a Trans Africa
railway to stimulate North-South
trade through lower transport costs.
Including detailed maps and colour images, this briefing
Luanda
Dar es Salaam
TAZARA CORRIDOR
is essential for understanding the historical and political
Lobito
Benguela
Lumbumbashi
Kidatu
Links Tanzania and significant
areas of Zambia into the
aspects of the Croatia-Serbia boundary specifically, as
well as the variety of complications associated with a
MALAWI Benguela Development
Huambo
corridor
ANGOLA ZAMBIA MOZAMBIQUE
meandering river boundary.

Lusaka Lilongwe NACALALA CORRIDOR
Nacalala
Harare Links the agricultural,forestry, and
mining industries of landlocked
states with the Mozambican
ZIMBABWE port of Nacalala
NAMIBIA Beira
BOTSWANA BEIRA CORRIDOR
Windhoek
Walvis Gaborone Links landlocked states to the
Bay H UNG ARY
Mozambican port of Beira,
Moh acs
SLOVENIA
Pretoria offering an alternative to
Johannesburg South African ports. CRO ATI A RO MANI A
Maputo
Mbabane
KGALAGADI PEACE PARK
Maseru MAPUTO CORRIDOR
Links South Africa's Kalahari Durban BO S NI A ˘
Dubosevica
Gemsbok Park and Botswana's Links the industrial heartland SERBIA
LESOTHO
Gemsbok National Park into a of South Africa to its nearest
Cape SOUTH port in Maputo. Topolje
single cross-border authority. So mb or
Town AFRICA
LUMBOMBO SPATIAL ˘
Knezevo Draz̆
Draz SERBIA
Gajić
Gajic Batina
DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVE
Links Durban and Maputo ( Vo j v o d i n a )
in a spatial development H U N G A R Y Branjina
initiative focussed on tourism Popovac Podolje
and agriculture. Zmajevac
TRANS-KALAHARI CORRIDOR ˘ ´
Secerana Branjin Vrh Kotlina
Ri
Pe
Links ports on the Indian Ocean Luc̆

Luc Suza v
c´ s
er
with those on the Atlantic to become ˘
Sumarina Beli Manastir
a major transport artery tied into Kamenac
Da
both the Maputo Corridor and Torjanci B. Petrovo ˘
Knezevi
Selo Karanac
Petlovac
nube
other intra-state SDIs. Vinogradi
.. N. Bezdan
Novo Nevensinje ˘ Mede
Majiske
Development corridor . N. Bolman
.. Bolman Kozarac
Rail links
Jagodnjak Tikves˘
Grabovac Manor House
Graphics: J. McDowell ˘´
Belisce ˘
Ceminac
˘
Novi Ceminac
Tikves̆
Tikves
Valpovo Ugljes̆
Ugljes Lug
This briefing uses geographic analysis and maps to N S L A V O N I A

˘ rit
Kopacki
Nature Reserve
assess the potential of the African Renaissance to provide

Darda Vardarac
C R O A T I A
peaceful solutions to boundary problems affecting the

R i
v e Bilje ˘
Kopacevo
r SE R B IA
D
SADC region. 0 kilometres 10

r
a
v
a
( Vo j v o di na )
International boundary OSIJEK
Paperback, ISBN 1-897643-37-3, 2000, 30pp Roads

Railway

Geographical Information in Delimitation, The International Boundaries of East

Demarcation and Management of Timor
International Land Boundaries Vol.3 No.5
Vol.3 No.4 Neil Deeley
Ron Adler Dili
Town
Positioning and mapping techniques have advanced International boundary Dutch territory ceded to Portugal
(delimited by the 1904 Dutch - Portuguese (Article I of the 1904 convention)
convention and the 1914 award of the
Disputed territory allocated to Portugal
greatly in recent years, particularly positioning by

permanent court of arbitration)
(Articles III and V of the 1904 convention)
Portuguese territory ceded to the Netherlands
Disputed territory allocated to the Netherlands
(Article II of the 1904 convention)
global positioning systems (GPS or satellite methods)

following the arbitral awawrd of The Permanent
Disputed territory allocated to the Netherlands Court of Arbitration, 25 June 1914, Paris
(Articles III and V of the 1094 convention)
and geographical information systems (GIS) tools. This EAST TIMOR
briefing provides an overview of the state-of-the-art of 9°S

S A V U S E A Maue besi Batugade Maoe boesa
boundary making on land. Atapoepoe
O’Kusi Tahakay
(Pante Macassar) Lakmaras
C
Pulu Batek D Maucatar
EAST
T I M OR
A
( O e c u s s i) B Tamiru
Ailala Suai
South West
Maucatar
▲ I N D O N E S I A
Bidjael T I M O R S E A
Sunan
0 kilometres 20
Noimutu
124°E 125°
The purpose of this briefing is to serve as an introduction

to the recent crisis on the island of Timor, and to provide
a background to the history of the international boundary
between Indonesia and the most recent addition to
the international community, the independent state of
East Timor. This analysis provides an insight into the
relevant historical, geopolitical, resource and functional
factors applying to, and at, the boundary between these
neighbours, dating back to the period of the Dutch and
Portuguese colonists.
The land boundary alignment on Timor is examined
in detail, relative to the recognised treaty materials,
according to the current principles of international
law, and against the best geographic source materials
at a variety of scales. The evolution of the maritime
boundary is also examined in some detail, and a number
of illustrative figures are included. All of this information
The technical aspects of international boundary is set firmly within the historical context, and a full
delimitation and demarcation are considered, including chronology of key events is provided as an appendix.
what a boundary consists of, what a boundary agreement
involves, what demarcation involves and the role of the Paperback, ISBN 1-897643-42-X, 2001, 61pp
boundary engineer at all stages.
The technologies of boundary engineering are described
in detail, including boundary coordinates, maps, remote
sensing applications, and global positioning systems.
The nature and importance of geographical information
systems is considered in depth.
Two case studies of modern demarcation and recording
surveys - the Iraq-Kuwait boundary and the Israel-Jordan
boundary - provide comprehensive examples of the
considerations and techniques described in the Briefing
being put into practice.
Towards a Framework for Resolution of Territorial Disputes among Japan, China

the Territorial Dispute over the Kurile and Taiwan Concerning the Senkaku
Islands Islands
Seokwoo Lee Seokwoo Lee
Territorial disputes arising from the aftermath of World The ongoing territorial disputes between Japan, the
War II continue to hamper international relations in the People’s Republic of China and the Republic of Taiwan
Asia Pacific region. Japan is a disputant in three such over the Pinnacle Islands/Senkaku Islands/Diao-yu-tai
cases involving islands in East Asia. In the first of three involves a number of significant issues, including future
briefings focusing on these disputes, Dr Lee examines the offshore oil development. The dispute has impeded the
Kurile Islands case in detail, starting with the geographical promotion of stability in East Asia and, in particular,
and historical background to the dispute. Both claimants, bilateral relations between Japan and China and Japan
Japan and Russia, marshal support for their cases from and Taiwan. This briefing, the second in Dr Lee’s
historical sources, and these are the decisions taken on series concerning East Asian island disputes, begins by
boundaries and territorial dispositions at the end of World examining the geographical and historical background
War II, chiefly within the San Francisco Peace Treaty. to the dispute. It then analyses the legal argument made
Interpretation of the territorial clauses of that treaty and by each of the three claimants concerning sovereignty
their implementation are pivotal to an understanding, and over the islands. This analysis includes assessment of a
even an eventual solution, of the dispute. potential critical date in the dispute and the implication
of existing treaties between the parties. Lastly, the author
seeks to discern which of the parties has the best legal
Sakhalin claim to the important Pinnacle Islands Senkaku Islands/
RUSSIA Diao-yu-tai.
S
ND
LA
Sea
of IS
E
Okhotsk R IL
KU R U S S I A N F E D E R AT I O N
Etorofu
Occupied by the Soviet Union Paramushir To
Ta r t a r y
Sea Kunashiri
of in 1945, administered by Russia, Sakhalin D
S
N
Japan claimed by Japan Matsuwa To
A
lf of
L
Shasukota
I S
Shikotan Matsuwa To
Gu
Hokkaido
L
N O R T H R
I Rashuwa To
U
JA PA N Habomai
Kaiba To
K Shimoshiru To
Islands PA C I F I C Uruppu To
Rebun
Shima
O C E A N C H I N A Etorofu Shima
Japan's claimed straight baselines Kunashiri Shima

Shikotan Shima
Hokkaido
Akkeshi Wan
Vladivostok
O Shima
Drawing upon international law, together with a study

Taugaru
Kark yo
NORTH
of the recent history and developments in the dispute, Gulf of

KOREA
P’YONGYANG
Japan Sea
this briefing assesses the respective claims of Japan

Pohai Sado Shima
SEOUL
JAPAN
and Russia to the Kurile Islands and the likelihood of a Ye l l o w
Sea
SOUTH
KOREA
Honshu
TOKYO
resolution to the dispute in the near future. Shikoku

Osaka
Miyake Shima
Hachijo Shima
See also Boundary & Territory Briefings Vol.3 No.7 and

Nagasaki
Danjo Gunto Kyushu
East Sumisu Shima
Vol 3. No.8 for information on two additional island

Shanghai
China Tanega Shima Tori Shima
Tokara
Sea Gunto Sotu Gan
disputes in East Asia involving Japan.

Suwanose Shima
Takara Shima
Tori Shima Amami O Shima
Muku Shima Retto
Okinorabu Shima Nishino Shima
Ogasawara Gunto

Kobi Haha Shima Retto
Sho Sekibi Okinawa
Sho Shima Kita Daito Shima
RYUKYU ISLANDS Kita Io Shima
Miyako Shima VOLCANO Io Shima
TAI’PEI Okino Daito Shima ISLANDS
Yaryama Retto Minami Io Shima
N
TAIWAN
Koto Sho
P A C I F I C O C E A N
Luzon
Batan Strait
Islands
Babaryan Islands 0 kilometres 500
PHILIPPINES

Paperback, ISBN 1-897643-50-5, 2002 37pp
The Resolution of the Territorial Disputes

between Korea and Japan over the
Liancourt Rocks
Vol.3 No.8
Seokwoo Lee
Concluding Dr Lee’s survey of island sovereignty
disputes in East Asia, this briefing provides a detailed
historical and legal analysis of the dispute over a cluster
of tiny islands which lie midway between the Korean
and Japanese mainlands. Variously called Liancourt
Rocks, Tokdo (in Korea) and Takeshima (in Japan) the
islands have a potentially dramatic effect on the division
of maritime space in the East Sea / Sea of Japan. In spite
of their small physical size, if the Liancourt Rocks were
deemed to be islands under the 1982 UN Convention on
the Law of the Sea their possession could affect some
16,600 square nautical miles of maritime space between
the two countries. With such high stakes involved, both
Japan and Korea are keen to establish their respective
claims. With in-depth research the author critiques the
legal arguments of both parties, particularly in the wake
of the San Francisco Peace Treaty of 1951. This briefing
provides a unique analysis of this strategically important
but little-known dispute.
0 kilometres 600
IA
SS
RU
Hokkaido
CHINA
Sea of Japan
NORTH Liancourt Rocks

KOREA Takeshima / Tok-do
Sagoda-shima
Seoul ● Ullung-do
Honshu
SOUTH Oki-Shoto JAPAN
Yellow KOREA ● Tokyo
Sea
Tsushima
Cheju-do
Shikoku
Kyushu P A C I F I C
East China
Sea O C E A N

Maritime Briefings
The Maritime Briefings series presents detailed Volume 1

case studies and expert technical guides to
Historical Legal Claims: A Study of
maritime boundary issues. The 1982 United Disputed Sovereignty over Pulau Batu
Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea Puteh / Pedra Branca
(UNCLOS) finally entered into force in 1994 Vol.1 No.1
and, as its full implications are recognised,
maritime boundary issues are becoming Renate Haller-Trost
increasingly contentious. Technological Sovereignty over the “white rock” of Pulau Batu
Puteh/Pedra Branca is disputed between Malaysia and
developments have unlocked a wealth of ocean Singapore. Situated at the eastern entrance of the Strait
resources and the subsequent scramble for of Singapore, its significance is primarily strategic,
maritime space has yielded a new generation although it also has an impact on the delimitation of
territorial sea boundaries in the area. Singapore’s claim
of disputes. This series is designed to reflect is based primarily on an Anglo-Dutch treaty of 1824 and
developments in geographical, legal and the fact that the authorities in Singapore have maintained
technical approaches to questions of maritime a lighthouse on the rock since 1851. However, Malaysia
argues that it has exercised sovereignty over Pulau Batu
sovereignty and boundary delimitation, and to Puteh since the foundation of the Johore-Riau-Lingga
provide a detailed assessment of the changing Sultanate in the early 16th century.
status of maritime boundaries.
This detailed briefing examines the competing claims

of Malaysia and Singapore from a historical and legal
perspective. Analysing relevant documents and state
practice, the author concludes that Singapore has the
stronger case but emphasises that the dispute is a complex
one whose resolution will require careful political as
well as legal judgement. The argument put forward by
the author will be of particular interest considering that
Malaysia and Singapore took their dispute over Pulau
B Batu Puteh to the International Court of Justice in 2003.
M
Maritime Briefings
Technical Aspects of Maritime Boundary The Brunei - Malaysia Dispute over

Delimitation Territorial and Maritime Claims in
Vol.1 No.2 International Law
Peter Beazley Vol.1 No.3
Following the entry into force of the United Nations

Renate Haller-Trost
Convention on the Law of the Sea in 1994, many states This briefing analyses an issue which has been widely
are seeking to define the limits of their zones of maritime neglected in international law, namely the land and
jurisdiction and any maritime boundaries that need to ne maritime claims of the south-east Asian Sultanate of
agreed witht their neighbours. Brunei Darussalam towards its only territorial neighbour,
Malaysia. There are two areas of dispute between the two
f
countries: the first concerns land claims originating from
F
E
the colonial period which, if decided in Brunei’s favour,
would affect the maritime zones in Brunei Bay; the second
e involves overlapping maritime areas in the South China
d
Sea. Since both governments refuse to discuss the details
D
of their competing claims, Dr Haller-Trost’s meticulously
c researched study represents a major contribution to our
understanding of the Brunei-Malaysia disputes.
C
b
S TAT E A
B A
S TAT E B
This expert briefing offers a clear and concise guide

to the key technical issues associated with maritime
boundary delimitation. Topics covered include: zones
of jurisdiction; charts, basepoints and baselines; map
and chart projections; geodetic and tidal datums;
methods of boundary determination; and matters arising
from juridicial decisions such as relevant area and
proportionality coastal configuration, the relationship
between the continental shelf and EEZ, and the importance
of geological, geomorphological and economic factors.
Paperback, ISBN 1-897643-08-X, 1994 32pp
This briefing provides a detailed historical overview

of Brunei’s land and maritime claims, together with
an analysis of the status of the disputes in the context
of current international law and the prospects for their
eventual resolution.
Maritime Briefings
Acts of Piracy in the Malacca and Some Problems Relating to the Definition
Singapore Straits of ‘Insular Formations’ in International
Vol.1 No.4 Law: Islands and Low-tide Elevations
Robert Beckman, Carl Grundy-Warr and Vol.1 No.5
Vivian Forbes Clive Symmons
No less than 69 per cent of worldwide piracy attacks in Of the many possible sources of disagreement between
1992 occurred in south-east Asian waters. This briefing states over issues of maritime sovereignty and jurisdiction,
examines the issue of piracy in the busy waters of the the treatment of insular formations (i.e. islands, low-tide
Straits of Malacca and Singapore, and the jurisdictional elevations, islets, rocks, reefs, cays, etc) is probably the
rights of a coastal state with regard to piracy. The most complex and problematic. In some instances, the
changing historical nature of piracy in these straights is way an insular formation is defined can affect jurisdiction
examined, but the main focus of the study is on recent over literally thousands of square miles of ocean space.
efforts by the littoral states of Singapore, Malaysia and
This briefing sets out to highlight the key issues in the
Indonesia, as well as various other international bodies
definition of insular formations. Written by one of the
and shipping companies, to combat piracy in the region.
world’s leading legal experts in this area, the briefing
The authors argue that the current cooperative measures covers issues such as: the regimes attached to insular
by the littoral states seem to be having the desired effect formations in international law; insular sub-categories;
of reducing incidents of piracy attacks in the straits. the effect of government or estoppel on insular status;
Suggestions are also offered on how international and analysis of the ‘above-tide requirement’ in international
transboundary cooperation may be enhanced in future law; the optimal tidal choices for insular definition; and
should the current measures prove insufficient. the importance of locational permanence of an island.
Paperback, ISBN 1-897643-09-8, 1994 37pp Paperback, ISBN 1-897643-10-1, 1995 32pp
Maritime Briefings
A Geographical Description of the Spratly Transit Passage in the Russian Arctic

Islands and an Account of Hydrographic Straits
Surveys Amongst Those Islands Vol.1 No.7
Vol.1 No.6 William V Dunlap
David Hancox and Victor Prescott With Russia seeking to develop the Northern Sea Route
Unlike most of the recent literature dealing with the and open it to international commercial shipping, this
Spratly Islands, this study by Captain Hancox and timely study explores the effect that such an action
Professor Prescott avoids politics. In this briefing would have on the legal status of the North-east Passage
the authors provide information on two topics which straits along the route. The recent increase in Russian
contribute to the foundation for any historical, legal, hydrocarbon production could make the Northern Sea
political or economic analysis of that area. Route a vital transport link for oil and gas destined for
North America.
The first part consists of a geographical description of the
features that are called the Spratly Islands. These features
comprise islands and rocks that stand above high water, A R C T I C O C E A N
East Siberian Sea ●
●
Provideniya
Mys Shmidta
reefs that uncover at low water and shoals that reach Barents Sea Severnaya
Zemlya
Novosibirskiye
● Pevek Bering
near the surface of the sea but are always submerged.

Ostrova Sea
● Zelenyy Mys
Novaya Laptev Sea
These descriptions have been based on the best available Zemlya ● Chokurdakh
●
Murmansk
Kara Sea ● Nizhneyansk
sailing directions and charts which have been published

●
●
Tiksi
Dikson ●
● Khatanga
by American, British, Chinese, French, Japanese, Mys Karasavey
● Yamburg
Malaysian, Philippine and Taiwanese authorities. Where

there are unresolved discrepancies in these sources they
have been noted. Northern Sea Route
The second part reviews the history of charting the 0 kilometres 1500
Spratly Islands from the end of the 18th century to

the present. This account reveals the extent to which
surveys produced by hydrographers of one country were From the Barents Sea, through the Kara, Laptev and
incorporated, with or without acknowledgement, onto Siberian seas on to the pacific, this study provides detailed
the charts of other countries. Appendices attached to analysis of the specific straits and various islands that
this part list all published charts of the Spratly Islands will be affected by the Northern Sea Route. It examines
and unpublished surveys and sketches made by Captain the new regime of international straits and transit rights
Hancox or other salvage masters in this region. defined in the 1982 United Nations Convention of the
Law of the Sea, both in a general sense and specifically
as they apply to the waters of the Russian Arctic. In
115°18'E
12°
Nares Bk Reed
Bank Templer Bk
addition, this briefing takes a look at Soviet and Russian
Amy Douglas
Flat I Bk
Nanahan I
Sandy Sh
Seahorse or Routh Bk
jurisdiction policies towards the Arctic region.
Jackson Atoll Weed Brown Bk

Southampton Rf Southern Bk Bk Lord Auckland Sh
Hardy RI Carnatic Sh
10°
Mischief Rf
Sabina Sh
2nd Thomas Sh
Bombay Sh
Alicia Annie PALAWAN
Rf 1st N.E. Investigator
Thomas Sh Sh
Half Moon
Sh
Commodore
RI
8° Rf = Reef
Bk = Bank
Sh = Shoal
6°N
BO RNE O
116° 118°
The information in this briefing provides a valuable

research tool for those interested in the politics and
development of the Spratly Islands, which can be
improved in the future as more information becomes
available.
Maritime Briefings
The Maritime Boundaries of the Adriatic Volume 2

Sea The Spratly Islands Dispute: Who’s on
Vol.1 No.8 First?
Gerald Blake and Dus̆ko Topalović Vol.2 No.1
The disintegration of Yugoslavia has led to a proliferation Daniel J Dzurek
in the number of Adriatic littoral states and thus an
increase in the number of potential maritime boundaries The Spratly Islands, scattered over a UK-sized area of
and - almost inevitably - maritime boundary disputes. the South China Sea, are the most contested real estate
in the world. This briefing by one of the world’s leading
experts on this dispute, analyses the claims of Brunei,
N China, Malaysia, the Philippines, Taiwan and Vietnam,
ITALY and describes how those claims have been reinforced by
Grado
ste
TRIESTE island-hopping, conducting marine research, fishing, and
rie
Caorle
y o f T Izola KOPER
contracting with multinational oil companies. The study
Ba
emphasises legal positions and political developments
Cape
Savudrija Piran SLOVENIA
since 1990, including the 1995 PRC occupation of

VENICE
●
Umag Dragonja
Mir
na
Mischief Reef - the 44th outpost to be taken by one of
Novigrad
the claimants.
C R O AT I A
Istria
A D R I A T I C
S E A
Land boundaries Territorial sea limits
Possible maritime boundary

Baselines
in the Bay of Piran
1968 continental shelf boundary Unofficial Slovenian proposal

(Italy - Yugoslavia) (possibly for exit to the high sea)
First point for continental shelf The most extreme proposal
● boundary (i.e. high sea from Slovenia
northernmost point)
Italy - Yugoslavia territorial sea boundary 0 km 30
in the Bay of Trieste (1975 agreement)
This briefing provides an overview of maritime boundary

agreements and outstanding claims of the Adriatic states.
Particular attention is paid to the consequences arising
from the emergence of Bosnia-Hercegovina, Croatia,
Slovenia and Yugoslavia (Serbia/Montenegro) as distinct
states, but consideration is also given to the maritime
boundaries of Albania and Italy. Although a number of
thorny issues have yet to be fully resolved - for example
the Bay of Piran dispute between Croatia and Slovenia,
the Croatia-Yugoslavia boundary on the Prevlaka The author argues that none of the claimants demonstrates
peninsula and the Bay of Kotor, as well as the question clear title. China, Taiwan and Vietnam assert strong
of Bosnian access to the sea - the study concludes that claims, but Vietnam’s position is weakened by its
the prospects for peaceful cooperation in the Adriatic 1958 recognition of Chinese sovereignty. Although the
are quite good, particularly with regard to environmental contesting countries have begun preliminary negotiations
collaboration. and adopted confidence-building measures, the author
Paperback, ISBN 1-897643-22-5, 1996 67pp believes that a settlement in the Spratlys is unlikely until
well into the twenty-first century.
Maritime Briefings
Maritime Boundaries in the Baltic Sea : The Falkland Islands and their Adjacent
Past, Present and Future Maritime Area
Erik Franckx Patrick Armstrong and Vivian Forbes
This briefing documents the origins of the sovereignty
IA
dispute over these remote islands in the South Atlantic,
SS
Norwegian
RU
and traces its development over 200 years up through
Sea
1997. The British government’s efforts to promote the

65°
islands’ economic development in the post-1982 era
based on fisheries and hydrocarbons exploitation, are
SWEDEN
also discussed. In addition, the authors examine recent

moves toward cooperative offshore development such as
FINLAND the two countries’ ‘Joint Declaration on Cooperation over
Gulf
Offshore Activities in the South West Atlantic’, signed on
NORWAY
of
Bothnia
27 September 1995.
Bogskär
(Finland)
60°
0 nm 200
Hiiumaa I.
(Estonia)
Gotska ESTONIA 9
Sandön 1
(Sweden)
ARGENTINA
Saaremaa I.
Læsø (Denmark) (Estonia) RU SSIA
Gotland I.
Anholt (Denmark) (Sweden) 3 2 FICMZ
29
K
LATV IA 4
AR
Hesselø (Denmark) Öland I. ARGENTINE O

c
NM
(Sweden) EEZ
t
Bornholm
50°
19
(Denmark) Utklippan I.
DE
(Sweden) LITH UA NIA
86
Kaliningrad
55°N Christiansø I. Falkland Islands
(RUSSIA)
(Denmark)
International maritime boundary
Greifswalder Oie OUTER
(Germany) Tripoint still to be delimited
1 12 ZONE
GE RM ANY POLAND Settled tripoints 26 Dec 1990
SPECIAL 11
10
AREA
10°E 15° 20° 25° 30° 9 8
27 Sep 1995
2 3
This detailed and informative briefing provides an

4 5
CHILE 6 7 5
overview of boundary-making in the Baltic Sea. The 6

author first describes the background to the current 55°S
situation, and then discusses the maritime boundary 7
processes at work in the region between 1945 and the early 65° 60° 55°W
part of the 1990s when dramatic world events led to the
8
Baltic Sea gaining several new littoral states. In addition,

the author assesses the impact of the re-emergence of the Paperback, ISBN 1-897643-26-8, 1997 43pp
three independent Baltic republics and the reunification
of Germany on the delimitation process.
A clear and concise chronological overview of maritime
delimitation in the Baltic, this briefing should be required
reading for those interested in this region.
Maritime Briefings
Island Disputes and the Law of the Sea: Basic Legal Issues of Joint Development
An Examination of Sovereignty and of Offshore Oil and Gas in Relation to
Delimitation Disputes Maritime Boundary Delimitation
Robert W Smith and Bradford L Thomas Masahiro Miyoshi
The use, or non-use, of islands in establishing national Maritime boundary negotiations between coastal states
jurisdiction over ocean space has been somewhat have become increasingly complicated, especially
inconsistent and troublesome on a global scale for many when hydrocarbon resources are present. This briefing
years. While on the one hand, islands are to be treated in show how joint development arrangements around the
the same manner as any mainland territory, the extent of world have been reached in connection with efforts
this ‘equal’ treatment is often disputed. Consideration of towards maritime boundary delimitation. It begins with
islands in the law of the sea is often influenced by their a brief history of joint development before dealing with
size, location, political status, and the nature of the island the following key issues: the basic concept of joint
itself. development; eight precedents of joint development in
the absence of boundaries and six precedents as part
Agreed maritime boundaries
IRAN Greater Tunb
● Bandar-e Abbas of boundary delimitation; a theoretical review of the
Lesser Tunb
Tunb as Sughra /
Tunb al Kubra /
Jazireh-ye Tonb-e Bozorg
Qeshm o rm
uz precedents, discussing the presence or absence of joint
of H
boundaries, definition of joint development, powers of
Jazireh-ye Tonb-e Kuchek
IR a it
QA AN S tr
TA
joint commissions, other legitimate uses of the sea and

R Kish AN
IR AN
BAHRAIN Forur OM
the interests of third countries; the outlook for joint

● MANAMA 12 nautical miles
Persian / Arabian
Gulf Mubarak
OMAN
Sirri
IRA N
U.A .E.
oil field
administrative line development.
agreed maritime Abu Musa /
boundaries Jazireh-ye Abu Musa
Q ATA R Dubai ● ● Al Fujayrah
● DOHA Sir Bu Nu'ayr
JAMAICA
Maritime boundary
Gulf of
Dayyinah Oman Colombia-Honduras
R Ash Shariqah
Q ATA (Sharjah - western section)
maritime boundary
.
U .A .E ABU DHABI ● No defined Joint regime area
Alice Shoal
boundary
16°N 0 nmls 100
1965 boundary, renegotiated Serranilla Bank Bajo Nuevo
and revised in 1992
not official depiction
OMAN
HONDURAS Cabo
Gracias
SAUDI ARABIA a Dias
U N I T E D A R A B E M I R AT E S Quita Sueño Serrana
ca
0 kilometres 100 Bank Bank Ja m ai
bi a
14° C ol om
West Merdian
Isla de Providencia Cay

This briefing provides an overview of islands and the NICARAGUA
law of the sea, highlighting the major disputes involving Isla de San Andres
C A R I B B E A N S E A
Albuquerque Cay
islands around the world.

12°
82°

COSTA RICA
10° C O L O M B I A VENEZUELA
84°W 82° 80° 78° 76° 74° 72°
This study represents the most up-to-date exposition

available of joint development arrangements in relation
to maritime boundary delimitation.
Maritime Briefings
When is an ‘Island’ Not an ‘Island’ in The Importance of the Tidal Datum in

International Law? The Riddle of Dinkum the Definition of Maritime Links and
Sands in the Case of US v Alaska Boundaries
Clive Symmons Nuno Sérgio Marques Antunes
This briefing deals with the problem of defining an The periodical rise and fall of oceanic waters in coastal
‘island’ in international law arising from the United areas - the tides - is a phenomenon that has been observed
States Supreme Court case of US v Alaska concerning for centuries. However, their practical effects concerned
the status of a small formation in the Beaufort Sea known only seamen and those whose life was somehow directly
as ‘Dinkum Sands’. Dispute between Federal and State related to the sea. The relevance of the tidal phenomenon
authorities centred on the meaning of “above water at in the international law of the sea only emerged recently,
high tide” (part of the definition of an island under Article alongside other developments during the twentieth
10 of the 1958 Geneva Convention on the Territorial Sea) century, namely the appropriation of vast oceanic areas
and its application to an offshore feature which itself by states and the need to define the spatial limits of their
goes up and down. The debate also addressed other issues jurisdiction at sea.
concerning islands, such as the relevant tidal datum, the
The existence of tides and their effects were addressed
meaning of the term ‘land’ and the possible necessity for
in both the 1958 Convention on the Territorial Sea/
locational permanence.
Contiguous Zone and the 1982 United Nations Convention
30' 15' 149°00'W 45' 30' 15' 148°00' 45' 30' 15'
on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). Both conventions refer
to concepts such as ‘low-water line’, ‘low-tide elevations’
A R C T I C O C E A N
S TA
and ‘high tide’. These concepts play an important part in
establishing the limits of state jurisdiction over maritime
TE
SE
AW B e a u f o r t S e a
zones. In turn, the accurate definition of these lines and
AR
D
BOUN
D
A Reindeer Cross Island
features is dependent upon the tidal datum adopted in a
R
particular area.
72° Island
Re
Y
t
ur
Beechey Midway
n
Is
Point lan Islands
ds
Stump McC
Island Dinkum lur Vertical clearance - ID Tidal Gauge - IT Tidal Levels & Charted Data
Ste e
fan
sso
Sands Is
la
n S Narwhal
ou Island
nd
nd
IH 20
s
Prudhoe
Bay Charted elevation
HAT
MHWS HW datum (or MSL) Charted vertical clearance Charted HW
Spring range of tide (coast) line
MHWN
71°N if Dinkum Sands is an island
Neap range of tide
if Dinkum Sands is not an island Fo gg
y Is la
nd Ba y MSL
Land survey datum
Sea surface at any time
MLWN
Observed depth
MLWS Height of tide
A central notion in the case was whether there is such
(sounding) Drying height
Charted LW (drying) line
CD (usually LAT on
a phenomenon in international law as a ‘seasonal’ or BA charts)
Charted depth
‘occasional’ island. Although this was not international
litigation, it did directly involve international legal Planes of reference are not exactly as shown for all charts.
considerations. It is suggested, therefore, that the case has

future importance for other insular disputes throughout The main aim of this briefing is to discuss the significance
the world as, to date, such issues concerning the law of the tidal datum in the unilateral definition of maritime
of the sea have never been judicially determined in any limits and in bilateral maritime boundary delimitation.
international tribunal. The author first provides some elementary notions related
Paperback, ISBN 1-897643-33-0, 1999 32pp to tides. The concept of a tidal datum is then introduced,
and its relationship with nautical charts examined. The
relevant provisions of UNCLOS are analysed, with special
emphasis placed upon the importance of tidal datums to
the interpretation of these provisions. Finally, examples
of state practice and jurisprudence are examined in order
to determine whether there is a ‘more suitable’ or legally
binding tidal datum.
Maritime Briefings
Undelimited Maritime Boundaries in the Volume 3

Pacific Ocean Excluding the Asian Rim Undelimited Maritime Boundaries of the
Vol.2 No.8 Asian Rim in the Pacific Ocean
Victor Prescott and Grant Boyes Vol.3 No.1
This innovative briefing is the first of a two-part series Victor Prescott and Clive Schofield
to consider boundaries that remain to be delimited in
the region around the world’s largest body of water, The second of a two-part series, this briefing provides a
the Pacific Ocean. The first review looks at the 42 systematic review of 20 undelimited maritime boundaries
undelimited boundaries within the Pacific Ocean proper, in the seas and gulfs lying between the mainland of Asia
from the western shores of the Americas, through the mid- and the chain of archipelagos stretching from Indonesia
ocean archipelagos to Australia. The range of boundary to Japan via the Philippines and Taiwan. For each
situations addresssed in the briefing varies from the potential delimitation the analysis notes the status of each
more or less compact groups of islands in the central and country and the types of maritime regimes that might
southern ocean to the adjacent states on the west coast of eventually be separated by a delimited boundary. The
Central America lacking offshore islands. line of equidistance related to all appropriate basepoints
is noted and the authors give consideration to the possible
The analysis of each undelimited bilateral boundary creation of inequitable maritime boundaries using a line
begins with a short introduction that notes the status of of equidistance.
each country and the types of marine regimes (such as
territorial waters and exclusive economic zones) that
might eventually be separated by a delimited boundary. CHINA
120˚ Haderuma
Shima
The second section defines the line of equidistance related Taiwan
PA
N
to all appropriate base-points located on the mainland or JA
nm
0
Lan Yu 20
islands. The final section explores the possibility that Oluan Pi
Bashi Channel
circumstances might persuade one or both countries Pratas
Amianan I
North I
Ibayat
to argue that the line of equidistance would create an 20˚
Reef
20˚
inequitable maritime boundary. Calayan
C. Bojeador
Notable disputes which are considered include the
Treaty Limits
Canada-USA disagreements in the Dixon Entrance and
e
ta n c
Juan de Fuca Strait, and maritime claims around Tonga.

id is
Lincoln I C.
Bolinao
f qu
Bombay
Li n e o e
Reef
PHI L IP PIN ES
Scarborough
Reef
● Ketchikan Cabra I
Pri nce of Wal es I s l a n d
International maritime boundary

Busuanga
Fishing zone limit
Disputed zone N. Danger Libro Pt.
Reef Flat I 120˚
Map: CSJ
Da
ll
Is
Additionally, the authors take into account all relevant

la
55°N
nd
Forrester
Island
Cape
Chacon
disputes (including disputes over rocks and islands)
‘A’
Canadian Claim
‘B’ throughout the region and their subsequent effects
on future boundary delimitation. Comprehensively-
Nunez
Cape
Rocks
Muzon
806 n.m. 2
Dundas
Island researched, this briefing gives a clear impression of how
Leamouth
at
St
d m
e s
the undelimited boundaries in this large and influential
Bank
Un
ite lai
C region might look in years to come.
D i x o n E n t r a n c e
Langara
Island Quee Stephen
Note: See also Maritime Briefing Vol.2 No.8 for
information concerning undelimited maritime boundaries
n C
ha rlot Island
te I
slands
of the Pacific Ocean excluding the Asian Rim.
H e c a t e
54°
Graham Island S t r a i t
133°W 132° 131°
Note: See also Maritime Briefing Vol.3 No.1 for

information concerning undelimited maritime boundaries
of the Asian Rim in the Pacific Ocean.
Paperback, ISBN 1-897643-39-X, 2001 50pp
Maritime Briefings
Parting the Red Sea: Boundaries, Developments in the Technical

Offshore Resources and Transit Determination of Maritime Space: Charts,
Vol.3 No.2 Datums, Baselines, Maritime Zones and
Daniel J Dzurek Limits
Vol.3 No.3
The Red Sea has been a pivot of international relations
since the dawn of recorded history. It divides Africa from Chris Carleton and Clive Schofield
the Middle East and exhibits many of the salient issues of
marine policy. Linking the resources of the Persian Gulf In the delimitation of maritime boundaries, technical
with Western Europe and North America, the Red Sea is issues play a critical role. Even small technical mistakes
also a vital component of the world’s energy and transport in delimitation can lead to the loss of huge areas of
system, in addition to having un-explored resources of its maritime space or necessitate re-negotiation. The first
own. volume of two companion briefings provides a general
overview of the technical considerations that have to be
addressed in the determination of maritime space.
The authors explain the importance of chart projections
Elat ●
ISRAEL ●
Al’ Aqabah
and datums together with the meaning of a ‘straight line’.
Taba ● Many issues are closely examined, including: the use and
abuse of nautical charts in delimitation; the determination
of all forms of baselines (including normal, closing lines,
E G Y P T
JORDAN
archipelagic and straight); as well as the importance of
the vertical datum and low tide elevations. The generation
of maritime zones is then described, covering all areas
from internal waters to an extended continental shelf and
the respective regimes under the 1982 UN Convention for
the Law of the Sea. The concluding part of the briefing
● Haql deals with the definition of the limits of these zones of
maritime jurisdiction. Using a wide variety of illustrative
and real-life examples, the authors clarify many of the
technical details in maritime delimitation.
SAUDI
AR AB IA
imit
imit
CZ L
Archipelagic ARCHIPELAGIC STATE A

TS L
waters (Part V)
STATE A EEZ
(Part V)
Ex
)
74
clu
State A Continental
siv
Shelf (Part VI)

.
rt
e
(A
Ec
om
on
ry
ic
Zo da
ne un
n
Bo
gi
Lim e
it (A STATE B EEZ
ntal Mar
High Seas im
rt. 5 rit
(Part VII) 7) Ma (Part V)
The Area
ne
In spite of its global importance, there are only three

(Part XI and
ti
implementing n
Co
agreement) Low Tide Elevation
(Art. 13)
settled maritime boundaries in the Red Sea. Boundary by

boundary the author examines the island and territorial State B Continental Shelf
(Part VI)
Island (Art. 21)
disputes which have complicated efforts towards

delimitation, particularly in the light of the 1998 and 1999
200
nm
Eritrea-Yemen arbitral decisions. Excessive or ambiguous Cont

iguo
Te r r i
us Zone Limit
torial Sea Limi
ght Baselin
(Art.
t (Art.
33)
Bay Closing Line
straight baseline claims by the littoral states also persist

3)
Strai e (Art Max. 24nm
. 7) (Art. 10)
24
nm
12
in obscuring boundary analysis. Tensions continue over

nm
Internal Waters
(Art. 8)
offshore resources, such as hydrocarbons and fisheries.

Marine environmental degradation endangers fragile Normal Baseline
(Art. 5)
coral reefs and tourist attractions. Transit disputes dating Not to Scale
to the Arab-Israeli conflict raise the questions of innocent

and straits passage. Overarching all these issues are the Note: See also Maritime Briefing Vol.3 No.4 for
larger regional tensions that inhibit cooperation in this additional information on technical issues relating to
crucial semi-enclosed sea. maritime boundary delimitation.
Paperback, ISBN 1-897643-46-2, 2001 37pp Paperback, ISBN 1-897643-45-4, 2001 79pp
Maritime Briefings
Developments in the Technical The Sino-Vietnamese Approach to

Determination of Maritime Space: Managing Boundary Disputes
Delimitation, Dispute Resolution, Vol.3 No.5
Geographical Information Systems and Ramses Amer
the Role of the Technical Expert
Vol.3 No.4 The primary objective of this study is to examine how
China and Vietnam have handled their border disputes,
Chris Carleton and Clive Schofield both on land and at sea. The analysis revolved around
two main issues: firstly, how the border disputes affect
This second volume of the companion set of briefings, the relationship between the two countries and secondly,
considers the actual delimitation of maritime boundaries more specifically, how the two countries are trying to
between coastal states. The authors reveal the various manage their border disputes.
methods of delimitation including an in-depth
examination of equidistance lines. The briefing goes on 106°E 108°E 22°N
to discuss questions concerning the regime of islands,

Ile de Tra Co
110°E
20°N
such as what does and does not constitute an island? The VIETNAM Tai Shan Tao CHINA
Vinh Thruc Nam
9
growing use of Geographical Information Systems (GIS)

22°N
Dao Ching
● Ba Lat Lan Xan
applications in the calculation and depiction of maritime Weizhou

Dao
space is discussed. Finally, the study explores the avenues Dao Bach Long vi
oun
dar
y
10
for maritime boundary dispute resolution and the role of te d

ma
r it im
eb
p o r Area provided by
the technical expert in maritime boundary negotiations. 14 Re
Dao Bach Long vi
Sen-Chien Jiao
18°N Junbi Jiao ●

17
Guanyin Jiao
IR E L A N D
Dongfang ●
Hon Con Chim
U N I T E D 20°N
K I N G D O M Gan’en Jiao ●
0 nautical miles 100 Hon Gio
a HAINAN DAO
S e
c Yinggehai Zui ●
i
t
l
e
C Xigu Dao
21
Ximao Zhou
el D C B 106°E
Eddystone A
n Jinmu Jiao ●
Rock an Hon Co
50°N
Isles of Scilly (UK) Ch D1 5 4 3 21
h
lis D2 6
Eng D3 7
F E D4 10 9
8 SOUTH CHINA SEA
Eq terr
no
F1
HG 11
ui ito
di ria
16°N
L KJ I
st
12
an l d
M Channel
t L isp
112°E
Islands
in ute
0 kilometres 100
e:
(UK)
18°N
Hon Son Cha
108°E Ban Dao So’n Tra 110°E 112°E
Ushant
. Island
U .K E
C
AN
FR
48°N
N
F R A N C E The briefing is divided into two main sections. The first
of these traces the importance of the border disputes
between the two states and the way in which they were
10°W 8° 6° 4° 2°
Comprehensive in scope and clearly depicted, these two managed in the 1975-1991 period. The second, more
briefings take the mystey out of the technical details substantive, section is devoted to the developments
involved in maritime boundary delimitation. relating to the border disputes following the full
normalisation of bilateral relations in November 1991
Note: See also Maritime Briefing Vol.3 No.3 for to the end of 2000. The concluding section provides a
additional information on technical issues relating to critical analysis of the efforts of the two countries to
maritime boundary delimitation. manage their territorial disputes with a view of explaining
Paperback, ISBN 1-897643-47-0, 2002 68pp the progress achieved and tensions endured during the
1990s. It also encompasses a discussion relating to the
prospects for the future.
Maritime Briefings
The Qatar v Bahrain Maritime Delimitation

and Territorial Questions Case
Vol.3 No.6
Barbara Kwiatkowska
The Qatar v Bahrain Maritime Delimitation and
Territorial Questions case was the first major maritime
delimitation dispute settled by the International Court of
Justice (ICJ) since the 1993 Denmark v Norway Maritime
Delimitation in the Area Between Greenland and Jan
Mayen Judgment. The latter was followed by the 1998
Territorial Sovereignty and Scope of the Dispute Award
and the 1999 Maritime Delimitation Award rendered by
the Eritrea / Yemen Arbitral Tribunal. All three landmark
cases provided instances of the application of modern
law of maritime boundary delimitation, as developed
in what the President of the ICJ, Judge Stephen M
Schwebel, described as the “notably successful”
equitable jurisprudence of the ICJ and arbitral tribunals.
Like the Eritrea / Yemen arbitration and the recent
Land and Maritime Boundary (Cameroon v Nigeria;
Equitorial Guinea Intervening) proceedings, the Qatar
v Bahrain case involved issues of maritime delimitation
in combination with those of territorial sovereignty
and belonged to cases of particularly procedural and
substantial importance.
This briefing provides a detailed analysis of the Qatar v
Bahrain case, including the 1994 and 1995 Jurisdiction
and Admissibility Judgments and the 2001 Merits
Judgment and Opinions. Topics covered include: the
course of the proceedings; the delivery and components
of the Judgment; the geographical setting; territorial
sovereignty questions (Zubarah, the Hawar Islands, Janan
Island and Qit’at Jaradah and Fasht ad Dibal); and the
maritime boundary delimitation.
Boundary & Security Bulletins
The Boundary & Security Bulletin was

published quarterly from 1993 until 2002, Price of Bulletins
offering a unique combination of news and Hard Copy*: Volume: Issue:
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Drawing on a wide range of international news
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sources, the bulletin provided a comprehensive Volumes 7-9 £80 £20
survey of events on a region-by-region basis, Internet
covering topics such as boundary agreements, Individual articles can now be
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seminars and exhibitions, and provided a forum format
for the review of new publications relevant to

the field.
Listed by region and theme: The Great Lakes Conflict and Spatial
Designs for Peace: A Neorealist Analysis
AFRICA 1997; Vol. 4 No. 4
Somaliland: Passing the Statehood Test? Richard Griggs
2000; Vol. 8 No. 3 The Boundaries of Afrikaner Self-
Peggy Hoyle determination
Caprivi Strip: World Court Awards Islands (995; Vol. 3 No. 2
to Botswana Richard Griggs
2000; Vol. 8 No. 2 Boundaries and War in Africa in 1995
Alan Perry 1995; Vol. 3 No. 1
Facts on the Ground: War and Peace in the Richard Griggs
Horn of Africa, May-June 2000 The Boundaries of a New South Africa
2000; Vol. 8 No. 2 1995; Vol. 2 No. 4
Justin Pearce Richard Griggs
Breaking Down the Barricades Rwanda in Crisis: Why are we Surprised?
1999; Vol. 7 No. 3 1994; Vol. 2 No. 3
John Warburton-Lee A B Featherstone
Bad Times in Badme: Bitter War Continues A Note on the International Court of Justice
Along the Eritrea-Ethiopia Border Ruling on the Chad - Libya Dispute
1999; Vol. 7 No. 1 1994; Vol. 2 No. 1
Margaret Fielding Gerald Blake
Gulf of Guinea Boundary Disputes The Bondage of Boundaries
1999; Vol. 7 No. 1 1994; Vol. 2 No. 1
Daniel J Dzurek Ali A Mazrui
The Return of the Old Guard: Boundary and
Security Implications of the Congo War AMERICAS
1998; Vol. 6 No. 3
Richard Griggs The World’s Longest Defended Border: A
Return to the Days of Militarisation
The Eritrea - Ethiopia Border Conflict 2002; Vol. 9 No. 4
1998; Vol. 6 No. 2 David Bercuson
Jean-Louis Peninou
Navassa: Legal Nightmare in a Biological
Creating Geographies of Peace: Provinces, Heaven?
Referenda and Spatial Decision-making in 2001; Vol. 9 No. 3
South Africa Fabio Spadi
1998; Vol. 5 No. 4
Richard Griggs The Work and Value of International
Boundary Commissions: The Canadian /
American Experience
The Boundaries of an African Renaissance
2001; Vol. 9 No. 3
1997; Vol. 5 No. 2
Michael O’ Sullivan
Richard Griggs
The Guyana - Suriname Maritime Boundary
Dispute and its Regional Context
2001; Vol. 9 No. 2
Peggy A Hoyle
The Maritime Boundary Dispute Between Conflict in the Cordillera del Cóndor: The
Honduras and Nicaragua in the Caribbean Ecuador - Peru Dispute
Sea 1996; Vol. 4 No. 1
2001; Vol. 9 No. 2 Ronald Bruce St John
Martin Pratt
Territorial Implications of Quebec’s
The US - Mexico International Boundary Referendum
and Water Commission in the Sustainable 1996; Vol. 3 No. 4
Development Era Stephen P Mumme & Pamela Duncan
2001; Vol. 9 No. 2
Stephen P Mumme Fishing Beyond the Limit: the Canada -
European Union Dispute
Discovering Rocks Off Labrador: A Photo 1995; Vol. 3 No. 1
Essay Douglas Day
2000; Vol. 8 No. 2
David H Gray Transboundary Dimensions of Petroleum
Development in Ecuador and Peru
Chile, Peru and the Treaty of 1929: The 1995; Vol. 3 No. 1
Final Settlement Edward Korzetz
2000; Vol. 8 No. 1
Ronald Bruce St John Falkland Islands Hydrocarbon Exploration
1995; Vol. 2 No. 4
US - Mexico Borderlands Studies at the Patrick Armstrong
Millennium
2000; Vol. 7 No. 4 Canada Asserts Jurisdiction over High Seas
Stephen P Mumme Fisheries
1994; Vol. 2 No. 2
The International Peace Garden: A Case William V Dunlap
Study in Locational Harmony
1999; Vol. 7 No. 3 Falklands Oil
Stanley D Brunn & Douglas C Munski 1994; Vol. 2 No. 2
Patrick Armstrong
Ecuador - Peru Endgame
1999; Vol. 6 No. 4 Stalemate in the Atacama
Ronald Bruce St John 1994; Vol. 2 No. 1
Ronald Bruce St John
Canada’s Unresolved Maritime Boundaries
1997; Vol. 5 No. 4 The Hardening of the United States
David H Gray - Mexican Borderlands: Causes and
Consequences
Doughnut Holes in the Gulf of Mexico 1994; Vol. 1 No. 4
1997; Vol. 5 No. 3 Edward J Williams & Irasema Coronado
David Applegate
The Gulf of Fonseca and St Pierre and
After NAFTA: Trade Integration and the Miquelon Cases
Border Three Years On 1993; Vol. 1 No. 1
1997; Vol. 5 No. 2 Keith Highet
Stephen P Mumme & Donna Lybecker
The Laguna del Desierto Case Between
Ecuador and Peru Discuss Border Impasses Argentina and Chile
1997; Vol. 5 No. 2 1993; Vol. 1 No. 1
Bradford L Thomas Marcelo G Kohen
The Maritime Limits of the Falkland Islands The Moscow Declaration, the Year 2000 and
1993; Vol. 1 No. 1 Russo - Japanese Deadlock over the ‘Four
Patrick Armstrong & Vivian L Forbes Islands’ Dispute
1999; Vol. 6 No. 4
ASIA - PACIFIC Yakov Zinberg
The Association of South-East Asian Cross-border Crime and the Grey Area
Nations and the Management of Territorial Phenomena in southeast Asia
Disputes 1998; Vol. 6 No. 3
2002; Vol. 9 No. 4 Peter Chalk
Ramses Amer Between Deterrence and Cooperation: East
What Vietnam Could Gain from Redrawing Asian Security after the ‘Cold War’
its Baselines 1998; Vol. 6 No. 2
2002; Vol. 9 No. 4 Liselotee Odgaard
Johan Henrik Nossum Russia’s Far East - Russian or Eastern?
Disorder in Megawati’s ‘New’ Indonesia 1998; Vol. 6 No. 1
2001; Vol. 9 No. 3 Mark Galeotti
Lesley McCulloch The Uncertainties of Middleton and
Geopolitics of Drugs and Cross-Border Elizabeth Reefs
Relations: Burma - Thailand 1998; Vol. 6 No. 1
2001; Vol. 9 No. 1 Victor Prescott
Carl Grundy-Warr & Elaine Wong The Australia - Indonesia Maritime
Land Boundaries of Indochina Boundary Delimitation Treaty
2001; Vol. 9 No. 1 1998; Vol. 5 No. 4
Ronald Bruce St John Vivian L Forbes
The China - Vietnam Border Delimitation The Kurile Islands Dispute: Towards Dual
Treaty of 30 December 1999 Sovereignty
2000; Vol. 8 No. 1 1998; Vol. 5 No. 4
Nguyen Hong Thao Yakov Zinberg
The Question of East Timor’s Maritime The Tumen River Area Development
Boundaries Programme
2000; Vol. 7 No. 4 1998; Vol. 5 No. 4
Victor Prescott Richard Pomfret
Joint Development in the Gulf of Thailand Sanctuary Under a Plastic Sheet: The
1999; Vol. 7 No. 3 Unresolved Problem of Rohingya Refugees
Nguyen Hong Thao 1997; Vol. 5 No. 3
Carl Grundy-Warr & Elaine Wong
Scarborough Reef: A New Flashpoint in
Sino-Philippine Relations? Vietnam’s First Maritime Boundary
1999; Vol. 7 No. 2 Agreement
Zou Keyuan 1997; Vol. 5 No. 3
Nguyen Hong Thao
Border Conflicts Between Cambodia and China Occupies Mischief Reef in Latest
Vietnam Spratly Gambit
1997; Vol. 5 No. 2 1995; Vol. 3 No. 1
Ramses Amer Daniel J Dzurek
Ethnic, Religious and Political Conflict Recent Developments on the Thai - Burma
on China’s Northwestern Borders: The Border
Background to the Violence in Xinjiang 1995; Vol. 3 No. 1
1997; Vol. 5 No. 1 Bertil Lintner
Michael Dillon
Cross-Border Wildlife Trade in Ratanakiri
Japan’s Ratification of UN Law of the Sea Province, Cambodia
Convention and its New Legislation on the 1994; Vol. 2 No. 3
Law of the Sea Marcus J Phipps
1997; Vol. 4 No. 4
Yutaka Kawasaki-Urabe & Vivian L Forbes Khmer Rouge Territoriality in Pre- and Post-
Election Cambodia
Straddling Stocks in the Barents Sea 1994; Vol. 2 No. 3
Loophole Carl Grundy-Warr
1997; Vol. 4 No.
William V Dunlap The Halockani Incident and the Redefinition
of a Boundary Issue Between Burma and
The Vladivstok Curve: Subnational Thailand
Intervention into Russo - Chinese Border 1994; Vol. 2 No. 3
Agreements Ananda Rajah
1996; Vol. 4 No. 3
Yakov Zinberg A Pollock-Fishing Agreement for the Central
Bering Sea
Partitioned States, Divided Resources: 1994; Vol. 2 No. 2
North / South Korea and Cases for William V Dunlap
Comparison
1996; Vol. 4 No. 2 An Arms Race in the South China Sea?
Peter Hocknell 1994; Vol. 2 No. 2
Clive Schofield
The People’s Republic of China Straight
Baseline Claim Managing Boundaries in the South China
1996; Vol. 4 No. 2 Sea
Daniel J Dzurek 1994; Vol. 2 No. 2
Greg Englefield
The Sino - Russian Boundary Settlement
1996; Vol. 4 No. 2 Emerging Asian Growth Circles: An
Eric Hyer Example in Between South-east Asia and
China
Cross-Border Migrations, Trafficking 1994; Vol. 2 No. 1
and the Sex Industry: Thailand and its Lim Joo-Jock
Neighbours
1996; Vol. 4 No. 1 Preah Vihear and the Cambodia - Thailand
Carl Grundy-Warr, Rita King & Gary Risser Borderland
1994; Vol. 1 No. 4
Indonesia’s Maritime Claims and Ronald Bruce St John
Outstanding Delimitation Problems
1996; Vol. 3 No. 4
Victor Prescott
CENTRAL / SOUTH ASIA A Spider’s Web: Jurisdictional Problems in

the Caspian Sea
Another Kashmir? The Afghanistan - 1995; Vol. 3 No. 3
Pakistan Border Dispute Greg Englefield
2002; Vol. 9 No. 4
Joanna Modrzejewska-Lesniewska From Tuva to Tyva: Nationalism Versus
Economics
China’s Islamic Frontiers: Borders and 1995; Vol. 2 No. 4
Indentities Mark Galeotti
2002; Vol. 8 No. 4
Michael Dillon The Sector Principle: Two Indian Ocean
Examples
The Sir Creek Boundary Dispute: A Victim 1995; Vol. 2 No. 4
of India - Pakistan Linkage Politics Vivian Forbes & Patrick Armstrong
2001; Vol. 8 No.
Ashutosh Misra Escalation of the Tajikistan Conflict
1994; Vol. 1 No. 4
India and Pakistan: Frozen in Fury on the James Sherr
Roof of the World
1999; Vol. 7 No. 2 Oil and Gas Pipelines in Central Asia
Barry Bearak 1994; Vol. 1 No. 4
Greg Englefield
Diego Garcia: Britain in the Dock
1999; Vol. 7 No. 1
Rachael Bradley EUROPE
The Karenni: A Troubled Borderland People Analysing Europe’s Borders

and a Destroyed State 2001; Vol. 9 No. 2
1998; Vol. 6 No. 3 Liam O’ Dowd
Carl Grundy-Warr Clashes on the FYROM Border: the
The Kashmir Territorial Dispute: Political Regional Context and Prospects for
Fallout of Nuclear Testing in South Asia Resolution
1998; Vol. 6 No. 2 2001; Vol. 9 No. 2
Robert G Wirsing Anissa Toscano
The Azerbaijan - Turkmenistan Dispute in Delineation of the State Border Between

the Caspian the Republic of Macedonia and the Federal
1998; Vol. 5 No. 4 Republic of Yugoslavia
Andrew Harris 2001; Vol. 9 No. 2
Mile Milenkoski & Jove Talevski
Pakistan’s Straight Baselines
1996; Vol. 4 No. 3 The Borders of the Republic of Macedonia
Victor Prescott 2001; Vol. 9 No. 1
Mile Milenkoski & Jove Talevski
Crime in Central Asia: A Regional Problem
with Global Implications Threats to Macedonia’s Stability and
1996; Vol. 3 No. 4 Borders
Mark Galeotti 2001; Vol. 9 No. 1
Mladen Klemenc̆ i ć
The Boundaries, Internal Order and Boundaries and the Internet: A Surfer’s
Identities of Bosnia and Herzegovina Guide
2001; Vol. 8 No. 4 1999; Vol. 7 No. 2
Mladen Klemenc̆ ić Martin Pratt
Brave New Borderless State: Illegal The Impact of the Greek Military
Immigration and the External Borders of the Surveillance Zone: On the Greek Side
EU of the Side of the Bulgarian - Greek
2000; Vol. 8 No. 3 Borderlands
Shelagh Furness 1999; Vol. 7 No. 2
Lois Labrianidis
Football Across the Ethnic Divide
2000; Vol. 8 No. 3 Gibraltar: Sovereignty Dispute and
Mladen Klemenc̆ ić Territorial Waters
1999; Vol. 7 No. 1
Borderlands: An Unlikely Tourist Gerry O’ Reilly
Destination
2000; Vol. 8 No. 1 Kosovo: What Solutions for Albanians in
Dallen J Timothy the “Cradle of the Serbian People”?
1999; Vol. 6 No. 4
International Boundaries: The Next Mladen Klemenc̆ i ć
Generation
2000; Vol. 7 No. 4 The Objectives of Land Boundary
William V Dunlap Management
1998; Vol. 6 No. 3
Into the Millennium: The Study of Gerald Blake
International Boundaries in an Era of Global
and Technological Change Dayton in the Balance: The Continuing
2000; Vol. 7 No. 4 Dispute over Brcko
David Newman 1998; Vol. 6 No. 1
Mladen Klemenc̆ i ć & Clive Schofield
The Border Agreement Between Croatia and
Bosnia-Herzegovina: The First But Not the Ireland and the Rockall Dispute
Last 1998; Vol. 6 No. 1
2000; Vol. 7 No. 4 Clive Symmons
Mladen Klemenc̆ ić
Problems, Progress and Prospects in a
What Makes Some Boundary Disputes Post-Soviet Borderland: The Republic of
Important? Moldova
2000; Vol. 7 No. 4 1997; Vol. 5 No. 1
Daniel J Dzurek Trevor Waters
Permeating the Irish Border: Practical The Chameleon Territory of South
North-South Cooperation Under the Belfast Schleswig (Slesvig): Fluctuations in the
Agreement Perceptions of National Identity
1999; Vol. 7 No.3 1997; Vol. 5 No. 1
Austen Morgan Norman Berdichevsky
Kaliningrad: NATO and EU Enlargement The Role of the United Nations in the
Issues Focus New Attention on Russia’s Balkans
Border with Central Europe 1995; Vol. 3 No. 2
1996; Vol. 4 No. 3 Yasushi Akashi
Lyndelle D Fairlie
United Nations Peacekeeping
Mostar: Make or Break for the Federation? 1995; Vol. 3 No. 1
1996; Vol. 4 No. 2 Colin Warbrick
Mladen Klemenc̆ ić & Clive Schofield
Croatia and Slovenia: The ‘Four Hamlets’
Philatelic Propaganda: Stamps in Territorial Case
Disputes 1995; Vol. 2 No. 4
1996; Vol. 4 No. 2 Mladen Klemenc̆ i ć & Clive Schofield
Todd Pierce
Northern Ireland - A Time of Hope
The Imia / Kardak Rocks Dispute in the 1995; Vol. 2 No. 4
Aegean Sea Dick Spring
1996; Vol. 4 No. 1
Martin Pratt & Clive Schofield Operating in Bosnia
1994; Vol. 2 No. 3
The Question of NATO Expansion Alastair Duncan
1996; Vol. 4 No. 1
Roland Dannreuther The Criminal Implications of the ‘Soft
Borders’ of the Former Soviet Union
Some Lessons from the 1924-25 Irish 1994; Vol. 2 No. 3
Boundary Commission Mark Galeotti
1996; Vol. 3 No. 4
Gerald Blake Effects of the Economic and Political
Changes in Eastern Europe for the
The Geography and Geopolitics of Europe’s Hungarian - Austrian Border Region -
Fourth World Results of a Research Project
1996; Vol. 3 No. 4 1994; Vol. 2 No. 1
Richard Griggs & Peter Hocknell Wolfgang Aschauer
Fourth World Faultlines and the Remaking Northwest Bohemia: A Central European
of ‘International’ Boundaries Border region in Transition
1995; Vol. 3 No. 3 1994; Vol. 2 No. 1
Richard Griggs & Peter Hocknell Hans-Joachim Burkner
Summer Storms Over the Balkans Relations Across the Boundaries Between
1995; Vol. 3 No. 3 the Old and the New Lander in Germany
Mladen Klemenc̆ ić & Clive Schofield after Reunification: Which Side Makes More
Profit?
An UNhappy Birthday in the Former 1994; Vol. 2 No. 1
Yugoslavia: A Croatian Border War Wilfried Heller
1995; Vol. 3 No. 2
Mladen Klemenc̆ ić & Clive Schofield The Crimea: Russia’s Ukrainian Peninsula
1994; Vol. 1 No. 4
The Cossacks: A Cross-Border Mark Galeotti
Complication to Post-Soviet Eurasia
1995; Vol. 3 No. 2 The Maastricht Treaty
Mark Galeotti 1994; Vol. 1 No. 4
Jacques Delors
Shared Water Resources and Sovereignty Macedonia: A War Over Words

in Europe and the Mediterranean 1993; Vol. 1 No. 1
1993; Vol. 1 No. 3 Michael Drury
Laurence Rose
The Single Market, Political Geography and MIDDLE EAST
Anomalies From Peace to War: Relighting the Flames
1993; Vol. 1 No. 3 of the Israel - Palestine Conflict
Andrew Marshall 2001; Vol. 9 No. 3
The WEU’s Security Role in Post-Cold War David Newman
Europe Resolution 242: Why the Israeli View of
1993; Vol. 1 No. 3 the “Withdrawal Phase” is Unsustainable
Willem van Eekelen International Law
Back to the Finland Station 2001; Vol. 8 No. 4
1993; Vol. 1 No. 2 John McHugo
Alan J Day The Israel - Lebanon Border Enigma
2001; Vol. 8 No. 4
Foreign Policy and International Security David Eshel
1993; Vol. 1 No. 2
Douglas Hurd The Saudi - Yemeni Boundary Treaty
2000; Vol. 8 No. 2
Kaliningrad: A Fortress Without a State John Roberts
1993; Vol. 1 No. 2
Mark Galeotti The Eritrea / Yemeni Arbitration: Landmark
Progress in the Acquisition of Territorial
The International Boundary Between Sovereignty and Equitable Maritime
Hungary and Slovakia: The Nagymaros- Boundary Delimitation
Gabcikovo Dispute 2000; Vol. 8 No. 1
1993; Vol. 1 No. 2 Barbara Kwiatkowska
Greg Englefield
Israel’s “Human Sandbags” Set to Collapse
Boundary Issues Following the Breakdown in South Lebanon
of Yugoslavia 1999; Vol. 7 No. 3
1993; Vol. 1 No. 1 Ed Blanche
Mladen Klemenc̆ ić
Along the Difficult Road of Israel -
Cyprus: A Christian / Muslim Fault Line Palestinian Peace: The Wye Agreement and
1993; Vol. 1 No. 1 Early Elections
Alan J Day 1999; Vol. 6 No. 4
David Newman
Dragon’s Teeth on the Irish Border
1993; Vol. 1 No. 1 Turkey Looks Southeast
James Corrigan & Liam O’ Dowd 1999; Vol. 6 No. 4
John Roberts
Immigration Into an Internal Borderless
Europe: ECJ Jurisdiction Tribunal Determines Sovereignty Over Red
1993; Vol. 1 No. 1 Sea Islands
William Robinson 1998; Vol. 6 No. 3
Martin Pratt
The Netenyahu Administration and the Chechnia: The Theft of a Nation?

Middle East Peace Process 1994; Vol. 2 No. 1
1997; Vol. 4 No. 4 Mark Galeotti
David Newman
The Kuwait - Iraq Boundary: A Geopolitical
The Kurdish Crisis of 1996 Perspective
1998; Vol. 4 No. 3 1994; Vol. 1 No. 4
John Roberts Ewen Anderson & Jasem Karam
Eritrea - Yemen Dispute Over the Hanish Gaza Viability: The Need for Enlargement of
Islands its Land Base
1996; Vol. 4 No. 1 1993; Vol. 1 No. 3
Daniel J Dzurek Saul B Cohen
Territorial Discontinuity and Palestinian The Loneliness of the Long-Distance
Autonomy: Implementing the Oslo II Peacekeepers: The Experience of UNFICYP
Agreement and UNIFYL
1996; Vol. 3 No. 4 1993; Vol. 1 No. 3
David Newman Carl Grundy-Warr and Clive Schofield
Oslo II: The September 1995 Palestinian The Syria - Israel Front in the 1990s:
- Israeli Accord The Golan Heights, Lebanon and ‘Peace
1995; Vol. 3 No. 3 Process’
John Roberts 1993; Vol. 1 No. 2
William W Harris
Separating Israelis and Palestinians:
Demarcating De Facto Boundaries The United Nations Settlement of the Iraq
1995; Vol. 3 No. 2 - Kuwait Border, 1991-1993
David Newman 1993; Vol. 1 No. 2
Richard Schofield
Turkey’s Invasion of Northern Iraq
1995; Vol. 3 No. 1
John Roberts POLAR
Israel and Jordan: Bridges over the Cooperative Preparations for Determining
Borderlands the Outer Limit of the Juridicial Continental
1995; Vol. 2 No. 4 Shelf in the Arctic Ocean
John Roberts 2001; Vol. 9 No. 1
Ron Macnab, Paul Neto & Rob van de Poll
Territorial Disputes of the Middle East
Peace Process The Exploitation of Antarctica’s Natural
1994; Vol. 2 No. 3 Resources and the Evolution of the
David Newman Antarctic Treaty System: An Overview
1995; Vol. 3 No. 3
The Iraq - Kuwait Boundary Dispute: Tom Cioppa
Historical Background and the UN
Decisions of 1992 and 1993 A Natural Reserve, Devoted to Peace and
1994; Vol. 2 No. 3 Science: Antarctica Today
Harry Brown 1993; Vol. 1 No. 1
Peter J Beck
Civil War in Yemen
1994; Vol. 2 No. 2
John Roberts
GENERAL GEOPOLITICAL International Straits: An Issue Concerning

Japan’s Ratification of the United Nations
What Makes Some Boundary Disputes Convention on the Law of the Sea
Important? 1995; Vol. 3 No. 2
2000; Vol. 7 No. 4 Yutaka Kawasaki
Daniel J Dzurek
The Influence of Provisional Arrangements
Philatelic Propaganda: Stamps in Territorial in Negotiations on the Delimitation of
Disputes Maritime Boundaries
1996; Vol. 4 No. 2 1993; Vol. 1 No. 1
Todd Pierce Alex G Oude Elferink
The Question of NATO Expansion
1996; Vol. 4 No. 1 GENERAL TECHNICAL
Roland Dannreuther
GIS as a Tool for Territorial Negotiations
Fourth World Faultlines and the Remaking 2000; Vol. 8 No. 3
of ‘International’ Boundaries Alain Khadem
1995; Vol. 3 No. 3
Richard Griggs & Peter Hocknell Geographers and International Boundaries
2000; Vol. 7 No. 4
United Nations Peacekeeping Gerald Blake
1995; Vol. 3 No. 1
Colin Warbrick Mapping in Support of Frontier Arbitration:
Boundary Definition; Boundary Disclaimer
Foreign Policy and International Security Notes; Toponymy
1993; Vol. 1 No. 2 1999; Vol. 7 No. 1
Douglas Hurd Dennis Rushworth
Mapping in Support of Frontier Arbitration:
GENERAL LEGAL Maps as Evidence
Protecting Maritime Zones From the Effects 1998; Vol. 5 No. 4
of Sea-level Rise Dennis Rushworth
1998; Vol. 6 No. 3 Mapping in Support of Frontier Arbitration:
Alain Khadem Coordinates
Clarifying Article 121(3) of the Law of the 1997; Vol. 5 No. 3
Sea Convention: The Limits Set by the Dennis Rushworth
Nature of International Legal Processes Mapping in Support of Frontier Arbitration:
1998; Vol. 6 No. 2 Delimitation and Demarcation
Alex G Oude Elferink 1997; Vol. 5 No. 1
An Introduction to International Litigation Dennis Rushworth
1998; Vol. 6 No. 1 Mapping in Support of Frontier Arbitration:
Shabtai Rosenne Delimitation and Demarcation
The Unanticipated Effects of Boundaries: 1996; Vol. 4 No. 3
The Exclusive Economic Zone and Dennis Rushworth
Geographically Disadvantaged States Mapping in Support of Frontier Arbitration
Under UNCLOS III 1996; Vol. 4 No. 2
1997; Vol. 5 No. 1 Dennis Rushworth
James Bailey
The Depiction of International Boundaries MISCELLANEOUS

on Topographic Maps
1995; Vol. 3 No. 1 Borderlands: An Unlikely Tourist
Gerald Blake Destination
2000; Vol. 8 No. 1)
Dallen J Timothy
International Boundaries: The Next
Generation
2000; Vol. 7 No. 4
William V Dunlap
Into the Millennium: The Study of
International Boundaries in an Era of Global
and Technological Change
2000; Vol. 7 No. 4
David Newman
Boundaries and the Internet: A Surfer’s
Guide
1999; Vol. 7 No. 2
Martin Pratt
The Objectives of Land Boundary
Management
1998; Vol. 6 No. 3
Gerald Blake
Other IBRU Publications
BOUNDARY BRIEFINGS (£10 each) BOUNDARY BULLETIN

The Predecessor to the Boundary and
Number 1 - The Hong Kong - China Security Bulletin
Boundary
1990 Number 1 - Articles: The Gulf Crisis; Kuwait
Ian Kelly - Iraq Border Issue; Lithuania; Cyprus;
Trans-Border Pollution in Europe
Number 2 - The Canada - USA Boundary in 1990
the Gulf of Maine and over Georges Bank
1990 Number 2 - Articles: UN and the Kurds;
Louis De Vorsey Border Conflicts in the USSR; US - Mexico;
The Free-Trade Agreement; Internal Crisis
Number 3 - Libya: The Gulf of Sirte Closing in Yugoslavia; Falkland Islands Fishing
Line Zone; Kuwait - Iraq: Is the Problem Solved?
1990 1991
Stephen R Langford
Number 3 - Articles: Republic Boundaries in
Number 5 - The Saint Pierre & Miquelon Former Yugoslavia; Borders and Collective
Maritime Boundary Security Systems; Territorial Alternatives;
1990 Borderlands of Israel, Syria and Lebanon
Douglas Day 1991
Number 7 - The USA - Mexico Boundary
1991 Number 4 - Articles: The New Maps of
Stephen P Mumme Europe; Anglo - Scottish Borderlands; The
Irish Border; Malta: Boundaries, Threats
Number 8 - The Boundary Between Bulgaria and Risks; Iraq - Kuwait UN Boundaries
and Greece Commission; The US - Mexico Border;
1991 Former Yugoslavia
Michael Drury
1992
TERRITORY BRIEFINGS (£10 each)

Number 1 - Cross-Border Drug Trade in the
Golden Triangle (South-east Asia)
1991
Bertil Lintner
Number 2 - Yugoslavia, Croatia, Slovenia:
Re-emerging Boundaries
1992
Greg Englefield
Number 3 - Ethno-territorial Disputes in the
Former Soviet Union
1992
Vladimir Kolossov
Number 4 - Gibraltar: Spanish and United
Kingdom Claims
1992
Gerry O’ Reilly
Other IBRU Publications
CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS
Published by Routledge, 1994
IMPORTANT NOTICE: With the exception Series ISBN: 0-415-08838-0
of the proceedings for the 1989 International
Boundaries and Boundary Conflict Resolution (http://www.routledge.com)
conference, all of the following publications are
NOT held for sale by IBRU. Please contact the THE PEACEFUL MANAGEMENT OF
publisher direct or your regular bookseller TRANSBOUNDARY RESOURCES
to order.
Editors: Gerald Blake, William Hildesley, Martin
Pratt, Rebecca Ridley, Clive Schofield
International Boundaries and Boundary
Conflict Resolution The papers in this volume represent an
Conference Proceedings, 1989 important contribution to the debate about how
Grundy-Warr, C.E.W. (ed 1992). IBRU. natural resources which cross international
University of Durham boundaries can be managed as effectively and
peacefully as possible.
WORLD BOUNDARIES The proceedings of IBRU’s third international
Volumes 1 - 5 conference which was held in Durham on 14-
17 April 1994 and was attended by over 130
Series Editor: Gerald Blake participants from 33 countries.
A unique series embracing the theory Published by Graham & Trotman / Kluwer Law
and practice of boundary delimitation and International, 1995
management, boundary disputes and conflict ISBN: 1-85966-173-4
resolution, and territorial change in the new (http://www.kluwerlaw.com)
world order.
Volume 1: Global Boundaries
ISBN: 0-415-08838-0
Volume 2: The Middle East and North Africa
ISBN: 0-415-08839-9
Volume 3: Eurasia
ISBN: 0-415-08834-8
Volume 4: The Americas
ISBN: 0-415-08836-4
Volume 5: Maritime Boundaries
ISBN: 0-415-08835-6

International Boundaries Study Series
INTERNATIONAL BOUNDARIES Published by Kluwer Law International, 1998

AND ENVIRONMENTAL SECURITY: ISBN: 90-411-0690-1, 566pp
FRAMEWORKS FOR REGIONAL (http://www.kluwerlaw.com)
COOPERATION
Editors: Gerald Blake, Chia Lin Sen, Carl THE CONTESTED MARITIME AND
Grundy-Warr, Martin Pratt and Clive Schofield TERRITORIAL BOUNDARIES OF MALAYSIA:
AN INTERNATIONAL LAW PERSPECTIVE
This collection is based on the proceedings of
an international conference held in Singapore in Renate Haller-Trost
June 1995, co-hosted by the Centre for Advanced The purpose of this work is to compile a detailed
Studies, the Department of Geography, National study on the origins of the maritime and territorial
University of Singapore, and IBRU. Detailed disputes of Malaysia. This South-east Asian
studies by geographers, lawyers and political country has been chosen because Malaysia
scientists are complemented by contributions provides a good example of boundary problems
from practitioners and technical experts to faced by most countries throughout the region.
produce a unique survey of the problems The author reviews the maritime claims arising
which arise when environmental systems cross from a map publication in 1979, and examines
international borders and of the transboundary the five territorial disputes which Malaysia is
cooperative projects designed to reduce the involved in with its neighbours. The main issues
threat of ecological catastrophe and political throughout the work include the necessity to
conflict between competing neighbours around analyse the claims in their historical context and
the world. This book is essential reading for details in order to achieve delimitation results
anyone interested in understanding the complex that will withstand the test of time even if political
relationship between boundaries, environment and economic circumstances change.
and international security.
Published by Kluwer Law International, 1998
Published by Kluwer Law International, 1997 ISBN: 90-411-9652-8, 595pp
ISBN: 90-411-0669-3, 370pp (http://www.kluwerlaw.com)
(http://www.kluwerlaw.com)
BORDERLANDS UNDER STRESS
BOUNDARIES AND ENERGY: PROBLEMS
AND PROSPECTS Editors: Martin Pratt, and Janet Allison Brown
Editors: Gerald Blake, Martin Pratt, Clive As international political and economic relations
Schofield and Janet Allison Brown have become increasingly complex, so have
the pressures on international boundaries and
This collection of papers by leading experts the borderlands which surround them. Although
explores the relationship between boundaries there are still many examples of ‘traditional’
and energy on land and at sea. Global boundary problems associated with disputes
overviews are combined with detailed case between states concerning control over territory
studies to produce a comprehensive survey of and maritime space, the papers in this volume
the key issues confronting governments and demonstrate the vulnerability of borderlands to
the energy industry in this increasingly complex other forces, most notably illegal immigration
area. Contributors also discuss a range of ideas and cross-border crime. This book aims to
for overcoming boundary-related problems investigate the causes and implications of
which are hindering the development of energy borderland stress. The papers in this volume
resources in various parts of the world. The represent the proceedings of the fifth IBRU
papers in this volume represent the proceedings international conference in 1998.
of the fourth IBRU conference in July 1996.
International Boundaries Study Series
Published by Kluwer Law International, 2000 edge on which hangs suspended the modern
ISBN: 90-411-9790-7, 446pp issues of war and peace, of life and death
(http://www.kluwerlaw.com) to nations”) the book contains a fascinating
selection of papers written by colleagues and
BOUNDARIES OF COOPERATION: former students reflecting the main thematic
CYPRUS, DE FACTO PARTITION AND THE and regional interests of Professor Gerald Blake
DELIMITATION OF TRANSBOUNDARY during his long and distinguished career as a
RESOURCE MANAGEMENT political geographer and boundary scholar.
Peter R. Hocknell Published by Kluwer Law International, 2002

ISBN: 90-411-9874-1, 573pp
As a developing international norm, the (http:www.kluwerlaw.com)
process of managing transboundary resources
represents a significant opportunity for the
development of peaceful cooperation through
equitable and sustainable means - and yet,
paradoxically, this management process
has the power also to create new tensions
and reinforce pre-existing divisions amongst
interested parties. This book explores the
manifestations of this contradiction in the de
facto partitioned state of Cyprus. How has
transboundary resource management operated
across Cypus’s de facto boundary? Why have
problem-solving mechanisms, formed to deal
with some transboundary resources, failed to
achieve success in connection with others? Has
it been able to de-link resource conflict issues
from the protracted political conflict, so that the
former could be resolved without reference to
the latter?
Published by Kluwer Law International, 2001
ISBN: 90-411-9809-1, 466pp
(http:www.kluwerlaw.com)
THE RAZOR’S EDGE: INTERNATIONAL

BOUNDARIES AND POLITICAL
GEOGRAPHY
Editors: Clive Schofield, David Newman, Alasdair
Drysdale and Janet Allison Brown
The sixth volume in Kluwer Law International’s
International Boundary Studies series is a
collection of essays in honour of Professor
Gerald Blake, who founded IBRU in 1989 and
retired as Director in September 2001. Entitled
The Razor’s Edge (from Lord Curzon’s famous
comment that “frontiers are indeed the razor’s

IBRU Publications Catalogue

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PUBLICATIONS CATALOGUE

University of Durham, Department of Geography, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK

This authoritative series offers a unique insight Volume 1

There are three volumes of the Boundary

& Territory Briefings composed of eight South Atlantic Ocean

briefings per volume, each one written by an South Sandwich

Full price: Volume: Issue:

Hard Copy* £195 £28

CD-ROM of all three volumes:

CD- ROM of all three volumes of both AA Antártida Argentina

Penon de Velez Penon de Alhucemas

This briefing examines the Spanish and Moroccan

● Dushanbe Gornyi-Badakhshan CHINA

This fascinating contribution to the Boundary & Territory

A number of interrelated concerns combine to distinguish

Northern recognised permanent and peaceful border between

the two nations.

This briefing is divided into two main parts. The first

Tel Aviv Tel Aviv

part examines the development of the border between

1906 and 1948. The second deals with developments

in the Wadi Ara

and Galilee regions

Tel Aviv Tel Aviv

West Bank West Bank

Dead Beduin in the Dead

Geographic coincidence of strategic sites, Major cross-boundary concentrations of

The study also touches on the role of the ‘Green Line’

Volume 2 The Territorial Dispute Between

The purpose of this briefing is twofold: firstly, it provides

The transformation of the Indonesia-Singapore border

The aim of this briefing is firstly to explain why progress

The Land Boundaries of Indochina: The German - Danish Border: A

This briefing explores the history of the delimitation and

concluded it with the addition of Laos to the Indochinese

Laos and Vietnam were generally content with shared D E N M A R K

sovereignty, leaving their frontier areas fluid, French

of administrative boundaries through fixed lines drawn Padborg

on maps and border markers implanted in the soil. As a

mere nineteenth century power politics to redefine and

(line of earthwork fortifications)

Southern boundary of Zone 2

Areas exchanged for Jutland Territories

This briefing explores the conflict over South Jutland

Estoppel, Acquiescence and Recognition Volume 3

C D E F Ceded to France, 29th June 1904

throughout most of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries,

● Chiang Khan ● Nong Khai

Ma 81°W 78° 75°

D a n g Rek R a nge 2 Lajas - Puyango Zone

The purpose of this study, including an analysis of

have been used in both territorial and boundary dispute R i va n n Nauta

settlement, and to look at some of the problems that may

result there from. 4 P E R U

Paperback, ISBN 1-897643-35-7, 2000, 42pp

Containing 27 highly detailed maps, this study should be

meandering river boundary.

Links ports on the Indian Ocean Luc̆

other intra-state SDIs. Vinogradi

This briefing uses geographic analysis and maps to N S L A V O N I A

assess the potential of the African Renaissance to provide

peaceful solutions to boundary problems affecting the

SADC region. 0 kilometres 10