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Axrninitexnit ana Mopepnora / more-angl.ru
Avenue da mapa
tneyaanuonoe mapeoe ana
9 O6bINHEIX pHCKOB, CBRZAHHBIX C HABANONHBIM/HACbINHbIM rpy30M Ha cyAax
Mopcxoe cyqHo. CraTbs Ha aHTyMiicKoM c TlepeBoyjOM
Caitr Anrmnitexadt nat Mopdora more-aneleu,
OnyGnuxosano: 30.04.16
Mopckas oTpacis sBLMeTCH BOKHKIM SBeHOM B MeXKAYHApOMHOH TOproBIe, TAK KaK OKeaHCKMe cya
mpenctannaor coGoit nanGonee odybexrusniii m, wacro, enuncrnenmmit cnoco6 tpartenopraponkH Gomi
oGtemon ocHoBHBIX ToBapoR H ToTOBO! mPomyKIAH.
Bankepst urpaior Gouslylo pork 8 MUpOHOH SKOHOMUKe. CYXHe HaBATONNBIe/HaCHINBIC rpyabt BKIUOUAIOT
Gompmoi accopramerr npoxyktos, Hexoropnsti Ha tanGonee oSurstnx o6paGarsmaemnrx cyxix HanaoNEIx/
HACKITHDIX Fpy3OB ABLAOTCH YTOAb, HEMeHT, SepHO, Cepa, YAOGPEHHA, esTesHAR pysa, caXap. STH MpOAYKTEI,
OGBINHO, He YAKOBEIBAIOTEs Mo OTHENSHOCTH, a TpaHeHOpTHpyioTes 8 GONbUIHX KONUNECTHAX B TpIOMe cya.
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ocoGoro BHEMaIMA MPH NorpysKe, Tpartcnopruposke i BetrpyaKe. Tlepesoska TREpABIX HanasTOUrbIN/achInMEEX
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Hexoropmie aa nanGonee oGnunnx pHCKOR, cAsaANTBIX ¢ HanaONTHIMH/HacnMnbIMA rpysamit na Gopty cyata,
TrepescreHt HOKE.
1. Cmemenne rpysa
Cmemenne rpysa ncerja Osu10 onHoH Ha HaNGonUINx onacHocTeli Ha Gankepax. Ira npoGema Gostee nemHKA
JAR cymOR, TlepenosAINX sepronste rpysnt. Sepro YeaKrBaereR, MpHMepHo, Ha 2% cnoero oGnéMa. Ms-3a sTOH
Yearku, Ha Bepxueli ToBepxocH sepHa cymlecTayIor HeGomsmmMe nycrsre mpocrpanersa, StH myersie
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(cpuensusr), Bopronas kauKa TaKcKe MOET BBISBaTb MepeMeMeHHe rpysa OT OAHOTO GopTa K APyTOMY, cHHSHTS
ero Honoxtrensuyto ocroftunMOcT® H MpHMecTHt K oMpOKH/IAIBAMTIIO,
2, Tayenme rpyaa ¢ Beicoret
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HOCTH, CHYDKAsE MeTAL{eHTPHYCCKYIO BEICOTY
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oxasniparores OMMOOWHBIMEL. JIN TpOBEPKH BIarOCOMEpAAHNA Ha CYAHE MOLYT GIT UpOREEHB BHIGOPOMHELE
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5. Honpexaenue Konerpyxnumt
TaokeuIbe FpySbl OKASHIBAIOT CHIBHBIC HAYpySKH Ha KOHEYPYNH, CO9AABAK, TAKUM OOPAdOM, HOdMORKHOCT
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Co CHOU BECOM, Te CCT OHM UMeIOT HHSKHIL yAeNbHLI HOrpysouHEIl OGBeM. HlosTOMy BaKHO, WOOK AHO
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6. Yenpurenue cojepacanna KUciOpora
Tlepenoaka mopem tanaxoaneix/MacbimMDix rpygon oprannyeckoli MpMponel, TAKHX KAK Aepeno, HeLMONOsA Ht
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oGpasosaniio aByoxen yruepona (CO2 — yreKueroro rasa). DTH, Ha BUA, GesEpenHBle rpysbi MoryT costars
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ABNAOTEA MPHMepAMH 3AMKEYTHIX MPOCTPAHCTS, Te MOXeT OGpasonaTbea TOKcHIHAR arMochepa. Kora MOM
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8. Sarpasnenne
TloarorosKa rpysoBsix TpioMoB K cueayiouleli saIMIAHMpOBAHHO! epeBOSKE ABINCTEH KPHTHYCCKH BAKHDIM
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peaysinrarom mporevex w KpBIILIKAX TpIoMOB, OBpaTHoTo NOTOKA Hepes stHsLIBHIO CHCTeMy, MpOTeHeK m KPHINKAX.
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ont Moxser o6pasonars nsppiBoomtacuyr0 emecs. TTsib, o6pas
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Tipumeanue. mom enucox onacnocmeti, caasannelx ¢ Hasanowdia/HacdiMNDIM ZpYysOM, He RerKemca
Noanoim, Ho Nepewucarem NauGoree oGujUe Us HUX.
11 anpena 2016 r. | Paromita Mukherjee
Merounux: Marinelnsight.com
9 Common Hazards of Bulk Cargo on Ships
April 11, 2016 by Paromita Mukherjee
Source: MarineInsight.com
The marine industry is an essential link in international trade, with ocean going vessels representing the most
efficient and often the only method of transporting large volumes of basic commodities and finished products.
Bulk carriers play a major role in the global economy. Dry bulk cargoes cover a wide range of products. Some of
the most commonly handled dry bulk materials are coal, cement, grain, sulphur, fertilizers, iron ore and sugar.
These products are generally not packaged separately but transported in large quantities in the hold of a ship.
Many dry bulk cargoes are also classified as ‘dangerous goods’ requi
transportation and di
ng special attention during loading,
charging. The carriage of solid bulk cargoes possess potential hazards and thus require
efficient and safe stowage and shipment.
‘Some of the most common hazards of bulk cargoes on board ships are mentioned below:
‘more-anglruimorskoe-sucna!9-obychnyh-rskov-svyazannyh-s-navalochaym-nasypnym-gruzom-na-sudah an02.12.2020 9 o6ssox packos, Conant c HasarowHacsnAbi PpySOM Ha Cymax | ANrnNicnui ane Mopebnora / more-anglru
4. Cargo shift:
Cargo shift has always remained as one of the greatest dangers on bulk carriers. This problem is greater for ships
carrying grain cargoes. Grain settles by about 2% of its volume. Because of this settling, small void spaces exist on
the top of grain surface. These void spaces permit the grain to shift. The free flowing characteristics of grain
reduce the stability of any ship carrying it. Trimming is undertaken to reduce the danger of cargo shifting. Rolling
can also cause shifting of cargo from one side to the other and reduce her positive stability resulting in the vessel
to capsize.
2, Cargo falling from height:
Cargoes like iron ore, quartz and steel scraps are high density cargo. There is a possibility of cargo falling from
height during cargo operations. Cargo may either fall from the conveyor belt of the shiploader or from the
di
lumps of the bulk cargo. It can be as bad as death. Cargo operation should always be monitored by responsible
officers and care should be taken that no unwanted personnel are present on the working area of the deck.
Persons who are involved in the cargo operation should wear protective clothing including hard hats, safety shoes
and highly visible vests.
arging grab on to the deck of the ship. People working on deck can get injured badly if hit by the sizeable
3. Dust from working cargo:
Dust is one of the most common hazards in bulk carriers. Many bulk cargoes are dusty by nature. Dust particles
are small enough to be inhaled and if inhaled can have disastrous effects on health. Anyone working on the deck
can be exposed to high levels of dust. Dust can cause sneezing and irritation of the eyes. Where possible it is
always best to avoid exposure to cargo dust however if exposure cannot be avoided protective face masks should
be worn. Those involved in cargo operation and need to be present on deck when a dusty cargo is being loaded or
discharged and anyone sweeping cargo with a brush or with air should wear a suitable respirator. Filters should be
renewed when soiled. Deck machinery should be properly protected as they can be adversely affected by dust.
4. Cargo Liquefaction:
Liquefaction is a phenomenon in which solid bulk cargoes are abruptly transformed from a solid dry state to an
almost fluid state. Many common bulk cargoes such as iron ore fines, nickel ore and various mineral concentrates
are examples of materials that may liquefy. Liquefaction occurs as a result of compaction of the cargo which
results from engine vibrations, ship's motion and rolling and wave impact that further causes cargo agitation.
Liquefaction results in a flow state to develop. This permits the cargo to slide and shift in one direction thus
creating free surface effect and reducing the GM thereby reducing stability. Shippers declaration should be
thoroughly examined by the chief officer before loading any bulk cargo. He must make sure that the moisture
content of the cargo to be loaded should not exceed the transportable moisture limit to avoid liquefaction during
the voyage. Often shippers declaration turn out to be faulty. Spot checks can also be carried on board ships to
check the moisture content.
5. Structural damage:
Heavy cargoes place high loads on the structure and structural failure is therefore probable. High density cargoes
occupy a small area for a large weight that is they have a low stowage factor. It is therefore important that the tank
top has sufficient strength to carry heavy cargoes like iron ore, nickel ore, bauxite ete . The load density of the tank
top should never be exceeded. Tank top strength is provided in the ship's stability booklet. Exceeding the
maximum permissible cargo load in any of the holds of a ship will lead to over stressing of local structure.
Overloading will induce greater stresses in the double bottom, transverse bulkheads, hatch coamings, hatch
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covers, main frames and associated brackets of individual cargo holds. Poor distribution of and/or inadequate
trimming of certain cargoes can result in excessive bending and sheer forces.
6. Oxygen depletion:
Sca transportation of bulk cargoes of an organic nature such as wood, paper pulp and agricultural products may
result in rapid and severe oxygen depletion and formation of carbon dioxide. ‘Thus apparently harmless cargoes
may create potentially life threatening conditions. The cargo holds and communicating spaces in bulk carriers are
examples of confined spaces where such toxic atmospheres may develop. Several fatal accidents can occur when
people enter unventilated spaces. The IMSBC code lists the following cargoes as potentially oxygen depleting:
coal, direct reduced iron, sponge iron, sulphide concentrates, ammonium nitrate based fertilisers, linted cotton
seed. Various gaseous products are formed including carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulphide and
hydro carbons. Entry of personnel into enclosed spaces should be permitted only when adequate ventilation and
testing of the atmosphere is done with appropriate instruments. Emergency entry may be undertaken with SCBA.
Some cargoes also use up oxygen within the cargo space, The main examples are rusting of steel swarf cargoes.
Some grain cargoes may also deplete the oxygen content in the eargo space.
7. Corrosion:
Some cargoes like coal and sulphur can cause severe damage due to corrosion. Cargoes of sulphur in bulk are
normally subjected to exposed storage and are thus subjected to inclement weather thereby resulting in the
increase of moisture content of the cargo. Wet sulphur is potentially highly corrosive. When sulphur is loaded, any
retained free water filters to the bottom of the holds during the voyage, from where it is pumped out via the bilges.
‘Some water remains on the tank top and reacts with sulphur. This leads to the release of sulphuric acid resulting
in the corrosion of the ship's holds. Pond coal which is reclaimed after having been abandoned and dumped in
fresh water ponds usually have high moisture content and sulphur content. ‘This type of coal may be liable to react
with water and produce acids which may corrode parts of the ship.
8. Contamination:
Preparation of cargo holds for the next intended carriage is a critical element of bulk carrier operations. A lack of
proper preparation can lead to claims related to cargo quality such as contamination, water ingress or cargo loss.
Residues and dust of previous cargo can contaminate the presently loaded bulk cargo and can cause cargo stains
that are not acceptable. Cement when contaminated by residues of previous cargo reduces its binding capacity.
Unrefined sugar if stored near or above dry, refined sugar can damage it by the draining syrup. Water ingress may
result from leaking hatch covers, back flow through bilge systems, leaking manhole lids and inadequate
monitoring. Cargoes like salt can absorb moisture and dissolve into a liquid. Sugar can ferment in the presence of
moisture. The bilges should be pumped out regularly during the voyage.
9. Fire:
Bulk cargoes are deemed to present a great deal of fire hazards. Many bulk cargoes have a tendency to heat due to
the oxidation process taking place during the voyage. Common cargoes like coal, sulphur, cotton, fishmeal are
liable to spontancous heating, Coal also emits methane which is a flammable gas. When mixed with air it can form.
an explosive mixture. Dust created by certain cargoes may constitute an explosion hazard. Sulphur dust can
readily ignite causing an explosion. Friction between cotton bales can cause spontaneous combustion and produce
heat. Fire precautions should be strictly observed on bulk carriers.
The ship as carrier is obliged to care for the cargo in an expert manner to ensure it is discharged in the same state
in which it was loaded. The IMSBC code should be consulted for the safe stowage and shipment of solid bulk
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cargoes. Suitable precautions and good seamanship should be adopted to minimise and overcome the hazards of
bulk cargoes.
Note: This is not an exhaustive list of hazards of bulk cargo, but enumerates the most common ones.
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