Seismic Design Review WORKBOOK For the California Civil P.E. Examination ETA Rol RP eee Ue WN1O 11 eat) Steven T. Hiner, MS, SE ry ry ry e ry ry ry e e r @ e ry e ry) @ e e Cd e e H Ci ti ) e e cd e e r) e e e J ti Cd e rySEISMIC DESIGN REVIEW WORKBOOK for the California Civil Professional Engineering Special Seismic Principles Examination | Based on the 2012 International Building Code & ASCE/SEI 7-10 July 2014 (Second printing) Web page: www.seismicreview.com | Copyright © 2014 by Steven T. Hiner, MS, SE Printed in the U.S.Front Cover Cover design and illustration of the figures used in this workbook, unless otherwise noted, provided by Scott Hiner, www.scotthiner.com, California image is based on a map titled “Peak Ground Acceleration (%g) with 10% Probability of Exceedance in 50 Years" by the United States Geological Survey (USGS), revised October 2002, Earthquake damage photographs: top right photograph by Steven T. Hiner, SE © 1989; all other photographs by FEMA News Photo (used with permission).) 9 ) ) ) ) He ) ) ) Reese ae eee 'SOR Workbook ~ 2012 18C Version Introduction ATahagereltfeid(e)a) The Exam ‘The California Civil Professional Engineers examination is offered twice a year, generally in mid-April and at the end of October. The exam consists of four parts, Part lis the general NCES eight hour examination administered on a Friday, Part I is the take home examination on State laws and Board rules. Part I is the two and one-half hour California Special Civil Seismic Principles examination. Part IV is the two and one-half hour California Special Civil Engineering Surveying examination. All four parts need to be successfully completed to be licensed as a Civil Engineer in the State of California, but ‘you do not need to pass all parts at the same time (i.e., each part may be passed separately from the other parts), Both the California Special Civil Seismic Principles and California Special Civil Engineering Surveying examinations are administered by PROMETRIC Services in a computer based testing (CBT) format and are typically offered over a three week time period beginning in early April, and again in mid-October. Check the BPELSG website for additional information - http://www.bpelsg.ca.gov/ The Workbook The Seismic Design Review (SDR) Workbook is part of a comprehensive course presented in preparation for the two and one-half hour Special Civil Seismic Principles portion of the Califomia Civil Professional Engineers Examination (i.e., Part III). The course is specifically tailored for individuals who do not possess a strong background in structural analysis and/or principles of earthquake resistant design. ‘The SDR Workbook covers seismic design, analysis, and retrofit principles that pertain to buildings and other structures using the 20/2 International Building Code (IBC) and ASCE/SEI 7-10 Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures. As a result, itis important that users of this workbook also have access to the 2012 IBC (or the 20/3 California Building Code) and ASCE/SET 7-10 since these codes/standards are referred to extensively through out the workbook. While some code/standard language and/or equations may be reprinted in the workbook, in general, tables and figures are not included and must be determined from the appropriate table and/or figure referenced in the SDR Workbook. This workbook was prepared using the third printing of ASCE/SEI 7-10, and as a result, readers are encouraged to utilize that printing of ASCE/SEI 7-10 along with the workbook. Earlier printings (.c., first or second) maybe used but references to ASCE/SE/ 7-10 page numbers in the solutions of Part 2 and Part 4 will likely be different between the third printing and earlier printings. The Author Steven T. Hiner is a California registered civil engincer & structural engineer, and has been practicing in the field of structural engineering since 1985. He received his Bachelor and Master of Science degrees in civil engineering from California State University Sacramento in 1985 and 1990, respectively. For more than eleven years, Mr. Hiner worked in the private sector performing the structural design and analysis of school, commercial, industrial, residential buildings, and other structures. Since 1985, Mr. Hiner has had a strong interest in seismic analysis and design, and the study of the response of structures when subjected to earthquake induced ground motions. Mr. Hiner has been teaching the Seismic Design Review course for the California Civil PE. Special Seismic Principles examination since 1990. Mr. Hiner is a member of the Structural Engineers Association of California (SEAOC), the Earthquake Engineering Research Institute (ERI), and the American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC). Steven T. Hiner, MS, SE iIntroduction SOR Workbook - 2012 18C version ( ) This workbook expresses the opinion of the author and care has been taken to ensure that all data and information furnished oO are as accurate as possible. The author cannot assume or accept the responsibility or liability for errors inthe data or information, and in the use of such information. Excerpts from ASCE/SEI 7-10 — Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures are used with the permission of oO the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), 1801 Alexander Bell Drive, Reston, VA 20191-4400. = Excerpts from the 2012 International Building Code (1BC) are used withthe permission ofthe International Code Council oO (ACO), $00 New Jersey Avenue, NW, 6th Floor, Washington, DC 20001-2070, it Steven T. Hiner, MS, SE d‘SDR Workbook ~ 2012 IBC Version ‘Table of Contents Table of Contents Introduction Special Civil Engineer Examination — Seismic Principles Test Plan California Special Civil P.E. Seismic Principles Examination Statisties E 5 F i Chapter 1 - Earthquake Characteristics & Vibration Theory 1A Nature of Earthquakes 1.2. Earthquake Faults ..... Fault Types Surface Rupture . 1 Seismic Sea Waves 1.3 Seismic Waves Compression Waves (P-waves) Shear Waves (S-waves) .. Surface Waves (Love and Rayleigh) Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA) Effective Peak Ground Acceleration (EPG. 1.4 Earthquake Damage 0-0. 1,5 Earthquake Strength ... Magnitude, Mf O Energy Release, E 1.6 Earthquake Intensity (1 Modified Mercalli Intensity Seale, MMI Attenuation 1.7 Single Degree of Freedom (SDOF) Systems. 0 Stiffness, K.. (1 Angular Natural Frequency, ©. (1 Linear Natural Frequency, f. (1 Natural Period, 7. ooooa0 A) 1.8 Multiple Degree of Freedom (MDOF) Systems . 1.9 Structural Damping Damping, B Critical Damping, Beagzal ~~ Damping Ratio, B .. ‘Damped Period of Vibration, Ty ooco ‘Steven T. Hiner, MS, SE ili‘Table of Contents i ‘SDR Workbook - 2012 IBC Version 1.10 Spectral Response Spectral Acceleration, S, ... Spectral Velocity, 5, .. Spectral Displacement, 5, Response Spectrum Response Spectra. Resonance 1.11 Base Shear, V oooog00 Chapter 2 - Organizations, Codes & Standards 24 Organizations National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program (NEHRP) .. CO American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) .. U U International Code Council (ICC} Structural Engineers Association of California ( (Applied Technology Council (ATC) . 2.2. Building Codes & Standards ... FEMA 450 & FEMA P-750 .. ASCE 7-10 International Building Code (IBC) International Residential Code (IRC) . California Building Standards Code California Building Code (CBC) California Residential Code (( Betas California Existing Building Code (CEBC) California Historic Building Code (CHBC) SEAOC Blue Book : Performance Based ooa nooo ismie Design .. Chapter 3 - General Provisions and Seismic Design Criteria 3.1 IBC Chapter 1 — Administration CO Intent .... © Referenced Codes and Standards 3.2 IBC Chapter 3— Use & Occupancy Cla: 0 Classificatio: 3.3 IBC Chapter 16 — Structural Design. General Construction Documents Earthquake Design Data 3.4 IBC §1604— General Design Requirements General‘SDR Workbook - 2012 IBC Version Table of Contents = Rationality = Lateral Load Path Risk Category .evnnnennnnn C Wind and Seismic Detailing 3.8 IBC §1613 — Earthquake Loads Scope .. Cl Purpose 3.6 IBC §1613.5 — Seismic Ground Motion Values .. Mapped MCEx Acceleration Parameters, Ss & Sy 1D Site Classification Site Class (A to F) .. .. (1. Site Class Adjusted MCE Acceleration Parameters, Sys & Sin 1 Design Spectral Response Acceleration Parameters, Sps & Spi Determination of Seismic Design Category, SDC = Alternative Seismic Design Category Determination “Simplified Design Procedure 3.7 ASCE 7 Seismic Design Criteria Scope Applicability Seismic Importance Factor, J. Seismic Design Category A = Lateral Forces © Base Shear, ©. Vertical Distribution of Lateral Force, Fy... © Diaphragm Design Force, Fpe * Load Path Connections .. * Anchorage of Structural Walls . nooa Chapter 4 - Seismic Design Requirements for Buil 4.1 ASCE 7~ Chapter 12 Overview 4.2 Seismic Force-Resisting Elements 1-39 (0 Horizontal Elements of a Seismic Force-Resisting System (SFRS) ... 11 Vertical Elements of a Seismic Force-Resisting System (SFRS) + Shear Walls * Braced Frames = MomentResi ing Frames 43 Structural System Selection ....... (Selection and Limitations * Bearing Wall System .. + Building Frame System * Moment-Resisting Frame System Steven T. Hiner, MS, SE‘Table of Contents SDA Workbook - 2012 IBC Version 44 45 46 47 48 49 4,10 Actual ys. Design Seismic Forces vi Dual System ... . Shear Wall-Frame Interactive System Cantilever Column System Steel Systems Not Specifically Detail Determination of Seismic Factors = Response Modification Factor, R ... = System Overstrength Factor, 2 (1 Combination of Framing Systems in Different Directions... Vertical Combinations = Horizontal Combinations Building Height Limits Configuration Irregularities ... 1 Irregular and Regular Classification 0 Horizontal irregularity Vertical Irregularity .... 1 Limitations for Systems with Structural Irregularities "Seismic Design Category D + Seismic Design Category E & F «Seismic Design Category B & C Analysis Procedure Selection .. Equivalent Lateral Force (ELF) -50 Dynamic Analysis . Simplified Design 0 ASCE 7-Table 12, Seismic Isolation & Damping Systems 000.0» 0 General 0 Seismic Isolation (1 Damping Systems Modeling Criteria ..... 0. Foundation Modeling .. 1 Effective Seismic Weight, 7 "Effective Seismic Weight of a Level, we .. 1} Structural Modeling (1 Interaction Effects Equivalent Lateral Force Procedure .....c:0 (Seismic Base Shear, 7 * Seismic Response Coefficient, Cs 1 Period Determination, 7 + Approximate Fundamental ‘Steven. Hiner, MS, SE‘SDR Workbook - 2012 IBC Version 4.11 Vertical Distribution of Seismic Forces Vertical Distribution of Seismic Forces, F .. Story Shear, V5... (1 Overturning Moment, OTM, 4.12 Story Drift Determination 1D Calculated Deflection of a Level, d © Calculated Story Drift, Ay Period for Computing Drift, Story Drift Limit, Ace... 4.13 P-Delta Effects 4.14 Building Separation Adjacent Structures on the Same Property, Avr (1. Structures Adjoining a Property Line, Ay. 4.15 Members Spanning Between Structures .. 4.16 Deformation Compatibility .. (1 Seismic Design Category D, E or F ... 4.17 Horizontal Cantil ers U1 Seismic Design Category D, E or F 4.18 Direction of Loading . U1 Seismic Design Category B (1 Orthogonal Effects Seismic Design Category C * Seismic Design Category D, E & F ied Design Procedure .. Seismic Design Category (SDC) Seismic Base Shear, V.. Vertical Distribution, F .. Diaphragms, Fpe Horizontal Distribution of Shear, V=_« = Flexible Diaphragm Structures * Rigid and Semi-Rigid Diaphragm Structures... Overturning Drift Limits & Building Separation, Specific Requirements & References . 419 im) a a o a o ooo Chapter 5 - Seismic Load Effects and Load Combinations 5.1 Seismic Load Effects. (0 Horizontal Seismic Load Effeet, By 1 Vertical Seismic Load Effect, £, (0 Redundancy Factor, p = Redundancy Factor for Seismic Design Category D, E or F Steven T. Hiner, MS, SE viiTable of Contents ‘SOR Workbook - 2012 IBC Version Seismic Load Effect Including Overstrength Factor, 2p ..... 1-73 * Horizontal Seismic Load Effect with Overstrength Factor, Fyn 1-74 5.2 Load Combinations ... 1-74 O General. 1-74 CO Notations: 1-74 (1. Strength Design or Load & Resistance Factor Design 1-15 = Basic (SD or LRFD) Load Combinations... 1-75 1 Allowable Stress Design 1-75 + Basic (ASD) Load Combinations 1-75 = Altemate Basic (ASD) Load Combinations .. 1-76 (1 Load Combinations with Overstrength Factor . 1-76 = Basic (SD or LRFD) Load Combinations with Overstrength Factor. 1-16 = Basic (ASD) Load Combinations with Overstrength Factor 1-76 = Cantilever Column Systems 1-71 + Elements Supporting Discontinuous Walls or Frames. 1-77 * Collector Elements for SD 1.77 = ASD Increase for Load Com| 1-77 5.3 Equivalent Lateral Force (ELF) Procedure Overview 6... 1-78 Chapter 6 - Seismic Design Requirements for Nonstructural Components 61 ASCE 7— Chapter 13 Overview ... 1 Scope .. Seismic Design Category (SDC) Component Importance Factor, Jp Exemptions General Design Requirements Construction Documents .... ooooa0 6.2 Seismic Demands on Nonstructural Components .... 1 Seismic Design Force, F, * Vertically Cantilevered Systems © Component Amplification Factor, ay * Rigid Component = Flexible Component 1 Component Response Modification Factor, Ry (1 Seismic Relative Displacements, Dp . 6.3 Nonstructural Component Anchorage 10. Design Forces in the Attachment (1 Anchors in Concrete or Masonry 6.4 Architectural Components... 0 General . 1-85 Forces and Displacements 1-85 (1 Specific Requirements & References ...... 1-85 vill Steven T, Hiner, MS, SE) y 5 ) ) ) ey ) ey ) ) ) ) ) i} ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ; i ) ) ) ) ) ) 'SDR Workbook ~ 2012 IBC Version ‘Table of Contents 65 Mechanical & Electrical Components... a a a 6.6 Structural Walls and Their Anchorage a o General Component Period, 7, .. Specific Requirements & References .. Design for Out-of-Plane Forces .. Anchorage of Structural Walls and Transfer of Design Forces into Diaphragms * Wall Anchorage Forces, F.. + Additional Requirements for SDC = C, D, E or F . © Transfer of Anchorage Forces .. Steel Elements ‘Wood Diaphragms Metal Deck Diaphragms Embedded Straps Eccentrically Loaded Anchorage System ... ‘Walls with Pilasters ‘Toe Nails = Cross-Grain Tension & Cross-Grain Bending 000000 Chapter 7 - Seismic Design Requirements for Nonbuilding 7.1 ASCE 7— Chapter 15 Overview C o a a 7.2 Structural Design Requirements .. ooo000 a 7.3. Nonbuilding Structures Similar to Buildings .. Structures Nonbuilding Structures Structural Analysis Procedure + Nonbuilding Structures Similar to Buildings .. = Nonbuilding Structures NOT Similar to Buildings. ‘Nonbuilding Structures Supported by Other Structures... Architectural, Mechanical & Electrical Components. Design Basis .. Importance Factor, fe Effective Seismic Weight, 7 Fundamental Period, 7... Rigid Nonbuilding Structures = Seismic Base Shear, V Specific Requirements & References General Determination of Seismic Factors Seismic Base Shear, V .. = Seismic Response Coefficient, Cs Specific Requirements & References Steven T. Hiner, MS, SETable of Contents SDR Workbook = 2012 TBC Version 7.4 Nonbuilding Structures NOT Similar to Buildings ... CO General (1 Determination of Sei (Seismic Base Shear, 7 = Seismic Response Coefficient, (1 Specific Requirements & References . 75. Tanks and Vessels .. CO General. (1 Specific Requirements & References Chapter 8 - Diaphragm Design & Wall Rig 8.1 Diaphragm Design Diaphragm Design Force, Fy. . 8.2 Diaphragm Types . Diaphragm Flexibility .. Flexible Diaphragm Condition Rigid Diaphragm Condition Calculated Flexible Diaphragm Condition Diaphragm Deflection .... Flexible Diaphragm Rigid Diaphragm... 8.3. Flexible Diaphragm Analysis 84 Chord Force ..... 85 Drag Force . Collector Elements = Seismic Design Category C, D, E or F 8.6 Masonry & Concrete Wall Rigidity .. 1 Cantilever Shear Wall - Deflection 1 Wall Rigidity, R © Fixed Shear Wall — Deflection O Shear Wall with Openings 8.7. Rigid Diaphragm Analysis Soo0o00000 Horizontal Distribution of Forces Center of Mass, CM .. Center of Rigidity, CR . Inherent Torsion = Calculated Eccentricity, ¢, & * Inherent Torsional Moment, M, Accidental Torsion .. = Accidental Eccentricity .. = Accidental Torsional Moment, Mj Dood ‘ ‘Steven T. Hiner, MS, SE‘SDR Workbook ~ 2012 IBC Version ‘able of Contents 1 Amplification of Accidental Torsional Moment 1-119 = Seismic Design Category C, D, Eor F .... 1-119 (1 Design Torsional Moments, M; + Direct Shear .. + Torsional Shear 1 Torsion (X-Direction) 1. Torsion (¥-Direction) 88 Rigid Diaphragm Analysis Summary Chapter 9 - IBC Chapter 23 - Wood 9.1 General Scope... i U1 General Design Requirements .. 9.2 Lateral Force-Resisting Systems ... 0 General (Design Requirements (1 Boundary Elements 0 Toe-Nailed Connections .. (1 Openings in Shear Panels 9.3 Wood-Frame Diaphragms .... (0 Application Requirements 1 Deflection ... : U Unit Shear Capacities (0 Diaphragm Aspect Ratios 1. Horizontal Distribution of Shear 9.4 Wood Structural Panel Horizontal Diaphragms Allowable Stress Design (ASD)... 1 Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) 9.5 Wood-Frame Shear Walls ... Application Requirements Deflection ... Shear Wall Aspect Ratios . Unblocked Wood Structural Panel Shear Walls Shear Wall Types... = Individual Full-Height Wall Segments = Force-Transfer Shear Walls "Perforated Shear Walls Construction Requirements ... «Framing Requirements = Sheathing . = Fasteners ... = Shear Wall Anchorage and Load Path ooo00o0q0 Steven T. Hiner, MS, SE xi‘Table of Contents ‘SOR Workbook - 2012 IBC Version 9.6 Wood Structural Panel Shear Walls Allowable Stress Design (ASD) ... Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) Unit Wall Shear Reduction ... Seismic Design Category D, E or F Foundation Sill Bolts... + Anchor Bolts 1-138 1-138 1-138 1-139 1-140 1-140 1-140 noood 9.7. Shear Wall Overturning 1-142 G Tension & Compression Chords 1-142 Uplift Anchorage at Shear Wall Ends 1-142 + Allowable Stress Design (ASD)... 1-143 + Hold-Downs 1-144 98 Connections and Fasteners 1-148 U. Fastener Requirements 1-148 1 Load Path 1-149 1 Nail Types 1-149 9.9 Subdiaphragms ... 1-151 (Transfer of Anchorage Forces into Diaphragms 1-151 Chapter 10 - IBC - Other Material Chapters 10.1 IBC Chapter 18 — Soils and Foundations 1-155 OQ General 1. 1-155 = Design Basis... 1-155 1 Geotechnical Investigations 1-155 = General 1-155 = Investigations Required .... 1-155 = Basis of Investigation ... 1-155 "Qualified Representative 1-155 = Investigated Conditions 1-155 = Reporting 1-156 C1 Foundations .. 1-156 © General se 1-156 + Design Loads 1-156 * Seismic Overtuming 1-157 = Concrete Foundations 1-157 = Seismic Requirements . 1-157 Shallow Foundations = General + Footing Seismic Ties .. + Slab-On-Grade Footings ... = Stemwall Footings 10.2 IBC Chapter 19 - Concrete 1-157 woes NAST we 1ST 1-158 1-158 1-159 (1 General 1-159 xil Steven T. Hiner, MS, SE SO a menaced JGIUS ¢ ¢ c ¢ C ¢ ¢ Cc O oO ¢ ¢ C ¢ c (D ‘SDR Workbook ~ 2012 IBC Version Table of Contents a 10.3 IBC Chapter 21 - Masonry a a u l 10.4 IBC Chapter 22 - Steel a ooo0o000 a a ;pecial Moment Fames (SMF) ... = Hoop = Confinement = Strong Column - Weak Beam Design . Intermediate Moment Fames (IMF) Ordinary Moment Fames (OMF) Special Reinforced Concrete Shear Walls .. = Boundary Elements Ordinary Reinforced Concrete Shear Walls Design Methods Seismic Design Requirements for Masonry = Vertical Reinforcement + Horizontal Reinforcement... Special Reinforced Masonry Shear Walls Intermediate Reinforced Masonry Shear Walls Ordinary Reinforced Masonry Shear Walls General Seismic Requirements for Stecl Structures = Seismic Design Category B or C «Seismic Design Category D, E or F ‘Composite Structural Steel & Concrete Structures = General «Seismic Requirements Special Moment Frames (SMF) * Doubler Plates = Continuity Plates Intermediate Moment Frames (IMF) .. ‘Ordinary Moment Frames (OME). Special Truss Moment Frames (STMF) .. Special Concentrically Braced Frames (SCBF) Ordinary Concentrically Braced Frames (OCBF) Eccentrically Braced Frames (EBF) = Link Beam Buckling-Restrained Braced Frames (BRBF)... Special Plate Shear Walls (SPSW) Chapter 11 - IBC Inspection & Observation Requirements 11.1 General Inspections .... a 0 11.2 Special Inspections & Tests... Scope General Required Inspections ‘Steven T. Hiner, MS, SE xxiiTable of Contents SSDR Workbook = 2012 TBC Version 11.3 Special Inspections ..... -169 170 1-170 -171 0 General * Report Requirement 11.4 Statement of Special Inspections 1 Content of Statement of Special Inspections 1 Seismic Requirements = Designated Seismic Systems ....... 11.5 Required Verification and Inspection 11.6 Special Inspections for Seismic Resistance 11.7 Testing for Seismic Resistance 11.8 Structural Observation (1 Structural Observations for Seismic Resistance ... Chapter 12 - Structural Damage & Retrofit 12.1 Seismic Performance of Existing Structures ‘Unreinforced Masonry (URM) Buildings ‘Non-Ductile Concrete Frames & Bridges (pre 1976) Precast Conerete Structures Concrete Tilt-Up Buildings. Flat Slab (or Lift Slab) Concrete Buildings Welded Steel Moment Frames .... Steel (and Concrete) Moment Frames with URM Infill Walls, Steel Braced Frames Residential Wood Frame Buildings Liquid Filled Steel Tanks .. 12.2 Retrofit of Existing Structures .... odeaeeoe0coa 12.3 Seismic Legislation ... 1 Alquist-Priolo Earthquake Fault Zoning Act (1 Seismic Hazards Mapping Act ... Chapter 13 - Geotechnical Issues & Lifelines 13.1 Liquefaction 13.2 Slope Stability 13.3 Retaining Ws General .. (1 Design Lateral Soil Loads 0 Mononobe-Okabe Solution O. Safety Factor . xiv ‘Steven T. Hiner, MS, SE‘SDR Workbook - 2012 IBC Version ‘Table of Contents 13.4 Lifelines .. Pipelines Crossing Faults. Redundancy... Chapter 14 - Professional Engineers Act 14.1 Practice Acts .. 14.2 Title Acts .. 143 Title Authorities Responsible Charge Practice Within Area of Competence . 14.5 Post-Karthquake Safety Evaluation Good Samaritan Immunity ooo00 References .... ‘Part 2|5|Example Problems. Problem #1 — Two Inverted Pendulum SDOF Structures .. Problem #2 - Three Column SDOF Bridge Structure. Problem #3 - Two Column SDOF Bridge Structure (shear & bending) .. Problem #4 — 3-Story Steel Special Concentrically Braced Frames (T < 1) Problem #5 — 5-Story Reinforced Concrete SMF (T > T.) Problem #6 - 2-Story Wood Structural Panel Shear Wall (T < Ty .... Problem #7 - 8-Story Dual System (Steel EBF & Steel SMF, T EPGA=Sysg/2.5= 0.90/25 = 0.362 — ER] Earthquake Damage Earthquakes can damage structures in various ways, such as by: 2. Changes in the physical properties of the foundation soils (e.g., consolidation, settling, liquefaction) 3. Direct fault displacement at the site of a structure 4, Landslides or other surficial movements 5. Seismically induced water waves such as seismic sea waves (tsunami) or fluid motions in reservoirs and lakes (seiche) 6. Large-scale tectonic change in ground elevation 7. Earthquake induced fires ERG] Earthquake Strength Magnitude, M The size of an earthquake is given by its magnitude, M, which is often referred to as the Richter Magnitude. On this scale, which is logarithmic, the amplitude of the shaking goes up by a factor of 10 for each whole number increase in magnitude, Richter magnitude usually gives a good method for quantifying length of fault rupture, duration of shaking, and total energy release. There are many different ways that magnitude is measured from seismograms partially because each method only works over a limited range of magnitudes and with different types of seismometers: Mp= coda magnitude, which is based on the duration of the shaking. Good fit for earthquakes up to about M3.0. local magnitude, which is based on the maximum amplitude of the waves. Original scale defined by Richer and Guttenberg, Best fit for earthquakes between M2.5 and M6.0. My= moment magnitude, which is a function of the rigidity of the fault times the average amount of fault slip times the amount of fault area that slipped. Best fit for earthquakes above M6.0. or) ‘Steven T. Hiner, MS, SE One ere ee ae it C < ¢ C ¢ ( €‘SDR Workbook - 2012 IBC Version Chapter 2 ~ Earthquake Characteristics & Vibration Theory ‘The United States Geologic Survey (USGS) uses the following to represent earthquake strength: Energy Release, E In 1956, Gutenberg and Richter developed the following equation to approximate the earthquake energy radiated, # (in ergs), as a function of earthquake magnitude, M: Logi0E= 11.8 +1.5M Based on this equation, each whole number increase in Richter magnitude would represent an approximate 32-fold increase in the amount of energy radiated. A M7.0 carthquake would radiate approximately 1,000 times more energy than a M5.0 earthquake. Theoretically, it would take approximately 1,000 5.0 earthquakes to release the amount of energy of a single M7.0 earthquake. ER Earthquake Intensity Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale, MMI ‘The intensity of an earthquake is based on the damage to structures, damage to the ground surface, and observed effects on people and other features. Intensity is directly related to an earthquake's local ground accelerations and how long they persist (i.e, duration of strong ground motion). ‘The Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale is subject to human interpretation, and may be skewed if the affected structures are of unusually good versus unusually poor construction. ‘The Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale is a measure of the amount of shaking (and damage) at a particular site, The intensity of an earthquake will vary depending on where the site is relative to the epicenter. Intensity generally decreases with increasing distance from the epicenter, unless soil conditions (e.g., soft soil) amplify the motion. Because earthquake intensity assessments do not depend on instruments, but on the actual observation of cffects in a particular area, intensities can be assigned even to historical earthquakes, Modified Mercalli intensities are represented with Roman numerals from I to XII. The lower numbers (MMI IVD) of the intensity scale are based on the manner in which the earthquake is felt by people. The higher numbers (MMI VII-XI) are based on observed structural damage. Steven T. Hiner, MS, SE 15ees teeta a a gla ae de | Ps Modified Mercalli Intensity Map for the 1989 Loma a EQ. (Ref. 7) 122,50°6) 122.00° - gt 121.50° Mantecs Sha Mateo. 7 Hatt Moon Say S49-CatS ) > ) ) ) 5 37.50°{ © ) ) ) ) Sateas 1-6 Steven T. Hiner, MS, SE‘SDR Workbook ~ 2012 16¢ Version SCE eine Re Cees Vic el idl al Not felt Strong | sone Chapter 3 ~ Earthquake Characteristics & Vibration Theory Nery | Light | Moderate mee Ki Very Damage None [one None leavy A very long duration moderate earthquake could result in a higher intensity value than a short duration strong earthquake. However, there is usually a correlation between length of fault rupture, duration of shaking, earthquake magnitude, and intensity. Longer fault rupture > longer duration —> larger magnitude (M) > higher intensity (MMI) Attenuation Attenuation is the decrease in seismic energy received at a site with increasing distance from the earthquake epicenter. Attenuation is caused by the viscous properties of rocks and soils, scattering of energy, and irregularities and discontinuities in surface materials. Shear waves (S-waves) diminish rapidly as the rigidity of the ‘material that they pass through falls (e.g., bedrock vs. sandy soil). ‘The shorter period P-waves and $-waves attenuate much faster than the longer period surface waves. ee ea ua cee ca ace aoarsg LEGEND MM Vi-vit Mz vil SAN FERNANDO Steven T. Hiner, MS, SEChapter 1 ~ Earthquake Characteristics & Vibration Theory ‘SDR Workbook - 2012 18C Version ) Not felt except by very few under especially favorable I 10-29 Saga conditions. Felt only by a few persons at rest, especially by those on the 0 upper floors of buildings. Delicately suspended objects may swing. 30-39 Felt quite noticeably by persons indoors, especially in upper | £0.03g | floors of buildings. Many people do not recognize it as an Gs 1 carthquake. Standing vehicles may rock slightly. > Vibrations similar to the passing of a truck, Duration estimated, During the day, felt indoors by many, outdoors by a few. ; i At night, some awakened. Dishes, windows, doors ( disturbed; walls make cracking sound, Sensation like heavy | ( } | 40-49 truck striking building. Standing vehicles rock noticeably. ( Felt by nearly everyone; most awakened. Some dishes, Vv 0.03 —0.08g | windows broken, Unstable objects overtumed. Pendulum clocks may stop. 7 0.08 -0.15g | Felt by all, many frightened. Some heavy furniture moved. © | A few instances of fallen plaster. Damage slight. 50-59 Damage negligible in buildings of good design and vu 0,15 —0,25¢ | Construction; slight to moderate in well-built ordinary “8 | structures; considerable damage in poorly built structures. ‘ Some chimneys broken, ( Damage slight in specially designed structures; considerable | ( damage in ordinary substantial buildings, with partial ( VII 60-69 | 0.25—0.45g | collapse. Damage great in poorly built structures. Fallen chimneys, factory stacks, columns, monuments, walls. Heavy furniture overturned. ( Damage considerable in specially designed structures; well designed frame structures thrown out of plumb. Damage ( Ix 0.45 ~0.608 | reat in substantial buildings, with partial collapse. 70-79 Buildings shifted off foundations, Some well-built wooden structures destroyed; most Ot x 0,60 —0.80g | masonry and frame structures with foundations destroyed. Rails bent. Few, ifany, masonry structures remain standing. Bridges a : 0.80 -0.908 | destroyed. Rails bent greatly. C 2 Q| Damage total, Lines of sight and level are distorted. Objects | ba 20.908 | thrown into ai, 0} 1. Approximate Magninde (typically corresponding fo an exposed Intensity (MMI) and PGA neat the epicenter ofthe earthquake, 18 Steven T. Hines, MS, SESDR Workbook 2012 IBC Version Chapter 1 ~ Earthquake Characteristics & Vibration Theory jingle Degree of Freedom (SDOF) Systems Single Degree of Freedom System w/ no damping Pee DeLee der Redlaiketr conus taccuad Stiffness, K Stiffness is the force required to produce a unit displacement (kips/inch, Ibs/inch, ete,). The total stiffness of a SDOF system is determined by: Total K = Knembers or if F and Aare known: Total K = ih (kips/inch) > Member Stiffness, Kreme: ‘The member stiffness is a function of member length (Z or 4), moment of inertia (J), modulus of elasticity (2) and the end restraints (e.g., pinned, fixed, roller). Steven T. Hiner, MS, SE 19Chapter 1 ~ Earthquake Characteristics & Vibration Theory SOR Workbook ~ 2012 18C Version OCS een Angular Natural Frequency, @ (radians/second) o=\Kjm —_ butwhere W- mg or [Kg w= we where g = 32.2 fi/sec? = 386.4 in/sec? Linear Natural Frequency, f (Hz, cycles/second) . T° o9 Natural Period, T (seconds) (Period of vibration) Multiple Degree of Freedom (MDOF) Systems When a dynamic analysis is necessary on a multi-story building, the structure is modeled as having lumped masses at each of the floor and roof levels. A two-dimensional analysis on a 3-story building (sce Figure 1.7) will result in three individual mode shapes. Each of the mode shapes has an associated natural period of vibration. The 1 mode, also known as the fundamental mode, has the longest period. Higher mode shapes will have shorter periods. A structure’s actual response to an earthquake becomes very complicated as the number of stories (i.e., ‘mass levels) increases. Consideration of mode shape factors, participation factors, etc. is necessary to determine the structure’s response, Typically, a structure’s predominant response will be in the fundamental (i.¢., 1") mode. 1-10 ‘Steven T. Hiner, MS, SE‘SDR Workbook = 2012 I8C Version ‘Chapter 1 ~ Earthquake Characteristics & Vibration Theory Figure 1.7 - Multiple Degree of Freedom Systems 7 - - 7 - + ——— il PAUL sae BMA El Structural Damping Damping, B Damping slowly brings an oscillating system to its motionless equilibrium through many cycles of deeaying amplitude, Damping is defined as the dissipation of energy from an oscillating system, primarily through friction. ae Sources of Damping - + Extemal viscous damping Intemal viscous damping Body friction damping Radiation damping Hysteretic damping Critical Damping, Beriticar The amount of damping that brings the system to equilibrium in a minimum time without oscillation. Ce eC Eri /fritical damping wa Nt im ‘, tmin. Steven T. Hiner, MS, SE VilChapter 1 - Earthquake Characteristics & Vibration Theory ig Ratio, £ ‘The ratio of actual damping coefficient to the critical damping coefficient. oR nto SDR Workbook - 2012 18C Version > typical ratios of (2% (flexible steel frame) to 15% (light wood-frame) Damped Period of Vibration, Ta Damping slows down the oscillating system, slightly increasing the period of vibration. But for typical damping ratios of 2% minimum to 15% maximum, there is less than a one percent difference between the undamped period of vibration (7°) and the damped period of vibration (71). Therefore, Ty=T Spectral Response Spectral Acceleration, Sz (building) ‘The maximum acceleration that is experienced by a SDOF vibratory system due to a specific earthquake ground motion. Spectral Velo: 11 Sy (building) ‘The maximum velocity that is experienced by a SDOF vibratory system due to a specific earthquake ground motion, Spectral Displacement, Sg (building) ‘The maximum displacement that is experienced by a SDOF vibratory system due to a specific earthquake ground motion, Response Spectrum A response spectrum describes the maximum response of a damped SDOF oscillating system at various building periods (7°) due to a specific earthquake ground motion ...€.8., Sas Sy, or Sq versus T ‘ i 0.29 o Figure 1.9 - Response Spectrum _— Damping Ratio 8 = 5% Seal 1.0 LS Undamped Natural Period, seconds 12 Steven T. Hiner, MS, SE) SDR Workbook - 2012 ISC Version Acceleration Response Spectrum Chapter 1 ~ Earthquake Characteristics & Vibration Theory Race m m K 5 & ) g ) & ) z & ) ) ) ) 5 50; ) & ) 6 ) i ) i ) 7 ) E ) & ) d Period of vibration, T, sec. ) 60) ) % ) g e 5 aol fens » ® solt ) 8 ) g a ) i 2 & 2 SS , 0 05 40 45 20 25 30 ) Period of vibration, T, sec. ) ) é ae )Chapter 1 ~ Earthquake Characteristics & Vibration Theory SDR Workbook - 2012 IBC Version Resonance When a structure's natural period is similar to the site (soil) period and/or the predominant earthquake period, the structure's response can be greatly amplified, known as resonance. ‘Resonance can occur between: > The structure’s period and the site (soil) period > The structure’s period and the predominant earthquake period > The site (soil) period and the predominant earthquake period > ‘The structure’s period, the site (soil) period, and the predominant earthquake period In September 1985, Mexico City was shaken by a great earthquake (MM = 8.1) that was centered approximately 200 miles to the southwest. ‘The shaking in Mexico City during this event varied Ce) significantly with subsurface soil conditions. The shaking was most intense within a region underlain byan (>) ancient lakebed comprised of soft clay deposits. O Resonance occurred between the long period surface waves and the long period soft clay soil resulting in oO moderately strong peak ground accelerations (approximately 0.2); however, these motions lasted nearly 2 minutes and exhibited nearly harmonic behavior with a period of about 2 seconds. As a result, the spectral amplitudes in this period range for motions recorded on the lakebed were 15 to 20 times larger than c corresponding spectral amplitudes for motions recorded on rock sites at comparable distances from the ¢ earthquake epicenter. The most significant damage was within the lakebed region and occurred in moderately tall buildings (6 to 15 stories) with natural periods near 1 second. When these structures began to crack and yield, their natural period began to lengthen. When the lengthening structure period approached the predominant period of the lakebed motions (approximately 2 seconds), the structures response intensified as it entered into resonance conditions. This, in tum, led to a progressive increase in building damage and in many devastating structural collapses, resulting in losses to buildings of about $4.0 billion and at least 8,000 fatalities. Es Base Shear Base Shear, V - seismic force Vams,= 5) eo g S, vs. S, vs. Sq: knowing @ a7 2% @ for SDOF system (no damping, B= 0%) is @ Sy O QO q) NOTE: These equations are approximate for damped systems and/or multiple degree of freedom (MDOF) | (_) systems. bed 1-16 Steven T. Hiner, MS, SE) SDR Workbook = 2012 IBC Version Chapter 2 ~ Organizations, Codes & Standards Chapter 2 tons, standards } 2.1 | Organizations National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program (NEHRP) ‘The National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program (NEHRP) was established by the U.S. Congress when it passed the Earthquake Hazards Reduction Act of 1977 ‘The four basic NEHRP goals are as follows: 1. Develop effective practices and policies for earthquake loss reduction and accelerate their implementation 2. Improve techniques for reducing earthquake vulnerabilities of facilities and systems 3. Improve earthquake hazards identification and risk assessment methods, and their use 4, Improve the understanding of earthquakes and their effects ‘The overall purpose of NEHRP is to “...to reduce the risks of life and property from future earthquakes in the United States. Four NEHRP agencies work in close coordination to improve the Nation's understanding of earthquake hazards and to mitigate their effects: Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), National Science Foundation (NSF), and United States Geological Survey (USGS) Statutory NEHRP activities: Y Conduct interdisciplinary research on earthquakes and their effects on communities, structures, buildings, and lifelines Y Monitor earthquake activity and characterize hazard Y Develop earthquake resistant design and construction practices ¥ Develop and promote adoption of effective model building codes and practices for carthquake resilience Y Public education on earthquake risks and mitigation American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) ‘The mission of ASCE is to promote knowledge and understanding of the rich history of the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) and the civil engineering profession - their origins, core values, ethics, people, projects and programs. As the oldest national professional engineering society, the ASCE’s core purpose is to advaiice the art, science and profession of engineering to enhance the welfare of humanity. Structural Engineering Institute - The mission of the Structural Engineering Institute (SE) is to advance and serve the structural engineering profession. One of their main goals is to lead efforts to write standards and influence codes (¢.g., ASCE 7-10). Steven T. Hiner, MS, SE 17Chapter 2 - Organizations, Codes & Standards SDR Workbook ~ 2012 IBC Version International Code Council (ICC) The International Code Council (ICC) is a membership association dedicated to building safety and fire prevention, The ICC develops the codes used to construet residential and commercial buildings. Most U.S. cities, counties and states that adopt codes choose the Intemational Codes developed by the IC Vision: Protecting the health, safety, and welfare of people by creating better buildings and safer communities. Mission: ‘To provide the highest quality codes, standards, products, and services for all concerned with the safety and performance of the built environment The ICC was established in 1994 as a nonprofit organization dedicated to developing a single set of comprehensive and coordinated national model construction codes. ‘The founders of the ICC were the nation’s three model code groups: BOCA — Building Officials and Code Administrators Intemational, Inc. (NBC - National Building Code); \CBO — International Conference of Building Officials (UBC — Uniform Building Code); and SBCCI~ Southern Building Code Congress International, Inc. (SBC Standard Building Code). Since the early 1900’s, these nonprofit organizations developed the three separate sets of model codes used throughout the U.S. Although regional code development has been effective and responsive to our country’s needs, the time came for a single set of codes. The nation’s three model code groups responded by creating the Intemational Code Council and by developing codes without regional limitations ... the International Codes (¢.g., BC, IRC, IPC, IMC, IFC). Structural Engineers Association of California (SEAOC) SEAQC's mission is to: advance the structural engineering profession provide the public with structures of dependable performance through the application of state of the art structural engineering principles assist the public in obtaining professional structural engineering services promote natural hazard mitigation provide continuing education and encourage research provide structural engineers with the most current information and tools to improve their practice and to maintain the honor and dignity of the profession, SN AA88 < Applied Technology Council (ATC) The Applied Technology Council is a nonprofit corporation established in 1973 through the efforts of the SEAOC. ATC’s mission is to develop and promote state-of-the-art, user-friendly engineering resources and applications for use in mitigating the effects of natural (and other) hazards on the built environment. ATC also identifies and encourages needed research and develops consensus opinions on structural engineering issues in a nonproprietary format. Some ATC reports are noted below - + ATC-6: Seismic Guidelines for Highway Bridges * ATC-7: Guidelines for the Design of Horizontal Wood Diaphragms = ATC-14: Evaluating the Seismic Resistance of Existing Buildings - ; ‘PACER OMe FOR RS Ar RS SV a TRAN) 1) 9PM « ATC-31: Evaluation of the Performance of Seismically Retrofitted Buildings + SAC-95-01: Steel Moment Frame Connection Advisory No. 3 1-18 ‘Steven T. Hiner, MS, SE oe oe ae ) ) ) ) ) ) )‘SOR Workbook = 2012 T8C Version Chapter 2 ~ Organizations, Codes & Standards EEA Building Codes & Standards FEMA 450 & FEMA P-750 ‘The NEHRP Recommended Provisions for Seismic Regulations for New Buildings and Other Structures presents criteria for the design and construction of structures to resist earthquake ground motions. The 2003 and 2009 NEHRP provisions are published as FEMA 450 and FEMA P-750 respectively. > FEMA 450 (2003 edition) = Part 1 - primary resouree for ASCE 7-05 and the 2006 IBC & 2009 IBC + Part 2 - provides commentary to the Part 1 provisions > FEMA P-750 (2009 edition) Part 1 - primary resource (and commentary) for ASCE 7-10 and the 2012 IBC = Part 2 - provides commentary to ASCE 7-05 = Part 3 - resource papers on seismic design ASCE 7-10 Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures (ASCE/SEI 7-10) provides requirements for general structural design and includes means for determining dead loads (D), live loads (Z & L,) , soil loads (H), fluid loads (F), flood loads (F.), wind loads (J7), snow loads (S), rain loads (R), earthquake Joads (#), etc. ... and their combinations that are suitable for inclusion in the BC (and other documents). ‘The third printing of ASCE 7-10 provides a comprehensive commentary to many of its chapters, including the seismic provisions of ASCE 7-10 — Chapters 11, 12, 13, and 15. Additional commentary may be obtained from FEMA P-750— Part 1 and the SEAOC Blue Book ~ 1999. International Building Code (IBC) ‘The Jnternational Building Code (IBC) is a comprehensive building code that provides regulations for building systems using prescriptive and perfarmance-related provisions, The provisions of the /BC shall apply to the construction, alteration, movement, enlargement, replacement, repair, equipment, use and occupancy, location, maintenance, removal and demolition of every building or structure (or any appurtenances connected or attached to such buildings or structures). Exception: Detached one- and two-family dwellings, townhouses < 3 stories with a separate means of egress, and their accessory structures shall comply with the JRC. International Residential Code (IRC) The International Residential Code (IRC) is a comprehensive, stand-alone residential code that cstablishes minimum regulations for one- and two-family dwellings and townhouses using prescriptive provisions. ‘The provisions of the /RC shall apply to the construction, alteration, movement, enlargement, replacement, repair, equipment, use and occupancy, location, maintenance, removal and demolition of detached one- and two-family dwellings and townhouses not more than three stories above grade plane in height with a separate means of egress, and their accessory structures (e.g., attached or detached garages, ete.). NOTE: Where an engineered ((e., vertical and/or lateral) design is used in conjunction with the IRC standards, the design shall comply with the JBC. Steven T. Hiner, MS, SE 119Chapter 2 - Organizations, Codes & Standards ‘SDR Workbook - 2012 IBC Version California Building Standards Code The California Code of Regulations (CCR) is the official compilation and publication of the regulations adopted, amended or repealed by state agencies pursuant to the Administrative Procedure Act (APA), Properly adopted regulations which have been filed with the Secretary of State have the force of law. Title 24 is one of twenty eight titles of the CCR. Title 24 is assigned to the California Building Standards Commission (CBSC) who is charged with reviewing and approving building standards proposed and adopted by state agencies, and codifying and publishing approved building standards in the California Building Standards Code (i.e., CCR, Title 24). ‘The 2013 triennial edition of California Building Standards Code (j.c., CCR, Title 24) applies to all occupancies that apply for a building permit on or after January 1, 2014 The CCR, Title 24 consists of the following twelve parts: = Part 1 - 2013 California Building Standards Administrati regulations of the California Building Standards Commi that implement or enforce building standards. Code contains administrative , and regulations of all state agencies ae 2013 Cali fornia Residential Code (CRO) is based on the 2012 International Residential Code (IRC) by the ICC, with California amendments. "Part 3 - 20/3 California Electrical Code (CEC) is based on the 20/1 National Electrical Code (NEC) by the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), with California amendments. "Part 4 - 2013 California Mechanical Code (CMC) is based on the 2012 Uniform Mechanical Code (UMC) by the Tnternational Association of Plumbing and Mechanical Officials ([APMO), with California amendments. Part 5 - 20/3 California Plumbing Code (CPC) is based on the 2012 Uniform Plumbing Code (UPC) by the IAPMO, with California amendments. = Part 6 - 20/3 California Energy Code contains energy conservation standards. = Part 7- no longer published ... see CCR, Title 8. = Part 8 - 2013 California Historical Building Code (CHBC). = Part 9 - 2013 California Fire Code (CFC) is based on the 2012 International Fire Code (IFC) by the ICC, with California amendments. = Part 10 - 20/3 California Bxisting Building Code (CEBC) is based on the 2012 International Existing Building Code (IEBC) by the ICC, with California amendments. "= Part 11 - 20/3 California Green Building Standards Code, ol = Part 12 - 2013 California Reference Standards Code contains minimum test standards required by (_) the California Building Standards Code. | California Building Code (CBC) Q ‘The California Building Code (CBC) is also known as the California Code of Regulations (CCR), Title i 24, Part 2. The 2013 CBC incorporates by reference the 20/2 IBC with necessary California (o) amendments. 1-20 Steven T. Hiner, MS, SE ()LEVEE L EVEL bee UL CU ee 'SDR Workbook - 2012 I8C Version Chapter 2 ~ Organizations, Codes & Standards California Residential Code (CRC) ‘The California Residential Code (CRC) is also known as the California Code of Regulations (CCR), Title 24, Part 2.5. The 2013 CRC incorporates by reference the 2012 IRC with necessary California amendments. California Existing Building Code (CEBC) ‘The California Existing Building Code (CEBC) is also known as CCR, Title 24, Part 10. This code provides minimum seismic strengthening provisions for existing unreinforced masonry (URM) bearing, wall buildings that undergo a change of use (or occupaney), alteration, or repair. Its provisions offer alternative methods (to the JBC) of achieving life-safety so that the inventory of existing URM buildings can be preserved. California Historical Building Code (CHBC) The California Historical Building Code (CHBC) is also known as CCR, Title 24, Part 8. The CHBC provides alternative building regulations and building standards for the rehabilitation, preservation, restoration, or relocation of buildings (or structures) designated as historic buildings. SEAOC Blue Book Also known as the Recommended Lateral Force Requirements and Commentary. ‘The last printed hardeopy Biue Book (i.c., seventh edition) was published in 1999. The Blue Book summarized recommendations of SEAOC for earthquake resistant design of building structures. Unlike the building code in use at that time, the 1997 Uniform Building Code (UBC), the Blue Book included a commentary portion to explain much of the document's recommendations. ‘The 2009 Blue Book is an electronic version titled Seismic Design Recommendations of the SEAOC Seismology Committee. Engineers seeking additional commentary on the seismic provisions of ASC: commentary chapters in ASCE 7-10 (third printing) and FEMA P-750, Part I (i. Recommended Provisions for Seismic Regulations for New Buildings and Other Structures — Part 1). Performance Based Seismic Design The basic concepts of Performance Based Seismic Design (PBSD) are to provide engineers with the capability to design buildings to have a more predictable and reliable performance when subjected to earthquake ground motions, and to allow building owners (and other stakeholders) to quantify the expected risks (financial or otherwise) to their buildings so they can select a level of performance that meets their needs while maintaining a basic level of safety. SEAOC Vision 2000 was a project which began to develop recommended procedures for PBSD. The ‘Vision 2000 procedures addressed a broad range of performance objectives that considered life-safety, structural damage control, non-structural damage control, and maintenance of funetion over a range of earthquake hazards. The performance objectives were composed of multiple goals as noted in Table 2.1 Table 2.1 speetevety Fully operational Frequent (43 year event) Operational Oceasional (72 year event) | Life-Satety Rare (475 year event) ‘Near Collapse Very Rare (970 year event) ‘Steven T. Hiner, MS, SE 1-24 |Chapter 2 ~ Organizations, Codes & Standards SDR Workbook - 2012 IBC Version While PBSD has yet to be fully developed, itis expected to be used in future building codes to provide a methodology to more reliably predict seismic risk in all buildings in terms more useful to building owners and building users Under the ASCE 7-10 seismic design provisions, there exist implied performance levels as demonstrated by Figure 2.1. For example, Risk Category Il (ic., fe = 1.0) structures designed to ASCE 7-10 provisions are expected to meet the following performance level Collapse prevention for MCE ground motions ee Immediate occupancy for Frequent ground motions (i.e. ,~ 50% in $0 years / 100 year return interval) Risk Category IV (i¢., Je= 1.5) structures designed to ASCE 7-10 provi following performance levels: Y Life-safety for MCEx ground motions |YEUIniineate Soctiiiey Ror DSide aibineNOIOHS/ Ge NOISE) Y Operational for Frequent ground motions are expected to meet the STS Similarly, Risk Category Ill (.e., Je~ 1.25) structures designed to ASCE 7-10 provisions are expected to meet performance levels that fall between the Risk Category IV and Risk Category II structures as shown in Figure 2.1 below. ree ner cet ‘MOTION 1-22 ‘Steven T. Hiner, MS, SE J) eee eo Pe Ieee tee cee Se ota rearpescpet essary Cee?SDR Workbook ~ 2012 IBC Version z Chapter 3 ~ General Provisions & Seismic Design Criteria bel al 3 HE ERM 18¢ chapter 1 - Administration Intent IBC §101.3 ‘The purpose of the International Building Code (IBC) is to establish minimum requirements to safeguard the public health, safety and general welfare through structural strength, means of egress facilities, stability, ... and safety to life and property from fire and other hazards attributed to the built environment (eg., earthquake, wind, flood) and to provide safety to fire fighters and emergeney responders during emergency operations. Referenced Codes and Standards IBC §102.4 ‘The codes and standards referenced in the I3C shall be considered part of the requirements of the JBC to the prescribed extent of each such reference. Where differences occur between provisions of the /BC and referenced codes and standards (¢.g., ASCE 7, ACI 318, AISC 360, NDS) ... the provisions of the IBC shall apply. IBC Chapter 3 - Use & Occupancy Classification Classification IBC §302.1 Structures or portions of structures shall be classified with respect to occupancy in one or more of the groups listed below: * A-~Assembly Groups A-I, A-2, A-3, A-4 & A-S © B—Business Group B + E—Educational Group E © F—Factory and Industrial Groups F-1 & F-2 © H—High Hazard Groups H-1, H-2, H-3, H-4 & H-5 © I~ Institutional Groups [-1, I-2, 1-3 & 14 ©) M-—Mercantile Group M ¢ R-Residential Groups R-1, R-2, R-3 & R-4 + S—Storage Groups S-1 & S-2 © U_ Utility and Miscellaneous Group U Refer to JBC $303 through §3/2 for detailed descriptions of the building uses and occupancies that are used to determine the actual occupancy groups noted above. Steven T. Hiner, MS, SE 1-23Chapter 3 - General Provisions & Seismic Design Criteria ‘SDR Workbook 2012 IBC Version El IBC Chapter 16 - Structural Design General IBC §1601 Scope - The provisions of JBC Chapter 16 shall govern the structural design of buildings, structures and portions thereof regulated by the JBC. Construction Documents IBC §1603 Construetion documents shall show the size, section and relative locations of structural members with floor levels, column centers and offsets dimensioned. The design loads and other information pertinent to the structural design shall be indicated on the construction documents including: 1. Floor live load — /BC §1603.1.1 2. Roof live load — /BC §1603.1.2 3. Roof snow load data ~ /BC §1603.1.3 4. shall be shown on the construction documents: 1. Risk Category (1, 1, II or IV) | eae O} ._ Wind design data ~ IBC $1603.14 oO} i i oO} 6. Geotechnical information — JBC $1603.16 Q) 7. Flood design data —/BC §1603.1.7 Ol 8, Special loads ~ /BC §1603.1.8 0) 9. Systems and components requiring special inspection for seismic resistance — IBC ; $1603.19 Q ce NOTE; Construction documents for buildings constructed in accordance with the conventional fight ] (| frame (i.¢., wood) construction provisions of /8C §2308 may provide the minimal amount of © | structural design information per IBC §1603.1 — Exception. ey y] Earthquake Design Data IBC §1603.1.5 () ‘The IBC requires that regardless of whether wind or seismic (or other) loads govern the design of the © lateral force-resisting (LFR) system of the structure, the following information related to seismic loads O a 2. Seismic importance factor (I.) 3. Mapped spectral response acceleration parameters (Ss & Si) 4, Site class (A, B,C, D, E or F) 5. Design spectral response acceleration parameters (Sps & Spi) 6. Seismic Design Category (SDC= A, B,C, D, E or F) 1. 8 9. . Basie seismic force-resisting system (SERS) — in each orthogonal direction ( . Design base shear (V) ~in each orthogonal direction . Seismic response coefficient (Cs) - in each orthogonal direction ( 10. Response modification coefficient (R) ~ in each orthogonal direction iG 11. Lateral analysis procedure used (¢.g., equivalent lateral foree (ELF), simplified lateral force, modal response spectrum, of seismic response history) 1-24 Steven T. Hiner, MS, SE3 ) } ) ) ) ) SDR Workbook - 2012 186 Version Chapter 3 ~ General Provisions & Seismic Design Criteria IBC §1604 - General Design Requirements General IBC §1604.1 Buildings, structures and parts thereof shall be designed and constructed in accordance with one of the following methods (as permitted by BC Chapters 18 through 23): > Strength Design (SD) > Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRED) > Allowable Stress Design (ASD) > Empirical design > Conventional construction methods (e.g., IBC §2308 for light-frame wood construction) Strength IBC §1604.2 Buildings and other structures, and parts thereof, shall be designed and constructed (to have adequate strength) to support safely the factored loads in load combinations defined in the /BC without exceeding the appropriate strength limit states (i.e., SD or LRFD) for the materials of construction (¢.g., concrete, steel, masonry, wood). Strength Li te — a condition beyond which a structure (or member) is judged to be structurally unsafe. Buildings (and other structures) must satisfy strength limit states in which members are proportioned to safely carry the design loads to resist buckling, yielding, fracture, etc. Alternatively, buildings and other structures, and parts thereof, shall be designed and constructed (to have adequate strength) to support safely the nominal loads in load combinations defined in the JBC without exceeding the appropriate specified allowable stresses (ie., ASD) for the materials of construction (e.g. steel, masonry, wood). Serviceability IBC §1604.3 Structural systems and members thereof shall be designed to have adequate stiffness to limit deflections and lateral drift. For drift limits applicable to earthquake loading - see ASCE 7— §12.12.1, Serviceability Limit State - a condition beyond which a structure (or member) becomes unfit for service and is judged to be no longer useful for its intended function. In addition to strength limit states, buildings and other structures must also satisfy serviceability limit ‘tates that define functional performance and behavior under load and inelude such items as deflection and vibration. Exceeding a serviceability limit sare in a building (or other structure) usually means that its function is disrupted or impaired because of local minor damage or deterioration, or because of ‘occupant discomfort or annoyance. While safety generally is not an issue with serviceability limit states, they nonetheless may have severe economic consequences. Analysis IBC §1604.4 Load effects on structural members and their connections shall be determined by methods of structural analysis that take into account equilibrium, general stability, geometric compatibility and both short- and tong-term material properties. Rationality ~ any system or method of construction to be used shail be based on a rational analysis in accordance with well-established principles of mechanics. Such analysis shall result in a system that provides a complete load path capable of transferring loads from their point of origin to the load-resisting elements. Steven T. Hiner, MS, SE 1-25Chapter 3 - General Provisions & Seismic Design Criteria SDR Workbook - 2012 IBC Version Lateral Load Path ~ the theoretical path that the seismic (or wind) loads follow from their point of origin to the lateral force-resisting elements (e.g,, through horizontal diaphragms, to collectors, to shear walls or braced frames or moment frames, to foundations, to the supporting soil). While providing for a continuous lateral load path may seem to be an obvious design requirement for acceptable structural performance, experience shows that this fundamental requirement is often overlooked (cg, in design and/or construction), resulting in significant structural damage or collapse. “The basis for this design requirement is to ensure that: 1, ‘The design has fully identified the seismic force-resisting system (SFRS) and its appropriate design level, and 2, The design basis is fully identified for the purpose of future modifications or changes in the structure. Detailed requirements for selecting or identifying and designing this load path are given in the appropriate design chapters of ASCE 7 and the material chapters of the JBC. Risk Category IBC §1604.5 Based on the use and/or occupancy, buildings (and other structures) shall be assigned a Risk Category (I, Ti, If, or IV) in accordance with JBC Table 1604.5. I. Risk Category I ~ buildings (and other structures) that represent a low hazard to human life in the event of failure, since there is the probability of fewer occupants in these structures and the structures are lower and/or smaller (¢.g., agricultural facilities, certain temporary facilities, and minor storage facilities), IL. Risk Category II - buildings (and other structures) except those listed in Risk Category I, I or IV. This category will include the majority of buildings designed and constructed under the /BC. III. Risk Category IIT ~ buildings (and other structures) that represent a substantial hazard to human life in the event of failure. Risk Category III structures are those having a large number of occupants, and/or those where the occupants” ability to exit is restrained (e.g,, Group 1-2 occupancy mental hospitals/nursing homes/etc. with > 50 resident patients, Group I-3 occupancy detention centers/jails/prisons/etc.). The potential high density of public assembly (i.e., number of people) also warrants a higher category and level of design. Included in this category are power-generating stations, water treatment facilities for potable water, ‘waste water treatment facilities and other public utility facilities not included in Risk Category TV. Also included are buildings (and other structures) not included in Risk Category IV containing sufficient quantities of toxic or explosive substances ... sufficient to pose a threat to the public if released, IV. Risk Category IV ~ buildings (and other structures) designated as essential facilities, including but not limited to: ‘* Group I-2 occupancies having surgery or emergency treatment facilities (ie., Hospitals) ‘* Fire, rescue, ambulanee and police stations and emergency vehicle garages * Designated earthquake, hurricane or other emergency shelters # Designated emergency preparedness, communication, and operation centers and other facilities required for emergency response « Power-generating stations and other public utility facilities required as emergency backup facilities for Risk Category IV structures 1-26 Steven T. Hiner, MS, SE} ‘SDR Workbook = 2017 18C Version ee Chapter 3 - General Provisions & Selsmlc Design Criteria ‘Buildings and other structures containing quantities of highly toxic materials as defined by /BC §307 where the quantity exceeds that permitted by IBC Table 307. 1(2) ... sufficient to pose a threat to the public if released + Aviation control towers, air traffic control centers and emergency aircraft hangars ‘* Buildings and other structures having critical national defense functions ‘© Water storage facilities and pump structures required to maintain water pressure for fire suppression Risk Category TV structures represent the types of occupancies that are vital to public needs in terms of post-earthquake recovery and redevelopment. Also included are structures that contain substances that if released into the environment, are deemed to be hazardous to the public. For earthquake design, a buildings Risk Category will be used to determine the seismic importance factor (Z.), Seismic Design Category (A, B, C, D, E or F) when considering the applicable spectral response acceleration parameters (S;, Spy & Spi), allowable story drift limits (Ag), seismic response coefficient (Cs) & seismic base shear (V), structural observation requirements, etc. Wind and Seismic Detailing IBC §1604.10 Lateral force-tesisting (LFR) systems shall mect seismic detailing requirements and limitations prescribed in the BC and ASCE 7 (excluding Chapter 14 and Appendix 114) even when wind load effects are greater than seismic load effects. Wind and seismic forces are fimdamentally different: i ri = Result from aerodynamic pressures applied to Result from the inertial response of a structure an exterior surface of a structure, to the accelerations and displacements from «Tend to have somewhat predictable upper the earthquake ground shaking. limits (¢.g,, 100 year storm, etc.) + Tend to have somewhat unpredictable upper = Structures are designed to resist the design limits, wind forces clastcally. + Structures are assumed to resist the design seismic forces inelastically. Even when wind pressures govern the strength or serviceability (.c., drift) design, the structural lateral force-resisting (LFR) system must conform to the special detailing requirements for seismic systems in order to accommodate the inertial forces and displacements from an earthquake. This is required in order {o resist (in a ductile manner) potential seismic loadings in excess of the prescribed wind loads. Y Seismic ground shaking can cause several reversing cycles of inelastic deformati Y Actual seismic forces are expected to exceed the specified design seismic forces EXE] rc §1613 - Earthquake Loads Scope IBC §1613.1 Every structure, and portion thereof ... shall be designed and constructed to resist the effects of earthquake motions in accordance with ASCE 7 (excluding ASCE 7 — Chapter 14 & Appendix 114). The following structures are exempt from the seismic requirements of the JBC and ASCE 7: 1, Detached one- and two-family dwellings, assigned to SDC = A, B, or C, or located where Ss<0.4 Steven T. Hiner, MS, SE 127Chapter 3 ~ General Provisions & Seismic Design Criteria ‘SOR Workbook - 2012 IBC Version 2. The seismic force-resisting system (SFRS) of wood-frame buildings that conform to BC $2308 (i.c., conventional light-frame wood construction) 3. Agricultural storage structures intended only for 4 Structures that require special consideration of their response Y vehicular bridges Y electrical transmission towers hydraulic structures buried utility lines and their appurtenances Y muclear reactors |. Avoid serious injury and loss of life (ie, minimize the hazard to life for all structures), 2. Increase the expected performance of structures having a substantial public hazard due to Absolute safety and no damage even in an earthquake event with a reasonable probability of ‘occurrence cannot be achieved for most structures, But a high \cartee of life safety, allowing for some structural and Ae eructural damage, can be achieved economically in structures by allowing inelastic energy dissipation Some structural and nonstructural damage can be expected asa result of the “design ground motions” because the earthquake provisions allow inelastic enersy dissipation in the structural system. For ground Treats in excess ofthe design levels, the intent of the provisions mang the structure to have a low Tikelinood of collapse. It is reasonable to expect that moet well-designed and constructed structures would ‘ot collapse in a major carthquake, and that structural damage would likely be repairable, but the damage may not be economically repairable. > Risk Category 1 & IX - the earthquake provisions are ‘ninimum requirements intended to safeguard imctions Jor Structural failures and loss of life. They are not intended fe inet damage, maintain functions, or provide for easy repair, ® Risk Category 111 & IV - (@.., high occupancy, essential facilities, etc.) - the earthquake provisions apply more strict damage limitation criteria in order to better Provide for the safety of occupants and the continued functioning of the facility. Where damage control is desired, the design must provide not only sufficient strength to resist the Specified seismic loads but also the proper stiffness to limit the oc deflection. Damage to nonstructural elements may be minimized by: proper limitation of deformations, Y careful attention to detail, and providing proper clearances for exterior cladding, glazing, partitions, and wall panels 128 Steven T. Hiner, MS, SEVEU Ce SVU US BU SE SU Se wu ‘SDR Workbook ~ 2012 18C Version Chapter 3 ~ General Provisions & Seismic Design Criteria Nonstructural elements can be separated (or floated free) and allowed to move independently of the structure. But if these elements are rigidly tied to the structure, they should be protected from deformations that can cause cracking ... or damage should be expected. Structures designed (& constructed) fo the IBC & ASCE 7 earthquake provisions should be able to: 1. Resist a minor level of earthquake ground motion without damage 2. Resist a moderate level of earthquake ground motion without structural damage, but possibly experience some nonstructural (architectural) damage 3. Resist a major level of earthquake ground motion without collapse, but likely with some structural as well as nonstructural (architectural) damage ‘When subject to a major level of earthquake ground motion, the level of structural damage will be dependent upon: ¥ Intensity and duration of ground shaking, ¥ Building configuration (e.g., vertical irregularities, horizontal irregularities), Y Type of lateral force-resisting system (¢.g., shear walls, braced frames, moment-resisting Frames), Y Materials selected for structure (e.g., concrete, masonry, steel, wood), and Y Quality of construction!!! IBC & ASCE 7 earthquake provisions will not limit or prevent damage due to earth movements including: + Earth slides (e.g., Anchorage, Alaska — 1964 /.M9.2) Soil liquefaction (¢.g., Niigata, Japan — 1964 / M7.) = Tsunami (¢.g., Tohoku, Japan —2011/.M9.0) = Direct fault displacement at the site of a structure EX 8c §1613.3 - Seismic Ground Motion Values Seismic ground motion values shall be determined in accordance with /BC §1613.3 (or ASCE 7~§11.4). Mapped MCEr Acceleration Parameters, Ss & S; IBC §1613.3.1 ‘The parameters Ss & S; are based on the Risk-Targeted Maximum Considered Earthquake (MCE) ground motion, which is defined as the most severe earthquake effects considered by the JBC & ASCE 7. ‘The MCEg ground motions are expected to result in structures with a 1% probability of collapse in 50 years, which is assumed to be an acceptable level of seismic safety. ‘The design earthquake ground motion is based on 2/3 of MCEg ground motion for consistency with previous editions of the standard (c.g, ASCE 7-05). Probabilistic MCE ground motions are based on the assumption that buildings designed in accordance with ASCE 7-10 have a collapse probability of not more than 10% if the MCE ground motions were to ever oceur at the building site. While stronger shaking could occur, it was judged economically impractical to design for such ground motions. In regions of high seismicity (e.g., California), the seismic hazard is typically controlled by large magnitude events occurring on a limited number of well defined fault systems, so deterministic MCEx ground motions are used to estimate the levels of ground shaking in those regions. Ss shall be determined from the 0.2 second (ice., short period) mapped MCEk spectral response accelerations, and 5} shall be determined from the 1-second mapped MCEg spectral response Steven T. Hiner, MS, SE 1-29Chapter 3 - General Provisions & Seismic Design Criteria ‘SDR Workbook - 2012 IBC Version accelerations shown on JBC Figures 1613.3.1(1) through 1613.3.1(6) which are based on the national seismic hazard study conducted by the United States Geologic Survey (USGS). NOTE: where Ss < 0.15 and S; < 0.04, the structure is permitted to be assigned to Seismic Design Category A. Earthquake Ground Motion Parameters are most easily, and more accurately, determined from the USGS website at - http://earthquake.uses.cov/hazards/designmaps/ The USGS Ground Motion Parameter Calculator is a Java"™ Application that uses input of Latitude and Longitude (or Postal Zip Code) to calculate the appropriate response parameters (Ss & Si, Fy & F, Sus & Sy, and Sps & Spi), MCE response spectrum, design response spectrum, etc. Site Classification ASCE 7 - §20.1 Based on the site soil properties, the site shall be classified as either Site Class A,B, C, D, E or F in accordance with ASCE 7 — Table 20.3-1 and §20.3. Site Class definitions are dependent on one or more of the following average soil properties based on the upper 100 feet of the site profile: shear wave velocity (vs) eee ¥ standard penetration resistance (NV or Nex) Y undrained shear strength (54) Site Class A = Hard Rock (extremely rate in California ... East coast only) with v,> 5,000 fl/second B = Rock with 2,500 < vy, <5,000 fi/second c = Very dense soil & soft rock with 1,200 < v, < 2,500 fr/second, eto. E = Soft clay soil with v, <600 fsecond, etc. ... or any profile with > 10 fect of soil having the following characteristics: 1. Plasticity index Pr> 20, 2. Moisture content w > 40%, and 3. Undrained shear strength 5» <500 psf F = Soil (requiring site-specific evaluation per ASCE 7 ~ §20.3.1) with the following characteristics: 1. Soils vulnerable to potential failure or collapse under seismic loading (¢.g., liquefiable soils, quick and highly sensitive clays, and collapsible weakly cemented soils) 2. Peats and/or highly organic clays, where thickness of peat and/or highly organic clay H> 10 feet 3. Very high plasticity clays (/7 > 25 feet with PI > 75) 4. Very thick soft/medium stiff clay (H> 120 feet) with s, < 1,000 psf * Where the soil properties are not known in sufficient detail to determine the Site Class (i.e., no Geotechnical Report) ... Site Class D shall be used unless the authority having jurisdiction (or geotechnical data) determine that Site Class E or F soils are present at the site. 1-30 ‘Steven T. Hiner, MS, SESDR Workbook ~ 2012 IBC Version Chapter 3 ~ General Provisions & Seismic Design Criteria Site Class Adjusted MCEx Acceleration Parameters IBC §1613.3.3 ‘Sys & Sa represent the site class adjusted MCEx speetral response acceleration parameters at short periods and at 1-second period respectively, and are determined by the following equations: Sus Fas IBC (16-37) Sin = Fy St IBC (16-38) where: F,= Site coeflicient per IBC Table 1613.3.3(1) F,= Site coefficient per IBC Table 1613.3.3(2) Site coefficient F, is function of the Sife Class and the short period mapped spectral response acceleration parameter (Ss). Site coefficient F, is a function of the Site Class and the I-second period mapped spectral response acceleration parameter (Si). F, & F, are based on the results of empirical analyses of strong-motion data and analytical studies of site response. In general, softer soils exhibit greater amplification of earthquake ground motions than stiffer soils, and that amplification can be even more significant for longer period (e.g., taller) structures than for shorter period structures (e.g., F, values are greater than F, values for Site Class C, D & E). Design Spectral Response Acceleration Parameters IBC §1613.3.4 Sps & Spi represent the 5% damped design spectral response acceleration parameters at short periods and at I-second period respectively and they are determined by the following equations: Sps=2/3 Sus IBC (16-39) Sp = 28 Soa IBC (16-40) NOTE: Table 3.2 (p. 1-33) and Table 3.3 (p. 1-34) are provided as short cut procedures in determining ‘pi respectively when Ss, 5; & Site Class are known (Site Class D may be assumed unless given). Gries eee screen a ee g Son Sos T,=0.2T, ¥ s,- 515 1, =per ASCE7 7 Figure 22-12 Spectral Response Acceleration, S, (a) 1.0 T Period, T (sec) Steven T. Hiner, MS, SE 1-31Chapter 3 ~ General Provisions & Seismic Design Criteria ‘SDR Workbook - 2012 IBC Version Determination of Seismic Design Category, SDC IBC §1613.3.5 The Seismic Design Category (SDC) of a structure is used to determine the following: = Permitted seismic force-resisting systems (SERS) = Building height limits = Permitted lateral analysis procedures = Restrictions on buildings with horizontal and/or vertical irregularities + Seismic detailing requirements + Requirements for nonstructural components he Seismic Design Category (SDC) for a structure is permitted to be determined in accordance with IBC §1613 or ASCE 7. Table 3.1 (below) provides a brief description of the approximate seismic risk associated with each Seismic Design Category. A__| Very low seismic hazard level B _ | Low seismic hazard level C _| Moderate seismic hazard level D__| Moderate to high seismic hazard level eg _ | High simi hazard level ~ Risk Category Mr I sructres very near a major ative ff _| High seismic hazard level — Risk Category IV (essential facility) structures very neat a major active fault The seven steps for assigning a Seismic Design Category (SDC) to a structure, using the IBC or ASCE 7, are as follows: 1. Determine the Risk Category (1, Il, III, or IV) 2. Determine the mapped MCEg spectral response acceleration parameters Ss & 5} — pet IBC Figures 1613.3.1(1) through 1613.3.1(6) 3. Determine the Site Class (A, B, C, D*, E or F) 4, Determine site coefficients F, & F, per IBC Tables 1613.3.3(1) & 1613.3.3(2) ... considering the Site Class, Ss & 1 5. Calculate the site class adjusted MCER spectral response acceleration parameters Sius & Spat 6. Calculate the design spectral response acceleration parameters Sps & Sox 7. Determine the Seismic Design Category (SDC ~ A, B, C, D, E or F) per IBC §1613.3.5 and IBC Tables 1613.3.5(1) & 1613.3.5(2) ... considering Si, Sos, So and the Risk Category 1-32 “Steven 7. Hiner, MS, SEeae eae SSDR Workbook - 2012 IBC Version. chapee 3 ~ General Provisions & Selsmic Design Criteria } 3 8 i g g | é i g i Steven T. Hiner, MS, SE 1-33SOR Workbook ~ 2012 18¢ Version Y Risk Category (1, H, Wor TV), and ¥ Mapped MCE spectral response acceleration parameter 5}, and Design spectral response acceleration parametocs Sos & Spy 134 a i a‘SDR Workoook ~ 2012 IBC Version Chapter 3 ~ General Provisions & Solsmic Design Criteria Seismic Design Category (SDC = A, B, C, D, E or F) - > For Risk Category I, Hor III structures with $; > 0.75 — use SDC=E > For Risk Category IV structures with $ > 0.75 — use SDC: oa | structures shall be assigned to a Seismic Design Category per IBC Tables 1613.3.5(1) & 1613.3,5(2) (i.e., Tables 3.5 & 3.6 below) ... based on their Risk Category (I, II, II or IV) and design spectral response acceleration parameters Sps & Spy Sos < 0.167 A A A 0.167 < Sps < 0.33 B B c 0.33 < Sns < 0.50 c Cc D Sps 20.50 D D D Seen Spi < 0.067 A A A 0.067 < Spr < 0.133 B B ic 0.133 < Spi < 0.20 c c D Spi 20.20 D D D may be used to determine the SDC). NOTE: Where S; < 0.75, each building and structure shall be assigned to the more severe SDC in accordance with IBC Table 1613.3.5(1) or 1613.3.5(2), irrespective of the fundamental period of vibration of the structure - T (Le., whether T'is short or long). See IBC §1613.3.5.1 for an altemative SDC determination (i.e., where Sins & IBC Table 1613.3.5(1) alone Steven T. Hiner, MS, SE 135Chapter 3 ~ General Provisions & Seismic Design Criteria SDR Workbook - 2012 TBC Version Alternative Seismic Design Category Determination IBC §1613.3.5.1 Where 5} <0.75, the Seismic Design Category is permitted to be determined from IBC Table 1613.3.5(1) alone (ic, using Sps only) when all of the following apply: ¥ T,<0.8 Ts in cach of the two orthogonal directions, and the fundamental period of the structure used to calculate the story drift - T< 7s... in each of the two orthogonal directions, and V_ ASCE 7 (12.8-2) is used to determine the seismic response coelficient.... Cy = 58°, and ¥ The diaphragms are rigid (per ASCE 7 — §12.3.1) or for diaphragms that are flexible, the distance between vertical elements of the seismic force-resisting system (SFRS) < 40 feet ‘Sim jed Design Procedure IBC §1613.3.5.2 Where the altemate Simplified Design Procedure of ASCE 7 — $12.14 is used, the Seismic Design Category shall be determined in accordance with ASCE 7. ASCE 7 Seismic Design Criteria ASCE 7 - Chapter 11 Scope ASCE 7 - §11.1.2 Every structure (¢.g,, buildings and nonbuilding structures), and portion thereof, including nonstructural components, shall be designed and constructed to resist the effects of earthquake motions as prescribed by the seismic requirements of ASCE 7. Applicability ASCE 7 - §11.1.3 Structures and their nonstructural components shall be designed and constructed in accordance with the requirements of the following chapters based on the type of structure or component: * Buildings: ASCE 7 ~ Chapter 12 + Nonbuilding Structures: ASCE 7 — Chapter 15 * Nonstructural Components: ASCE 7 - Chapter 13 * Seismically Isolated Structures: ASCE 7 — Chapter 17 * Structures with Damping Systems: ASCE 7— Chapter 18 Seismic Importance Factor, I. ASCE 7 - §11.5.1 Each structure shall be assigned an importance factor (I.) in accordance with ASCE 7~ Table 1.5-2.... based on the Risk Category of the building (or other structure) from IBC — Table 1604.5. > Risk Category | > 110 > Risk Category IL > 1-10 > Risk Category Ill (high occupancy) > 1=125* > Risk Category IV (essential facilities) > I=15* ‘The seismic importance factor (I,) is used in the Seismic Response Coefficient (Cs) equations with the intent to raise the yield level for important structures (e.g,, hospitals, fire stations, emergency operation centers, hazardous facilities, etc.) Use of an importance factor greater than one is intended to provide for a lower inelastic demand on a structure which should result in lower levels of structural and nonstructural damage. 1-36 ‘Steven T. Hiner, MS, SESea Ieee Ea tne ta Hla SDR Workbook ~ 2012 18¢ Version. Chapter 3 - General Provisions & Seismic Design Criteria *Risk Category III and IV structures assigned to SDC=D. E or F will require Structural Observation pet IBC §1704.5.1 Seismic Design Category A ASCE 7 - §11.7 Structures may be assigned to Seismic Design Category A (ie., SDC = A) under any of the following two conditions: 1, Ss<0.15 and S; £0.04 ... per IBC §1613.3.1, OR 2. Sps<0.167 and Sp; <0.067 ... per IBC Tables 1613.3.5(1) & 1613.3.5(2) Structures assigned to SDC = A need only comply with the requirements of ASCE 7 — §1.4 (i.e., not ASCE 7 —Chapter 12). Lateral Forces ASCE 7 - §1.4,3 Bach structure shall be analyzed for the effects of static lateral forces applied independently in each of two orthogonal directions. &» Base Shear, V The seismic base shear, in each direction, shall be determined in accordance with the following: V=0.01W where: W =the (otal dead load of the structure (D) > Vertical Distribution of Lateral Force, Fy, In each direction, the static lateral forces at all levels shail be applied simultaneously. The force at each level shall be determined as follows: Fx 0.01 We ASCE 7 (14-1) where: F,~ the design lateral force applied at Level x, and e= the portion of the total dead load of the structure (D) located or assigned to Level x > Diaphragm Design Force, Fyx Floor and roof diaphragms shall be designed to resist design seismic forces in accordance with the following: Fpe=0.01 We where: ‘Wipe = dead load weight of the diaphragm and the elements tributary there to at Level x ‘NOTE: See Chapter 8 (p. 1-105 to 1-107)— Diaphragm Design. Load Path Connections ASCE 7 - §1.4.2 All parts of the structure ... shall be interconnected to form a continuous (load) path to the lateral foree- resisting system (LFRS), and the connections shall be capable of transmitting the lateral forces induced by the parts being connected. ‘Steven T. Hiner, MS, SE 1-37Chapter 3 ~ General Provisions & Seismic Design Criteria ‘SDR Workbook ~ 2012 IBC Version Any smaller portion of the structure shall be tied to the remiander of the structure with elements having the strength to resist a force not less than: F,=0.05 W, where: W, =the dead load weight of the smaller portion Anchorage of Structural Walls ASCE 7 ~ §1.4.5 Walls that provide vertical load bearing or lateral shear resistance (ie., bearing walls or shear walls) ... shall be anchored to the roof and all floors and members that provide lateral support for the wall or that are supported by the wall. ‘The anchorage shall provide a direct connection between the walls and the roof or floor construction. ‘The connections shall be capable of resisting a strength level horizontal force perpendicular to the plane of the wall (i.c., out-of-plane force) equal to: Fy = 0.20%, > 5 psf ... tributary area to the connection where: W, =the weight of the structural wall tributary to the connection (j.¢., anchor) Wy = Wau hw / 2+ hp) (anchor spacing) ... for one-story walls with a parapet = Feit Fw 12) (anchor spacing) ... for one-story walls without a parapet ; See Chapter 6 (p. 1-87, ete.) — Structural Walls and their Anchorage for SDC=B, C, D, & F. 1-38 Steven T. Hiner, MS, SE[SDR Workbook ~ 2012 IBC Version Chapter 4 ~ Seismic Design Requirements for Building Structures Chapter 4 sismic Design Requirements for. ASCE 7 - Chapter 12 Overview Unlike previous editions of the Uniform Building Code (e.g., 1997 UBC, 1994 UBC, 1991 UBC, etc.), the 2012 International Building Code includes only a small amount of the seismic design provisions (e.g., MCEg ground motion values, site coefficients, Seismic Design Category determination, etc.). pula j Structures 1 ‘Nearly all of the seismic design provisions of ASCE 7-10 are adopted by reference in the 2012 IBC, beginning with ASCE 7 — Chapter 12: Seismic Design Requirements for Building Structures. Although ASCE 7 typically allows several lateral force analysis procedures for building structures, this chapter will focus on the most common analysis method used — the Equivalent Lateral Force (ELF) procedure. When using another lateral analysis procedure (e.g., Simplified Design procedure in ASCE 7 ~ §12.14), it is important to refer to all of the appropriate sections in ASCE 7 since many of the requirements that apply for the Equivalent Lateral Force (ELF) procedure may be either modified or may not apply (e.g., base shear, vertical distribution of seismie force, diaphragm design force, drift limits, building separations, anchorage of structural walls, etc.) Seismic Force-Resisting Elements Seismic forces are resisted by both horizontal elements and vertical elements of a seismic force-resisting system (SFRS). Horizontal Elements of a Seismic Force-Resisting System (SFRS) + Horizontal diaphragms Horizontal trusses (i. bracing) Vertical Elements of a Seismic Force-Resisting System (SFRS) * Shear walls - wails designed to resist lateral forces (parallel to the plane of the wall) primarily in shear. A shear wall is sometimes referred to as a vertical diaphragm. = Braced frames - essentially vertical trusses that are provided to resist lateral forces (parallel to the plane of the frame) primarily through axial tension and compression forces in the frame members (¢.g., diagonal braces, beams, and columns). = Moment-resisting frames - frames provided to resist lateral forces (parallel to the plane of the frame) with restrained connections between the beams and columns to permit the frame to resist the lateral forces through the flexural rigidity (i.e., stiffness) and strength of its members. See Figure 4.1 for examples of the various vertical elements of a seismic force-resisting system (SFRS). ‘Steven T. Hiner, MS, SE 1-39Chapter 4 ~ Seismic Design Requirements for Building Structures ‘SDR Workbook - 2012 18C Version See ee eC) ny iy [| Braced Frame -'biage a EE] structural System Selection ASCE 7 - §12.2 Selection and Limitations ASCE 7 - §12.2.1 ‘The basic lateral and vertical seismic force-resisting system (SFRS) shall conform to one of the types listed in ASCE 7 — Table 12.2-1 (or ASCE 7 - Table 12.14-1 when using the Simplified Design procedure of ASCE 7 - $12.14) ot a combination of systems as permitted in ASCE 7~ §12.2.2, §12.2.3, and §12.2.4. A. Bearing Wall System ~ a structural system with bearing walls providing support for all or major portions of the vertical (gravity) loads. Shear walls (or light-frame cold-formed steel wall systems with flat strap bracing) provide seismic force resistance. Shear walls (e.g., reinforced concrete or masonry, light-ftamed walls with shear panels) which resist lateral loads and support vertical gravity loads. B. Building Frame System - a siructural system with an essentially complete space frame system. providing support for vertical (gravity) loads. Seismic force resistance is provided by shear walls or braced frames. © Braced frames (e.g., steel EBF, steel CBF, o steel BRBF) which resist lateral loads, where bracing does not support gravity loads © Shear walls (c.g,, reinforced concrete or masonry, steel plate, light-framed walls with shear panels) which resist lateral loads but do not support vertical gravity loads. 1-40 Steven T. Hiner, MS, SE ARs‘SDR Workbook - 2012 IBC Version Chapter 4 ~ Seismic Design Requirements for Building Structures C. Moment-Resisting Frame System - a structural system with an essentially complete vertical load-carrying frame providing support for vertical gravity loads. * Moment-resisting frames (c.g., SMF, STMF, IMF, OMF) provide resistance to lateral loads primarily by flexural (bending) action of members (e.g,, beams and columns). Dual System - Structural system that is essentially a combination of a Building Frame System (e.g, shear walls, CBF, EBF, BRBF) and a Moment-Resisting Frame System (e.g., SMF or IMF) oriented to resist lateral loads in the same direction. Per ASCE 7 — §12.2.5.1 - the total scismic force resistance is to be provided by the combination of the ‘moment-resisting frames and the shear walls (or braced frames) in proportion to their rigidities, Furthermore, the moment-resisting frames shall be designed to independently resist at least 25% of the design seismic forces. een eiey Steel SMF Steel SMF Building Building Frame Frame System System (R= 6) (R= 6) Ri Dual aa Gea | Special reinforced Me S| Special reinforced concrete shear wall concrete shear wall (non-bearing) (non-bearing) TM TT einai ANGE BIOS Svat a8 DUB Sistem NS le pee Shear Wall-Frame Interactive System - a structural system that uses combinations of ordinary reinforced concrete moment frames (OME) and ordinary reinforced conerete shear walls ~ per ASCE 7 — Table 12.2-1. This type of system is not permitted (ie., NP) in Seismic Design Categories C, D, E or F. Cantilevered Column System - a structural system relying on cantilever column elements for lateral resistance — see Figure 4.3. Stee! Systems Not Specifically Detailed for Seismic Resistance - excluding cantilever column systems per ASCE 7 — Table 12.2-1 ‘This type of system is not permitted (i.c., NP) in Seismic Design Categories D, E or F. NOTE: The structural framing system shall also comply with the system specific requirements found in §12.2.5 (ise., ASCE ? ~ §12.2.5.1 through ASCE 7 — §12.2.5.8) ! Steven. Hiner, MS, SE aiChapter 4 ~ Seismic Design Requirements for Building Structures ‘SDR Workbook ~ 2012 IBC Version Ge eR Response Modification Coefficient, R ‘The R coefficient is representative of the inherent overstrength and global ductility of a seismic force- resisting system (SFRS). 1-42 Steven T. Hiner, HS, SE‘SDR Workbook - 2012 IBC Version Chapter 4 ~ Seismic Design Requirements for Building Structures Ductility is the ability of the system to sustain eyclie inelastic deformations without collapse (or loss of strength), LowerR > _less ductile system (e.g., ordinary steel CBF — R= 3/4) HigherR > more ductile system (e.g., stecl SMF ~ R= 8) (i ER eel sca oa oo Inelastic Elastic (ductile) > System Overstrength Factor, 29 1¢ 2p coefficient reflects the upper bound strength of the seismic force-resisting system (SFRS) and is used in estimating the maximum forces developed in the lateral system during the design basis ground motion — see Figure 4.5. For certain elements of the structure, as specifically identified in the JBC and/or ASCE 7, the minimum design strength shall be the product of Qo and the (strength design) seismic forces determined. J: Maximum force = 9p (Design force) Figure 4.5 - Inelastic Force vs. Deformation Curve Elastic response of structure ri Por ~ Fully ylelded strength |v, Bus Ve 7 7 a Mey, x O° bs De Dn Lateral Drift, ‘Steven T. Hiner, MS, SE 1-43Chapter 4 ~ Seismic Design Requirements for Building Structures ‘SDR Workbook - 2012 IBC Version Combination of Framing Systems in Different Directions ASCE 7 ~ §12.2.2 Different seismic force-resisting systems (SFRS) are permitted to be used to resist seismic forces along each of the two orthogonal axes of the structure. Where different systems are used ... the respective R, Cy, and Qo coefficients shall apply to each system, including the structural system limitations contained in ASCE 7 - Table 12.2-1. Fe ee Te a raed Non-bearing shear wall Beams Building Frame ‘System Bearing es shear wall Bearing shear wall umn Girders Soe Bearing Wall System Combination of Framing Systems in the Same Direction ASCE 7 - §12.2.3 Where different seismic force-resisting systems (SFRS) are used in combination to resist seismic forces in the same direction (other than Dual Systems), the more stringent system limitation contained in ASCE 7 — Table 12.2-1 shall apply and the design shall comply with the requirements of ASCE 7— §12.2.3. > Vertical Combinations ASCE 7 - §12.2.3.1 When a structure has a vertical combination in the same direction, the following requirements shall apply: 1, Where the lower system has a lower R, the design coefficients (R, Q, and Cz) for the upper system are permitted to be used to calculate the forces and drifts of the upper system. For the design of the lower system, the design coefficients (R, Op, and C,) for the lower system shall be used. Forces transferred from the upper system to the lower system shall be increased by multiplying by the ratio of (Rupp / Riow)- In the case of Figure 4.7a — R = 8, Q)=3 & Ca=5% may be used to design the upper system while R = 6, = 2 & C= 5 shall be used to design the lower system and the forces transferred from the upper system (e.g,, story shear, overturning moment, etc.) shall be multiplied by the ratio of (8 / 6) = 1.33. 2. Where the upper system has a lower R, the design coefficients (R, Qo, and C,) for the upper system shall be used for both systems (e., both the upper and lower systems). In the case of Figure 4,7b — R = 6, 29 ~2 & Cy~ 5 shall be used to design both the upper system and the lower system. 1-44 Steven T. Hiner, MS, SE fe ¢ ¢ < ¢CECE Ee Se eS SS GSU SE PGE SU SG SDR Workbook ~ 2012 IBC Version Chapter 4 - Seismic Design Requirements for Building Structures Exceptions: 1. Rooftop structures < two stories in height and < 10 pereent of the total structure weight. 2. Other supported structural systems with a weight < 10 percent of the weight of the structure. 3. Detached one- and two-family dwellings of light-frame construction. re eae ee eae ta ‘Steel SMF Steel SCBF (as Ta ‘A two-stage equivalent lateral force (ELF) procedure is permitted to be used for structures having a flexible upper portion above a rigid lower portion, provided that the design of the structure complies with ASCE 7 §12.2.3.2, items a through ¢. a fi > Horizontal Combinations ASCE 7 ~ §12.2.3.3 jon of different structural systems is utilized to resist lateral forces in the same direction, the value of R used for design in the direction under consideration shall not be greater than the least value of R for any of the systems utilized in that direction. See Figure 4.8 below. ‘The deflection amplification fuctor (C,) and the overstrength factor (Qs) shall be consistent with the R factor required in that direction. Figure 4.8 - Horizontal Combinations Steel OCBF R= 3% North-South Direction: Special reinforced masonry shear wall R=5% Plan View ‘Steven T. Hiner, MS, SE 1-45,Chapter 4 ~ Seismic Design Requirements for Building Structures SDR Workbook - 2012 18C Version Resisting clements are permitted to be designed using the cast value of R for the different structural systems found in each independent line of resistance if all of the following three conditions are met: 1. Risk Category 1 or 11 building, and 2, 1.2 times the average of the story drifts at the two ends of the structure. Y Applies to SDC =B.C.D.E&E 1b. Extreme Torsional Irregularity (rigid or semi-rigid diaphragms only) Defined to exist where the maximum story drift (including accidental torsion ww/ 4,= 1.0) at one end of the structure transverse to an axis is> 1.4 times the average of the story drifts at the two ends of the structure. ¥ Applies to SDC=B,C,D,E&E 2. Reentrant Corner Irregularity Defined to exist where both plan projections of the structure beyond a reentrant comer are > 15% of the plan dimension of the structure in the given direction, variations in stiffness (including one having @ cutout or open area > 50% of the gross enclosed diaphragm area), or a change in effective diaphragm stiffiness of > 50% from one story to the next, DE&E Y Applies to SDC > L 4, Out-of-Plane Offsets irregularity Defined to exist where there is a discontinuity in a lateral force-resistance path (.e., load path), such as an out-of-plane offset of at least one of the vertical elements (e.g., shear walls, braced frames, moment frames). Y Applies 0 SDC =B,C,D,E & F 5. Nonparallel Systems Irregularity Defined fo exist where there the vertical lateral force-resisting elements are not parallel to the major orthogonal axes of the seismic force-resisting system (SFRS). Y Applies to SDC=B.C,D.E&E 1-48 ‘Steven T. Hiner, MS, SEae SDR Workbook ~ 2012 IBC Version Chapter 4 ~ Seismic Design Requirements for Bullding Structures 1a. Stiffness-Soft Story Irregularity ‘Defined to exist where there is a story in which the lateral stiffness is < 70% of that in the story above ... or < 80% of the average story stiffness of the three stories above. Y Applies to SDC=D.B&¥ 1b. Stiffness-Extreme Soft Story Irregularity Defined to exist where there is a story in which the lateral stiffness is < 60% of that in the story above ... or < 70% of the average story stifiiness of the three stories above. ¥_ Applies to SOC = DEKE 2. Weight (Mass) Irregularity Defined to exist where the effective mass of any level is > 150% of the effective mass of an adjacent fevel. A roof that is lighter than the floor below need not be considered. ¥ Applies to SD E&F 3. Vertical Geometric Irregularity Defined to exist where the horizontal dimension of the seismic force- resisting system in any story is > 130% of that in an adjacent story. Y Applies to SDC=D.E.&E 4. In-Plane Discontinuity in Vertical Lateral Force-Resisting Element Irregularity Defined to exist where there is an in-plane offset of a vertical seismic force-resisting (SFRS) element resulting in overturning demands on a supporting structural clement (¢.g., column, beam, ctc.). Y Applies to SDC=B.C.D. B&F 5a. Discontinuity in Lateral Strength-Weak Story Zrregularity Defined to exist where the story lateral strength is < 80% of that in a story above. The story lateral strength is the total strength of all seismic force-resisting (SFRS) elements sharing the story shear for the direction under consideration. ¥ Applies to SDC=D,E&E 5b. Discontinuity in Lateral Strength-Extreme Weak Story Irregularity Defined to exist where the story lateral strength is < 65% of that in a story above, Y Applies to SD =BLCDE&E Steven T. Hiner, MS, SE 1-49Chapter 4 ~ Seismic Design Requirements for Building Structures SOR Workbook = 2012 18C Version | 4.6 | Analysis Procedure Selection ASCE 7 - §12.6 The structural analysis required by ASCE 7 Chapter 12 shall consist of one of the types permitted in ASCE 7— Table 12.6-1 based on the structure's: * Seismic Design Category (SDC), and = Structural characteristies — Y construction type ¥ number of stories ¥ structure height ¥ structure period Y structural irregularities (horizontal or vertical) The permitted analytical procedures are as follows: 1. Equivalent Lateral Force (ELF) - most common procedute, see ASCE 7 $12.8 2. Dynamic Analysis - + Modal Response Spectrum Analysis - see ASCE 7 ~ $12.9 * Seismic Response History Procedures - see ASCE 7 — Chapter 16 3. Simplified Design - see ASCE 7 — $12.14, may be used subject to all of the limitations noted ASCE 7 - Table 12.6-1 - ‘The Equivalent Lateral Force (ELF) procedure is permitted on all structures assigned to SDC = B or C, and structures assigned to SDC = D, E or F with the following characteristics: Risk Category 1 or Il buildings < 2 stories, or Structures of light-framed construction (¢.g., wood or metal studs), or Regular structures < 160 fect in height, or Regular structures > 160 feet in height with 7<3.5 7s, or Irregular structures < 160 feet in height and having only horizontal irregularities of Type 2, 3, 4, or 5 in ASCE 7 ~ Table 12.3-1 ot vertical irregularities of Type 4, Sa, or Sb in ASCE 7~ Table 12,3-2. vvVVv ‘The Equivalent Lateral Force (ELF) procedure is not permitted on structures assigned to SDC =D, E or E with the following characteristics: > Structures > 160 feet in height with 7'> 3.5-Ts (Le., tall - long period structures), or > Irregular structures < 160 feet in height and where any of the following applies: Torsional horizontal irregularity - Type 1a per ASCE 7 Table 12.3-1 Extreme Torsional horizontal irregularity - Type 1b per ASCE 7 — Table 12.3-1 Stiftiness-Soft Story vertical irregularity - ‘Type 1a per ASCE 7 — Table 12.3-2 Stiffhess-Extreme Soft Story vertical irregularity - Type 1b per ASCE 7 — Table 12,3-2 Weight (Mass) vertical irregularity - Type 2 per ASCE 7 — Table 12.3-2 Vertical Geometric vertical irregularity - Type 3 per ASCE 7 — Table 12.3-2 KAS KKS These structures require one of the Dynamic analysis procedures of ASCE 7 (e.g., Modal Response Spectrum Analysis per ASCE 7— $12.9 or Seismic Response History per ASCE 7 — Chapter 16). An alternative generally accepted procedure is permitted to be used when approved by the authority having jurisdiction. 1-50 ‘Steven T. Hiner, MS, SE eae + RS Fae Cee eI Cees en fat) (Cope) Ged) dete‘SDR Workbook - 2012 IBC Version Chapter 4 ~ Seismic Design Requirements for Building Structures Seismic Isolation & Damping Systems General Seismic isolation, energy dissipation and damping systems may be used in the design of structures when approved by the authority having jurisdiction and when special detailing is used to provide results equivalent to those obtained by the use of conventional structural systems, > Seismically Isolated Structures - ASCE 7 — Chapter 17 > Structures with Damping Systems - ASCE 7 — Chapter 18 Seismic Isolation In theory, Seismic Isolation (i.e., base isolation) greatly decreases the base shear of a structure by decreasing the acceleration response of the structure. The basic concept of seismic isolation is to provide a cushion in the horizontal plane, which prevents most of the grounds horizontal acceleration from being transmitted to the structural framing above. Typical isolators provide vertical support at the foundation interface but allow for lateral displacement, with some damping, between the foundation and the structure, ‘The principal is to insert a discontinuity at the base of the structure that has a relatively low resistance to shear (i.¢., low lateral stiffiness). As earthquake motions are transmitted upward through the ground, the effect of the soft discontinuity will be to inerease the natural period of the structure and to dissipate energy by shear deformation of the isolators. In general, this will reduce the lateral forces imposed on the structure by reducing its acceleration response, but not its displacement response. Seismic isolation is most effective in reducing the acceleration response of structures founded on rock or dense/stiff soils. Seismic isolation of structures founded on soft soils may actually increase the seismic forces on the structure where resonance occurs between the long period soil and the long period "isolated" structure. Cee eee eet selamie Isotati bearings Ponieatonal Sette age feplotes Structure | ae Steven T, Hiner, MS, SE 1-51Chapter 4 - Seismic Design Requirements for Building Structures SDR Workbook ~ 2012 TBC Version Damping Systems Conventional seismic design practice permits a reduced force level for design, below the elastic level, on the premise that inelastic action will provide that structure with significant energy dissipation potential and enable the structure to survive a major earthquake without collapse. ‘This inelastic action is typically intended to occur in specially detailed regions of the structure, such as in the beams near or adjacent to the beam-column joint. Inelastic behavior in these regions often resulis in significant damage to the structural member and/or connections. The use of passive energy dissipation devices or dampers, which act like shock absorbers, is intended to concentrate the hysteretic behavior (i.e., energy dissipation) in these devices while increasing the damping of the structure, An increase in the damping ratio (8) of the structure results in a reduetion of the structure's acceleration response, and hence a reduction in the overall force level (base shear) imposed on the structure ‘Many types of dampers are available such as viscous, viscoelastic, friction, and yielding metallic damping devices. Dampers are being used on the seismic design of new structures and the seismic upgrade of existing structures, such as non-duetile concrete frame buildings. EE Modeling ci Foundation Mod eria ASCE 7 ~ §12.7 1g ASCE 7 ~ §12.7.1 For purposes of determining seismic loads, itis permitted to consider the structure to be fixed at the base. Alternatively, where foundation flexibility is considered, it shall be in accordance with ASCE 7 — §12.13.3 or ASCE 7 — Chapter 19 (ie., Soil Structure Interaction for Seismic Design). Effective Seismic Weight, W ASCE 7 - §12.7.2 ‘The effective seismic weight (JV) of a structure shall include the total dead load (DL or D) above the base and other loads above the base as listed below: 1. Minimum of 25% of the floor five load (L,) in areas used for storage. Exceptions: where the inclusion of the storage loads adds < 5% to the effective seismic weight at that level, or floor five load in public garages and open parking structures. 2. Actual partition weight or a minimum of 10 psf of floor area (whichever is greater) where provisions for partitions is required per ASCE 7 — §4.3.2 in the floor design (e.g., office buildings). 3. Total operating weight of permanent equipment (e.g., air conditioners, exhaust fans, boilers) 4, 20% of the uniform design snow load (S), where the flat roof snow load (P)) exceeds 30 psf, regardless of actual roof slope. 5. Weight of landscaping and other materials at roof gardens and similar areas. NOTE: Do not include floor live loads or roof live loads in the effective seismic weight unk (Le, storage) or item 4 (i.e., snow > 30 psf) from above applies. The total effective seismic weight (W) is the sum of the effective seismic weight of all levels (w,) - w-Sw, Effective Seismic Weight of a Level, w, w; = DL of Level (roof or floor) + other loads of ASCE 7 — $12.7.2 + (exterior) tributary Wall DL. (exterior) tributary Wall DL = [14 story height above + % story height below](Bldg perimeter)(Wall DL) 1-52 Steven T. Hiner, MS, SE ee SOS Sore) CCCSSCC lee eee eee leet ae‘SDR Worithook ~ 2012 18C Version Chapter 4 ~ Seismic Design Requirements for Building Structures Se eee sna cece - Snow = 50 pst (>30 psf) Level 1 (Roof) W, = Roof DL + Wall DL + 20% Snow eee {Floor Lt = 250 psf (storage) Snow = 50 psf (>30 psf) Level 2 W, = Roof DL + Wall DL + 20% Snow Level 1 W, = Floor DL + Wall DL + 25% Floor LL Floor LL = 250 psf (storage) ‘Structural Modeling ASCE 7 ~ §12.7.3 ‘A mathematical model of the structure shall be constructed for the purpose of determining member forces and structure displacements resulting from applied loads and any imposed displacements or Pxdelta effects. ‘The model shalll inclide the stiffness and strength of elements that are significant to the distribution of forces and deformations in the structure and represent the spatial distribution of mass and stifTness throughout the structure, See ASCE 7 — §12.7.3 for additional requirements. Interaction Effects ASCE 7 - §12.7.4 Moment-resisting frames that are enclosed or adjoined by elements that are more rigid and not considered +0 be part of the seismic force-resisting system (SFRS) shall be designed so that the action or failure of those elements will not impair the vertical load and seismic force-resisting capability of the frame. The design shall provide for the effect of these rigid elements on the structural system at structural deformations corresponding to the design story drift (A) as determined in ASCE 7 ~ §12.8.6. In addition, the effects of these elements shall be considered where determining whether a structure has one or more of the irregularities defined in ASCE 7 ~ §12.3.2. ‘Steven T. Hiner, MS, SE 1-53Chapter 4 ~ Seismic Design Requirements for Building Structures ‘SDR Workbook = 2012 TBC Version Ez] Equivalent Lateral Force Procedure ASCE 7 - §12.8 Seismic Base Shear, V__ [Strength Design force level ASCE 7 - §12.8.1 > The seismic base shear in a given direction shall be determined in accordance with the following: V=CW ASCE 7 (12.8-1) Lirik ees Clee Seeued eee Seismic Response Coefficient, Cs ASCE 7 ~ §12.8.1.1 > The seismic response coefficient (Cs) shall be determined as follows: ASCE 7 (12.8-2) NOTE: ASCE 7 (128-2) will always governs when 7 Ty... which typically occurs with low rise and/or short period structures (j.e., <3 stories). > Csneed not exceed the following: C= for ST, ASCE 7 (12.8-3) NOTE: ASCE 7 (128-3) typically governs for longer period structures when Ty = TST ... but Cy minimum per ASCE 7 (12,8-5) and (12.8-6) need to be considered. ASCE 7 (12.8-4) NOTE: ASCE 7 (12.8-4) can apply for very long period (.e., very tall) structures, when > T;,... but C5 minimum per ASCE 7 (12.8-5) and (12.8-6) will typically govern over ASCE 7 (12.8-4). 1-54 ‘Steven T, Hiner, MS, SE) ) » } ) ) ) ) } SOR Workbook - 2012 IBC Version Chapter 4 - Seismic Design Requirements for Building Structures > Cy shall not be less than: Cy = 0.0448 y5/, 20.01 minimum ASCE 7 (12.8-5) > Inaddition, for structures where S; > 0.6 ... Cs shall not be less than: a Dy minimum ASCE 7 (128-6) 2 pain Cs at (12.8-5)* Ts Period, T(secondsy Te where: Ty = =e and 7;, is determined from ASCE 7 — Figure 22-12. as Period Determination, T ASCE 7 ~ §12.8.2 T represents the elastic fundamental (i.e, first mode) period of vibration of the structure in the direction under consideration (¢.g., N-S, E-W). The fundamental period of the structure (7) shall be established using the structural properties and deformational characteristics of the resisting elements in a properly substantiated analysis. The fundamental period shall not exceed the product of the coefficient for upper limit on calculated period (C,) from ASCE ? — Table 12.8-1 and the approximate fundamental period - T,: = TS1AT, where Sp 203 = TS15T, where Sp = 0.2 = TS 1.6 T, where Spy =0. =) TS 1.7 Ta where Sp < 0.1 NOTE: As an alternative to performing an analysis to determine the fundamental period, itis permitted to use the approximate building period (Z;) in accordance with ASCE 7 — §12.8.2.1 (ie., use T= T,). Steven T. Hiner, MS, SE 1-55Chapter 4 - Seismic Design Requirements for Building Structures ‘SOR Workbook - 2012 IBC Version Approximate Fundamental Period, T, ASCE 7 ~ §12.8,2.1 ‘The approximate fundamental period shall be determined by the following: ASCE 7 (12.8-7) where: C, & x are determined from ASCE 7 Table 12.8-2 +i, = height in feet, from the base to the uppermost level of the structure NOTE: See Table Cl ~ Approximate Fundamental Period, T, (Appendix C, p. 5-16) for tabulated values of ASCE 7 (12.8-7). » Steel Moment-Resisting Frames (SMF, IMF & OMF) — T, =0.028h°" Or alternatively (for Steel MRF structures < 12 stories and average story height > 10 feet): T, =0.1N ASCE 7 (12.8-8) where: N= number of stories (ie, levels) above the base » Concrete Moment-Resisting Frames (SMF, IMF & OMF) — T, =0.016h.? Or alternatively (for Concrete MRF structures < 12 stories and average story height > 10 feet): T,=0.1N ASCE 7 (12.8-8) » Steel EBF, Steel BRBF, or Dual System w/ EBF & SMF — T, =0.03A07 > All Other Structural Systems - (e.g,, shear walls, CBF, Dual Systems) T, =0.02A°" NOTE: Refer to ASCE 7 — §72.8.2.1 and equations (12.8-9) & (12.8-10) for an alternative method of calculating 7, for structures with conerete or masonry shear walls. Actual vs. Design Seismic Forces ‘The Risk-Targeted Maximum Considered Earthquake (MCEx) ground motion is the most severe earthquake effects considered by the BC & ASCE 7. ‘The basis for the mapped MCEx ground motions in ASCE 7-10 is significantly different from that of the mapped MCE ground motions in ASCE 7-05 and previous editions of ASCE 7. The MCEk probabilistic ground motions are based on a uniform collapse risk (e.g., 1% probability of collapse in 50 years), rather than a uniform hazard (¢.¢., 2% probability of being exceeded in 50 years). ‘The assumption is that buildings designed in accordance with ASCE 7-10 have a collapse probability of not more than 10% (on average) if MCEg ground motions were ever to occur at the building site. In regions of high seismicity (e.g., many areas of California), the seismic hazard is typically controlled by large magnitude events occurring on a limited number of well defined fault systems. For these regions, it is considered more appropriate to use deterministic MCEx ground motions where a collapse probability of 1-56 Steven T. Hiner, MS, SE‘SDR Workbook ~ 2012 IBC Version Chapter 4 - Seismic Design Requirements for Building Structures not more than 10% (on average) if MCEx ground motions were ever to occur at the building site still applies. The seismic provisions are intended to avoid collapse at the MCEx level earthquake ground motion. The ‘MCEg level earthquake ground motion is scaled down to a design level earthquake ground motion by multiplying by 2/3 to be consistent with previous editions of ASCE ? (e.g., ASCE 7-05). ‘The product of (R/I,) Cs from the seismic base shear equation is essentially an elastic multimode spectral acceleration for the Design Earthquake Ground Motion. ‘The structure is expected to respond inelastically to the Design Earthquake Ground Motion. When a structure deforms inelastically (i.e. yields) itis expected that: 1. The structure’s period will increase (e.g., Tenaic ¥ 1 second —> Tipeaie ¥ 2 seconds), and 2. The damping ratio will increase (¢.2., Peatic 5% —> Prcasic ¥ 10%). ‘An increase in structure period and damping typically results in an overall decrease in the base shear by moving “down” the spectral acceleration curve due to an increase in period and “jumping” to a lower spectral curve due to an increase in the damping ratio. ‘The seismic forces (‘.., base shear) resulting from the “expected” (i., actual) inelastic behavior of the structure can be much lower than the seismic forces that would occur if the structure was to remain clastic throughout its response to the Design Earthquake Ground Motion. Because of the structure’s inherent ductility (.e., R), the elastic level seismic force is scaled down to a design base shear by dividing by the quotient of (R/I.). Use of the seismic importance factor (Je) a8 a divider in the denominator simply scales up the design base shear for more critical Risk Categories (c.g., Ill or IV), essentially decreasing the effective response modification coefficient and relying on less inelastic response when J. is greater than one. Lower inelastic response should result in less structural and non-structural damage. Pees ee eer Elastic Curve - Ve =(R/I.) CW Inelastic (Actual) Curve - Elastic, Ve anes fu = QC5} Base Shear, V wee sae Ya Bote ==, v= CW IBC / ASCE 7 (ELF) Design Curve - IBC Design, V- ° Period, T Therefore, the actual (inelastic) seismic force is greater than the design seismic force (i.e., Vy = Q V). ‘The theoretical ratio of actual (inclastic) seismic force (base shear) to design seismic force (base shear) is Qo to 1. This corresponds to a typical ratio of approximately 24 to I when using an average Qy overstrength factor per ASCE 7 ~ Table 12.2-1. ‘Steven T. Hiner, MS, SE 1-57J Chapter 4 ~ Seismic Design Requirements for Building Structures SSDR Workbook - 2012 18C Version) Oo ny Vertical Distribution of Seismic Forces oC) Vertical Distribution of Seismic Forces, Fy ASCE 7 - §12.8.3 () ‘The lateral seismic force (F,) induced at any level shall be determined from the following equations: O F,=C¥ ASCE 7 (12.8-11) o and : ie C, =e ASCE 7 (12.8-12) Dw where: Cox = vertical distribution factor V = seismic base shear k=1 — forT<0.5 second k=2 > forT>2.5 seconds =2 — 0.5 second < 7<2,5 seconds ... or determine & by linear interpolation (1 to 2) using the following equation: (202305 F Ce eee eee es C ( C ( ( ¢ ¢ > [Fe0Sscond|- c,- ( Dur, ( a : > [T225seconds|— C,. = « Q) oe The force F; shall be applied, at each level x, over the area of the building in accordance with the mass distribution at that level (ie., center of mass). Structural displacements and design seismic forces shall be calculated as the effects of F, forces applied at the appropriate levels above the base. 1-58 Steven T. Hiner, MS, SESSDR Workbook = 2012 18C Version Chapter 4 - Seismic Design Requirements for Building Structures Story Shear, V, ASCE 7 ~ §12.8.4 A story is defined as the space between levels, while Story x is defined as the story below Level.x. The seismic design Story Shear (V) in any story is the sum of the F forces acting above that story. v.=DK ASCE 7 (12.8-13) 2" Story shear, V2= Fs + Fat Fi + Fa Overturning Moment, OTM, ASCE 7 ~ §12.8.5 ‘The structure shall be designed to resist overturning effects caused by the seismic forees determined in ASCE 7 ~ §12.8.3 (ie., F; forces). ‘The overturning moment (OTM,) at any level is equal to the summation of the F, forces multiplied by their respective heights to those levels above the level under consideration (ie., Level x). ee ead Overturning moment at level 2, OTMz = Fs 3h, + Fa 2h + Fs he + F2 0 Steven T. Hiner, MS, SE 1-59Chapter 4 ~ Seismic Design Requirements for Bullding Structures ‘SDR Workbook = 2012 IBC Version Story Drift Determination ASCE 7 - §12.8.6 The design story drift (Ac) shall be computed as the difference of the deflections (at the centers of mass) at the top and bottom of the story under consideration (i.¢., d,— 4,.)). See ASCE 7 — Figure 12.8-2. Where Allowable Stress Design (ASD) is used, A. shall be computed using the Strength Level seismic forces specified in ASCE 7 — $12.8 without reduction for Allowable Stress Design. Therefore, the calculated story drifts are not permitted to be based on a 0.7E (or £/1.4) seismic force level. Calculated Deflection of a Level, 6 The calculated (amplified) deflection of level x, at the center of mass, shall be determined by the following equation: CS 1, ASCE 7 (12.8-15) where: Ca = the deflection amplification factor per ASCE 7 — Table 12.2-1 eq = the deflections determined from an elastic analysis (i.e, due to F; forces) J, = the seismic importance factor per ASCE 7 — §11.5.1 & Table 1.5-2 &. represents the elastic analysis deflections of the structure when loaded with the strength design (SD) level seismic forces (ic., F,), regardless of whether the structural elements are designed using Allowable Stress Design (ASD) or Strength Design (SD or LRED). The Redundancy factor (p) is permitted to equal 1.0 when calculating drift (ic, displacements) and P- delta effects ... per ASCE 7 — 12.3.4.1, item 2. Calculated Story Drift, A. The calculated (maximum inelastic) story drifis are determined from the following equation: where: & =the amplified deflection at top of story x (i.e., Level x) 4. =the amplified defleetion at bottom of story x (ie., Level x 1) Figure 4.18 - Story Drift 2nd Story | 1-60 Steven T. Hiner, MS, SE ainet EN‘SDR Workbook ~ 2012 IBC Version Chapter 4 ~ Seismic Design Requirements for Building Structures ‘Therefore, the calculated (maximum inelastic) 2" Story Drift will be: Calculated Ap = 6 — 6) Period for Computing Drift, T ASCE 7 - §12.8.6.2 For determining compliance with the story drift limits of ASCE 7— §12.12.1 ... ifthe fundamental period of the structure (7’) was established using the structural properties and deformational characteristics of the resisting elements in a properly substantiated analysis ... itis permitted to determine the elastic deflections (ze) using seismic design forces based on the full computed fundamental period (7") without the upper limit specified in ASCE 7 — §12.8.2 Therefore + T' Structures $ 4 Stories - (other than masonry shear wall structures) with interior walls, partitions, ceilings and exterior wall systems that have been designed to accommodate the story drifts 025 hg —> Risk Category Lor IL 1.020 he —+ Risk Category TIL O15 hi —+ Risk Category 1V ver Shear Wall Structures - > Masonry Canti Aax= 0.010 hy > Risk Category I, 1, I or IV > Other Masonry Shear Wall Structures - Aer =0.007 lig + Risk Category I, I, Ik or IV > All Other Structures - 1.020 he + Risk Category Lor Il 015 hg —+ Risk Category WL .010 he + Risk Category V hoy =the story height below Level x NOTE: For structures assigned to SDC = C.D. E, or F with Torsional Irregularity (Type 1a) or Extreme Torsional Irregularity (Type 1b) per ASCE 7— Table 12.3-1 ... the design story drift (A) shall be computed as the largest difference of the deflections of vertically aligned points at the top and bottom of the story under consideration along any of the edges of the structure, Moment Frames Assigned to Seismic Design Category D, E or F ASCE 7 ~ §12.12.1.1 For seismic force-resisting systems (SFRS) comprised solely of moment frames (c., not Dual Systems) assigned to SDC =D, E or F - A, Seismic Design Category C ASCE 7 - §12.5.3 The design seismic forces are permitted to be applied independently in each of two orthogonal directions and orthogonal interaction effects are permitted to be neglected ... except structures that have a Nonparallel Systems-Irregularity (i.e., Type 5 in ASCE 7 — Table 12.3-1) shall use one of the following procedures: 1, Orthogonal Combination Procedure - when using the Equivalent Lateral Force (ELF) analysis procedure of ASCE 7 ~ §12.8 ... the most critical load effect due to direction of application of seismic forces on the structure is permitted to be assumed to be satisfied if members (and their foundations) are designed for the following combination of prescribed loads: Y 100% of the forces for one direction plus 30% of the forces for the perpendicular direction (ie., 100% Vy.s concurrently w/ 30% Ve.w or 30% Vy.s concurrently w/ 100% Ver). 2. Simultaneous Application of Orthogonal Ground Motion - see ASCE 7 — $12.5.3, item b. Seismic Design Category D, E & F ASCE 7 - §12.5.4 ‘The design seismic forces are permitted to be applied independently in each of two orthogonal Girections and orthogonal interaction effects are permitted to be neglected ... except structures that have a Nonparallel Systems-Irregularity (i.c., Type $ in ASCE 7 — Table 12.3-1) OR any column (or wall) that forms part of two or more intersecting seismic force-resisting systems and is subjected to axial load due to seismic forces acting along either principal plan axis > 20% of the axial design strength of the column or wall ... shall use one of the following procedures: 1, Orthogonal Combination Procedure - when using the Equivalent Lateral Force (ELF) analysis procedure of ASCE 7 - §12.8 ... the most critical load effect due to direction of application of seismic forces on the structure is permitted to be assumed to be satisfied if members (and their foundations) are designed for the following combination of prescribed loads: Y 100% of the forces for one direction plus 30% of the forces for the perpendicular direction (ic., 100% Vy.s concurrently w/ 30% Vw or 30% Vn.s concurrently w/ 100% Ve.y). See Figure 4.19. 2. Simultaneous Application of Orthogonal Ground Motion - see ASCE 7 - §12.5.3, item b. Figure 4.21 - Orthogonal Effects (SDC = C, D, E or F) Nonparallel Systems Irregularity ‘Steven T. Hiner, MS, SE 1-65Chapter 4 - Setsmic Design Requirements for Building Structures ‘SDR Workbook ~ 2012 IBC Version NOTE: The combination requiring the greater strength shall be used for design (Le., 100% Pus with, 30% Ve.w ox 30% Vins with 100% Ve.w)- EEE] simplified Design Procedure ASCE 7 - §12.14 ‘The simplified design procedure is permitted to be used in lieu of other analytical procedures in ASCE 7— Chapier 12 (e.g., Equivalent Lateral Force, Modal Response Spectrum Analysis) ... for the analysis and design of simple buildings if all of the following limitations are met: Structure is of Risk Category Lor I (ic., Je= 1.0) ite Class shall not be E or F (i.e., only Site Class A, B, C or D allowed) Structure <3 stories (above grade plane) Seismic force-resisting system (SFRS) shall be cither a Bearing Wall System or a Building Frame System (.e., no moment frames, no Dual Systems, no cantilever columns, etc.) ... per ASCE 7 Table 12.14-1 5. Structure shall have at least two lines of lateral resistance in each of two major axis directions (i.e., N-S &E-W) 6. Atleast one line of resistance shall be provided on each side of the center of mass (C.M.) in each direction 7. For structures with flexible diaphragms, overhangs beyond the outside line of shear walls (or braced frames) shall satisfy ... see ASCE 7 ~ 12.14,1.1, item 7 8. For buildings with a diaphragm that is not flexible (i., rigid or semi-rigid diaphragm), the distance between the calculated center of rigidity (C.R.) and the center of mass (C.M.) parallel to each major axis shall not exceed 15% of the greatest width of the diaphragm parallel to that axis, In addition ... see ASCE 7 — 12.14.1.1, item 8 BYNES 9. Lines of resistance of the seismic force-resisting system shall be oriented at angles < 15° from alignment with the major orthogonal horizontal axes of the building (i.e., N-S & E-W) 10. The simplified design procedure shall be used for each major orthogonal horizontal axis direction of the building (ie., N-S & E-W) LL. System irregularities caused by in-plane or out-of-plane offsets of lateral force-resisting elements shall not be permitted Exception: Out-of-plane and in-plane offsets of shear walls are permitted in two-story buildings of light-frame construction (i.e., wood studs or metal studs) provided that the framing supporting the upper wall is designed for seismic force effects from overturning of the wall amplified by a factor of 2.5 (i.c., essentially using Qp = 2.5). 12, The lateral load resistance (i.e., story strength) of any story shall not be less than 80% of the story above. Seismic Design Category ‘The Seismic Design Category shall be determined from ASCE 7 ~ Table 11.6-1 using the following value of Sps from ASCE 7 §12.14.8.1: 1-66 Steven T. Hiner, MS, SESDR Workbook - 2012 TBC Version Chapter 4 — Seismic Design Requirements for Building Structures where: Fz = 1.0 for rock sites ... which may be assumed if there is < 10 feet of soil between the rock surface and the bottom of spread footings or mat foundation = 1.4 for soil sites Ss =the mapped MCEx short-period spectral response acceleration per ASCE 7~ §11.4.1 ... but Ss need not exceed 1.5 Seismic Base Shear, V [Strength Design force level ASCE 7 - §12.14.8.1 The seismic base shear in a given direction shall be determined in accordance with the following: yoy ASCE 7 (12.14-11) where: * = 1.0 for one-story buildings (above grade plane) 1.1 for two-story buildings (above grade plane) = 1.2 for three-story buildings (above grade plane) Response modification factor per ASCE 7 — Table 12.14-1 (not Table 12.2-1) W = cffective seismic weight per ASCE 7 ~ §12.14.8.1 items 1 to 5 > Two-Story Building - yh Say R > Three-Story Building - y=} 25s R NOTE: When using the Simplified Design Procedure of ASCE 7 — §72.74, its not necessary (0 determine the Redundancy Factor () when calculating the earthquake forces on the elements of the structure (e.g., shear walls, braces, columns, etc.) ... since pis not used to determine Ey: w- Ex= Op ASCE 7 (12.14-5) Vertical Distribution, Fx ASCE 7 ~ §12.14.8.2 ‘The force at each level shall be calculated using the following equation: ASCE 7 (12.14-13) or Steven T. Hiner, MS, SE 1-67Chapter 4 ~ Seismic Design Requirements for Building Structures ‘SDR Workbook ~ 2012 IBC Version Figure 4.22 - Simplified Procedure Vertical Distribution, F, Diaphragms, Fpx ASCE 7 - §12.14.7.4 Floor and roof diaphragms shall be designed to resist the design seismic forces at each level (F,) calculated in accordance with ASCE 7 — §12.14.8.2. Therefore, the diaphragm design force at each level (Fy.) may be calculated by the following equation: Fg = EV Ww or FSns Fee (8). Horizontal Distribution of Shear, Vx ASCE 7 - §12.14.8.3 The seismic design story shear (V,) shall be determined from the following equation: V-DF ASCE 7 (12.14-14) > Flexible Diaphragm Structures - ‘The seismic design story shear (V,) in stories of structures with flexible diaphragms ... shall be distributed to the vertical elements of the seismic force-resisting system using tributary area rules. ‘Two-dimensional analysis is permitted where diaphragms are flexible, > Rigid and Semi-Rigid Diaphragm Structures - For structures with diaphragms that are not flexible ... the seismic design story shear (V,) shall be distributed to the various vertical elements of the seismic force-resisting system based on the relative lateral stiffinesses (ie., rigidity) of the vertical elements and the diaphragm. ‘The design ... shall include the torsional moment (M) resulting from eccentricity between the locations of center of mass (C.M.) and the center of rigidity (C.R.). It is not necessary to consider accidental eccentricity. Overturning ASCE 7 ~ §12.14.8.4 ‘The structure shall be designed to resist overturning effects caused by the seismic forces determined in ASCE 7 - §12.14.8.2. The foundations of structures shall be designed for not less than 75% of the foundation overturning design moment (O7Mrese) at the foundation-soil interface, 1-68 ‘Steven. Hiner, MS, SE‘SDR Workbook ~ 2012 IBC Version Chapter 4 ~ Seismic Design Requirements for Building Structures Drift Limits and Building Separation ASCE 7 - §12.14.8.5 Structural drift need not be calculated. Where a drift value is needed (¢.g., to determine structural separations between buildings, for design of cladding, or for other design requirements) ... it shall be taken as 1% of structural height unless computed tobe less. Therefore, 6, A, =0.01h,, Ol, . and where: hy, =the height above the base to Level x yg = the story height below Level x All pottions of the structure shall be designed to act as an integral unit in resisting seismic forces unless separated structurally by a distance sufficient to avoid damaging contact (i.c., pounding) under the total deflection. Specific Requirements & References ul on ition General ASCE 7 — §12.14.1 Design Basis ‘ASCE 7 —§12.14.2 Seismic Load Effects and Combinations ASCE 7~ §12.14.3 Selection and Limitations “ASCE? —§12.14.41 ‘Combinations of Framing Systems ASCE 7~ §12.14.4.2 Horizontal Combinations ASCE 7~ §12.14.4.2.1 Vertical Combinations ASCE 7— $12,144.22 ‘Combination Framing Detailing Requirements ASCE 7~ §12.14.4.2.3 Diaphragm Flexibility ASCE 7 = §12.14.5 Application of Loading ASCE 7 ~ §12.14.6 Design and Deiailing Requirements ASCE 7 §12.14.7 Connections ASCE 7 — §12.14.7.1 Openings or Reentrant Building Comers ASCET—§12.1472__| Collector Elements ASCE7—§12.14.73__ | Diaphragms ASCE 7 §12,14.74 Anchorage of Structural Walls ASCE 7— §12.14.7.5 ‘Transfer of Anchorage Forces into Diaphragms ASCE 7~ §12.14.7.5.1 Wood Diaphragms. ASCE 7 - §12.14.7.5.2 ‘Metal Deck Diaphragms ASCE 7 ~ §12.14.7.5.3 Embedded Straps ASCE 7 — §12.14.7.5.4 Bearing Walls and Shear Walls ASCE 7 ~ §12.14.7.6 ‘Anchorage of Nonstructural Systems ASCE 7 §12.14.7.7 Simplified Lateral Force Analysis Procedure Steven T. Hiner, MS, SE 1-69ic Design Requirements for Building Structures ‘SDR Workbook ~ 2012 I8C Version page is lef blank intentionally] Chapter 4 - s 1-70 - Steven. Hiner, MS, SEVote ‘SDR Workbook ~ 2012 IBC Version Chapter 5 ~ Earthquake Loads and Load Combinations Chapter 5 [i111 Seismic toad Effects and Load Combinations 11) Seismic Load Effects ASCE 7 - §12.4 All members of the structure (including those not part of the seismic force-resisting system) shall be designed using the seismic load effects of ASCE 7 — §12.4 ... unless otherwise exempted by ASCE 7. Seismic load effects are the axial forces, shear forces, and flexural forces (i.e., bending moment) in structural members resulting from application of horizontal seismic forces (ie., from horizontal ground motions) and vertical seismic forces (ic, from vertical ground motions) as set forth in ASCE 7 — §12.4.2 Where specifically required, seismic load effects shall be modified to account for system overstrength, as per ASCE 7 §12.4.3. The seismic Joad effect (Z) shall be determined in accordance with the following: > E=E,+E, ASCE 7 (12.4-1) or... E=pQ;+0.2SpsD_... where Ey is positive to combine with the positive Ey NOTE: ASCE 7 (12.4-1) will be used in load combinations where the earthquake effect is additive to the ‘gravity load effects (e.g,, (0 determine the maximum axial compression in a column, etc.) ... specifically Basic SD/LRED load combination BC (16-5), Basic ASD load combination IBC (16-12) & IBC (16-14), or Alternative Basic ASD load combination IBC (16-21). > B=R,-E, ASCE 7 (12.4-2) or... E=-pQ,-02SpD_... where Ey is negative to combine with the negative E, NOTE: ASCE 7 (124-2) will be used in load combinations where the earthquake effect is counteractive to the gravity load effects (e.g., to determine the minimum axial compression in a column, uplift at ends of shear walls, etc.) ... specifically Basic SD/LRFD load combination IBC (16-7), Basic ASD load combination BC (16-16), or Alternative Basic ASD load combination IBC (16-22). E_ ~ seismic load effect ... such as a reaction o related internal moment, shear and axial forces, on a structural element (¢.g., shear wall, brace, beam, column) resulting from the combination of the horizontal effect (Hy) and the vertical effect (E,) of seismic forces Ey = effect of horizontal seismie forces (i.e., due to horizontal ground motions) as defined in ASCE 7 ~ §12.4.2.1. Ey can be positive or negative duc to the cyclic nature of (horizontal) seismic ground motions. Ey = effect of vertical seismic forces (i.e., due to vertical ground motions) as defined in ASCE 7 ~ §12.4.2.2. E, can be positive or negative due to the eyclie nature of (vertical) seismic ground motions, Steven T. Hiner, MS, SE z 1-71Chapter 5 ~ Earthquake Loads and Load Combinations ‘SOR Workbook - 2012 IBC Version Horizontal Seismic Load Effect, E, ASCE 7 ~ §12.4.2.1 ‘The horizontal seismic load effect shall be determined as follows: > E,=tp Qe ASCE 7 (12.4-3) where: Qs = effects of horizontal seismic forces from the seismic base shear V (per ASCE 7— §12.8.1) or the seismic lateral force F,, (per ASCE 7 — §13.3.1). See ASCE 7 — §12.5.3 & ASCE 7 ~ $12.54 for consideration of orthogonal effects p = redundancy factor, as defined per ASCE 7 — §12.3.4 Vertical Seismic Load Effect, Ey ASCE 7 - §12.4.2.2 The vertical seismic load effect shall be determined as follows: > EB, =40.28,)D ASCE 7 (12.4-4) Exceptions: It is permitted to use £, = 0 for either of the following conditions: 1. In ASCE 7 (124-1), (12.4-2), (12.4-5), and (12.4-6) ... where Sps < 0.125 2. InASCE 7 (12.4-2) where determining demands on the soil-structure interface of foundations Redundancy Factor, 9 ASCE 7 - §12.3.4 Redundancy is a characteristic of structures in which multiple paths of resistance to loads are provided. A structure with little redundancy is more susceptible to problems caused by design and/or construction errors. Past earthquakes have shown repeatedly that redundant structures perform better than structures with fewer seismic force-resisting elements. “The redundancy factor (p) is used to increase the seismic design forces for structures in which a large percentage of the total lateral load is resisted by a small number of vertical elements of a seismic force- resisting system (¢.g., shear walls, braced frames, moment frames). A redundaney factor greater than 1.0 is used as a penalty on structures with litle redundancy, and is intended to reduce the inelastic response and ductility demand on these structures. “The redundancy factor (p) shall be assigned to the SERS in each of two orthogonal directions for all structures (i.e., is to be determined separately for both N-S & E-W load directions). > Conditions where p = 1.0 - ASCE 7 ~ §12.3.4.1 ‘The value of p is permitted to equal 1.0 for all of the following conditions: 1. Structures assigned to SDC = B or C 2. Drift calculations and P-delta effects Design of nonstructural components (i.¢., when using fp) Design of nonbuilding structures that are NOT similar to buildings Design of collector elements, splices, and their conncetions for which the seismic load effects including overstrength factor (ie., Qo) of ASCE 7 ~ $12.4.3 are used Design of members or connections where the seismic load effects including overstrength factor (i.e., Q9) of ASCE 7— §12.4.3 are required for design 7. Diaphragm loads determined using the Fn: equation ASCE 7 (12.10-1) Structures with damping systems designed per ASCE 7 — Chapter 18 9. Design of structural walls for out-of-plane forces, including their anchorage yee 172 Steven T. Hiner, MS, SE) y SDR Workbook - 2012 TBC Version Chapter 5 ~ Earthquake Loads and Load Combinations > Redundancy Factor for Seismic Design Category D, EorF- ASCE 7 - §12.3.4.2 For structures assigned to SDC =D, E or F— p= 1.3 shall be used ... ‘one of the following two conditions is met: IT p= 1.0 is permitted when 1. Each story resisting more than 35% of the base shear (ic., ¥;> 35%V), in the direction of interest, complies with ASCE 7—Table 12,3-3, or 2, Structures with no Plan Irregularities (at all levels) provided: * The SERS consists of at least two bays of seismic force-resisting perimeter framing (e. two bays of braced frames, two bays of moment frames, etc.) on each side of the structure, in each orthogonal direction at each story resisting more than 35% of the base shear (i, V_> 35%V) ... ¥ For shear walls (e.g., masonry, concrete, steel plate), the number of bays shall be calculated as the length of shear wall divided by the story height (i.¢., No. Bays = E Lyy/ he ), OF Y For light-frame shear walls (¢.g., wood structural panel, gypsum wallboard, plaster), the number of bays shall calculated as two times the length of shear wall divided by the story height (i., No, Bays =2 3 Ly hs) Seismic Load Effect Including Overstrength Factor, 9 | ASCE 7 - §12.4.3 Where specifically required, conditions requiring overstrength factor (Qs) applications shall be determined in accordance with the following: > By Et AS 7 (124-5) or... Ey, = Q.Qp +0.2SpsD ... where Eni is positive to combine with the positive Fy NOTE: ASCE 7 (12.4-5) will be used in load combinations where the earthquake effect is additive to the gravity load effects (e.g., to determine the maximum axial compression in a column, etc. - considering ‘overstrength) ... specifically Basie SD/LRFD load combination 5 and Basic ASD load combination 5 & 6b from ASCE 7 ~ §12.4.3.2. > By =EqEy ASCE 7 (124-6) or. E,,=-0,-0.28 sD ... where ns is negative to combine with the negative Ey NOTE: ASCE 7 (124-6) will be used in load combinations where the earthquake effect is counteractive to the gravity load effects (e.g., to determine the minimum axial compression in a column, uplift ut ends of shear walls, etc. - considering overstrength) ... specifically Basic SD/LRFD load combination 7 and Basic ASD load combination 8 from ASCE 7 — §12.4.3.2. where: En = seismic load effect including overstrength factor ... estimated maximum earthquake force that can be developed in the structure. Eqi= effect of horizontal seismic forces including structural overstrength (i.e., :) as defined in ASCE 7 — §12.4.3.1. Eqy can be positive or negative due to the cyclic nature of, (horizontal) seismic ground motions. ‘Steven T. Hiner, MS, SE 1-73Chapter 5 ~ Earthquake Loads and Load Combinations ‘SOR Workbook - 2012 IBC Version E, = effect of vertical seismic forces (ie., due to vertical ground motions) as defined in ASCE 7 ~ §12.4.2.2. Ey can be positive or negative due to the cyclic nature of (vertical) seismic ground motions. Horizontal Seismic Load Effect with Overstrength Factor, Em, | ASCE 7 ~ §12.4.3.1 The horizontal seismic load effect with overstrength factor (B1) shall be determined in accordance with the following: By =22,05 ASCE 7 (12.4-7) where: Qx = effects of horizontal seismic forces from the seismic base shear V (per ASCE 7 — §12.8.1) or the seismic lateral force F, (per ASCE 7 — §13.3.1). See ASCE 7 ~ $12.53 & ASCE 7 ~ §12,5.4 for consideration of orthogonal effects) Qo = overstrength factor ... per ASCE 7 Table 12.2-1 Exception: £,,, need not exceed the maximum force that can develop in the element as determined by ... see ASCE 7 — §12.4.3.1 Load Combinations IBC §1605 General IBC §1605.1 Buildings (and other structures) and portions thereof shall be designed to resist the load combinations specified in: + IBC §1605,2 (Strength Design or Load & Resistance Factor Design — SD/LRED) or «= IBC §1605.3 (Allowable Stress Design — ASD), and * [BC Chapters 18 through 23, and = The seismic load effects including overstrength factor (p) in accordance with ASCE 7 - §12.4.3 where required by ASCE 7— $12.2.5.2, §12.3.3.3, or ASCE 7 ~ §12.10.2.1 NOTE: When using the Simplified Procedure of ASCE 7 — §12.14, the seismic load effects including overstrength factor of ASCE 7 — §12.14.3.2 shall be used (ie., Qq = 2.5 assumed). ‘Load combinations are a way of considering the maximum (or minimum) forces on a structural element using principles of superposition. ‘The load combinations consider combined effects of gravity loads (e.g., dead load, floor live load, roof live load, rain load, snow load) and other Joad effects as a result of earthquake, wind, flood, earth pressure, fluid pressure, etc. Notations — D = dead load E = combined effect of horizontal and vertical earthquake induced forces as defined in ASCE 7 — $12.42 F = load due to fluids with well-defined pressures and maximum heights Fa = flood load in accordance wtih ASCE 7 — Chapter 5 H = L load due to earth pressure, ground water pressure, or pressure of bulk materials floor live load, and roof live load > 20 psf 1-74 z Steven T. Hiner, MS, SE (‘SDR Workbook - 2012 TBC Version Chapter 5 ~ Earthquake Loads and Load Combinations Z, = roofllive load < 20 pst rain load snow load self-straining load (e.g, arising from contraction or expansion resulting from temperature change, shrinkage, moisture change, creep in component materials, movement due to differential settlement or combinations thereof) W = load due to wind pressure Strength Design or Load & Resistance Factor Design IBC §1605.2 All applicable Strength Design (SD or LRFD) load combinations must be considered since the most critical load effect may occur when one or more of the contributing loads (¢.g., D, £, L, Jn S) are not acting. + Basic (SD or LRFD) Load Combinations IBC §1605.2.1 Where Strength Design (ot Load and Resistance Factor Design) is used, structures and portions thereof shall be designed to resist the most critical effects resulting from the equations of BC $1605.2.1. ‘There are a total of seven SD/LRED basic load combinations equations in the JBC. Only the two load combinations which include the earthquake load (E) ate noted below: > 1UD+F)+ LOE + AL + LOH + AS IBC (16-5) or... (1.2 +0.28p9)D+ pOs+ fil +fS ... when F=0 & H=0 > 0.9(D+F)+ 1.08 +16 IBC (16-7) or... (0.9 -0.28ns)D—p Qe ... when F=0 & H=0 Exception: Where other factored load combinations are specifically required by the provisions of the IBC (i., Chapter 19 — Concrete) ... such combinations shall take precedence. Allowable Stress Design IBC §1605.3 All applicable Allowable Stress Design (ASD) load combinations must be considered since the most critical load effect may occur when one or more of the contributing loads (e.g., D, E, L, L,, S) are not acting. * Basic (ASD) Load Combinations IBC §1605.3.1 Where Allowable Stress Design (or Working Stress Design) ... is used, structures and portions thereof shall be designed to resist the most critical effects resulting from the equations of IBC §1605.3.1. There are a total of nine Basic (ASD) Load Combination equations in the IBC. Only the three load combinations which include the earthquake load (E) ate noted below: > D+H+F+ (0.6W or 0.7E) IBC (16-12) or... (1.0 +0.14Sps)D + 0.79 Ox... when F=0 & H=0 > D+H+F+0.75(0.7E) + 0.75L + 0.758 IBC (16-14) or... (1.0 + 0.105Sps)D + 0.75(0.7p Or) + 0.75L + 0.158 > 0.6(D+F)+0.7E+H IBC (16-16) or... (0.6-0.1483)D — 0.7p Qe... when F= 0 & H=0 ‘Steven T. Hiner, MS, SE 1-75_SOR Workbook ~ 2012 TBC Version Exceptions: see JBC $1605.3.1 for exceptions to crane hook loads, to flat roof snow loads < 30 psf, roof live loads = 30 psf, flat roof snow loads > 30 psf, etc. NOTE: Increases in allowable stresses (specified in the appropriate material chapter or the referenced standards) shall not be used with the Basic (ASD) Load Combinations ... except a duration of load increase shall be permitted in accordance with IBC Chapter 23 (i.e., Wood - Cp = 1.6 for “short-term” earthquake (or wind) loading). * Alternative Basic (ASD) Load Combinations* IBC §1605.3.2 In lieu of the Basic (ASD) Load Combination equations of IBC §1605.3.1 ... structures and portions thereof shall be permitted to be designed for the most critical effects resulting from the equations of /BC §1605.3.2. ‘There are a total of six Alternative Basic (ASD) Load Combination equations in the IBC. Only the two which include the earthquake load (Z) are noted below: > D+L+S+ENA IBC (16-21) or... (10+ 0.148p5)D +L ++ pOpll.d > 09D+E/L4 IBC (16-22) or... (0.9-0.148ps)D—- pOgll.4 Exceptions: see /BC §1605.3.2 for exceptions to crane hook loads, to flat roof snow loads < 30 psf, roof live loads < 30 psf, and flat roof snow loads > 30 psf. NOTE: Increases in allowable stresses (specified in the appropriate material chapter or the referenced standards) are permitted with the Alternative Basic (ASD) Load Combinations including wind or seismic. See JBC §1605.3.2 for requirements and conditions when considering wind loads (#) and/or foundations for loadings considering vertical seismic load effects (i.e., E,~0, etc.). *The Alternative Basic (ASD) Load Combinations exist in the IBC, but do not exist in ASCE 7. Load Combinations with Overstrength Factor ASCE 7 - §12.4.3.2 Where the seismic load effect including overstrength factor (E) is combined with the effects of other loads ... the following seismic load combinations (for structures not subject to flood or atmospheric ice loads) shall be used in lieu of the seismic load combinations of /BC §1605.2 or IBC §1605.3. Basic (SD or LRFD) Load Combinations with Overstrength Factor > 12+ 0.28ps)D + On +L +028 & (0.9 -0.28ps)D - Qe OTE: See ASCE 7 — §12.4.3.2 - Note I, 2 & 3 for exceptions and requirements on the equations above. Basic (ASD) Load Combinations with Overstrength Factor > (1.0 +0.14Sps)D + 0.7205 > (1.0 +0.105Sps)D + 0.525005 + 0.751 + 0.755 > (0.6 -0.14Sps)D -0.72Qe 1-76 Steven T. Hiner, MS, SE‘SOR Workbook ~ 2012 JBC Version Chapter 5 ~ Earthquake Loads and Load Combinations NOTE: See ASCE 7 §12.4.3.2 - Note I & 2 for exceptions and requirements on the equations above. Cantilever Column Systems ASCE 7 - §12.2.5.2 Foundations and other elements used to provide overturning resistance at the base of cantilever column elements shall have the strength to resist the load effects including overstrength factor (Qo) of ASCE 7 $12.43. Elements Supporting Discontinuous Walls or Frames ASCE 7 - §12.3.3.3 Structural elements (¢.g., columns, beams, trusses, slabs) supporting discontinuous walls or frames shall be designed to resist the seismic load effects including overstrength factor (Oy) of ASCE 7 — §12.4.3 ...for structures having either of the following: + Horizontal Structural Irregularity Type 4—Out-of-Plane Offset per ASCE 7 ~ Table 12,3-1 * Vertical Structural Inregularity Type 4 — In-Plane Discontinuity in Vertical Lateral Force- Resisting Element per ASCE 7 — Table 12.3-2 Collector Elements for SDC = C, D, E or F ASCE 7 ~ §12,10.2.1 In structures assigned to SDC = C, D, E or F, collector elements and their connections to resisting vertical elements shall be designed (o resist the maximum of the following forces calculated using: 1, The seismic load effects including overstrength factor (Qo) of ASCE 7 — §12.4.3 with seismic forees determined by the ELF procedure ASCE 7 — $12.8 (or the modal response spectrum analysis procedure of ASCE 7 — $12.9) 2. The seismic load effects including overstrength factor (Q4) of ASCE 7 ~ §12.4.3 with s forces determined by the diaphragm design force (F,) equation of ASCE 7 (12.10-1) 3. The load combinations of ASCE 7 — §12.4.2.3 with seismic forces determined by the minimum diaphragm design force (min. Fy) equation of ASCE 7 (12.10-2) ‘Transfer forces as described in ASCE 7 — §12.10.1.1 shall be considered. Excey ns + The (drag) forces calculated need not exceed those determined by ASCE 7 ~ §12.4.2.3 load combinations with seismic (drag) forces calculated from F, maximum per ASCE 7 equation (1210-3) * In structures (or portions thereof) braced entirely by light-frame shear walls (i.c., wood studs or cold formed steel studs) ... collector elements and their connections to vertical elements need only be designed using ASCE 7— §12.4.2.3 load combinations with drag forces determined from the governing Fy» force per ASCE 7 (12.10-1), (12. 10-2) and (12.10-3) ASD Increase for Load Combinations with Overstrength ASCE 7 ~ §12,4.3.3 Where ASD methodologies are used with the seismic load effect including overstrength factor (Og) allowable stresses are permitted to be determined using an allowable stress increase of 1.2. This increase shall not be combined with increases in allowable stresses or load combination reductions otherwise permitted ... except that combination with the duration of load increases (ie., Cp) in AWC NDS (ie., Wood) is permitted. ‘Steven T. Hiner, MS, SE 1-77Chapter 5 ~ Earthquake Loads and Load Combinations ____SoR Workbook - 2012 18¢ version) EEE] Equivatent Lateral Force Procedure Overview O Risk Category Seismic Importance Factor Mapped MCEx spectral response acceleration parameters Site Class Site Coefficients Soil modified MCEg spectral response acceleration parameters Design spectral response acceleration parameters nn K | Seismic Design Category Approximate Fundamental Period Seismic Response Coefficient Seismic Base Shear at Strength Level (i.e. SD/LRED) Vertical Distribution of Seismic Force 1-78 ‘Steven T. Hiner, MS, SE‘SDR Workbook - 2012 IBC Version Chapter 5 ~ Earthquake Loads and Load Combinations a FES ee Redundancy factor Effects of horizontal seismic force (i.c., due to base shear - V) Effects of horizontal seismic forces Effects of vertical seismic forces ‘Total seismic load effect SD (LRFD) or ASD Load Combinations. ‘Steven T. Hiner, MS, SE 1-79Chapter 5 - Earthquake Loads and Load Combinations: ‘SDR Workbook - 2012 IBC Version ig ( [This page is left blank intentional ¢ ¢ C ( ( { 1-80 Steven T, Hiner, MS, SE‘SDR Workbook ~ 2012 IBC Version Chapter 6 ~ Seismic Design Requirements for Nonstructural Components (GEE Asce 7 - chapter 13 Overview Scope ASCE 7 ~- §13.1.1 ASCE 7 ~ Chapter 13 establishes minimum design criteria for nonstructural components that are permanently attached to structures, and for their supports and attachments. ‘A nonstructural component is a part or element of an architectural, electrical or mechanical system. Seismic Design Category ASCE 7 - §13.1.2 Nonstructural components shall be assigned to the same Seismic Design Category (SDC) as the structure that they occupy, or to which they are attached. Component Importance Factor, Ip ASCE 7 ~ §13.1.3 Al components shall be assigned a component importance factor (I,), which will be equal to 1.5 or 1.0. ‘Use an Jp = 1.5 if any of the following conditions apply: 1, The component is required to function for life-safety purposes after an earthquake, including fire protection sprinkler systems and egress stairways 2. The component conveys, supports, or otherwise contains toxic, highly toxic, or explosive substances .. 3. The component is in (or attached to) a Risk Category IV structure (ie. essential facility), and jt is needed for continued operation of the facility or its failure could impair the continued operation of the facility 4, The component conveys, supports, or otherwise contains hazardous substances ... All other components shall be assigned an J, ~ 1.0 Exemptions ASCE 7 ~ §13.1.4 The following nonstructural components are exempt from the requirements of ASCE 7 — Chapter 13: 1, Fumiture (except storage cabinets > 5 feet tall) 2. Temporary or movable equipment 3. Architectural components in SDC ~B (other than parapets supported by bearing walls or shear walls) provided J, = 1.0 4, Mechanical and electrical components in SDC=B. 5. Mechanical and electrical components in SDC =C provided that J, = 1.0 6. Mechanical and electrical components in SDC = D, E, or F where J, = 1.0, the component is positively attached to the structure, flexible connections are provided between component and associated ductwork, piping, and conduit and either: Y Component weighs < 400 Ibs and has a C.M. located <4 feet above the adjacent floor level; or ‘Steven T. Hiner, MS, SE 1-81chapter 6 - Seismic Design Requirements for Nonstructural Components _SDR. Workbook - 2012 IBC Version Y Component weighs < 20 Ibs, or< 5 plfin the case of a distributed system (©-8 P ping, ducts, ete.) NOTE: Most SDC~D.E, or F nonstructural components will not be exempt from ASCE 7 — Chapter 13 General Design Requirements ASCE 7 - §13.2 “Architectural, mechanical, and electrical components, suppor, and attachments shall comply with the sections referenced in ASCE 7 ~ Table 13.2-1 “These requirements shall be satisfied by one of the following methods: 1. Project-specife design and documentation submitted for approval tothe authority having jundiotion ate review and acceptance by a registered design professionel OF >. Submittal of the manufacturer's certification that the component is seismically qualified by at least one of the following: ¥ Analysis, or Y Testing in accordance with the alternative set forth in ASCE 7 ~ §13.2.5,0r Y Experience data in accordance with the altemative set forth in ASCE 7~ $13.26 NOTE: See IBC §1705.12 & §1705.12.3 for testing and ‘qualification requirements of designated seismic systems in SD D. Kor F structures and nonstructural components (1. architectural, mechanical & electrical) in SDC = C.D, Bor F. Construction Documents ASCE 7 - §13.2.7 ‘Where design of nonstructural components or their supports and attachments is required by ASCE7 sire 14.241 sach design shall be shown in construction documents prepared by a registered design professional (ie., engineer or architect) [or use by the owner, authorities having, jurisdiction, contractors, and inspectors. Gi Seismic Demands on Nonstructural Components Seismic Design Force, Fy [Strength De ‘The horizontal seismic design force (Fp) shall be determined by: ASCE 7 - §13.3.1 ASCE 7 (13.3-1) except! F,S1.6Spc/,7, maximum ASCE 7 (13.3-2) 2038;6f,W, minimum ASCE 7 (13.3-3) OTE; Fy will be in whatever units are used for Wp (@-8.kips, Ibs, plt psf) where: F, = (horizontal) seismic design force Spo~_short-petiod design spectral response acceleration parameter per IBC §1613.34 (or ASCE 7 = §11.4.4) ap = component amplification factor per ASCE 7 Table 13.5-1 oF Table 13.6-1 (1.0 minimum < a, < 2.5 maximum) Ip =. component importance factor per ASCE 7 ~ §13.1.3 (where Jp 5 or 1.0) 1-82 Seven T Hiner, MS, SE C € ( ¢(ee: SDA Workbook - 2012 IBC Version Chapter 6 ~ Seismic Design Requirements for Nonstructural Components Wp, = component operating weight Ry = component response moditication factor per ASCE 7 ~ Table 13.5-1 or 13.6-1 (1.0 minimum < R, < 12 maximum) Z = component point of attachment elevation with respect to the base (220 minimum & z/h < 1.0 maximum) ft = supporting structure average roof height relative to the base (ie., = hy) The F;, force shall be applied at the components center of gravity and distributed relative to the component's mass distribution. ‘The maximum F, foree, per ASCE 7 (13.3-2), typically will not govern unless the nonstructural component is located near the roof level of the supporting structure (i.e., z « ) and (ay / Ry) > 2.0 ‘The minimum F, force, per ASCE 7 (13.3-3), needs to be verified when a nonstructural component is located at or near the base of the supporting structure (ie., 2 ~ 0) The seismic force (F,) shall be applied independently in at least two orthogonal horizontal directions in combination with service loads (¢.g., D, 5, etc.) associated with the component, as appropriate. ‘The load combinations and factors of IBC §1605.2 (SD or LRED) or IBC §1605.3 (ASD) shall be used to design the members and connections that transfer the F, forces to the supporting structure. ‘The redundancy factor (p) may be taken as 1.0 and the overstrength Factor (Og) does not apply. | Steven T. Hiner, MS, SE 1-83Chapter 6 ~ Seismic Design Requirements for Nonstructural Components SDR Workbook ~ 2012 18C Version Vertically Cantilevered Systems ‘The seismic force (F,) shall be assumed to act in any horizontal direction. In addition, the component shall be designed for a concurrent vertical force equal to + 0.2SpsW. Component Amplification Factor, ap 4» is equal to 1.0 or 2.5 and is determined from ASCE 7— Table 135-1 for Architectural components, and ASCE 7 ~ Table 13.6-1 for Mechanical & Electrical components. > ap= 1.0 is for rigid components and rigidly attached components. Rigid Component - a component (including its attachments) having a fundamental period less than or equal to 0.06 second (7'< 0.06 second). > a, 2.5 is for flexible components and flexibly attached components. Flexible Component - a component (including its attachments) having a fundamental period greater than 0.06 second (T'> 0.06 second). Component Response Modification Factor, Rp R, varies from 1.0 to 12.0 and is determined from ASCE 7 — Table 13.5-1 for Architectural components, and ASCE 7 ~ Table 13.6-1 for Mechanical & Electrical components. Seismic Relative isplacements, Dp ASCE 7 - §13.3.2 The effects of seismic relative displacements shall be considered in combination with displacements caused by other loads as appropriate. Seismic relative displacements (D,) shall be determined in accordance with the following: > Displacements within Structures: ASCE 7 — §13.3.2.1 > Displacements between Structures: ASCE 7 ~ §13.3.2.2 | 6.3 | Nonstructural Component Anchorage ASCE 7 - §13.4 Nonstructural components and their supports shall be attached (or anchored) to the structure in accordance with the requirements of ASCE 7— §73.4, and the attachment shall satisfy the requirements for the parent material as set forth elsewhere in ASCE 7. ‘Component attachments shall be bolted, welded, or otherwise positively fastened without consideration of frictional resistance produced by the effects of gravity. A continuous load path of sufficient strength and stiffiness between the component and the supporting structure shall be provided. The component forces shall be those in ASCE 7 ~ §13.3.1 The design documents shall include sufficient information relating to the attachments to verify compliance with the requirements of ASCE 7 Chapter 13. Design Force in the Attachment ASCE 7 - §13.4.1 ‘The force in the attachment shall be determined based on the prescribed forces and displacements for the component determined in ASCE 7 ~ $13.3.1 (ie., Fy) and ASCE 7 ~ §13.3.2 (Le., Dp), except that Ry <6 maximum, 1-84 Steven T. Hiner, MS, SE‘SDR Workbook - 2012 IBC Version. Chapter 6 ~ Seismic Design Requirements for Nonstructural Components Anchors in Concrete or Masonry ASCE 7 - §13.4.2 Anchors in concrete shall be designed in accordance with ACI 318 — Appendix D. Anchors in masonry shall be designed in accordance with 7MS 402/ACI 530/ASCE 5, and they shall be govemed by the tensile or shear strength of a ductile steel element ... see EXCEPTION, Post-installed anchors (e.g., adhesive anchors, wedge anchors, screw anchors, etc.) in conerete shall be prequalified for seismic applications in accordance with ACI 355.2 or other approved qualification procedures. Post-installed anchors (¢.g., adhesive anchors, wedge anchors, screw anchors, ete.) in masonry shall be ‘prequalified for seismic applications in accordance with approved qualification procedures, EE] architectural Components ASCE 7 - §13.5 Architectural components include interior nonstructural walls and partitions, cantilever elements (¢.g., parapets, chimneys, etc.), exterior nonstructural wall elements & connections, glass, veneer, penthouses, suspended ceilings, cabinets > 6 feet tall, floor supported library shelving/book stacks/bookshelves > 6 feet tall, access floors, appendages & omamentations, signs, billboards, partitions, glass in glazed curtain walls/storefronts/partitions, etc. General ASCE 7 - §13.5.1 The component amplification factor (ap) and component response modification factor (Ry) shall be selected from ASCE 7 — Table 13.5-1. NOTE: Where flexible diaphragms provide lateral support for concrete or masonry walls and paritions, the design forces for anchorage to the diaphragm shall be as specified in ASCE 7 — $12.11.2. Forces and Displacements ASCE 7 - §13.5.2 All architectural components, and their supports and attachments, shall be designed for the seismic forces ;) defined in ASCE 7 - $13. Architectural components that could pose a life-safety hazard shall be designed to accommodate the seismic relative displacement (D,) requirements of ASCE 7 — §13.3.2 Specific Requirements & References = $135.3 ASCE —§13.54 Out-of Plane Bending ASCE —§13.5.5 Suspended Ceilings ASCE 7 — §13.5.6 Access Floors ASCE 7— $135.7 Partitions: ASCET— $13.58 Glass in Glazed Curtain Walls, Storefronts & Partitions ASCE 7 — $13.59 ‘Steven T. Hiner, MS, SE 1-85Chapter 6 ~ Seismic Design Requirements for Nonstructural Components ‘SDR Workbook = 2012 IBC Version Gel Mechanical & Electrical Components ASCE 7 - §13.6 Mechanical & electrical components include air-side and wet-side HVAC equipment, fans, air handlers, air conditioning units, air distribution boxes, boilers, furnaces, atmospheric tanks and bins, chillers, water heaters, heat exchangers, evaporators, air separators, engines, turbines, pumps, compressors, elevator components, escalator components, generators, batteries, motor control centers, panel boards, switch gear, communication equipment, cooling towers, lighting fixtures, piping, ductwork, electrical conduit and cable trays, etc. ‘An equipment component is a mechanical or electrical component (or element) that is part of a mechanical and/or electrical system within (or without) a building system. General ASCE 7 - §13.6.1 The attachment of mechanical and electrical components and their supports to the structure shall meet the requirements of ASCE 7 - §13.4. ‘The component amplification factor (ap) and component response modification factor (Ry) shall be selected from ASCE 7 — Table 13.6-1. Component Period, T, ASCE 7 ~ §13.6.2 ‘The fundamental period of the mechanical and electrical component (and its attachment to the building) shall be determined by the following equation: y 2x, LA ASCE 7 (13.6-1) Kg ... provided that the component and attachment can be reasonably represented analytically by a simple spring and mass single degree-of-freedom (SDOF) system. where: T, = component fundamental period Wy = component operating weight acceleration due to gravity (32.2 fi/sec* or 386.4 in/sec”) K, = stifliess of resilient support system of the component and attachment, determined in terms of load per unit deflection at the center of gravity of the component (Ibs/inch or kips/inch) NOTE: Alternatively, the fundamental period of the component (7,) is permitted to be determined from experimental test data or by a properly substantiated analysis 1-86 ‘Steven T. Hiner, MS, SE‘SOR Workbook ~ 2012 18C Version Chapter 6 ~ Seismic Design Requirements for Nonstructural Components. Specific Requirements & References : E i Mechanical Components ASCE 7 — §13.6.3 Electrical Components ASCE 7 — §13.6.4 ‘Component Supports ‘ASCE 7— §13.6.5 Utility and Service Lines ASCE 7 — §13.6.6 HVAC Ductwork ASCE 7 — §13.6.7 Piping Systems ASCE 7 — §13.6.8 Boilers and Pressure Vessels ASCE 7 — §13.6.9 Elevator & Escalator Design Requirements ASCE 7 ~ §13.6.10 Other Mechanical & Electrical Components ASCE 7 — §13.6.11 [structural walls and their Anchorage ASCE 7 ~ §12.11 Design for Out-of-Plane Forces ASCE 7 - §12.11.1 Structural walls and their anchorage shall be designed for a force normal to the surface (¢.g., out-of-plane) equal to: F, = 04S poh W, 20.10 W, minimum Cee eee eee ne Wyin psf ao Steven T. Hiner, MS, SE 1-87Chapter 6 - Seismic Design Requirements for Nonstructural Components. ‘SDR Workbook ~ 2012 IBC Version Anchorage of Structural Walls and Transfer of Design Forces into Diaphragms ASCE 7 ~ §12.11,2 Wall Anchorage Forces, F, ASCE 7 ~ §12.11.2.1 The anchorage of structural walls to supporting construction (¢.g., roof or floor diaphragms) shall provide a direct connection capable of resisting the following: F, = 048 pK,1.¥, ASCE 7 (12.11-1) 20.2K,1,W,, minimum, where: L K,=1.0 +709 529 maximum ASCE 7 (12.11-2) Fp = the design force in the individual anchors ‘Sos™ short period design spectral response acceleration parameter ismic importance factor Ly = flexible diaphragm span (feet), use 0 for rigid diaphragms W, = the weight of the masonry or conerete wall tributary to the anchor = Wott Fi/2 + hy) (anchor spacing) ... for (one-story) walls with a parapet = Wott (i/2) (anchor spacing) ... for (one-story) walls without a parapet ‘Where the anchorage is not located at the roof and all diaphragms are not flexible, the value from ASCE 7 (2.11-1) is permitted to be multiplied by (1 + 2z/h) /3, where z is the height of the anchor above the base of the structure and / is the height of the roof above the base (e.g., ft = fn). NOTE; Structural walls shall be designed to resist bending between anchors where anchor spacing exceeds 4 feet (i.e., purlin anchors > 4-0” o.c.). Refer to Figure 6.3 below for examples of the Lyand K. values that would be appropriate to determine the wall anchorage force for the structural walls on each wall line depicted for Building A & Building B ca Se euiiaies ae 1-88 Steven T. Hiner, MS, SE‘SDR Workbook ~ 2012 IBC Version Chapter 6 ~ Seismic Design Requirements for Nonstructural Components The following values of Lrand Kg would apply for structural wall anchorage for Building A shown in Figure 6.3a (Building A) - As Flexible Diaphragm: Wall anchorage for line A & B: Ly= 150 feet > K,=2.0 maximum, = Wall anchorage for line 1 & 2: Ly=80 feet + K,=18 As Rigid Diaphragm: = Wall anchorage for ALL lines: Ly=0 feet + K,= 10 The following values of Lyand K, would apply for structural wall anchorage for Building B shown in Figure 6.36 Building B) - As Flexible Diaphragm: = Wall anchorage for line A & B (line 1 10 2): Zy= 100 feet > Ky=2J + Wall anchorage for line A & B (line 2 to 3): Ly= 50 feet + Ky=1.5 = Wall anchorage for line 1,2 & 3: Ly=80 feet —+ Kp=18 As Rigid Diaphragm: = Wall anchorage for ALL lines: Ly=0 fect > Ka 1. Additional Requirements for SDC = C, D, E, or F ASCE 7 - §12.11 Diaphragms for structures assigned to SDC = C, D, E, or F shall meet the following additional requirements: 1, Transfer of Anchorage Forces - 2.2. Y Diaphragms shall be provided with continuous ties (or struts) between diaphragm chords to distribute these anchorage forces into the diaphragm(s) Y Diaphragm connections shall be positive, mechanical, or welded ¥ Added chords are permitted to be used to form subdiaphragms (see p. 1-150) to transmit the anchorage forces to the main continuous cross-ties Y The maximum length-to-width ratio of the structural swbdiaphragm shall be 2,5 to 1 Y Connections and anchorages capable of resisting the prescribed forces shall be provided between the diaphragm and the attached components Y Connections shall extend into the diaphragm a sufficient distance to develop the force transferred into the diaphragm 2. Steel Elements - the strength design forces for steel elements (i.<., purlin anchors), with the exception of anchor bolts and reinforcing steel, shall be increased by 1.4 times the forces otherwise required by ASCE 7 $12.11 (ie., use 1.4 F, anchorage force for strap purlin anchors) 3. Wood Diaphragms - ¥ The continuous ties or struts shall be in addition to the diaphragm sheathing ¥ Anchorage shall not be accomplished by use of toe nails or nails subject to withdrawal ¥ Wood ledgers or framing shal] not be used in cross-grain bending or cross-grain tension 4, Metal Deck Diaphragms - metal deck shall not be used as the continuous ties (or struts) ... required by ASCE 7 ~ §12.11.2.2 in the direction perpendicular to the deck span, Steven T. Hiner, MS, SE 1-89Chapter 6 ~ Seismic Design Requirements for Nonstructural Components SDR Workbook ~ 2012 IBC Version 5. Embedded Straps - embedded straps (i.e., purlin anchors) shall be attached to, or hooked around, the reinforcing stee! or otherwise terminated so as to effectively transfer forves to the reinforcing steel. 6. Eccentrically Loaded Anchorage System - see ASCE 7— $12.11.2.2.6 7. Walls with Pilasters - see ASCE 7 ~ §12.11.2.2.7 Toe Nails Toe nails ate nails driven at an angle through roof rafters (or floor joists) into supporting wood members below. This type of nailing is susceptible to splitting if not installed properly and/or when subjected to seismic loading. Roof sheathin Roof sheathing x ° Zz Toenails et wot alowed i iy & ee theta lt Rr Rp < N nater < Framing clip ‘Nailer MU RCT TATE 7 AEE a SETTT siivatiaccentebiel Te i Figure 6.4a above demonstrates an unacceptable condition since foe nails are not allowed to provide out- o£ plane anchorage between the structural wall and the wood diaphragm framing, per ASCE 7 = §12.11.2.23, Figure 6.4b demonstrates an acceptable condition using framing clips in lieu of toe nails for out-of-plane wall anchorage. Figure 6.5 below provides some examples of framing clips that might be used to anchor structural (i.e, masonry or concrete) walls. without parapets, to wood framed roofs. ‘The “DF/SP Allowable Loads” noted would be for Douglas-Fir (or Souther Pine) framing members ... where Douglas-Fir is commonly used for framing members on the West Coast (i.e., California). And since “allowable loads” are noted, the ASD load combinations of IBC §1605.3.1 or §1605.3.2 would apply ... resulting in a calculated reduction of the strength design (SD) wall anchorage force (F;,) by multiplying by 0.7 (or dividing by 1.4) to convert {o an allowable stress design (ASD) anchorage force. Also worth noting is that the column designated with a (160) would apply to wall to roof anchorage due to out-of-plane seismic forces since ANSW/AIWC NDS-2012 for wood design permits the use of a load duration factor (i.e., Cp) equal to 1.6 for seismic (or wind) loads. The 1.6 corresponds to a 160% allowable stress increase, which is represented by the (160) noted in the example table, 1-90 ‘Steven T. Hiner, MS, SE ) ) ) ) J ) )) ) ) ) SDR Workbook ~ 2012 TC Version Chapter 6 ~ Seismic Design Requirements for Nonstructural Components [ach ik Koei ecealsLtke LLcMM a Ua RCL eG {Sigel stay came TG Gt ges need nd on pest seh Mena Ca ga Fam aol ngs ely nu to Been x En a snl I ang ems Na esate er att Latest at ie a i asa a et ca felts ured cones Se eC hc ya Im to sare atv po op yo ma tp, ge Prine oc pt rp eo ra re ie Ty ‘seaeeccemen es, i 2 thinned bibtas ae hs " cl) "ere zione in 65 oe (10nd 0 188.) 60, T0111 arin | 9 mestete eset Bhs ete ofa FST es tn So ao ae fe aoe s ace Ce mes = ee nn gota Serer] ak | a ese wees ee es me eee oF fee] 4s. e9 < =. § seer "gia it Le, een LS Top Viow oa @ Typical GA instalation Cross-Grain Tension & Cross-Grain Bending Wood members are relatively strong at resisting tension stresses applied parallel to the grain of the wood ‘member (i, longitudinally to the length of the wood member). This condition occurs for axial tension loads applied to wood members and/or bending moments applied to wood members about their strong (ie., X-X) o weak (ie., Y-Y) axes directions. But wood members are very weak at resisting tension stresses applied perpendicular to the grain of the wood member (ie., transverse to the length of the wood member). Cross-grain tension refers to tension forces that result in tension stresses applied perpendicular to the grain of the wood member. Cross-grain bending refers to bending moments that result in flexural tension stresses applied perpendicular to the grain of the wood member. Figure 6.6a demonstrates an unacceptable condition, since there is no positive direct connection of the structural wall to the wood diaphragm. ‘The wall anchorage load path would be as follows: 1. The wood ledger anchor bolts will resist the wall anchorage force in tension, 2. The anchor bolt nut & washer will transfer the anchorage force to the middle of the ledger through bearing on the face of the wood ledger, 3. The roof sheathing nailing at the top of the ledger will attempt to transfer the wall anchorage force (in shear) into the main roof diaphragm. ‘Steven T. Hiner, MS, SE 1-91Chapter 6 - Seismic Design Requirements for Nonstructural Components SDR Workbook ~ 2012 IBC Version Since the applied force at the middle of the ledger is eccentric to the resisting foree at the top of the ledger, a bending moment will result in flexural tension stresses applied perpendicular to the grain of the ‘wood ledger ... or cross-grain bending which is not allowed per ASCE 7 - §12.11.2.2.3. Figure 6.6b below demonstrates an acceptable condition using purlin anchors to provide a positive direct connection of the wall to the roof framing members (i.c., not relying on cross-grain bending). Puriin anchor Re Re. a mu Figure 6.8, on the following page, provides some examples of purlin anchors that might be used for anchorage of masonry or conerete walls (with parapets) to wood framed roofs. Again, the “DF/SP Allowable Loads” noted would be for Douglas-Fir (or Southern Pine) framing members. And since “allowable loads” are noted, the ASD load combinations of IBC §1605.3.1 or $1605.3.2 would apply ... resulting in a calculated reduction of the strength design (SD) anchorage force by multiplying by 0.7 (or dividing by 1.4) to convert to an allowable stress design (ASD) anchorage force. BUT, being a steel element, the steel purlin anchor will require a 1.4 increase in the calculated wall anchorage force (i.e., Rr= (0.7) 14 Fy for ASD anchorage force of steel purlin anchors) per ASCE 7 — §12.11.2.2.2. Figure 6.7 below shows the use of threaded rods and hold-down anchors for a retrofit scenario to provide out-of-plane wall anchorage for an unreinforced masonry wall with a parapet. RP6 ‘with 2%" ameter rod. | ieoamremters 1-92 ‘Steven T. Hiner, MS, SEJu » ) peer vl [SDR Workbook ~ 2012 IBC Version feel tee terete ara le oe gerne Fequeets of 00-45 ecopancs citer N08 fare ‘MATERIAL: P32 gouge HPA—10 gage FEMI: Gaanbe, Ps aval HUG o 4 coxtng [STALLATION «Use aspect fs: oe me's he era fxs, Se Gna NOs, “Pie neha must hao rand ret Mat 0 rae wan ee ceo rte 1522p ay be bn om ul. (Be er 80" tan bn ort) EDGE DISTANCE ink cart ag dete 5. ‘Mair crete Bost tog oe dtc s 20 ‘CONCRETE BLOCK WALL —'s mina wl specestens (f] ss #4 vera ear, ong, 1 each of anchor (B) 14 courses of rout ted bck above an sew the actor [na colts toe (ELA zt ond bear th vo #4 tae, 4p, anu oe cosas 20% ote tea [Blut sony compres seg Fn = 1500 ps COPTOMS: So TT an HT Teron Tes for atest eto stone. CODES: Seo page 15 for Coa eta Kay Cart and uncteka concer fron Oho rig lie BW re ponte tt tetra ores Aa ee cs ge ya fo mt on eo, wth Sgn Srp ra ‘ceria a Fea tba Gornmon| 2430. epee ar heres emer oe fees sic seamen FA inlets i re Ty eta Saad «Bon PASS 9138 eens “stonvon oi Speman sh 90-1 ioscannon 20 | tntoen tans eA tor 2090 | conan 3220788 (hie per seceriovena ‘ca gate rd Son 25 _|"*| Fal onsrac meteor = emf a est met = xnestd Sete aie Sioa otra as | Wogan cn ze cenon| Ses [22 bi Cana fee ome tern foe S00 ‘gute a esgun aster aernatss PAMPA Psi Gonerote Wall For lst apptatns supa 127. Chapter 6 - Seismic Design Requirements for Nonstructural Components ‘Steven T. Hiner, MS, SETRAP ROR OIE ORR EAA RAR AAR AAA AAA AAA OO OC OS Se Se SI SS ‘Steven T. Hiner, MS, SE ‘SDR Workbook - 2012 IBC Version {this page is left blank intentionally Chapter 6 ~ Seismic Design Requirements for Nonstructural Components: 1-94 JISSDR Workbook ~ 2012 IBC Version Chapter 7 ~ Seismic Design Requirements for Nonbuilding Structures ear Ts vA > #§ eismic Design Requirements for Nonbu Nonbui Design Requirements for Nonbu ASCE 7 - Chapter 15 Overview jing Structures ASCE 7 ~ §15.1.1 ) Nonbuilding structures supported by the earth (or supported by other structures) shall be designed and detailed fo resist the minimum lateral forces specified in ASCE 7 — Chapter 15. } _ Nonbuilding structures include all self-supporting structures (other than buildings) that carry gravity loads and that may be required to resist the effects of earthquake. See Figure 7.1. Cee eects eatite ) ) io Sipe ks Bins and Hoppers Storage Racks ) Towers Stacks and Chimneys Cast inplace (CP) Telecommuniation Towers Earth Retaining Structures car. once Sls and Chimneys Inverted Pedlur Type Stuctures Cooling Towers Signs and Bilboars Monuments userent Structures Per ASCE 7 ~§11.1.2, item 4 - the following nonbuilding structures need to meet other regulations for seismic criteria and as such, are exempt from the seismic requirements of ASCE 7: v SAA 4 vehicular bridges electrical transmission towers. hydraulie structures (e.g., dams) buried ulility lines and conduits nuclear reactors Steven T. Hiner, MS, SE 1-95chapter 7 ~ Selsmic Design Requirements for Nonbuilding Structures. SDR Worko00K = v4: Structural Analysis Procedure ASCE 7 - §15.1.3 > Nonbuilding Structures Similar to Buildings = structural analysis procedures shall be selected in accordance with ASCE 7 ~§12.6. > Nonbuilding Structures NOT Similar to Buildings ~ structural analysis procedure shall be one of the following: 1. equivalent lateral force (ELF) procedure in accordance with ASCE 7 ~ $12.8, 3, modal analysis procedure in accordance with ASCE 7 ~§12.9, 3. tinear response history analysis procedure fm accordance with ASCE 7 ~ $16.1, +L.-nonlinear response history analysis procedure 9 accordance with ASCE 7 - $16.2, of 5. procedure prescribed in the specific reference document reference document Nonbuilding Structures Supported by Other Structures ASCE 7 - §15.3 ‘Where nonbuilding structures NOT similar to buildings (ea Mentfied in ASCE 7 ~ Table 154-2) 286 supported by other structures, and the rm abuilding structures are not part ofthe primary seismic force- resisting system (SRS), one ofthe following ‘methods shall be used: « < 25% Combined Weight Condition ASCE 7 - §15.3.1 ‘Where the weight ofthe nonbuilding structre is Less than 25 percent of the combined weight of the venpailding structure and supporting structure (ie W, < 25¥%W) «the design seismic forces ofthe non lding structure shall be determined in accordance ‘with ASCE 7~ Chapter 13 (.e a8 2 nonstructural component) winete the Values ‘of R, and ap shall be determined per ASCE 7 ~ §13.1.5. -The supporting structure shall be designed in aceordance with the requirements of ASCE 7 — Chapter TZ on ASCE 7 ~ $15.5 28 appropriate with the rerun of tbe nonbuilding struct considered in the jJerormination ofthe effective seisinic weieht (le i, included in 7). + 225% Combined Weight Condition ASCE 7 - (§15.3.2 Where the weight of the nonbuilding structure * equal to of greater than 25 percent ofthe combined weight of the nonbuilding structure and supporting structure (ic W= 25% HF). 0 analysis eae sng the structural characteristies of bot the Tronbuilding structure and the supporting structures Pall be performed per ASCE 7 §15:3.2, tems T &2 Architectural, Mechanical & Electrical Components ASCE 7 - §15.3.3 ‘Architectural, mechanical, and electrical components cupported by nonbuilding structures shall Be ‘designed as nonstructural components per ASCE 7 ~ Chapter 13. Structural Design Requirements ASCE 7 - §15.4 Design Basis ASCE 7 - §15.4-1 Nonbuilding structures having specific seismic design criteria established in reference documents fie, noted in ASCE 7 ~ Chapter 23) shall be designed using the appropriate design standards as amended by ASCE 7~- Chapter 15. “Where reference documents are not cited ... nonbuilding structures shall be designed in compliance with ASCE 7 ~ $15.5 (i.e. nonbuilding structures § ‘ilar to buildings) and ASCE 7 ~§15.6 (.e nonbuilding “tructures NOT similar to buildings) to resist ‘minimum seismic lateral forces that are not Jess than the requirements of ASCE 7- §12.8 veeth the additions and exceptions of ASCE 7— $15.41, items 10 9- Steven T. Hiner, MS, SE) ) ) d ) [SDR Workbook ~ 2012 TBC Version Chapter 7 ~ Seismic Design Requirements for Nonbullding Structures Importance Factor, Ie ASCE 7 ~ §15.4.1.1 ‘The importance factor (Jz) and Risk Category for nonbuilding structures are based on the relative hazard of the contents and the function of the nonbuilding structure, ‘The Risk Category for a nonbuilding structure is determined from JBC Table 1604.5. The importance factor (J.) shall be the largest value determined by the following: if Applicable reference document listed in ASCE 7 — Chapter 23, 3. ‘As specified elsewhere in ASCE 7 Chapter 15. Effective Seismic Weight, W ASCE 7 - §15.4.3 The effective seismic weight, or operating weight, (#7) shall include: All dead loads (D) as defined for buildings per ASCE 7 — §12.7.2, and Y All normal operating contents (e.g., tanks, vessels, bins, hoppers, and piping) ‘The effective seismic weight (J7) shall include snow and ice loads where these loads constitute > 25% W .. oF Where required by the authority having jurisdiction (based on local environmental characteristics) Fundamental Period, T ASCE 7 - §15.4.4 The fundamental period of the nonbuilding structure (7) shall be established using the structural properties and deformational characteristics of the resisting elements in a properly substantiated analysis as per ASCE 7 — §12.8.2. Alternatively, the fundamental period may be determined using the following equation: ASCE 7 (15.4-6) where: w; = effective seismic weight of Level i lateral force at Level i clastic deflection at Level i, relative to the base acceleration due to gravity (32.2 ft/sec” or 386.4 in/sec”) Fora single-degree-of-freedom (SDOF) nonbuilding structure, this equation becomes: aie rated Kg = effective seismic weight (Le., operating weight) stiffness of the nonbuilding structure g = acceleration due to gravity (32.2 fi/sec* or 386.4 in/sec*) NOTE: The approximate findamental period (1. of ASCE 7 — §72.8.2.7 is not permitted to be used for nonbuilding structures. Steven T. Hines, MS, SE 1-97‘Chapter 7 - Selsmic Design Requirements for Nonbuilding Structures SDR Workbook - 2012 18C Version Rigid Nonbuilding Structures (7<0.06 second) ASCE 7~-§15.4.2 ° Rigid nonbuilding structures are defined as those with fundamental period (7) less than 0.06 second. ae ic Base Shear, V_ [Strength Design force level : Rigid nonbuilding structures, including their anchorages, shall be designed for the lateral force obtained from the following equation: V =0305,H1, ASCE 7 (15.4-5) ‘The force shalll be distributed with height in accordance with ASCE 7 - $12.8.3. Specific Requirements & References 6 Drift Limitations ASCE 7 — §15.4.5 c Materials Requirements ASCE 7— $15.4.6 Deflection Limits and Structure Separation ASCE 7 —§15.4.7 Site-Specific Response Spectra ASCE 7— §15.48 ‘Anchors in Concrete or Masonry ASCE 7 —§15.4.9 Nonbuilding Structures Similar to Buildings General ASCE 7 ~ §15.5.1 Nonbuilding structures similar to buildings are defined as nonbuilding structures that: ¥ are designed and constructed in a manner similar to buildings, ¥ will respond to strong ground motion in a fashion similar to buildings, and Y have basic lateral and vertical seismic force-resisting systems (SFRS) conforming to one of the types indicated in ASCE 7 — Table 15.4-1 (c.g., braced frames, moment-resisting frames) or ASCE 7- Table 12.2-1, Nonbuilding structures similar to buildings shall be designed in accordance with ASCE 7 and the applicable portions of ASCE 7 — §15.4 ... a8 modified by ASCE 7 — $15.5 and the specific reference ce documents. O Nonbuilding structures similar to buildings include the following: Pipe racks Steel storage racks Electric power generating facilities Structural towers for tanks and vessels Piers and wharves The combination of load effects, K, shall be determined in accordance with ASCE 7 $12.4, NOTE: The load combinations and factors of /8C §1605.2 (SD or LRFD) or JBC §1605.3 (ASD) apply OO and the redundancy factor ( ) is to be determined per ASCE 7 — §12.3.4.2 ... for nonbuilding structures similar to buildings assigned to SDC ~ D, E or F. 1-98 Steven T. Hiner, MS, SE