Professional Documents
Culture Documents
AVO Attribute Stacks: Theory
AVO Attribute Stacks: Theory
Theory
With proper data preconditioning, this analysis can give
indications of lithology and/or pore content. Reconnaissance
analysis can be done with AVO Attribute Stacks using least-
squares linear fits of the amplitudes with offset or with AVO
Weighted Stacks using weighted stacking of amplitudes to
determine elastic parameters. More detailed investigations
should include angle limited CDP gathers and angle gathers.
See helpfile for AVO Analysis Gathers. AVO analysis is
successfully used to discriminate between the presence of
gas and lithologic variations in Bright Spot analysis.
Stack
Trace 400 Input Gather Offset 4200
Polarity
Gate
Usage
Input gathers must have primary sort order CDP and
secondary sort key AOFFSET. Angle-of-incidence gathers
from AVO Analysis Gathers (secondary sort key ANG_VALU)
can be input as well, but the output cannot be expected to be
the same as when inputting offset gathers. NMO must be
applied to the input data. For screen displays, trace scaling
should be set to Scale to Entire Screen.
AVO_ATTR Description
1 Intercept
2 Gradient
3 Intercept * Gradient
4 Intercept * Gradient *
Correlation Coefficient
5 Angle of Crossover
6 Sign(Intercept) * Gradient
7 Correlation Coefficient
8 Runs Statistic
9 Fluid Factor
*
G
*
* *
I *
*
Amplitude
sin2 (incidence angle)
I = Intercept G= Gradient
* = observed data at a specific time
Case AVO
1 +
+
2
-
Ampl Sin2 θ
3 -
- 4
+
1 + + + + +
2 + - - - -
3 - + - - +
4 - - + + -
• Correlation Coefficient
The seventh AVO attribute is the Correlation Coefficient.
A display of this attribute may be useful in determining
the relative reliability of different zones of the data. It
may also be used to weight the other attributes, by
multiplication in Trace Math.
The Correlation Coefficient has an absolute value range
of 0.0 to 1.0, 1.0 indicating a perfect fit of the points to
the least squares straight line. Low absolute values of
the correlation coefficient highlight regions where the fit
of the data to the straight line is poor.
• Runs Statistic
The eighth AVO attribute is the Runs Statistic, the
statistical estimate of the validity of the least-squares fit.
Large absolute values of the runs statistic, greater than
3, indicate that the data does not trend in a straight line
and therefore a straight line fit to the data is not
appropriate.
Where:
dVp
------------- = 1.6 × Intercept
dVpa
and
dVs
------------ = Intercept – Gradient
dVsa
Vs = 0.8621 × Vp – 1.1724
References
Castagna, J.P, 1993, AVO analysis - tutorial and review: in Castagna, J. P. and
Backus, M. M., Eds., Offset-dependent reflectivity - Theory and Practice of AVO
analysis: Soc. Expl. Geophys.
Koefoed, O., 1955, On the effect of Poisson’s ratios of rock strata on the reflection
coefficients of plane waves: Geophysical Prospecting, 3, 381-387.
Ostrander, W.J., 1984, Plane-wave reflection coefficients for gas sands at non-
normal angles of incidence: Geophysics, 49, 1637-1648.
Smith, G. C., and Gidlow, P.M., 1987, Weighted stacking for rock property estima-
tion and detection of gas: Geophysical Prospecting, 35, 993-1014.
Walden, A.T., 1991, Making AVO sections more robust. Geophysical Prospecting,
39, 915-942.
Parameters
Enter the ending time for AVO analysis. Enter 0 for the
maximum trace length.
Select Yes to shift the data to final datum using the header
entry FNL_STAT.
The second two options result in the trace being divided into
polarity gates, defined between zero-crossings, with least-
squares fit of amplitudes occurring only once per polarity
gate. These two gated methods are expected to run in one half
to one third the CPU time required for the constant sample
method.
Velocity function
Select how the angles of incidence for each data sample are
computed. If the input data are angle-of-incidence gathers,
this parameter does not apply. The choices are:
• Linear velocity gradient: This method assumes that a
linear velocity gradient exists from the surface to the
current sample time. All interval velocities between the
surface and the current sample time are ignored in the
computation. This method is only suitable for linear gra-
dients of interval velocity.
• Interval/RMS ratio: This method is valid for all veloci-
ties, offsets and times where the two-term NMO equation
is valid. It uses a ratio of the RMS velocity to the sample
time and the local interval velocity to compute the angle
of incidence. The equation used here is:
Vint X
sin ( Θ ) = ------------- × ---------------------------------------------------
Vrms X 2 + ( Vrms × T ) 2
0