Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Kudryavtsev L D Kurs Matematicheskogo Analiza Tom 2 PDF
Kudryavtsev L D Kurs Matematicheskogo Analiza Tom 2 PDF
dÐÆÔÐÒÐÎÔÐÎÈËÊÍÄÄàÔÓÃÔÈÐÒËÃÒÃÇÐÆÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÄÍÞ
ÏÐÈËËÏÔÈÒÄÍÞÏÐÈËÓÙËÓÍÈÏËÃÖÕϱØËÌÎÏÐË×ÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÝ×
d ÍÄÆÈ ËÊÕÙÄàÔÓà ÙËÓÍÐÆÝÈ Ë ÖÕϱØËÐÏÄÍÞÏÝÈ ÒÃÇÝ
cÐÍÞÚÐÈÆÏËÎÄÏËÈÕÇÈÍÃÈÔÓÃÓÔÈÑÈÏÏÝÎÒÃÇÄÎËÎÈÔÐÇÄÎÒÄÊ
ÍÐÉÈÏËÃ Æ ÏË× ÖÕϱØËÌ fÄàÔÓà ÏÄÙÄÍÞÏÝÈ ÓÆÈÇÈÏËà ËÊ ÔÈ
ÐÒËËÄÓËÎÑÔÐÔËÙÈÓ±Ë×ÒÃÇÐÆÑÐÐÔÒËØÄÔÈÍÞÏÝÎÓÔÈÑÈÏÃÎÄÒÕ
ÎÈÏÔÄ jÊÕÙÄàÔÓà ÔıÉÈ ÅÈÓ±ÐÏÈÙÏÝÈ ÑÒÐËÊÆÈÇÈÏËÃ Ë ÏȱÐÔÐ
ÒÝÈË×ÑÒËÍÐÉÈÏËÃlÒÄÔ±ÐËÊÍÄÄÈÔÓÃÔÈÐÒËñÒÄÔÏÝ×ÒÃÇÐÆ
d ÍÄÆÈ ÒÄÓÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄÈÔÓà ÔÄ ÙÄÓÔÞ ÔÈÐÒËË ÖÕϱØËÌ ÎÏÐ
Ë×ÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÝ×±ÐÔÐÒÄÃÐÔÏÐÓËÔÓñË×ÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÄÍÞÏÝÎ
ÓÆÐÌÓÔÆÄÎeÍÄÆÄÏÄÙËÏÄÈÔÓÃÓËÊÕÙÈÏËÃÏȱÐÔÐÒÝ×ÆÐÑÒÐÓÐÆ
ÔÈÐÒÈÔ˱ÐÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÈÏÏÐÌ ÔÐÑÐÍÐËË ÎÏÐÐÎÈÒÏÝ× ÈƱÍËÇÐ
ÆÝ×ÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆpÓÐÅÐÈÆÏËÎÄÏËÈÕÇÈÍÈÏÐÓÆÐÌÓÔÆÄαÐÎÑı
ÔÐÆ fбÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÓÃ Æ ÙÄÓÔÏÐÓÔË ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÐÆÄÏËÈ ÙËÓÍÄ mÈÅÈÄ
Ë ÍÈÎÎÄ eÈÌÏȵcÐÒÈÍà РÆÝÇÈÍÈÏËË ±ÐÏÈÙÏÐÐ ÑбÒÝÔËà ËÊ
ÍàÅÐÐÑбÒÝÔËñÐÎÑıÔÄÐÔ±ÒÝÔÝÎËÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄÎË
pÅÛËÈÓÆÐÌÓÔÆÄÖÕϱØËÌÓÆÃÊÄÏÏÝÈÑÐÏÃÔËÃÎËÑÒÈÇÈÍÄË
ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÓÔËÒÄÓÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄàÔÓÃÓÒÄÊÕÇÍÃÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÌÎÏÐ
ÉÈÓÔÆ ËÊ QÎÈÒÏÐÐ ÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÄ Æ PÎÈÒÏÐÈ fбÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÓÃ
ÏÄÑÒËÎÈÒ ÙÔÐ ÐÅÒÄÊ ±ÐÎÑıÔÄ ÈÓÔÞ ÓÏÐÆÄ ±ÐÎÑÄ±Ô Ä ÔıÉÈ
ÙÔÐÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÈÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËȱÐÎÑıÔÄÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃËÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒ
ÏÐÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÝÎÄÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÈÆÊÄËÎÏÐÐÇÏÐÊÏÄÙÏÐÈÐÔÐÅÒÄ
ÉÈÏËÈ ±ÐÎÑıÔÄ ÑÒÈÇÓÔÄÆÍÃÈÔ ÓÐÅÐÌ ÐÎÈÐÎÐÒÖËÊÎ sÐÐÔÆÈÔ
ÓÔÆÕàÛËÈÓÆÐÌÓÔÆÄÖÕϱØËÌÎÏÐË×ÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÝ×ÑÐÍÕÙÄàÔÓÃ
ËÊ ÓÆÐÌÓÔÆ ÒÄÓÓÎÐÔÒÈÏÏÝ× ÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÌ ±Ä± ÙÄÓÔÏÝÌ ÓÍÕÙÄÌ
ÑÒËP
sÐÅÓÔÆÈÏÏÐ ÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÄÍÞÏÐÈ ËÓÙËÓÍÈÏËÈ ËÊÍÄÄÈÔÓÃ ÅÐÍÈÈ
ÔÒÄÇËØËÐÏÏÝÎ ÓÑÐÓÐÅÐÎ ÇÍà ÖÕϱØËÌ ÎÏÐË× ÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÝ×
ÑÒËÏËÎÄàÛË× ÙËÓÍÐÆÝÈ ÊÏÄÙÈÏËà ÆÆÐÇÃÔÓà ÑÐÏÃÔËà ÙÄÓÔÏÝ×
ÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇÏÝ×ËÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÄÍÐÆËÊÕÙÄàÔÓÃË×ÓÆÐÌÓÔÆÄÆÝÆÐ
ÇËÔÓÃÖÐÒÎÕÍÄtÈÌÍÐÒÄÓÐÓÔÄÔÐÙÏÝÎËÙÍÈÏÄÎËÆÖÐÒÎÈqÈÄÏÐË
dÐÆÔÐÒÐÎÔÐÎÈÏÕÎÈÒÄØËÃÍÄÆËÑÄÒÄÒÄÖÐÆÑÒÐÇÐÍÉÄÈÔÏÕÎÈÒÄ
ØËàÑÈÒÆÐÐÔÐÎÄ
mÄÒÄÏÉÄ ÕÓÔÄÏÄÆÍËÆÄàÔÓà ÏÈÐÅ×ÐÇËÎÝÈ Ë ÇÐÓÔÄÔÐÙÏÝÈ ÕÓÍÐ
ÆËÃÏÄÍËÙËÃÕÖÕϱØËËÍбÄÍÞÏÐÐß±ÓÔÒÈÎÕÎÄÆÇÄÏÏÐÌÔÐÙ±È
iÄÔÈÎ ÇбÄÊÝÆÄàÔÓà ÔÈÐÒÈÎÝ Ð ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÐÆÄÏËË ÏÈÃÆÏÝ× ÖÕϱ
ØËÌpÏËÑÒËÎÈÏÃàÔÓñÏÄ×ÐÉÇÈÏËàÏÈÐÅ×ÐÇËÎÝ×ËÇÐÓÔÄÔÐÙ
ÏÝ×ÕÓÍÐÆË̱ÐÔÐÒÝÎÕÇÐÆÍÈÔÆÐÒÃàÔÔÐÙ±ËÐÔÏÐÓËÔÈÍÞÏÐÐÍÐ
±ÄÍÞÏÐÐ ß±ÓÔÒÈÎÕÎÄ ÖÕϱØËÌ ÎÏÐË× ÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÝ× ± ËÓÓÍÈÇÐ
ÆÄÏËà ÆÐÑÒÐÓÄ Ð ÊÄÆËÓËÎÐÓÔË ÖÕϱØËÌ Ë ± ËÊÕÙÈÏËà ÓÆÐÌÓÔÆ
ÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÕÈÎÝ×ÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÌ
fÍÃ ÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÕÈÎÐÐ ÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÃ Ó ÏÈÒÄÆÏÝÎ ÏÕÍà
ñÐÅËÄÏÐÎ ËÊ ÐÇÏÐÐ ÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÄ Æ ÇÒÕÐÈ ÕÓÔÄÏÄÆÍËÆÄÈÔÓÃ
ÍбÄÍÞÏÝÌÇËÖÖÈÐÎÐÒÖËÊÎ˱ıÈÐÓÍÈÇÓÔÆËÈÇÄÈÔÓÃÑÒËÏ
ØËÑÓÐ×ÒÄÏÈÏËÃÐÅÍÄÓÔËÑÒËÒÄÓÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄÈÎÝ×ÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÃ×
eÍÄÆÄ ÑÐÓÆÃÛÈÏÄ ËÏÔÈÒÄÍÞÏÐÎÕ ËÓÙËÓÍÈÏËà ÖÕϱØËÌ
ÎÏÐË×ÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÝ×dÏÈÌÆÆÐÇËÔÓÃÑÐÏÃÔËȱÒÄÔÏÐÐËÏÔÈ
ÒÄÍÄ rËÎÄÏÄ ÕÓÔÄÏÄÆÍËÆÄàÔÓÃ ÒÄÊÍËÙÏÝÈ ±ÒËÔÈÒËË ÈÐ ÓÕ
ÛÈÓÔÆÐÆÄÏËÃ ÑÒËÆÐÇÃÔÓÃ ÖÐÒÎÕÍÄ ÓÆÈÇÈÏËÃ ±ÒÄÔÏÐÐ ËÏÔÈ
ÒÄÍıÑÐÆÔÐÒÏÐÎÕËÖÐÒÎÕÍÄÊÄÎÈÏÝÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÐÐƱÒÄÔÏÐÎ
ËÏÔÈÒÄÍÈÇÍÃÆÊÄËÎÏÐÐÇÏÐÊÏÄÙÏÝ×ÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÕÈÎÝ×ÐÔÐ
ÅÒÄÉÈÏËÌËÊÎÈÒËÎÝ×ÑÐhÐÒÇÄÏÕÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆ
pÑÒÈÇÈÍÃÈÔÓà ÔıÉÈ ÏÈÓÐÅÓÔÆÈÏÏÝÌ ËÏÔÈÒÄÍ Ë ÇбÄÊÝÆÄ
ÈÔÓÃÙÔÐÑÒËÆÆÈÇÈÏÏÐÎÈÐÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËËÑÐÏÃÔËÃÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔË
ËÄÅÓÐÍàÔÏÐÌÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔËÏÈÓÐÅÓÔÆÈÏÏÐбÒÄÔÏÐÐËÏÔÈÒÄÍÄ
ÒÄÆÏÐÓËÍÞÏÝ iÄÔÈÎ ÒÄÓÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄàÔÓÃ ÑÐÏÃÔËÃ ±ÒËÆÐÍËÏÈÌ
ÏÝ×ËÏÔÈÒÄÍÐÆÑÈÒÆÐÐËÆÔÐÒÐÐÒÐÇÄ
d ßÔÐÌ ÉÈ ÍÄÆÈ ÇÄàÔÓà ±ÒÄÔ±ËÈ ÓÆÈÇÈÏËà РÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØË
ÄÍÞÏÐÌÈÐÎÈÔÒËËÇÆÕÎÈÒÏÐÌÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔËÓÆÃÊÄÏÏÝÈÓÈÈÑÈÒ
ÆÐÌËÆÔÐÒÐ̱ÆÄÇÒÄÔËÙÏÐÌÖÐÒÎÐÌdÆÐÇËÔÓÃÑÐÏÃÔËÈÑÍÐÛÄ
ÇËÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË
fÄÍÈÈËÊÕÙÄàÔÓÃÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÏÝÈËÏÔÈÒÄÍÝÑÈÒÆÐÐËÆÔÐ
ÒÐÐ ÒÐÇÄ ÇбÄÊÝÆÄàÔÓà ÔÈÐÒÈÎÝ eÄÕÓÓĵpÓÔÒÐÒÄÇÓ±ÐÐ Ë
sÔбÓÄqÐÓÔÒÐÈÏÏÄÃÔÈÐÒËÃÑÒËÎÈÏÃÈÔÓñËÊÕÙÈÏËàÆȱÔÐÒ
ÏÝ× ÑÐÍÈÌ Æ ÙÄÓÔÏÐÓÔË ÕÓÔÄÏÄÆÍËÆÄàÔÓà ±ÒËÔÈÒËË Ë× ÓÐÍÈ
ÏÐËÇÄÍÞÏÐÓÔËËÑÐÔÈÏØËÄÍÞÏÐÓÔË
iıÄÏÙËÆÄÈÔÓà ÑÃÔÄà ÍÄÆÄ ËÊÍÐÉÈÏËÈÎ ÔÈÐÒËË ÓÐÅÓÔÆÈÏ
ÏÝ× Ë ÏÈÓÐÅÓÔÆÈÏÏÝ× ËÏÔÈÒÄÍÐÆ ÊÄÆËÓÃÛË× ÐÔ ÑÄÒÄÎÈÔÒÄ
ÔÈÐÒËËÄÓËÎÑÔÐÔËÙÈÓ±Ë×ÒÃÇÐÆÐÅÛÈÐÆËÇÄËË×ÑÒËÍÐÉÈÏËÃ
ÎË ÏÄÑÒËÎÈÒ ÇÍà ÕÓÔÄÏÐÆÍÈÏËà ÄÓËÎÑÔÐÔËÙÈÓ±Ë× ÖÐÒÎÕÍ
ÇÍÃÑÐÍÏÐÌËÏÈÑÐÍÏÐÌÄÎÎÄÖÕϱØËËÌÍÈÒÄ
¥ÍÂÄÂ
²áÆÝ
¹ÊÓÍÐÄÝÇÒáÆÝ
°ÑÒÇÆÇÍÇÏÊÇÒáÆÂÊÇÅÐÓ×ÐÆÊÎÐÓÔÞ
dÏÄÓÔÐÃÛÈÎÑÄÒÄÒÄÖÈÑÐÏÃÔËÈÓÕÎÎÝÐÅÐÅÛÄÈÔÓÃÏÄÏȱÐÔÐ
ÒÝÈ ÓÍÕÙÄË ÅÈÓ±ÐÏÈÙÏÐÐ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ ÓÍÄÄÈÎÝ× Ë ËÊÕÙÄàÔÓÃ
ÓÆÐÌÓÔÆÄ ÔıË× ÐÅÐÅÛÈÏÏÝ× ÓÕÎÎ nÏÐËÈ ËÊ ÒÄÓÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄÈ
ÎÝ× ÏËÉÈ ÆÐÑÒÐÓÐÆ ÓÑÒÄÆÈÇÍËÆÝ ÏÈ ÔÐÍޱРÇÍà ÇÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞ
ÏÝ×ÙËÓÈÍÏÐËÇÍñÐÎÑÍȱÓÏÝ×qÐßÔÐÎÕÆÐÔÍËÙËÈÐÔÑÒÈ
ÇÝÇÕÛÈÐ Æ ÏÄÓÔÐÃÛÈÌ ÍÄÆÈ ÅÕÇÈÎ ÆÈÓÔË ÒÄÓÓÎÐÔÒÈÏËÈ Æ
±ÐÎÑÍȱÓÏÐÌÐÅÍÄÓÔË
bÏÄÍËÔËÙÈÓ±ÐÈÆÝÒÄÉÈÏËÈËÎÈàÛÈÈÖÐÒÎÄÍÞÏÐÆËÇÓÕÎ
ÎÝ ÓÐÇÈÒÉÄÛÈÌ ÅÈÓ±ÐÏÈÙÏÐ ÎÏÐÐ ÓÍÄÄÈÎÝ× ÏÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÓÃ
ÆÉÔ²ÑÐÉÚÐÞÏ ÓÄÈÑÏ ËÍË ±ÐÒÐÙÈ ÓÄÈÑÏ fÄÇËÎ ÓÔÒÐÐÈ ÐÑÒÈ
ÇÈÍÈÏËÈÒÃÇÄËÈÐÓÕÎÎÝ
°ÑÒÇÆÇÍÇÏÊÇ qÖÔÕßËÅÈÅÐÅÒÑÔÎÉÈÑÇÅÕÉÎßÐÑÔÕß²ÑÏÒÎɲÔ
ÐÞØÚÌÔÉÎXQQ sÑÔÕÅÇÌÏÐÑÇÖáÒÑÔÎÉÈÑÇÅÕÉÎß
ÐÑÔÕßÚÌÔÉÎVQQ ÔÎÉÈÖáÜÌÏÑÆÓÅËÑÏ
V X
V XX
V XXX
VQ XXXQ
qÅÓÅÒÑÔÎÉÈÑÇÅÕÉÎßÐÑÔÕÉÍ^XQ`Ì^VQ`ÐÅËÞÇÅÉÕÔÄÚÌÔÎÑ
ÇÞÏÓÄÈÑÏÒÑÈÓÑÆÐÉÉÚÌÔÎÑÇÞÏÓÄÈÑÏÔÑÆÜÌÏÚÎÉÐÑÏXQÌ
ÑÆÑËÐÅÚÅÉÕÔÄÚÉÓÉË
XXXQ
ÌÎÌ
Q
∑ XQ
ÎÉÏÉÐÕÞÌÔØÑÈÐÑÍÒÑÔÎÉÈÑÇÅÕÉÎßÐÑÔÕÌ^XQ`ÐÅËÞÇÅáÕ
ÔÄ ÚÎÉÐÅÏÌ ÓÄÈÅ Å àÎÉÏÉÐÕÞ ÒÑÔÎÉÈÑÇÅÕÉÎßÐÑÔÕÌ
^VQ` ¶ÚÅÔÕÌÚÐÞÏÌÔÖÏÏÅÏÌàÕÑÑÓÄÈÅÒÓÌàÕÑÏXQÐÅËÞ
ÇÅÉÕÔÄQÏÚÎÉÐÑÏÓÄÈÅŲÑÐÉÚÐÅÄÔÖÏÏÅVQ ¶QÍÚÅÔÕÌÚ
ÐÑÍÔÖÏÏÑÍÓÄÈÅQ
gÔÎÌ ÒÑÔÎÉÈÑÇÅÕÉÎßÐÑÔÕß ÚÅÔÕÌÚÐÞØ ÔÖÏÏ ÓÄÈÅ
ÔØÑÈÌÕÔÄÕÑÑÐÐÅËÞÇÅÉÕÔÄÔØÑÈÄÜÌÏÔÄÓÄÈÑÏÅÉÔÎÌÑÐÅ
ÓÅÔØÑÈÌÕÔÄÕÑÓÅÔØÑÈÄÜÌÏÔÄ
°ÑÒÇÆÇÍÇÏÊÇ rÄÈÚÎÉÐÅÏ̲ÑÕÑÓÑÑÄÇÎÄáÕÔÄÚÎÉÐÞÓÄÈÅ
ÐÅÚÌÐÅÄÔQÑÇËÄÕÞÉÇÕÑÏÊÉÒÑÓÄȲÉÚÕÑÌÇ
ÌÔØÑÈÐÑÏÓÄÈÉÐÅËÞÇÅÉÕÔÄQÏÑÔÕÅÕ²ÑÏÓÄÈÅÌÑÆÑ
ËÐÅÚÅÉÕÔÄÚÉÓÉË
N
∑
Q
XN ÌÎÌ XQXQ
tıËÎÐÅÒÄÊÐÎÎÝÅÕÇÈÎÕÑÐÔÒÈÅÍÃÔÞÐÇËÏËÔÐÔÉÈÓËÎ
ÆÐÍ ∑ XQ ±Ä± ÇÍà ÐÅÐÊÏÄÙÈÏËà ÓÄÎÐÐ ÒÃÇÄ Ôı Ë ÇÍÃ
Q
ÐÅÐÊÏÄÙÈÏËÃÈÐÓÕÎÎÝÈÓÍËÐÏÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃ
gÓÍË OLP VQ ËÍË OLP VQ ËÍË OLP VQ ´ÔÐÓÐ
Q→ Q→ Q→
ÐÔÆÈÔÓÔÆÈÏÏÐÑËÚÕÔ
∑ XQ
Q
∑ XQ ËÍË
Q
∑ XQ ´
Q
jÔı±ÄÉÇÝÌÒÃÇÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃÑÄÒÐÌÇÆÕ×ÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓ
ÔÈÌÔıË×ÙÔÐÑÈÒÆÄÃÎÐÉÈÔÅÝÔÞÆÊÃÔÄÑÒÐËÊÆÐÍÞÏÐÌÑÐÓÍÈ
ÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞ ÙÍÈÏÐÆ ÒÃÇÄ Ä ÆÔÐÒÄÃ ÓÐÓÔÄÆÍÈÏÄ ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏ
ÏÝÎ ÐÅÒÄÊÐÎ ËÊ ÙÍÈÏÐÆ ÑÈÒÆÐÌ ÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞ ÙÄÓÔËÙ
ÏÝ×ÓÕÎÎÙÍÈÏÐÆÒÃÇÄpÇÏıÐÒÃÇÐÇÏÐÊÏÄÙÏÐÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÃÈÔÓÃ
±ÄÉÇÐÌËÊßÔË×ÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÈÌfÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÐÈÓÍËÊÄ
ÇÄÏÄÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞÙÍÈÏÐÆXQÒÃÇÄÔÐÙÍÈÏÝÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄ
ÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔËÈÐÙÄÓÔËÙÏÝ×ÓÕÎÎÏÄ×ÐÇÃÔÓÃÓÐÍÄÓÏÐÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈ
ÏËàÑÐÖÐÒÎÕÍÄÎVQ XX XQQ gÓÍË
ÉÈ ÊÄÇÄÏÄ ÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞ ^VQ` ÙÄÓÔËÙÏÝ× ÓÕÎÎ ÒÃÇÄ ÔÐ
ÈÐÙÍÈÏÝÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÃàÔÓÃÑÐÖÐÒÎÕÍÄÎX VXQ VQ´VQ´
Q pÔÓàÇÄ ÓÍÈÇÕÈÔ ÙÔÐ ÇÍà ÆÓñÐÌ ÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞ
ÏÐÓÔËÆÓÈÇÄÎÐÉÏÐÏÄÌÔËÔıÐÌÒÃÇÙÔÐÐÏÄÅÕÇÈÔÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄ
ÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞàÈÐÙÄÓÔËÙÏÝ×ÓÕÎÎ
dÓÄÎÐÎÇÈÍÈÑÕÓÔÞÇÄÏÄÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞ±ÐÎÑÍȱÓÏÝ×
ÙËÓÈÍ^]Q`qÐÍÐÉËÎ
X ]X ]´]XQ ]Q´]Q´
ËÒÄÓÓÎÐÔÒËÎÒÃÇ
XXXQ
tÐÇÄÇÍÃÈÐÙÄÓÔËÙÏÝ×ÓÕÎÎËÎÈÈÎ
VQ XXXQ
]]´]]´]]Q´]Q´ ]Q
ÔÐÐÊÏÄÙÄÈÔÙÔÐÒÄÓÓÎÐÔÒÈÏËÈÒÃÇÐÆß±ÆËÆÄÍÈÏÔÏÐÒÄÓÓÎÐÔÒÈ
ÏËàÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÈÌdÓñËÌÆÐÑÒÐÓÓÖÐÒÎÕÍËÒÐÆÄÏÏÝÌ
Æ ÔÈÒÎËÏÄ× ÒÃÇÐÆ ÎÐÉÏÐ ÑÈÒÈÖÒÄÊËÒÐÆÄÔÞ Æ ÆÐÑÒÐÓ ÓÖÐÒÎÕ
ÍËÒÐÆÄÏÏÝÌÆÔÈÒÎËÏÄ×ÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÈÌËÏÄÐÅÐÒÐÔoÄ
ÑÒËÎÈÒÊÄÇÄÙÄËÊÕÙÈÏËÃÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔËÒÃÇÐÆÒÄÆÏÐÓËÍÞÏÄÊÄÇÄ
ÙÈËÊÕÙÈÏËÃÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔËÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÈÌ
qÐÇÙÈÒ±ÏÈÎÙÔÐÆÓàÇÕÇÈÏÈÐÐÆÐÒÈÏÐÑÒÐÔËÆÏÐÈÙÍÈÏÝ
ÒÄÓÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄÈÎÝ×ÒÃÇÐÆÑÐÇÒÄÊÕÎÈÆÄàÔÓñÐÎÑÍȱÓÏÝÎË
gÓÍËQÌÐÓÔÄÔбÒÃÇÄÓÎÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËÈ Ó×ÐÇËÔÓÃ
ÔÐÈÐÓÕÎÎÕÅÕÇÈÎÐÅÐÊÏÄÙÄÔÞÙÈÒÈÊUQ
UQ ∑ XN
N Q
ËÏÄÊÝÆÄÔÞÇÍñÒÄÔ±ÐÓÔËÑÒÐÓÔÐÑÔÕÅÕ²ÑÏÓÄÈÅ
dÓñÕàÓÕÎÎÕ±ÐÏÈÙÏÐÐÙËÓÍÄÓÍÄÄÈÎÝ×
V Q XXX Q
ÎÐÉÏÐÒÄÓÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄÔޱıÒÃÇÇÐÅÄÆËƱÏÈÌÙÍÈÏÝ
XQ X Q
sÕÎÎÄÑÐÍÕÙËÆÚÈÐÓÃÒÃÇÄÐÙÈÆËÇÏÐÓÐÆÑÄÇÄÈÔÓÊÄÇÄÏÏÐÌÓÕÎ
ÎÐÌÔı±Ä±ÑÒËÆÓÈ×QOQÈÐÙÄÓÔËÙÏÝÈÓÕÎÎÝÒÄÆÏÝV Q
gÓÍË ÊÄÒÄÏÈÈ ÏÈËÊÆÈÓÔÏÐ ÓÐÇÈÒÉËÔ ÓÕÎÎÄ ±ÐÏÈÙÏÐÈ ËÍË
ÅÈÓ±ÐÏÈÙÏÐÈÙËÓÍÐÓÍÄÄÈÎÝ×ÔÐËÏÐÇÄÕÇÐÅÏÐÆÐÅÐË×ÓÍÕÙÄ
Ã× ÏÄÊÝÆÄÔÞ ÈÈ ÒÃÇÐÎ ÓÙËÔÄà ÙÔÐ ±ÐÏÈÙÏÄà ÓÕÎÎÄ ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃ
ÒÃÇÐÎÆÕ±ÄÊÄÏÏÐÎÆÝÚÈÓÎÝÓÍÈ
pÔÎÈÔËÎÐÇÏÐÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÈÏÏÐÈÓÆÐÌÓÔÆÐÓ×ÐÇÃÛË×ÓÃÒÃÇÐÆ
´ § ° ² § ® ¢ ÏÇÐÃ×ÐÆÊÎÐÇ ÕÓÍÐÄÊÇ Ó×ÐÆÊÎÐÓÔÊ ÒáÆ gÔÎÌ
ÓÄÈÔØÑÈÌÕÔÄÕÑ
OLP X
Q→ Q
¦ Ð Ì Â É Â Ô Ç Í Þ Ó Ô Ä Ð gÓÍË ÒÃÇ Ó×ÐÇËÔÓà ÔÐ ÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄ
ÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔË ÈÐ ÙÄÓÔËÙÏÝ× ÓÕÎÎ VQ Q Ë VQ ´ Q
ÐÙÈÆËÇÏÐ ËÎÈàÔ ÐÇËÏ Ë ÔÐÔ ÉÈ ÑÒÈÇÈÍ ÒÄÆÏÝÌ ÓÕÎÎÈ V
ßÔÐÐÒÃÇÄqÐßÔÐÎÕÊÄÎÈÙÄÃÙÔÐXQ VQ´VQ´Q
ËÎÈÈÎ
OLP XQ OLP VQ´VQ´ OLP VQ´ OLP VQ´
Q→ Q→ Q→ Q→
sÑÐÎÐÛÞàÔÈÐÒÈÎÝ ËÏÐÇÄÕÇÄÈÔÓÃÕÓÔÄÏÐÆËÔÞÒÄÓ×ÐÇË
ÎÐÓÔÞÒÄÓÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄÈÎÐÐÒÃÇÄÉÔÎÌÈÎÄÈÅÐÐÑÑÓÄÈÅÖÔÎÑÇÌÉ
ÐÉÇÞÒÑÎÐÄÉÕÔÄÕÑÑÐÓÅÔØÑÈÌÕÔÄ
± Ò Ê Î Ç Ò Ý qÕÓÔÞ T µ ±ÐÎÑÍȱÓÏÐÈ ÙËÓÍÐ Ë _T_
tÐÇÄ ÒÃÇ T T T TQ Ó ÙÍÈÏÄÎË XQ TQ
Q ÐÅÒÄÊÕàÛËÎË ÆÉÔ²ÑÐÉÚÐÖá ÖÆÞÇÅáÜÖá ÉÑ
ÏÉÕÓÌÚÉÔ²ÖáÒÓÑÓÉÔÔÌáÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃ
fÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÐ
Q Q
VQ TTTQ
µT T
´
µT µT µT
TQ
ËÔı±Ä± OLP ÔÐ
Q→ µ T
OLP VQ
Q→ µT
rÃÇÙÍÈÏݱÐÔÐÒÐÐÐÅÒÄÊÕàÔÈÐÎÈÔÒËÙÈÓ±ÕàÑÒÐÒÈÓ
ÓËàTTTTQÑÒË_T_OÒÄÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃÔı
±Ä±ÈÐÐÅÛËÌÙÍÈÏXQ TQÏÈÓÔÒÈÎËÔÓñÏÕÍà_XQ_ _T_QO
rÃÇ´´ ´QÓÙÍÈÏÄÎËXQ ´Q
Q ÒÄÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃ
dÓÄÎÐÎÇÈÍÈÆßÔÐÎÓÍÕÙÄÈ
V N N V N N
ÑÐßÔÐÎÕ ÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞ ÙÄÓÔËÙÏÝ× ÓÕÎÎ ^VQ` ÏÈ ËÎÈÈÔ
ÑÒÈÇÈÍÄ
rÄÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔÞ ÒÄÓÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄÈÎÐÐ ÒÃÇÄ ÓÍÈÇÕÈÔ ±ÐÏÈÙÏÐ Ë
ËÊÔÐÐÙÔÐÆÓÈÈÐÙÍÈÏÝÑÐÄÅÓÐÍàÔÏÐÌÆÈÍËÙËÏÈÒÄÆÏÝÈÇË
ÏËØÈ Ë ÑÐßÔÐÎÕ ÏÈ ÆÝÑÐÍÏÃÈÔÓà ÏÈÐÅ×ÐÇËÎÐÈ ÕÓÍÐÆËÈ
Ó×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔËÒÃÇÄ
³ÄÐËÓÔÄÂÓ×ÐÆáÛÊ×ÓáÒáÆÐÄ
´ § ° ² § ® ¢ qÖÔÕßF µ²ÑÏÒÎɲÔÐÑÉÚÌÔÎÑgÔÎÌÓÄÈ ∑ XQ
Q
XQ∈ & ÔØÑÈÌÕÔÄ ÕÑ ÓÄÈ ∑ FXQ ÐÅËÞÇÅÉÏÞÍ ÒÓÑÌËÇÉÈÉÐÌÉÏ
Q
ÈÅÐÐÑÑÓÄÈÅÐÅÚÌÔÎÑFÕŲÊÉÔØÑÈÌÕÔÄÌ
∑ FXQ F Q∑ XQ
Q
ÔÐÇÄ σQ VQ V Q′ Ë Ôı ±Ä± OLP VQ Ë OLP V Q′ ÑÐ ÕÓÍÐÆËà ÓÕ
Q→ Q→
ÛÈÓÔÆÕàÔÔÐ OLP σQÔıÉÈÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔË
Q→
Q Q
± Ò Ê Î Ç Ò oÄÌÇÈÎÓÕÎÎÕÒÃÇÄ ÓÆÈÇà Èб ÓÕÎ
∑
Q Q
ÎÄÎÙÍÈÏÐÆÅÈÓ±ÐÏÈÙÏÐÕÅÝÆÄàÛË×ÈÐÎÈÔÒËÙÈÓ±Ë×ÑÒÐÒÈÓÓËÌ
Q Q
∑ Q Q ∑ Q ∑ Q
∑
Q Q Q Q Q
µ
µ
´ § ° ² § ® ¢ gÔÎÌ ÓÄÈ ÔØÑÈÌÕÔÄ ÕÑ ÎáÆÑÍ ÉÑ ÑÔÕÅÕѲ
ÔØÑÈÌÕÔÄ gÔÎÌ ²Å²ÑÍÎÌÆÑ ÑÔÕÅÕѲ ÓÄÈÅ ÔØÑÈÌÕÔÄ
ÕÑÌÔÅÏÓÄÈÕŲÊÉÔØÑÈÌÕÔÄqÓÌàÕÑÏÉÔÎÌ
P
V ∑ XN VP ∑ XN UP ∑ XN
N N N P
ÕÑ
V VPUPP
¦ Ð Ì Â É Â Ô Ç Í Þ Ó Ô Ä Ð qÕÓÔÞVQ XXXQQ µ
ÙÄÓÔËÙÏÝÈÓÕÎÎÝÒÃÇÄ ∑ XQÄ
Q
V N( P ) XPXPNN µ
ÙÄÓÔËÙÏÝÈÓÕÎÎÝÈÐPÐÐÓÔÄÔ±Ä
XPXPXPN
pÙÈÆËÇÏÐÙÔÐÑÒËQ!PËÎÈÈÎ
VQ VPV N( P ) Q PN
ÐÔ±ÕÇÄ ÑÒË ÑÒÐËÊÆÐÍÞÏÐ Ö˱ÓËÒÐÆÄÏÏÐÎ P ÓÍÈÇÕÈÔ ÙÔÐ ÑÒÈ
ÇÈÍ OLP VQÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔÔÐÇÄËÔÐÍÞ±ÐÔÐÇıÐÇÄÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔ
Q→
ÑÒÈÇÈÍ OLP V N( P )
N→
jÏÄÙÈ ÐÆÐÒà ÒÃÇ Ó×ÐÇËÔÓà ÔÐÇÄ Ë ÔÐÍޱРÔÐÇÄ ±ÐÇÄ
Ó×ÐÇËÔÓÃÏȱÐÔÐÒÝÌÈÐÐÓÔÄÔбUP OLP V N( P )qÐÓ±ÐÍÞ±ÕÏÄ
N→
ÔÕÒÄÍÞÏÐÈÙËÓÍÐPÅÝÍÐÑÒÐËÊÆÐÍÞÏÝÎÑÈÒÆÄÃÙÄÓÔÞÔÈÐÒÈÎÝ
ÇбÄÊÄÏÄ
oıÐÏÈØÑÈÒÈ×ÐÇñÑÒÈÇÈÍÕÆÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÈÑÒËN{
ËÖ˱ÓËÒÐÆÄÏÏÐÎPËÎÈÈÎV VPUPÔı±Ä±Q PN{
ÑÒËN{Ä OLP VQ V OLP V N( P ) UP
Q→ N→
jÊ ßÔÐÌ ÔÈÐÒÈÎÝ ÓÍÈÇÕÈÔ ÙÔÐ ÐÔÅÒÄÓÝÆÄÏËÈ ËÍË ÇÐÅÄÆÍÈ
ÏËȱÐÏÈÙÏÐÐÙËÓÍÄÙÍÈÏÐƱÇÄÏÏÐÎÕÒÃÇÕÏÈÆÍËÃÈÔÏÄÈÐ
Ó×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔÞ
jÊ ÖÐÒÎÕÍÝ V VP UP ÐÙÈÆËÇÏÐ ÓÍÈÇÕÈÔ ÙÔÐ ÈÓÍË ÒÃÇ
Ó×ÐÇËÔÓÃÔÐÈÐÐÓÔÄÔбÓÔÒÈÎËÔÓñÏÕÍà
OLP U OLP V´VP
P→ P P→
pÔÎÈÔËÎÙÔÐÓÄÎÐÓÐÅÐÌÒÄÊÕÎÈÈÔÓÃÙÔÐÕÓÍÐÆËÈÏÈÍÞ
Êà ÑÒËÏÃÔÞ Æ ±ÄÙÈÓÔÆÈ ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËà Ó×ÐÇÃÛÈÐÓà ÒÃÇÄ Ôı ±Ä±
ÐÓÔÄÔбÒÃÇÄÓÄÎÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃÒÃÇÐÎËÐÆÐÒËÔÞÐÈÐÓÔÒÈÎÍÈÏË˱
ÏÕÍàÎÐÉÏÐÍËÚÞÕÉÈÊÏÄÃÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËÈÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔËÒÃÇÄ
¬ÒÊÔÇÒÊˬÐÚÊÓ×ÐÆÊÎÐÓÔÊÒáÆÂ
lÒËÔÈÒËÌlÐÚËÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔËÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÈÌÎÐÉÈÔÅÝÔÞ
ÍȱРÑÈÒÈÖÒÄÊËÒÐÆÄÏ ÑÒËÎÈÏËÔÈÍÞÏÐ ± ÒÃÇÄÎ fÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞ
ÏбıËÊÆÈÓÔÏÐÓÎÑ ËÇÍÃÔÐÐÙÔÐÅÝÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄ
ÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞ ±ÐÎÑÍȱÓÏÝ× ÙËÓÈÍ ^VQ` ÅÝÍÄ Ó×ÐÇÃÛÈÌÓà ÏÈÐÅ×Ð
ÇËÎÐËÇÐÓÔÄÔÐÙÏÐÙÔÐÅÝÇÍñÄÉÇÐÐε!ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÐÆÄÍÔÄ
±ÐÌ ÏÐÎÈÒ Qε ÙÔÐ ÇÍà ÍàÅÝ× ÏÐÎÈÒÐÆ Q ! Qε Q Ë
ÍàÅÝ×ØÈÍÝ×SOÆÝÑÐÍÏÃÍÐÓÞÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐ
_VQS´VQ´_ε
fÍÃÕÇÐÅÓÔÆÄËÓÑÐÍÞÊÐÆÄÏËÃßÔÐбÒËÔÈÒËÃÆÓÍÕÙÄÈÒÃÇÐÆ
ÎÝÑËÚÈÎÊÇÈÓÞÒÄÊÏÐÓÔÞVQS´VQ´ÆÎÈÓÔÐÒÄÊÏÐÓÔËVQS´VQ
±ÐÔÐÒÕà ÑËÓÄÍË ÒÄÏÞÚÈ Æ Ñ ÔÐ ±ÐÏÈÙÏÐ ÏÈ ÆÍËÃÈÔ ÏÄ
ÓÕÔÞ ÇÈÍÄ qÒË ßÔÐÎ ÑÐÓ±ÐÍÞ±Õ ÓÕÎÎÄ V ÏÈ ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏÄ ÎÝ
ÆÓÈÇÄÅÕÇÈÎÓÙËÔÄÔÞÑÐÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËàÙÔÐV
gÓÍË ÔÈÑÈÒÞ ÑÐÇ ^VQ` ÑÐÇÒÄÊÕÎÈÆÄÔÞ ÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞ
ÙÄÓÔËÙÏÝ×ÓÕÎÎÒÃÇÄÔÐ
VQS´VQ´ XQXQXQS
Ë ÓÖÐÒÎÕÍËÒÐÆÄÏÏÝÌ Æ ßÔË× ÐÅÐÊÏÄÙÈÏËÃ× ±ÒËÔÈÒËÌ ÑÒËÏË
ÎÄÈÔÓÍÈÇÕàÛËÌÆËÇ
´ § ° ² § ® ¢ ÌÒÊÔÇÒÊˬÐÚÊ fÎÄÕÑÑÚÕÑÆÞÓÄÈ ∑ XQÔØÑ
Q
ÈÌÎÔÄ ÐÉÑÆØÑÈÌÏÑ Ì ÈÑÔÕÅÕÑÚÐÑ ÚÕÑÆÞ ÈÎÄ ÎáÆÑÑ ε !
ÔÖÜÉÔÕÇÑÇÅÎ ÕŲÑÍ ÐÑÏÉÓ QεÚÕÑ ÒÓÌ ÎáÆÑÏ Q!QεÌ ÎáÆÑÏ
ÙÉÎÑÏSOÇÞÒÑÎÐÄÎÑÔßÐÉÓÅÇÉÐÔÕÇÑ
_XQXQXQS_ε
jÊ ±ÒËÔÈÒËà lÐÚË Ó×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔË ÒÃÇÄ ÍȱРÎÐÉÏÐ ÑÐÍÕ
ÙËÔÞÓÏÐÆÄÏÈÐÅ×ÐÇËÎÐÈÕÓÍÐÆËÈÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔËÒÃÇÄfÈÌ
ÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÐ Æ ßÔÐÎ ÓÍÕÙÄÈ ÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐ ÆÝÑÐÍÏÃÈÔÓÃ
ÇÍÃÍàÅÐÐSOËÆÙÄÓÔÏÐÓÔËÇÍÃS qÐßÔÐÎÕÇÍÃÆÓÈ×
Q!QεËÎÈÈÎ_XQ_εÄßÔÐÆÓËÍÕÑÒÐËÊÆÐÍÞÏÐÓÔËε!ËÐÊÏÄ
ÙÄÈÔÙÔÐ OLP XQ
Q→
sÆÐÌÓÔÆÐÐÊÏÄÙÄÈÔÙÔЬÑÆÜÌÍÚÎÉÐÔØÑÈÄÜÉÑÔÄÓÄ
ÈÅÔÕÓÉÏÌÕÔIJÐÖÎá
± Ò Ê Î Ç Ò rÄÓÓÎÐÔÒËÎÅÓÏÑÐÌÚÉÔ²ÌÍÓÄÈ
²áÆÝÓÏÇÐÔÒÊØÂÔÇÍÞÏÝÎÊÙÍÇÏÂÎÊ
d ßÔÐÎ ÑÕϱÔÈ ÒÄÓÓÎÐÔÒËÎ ÒÃÇÝ ÆÓÈ ÙÍÈÏÝ ±ÐÔÐÒÝ× µ ÏÈÐÔ
ÒËØÄÔÈÍÞÏÝÈÇÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÝÈÙËÓÍÄ
§ ® ® ¢ qÖÔÕßÇÔÉÚÎÉÐÞÓÄÈÅÐÉÑÕÓÌÙÅÕÉÎßÐÞ
XQOQ
fÎÄ ÕÑÑ ÚÕÑÆÞ àÕÑÕ ÓÄÈ ÔØÑÈÌÎÔÄ ÐÉÑÆØÑÈÌÏÑ Ì ÈÑÔÕÅ
ÕÑÚÐÑÚÕÑÆÞÔÖÜÉÔÕÇÑÇÅÎÅØÑÕÄÆÞÑÈÐÅÔØÑÈÄÜÅÄÔÄÒÑÈ
ÒÑÔÎÉÈÑÇÅÕÉÎßÐÑÔÕß ÒÑÔÎÉÈÑÇÅÕÉÎßÐÑÔÕÌ ÉÑ ÚÅÔÕÌÚÐÞØ
ÔÖÏÏ
fÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÐËÊÕÓÍÐÆËÃÓÍÈÇÕÈÔÙÔÐ
Q
VQ ∑ XN VQXQOVQ
N
Ô ÈÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞÙÄÓÔËÙÏÝ×ÓÕÎÎ^VQ`ÒÄÓÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄÈÎÐ
Ð ÒÃÇÄ ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃ ÆÐÊÒÄÓÔÄàÛÈÌ nÐÏÐÔÐÏÏÄÃ ÉÈ ÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄ
ÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃÆÔÐÎËÔÐÍÞ±ÐÆÔÐÎÓÍÕÙÄȱÐÇÄÓ×ÐÇËÔ
ÓÃ×ÐÔÃÅÝÐÇÏÄÈÈÑÐÇÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞÓÎÊÄÎÈÙÄÏËÈÑÐÓ
ÍÈÔÈÐÒÈÎÝ ÆÑ
§ ® ® ¢ fÎÄ ÕÑÑ ÚÕÑÆÞ ÓÄÈÔ ÐÉÑÕÓÌÙÅÕÉÎßÐÞÏÌ
ÚÎÉÐÅÏÌ ÔØÑÈÌÎÔÄ ÐÉÑÆØÑÈÌÏÑ ÚÕÑÆÞ ÒÑÔÎÉÈÑÇÅÕÉÎßÐÑÔÕß
ÉÑÚÅÔÕÌÚÐÞØÔÖÏÏÆÞÎÅÑÓÅÐÌÚÉÐÐÑÍÔÇÉÓØÖÌÈÑÔÕÅÕÑÚ
ÐÑÚÕÑÆÞÆÞÎÅÑÓÅÐÌÚÉÐÐÑÍÔÇÉÓØÖØÑÕÄÆÞÑÈÐÅÒÑÈÒÑÔÎÉ
ÈÑÇÅÕÉÎßÐÑÔÕß{ V Q }ÒÑÔÎÉÈÑÇÅÕÉÎßÐÑÔÕÌ^VQ`ÉÑÚÅÔÕÌÚÐÞØ
N
ÔÖÏÏÒÓÌÚÉÏÉÔÎÌ
V VXS{ V Q }
N N
ÕÑVÄÇÎÄÉÕÔÄÔÖÏÏÑÍÓÄÈÅ
dÓÄÎÐÎÇÈÍÈÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔÞÒÃÇÄÐÊÏÄÙÄÈÔÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔÞÑÐÓÍÈ
ÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔËÈÐÙÄÓÔËÙÏÝ×ÓÕÎÎÄÆÓñÄÃÓ×ÐÇÃÛÄÃÓÃÑÐ
ÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞÐÒÄÏËÙÈÏÄÆÙÄÓÔÏÐÓÔËÐÒÄÏËÙÈÏÄÓÆÈÒ×Õ
tıËÎ ÐÅÒÄÊÐÎ ÑÈÒÆÄà ÙÄÓÔÞ ÍÈÎÎÝ ÓÑÒÄÆÈÇÍËÆÄ Ë ÅÈÊ ÑÒÈÇ
ÑÐÍÐÉÈÏËÃÏÈÐÔÒËØÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔËÙÍÈÏÐÆÒÃÇÄ
pÇÏıÐÆÐÅÛÈÎÓÍÕÙÄÈÕÓÍÐÆËÈÐÒÄÏËÙÈÏÏÐÓÔËÇÄÉÈÆÓÈ×
ÙÄÓÔËÙÏÝ×ÓÕÎÎÒÃÇÄÄÏÈÔÐÍÞ±ÐÏȱÐÔÐÒÐÌË×ÑÐÇÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄ
ÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔËÏÈÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃÇÐÓÔÄÔÐÙÏÝÎÇÍÃÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔËÒÃÇıı
ßÔÐ ÑбÄÊÝÆÄÈÔ ÏÄÑÒËÎÈÒ ÑÒËÎÈÒ ÒÄÊÐÅÒÄÏÏÝÌ Æ Ñ
qÐßÔÐÎÕÕÓÍÐÆËÈÏÈÐÔÒËØÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔËÙÍÈÏÐÆÒÃÇÄÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÈÏÏÐ
ÇÍÃÓÑÒÄÆÈÇÍËÆÐÓÔËÆÔÐÒÐÌÙÄÓÔËÍÈÎÎÝ fбÄÉÈÎÈÈ
jÊÏÈÐÔÒËØÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔËÙÍÈÏÐÆÒÃÇııÎÝÕÅÈÇËÍËÓÞÑÒË
ÇбÄÊÄÔÈÍÞÓÔÆÈ ÑÒÈÇÝÇÕÛÈÌ ÍÈÎÎÝ ÓÍÈÇÕÈÔ ÙÔÐ ÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄ
ÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞÈÐÙÄÓÔËÙÏÝ×ÓÕÎÎ µÆÐÊÒÄÓÔÄàÛÄÃqÐßÔÐÎÕÈÓ
ÍË ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔ ÐÒÄÏËÙÈÏÏÄÃ ÓÆÈÒ×Õ ÑÐÇÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞ
{ V Q } ÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔË ÙÄÓÔËÙÏÝ× ÓÕÎÎ ^VQ` ÒÄÓÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄÈ
N
ÎÐÐÒÃÇÄÔÐÐÏÄÔÐÉÈÆÐÊÒÄÓÔÄàÛÄñıÆÓñÄÃÑÐÇÑÐÓÍÈÇÐ
ÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞ ÆÐÊÒÄÓÔÄàÛÈÌ ÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔË Ë ÓÍÈÇÐÆÄ
ÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÎÔÈÐÒÈÎÕ ÆÑ Ó×ÐÇËÔÓÃÑÒËÙÈÎ
V VXS{ V Q } OLP V Q
N N N→ N
sÐÍÄÓÏÐÑÒÈÇÝÇÕÛÈÌÍÈÎÎÈËÊÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔËÑÐÇÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄ
ÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔËÙÄÓÔËÙÏÝ×ÓÕÎÎ{ V Q }ÓÍÈÇÕÈÔÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔÞÒÃÇÄÔ È
N
ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÐÆÄÏËÈ ±ÐÏÈÙÏÐÐ ÑÒÈÇÈÍÄ OLP VQ Ä Ôı ±Ä± ÑÒÈÇÈÍ
Q→
Ó×ÐÇÃÛÈÌÓà ÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔË ÓÐÆÑÄÇÄÈÔ Ó ÑÒÈÇÈÍÐÎ ÍàÅÐÌ
ÈÈÑÐÇÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔËÔÐ
OLP V OLP V Q V
Q→ Q N→ N
jÊÍÈÎÎÝ ÓÍÈÇÕÈÔÙÔÐÈÓÍËÒÃÇÓÏÈÐÔÒËØÄÔÈÍÞÏÝÎËÙÍÈ
ÏÄÎËÒÄÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃÔÐÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞÈÐÙÄÓÔËÙÏÝ×ÓÕÎÎÏÈ
ÐÒÄÏËÙÈÏÄ ÓÆÈÒ×Õ Ë Æ ÓËÍÕ ÈÈ ÎÐÏÐÔÐÏÏÐÓÔË OLP VQ qÐ
Q→
ßÔÐÎÕ ÇÍà ÒÄÓ×ÐÇÃÛË×Óà ÒÃÇÐÆ Ó ÏÈÐÔÒËØÄÔÈÍÞÏÝÎË ÙÍÈÏÄÎË
ÓÐÍÄÓÏÐÓÇÈÍÄÏÏÐÎÕÆÑ ÓÐÍÄÚÈÏËàÑËÚÕÔ ∑ XQ
Q
fбÄÊÄÏÏÝÈ ÍÈÎÎÝ ÑÐ ÓÆÐÈÌ ÖÐÒÎÕÍËÒÐÆ±È ÆÏÈÚÏÈ ÏÄÑÐ
ÎËÏÄàÔ ÓÐÐÔÆÈÔÓÔÆÕàÛËÈ ÕÔÆÈÒÉÇÈÏËà ÇÍà ÏÈÓÐÅÓÔÆÈÏÏÝ×
ËÏÔÈÒÄÍÐÆÓÎÑ nÈÉÇÕÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔÞàÒÃÇÐÆÓÏÈÐÔÒË
ØÄÔÈÍÞÏÝÎË ÙÍÈÏÄÎË Ë Ó×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔÞà ÏÈÓÐÅÓÔÆÈÏÏÝ× ËÏÔÈÒÄ
ÍÐÆÐÔÏÈÐÔÒËØÄÔÈÍÞÏÝ×ÖÕϱØËÌÎÐÉÏÐËÏÐÇÄÕÓÔÄÏÐÆËÔÞË
ÅÐÍÈÈÏÈÑÐÓÒÈÇÓÔÆÈÏÏÕàÓÆÃÊÞfÍÃÕÅÝÆÄàÛË×ÖÕϱØËÌßÔÐ
ÓÇÈÍÄÏÐÆÑ
± Ò Ê Î Ç Ò rÄÓÓÎÐÔÒËÎÔÈÑÈÒÞÒÃÇÑÒËα!qбÄ
ÉÈÎÙÔÐÆßÔÐÎÓÍÕÙÄÈÐÏÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃdÐÊÞÎÈÎÓÏÄÙÄÍÄÙÄÓÔËÙ
ÏÝÈÓÕÎÎÝßÔÐÐÒÃÇÄÑÐÒÃDZÐÆQ N´N ÐÅÜÈÇË
ÏËÆË×ÓÍÄÄÈÎÝÈÆNÒÕÑѱÐÔÐÒÝÈËÎÈàÔÓÍÈÇÕàÛËÌÆËÇ
S N´
Sα ( S )α ( S )α ( S µ )α
Ô È
V N µ
α α α α α
α
α
( N µ )α
N ( µ )
iÄÎÈÔËÆÙÔÐÇÍñÄÉÇÐÐÓÍÄÄÈÎÐÐSÌÒÕÑÑÝÓÑÒÄÆÈÇÍËÆÐ
ÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐ
P P S´
S ( P) α Sα
ËÙÔÐÆßÔÐÌÒÕÑÑÈSÓÍÄÄÈÎÝ×ÑÐÍÕÙËÎ
Nµ
V N µ
α α
( N µ )α
αµ
∑
N
(N µ )(α µ ) αµ µ
µ
αµ
tıËÎÐÅÒÄÊÐÎÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞÙÄÓÔËÙÏÝ×ÓÕÎÎV N µ
ÒÃÇÄÑÒËα!ÐÒÄÏËÙÈÏÄÓÆÈÒ×ÕfÄÍÈÈÆÓËÍÕÑÐÍÐ
ÉËÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔË ÙÍÈÏÐÆ ÒÄÓÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄÈÎÐÐ ÒÃÇÄ ÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞ
ÏÐÓÔÞÈÐÙÄÓÔËÙÏÝ×ÓÕÎÎÆÐÊÒÄÓÔÄÈÔqÐßÔÐÎÕÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔ±Ð
ÏÈÙÏÝÌËÍËÅÈÓ±ÐÏÈÙÏÝÌÑÒÈÇÈÍ OLP VQ VoÐÔÐÇÄËÍàÅÄÃ
Q→
ÑÐÇÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞ ^VQ` Æ ÙÄÓÔÏÐÓÔË ÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞ
^ V N µ `ËÎÈÈÔÔÐÔÉÈÑÒÈÇÈÍVÄÔı±Ä±ÑÐÇбÄÊÄÏÏÐÎÕßÔÄ
ÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞÐÒÄÏËÙÈÏÄÔÐÑÒÈÇÈÍV±ÐÏÈÙÈÏ
pÔÎÈÔËÎÙÔÐÆÓÍÕÙÄÈα Ó×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔÞÒÃÇÄ ∑
ÇбÄÊÝ
Q Q
ÆÄÈÔÓà ÊÏÄÙËÔÈÍÞÏÐ ÑÒÐÛÈ fÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÐ ÇÍà ÍàÅÐÐ Q
ËÎÈÈÎ
VQ
P
Q ( Q µ )Q
sÕÎÎÄÒÃÇÄÑÒËα!ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃÐÙÈÆËÇÏÐÖÕϱØËÈÌ
ÐÔαÔÄÖÕϱØËÃÏÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÓÃÈËÉÕÅ×ÖвÙÌÉÍrËÎÄÏÄËÐÅÐÊÏÄ
ÙÄÈÔÓÃÒÈÙÈÓ±ÐÌÅÕ±ÆÐÌζpÅÝÙÏÐÈÈÄÒÕÎÈÏÔÐÅÐÊÏÄÙÄàÔÅÕ±
ÆÐÌVtıËÎÐÅÒÄÊÐÎ
GHI
ζV ∑ QVV!
Q
±ÒÊÉÏÂÌÓÒÂÄÏÇÏÊáÆÍáÒáÆÐÄ
ÓÏÇÐÔÒÊØÂÔÇÍÞÏÝÎÊÙÍÇÏÂÎÊ
®ÇÔÐÆÄÝÆÇÍÇÏÊáÅÍÂÄÏÐËÙÂÓÔÊÙÍÇÏÂÒáÆÂ
rÄÓÓÎÐÔÒËÎÔÈÑÈÒÞÑÒËÊÏıËÓÒÄÆÏÈÏËÃÒÃÇÐÆÔıÉÈÑÐÓÆÐÈÌ
ÖÐÒÎÈÆÈÓÞÎÄÏÄÑÐÎËÏÄàÛËÈÓÐÐÔÆÈÔÓÔÆÕàÛËÈÑÒËÊÏıËÓ×Ð
ÇËÎÐÓÔËÏÈÓÐÅÓÔÆÈÏÏÝ×ËÏÔÈÒÄÍÐÆ
´ § ° ² § ® ¢ ÑÒÊÉÏÂÌÓÒÂÄÏÇÏÊáqÖÔÕß
XQOYQO Q
Ì
XQ 2YQ
tÑÈÅÉÔÎÌÓÄÈ
∑ YQ
Q
ÔØÑÈÌÕÔÄÕÑÔØÑÈÌÕÔÄÌÓÄÈ
∑ XQ
Q
sÐÍÄÓÏÐÍÈÎÎÈËÊÐÒÄÏËÙÈÏÏÐÓÔËÓÆÈÒ×ÕÙÄÓÔËÙÏÝ×ÓÕÎÎ
ÒÃÇÄ ÓÍÈÇÕÈÔ ÈÐ Ó×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔÞ jÔı ÈÓÍË ÒÃÇ
Ó×ÐÇËÔÓÃÔÐÒÃÇÔıÉÈÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃ
gÓÍËÉÈÒÃÇÒÄÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃÔÐËÒÃÇÒÄÓ×ÐÇËÔ
ÓÃÔı±Ä±ÈÓÍËÅÝÐÏÓ×ÐÇËÍÓÃÔÐÑÐÇбÄÊÄÏÏÐÎÕÓ×ÐÇËÍÓÃ
ÅÝËÒÃÇÙÔÐÑÒÐÔËÆÐÒÈÙËÔÕÓÍÐÆËà
³ § ¦ ³ ´ ¤ ª § qÖÔÕßYQ Q X
X
OLP Q N
Q → YQ
ÕÑÈÅ
ÉÔÎÌÓÄÈÔØÑÈÌÕÔÄÌ PNÕÑÓÄÈ
ÕŲÊÉÔØÑÈÌÕÔÄ
ÉÔÎÌ ÓÄÈ ÓÅÔØÑÈÌÕÔÄ Ì N P ÕÑ ÓÄÈ
ÕŲÊÉÓÅÔØÑÈÌÕÔÄ
d ÚÅÔÕÐÑÔÕÌ ÉÔÎÌ XQ ∼ YQ XQ Ì YQ à²ÇÌÇÅÎÉÐÕÐÞ ÓÎ
Ñ ÕÑÓÄÈÞÌÔØÑÈÄÕÔÄ ÌÎÌÓÅÔØÑÈÄÕÔÄ
ÑÈÐÑÇÓÉÏÉÐÐÑ
jÊÆÝÑÐÍÏÈÏËÃÕÓÍÐÆËÃÇÍÃPNÓÍÈÇÕÈÔÓÕ
ÛÈÓÔÆÐÆÄÏËÈÔıÐÐQÙÔÐÈÓÍËQ!QÔÐ
XQ
NÔ ÈXQNYQ
YQ
ÄßÔÐÐÊÏÄÙÄÈÔÙÔÐXQ 2YQqÐßÔÐÎÕÕÔÆÈÒÉÇÈÏËÈ ÓÍÈÇÓÔ
ÆËÃÏÈÑÐÓÒÈÇÓÔÆÈÏÏÐÆÝÔȱÄÈÔËÊÕÔÆÈÒÉÇÈÏËà ÔÈÐÒÈÎÝ
jÊ ÆÝÑÐÍÏÈÏËÃ ÕÓÍÐÆËÃ ÇÍÃ N P ÓÍÈÇÕÈÔ
ÙÔÐÈÓÍËÊÄÖ˱ÓËÒÐÆÄÔÞÔıÐÈN′ÙÔÐN′NÔÐÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔ
ÏÐÎÈÒQ QN′ÐÅÍÄÇÄàÛËÌÔÈÎÓÆÐÌÓÔÆÐÎÙÔÐÈÓÍËQ!Q
X
ÔÐ Q !N′Ô ÈYQ
XQÄßÔÐÐÊÏÄÙÄÈÔÙÔÐYQ 2XQqÐßÔÐ
YQ N′
ÎÕ ÕÔÆÈÒÉÇÈÏËÈ ÓÍÈÇÓÔÆËà ÏÈÑÐÓÒÈÇÓÔÆÈÏÏÐ ÆÝÔȱÄÈÔ ËÊ
ÕÔÆÈÒÉÇÈÏËÃ ÔÈÐÒÈÎÝ
Qα
± Ò Ê Î Ç Ò Ý qÕÓÔÞ XQ VLQ
Q
tÐÇÄ P XQ P
Q
Q ËÔı±Ä±ÒÃÇ ∑ Ó×ÐÇËÔÓÃÓÎÑ ÔÐÓ×Ð
Q
Q
Qα
ÇËÔÓÃËÒÃÇ ∑ VLQ
Q
Q
rÃÇ ∑ ÒÄÓ×ÐÇËÔÓà Ôı ±Ä± O
Q Q Q Q
Q ÄÒÃÇ ∑ ±Ä±ÅÝÍÐÑбÄÊÄÏÐÓÎËÓÓÍÈÇÐÆÄ
Q Q
ÏËÈÒÃÇÄÒÄÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃ
qÒËÆÈÇÈÎÈÛÈÐÇËÏÓÑÐÓÐÅÇбÄÊÄÔÈÍÞÓÔÆÄÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔËÒÃ
ÇÄÔ ÈÒÃÇÄ ∑
ÑÒËα!ÐÓÏÐÆÄÏÏÝÌÏÄÑÒËÊÏıÈ
α
Q Q
ÓÒÄÆÏÈÏËÃÒÃÇÐÆ
rÄÓÓÎÐÔÒËÎÒÃÇ
∑ µ
α!
Q ( Q µ )α µ Qα µ
ÈÐ ÙÍÈÏÝ ÑÐÍÐÉËÔÈÍÞÏÝ Ë ÐÏ Ó×ÐÇËÔÓà d ÓÄÎÐÎ ÇÈÍÈ ÇÍÃ
ÏÈÐÍȱÐÏÄ×ÐÇÃÔÓÃÈÐÙÄÓÔËÙÏÝÈÓÕÎÎÝ
VQ ´
(Q µ )
αµ
³ § ¦ ³ ´ ¤ ª § qÖÔÕß OLP QαXQ NÕÑÈÅ
Q→
ÉÔÎÌα!ÌPNÕÑÓÄÈÔØÑÈÌÕÔÄ
ÉÔÎÌαPÌNPÕÑÓÄÈÓÅÔØÑÈÌÕÔÄ
d ÚÅÔÕÐÑÔÕÌ ÉÔÎÌ XQ∼
ÕÑ ÓÄÈÔØÑÈÌÕÔÄ ÒÓÌ
α
Q
α!ÌÓÅÔØÑÈÌÕÔÄÒÓÌαP
gÓÍË ÙÍÈÏÝ XQ ÒÃÇÄ Ó ÏÈÐÔÒËØÄÔÈÍÞÏÝÎË ÙÍÈÏÄÎË
ÊÄÇÄÏÝÓÑÐÎÐÛÞàÖÐÒÎÕÍÝÑÒÈÇÓÔÄÆÍÃàÛÈÌÓÐÅÐÌÖÕϱØËà
ÐÔQ±ÐÔÐÒÄÃËÎÈÈÔÓÎÝÓÍÇÍÃÆÓÈ×ÇÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÝ×ÇÐÓÔÄÔÐÙ
ÏÐÅÐÍÞÚË×ÏÈÐÔÒËØÄÔÈÍÞÏÝ×ÊÏÄÙÈÏËÌÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÐÌQËÅÐÍÈÈ
ÔÐÐÃÆÍÃÈÔÓëÇÐÓÔÄÔÐÙÏÐÍÄDZÐ̬ÖÕϱØËÈÌßÔÐÌÑÈÒÈÎÈÏ
ÏÐÌÔÐÇÍÃÑÒıÔËÙÈÓ±ÐÐÑÒËÎÈÏÈÏËÃÔÈÐÒÈÎÝ ÐÅÝÙÏÐÅÝ
ÆÄÈÔ ØÈÍÈÓÐÐÅÒÄÊÏÐ ÒÄÊÍÐÉËÔÞ ÙÍÈÏ XQ Ó ÑÐÎÐÛÞà ÖÐÒÎÕÍÝ
tÈÌÍÐÒÄÑÐÓÔÈÑÈÏÃÎ
Q
gÓÍËÍÄÆÏÝÌÙÍÈÏÑÐÍÕÙËÆÚÈÐÓÃÒÄÊÍÐÉÈÏËÃËÎÈÈÔÆËÇ
α ÔÐÅÈÒÃƱÄÙÈÓÔÆÈÒÃÇÄÓÒÄÆÏÈÏËÃÒÃÇ ∑ α ËÑÒËÎÈÏÃÃ
Q Q Q
ÔÈÐÒÈÎÕ ÎÐÉÏÐ ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍËÔÞ Ó×ÐÇËÔÓà ÍË ÇÄÏÏÝÌ ÒÃÇ ËÍË
ÒÄÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃd ËÊÆÈÓÔÏÐÎ ÓÎÝÓÍÈÎÐÉÏÐ Ó±ÄÊÄÔÞ ÙÔÐßÔÐÔ ÎÈ
ÔÐÇËÓÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÏËÃÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔËÒÃÇÄÏÄÊÝÆÄÈÎÝÌÏÉÕÑÈÑÏÇÞ
ÈÉÎÉÐÌÄÎÅÇÐÑÍÚÅÔÕÌÐÅÛÈÐÙÍÈÏÄÒÃÇÄÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃÏÄËÅÐÍÈÈ
ÕÇÐÅÏÝÎËÆÎÈÓÔÈÓÔÈÎÇÐÓÔÄÔÐÙÏÐÐÅÛËÎ
± Ò Ê Î Ç Ò Ý jÓÓÍÈÇÕÈÎÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔÞÒÃÇÐÆÐÅÛËÈÙÍÈÏÝXQ
±ÐÔÐÒÝ×ÊÄÇÄàÔÓÃÕ±ÄÊÄÏÏÝÎËÏËÉÈÖÐÒÎÕÍÄÎË
π
XQ ´FRV pÙÈÆËÇÏÐXQ!tı±Ä±ÓÎÊÄÎÈÙÄÏËÈÆ
Q
±ÐÏØÈÑ FRV [ 2[[{ËÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐ
π
XQ ´ 2
2 Q{
Q Q
ÔÐÆÓËÍÕÔÈÐÒÈÎÝ ÒÃÇÓÐÅÛËÎÙÍÈÏÐÎXQÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃ
XQ OQ FRV iÇÈÓÞXQdÓÑÐÎÏËÆÙÔÐOQ [ 2[
Q
[{ËÑÒËÎÈÏËÆÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÖÐÒÎÕÍÕtÈÌÍÐÒÄÇÍñÐ
ÓËÏÕÓÄËÍÐÄÒËÖÎÄÑÐÍÕÙËÎ
π
WJ
XQ
Q
OQ Q jÎÈÈÎ XQ O Ë WJ π
π Q
µ WJ
Q
π
R Q{ÑÐßÔÐÎÕ
Q Q
XQ OQ WJ π ´OQ ´WJ π WJ π R WJ π π
R
Q
Q Q Q Q Q
π
tıËÎ ÐÅÒÄÊÐÎ XQ ∼ π
Ôı ±Ä± ÒÃÇ ∑ ÒÄÓ×ÐÇËÔÓà ÔÐ
Q Q Q
π
WJ Q
ÒÄÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃËÒÃÇ ∑ OQ
Q π
µ WJ
Q
±ÒÊÉÏÂÌʦÂÍÂÎÃÇÒÂʬÐÚÊ
ÆÍáÒáÆÐÄÓÏÇÐÔÒÊØÂÔÇÍÞÏÝÎÊÙÍÇÏÂÎÊ
jÏÐÇÄбÄÊÝÆÄàÔÓÃÑÐÍÈÊÏÝÎËÏȱÐÔÐÒÝÈÓÑÈØËÄÍÞÏÝÈÑÒË
ÊÏÄ±Ë Ó×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔË ÒÃÇÄ pÔÎÈÔËÎ ÓÒÈÇË ÏË× Ôı ÏÄÊÝÆÄÈÎÝÌ
ÑÒËÊÏıfÄÍÄÎÅÈÒÄ
ËÑÒËÊÏılÐÚËÏÈÑÐÓÒÈÇÓÔÆÈÏÏÐÑÐÍÕ
ÙÄàÛËÈÓÃËÊÑÒËÊÏıÄÓÒÄÆÏÈÏËÃÈÓÍËƱÄÙÈÓÔÆÈÒÃÇÄÓÒÄÆ
ÏÈÏËÃ ÆÊÃÔÞ ÓÐÐÔÆÈÔÓÔÆÕàÛËÎ ÐÅÒÄÊÐÎ ÆÝÅÒÄÏÏÕà ÈÐÎÈÔÒË
ÙÈÓ±ÕàÑÒÐÒÈÓÓËà
´ § ° ² § ® ¢ ÑÒÊÉÏÂ̦ÂÍÂÎÃÇÒ qÖÔÕßÈÅÐÓÄÈÔÒÑÎÑÊÌ
ÕÉÎßÐÞÏÌÚÎÉÐÅÏÌ
∑ XQXQ! Q
Q
tÑÈÅ
ÉÔÎÌÔÖÜÉÔÕÇÖÉÕÕŲÑÉÚÌÔÎÑTTÚÕÑÇÞÒÑÎ
ÐÄÉÕÔÄÐÉÓÅÇÉÐÔÕÇÑ
XQ
PT Q
XQ
ÕÑÈÅÐÐÞÍÓÄÈÔØÑÈÌÕÔÄ
ÉÔÎÌÇÞÒÑÎÐÄÉÕÔÄÐÉÓÅÇÉÐÔÕÇÑ
XQ
O Q
XQ
ÕÑÈÅÐÐÞÍÓÄÈÓÅÔØÑÈÌÕÔÄ
¦ Ð Ì Â É Â Ô Ç Í Þ Ó Ô Ä Ð qÕÓÔÞTËÑÕÓÔÞ
XQ
PTÔ ÈXQPTXQ Q
XQ
tÐÇÄ
X P XT
X P XT P XT
XQ P XQ´T P P XTQ´
ËÔı±Ä±ÒÃÇXTXTXTQ´ÃÆÍÃÃÓÞÓÕÎÎÐÌ
ÅÈÓ±ÐÏÈÙÏÐÌÕÅÝÆÄàÛÈÌÈÐÎÈÔÒËÙÈÓ±ÐÌÑÒÐÒÈÓÓËËÓÐÊÏÄÎÈ
ÏÄÔÈÍÈÎ T T Ó×ÐÇËÔÓà ÔÐ ÑÐ ÑÒËÊÏÄ±Õ ÓÒÄÆÏÈÏËÃ
Ó×ÐÇËÔÓÃÒÃÇËËÓ×ÐÇÏÝÌÒÃÇ
Q X
gÓÍËÉÈÆÝÑÐÍÏÃÈÔÓÃÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐ
OQ ÔÐ
XQ
X O X
X O X O X
XQ O XQ´ OO X
ËÔı±Ä±ÑÐÑÒÈÇÑÐÍÐÉÈÏËàX !ÔÐQÌÙÍÈÏÒÃÇÄÅÕÇÕÙË
ÐÒÄÏËÙÈÏ ÓÏËÊÕ ÑÐÍÐÉËÔÈÍÞÏÐÌ ÑÐÓÔÐÃÏÏÐÌ ÏÈ ÓÔÒÈÎËÔÓÃ ±
ÏÕÍà sÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐ ÏÈ ÆÝÑÐÍÏÃÈÔÓà ÏÈÐÅ×ÐÇËÎÐÈ ÕÓÍÐÆËÈ
Ó×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔËÒÃÇÄÓÎÔÈÐÒÈÎÕ ßÔÐÐÑÄÒÄÒÄÖÄÑÐßÔÐÎÕÒÃÇ
ÒÄÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃ
Q X
³ § ¦ ³ ´ ¤ ª § qÖÔÕß ÔÖÜÉÔÕÇÖÉÕ OLP
O tÑÈÅ ÉÔÎÌ
Q→ XQ
OÕÑÓÄÈÔØÑÈÌÕÔÄÅÉÔÎÌO!ÕÑÓÄÈÓÅÔ
ØÑÈÌÕÔÄ
ÔÐÆÝÔȱÄÈÔÏÈÑÐÓÒÈÇÓÔÆÈÏÏÐËÊÇбÄÊÄÏÏÐÌÔÈÐÒÈÎÝ
d±ÄÙÈÓÔÆÈÑÒËÎÈÒÄÒÄÓÓÎÐÔÒËÎÒÃÇ ∑ iÇÈÓÞXQ Ë
Q Q Q
XQ
OLP ÑÐßÔÐÎÕ ÓÐÍÄÓÏÐ ÓÍÈÇÓÔÆËà
OLP
Q → XQ Q → Q
ÔÈÐÒÈÎÝ ÇÄÏÏÝÌ ÒÃÇ Ó×ÐÇËÔÓà gÐ Ó×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔÞ ±ÐÏÈÙÏÐ
ÎÐÉÏÐ ÕÓÔÄÏÐÆËÔÞ Ë ÓÒÄÆÏËÆ ÈÐ ÏÄÑÒËÎÈÒ ÓÐ Ó×ÐÇÃÛËÎÓÃ
ÒÃÇÐÎ ∑
Q Q
cÐÍÈÈ ÓÐÇÈÒÉÄÔÈÍÞÏÝÈ ÑÒËÎÈÒÝ ÏÄ ÑÒËÎÈÏÈÏËÈ ÑÒËÊÏıÄ
fÄÍÄÎÅÈÒÄÑÒËÆÈÇÈÏÝÆÇÄÍÞÏÈÌÚÈÎÓÎÏÄÑÒËÎÈÒÑ
´ § ° ² § ® ¢ ÑÒÊÉÏÂ̬ÐÚÊqÖÔÕßÈÅÐÓÄÈ
∑ XQXQOQ
Q
tÑÈÅ
ÉÔÎÌÔÖÜÉÔÕÇÖÉÕÕŲÑÉT PTÚÕÑÈÎÄÇÔÉØQ
ÇÞÒÑÎÐÄÉÕÔÄÐÉÓÅÇÉÐÔÕÇÑ Q X QPTÕÑÈÅÐÐÞÍÓÄÈ
ÔØÑÈÌÕÔÄ
ÉÔÎÌ ÈÎÄ ÇÔÉØ Q ÇÞÒÑÎÐÄÉÕÔÄ ÐÉÓÅÇÉÐÔÕÇÑ
Q X QOÕÑÈÅÐÐÞÍÓÄÈÓÅÔØÑÈÌÕÔÄ
¦ Ð Ì Â É Â Ô Ç Í Þ Ó Ô Ä Ð gÓÍËÑÒËQ X QPTÔ ÈXQTQQ
ÔÐÑÐÑÒËÊÏıÕÓÒÄÆÏÈÏËÃÒÃÇÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃÔı±Ä±ÒÃÇ
∑ TQÑÒËTÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃ
Q
OLP Q X Q O
Q→
ÔÐÏËÙÈÐÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏÏÐÐÐÈÐÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔËÓ±ÄÊÄÔÞÏÈÍÞÊÃÒÃÇ
ÎÐÉÈԱıÓ×ÐÇËÔÞÓÃÔıËÒÄÓ×ÐÇËÔÞÓÃoÄÑÒËÎÈÒÒÃÇÝ
∑ Ë
Q Q
∑
Q Q
ªÏÔÇÅÒÂÍÞÏÝËÑÒÊÉÏÂÌ
Ó×ÐÆÊÎÐÓÔÊÒáÆÐÄÓÏÇÐÔÒÊØÂÔÇÍÞÏÝÎÊÙÍÇÏÂÎÊ
Q
∑ I[
ÔØÑÈÌÕÔÄÕÑÈÅÌÕÑÎß²ÑÕÑÈŲÑÈÅÔØÑÈÌÕÔÄÌÐÕÉÓÅÎ
∫ I[G[
¦ Ð Ì Â É Â Ô Ç Í Þ Ó Ô Ä Ð qÒÈÉÇÈÆÓÈÐÊÄÎÈÔËÎÙÔÐÆÓËÍÕÎÐ
ÏÐÔÐÏÏÐÓÔËÖÕϱØËËIÏÄÑÒÐÎÈÉÕÔ±È>ÐÏÄËÏÔÈÒËÒÕ
ÈÎÄ ÑÐ rËÎÄÏÕ ÏÄ ÍàÅÐÎ ±ÐÏÈÙÏÐÎ ÐÔÒÈÊ±È > η@ Ë ÑÐßÔÐÎÕ
ËÎÈÈÔÓÎÝÓÍÐÆÐÒËÔÞÐÏÈÓÐÅÓÔÆÈÏÏÐÎËÏÔÈÒÄÍÈ
gÓÍË N P [ P N ÔÐ Æ ÓËÍÕ ÕÅÝÆÄÏËà ÖÕϱØËË I[
ÒËÓ INOI[OINN ÑÐßÔÐÎÕËÏÔÈÒËÒÕÃ
ßÔËÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÄÑÐÐÔÒÈʱÕ>NN@ÅÕÇÈÎËÎÈÔÞ
N
INO ∫ I[G[OIN N
N
N N N N [
rËÓ rËÓ
Q
ËÑÐÍÄÄÃVQ ∑ INÅÕÇÈÎËÎÈÔÞ
N
Q
VQO ∫ I[ G[OVQ´I Q
gÓÍËËÏÔÈÒÄÍÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃÔÐÆÓËÍÕÏÈÐÔÒËØÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔË
ÖÕϱØËËIÓÐÍÄÓÏÐÍÈÎÎÈÑ ÑÒËÍàÅÐÎQ
Q
∫ I[ G[P ∫ I[ G[
pÔÓàÇÄËËÊÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÄÓÍÈÇÕÈÔÙÔÐ
VQPI ∫ I[ G[
Ô ÈÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞÙÄÓÔËÙÏÝ×ÓÕÎÎÒÃÇÄÐÒÄÏËÙÈ
ÏÄÓÆÈÒ×ÕÄÊÏÄÙËÔÓÐÍÄÓÏÐÍÈÎÎÈ Ñ ßÔÐÔÒÃÇÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃ
gÓÍËÒÃÇÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃËÈÐÓÕÎÎÄÒÄÆÏÄVÔÐÓÐÍÄÓÏÐ
ÔÐÌÉÈÍÈÎÎÈVQ PVÇÍÃÆÓÈ×Q ËÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÆ
ÓËÍÕÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÄÇÍÃÆÓÈ×Q
Q
∫ I[ G[PV
gÓÍË ÔÈÑÈÒÞ ξ O ÔÐ ÅÈÒà Q Ôı ÙÔÐÅÝ Q O ξ ÑÐÍÕÙËÎ
Æ ÓËÍÕÏÈÐÔÒËØÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔËÖÕϱØËËI
ξ Q
∫ I[ G[P ∫ I[ G[PV
ξ
jÔı ÓÐÆбÕÑÏÐÓÔÞ ÆÓÈ× ËÏÔÈÒÄÍÐÆ ∫ I[ G[ ξ O ÐÒÄ
ÏËÙÈÏÄÓÆÈÒ×ÕÑÐßÔÐÎÕËÏÔÈÒÄÍÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃÓÎÍÈÎÎÕ
Ñ
ÔÄ ÔÈÐÒÈÎÄ ÙÄÓÔÐ ÊÏÄÙËÔÈÍÞÏÐ ÐÅÍÈÙÄÈÔ ËÓÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÏËÈ Ó×Ð
ÇËÎÐÓÔËÒÃÇÐÆÔı±Ä±ÈÓÍËÇÍÃÇÄÏÏÐÐÒÃÇÄÕÇÄÈÔÓÃÑÐÇÐÅÒÄÔÞ
ÓÐÐÔÆÈÔÓÔÆÕàÛÕàÖÕϱØËàIËÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÆÈÓÔËÆÐÑÒÐÓÐÅ
ËÊÕÙÈÏËË Ó×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔË ÒÃÇÄ ± ËÊÕÙÈÏËà Ó×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔË ËÏÔÈÒÄÍÄ
ÔÐ ßÔÐ ÇÄÈÔ ÆÐÊÎÐÉÏÐÓÔÞ ÑÒËÎÈÏËÔÞ ÒÄÊÆËÔÝÌ Æ ÑÒÈÇÚÈÓÔÆÕà
ÛÈÌÍÄÆÈÄÑÑÄÒÄÔËÏÔÈÒÄÍÞÏÐÐËÓÙËÓÍÈÏËÃ
± Ò Ê Î Ç Ò Ý rÄÓÓÎÐÔÒËÎ ÓÏÐÆÄ ÓÎ Ñ Ë Ñ
ÒÃÇ
α α
α
Q
ÓQÎÙÍÈÏÐÎXQ Q´αQ dÇÄÏÏÐÎÓÍÕÙÄÈÑÒËαO
ÖÕϱØËÃI[Õ±ÄÊÄÏÏÄÃÆÔÈÐÒÈÎÈÑÐÇÅËÒÄÈÔÓÃÍȱÐ
[O
I[
α [
tı±Ä±ËÏÔÈÒÄÍ ∫ G[
αÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃÑÒËα!ËÒÄÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃÑÒËαP
[
ÔÐËÒÃÇÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃÑÒËα!ËÒÄÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃÑÒËPαP
rÄÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔÞ ÒÃÇÄ ÑÒË α ÐÙÈÆËÇÏÄ ÓÒÄÊÕ µ ÈÐ ÐÅ
O α ÔË
ÛËÌ ÙÍÈÏ ÏÈ ÓÔÒÈÎËÔÓà ± ÏÕÍà ÑÐÓ±ÐÍÞ±Õ
α Q
ÖıÔÝÅÝÍËÕÓÔÄÏÐÆÍÈÏÝÆÑ ËÇÒÕËÎÎÈÔÐÇÐÎ
lıÆËÇÏÐËÊËÊÍÐÉÈÏÏÐÐÆÝÚÈÑÒËÎÈÏÈÏËȱËÊÕÙÈÏËàÒÃÇÄ
ËÏÔÈÒÄÍÞÏÐÐ ÑÒËÊÏÄ±Ä Ó×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔË ÒÃÇÐÆ ÊÏÄÙËÔÈÍÞÏÐ
ÕÑÒÐÓÔËÍÐÊÄÇÄÙÕËÓÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÏËÃÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔËßÔÐÐÒÃÇÄ
rÄÓÓÎÐÔÒËÎÒÃÇ
∑
Q ( Q ) OQ ( Q )
ÔÐÔ ÒÃÇ ÍȱРÎÐÉÏÐ ËÓÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÞ Ó ÑÐÎÐÛÞà ËÏÔÈÒÄÍÞ
ÏÐÐÑÒËÊÏıÄÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔËËÊÔÐÐÙÔÐËÏÔÈÒÄÍ
G[ GW
∫ ∫
( [ ) OQ ( [ ) OQ
W
ÒÄÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃÓÍÈÇÕÈÔÙÔÐËÒÃÇÒÄÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃ
sÖÐÒÎÕÍËÒÕÈÎÔÈÑÈÒÞÑÒÐÓÔÐÈÏÐÙÄÓÔÐÑÐÍÈÊÏÐÈÆÑÒËÍÐ
ÉÈÏËÃ×ÓÍÈÇÓÔÆËÈËÊÔÈÐÒÈÎÝ
gÔÎÌ ÔÖÜÉÔÕÇÖÉÕ ÕŲÑÉ ÐÅÕÖÓÅÎßÐÑÉ Q ÚÕÑ ÐÉÑÕÓÌÙÅ
ÕÉÎßÐÅÄ×ÖвÙÌÄIÖÆÞÇÅÉÕÒÓÌ[OQÕÑÓÄÈ ∑ IQÔØÑÈÌÕ
Q Q
ÔÄÕÑÈÅÌÕÑÎß²ÑÕÑÈŲÑÈÅÔØÑÈÌÕÔÄÌÐÕÉÓÅÎ ∫ I[ G[
Q
ÔÐÔÓÍÕÙÄÌÓÆÐÇËÔÓñÒÄÓÓÎÐÔÒÈÏÏÐÎÕÆÔÈÐÒÈÎÈÊÄÎÈÏÐÌ
ÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÐÐ[ \Q´
¯ÇÒÂÄÇÏÓÔÄÂ¥ÍÞÆÇÒÂÊ®ÊÏÌÐÄÓÌÐÅÐ
ÆÍáÌÐÏÇÙÏÝ×ÊÃÇÓÌÐÏÇÙÏÝ×ÓÕÎÎ
qÕÓÔÞÊÄÇÄÏÝÙËÓÍÄÆÐÐÅÛÈÐÆÐÒñÐÎÑÍȱÓÏÝÈ[[Q
\\QSËÙËÓÍÐTÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÃÈÔÓÃÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐÎ
S T
ÓÎÆÑ
tÐÇÄÓÑÒÄÆÈÇÍËÆÝÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÄ
Q Q S Q T
∑ _[L\L_P L ∑ _[L_ S
L
_\ _T
L ∑ L
ÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐeÂÍÞÇÈÒÄË
Q S Q S Q S
_[ \L_ S
P ∑ _[L_ S ∑ _\L_ S
L ∑ L
L L
ÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐnËϱÐÆÓ±ÐÐ
j×ÇбÄÊÄÔÈÍÞÓÔÆÐÑÒÐÆÐÇËÔÓÃÑÐÔÐÌÉÈÓ×ÈÎÈÙÔÐËÆÓÍÕ
ÙÄÈÓÐÐÔÆÈÔÓÔÆÕàÛË×ËÏÔÈÒÄÍÞÏÝ×ÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÓÎÑ
dÆÈÇÈÎÇÍñÒÄÔ±ÐÓÔËÐÅÐÊÏÄÙÈÏËÃ
ÐÔ±ÕÇÄ
Q
∑ _[L\L_P__[__S __\__T
L
ÑÒËÎÈÏËƱ±ÄÉÇÐÎÕÓÍÄÄÈÎÐÎÕÆÑÒÄÆÐÌÙÄÓÔËÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐ
eÂÍÞÇÈÒÄÑÐÍÕÙËÎ
Q Q S Q T
∑ _[L\L_ SP L ∑_[L_ S
L
_[ \L_ TS ´
L ∑ L
Q T Q T
∑ _\L_T _[ \L_ TS´
L ∑ L
L
gÓÍËÍÈÆÄÃÙÄÓÔÞÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÄÒÄÆÏÄÏÕÍàÔÐÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐnËÏ
±ÐÆÓ±ÐÐÐÙÈÆËÇÏÐÓÑÒÄÆÈÇÍËÆÐÈÓÍËÉÈÐÏÄÏÈÒÄÆÏÄÏÕÍàÔÐ
Q T
ÓбÒÄÛÄÃÐÅÈÙÄÓÔËÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÄÏÄÎÏÐÉËÔÈÍÞ ∑ _[L\L_S
L
fÍÃÍàÅÝ×ÇÆÕ×ÒÃÇÐÆ ∑ [Q ∑ \QÓÑÒÄÆÈÇÍËÆÝÄÏÄÍÐËÙ
Q Q
ÏÝÈÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÄ
S T
_\ _T
∑ _[Q\Q_P Q∑ _[Q_ S
Q
Q∑ Q
fÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÐÇÍÃÆÓÈ×ÙÄÓÔËÙÏÝ×ÓÕÎÎÐÇÏÐÐËÔÐÐÉÈÑÐ
ÒÃÇ±Ä ÊÄÇÄÏÏÝ× ÒÃÇÐÆ ÓÑÒÄÆÈÇÍËÆÝ ÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÄ eÂÍÞÇÈÒÄ Ë
nËϱÐÆÓ±ÐÐqÈÒÈ×ÐÇÃÆÏË×±ÑÒÈÇÈÍÕÑÒËQ{ÎÝËÑÐ
ÍÕÙËÎÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÄË
jÊ ÇбÄÊÄÏÏÝ× ÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆ ÓÍÈÇÕÈÔ Æ ÙÄÓÔÏÐÓÔË ÙÔÐ ÈÓÍË
ÒÃÇÝ ∑ _[Q_ S ∑ _\Q_ TÓ×ÐÇÃÔÓÃÔÐÒÃÇ ∑ _[Q\Q_Ó×ÐÇËÔÓÃÄÈÓÍË
Q Q Q
Ó×ÐÇÃÔÓÃÒÃÇÝ ∑ _[Q_S ∑ _\Q_ SÔÐÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃÒÃÇ ∑ _[Q\Q_ S
Q Q Q
©ÏÂÌÐÑÇÒÇÎÇÏÏÝÇÒáÆÝ
dßÔÐÎÑÕϱÔÈÒÄÓÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄàÔÓÃÒÃÇÝÓÇÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÝÎËÙÍÈ
ÏÄÎË ÊÏÄ±Ë ±ÐÔÐÒÝ× ÆÐÐÅÛÈ ÐÆÐÒà ËÊÎÈÏÃàÔÓà ÑÒË ËÊÎÈ
ÏÈÏËËÏÐÎÈÒÄÔıËÈÒÃÇÝÏÄÊÝÆÄàÔÓÃËÐŲÑÒÉÓÉÏÉÐÐÞÏÌ
rÄÓÓÎÐÔÒËÎ ÑÒÈÉÇÈ ÆÓÈÐ ËÐŲÑÚÉÓÉÈÖáÜÌÉÔÄ ÒÃÇÝ Ô È
ÒÃÇÝ ÙÍÈÏݱÐÔÐÒÝ×ÑÐÐÙÈÒÈÇÏÐÔÐÑÐÍÐÉËÔÈÍÞÏÝÔÐÐÔÒË
ØÄÔÈÍÞÏÝ
´ § ° ² § ® ¢ ÔÇÐÒÇÎÂÇËÃÏÊØÂgÔÎÌ
OLP X
Q→ Q
Ì
XQOXQ!Q
ÕÑËÐŲÑÚÉÓÉÈÖáÜÌÍÔÄÓÄÈ
∑ ´QXQ
Q
ÔØÑÈÌÕÔÄqÓÌàÕÑÏÎáÆÅÄÚÅÔÕÌÚÐÅÄÔÖÏÏÅVQÓÄÈÅ
ÑÕÎÌÚÅÉÕÔÄÑÕÉÑÔÖÏÏÞVÐÅÇÉÎÌÚÌÐÖÏÉÐßÛÖáÔÎÉÈÖá
ÜÉÑÚÎÉÐÅXQÌÐÅÚÉÑÇÑÓÄÅÆÔÑÎáÕÐÅÄÇÉÎÌÚÌÐÅÑÔÕÅÕ
²ÅÓÄÈÅUQÇàÕÑÏÔÎÖÚÅÉÐÉÒÓÉÇÞÛÅÉÕÅÆÔÑÎáÕÐÑÍÇÉÎÌÚÌ
ÐÞÉÑÒÉÓÇÑÑÚÎÉÐÅÕ É
_UQ_ _V´VQ_PXQ
¦ Ð Ì Â É Â Ô Ç Í Þ Ó Ô Ä Ð rÄÓÓÎÐÔÒËÎÙÄÓÔËÙÏÝÈÓÕÎÎÝÙÈÔÏÐÐ
ÑÐÒÃDZÄÒÃÇÄ
N
VN ∑ ´QXQ
Q
j×ÎÐÉÏÐÊÄÑËÓÄÔÞÆÆËÇÈ
VN X´XX´XXN´´XNN
d ÓËÍÕ ÕÓÍÐÆËà ÆÝÒÄÉÈÏËÃ Æ ±ÒÕÍÝ× Ó±ÐűÄ× ÏÈÐÔ
ÒËØÄÔÈÍÞÏÝ Ë ÑÐßÔÐÎÕ VN P VN Ô È ÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞ
ÙÄÓÔËÙÏÝ×ÓÕÎÎÙÈÔÏÐÐÑÐÒÃDZÄÒÃÇÄÆÐÊÒÄÓÔÄÈÔ
iÄÎÈÙÄÃÙÔÐÙÄÓÔËÙÏÝÈÓÕÎÎÝVNÎÐÉÏÐÊÄÑËÓÄÔÞÔıÉÈÆ
ÆËÇÈ
VN X´X´X´´XN´´XN´µXN N
ËÙÔÐÆÝÒÄÉÈÏËÃƱÒÕÍÝ×Ó±ÐűÄ×ÆÓËÍÕÕÓÍÐÆËÃ
ÏÈÐÔÒËØÄÔÈÍÞÏÝÄXN!ÑÐÍÕÙÄÈÎÙÔÐVNXÔ ÈÑÐÓÍÈ
ÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞ^VN`ÐÒÄÏËÙÈÏÄÓÆÈÒ×ÕjÊÆÐÊÒÄÓÔÄÏËÃËÐÒÄ
ÏËÙÈÏÏÐÓÔË ÓÆÈÒ×Õ ÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔË ^VN` ÓÍÈÇÕÈÔ ÙÔÐ ÐÏÄ
Ó×ÐÇËÔÓÃ
OLP VN V
N→
Ô È ÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞ ^VN ´ ` ÕÅÝÆÄÈÔ Ë Ôı ±Ä±V ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃ
ÑÒÈÇÈÍÐÎËÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔË^VN´`ÓÎÔÐVPVN´
jÊÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÄÓÍÈÇÕÈÔ
V´VNPVN´VN XN
VN´´VPVN´´VN XN N
ÄßÔÐËÐÊÏÄÙÄÈÔÙÔÐÇÍÃÆÓÈ×Q ÆÝÑÐÍÏÃÈÔÓÃÏÈÒÄ
ÆÈÏÓÔÆÐ_V´VQ_PXQ
gÓÍËÕÓÍÐÆËÃÙÈÒÈÇÐÆÄÏËÃÊÏıÐÆÒÃÇÄËÎÐÏÐÔÐÏÏÐÓÔËÆÝ
ÑÐÍÏÃàÔÓÃÏÈÓÑÈÒÆÐÐÙÍÈÏÄÄÍËÚÞÏÄÙËÏÄÃÓÏȱÐÔÐÒÐÐÏÐ
ÎÈÒÄQÔÐÑÒËÆÝÑÐÍÏÈÏËËÕÓÍÐÆËÃÔ ÈÑÒËÓÔÒÈÎÍÈ
ÏËËÐÅÛÈÐÙÍÈÏÄÒÃÇıÏÕÍàÒÄÓÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄÈÎÝÌÒÃÇÅÕÇÈÔÔı
ÉÈÓ×ÐÇËÔÞÓÃÔÐÓÍÈÇÕÈÔËÊÔÐÐÙÔÐÐÔÅÒÄÓÝÆÄÏËȱÐÏÈÙÏÐÐ
ÙËÓÍÄ ÙÍÈÏÐÆ ÒÃÇÄ ÏÈ ÆÍËÃÈÔ ÏÄ ÈÐ Ó×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔÞ ÓÎ ÔÈÐÒÈÎÕ
ÆÑ
d±ÄÙÈÓÔÆÈÑÒËÎÈÒÄÒÄÓÓÎÐÔÒËÎÒÃÇ
Q
( ± )
∑
Q Q
gÐ ÙÍÈÏÝ ÕÇÐÆÍÈÔÆÐÒÃàÔ ÐÙÈÆËÇÏÐ ÕÓÍÐÆËÃÎ ÔÈÐÒÈÎÝ Ë
ÑÐßÔÐÎÕÐÏÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃiÄÎÈÙÄÃÙÔÐÊÇÈÓÞV ËV ÇÍÃÓÕÎ
ÎÝ6ÒÃÇÄËÎÈÈÎÐØÈϱÕ
P6P
oÄÒÃÇÝÑÈÒÈÏÐÓÃÔÓÃÏÈÆÓÈÓÆÐÌÓÔÆıÐÏÈÙÏÝ×ÓÕÎÎqÐ
ÃÓÏËÎßÔÐÏÄÑÒËÎÈÒÈÔÐÐÉÈÒÃÇÄgÓÍË
6 ´ ´ ´ ´
ÔÐ
6 ´ ´ ´ ´
ÓÍÐÉËÆÑÐÙÍÈÏÏÐßÔÐÔÒÃÇÓÒÃÇÐÎÑÐÍÕÙËÎÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐ
6 ´ ´ ´
Ô È ÒÃÇ ÓÐÓÔÄÆÍÈÏÏÝÌ ËÊ ÔÈ× ÉÈ ÙÍÈÏÐÆ ÙÔÐ Ë ÇÄÏÏÝÌ ÒÃÇ
ÆÊÃÔÝ×ÔÐÍÞ±ÐÆÇÒÕÐÎÑÐÒÃDZÈÑÐßÔÐÎÕ 6 6ÐÔ
±ÕÇÄÓÍÈÇÕÈÔÙÔÐ6 ÙÔÐÑÒÐÔËÆÐÒÈÙËÔÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÕ
oÈÓÎÐÔÒÃÏıÄÉÕÛÕàÓÃÐÙÈÆËÇÏÐÓÔÞÓÑÒÄÆÈÇÍËÆÐÓÔËÑÒÐ
ÆÈÇÈÏÏÝ× ÒÄÓÓÕÉÇÈÏËÌ ÇÈÔÐ ÓÐÆÈÒÚÈÏÄ ÒÕÅÄà ÐÚËűÄ
qÐÇÒÐÅÏÝÌÄÏÄÍËÊÑÒËÙËÏÑÐÒÐÇËÆÚË×ßÔÕÐÚËűÕÇÄÏÆÐÇ
ÏÐÎËÊÓÍÈÇÕàÛË×ÑÕϱÔÐÆ
¢ÃÓÐÍàÔÏÐÓ×ÐÆáÛÊÇÓáÒáÆÝ
±ÒÊÎÇÏÇÏÊÇÂÃÓÐÍàÔÏÐÓ×ÐÆáÛÊ×ÓáÒáÆÐÄ
ÌÊÓÓÍÇÆÐÄÂÏÊàÓ×ÐÆÊÎÐÓÔÊÑÒÐÊÉÄÐÍÞÏÝ×ÒáÆÐÄ
dßÔÐÎÑÕϱÔÈÓÏÐÆÄÒÄÓÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄàÔÓÃÒÃÇÝÙÍÈÏݱÐÔÐÒÝ×
ÆÐÐÅÛÈÐÆÐÒñÐÎÑÍȱÓÏÝÈÙËÓÍÄ
°ÑÒÇÆÇÍÇÏÊÇ rÄÈ
∑ XQ XQ∈ &
Q
ÐÅËÞÇÅÉÕÔÄÅÆÔÑÎáÕÐÑÔØÑÈÄÜÌÏÔÄÉÔÎÌÓÄÈÔÑÔÕÅÇÎÉÐÐÞÍ
ÌËÅÆÔÑÎáÕÐÞØËÐÅÚÉÐÌÍÉÑÚÎÉÐÑÇÕÉÓÄÈ
∑ _XQ_
Q
ÔØÑÈÌÕÔÄ
qÒËÎÈÏÃñÒËÔÈÒËÌlÐÚËÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔËÒÃÇıÒÃÇÕ
ÑÐÍÕÙËÎ ÈÎÄ ÕÑÑ ÚÕÑÆÞ ÓÄÈ ÅÆÔÑÎáÕÐÑ ÔØÑÈÌÎÔÄ
ÐÉÑÆØÑÈÌÏÑÌÈÑÔÕÅÕÑÚÐÑÚÕÑÆÞÈÎÄÎáÆÑÑε!ÔÖÜÉÔÕÇÑ
ÇÅÎÕŲÑÍÐÑÏÉÓQεÚÕÑÆÞÈÎÄÇÔÉØQ!QεÌÇÔÉØÙÉÎÞØSO
QS
ÇÞÒÑÎÐÄÎÑÔßÐÉÓÅÇÉÐÔÕÇÑ ∑ _XN_ε
N Q
LQ πQ
± Ò Ê Î Ç Ò Ý rÃÇ
Q
∑
Q
VLQ ÄÅÓÐÍàÔÏÐÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃÔı
Q
LQ πQ
VLQ P Q ÄÒÃÇ ∑ Q Ó×ÐÇËÔÓÃ
±Ä±
Q Q Q
( ± ) Q
rÃÇ ∑
Q Q
±Ä± ÇбÄÊÄÏÐ ÆÝÚÈ Ó×ÐÇËÔÓà ÐÇÏıÐ
Ó×ÐÇËÔÓÃÐÏÏÈÄÅÓÐÍàÔÏÐËÅÐÒÃÇÓÐÓÔÄÆÍÈÏÏÝÌËÊÄÅÓÐÍàÔ
ÏÝ×ÆÈÍËÙËÏÈÐÙÍÈÏÐÆÔ ÈÄÒÎÐÏËÙÈÓ±ËÌÒÃÇ ∑ ÒÄÓ×Ð
Q Q
ÇËÔÓÃ
´ § ° ² § ® ¢ gÔÎÌÓÄÈÅÆÔÑÎáÕÐÑÔØÑÈÌÕÔÄÕÑÑÐÌÒÓÑÔ
ÕÑÔØÑÈÌÕÔÄ
¦ Ð Ì Â É Â Ô Ç Í Þ Ó Ô Ä Ð qÕÓÔÞÒÃÇÄÅÓÐÍàÔÏÐÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃ
Ô ÈÒÃÇÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃtÐÇÄÆÓËÍÕÏÈÐÅ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔËÆÝÑÐÍ
ÏÈÏËÃÕÓÍÐÆËÃlÐÚËÇÍÃÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔËÒÃÇÄÓÎÔÈÐÒÈÎÕ ÇÍÃ
ÍàÅÐÐε!ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔÔıÐÈQεÙÔÐÇÍÃÆÓÈ×Q!QεËÆÓÈ×ØÈ
ÍÝ×SOÆÝÑÐÍÏÃÈÔÓÃÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐ
QS
N
∑Q _XN_ε
QS QS
pÔÓàÇÄËËÊÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÄ ∑ X N P ∑ _XN_ÓÍÈÇÕÈÔÙÔÐÇÍÃÆÓÈ×
N Q N Q
ÏÐÎÈÒÐÆQ!QεËÆÓÈ×S ÆÝÑÐÍÏÃÈÔÓÃÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐ
QS
N
∑Q XN εbßÔÐËÐÊÏÄÙÄÈÔÆÓËÍÕÇÐÓÔÄÔÐÙÏÐÓÔËÆÝÑÐÍÏÈÏËÃ
ÕÓÍÐÆËà lÐÚË ÇÍà Ó×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔË ÒÃÇÄ ÙÔÐ ÒÃÇ Ó×ÐÇËÔ
ÓÃ
i Ä Î È Ù Ä Ï Ë È sÍÈÇÕÈÔ ËÎÈÔÞ Æ ÆËÇÕ ÙÔÐ ÓÆÐÌÓÔÆÐ ÄÅÓÐ
ÍàÔÏÐÌÆÈÍËÙËÏÝÓÕÎÎÝÏÈÑÒÈÆÝÚÄÔÞÓÕÎÎÕÄÅÓÐÍàÔÏÝ×ÆÈ
ÍËÙËÏ ÓÍÄÄÈÎÝ× ÐÓÔÄÈÔÓà ÓÑÒÄÆÈÇÍËÆÝÎ Ë ÇÍà Ó×ÐÇÃÛË×ÓÃ
ÒÃÇÐÆ
Q
∑ XQ P Q∑ _XQ_
ÔÐÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐÓÐÇÈÒÉÄÔÈÍÞÏбÐÇÄÈÐÑÒÄÆÄÃÙÄÓÔÞ±ÐÏÈÙÏÄ
Ô È ±ÐÇÄ ÒÄÓÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄÈÎÝÌ ÒÃÇ ÄÅÓÐÍàÔÏÐ Ó×ÐÇËÔÓà d ßÔÐÎ
ÓÍÕÙÄÈÍÈÆÄÃÙÄÓÔÞÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÄÆÓÈÇÄËÎÈÈÔÓÎÝÓÍÔı±Ä±ËÊ
ÄÅÓÐÍàÔÏÐÌÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔËÒÃÇÄÓÍÈÇÕÈÔËÈÐÐÅÝÙÏÄÃÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔÞ
vÐÒÎÄÍÞÏÐ ÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐ ÑÐ ÑÒËÏÃÔÐÎÕ ÏÄÎË ÓÐÍÄÚÈ
ÏËàÐÅÕÑÐÔÒÈÅÍÈÏËËÓËÎÆÐÍÄÓÎÑ ËÆÈÒÏÐËÇÍÃ
ÍàÅÐÐÓ×ÐÇÃÛÈÐÓÃÒÃÇÄÕ±ÐÔÐÒÐÐÒÃÇÆÑÒÄÆÐÌÙÄÓÔË
ÒÄÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃ
fÍÃÇбÄÊÄÔÈÍÞÓÔÆÄÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÄÆÓÍÕÙÄÈÓ×ÐÇÃÛÈ
ÐÓÃÒÃÇÄ ∑ XQÊÄÎÈÔËÎÙÔÐÇÍÃÍàÅÐÐÏÄÔÕÒÄÍÞÏÐÐP
Q
P P
∑ XQ P Q∑ _XQ_
Q
qÈÒÈ×ÐÇñÑÒÈÇÈÍÕÑÒËP{ÑÐÍÕÙÄÈÎÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐ
pÅÐÊÏÄÙËÎÙÈÒÈÊ
∑ XP
P
qбÄÉÈÎÓÏÄÙÄÍÄÙÔÐÒÃÇÔıÉÈÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃËÅÐÍÈÈ
ÔÐÐ ÙÔÐ ÈÐ ÓÕÎÎÄ ÒÄÆÏÄ ÓÕÎÎÈ ÒÃÇÄ Ô È V pÅÐÊÏÄ
ÙËÎÙÄÓÔËÙÏÝÈÓÕÎÎÝÒÃÇÄÙÈÒÈÊVQ
Q
VQ ∑ XN Q
N
ÄÙÄÓÔËÙÏÝÈÓÕÎÎÝÒÃÇÄ µÙÈÒÈÊV P
P
VP ∑ X N
N
ËÑÐÍÐÉËÎ
Q
V ∑ _XQ_V Q ∑ _XN_ Q
Q N
iÄÖ˱ÓËÒÕÈÎÑÒÐËÊÆÐÍÞÏÐε!ÔÐÇÄÆÓËÍÕÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔË
ÒÃÇÄÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔÔıÐÌÏÐÎÈÒQεÙÔÐ
dÝÅÈÒÈÎÇÄÍÈÈÏÐÎÈÒPεÔıÙÔÐÅÝÙÄÓÔËÙÏÄÃÓÕÎÎÄV P
ÒÃ
ε
ÇÄ ÓÐÇÈÒÉÄÍÄ Æ ±ÄÙÈÓÔÆÈ ÓÍÄÄÈÎÝ× ÆÓÈ ÙÍÈÏÝ ÒÃÇÄ
Æ×ÐÇÃÛËÈÆÓÕÎÎÕV Q ËÏÄÙÈÐÆÐÒÃÏÐÎÈÒPεÔıÐÆÙÔÐ
ε
ÆÓÈÙÍÈÏÝÒÃÇÄÓÏÐÎÈÒÄÎËÏÈÑÒÈÆÝÚÄàÛËÎËQεËÎÈ
àÔÆÒÃÇÈÏÐÎÈÒÄÏÈÑÒÈÆÝÚÄàÛËÈPεqÕÓÔÞPOPε
qÐÍÐÉËÎ
V
´V
VP P Q ε
_ÏÈÑÒÈÆÝÚÄÈÔÓÕÎÎÕÄÅÓÐÍàÔÏÝ×ÆÈÍËÙËÏÓÍÄ
qÐÓ±ÐÍÞ±Õ_V P
Ë Ôı ±Ä± ÏÐÎÈÒÄ ßÔË× ÓÍÄÄÈÎÝ×
ÄÈÎÝ× Æ×ÐÇÃÛË× Æ V P
ÅÐÍÞÚÈÙÈÎQεÄÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÆÓÈË×ÄÅÓÐÍàÔÏÝÈÊÏÄÙÈÏËÃ
ÓÐÇÈÒÉÄÔÓÃÆÓÕÎÎÈ ∑ _XQ_ÔÐÆÓËÍÕËÎÈÈÎ
Q Qε
_P
_V P ∑ _XQ_ε
Q Qε
jÓÑÐÍÞÊÕÃËÑÐÍÕÙÄÈÎÑÒËPOPε
ε
_ _V´V V
_P_V´V __V
_ ε
_V´V P Q P Q P ε
ε ε
V
ÔÐËÐÊÏÄÙÄÈÔÙÔÐ ∑ X P
P
pÓÔÄÍÐÓÞ ÇбÄÊÄÔÞ ÙÔÐ ÒÃÇ ÔıÉÈ ÄÅÓÐÍàÔÏÐ Ó×Ð
ÇËÔÓÃÔÐÓÒÄÊÕÓÍÈÇÕÈÔËÊÔÐÍÞ±ÐÙÔÐÇбÄÊÄÏÏÐÐÕÔÆÈÒÉÇÈ
ÏËÃ ÈÓÍË ÈÐ ÑÒËÎÈÏËÔÞ ± ÒÃÇÕ fÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÐ ßÔÐÔ
ÒÃÇÐÙÈÆËÇÏÐÄÅÓÐÍàÔÏÐÓ×ÐÇËÔÓñıËÆÓñËÌÓ×ÐÇÃÛËÌÓÃ
ÒÃÇÓÏÈÐÔÒËØÄÔÈÍÞÏÝÎËÙÍÈÏÄÎËËÑÐßÔÐÎÕÓÐÍÄÓÏÐÇбÄ
ÊÄÏÏÐÎÕ ÒÃÇ ∑ X P
ÓÐÓÔÄÆÍÈÏÏÝÌ ËÊ ÄÅÓÐÍàÔÏÝ× ÆÈÍËÙËÏ
P
ÒÃÇÄÏÈÔÐÍÞ±ÐÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃÙÔÐËÐÊÏÄÙÄÈÔÄÅÓÐÍàÔÏÕà
Ó×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔÞÒÃÇÄÏÐÅÐÍÈÈÔÐÐÈÐÓÕÎÎÄÓÐÆÑÄÇÄÈÔ
Ó ÓÕÎÎÐÌÒÃÇÄ
´ § ° ² § ® ¢ gÔÎÌ ÓÄÈ ÅÆÔÑÎáÕÐÑ ÔØÑÈÌÕÔÄ Ì
F µ²Å²ÑÉÎÌÆÑÚÌÔÎÑ ÕÑ ÓÄÈ ∑ FXQÕŲÊÉÅÆÔÑÎáÕÐÑ ÔØÑ
Q
ÈÌÕÔÄ
ÔÐÓÍÈÇÕÈÔËʱÒËÔÈÒËÃlÐÚËÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔËÒÃÇÐÆËÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÄ
QS QS
∑ _FXN_ _F_ N∑Q _XN_
N Q
´ § ° ² § ® ¢ gÔÎÌ ÓÄÈÞ ∑ XQ Ì Q∑ YQ ÅÆÔÑÎáÕÐÑ ÔØÑÈÄÕ
Q
ÔÄÕÑÌØÔÖÏÏÅ ∑ XQYQÕŲÊÉÅÆÔÑÎáÕÐÑÔØÑÈÌÕÔÄ
Q
ÔÐÓÍÈÇÕÈÔËʱÒËÔÈÒËÃlÐÚËÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔËÒÃÇÐÆËËÊÏÈÒÄ
ÆÈÏÓÔÆÄ
QS QS QS
∑ _XNYN_P N∑Q _XN_ N∑Q _YN_
N Q
´ § ° ² § ® ¢ gÔÎÌÓÄÈÞ
∑ XP Ì
P
∑ YQ
Q
¦ Ð Ì Â É Â Ô Ç Í Þ Ó Ô Ä Ð qбÄÉÈÎ ÙÔÐ ÒÃÇ ÓÐÓÔÄÆÍÈÏÏÝÌ ËÊ
ÆÓÈÆÐÊÎÐÉÏÝ× ÑÐÑÄÒÏÝ× ÑÒÐËÊÆÈÇÈÏËÌ XPYQ ÙÍÈÏÐÆ ÒÃÇÐÆ
ÄÅÓÐÍàÔÏÐÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃiÄÎÈÔËÎÙÔÐÈÓÍËÑбÄÊÄÔÞÙÔÐ
ÒÃÇ ËÊ ßÔË× ÑÒÐËÊÆÈÇÈÏËÌ ÄÅÓÐÍàÔÏÐ Ó×ÐÇËÔÓà ÑÒË ±Ä±ÐÎ
ÔÐ Ë× ÑÐÒÃÇ±È ÔÐ ÓÐÍÄÓÏÐ ÔÈÐÒÈÎÈ ÐÔÓàÇÄ ÅÕÇÈÔ ÓÍÈÇÐ
ÆÄÔÞÈÐÄÅÓÐÍàÔÏÄÃÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔÞËÑÒËÍàÅÐÎÇÒÕÐÎÑÐÒÃDZÈ
ÙÍÈÏÐÆ qÐßÔÐÎÕ ÒÄÓÑÐÍÐÉËÎ ÑÒÐËÊÆÈÇÈÏËà XPYP Æ ÑÐÒÃDZÈ
ÕÇÐÅÏÐÎÇÍÃÇбÄÊÄÔÈÍÞÓÔÆÄÔÈÐÒÈÎÝfÍÃÈÐÐÑËÓÄÏËÃÓÐÓÔÄ
ÆËÎ ÓÍÈÇÕàÛÕà ÔÄÅÍËØÕ ÑÐÑÄÒÏÝ× ÑÒÐËÊÆÈÇÈÏËÌ ÙÍÈÏÐÆ ÒÃ
ÇÐÆ
XY XYXYQ
XY XYXYQ
XPY XPYXPYQ
sÐÓÔÄÆËÎËÊßÍÈÎÈÏÔÐÆßÔÐÌÔÄÅÍËØÝÒÃÇ
XYXYXYXY
Æ ±ÐÔÐÒÐÎ ÈÈ ßÍÈÎÈÏÔÝ ÒÄÓÑÐÍÐÉÈÏÝ Æ ÑÐÒÃÇ±È ÑбÄÊÄÏÏÐÎ
ÏÄ ÓÍÈÇÕàÛÈÌ ÏËÉÈ Ó×ÈÎÈ ÇÈ ÏÄ ÎÈÓÔÈ ±ÄÉÇÐÐ ÑÒÐËÊÆÈÇÈ
ÏËÃËÊÔÄÅÍËØÝÕ±ÄÊÄÏÈÐÑÐÒÃDZÐÆÝÌÏÐÎÈұıÙÍÈÏÄÒÃÇÄ
fбÄÉÈÎ ÙÔÐ ÒÃÇ ÄÅÓÐÍàÔÏÐ Ó×ÐÇËÔÓÃ Ô È ÙÔÐ
Ó×ÐÇËÔÓÃÒÃÇ
_XY__XY__XY__XY_
fÍÃ ßÔÐÐ Æ ÓËÍÕ ÏÈÐÔÒËØÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔË ÈÐ ÙÍÈÏÐÆ ÇÐÓÔÄÔÐÙÏÐ
ÇбÄÊÄÔÞÙÔÐÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔÑбÒÄÌÏÈÌÎÈÒÈÐÇÏÄÐÒÄÏËÙÈÏÏÄÃ
ÓÆÈÒ×Õ ÑÐÇÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞ ÈÐ ÙÄÓÔËÙÏÝ× ÓÕÎÎ ÓÎ ÍÈÎ
ÎÕ Ñ
qÐÍÐÉËÎ
Q Q
V ′ ∑ _XP_ V ′′ ∑ _YQ_ V Q′ ∑ _XN_ V′′Q ∑ _YN_
P Q N N
ËÙÈÒÈÊV QÐÅÐÊÏÄÙËÎÙÄÓÔËÙÏÝÈÓÕÎÎÝÒÃÇÄtÐÇÄÇÍÃ
ßÔË×ÙÄÓÔËÙÏÝ×ÓÕÎÎÑÐÒÃDZÄQÅÕÇÈÎËÎÈÔÞ
V _XY_ V V′′PV ′ V ′′
V _XY__XY__XY__XY_
_X__X__Y__Y_ V ′ V′′ PV ′ V ′′
V Q _XY__XYQ__XQYQ__XQY_
_X__XQ__Y__YQ_ V Q′ V Q′′PV ′ V ′′
ÑÒËÙÈÎ Æ ÓËÍÕ ÄÅÓÐÍàÔÏÐÌ Ó×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔË ÒÃÇÐÆ Æ ÑÒÄ
ÆÝ×ÙÄÓÔÃ×ßÔË×ÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÓÔÐÃÔ±ÐÏÈÙÏÝÈÆÈÍËÙËÏÝ
jÔı ÑÐÇÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞ ÙÄÓÔËÙÏÝ× ÓÕÎÎ ^V Q ` ÒÃÇÄ
ÐÒÄÏËÙÈÏÄÓÆÈÒ×ÕËÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÐÏÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃÔÐ
ÐÊÏÄÙÄÈÔÄÅÓÐÍàÔÏÕàÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔÞÒÃÇÄËÍàÅÐÐÒÃÇÄ
ÑÐÍÕÙÈÏÏÐÐ ÑÒÐËÊÆÐÍÞÏÐÌ ÑÈÒÈÓÔÄÏÐƱÐÌ ÈÐ ÙÍÈÏÐÆ ÓÎ ÔÈ
ÐÒÈÎÕtıËÎÐÅÒÄÊÐÎÍàÅÐÌÒÃÇ
∑ Y PN Y QN
N
ÓÐÓÔÄÆÍÈÏÏÝÌËÊÆÓÈÆÐÊÎÐÉÏÝ×ÑÐÑÄÒÏÝ×ÑÒÐËÊÆÈÇÈÏËÌXPYQ
ÙÍÈÏÐÆÒÃÇÐÆÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃËÑÒËÔÐÎÄÅÓÐÍàÔÏÐ
fÍÃÇбÄÊÄÔÈÍÞÓÔÆÄÆÐÓÑÐÍÞÊÕÈÎÓÃÔÈÎÙÔÐÓÕÎÎÄÒÃ
ÇÄ Æ ÓËÍÕ ÈÐ ÄÅÓÐÍàÔÏÐÌ Ó×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔË ÏÈ ÊÄÆËÓËÔ ÐÔ ÑÐ
ÒÃDZÄÈÐÙÍÈÏÐÆËÓÏÐÆÄÒÄÓÑÐÍÐÉËÎË×ÏÄËÅÐÍÈÈÕÇÐÅÏÝÎÓÑÐ
ÓÐÅÐÎËÎÈÏÏÐÒÄÓÓÎÐÔÒËÎÓÏÐÆÄÒÃÇ
pÅÐÊÏÄÙËÎÙÈÒÈÊVQÈÐÙÄÓÔËÙÏÝÈÓÕÎÎÝËÑÐÍÐÉËÎ
Q Q
V Q′ ∑ XN V Q′′ ∑ YN
N N
bÏÄÍÐËÙÏÐÔÐÎձıßÔÐÓÇÈÍÄÏÐÆÝÚÈÑÐÍÕÙÄÈÎ
V Q XXQYXQ V Q′ V Q′′
qÐÓ±ÐÍÞ±ÕÕÉÈÇбÄÊÄÏÐÙÔÐÒÃÇÄÅÓÐÍàÔÏÐÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃ
ÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐ Ë ÑÒÐÓÔÐ Ó×ÐÇËÔÓà ÔÐ ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔ ±ÐÏÈÙÏÝÌ
ÑÒÈÇÈÍ OLP V Q VËÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐ OLP V Q VsÐÍÄÓÏÐÉÈ
Q→ Q→
ÕÓÍÐÆËÃÎÔÈÐÒÈÎÝËÎÈàÔÎÈÓÔÐÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÄ
OLP V Q′ V′ OLP V Q′′ V′′
Q→ Q→
qÐßÔÐÎÕÑÈÒÈÌÇñÑÒÈÇÈÍÕÆÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÈÑÒËQ{ÑÐ
ÍÕÙËÎV V′V′′Ô È
tÈÐÒÈÎݵÑбÄÊÝÆÄàÔÙÔÐÓÆÐÌÓÔÆÄÄÅÓÐÍàÔÏÐÓ×Ð
ÇÃÛË×Óà ÒÃÇÐÆ ÆÐ ÎÏÐÐÎ ÑÐ×ÐÉË ÏÄ ÓÆÐÌÓÔÆÄ ±ÐÏÈÙÏÝ×
ÓÕÎÎÆÈÍËÙËÏÄÓÕÎÎÝÔıÐÐÒÃÇÄÏÈÊÄÆËÓËÔÐÔÑÐÒÃDZÄÓÍÄ
ÄÈÎÝ×ÄÅÓÐÍàÔÏÐÓ×ÐÇÃÛËÈÓÃÒÃÇÝÎÐÉÏÐÑÈÒÈÎÏÐÉÄÔÞÑÐ
ÙÍÈÏÏÐ Ë Ô Ñ d ÓÍÈÇÕàÛÈÎ ÑÕϱÔÈ ÅÕÇÈÔ ÇбÄÊÄÏÐ ÙÔÐ ÇÍÃ
Ó×ÐÇÃÛË×ÓÃÒÃÇÐÆÏÈÓ×ÐÇÃÛË×ÓÃÄÅÓÐÍàÔÏÐßÔËÓÆÐÌÓÔÆÄÏÈ
ËÎÈàÔÎÈÓÔÄ
i Ä Î È Ù Ä Ï Ë È d ÊıÍàÙÈÏËÈ ßÔÐÐ ÑÕϱÔÄ ÑÐÇÙÈÒ±ÏÈÎ
ÙÔÐ ±ÐÇÄ ÙÍÈÏÝ ÒÃÇÄ ±ÐÎÑÍȱÓÏÝÈ ËÍË ÇÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÝÈ ÏÐ
ÎÈÏÃàÛËÈÊÏıÆÐÑÒÐÓÐÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔËßÔÐÐÒÃÇÄÏÈÍÞÊÃÒÈÚËÔÞ
ÔÐÍÞ±Ð Ó ÑÐÎÐÛÞà ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËà «ÑÐÒÃÇ±Ä ÕÅÝÆÄÏËì QÐ ÙÍÈ
Q
( ± )
ÏÄoÄÑÒËÎÈÒQÈÙÍÈÏÝÒÃÇÐÆ ∑ Ë ∑
ËÎÈàÔÐÇË
Q Q Q Q
ÏıÐÆÝÌÑÐÒÃÇбÓÎÑ ÆÔ ÑÒËQ{ÐÇÏıÐÑÈÒÆÝÌ
ÒÃÇÒÄÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃÄÆÔÐÒÐÌ µÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃ
cÐÍÈÈÔÐÐÏÈÔÒÕÇÏÐÑÒËÆÈÓÔËÑÒËÎÈÒÇÆÕ×ÒÃÇÐÆ ∑ XQË
Q
∑ YQQÈÙÍÈÏݱÐÔÐÒÝ×ß±ÆËÆÄÍÈÏÔÏÝXQ∼YQQ
Q
ÏÐÐÇËÏÒÃÇÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃÄÇÒÕÐÌÒÄÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃ
d±ÄÙÈÓÔÆÈÔıË×ÒÃÇÐÆÎÐÉÏÐÆÊÃÔÞÏÄÑÒËÎÈÒÒÃÇÓQÎ
ÙÍÈÏÐÎ
Q
( ± )
XQ
Q
ËÒÃÇÓQÎÙÍÈÏÐÎ
Q
YQ (
± )
Q ( Q ) OQ ( Q )
sÐÇÏÐÌÓÔÐÒÐÏÝÊÇÈÓÞXQ∼YQQ Ôı±Ä±
Q
( ± )
YQ Q
Q ( Q ) OQ ( Q ) ( ± ) Q
XQ ( ± )
Q ( Q ) OQ ( Q )
Q
Y
Ë ÑÐßÔÐÎÕ OLP Q s ÇÒÕÐÌ ÓÔÐÒÐÏÝ ∑ XQ ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃ ÒÃ
Q→ X Q Q
ÇÐÎÆËÇÄÑÐßÔÐÎÕÐÏÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃrÃÇÉÈ ∑ YQÒÄÓ×ÐÇËÔ
Q
ÓÃdÓÄÎÐÎÇÈÍÈÈÓÍËÅÝÐÏÓ×ÐÇËÍÓÃÔÐÓ×ÐÇËÍÓÃÅÝËÒÃÇ
∑
Q
YQ´XQ ∑
Q ( Q ) OQ (Q )
cÝÍÐ ÅÝ ÐÚËűÐÌ ÐÇÏıРÓÙËÔÄÔÞ ÙÔÐ ÎÈÔÐÇ ÆÝÇÈÍÈÏËÃ
ÍÄÆÏÐÌÙÄÓÔËÐÇËÔÓÃÍËÚÞÆÓÍÕÙÄÈÒÃÇÐÆÓÇÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÝ
ÎËÙÍÈÏÄÎËËÎÈàÛËÎËÐÇËÏËÔÐÔÉÈÊÏınÈÔÐÇÆÝÇÈÍÈÏËÃ
ÍÄÆÏÐÌ ÙÄÓÔË ÎÐÉÈÔ Ó ÕÓÑÈ×ÐÎ ÑÒËÎÈÏÃÔÞÓà ÇÍà ÆÝÃÓÏÈÏËÃ
Ó×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔË ÍàÅÝ× ÒÃÇÐÆ sÕÔÞ ßÔÐÐ ÎÈÔÐÇÄ Æ ÒÄÓÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄÈ
ÎÐÎÓÍÕÙÄÈÐÓÏÐÆÄÏÄÏÄÓÍÈÇÕàÛÈÎÊÄÎÈÙÄÏËËÑÕÓÔÞÇÄÏÒÃÇ
∑ XQgÓÍËÑÒÈÇÓÔÄÆËÔÞÈÐÙÍÈÏÝÆÆËÇÈXQ YQZQÇÈÒÃÇ
Q
∑ ZQÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃÔÐÒÃÇ Q∑ XQÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃËÒÄÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃÐÇÏÐÆÒÈ
Q
ÎÈÏÏÐ Ó ÒÃÇÐÎ ∑ YQ ÑÐÙÈÎÕ" qÐßÔÐÎÕ ÇÍÃ ËÓÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÏËÃ
Q
Ó×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔËÒÃÇÄ ∑ XQØÈÍÈÓÐÐÅÒÄÊÏÐÑÐÑÝÔÄÔÞÓÃÑÒÈÇÓÔÄÆËÔÞ
Q
ÈÐÙÍÈÏÝÏÄÑÒËÎÈÒÆÆËÇÈXQ YQZQÔıÙÔÐÅÝZ 2
Qα
ÑÒËα!tÐÇÄÑÐÓ±ÐÍÞ±ÕÒÃÇ ∑ ZQÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃËÇÄÉÈÄÅÓÐ
Q
ÍàÔÏÐ Ó×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔÞ ÇÄÏÏÐÐ ÒÃÇÄ ÓÆÐÇËÔÓà ± ËÓÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÏËà
Ó×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔËÒÃÇÄ ∑ YQÔÐÔÑÒËÈαÐÏÈÙÏÐØÈÍÈÓÐÐÅÒÄÊÈÏ
Q→
Æ ÔÐÎ ÓÍÕÙÄÈ ÈÓÍË ÑÐÍÕÙËÆÚËÌÓÃ ÒÃÇ ∑ YQ ÑÒÐÛÈ ËÓÓÍÈÇÐ
Q
ÆÄÔÞÏÄÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔÞÙÈÎÇÄÏÏÝÌÒÃÇÓÒÓÄÏÄÍÐËÙÏÝÎËÓÓÍÈ
ÇÐÆÄÏËÈÎÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔËËÏÔÈÒÄÍÐÆÆÑ
rÄÓÓÎÐÔÒËÎÏÄÑÒËÎÈÒÒÃÇÓÐÅÛËÎÙÍÈÏÐÎ
( ± ) Q
qÐÍÐÉËÎYQ
´ ËZQ XQ´YQrÃÇ ∑ YQÒÄÓ×Ð
Q Q Q
ÇËÔÓñıÒÄÊÏÐÓÔÞÒÃÇÐÆËʱÐÔÐÒÝ×ÐÇËÏÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃÄÇÒÕÐÌ
ÒÄÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃrÃÇÉÈ ∑ ZQÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃËÇÄÉÈÄÅÓÐÍàÔÏÐÔı±Ä±
Q
ZQ 2
Q{
Q
tıËÎ ÐÅÒÄÊÐÎ ÇÄÏÏÝÌ ÒÃÇ ∑ XQ ÒÄÓ×ÐÇËÔÓà ×ÐÔà ÈÐ
Q
Q
( ± )
«ÍÄÆÏÄÃÙÄÓÔÞ¬ ∑ ËÑÒÈÇÓÔÄÆÍÃÈÔÓÐÅÐÌÓ×ÐÇÃÛËÌÓÃ
Q Q
ÒÃÇtÈÎÓÄÎÝÎßÔËÒÃÇÝÃÆÍÃàÔÓÃÈÛÈÐÇÏËÎÑÒËÎÈÒÐÎÇÆÕ×
ÒÃÇÐÆ ÙÍÈÏÝ ±ÐÔÐÒÝ× ÐÅÒÄÊÕàÔ ß±ÆËÆÄÍÈÏÔÏÝÈ ÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄ
ÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔËËËʱÐÔÐÒÝ×ÐÇËÏÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃÄÇÒÕÐÌÒÄÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃ
±ÒÊÉÏÂÌʦÂÍÂÎÃÇÒÂʬÐÚÊ
ÆÍáÑÒÐÊÉÄÐÍÞÏÝ×ÙÊÓÍÐÄÝ×ÒáÆÐÄ
³×ÐÆáÛÊÇÓáÒáÆÝÏÇÓ×ÐÆáÛÊÇÓáÂÃÓÐÍàÔÏÐ
´ÇÐÒÇβÊÎÂÏÂ
gÓÍËÒÃÇÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃÏÐÏÈÄÅÓÐÍàÔÏÐÔıËÈÒÃÇÝËÏÐÇÄÏÄÊÝ
ÆÄàÔ ÖÔÎÑÇÐÑ ÔØÑÈÄÜÌÏÌÔÄ ÔÐ ±Ä± ÏËÉÈ ÅÕÇÈÔ ÑбÄÊÄÏÐ
ÕÉÈ ÏÈÍÞÊÃ ÕÔÆÈÒÉÇÄÔÞ ÙÔÐ ÑÈÒÈÓÔÄÆËÆ ÈÐ ÙÍÈÏÝ Æ ÇÒÕÐÎ
ÑÐÒÃDZÈÑÐÍÕÙËÎÓ×ÐÇÃÛËÌÓñÔÐÌÉÈÓÕÎÎÈÒÃÇqÄÒÄÇбÓ
ƱÐÏØÈÑ ËÐÅÜÃÓÏÃÈÔÓÃßÔËÎÐÅÓÔÐÃÔÈÍÞÓÔÆÐÎÒÄÓÓÎÐÔ
ÒÈÏÏÝÌÔÄÎÒÃÇÐÔÍËÙÄÍÓÃÑÐÒÃDZÐÎÙÍÈÏÐÆÐÔÊÄÇÄÏ
ÏÐÐ Ó×ÐÇÃÛÈÐÓà ÏÐ ÏÈ ÄÅÓÐÍàÔÏÐ ÒÃÇÄ Ë ÑÐßÔÐÎÕ
ÏÈÍÞÊÃÅÝÍÐÕÔÆÈÒÉÇÄÔÞÙÔÐÈÐÓÕÎÎÄÔıÉÈÒÄÆÏÄ6cÐÍÈÈ
ÔÐÐÑÐÍÕÙËÆÚÈÈÓÃÑÒÐÔËÆÐÒÈÙËÈÑбÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÙÔÐßÔÐÊÄÆÈÇÐ
ÎÐÏÈÔı
jÔıÓÕÎÎÄÒÃÇÄÊÄÆËÓËÔÐÔÑÐÒÃDZÄÓÍÄÄÈÎÝ×Ô È±ÐÎ
ÎÕÔÄÔËÆÏÝÌÊıÐÏÓÍÐÉÈÏËÃÏÈËÎÈÈÔÎÈÓÔÄÇÍÃÏÈÄÅÓÐÍàÔÏÐ
Ó×ÐÇÃÛË×ÓÃÒÃÇÐÆ
gÓÍËÆÇÄÏÏÐÎÒÃÇÈÓÒÕÑÑËÒÐÆÄÔޱıËÎÍËÅÐÐÅÒÄÊÐÎÈÐ
ÙÍÈÏÝÏÈÏÄÒÕÚÄÃË×ÑÐÒÃDZÄËÓÍÐÉËÔÞÔÐÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞ
ÏÐÓÔÞÙÄÓÔËÙÏÝ×ÓÕÎÎÑÐÍÕÙËÆÚÈÐÓÃÒÃÇÄÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃÑÐÇÑÐÓ
ÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞà ÙÄÓÔËÙÏÝ× ÓÕÎÎ ËÓ×ÐÇÏÐÐ ÒÃÇÄ qÐßÔÐÎÕ
ÈÓÍËËÓ×ÐÇÏÝÌÒÃÇÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃÔÐÅÕÇÈÔÓ×ÐÇËÔÞÓÃËÆÏÐÆÞÑÐÍÕ
ÙÈÏÏÝÌÑÒËÙÈÎÓÕÎÎÝÐÅÐË×ÒÃÇÐÆÐÇËÏıÐÆÝpÇÏıÐÈÓÍË
ÇÄÏÏÝÌ ÒÃÇ ÒÄÓ×ÐÇËÔÓà ÔÐ ÆÔÐÒÐÌ ÒÃÇ ÎÐÉÈÔ Ó×ÐÇËÔÞÓà oÄ
ÑÒËÎÈÒÒÃÇ´´´ÒÄÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃpÅÜÈÇËÏËÆ
ÉÈÑÐÑÄÒÏÐÈÐÙÍÈÏÝ´´´ÑÐÍÕÙËÎ
Ó×ÐÇÃÛËÌÓà ÒÃÇ tıËÎ ÐÅÒÄÊÐÎ ÆÐÐÅÛÈ ÐÆÐÒà ÇÍà ÒÃÇÐÆ
ÏÈÆÈÒÈÏËÄÓÓÐØËÄÔËÆÏÝÌÊıÐÏÓÍÐÉÈÏËÃ
rÄÓÓÎÐÔÒËÎ ÏȱÐÔÐÒÝÈ ÓÆÐÌÓÔÆÄ Ó×ÐÇÃÛË×Óà ÏÐ ÏÈ ÄÅÓÐ
ÍàÔÏÐÒÃÇÐÆÓÇÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÝÎËÙÍÈÏÄÎËqÕÓÔÞÇÄÏÒÃÇ
∑ XQ
Q
ÇÈXQQ µÇÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÝÈÙËÓÍÄ
pÅÐÊÏÄÙËÎ ÙÈÒÈÊ X X X Q ÈÐ ÏÈÐÔÒËØÄÔÈÍÞÏÝÈ
ÙÍÈÏÝX QOÄÙÈÒÈÊ´X ´´X ´´X Q´ÈÐÐÔÒËØÄÔÈÍÞÏÝÈ
ÙÍÈÏÝX Q´!ÆÊÃÔÝÈÆÔÐÎÑÐÒÃDZÈƱıÐÎÐÏËÒÄÓÑÐÍÐÉÈÏÝ
ÆÒÃÇÈrÄÓÓÎÐÔÒËÎÒÃÇÝÓÏÈÐÔÒËØÄÔÈÍÞÏÝÎËÙÍÈÏÄÎË
∑ X Q
Q
∑ X Q´
Q
pÔÎÈÔËÎ ÙÔÐ ÈÓÍË ÒÃÇ ÓÐÇÈÒÉËÔ ÍËÚÞ ±ÐÏÈÙÏÐÈ
ÙËÓÍÐ ÙÍÈÏÐÆ ÐÔÍËÙÏÝ× ÐÔ ÏÕÍà ËÍË ÒÃÇ ÆÓÈ ÙÍÈÏÝ
±ÐÔÐÒÐÐ ÑÐ ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËà ÐÔÍËÙÏÝ ÐÔ ÏÕÍà ÓÐÓÔÐËÔ ÍËÚÞ
ËÊ ±ÐÏÈÙÏÐÐ ÙËÓÍÄ ÙÍÈÏÐÆ ÔÐ ÏÄÙËÏÄÃ Ó ÏȱÐÔÐÒÐÐ ÏÐÎÈÒÄ
ÆÓÈÙÍÈÏÝËÓ×ÐÇÏÐÐÒÃÇÄËÎÈàÔÐÇËÏËÔÐÔÉÈÊÏıË
ÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐ ÈÐ Ó×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔÞ ÒÄÆÏÐÓËÍÞÏÄ ÄÅÓÐÍàÔÏÐÌ Ó×Ð
ÇËÎÐÓÔË
tıËÎÐÅÒÄÊÐÎÈÓÍËÒÃÇÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃÏÐÏÈÄÅÓÐÍàÔ
ÏÐÔÐÐÅÄÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ^X Q`Ë^X Q´`ÅÈÓ±ÐÏÈÙÏÝÈ
§ ® ® ¢ gÔÎÌÓÄÈÔØÑÈÌÕÔÄÐÑÐÉÅÆÔÑÎáÕÐÑÕÑÑÆÅ
ÓÄÈÅÌÓÅÔØÑÈÄÕÔÄ
¦ Ð Ì Â É Â Ô Ç Í Þ Ó Ô Ä Ð qÐÍÐÉËÎ
Q Q
VQ ∑ XN V Q ∑ _XN_
N N
Q Q
V Q ∑ X N V Q´ ∑ X N´
N N
V ´
V Q V P
N
Q PN
PËNÊÄÆËÓÃÔÐÔQÇÍÃÇÄÏÏÐÐÒÃÇÄÑÒËßÔÐÎÕÓÍÐÆËÈÓÔÒÈÎ
ÍÈÏËÃQ±ÅÈÓ±ÐÏÈÙÏÐÓÔËÒÄÆÏÐÓËÍÞÏÐÐÇÏÐÆÒÈÎÈÏÏÐÎÕÓÔÒÈÎ
ÍÈÏËà ± ÅÈÓ±ÐÏÈÙÏÐÓÔË N Ë P fÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÐ ÈÓÍË ÅÝ ÑÒË
Q{ÏÐÎÈÒÄP PQÏÐÎÈÒÄN NQÏÈÓÔÒÈÎËÍËÓÞÅݱ
ÅÈÓ±ÐÏÈÙÏÐÓÔËÔÐßÔÐÐÊÏÄÙÄÍÐÅÝÙÔÐÆÒÃÇÈËÎÈÈÔÓÃ
ÍËÚÞ±ÐÏÈÙÏÐÈÙËÓÍÐÏÈÐÔÒËØÄÔÈÍÞÏÝ×ÐÔÒËØÄÔÈÍÞÏÝ×ÙÍÈ
ÏÐÆ Ä Æ ßÔÐÎ ÓÍÕÙÄÈ ÒÃÇ Ó×ÐÇËÍÓà ÅÝ ÄÅÓÐÍàÔÏÐ ÙÔÐ
ÑÒÐÔËÆÐÒÈÙËÍÐÅÝÕÓÍÐÆËàÍÈÎÎÝ
pÅÒÄÔÏÐÈÕÔÆÈÒÉÇÈÏËÈÙÔÐÑÒËN{ËP{ËÎÈÈÔÎÈÓ
ÔÐQ{ÐÙÈÆËÇÏÐÆÓËÍÕÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÄ
qÐÕÓÍÐÆËàÒÃÇÏÈÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃÄÅÓÐÍàÔÏÐÄßÔÐÐÊÏÄ
ÙÄÈÔÙÔÐ
OLP V Q
Q→
qÐßÔÐÎÕ Æ ÓËÍÕ ÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÄ ÑÐ ±ÒÄÌÏÈÌ ÎÈÒÈ ÐÇËÏ ËÊ
ÑÒÈÇÈÍÐÆ
OLP V Q OLP V Q´
Q→ Q→
ÑÒËÙÈÎÆÔÐÎÓÍÕÙÄȱÐÇÄÏÐÎÈÒQ ÏÈÕÇÐÆÍÈÔÆÐÒÃÈÔßÔÐ
ÎÕ ÕÓÍÐÆËà ÆÝÅÐÒ Q ÑÒÐËÊÆÈÇÈÎ ÈÛÈ ÔıËÎ ÐÅÒÄÊÐÎ ÙÔÐÅÝ
ÑÒËßÔÐÎÆÝÑÐÍÏÃÍÐÓÞÔıÉÈËÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐ
X X X Q P$
µ
sÕÛÈÓÔÆÐÆÄÏËÈÏÐÎÈÒÐÆQÇÍñÐÔÐÒÝ×ÆÝÑÐÍÏÃÈÔÓÃÕÓÍÐÆËÈ
ÓÍÈÇÕÈÔ ËÊ ÕÓÍÐÆËÃ ÇÍÃ ÔÐÐ ÙÔÐÅÝ ÑÒË ßÔÐÎ
ÆÝÑÐÍÏÃÍÐÓÞ Ë ÕÓÍÐÆËÈ ÏÄÇÐ ÆÊÃÔÞ ÏÄËÎÈÏÞÚËÌ ËÊ
ßÔË×ÏÐÎÈÒÐÆQ
dÝÅÈÒÈÎÔÈÑÈÒÞËÊÒÃÇÄÑÐÇÒÃÇÓÔÐÍÞ±ÐÙÍÈÏÐÆÙÔÐ
ÅÝÆÝÙÔÃË×ÓÕÎÎÕËÊÓÕÎÎÝÕÉÈÏÄÅÒÄÏÏÝ×ËÊÒÃÇÄ
ÙÍÈÏÐÆÑÐÍÕÙËÔÞÊÏÄÙÈÏËÈÎÈÏÞÚÈÈ$ËÙÔÐÅÝÎÈÏÞÚÈÈÙËÓÍÐ
ÙÍÈÏÐÆÒÃÇÄÕÉÈÏÈÐÅÍÄÇÄÍÐßÔËÎÓÆÐÌÓÔÆÐÎ
tıËÎÐÅÒÄÊÐÎÆÝÅÈÒÈÎËÊÒÃÇÄQÑÈÒÆÝ×ÙÍÈÏÐÆ
ÔıÙÔÐÅÝ
X X Q ´X ´´´X Q´ $
ÑÒËÙÈÎ Æ ÔÐÎ ÓÍÕÙÄÈ ±ÐÇÄ ÏÐÎÈÒ Q ÏÈ ÕÇÐÆÍÈÔÆÐÒÃÈÔ
ßÔÐÎÕÕÓÍÐÆËàÆÝÅÈÒÈÎQÔıËÎÐÅÒÄÊÐÎÙÔÐÅÝÑÒËßÔÐÎÆÝ
ÑÐÍÏÃÍÐÓÞÈÛÈËÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐ
X X Q ´X ´´´X Q´ O$
µ µ
sÕÛÈÓÔÆÐÆÄÏËÈ ÔıÐÐ ÏÐÎÈÒÄ Q ÇбÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÓà ËÓ×ÐÇà ËÊ
ÄÏÄÍÐËÙÏÐÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÐÆÄÏËàÏÐÎÈÒÄQ
sÏÐÆÄÆÝÅÈÒÈÎÑÐÇÒÃÇËÊÒÃÇÄÙÍÈÏÝÇÐÏȱÐÔÐÒÐÐ
ÏÐÎÈÒÄQÔıÙÔÐÅÝÆÝÑÐÍÏÃÍÐÓÞÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐ
X X Q ´X ´´´X Q´ X Q X Q !$
ËÑÒËQ!QÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐ
X X Q ´X ´´´X Q´ X Q X Q P$
µ
qÒÐÇÐÍÉÄÃßÔÐÔÑÒÐØÈÓÓÇÄÍÈÈÑÐÍÕÙËÎÒÃÇ
X X Q ´X ´´´X Q´ X Q X Q ´
´X Q ´
´´X Q
fÍÃÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔËÈÐÙÄÓÔËÙÏÝ×ÓÕÎÎ
V Q V Q Q V Q Q V Q Q N
N N
ÆÓËÍÕÑÐÓÔÒÐÈÏËÃÆÝÑÐÍÏÃàÔÓÃÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÄ
V Q !$V Q Q $V Q Q !$
ÑÒËÙÈÎÐÔ±ÍÐÏÈÏËÈÐÔÙËÓÍÄ$±ÄÉÇÐÌËÊÕ±ÄÊÄÏÏÝ×ÙÄÓÔËÙ
ÏÝ×ÓÕÎÎV Q Q ÏÈÑÒÈÆÝÚÄÈÔÈÈÑÐÓÍÈÇÏÈÐÙÍÈÏÄ
N N
qÐßÔÐÎÕËÊÓÍÈÇÕÈÔÙÔÐ
OLP V Q $
N→ N QN
gÓÍËÔÈÑÈÒÞÆÊÃÔÞÍàÅÕàÙÄÓÔËÙÏÕàÓÕÎÎÕVQÒÃÇÄ
Q!QQÔÐÆÓËÍÕ±ÐÏÓÔÒÕ±ØËËßÔÐÐÒÃÇÄÆÓÈÇÄÎÐÉÏÐÏÄÌ
ÔËÔıÐÌÏÐÎÈÒN NQÙÔÐÅÕÇÈÔËÎÈÔÞÎÈÓÔÐÍËÅÐÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐ
VQ P VQ P V Q
N QN N QN
ÍËÅÐÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐ
VQ OVQO V Q
N QN N QN
±ÒÇÐÃÒÂÉÐÄÂÏÊÇ¢ÃÇÍá
±ÒÊÉÏÂÌÊÓ×ÐÆÊÎÐÓÔʦÊÒÊ×ÍÇÊ¢ÃÇÍá
d ßÔÐÎ ÑÕϱÔÈ ÅÕÇÕÔ ÇбÄÊÄÏÝ ÇÐÓÔÄÔÐÙÏÝÈ ÑÒËÊÏÄ±Ë Ó×ÐÇË
ÎÐÓÔËÙËÓÍÐÆÝ×ÒÃÇÐÆÑÒËÐÇÏÝÈËÇÍÃÒÃÇÐÆÓ±ÐÎÑÍȱÓÏÝ
ÎËÙÍÈÏÄÎË
qÒÈÇÆÄÒËÔÈÍÞÏÐÒÄÓÓÎÐÔÒËÎÐÇÏÐÑÒÈÐÅÒÄÊÐÆÄÏËÈÓÕÎÎÆËÇÄ
6 DEDEDQEQ
ÇÈDLELL Q µ±ÐÎÑÍȱÓÏÝÈÙËÓÍÄqÐÍÐÉËÎ
% E% EE%Q EEEQ
ÔÐÇÄ
E %E %´%EQ %Q´%Q´
Ë
6 D%D%´%DQ%Q´%Q´
rÄÓ±ÒÝÆ Ó±ÐÅ±Ë Ë ÒÕÑÑËÒÕà ÑÐÏÐÆÐÎÕ ÙÍÈÏÝ ÑÐÍÕÙËÎ ÒÄ
ÆÈÏÓÔÆÐ
6 D´D%D´D%DQ´´DQ%Q´DQ%Q
tıËÎÐÅÒÄÊÐÎбÐÏÙÄÔÈÍÞÏÐËÎÈÈÎ
Q Qµ
∑ DLEL L ∑ DL´DL%LDQ%Q
L
qÒÈÐÅÒÄÊÐÆÄÏËÈÓÕÎÎÆËÇÄÏÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÓÃÒÓÉÑÆÓÅËÑÇÅÐÌ
ÉÏbÆÉÎÄÐÏÐÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃÆËÊÆÈÓÔÏÐÎÓÎÝÓÍÈÄÏÄÍÐÐÎËÏÔÈÒË
ÒÐÆÄÏËÃÑÐÙÄÓÔÃÎÔÄÄÏÄÍÐËÃÐÓÐÅÈÏÏÐÅÒÐÓÄÈÔÓÃÆÍÄÊÄ
ÈÓÍËÖÐÒÎÕÍÕÊÄÑËÓÄÔÞÆÆËÇÈ
Q Qµ
∑ DL%L´%L´ DQ%Q´D%´ L ∑ DL´DL%L
L
fбÄÉÈÎÓÑÐÎÐÛÞàÑÒÈÐÅÒÄÊÐÆÄÏËÃbÅÈÍÃÍÈÎÎÕ
§ ® ® ¢ ÏÇÒÂÄÇÏÓÔÄТÃÇÍágÔÎÌ
ÕŲÑÍÚÕÑÒÑÔÎÉÈÑÇÅÕÉÎßÐÑÔÕß^DQ`ÏÑÐÑÕÑÐÐÑÔÕÓÉÏÌÕÔÄ
²ÐÖÎáÅÒÑÔÎÉÈÑÇÅÕÉÎßÐÑÔÕßÚÅÔÕÌÚÐÞØÔÖÏÏ^%Q`ÓÄÈÅ
∑ EQ EQ∈& Q
Q
jÊßÔË× ÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÓÍÈÇÕÈÔÙÔÐÙËÓÍÄDLL QÇÈÌÓÔÆË
ÔÈÍÞÏÝ
¦ Ð Ì Â É Â Ô Ç Í Þ Ó Ô Ä Ð dÓËÍÕÐÒÄÏËÙÈÏÏÐÓÔËÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞ
ÏÐÓÔË^%Q`ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔÔıÐÈÙËÓÍÐ%!ÙÔÐ_%Q_P%ÇÍÃÆÓÈ×
Q pÔÓàÇÄÓÍÈÇÕÈÔÙÔÐÇÍÃÍàÅÐÐQ ËÍà
ÅÐÐØÈÍÐÐSO
QS
L
∑Q EL _%QS´%Q´_P_%QS__%Q´_P%
L
∑Q DL EL P%_DQ__DQS_ε
ÐÔÓàÇÄ ÓÐÍÄÓÏÐ ±ÒËÔÈÒËà lÐÚË Ë ÓÍÈÇÕÈÔ ÙÔÐ ÒÃÇ
Ó×ÐÇËÔÓÃ
d±ÄÙÈÓÔÆÈÑÒËÎÈÒÄÒÄÓÓÎÐÔÒËÎÒÃÇ
VLQQα
Q
∑
Q
N
∑ VLQ NαÒÄÆÏÝÏÕÍàÑÐßÔÐÎÕßÔËÓÕÎÎÝÑÒËÍàÅÐÎQÒÄÆÏÝ
ÏÕÍàËÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÐÒÄÏËÙÈÏÝtıËÎÐÅÒÄÊÐÎÑÒËÆÓÈ×α
Q
ÓÕÎÎÝ ∑ VLQ NαÐÒÄÏËÙÈÏÝ
N
sÇÒÕÐÌÓÔÐÒÐÏÝÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞ ÎÐÏÐÔÐÏÏÐÕÅÝ
Q
ÆÄÈÔËÓÔÒÈÎËÔÓñÏÕÍàÑÐßÔÐÎÕÑÐÑÒËÊÏıÕfËÒË×ÍÈÒÃÇ
Ó×ÐÇËÔÓÃÑÒËÍàÅÐÎα
bÏÄÍÐËÙÏÐÒÃÇÕËÓÓÍÈÇÕÈÔÓÃÒÃÇ
FRVQα
Q
∑
Q
tı±Ä±ÑÒËα πPP ¥ ¥ÓÑÒÄÆÈÇÍËÆÐÒÄ
ÆÈÏÓÔÆÐ
Q Q
α
∑ FRV Nα
∑ VLQ FRV Nα
N α N
VLQ
Q
VLQ N α´VLQ N´ α
α ∑
VLQ N
α
VLQ Q α µ VLQ Qα Q
VLQ FRV α
α α
VLQ VLQ
ÔÐÇÍÃÕ±ÄÊÄÏÏÝ×αÆÝÑÐÍÏÃÈÔÓÃÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐ
Q
∑ FRV Nαα P
N α
VLQ
ËÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÑÐÑÒËÏØËÑÕfËÒË×ÍÈÒÃÇÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃ
ÑÒËÆÓÈ×α πPP ¥¥
gÓÍËÉÈα πPP ¥ ¥ÔÐÒÃÇÆÐÔÍË
ÙËÈ ÐÔ ÒÃÇÄ ÒÄÓ×ÐÇËÔÓà Ôı ±Ä± ÐÏ ÑÒÈÆÒÄÛÄÈÔÓà Æ
ÄÒÎÐÏËÙÈÓ±ËÌÒÃÇ
iÄÎÈÔËÎ ÙÔÐ ÑÒËÊÏı mÈÌÅÏËØÄ ÓÎ Ñ ÓÍÈÇÕÈÔ ËÊ
ÑÒËÊÏıÄfËÒË×ÍÈfÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÐÈÓÍËÆÒÃÇÈ
∑ ´QDQ
Q
ÇÈ DQ O DQ ! ÑÐÍÐÉËÔÞ EQ ´Q ÔÐ ÐÙÈÆËÇÏÐ ÓÕÎÎÝ
EEQQ ÒÄÆÏÝÏÕÍàËÍËÈÇËÏËØÈËÑÐßÔÐÎÕÐÒÄ
ÏËÙÈÏÝËÊÏÄÙËÔÑÐÑÒËÊÏıÕfËÒË×ÍÈÒÃÇÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃ
jÊ ÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÄ bÅÈÍÃ ÎÐÉÏÐ ÑÐÍÕÙËÔÞ ÈÛÈ ÐÇËÏ
ÑÒËÊÏıÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔËÒÃÇÄ
´ § ° ² § ® ¢ ÑÒÊÉÏÂÌ ¢ÃÇÍá gÔÎÌ ÒÑÔÎÉÈÑÇÅÕÉÎßÐÑÔÕß ^DQ`
ÏÑÐÑÕÑÐÐÅÌÑÓÅÐÌÚÉÐÅÅÓÄÈ ∑ EQEQ∈ &Q ÔØÑ
Q
ÈÌÕÔÄÕÑÓÄÈÕŲÊÉÔØÑÈÌÕÔÄ
¦ Ð Ì Â É Â Ô Ç Í Þ Ó Ô Ä Ð dÓËÍÕÐÒÄÏËÙÈÏÏÐÓÔËÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞ
ÏÐÓÔË^DQ`ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔÔıÐÈ0!ÙÔÐÇÍÃÆÓÈ×Q ÆÝ
ÑÐÍÏÃÈÔÓÃÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐ_DQ_P0
qÕÓÔÞÔÈÑÈÒÞÊÄÇÄÏÐε!jÊÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔËÒÃÇÄ ∑ EQÓÍÈÇÕ
Q
ÈÔÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÐÆÄÏËÈÔıÐÐÏÐÎÈÒÄQεÙÔÐÇÍÃÆÓÈ×ÏÐÎÈÒÐÆQ!Qε
QS
ε
ËÆÓÈ×ØÈÍÝ×SOÆÝÑÐÍÏÃÈÔÓÃÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐ ∑ EL qÐ
L Q 0
ßÔÐÎÕ ÇÍà ÆÓÈ× ÏÐÎÈÒÐÆ Q ! Qε Ë ÆÓÈ× ØÈÍÝ× S O ÓÐÍÄÓÏÐ
ÍÈÎÎÈ ÓÑÒÄÆÈÇÍËÆÐÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐ
QS
ε
_D __DQS_Pε
∑Q DL EL
L 0 Q
d ÓËÍÕ ±ÒËÔÈÒËà lÐÚË Ó×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔË ÒÃÇÐÆ ßÔÐ ÐÊÏÄÙÄÈÔ ÙÔÐ
ÒÃÇÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃ
pÔÎÈÔËÎÙÔÐÔÈÐÒÈÎÄ ÎÐÉÈÔÅÝÔÞÑÐÍÕÙÈÏÄËËÊÔÈÐÒÈ
ÎÝ fÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÐ ÈÓÍË ÆÝÑÐÍÏÈÏÝ ÕÓÍÐÆËÃ ÔÈÐÒÈÎÝ
ÔÐÆÓËÍÕÎÐÏÐÔÐÏÏÐÓÔËËÐÒÄÏËÙÈÏÏÐÓÔËÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓ
ÔË ^DQ` ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔ ±ÐÏÈÙÏÝÌ ÑÒÈÇÈÍ D OLP DQ Ë ÓÍÈÇÐÆÄ
Q→
ÔÈÍÞÏÐÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞFQ DQ´DQ ÎÐÏÐÔÐÏÏÐ
ÓÔÒÈÎËÔÓà ± ÏÕÍà qÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞ ÉÈ ÙÄÓÔËÙÏÝ× ÓÕÎÎ
ÒÃÇÄ ∑ EQÐÒÄÏËÙÈÏÄÔı±Ä±ßÔÐÔÒÃÇÑÐÕÓÍÐÆËàÓ×ÐÇËÔ
Q
Óà qÐßÔÐÎÕ ÓÐÍÄÓÏÐ ÔÈÐÒÈÎÈ ÒÃÇ ∑ FQEQ Ó×ÐÇËÔÓà oÐ
Q
FQEQ DQEQ´DEQËÒÃÇ ∑ DEQ D ∑ EQÔıÉÈÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃsÍÈ
Q Q
ÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏбıÓÕÎÎÄÇÆÕ×Ó×ÐÇÃÛË×ÓÃÒÃÇÐÆÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃËÒÃÇ
∑ DQEQ Q∑ FQEQD Q∑ EQ
Q
± Ò Ê Î Ç Ò jÓÓÍÈÇÕÈÎÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔÞÒÃÇÄ
π
VLQQDFRV
Q
∑
Q
OQ OQ Q
VLQQD
iÄÎÈÔËÎ ÙÔÐ ÒÃÇ ∑ Ó×ÐÇËÔÓà ÓÐÍÄÓÏÐ ÑÒËÊÏıÕ
Q OQ OQ Q
fËÒË×ÍÈ ÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞ ÎÐÏÐÔÐÏÏÐ ÓÔÒÈÎËÔÓà ±
OQ OQ Q
ÏÕÍà Ä ÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞ ÙÄÓÔËÙÏÝ× ÓÕÎÎ ÒÃÇÄ ∑ VLQ Qα
Q
ÐÒÄÏËÙÈÏÄ ÓÎ ÑÒÈÇÝÇÕÛËÌ ÑÒËÎÈÒ qÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞ
ÉÈFRV π Q ÎÐÏÐÔÐÏÏÄÑÐßÔÐÎÕÑÐÑÒËÊÏıÕbÅÈ
Q
ÍÃÒÃÇÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃÑÒËÆÓÈ×α
¢ÓÊÎÑÔÐÔÊÙÇÓÌÐÇÑÐÄÇÆÇÏÊÇ
ÐÓÔÂÔÌÐÄÓ×ÐÆáÛÊ×ÓáÒáÆÐÄ
ÊÙÂÓÔÊÙÏÝ×ÓÕÎÎÒÂÓ×ÐÆáÛÊ×ÓáÒáÆÐÄ
qÐÇÐÅÏÐÏÈÓÐÅÓÔÆÈÏÏÝÎËÏÔÈÒÄÍÄÎÇÍÃÒÃÇÐÆÅÝÆÄÈÔÏÕÉÏÐ
ÐÔÆÈÔËÔÞ ÏÈ ÔÐÍޱРÏÄ ÆÐÑÒÐÓ ÐÅ Ë× Ó×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔË ÏÐ Æ ÓÍÕÙÄÈ
Ó×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔËÒÃÇÄÐØÈÏËÔÞÈÈÓ±ÐÒÐÓÔÞÄÆÓÍÕÙÄÈÒÄÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔË
ÆÝÃÓÏËÔÞ×ÄÒıÔÈÒÑÐÆÈÇÈÏËÃÈÐÙÄÓÔËÙÏÝ×ÓÕÎÎÑÒËÆÐÊÒÄÓ
ÔÄÏËËË×ÏÐÎÈÒÄ
dÓÍÕÙÄÈÒÃÇÐÆÆËÇÄ ∑ IQÇÈI µÏÈÐÔÒËØÄÔÈÍÞÏÄÃÕÅÝ
Q
ÆÄàÛÄà ÖÕϱØËà ÏÄ ÑÐÇÐÅÏÝÈ ÆÐÑÒÐÓÝ ËÏÐÇÄ ÕÇÄÈÔÓà ÑÐÍÕ
ÙËÔÞÐÔÆÈÔÝÓÑÐÎÐÛÞàÎÈÔÐÇÄÑÒËÎÈÏÈÏÏÐÐÑÒËÇбÄÊÄÔÈÍÞ
ÓÔÆÈ ËÏÔÈÒÄÍÞÏÐÐ ÑÒËÊÏÄ±Ä Ó×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔË ÒÃÇÐÆ ÓÎ Ñ
fÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÐÈÓÍËÒÃÇ ∑ IQÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓ×Ð
Q
ÇËÔÓÃËËÏÔÈÒÄÍ ∫ I[ G[ÔÐÐÅÐÊÏÄÙËƱıÐÅÝÙÏÐÙÈÒÈÊUQ
ÐÓÔÄÔбÒÄÓÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄÈÎÐÐÒÃÇÄÑÐÍÕÙËÎÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐ
N
UQ ∑ INP ∑ ∫ I[ G[ ∫ I[ G[
N Q N Q N´ Q
ÔÐËÈÓÔÞËÓ±ÐÎÄÃÐØÈϱÄÐÓÔÄÔ±ÄÒÃÇÄÑбÄÊÝÆÄàÛÄÃÙÔÐ
ÑÒË Q { ßÔÐÔ ÐÓÔÄÔб ÕÅÝÆÄÈÔ ÏÈ ÎÈÇÍÈÏÏÈÈ ÙÈÎ ËÏÔÈÒÄÍ
∫ I[ G[
Q
bÏÄÍÐËÙÏÐÑÐÍÕÙÄÈÔÓÃËÐØÈϱÄÓÏËÊÕÇÍÃÐÓÔÄÔ±ÄÒÃÇÄ
N
UQ ∑ INO ∑ ∫ I[ G[ ∫ I[ G[
N Q N Q N Q
gÓÍËI[ µÏÈÐÔÒËØÄÔÈÍÞÏÄÃÕÅÝÆÄàÛÄÃÖÕϱØËÃÑÒË[O
ÔÐÎÐÉÏÐÑÐÍÕÙËÔÞÑÐÍÈÊÏÝÈÐØÈϱËÇÍÃÙÄÓÔËÙÏÝ×ÓÕÎÎÒÃ
ÇÄ ∑ IQ ÏÈ ÊÄÆËÓÃÛËÈ ÐÔ ÔÐÐ Ó×ÐÇËÔÓà ßÔÐÔ ÒÃÇ ËÍË ÏÈÔ
Q
ÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐ Ë ÏÈ ÊÄÆËÓÃÛËÈ ÐÔ ÔÐÐ Ó×ÐÇËÔÓà ËÍË ÒÄÓ×Ð
ÇËÔÓÃËÏÔÈÒÄÍ ∫ I[ G[
iÄÎÈÔËÆÙÔÐ
N
PIN´ ∫ I[ G[PIN´IN
N
ËÑÒÐÓÕÎÎËÒÐÆÄÆßÔËÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÄÑÐNÐÔÇÐQÑÐÍÕÙËÎ
Q Q
∑ IN´ ∫ I[ G[PI´IQI
N
jÊÑÒËÆÈÇÈÏÏÝ×ÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÓÍÈÇÕÈÔÙÔÐÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞ
Q Q
∑ IN´ ∫ I[ G[ Q
N
ÎÐÏÐÔÐÏÏÐÆÐÊÒÄÓÔÄÈÔËÐÒÄÏËÙÈÏÄÓÆÈÒ×ÕÑÐßÔÐÎÕÓÔÒÈÎËÔ
Óñ±ÐÏÈÙÏÐÎÕÑÒÈÇÈÍÕjÏÄÙÈÐÆÐÒÃÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔÔıÄÃÑÐ
ÓÔÐÃÏÏÄÃFÙÔÐ
Q Q
OLP ∑ IN´ ∫ I[ G[ F
Q→ N
ÔÐÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐÎÐÉÏÐÑÈÒÈÑËÓÄÔÞÆÆËÇÈ
Q Q
∑ IN ∫ I[ G[FεQ Q
N
ÇÈ OLP εQ pÏÐ ÑбÄÊÝÆÄÈÔ ÙÔÐ ÈÓÍË ÒÃÇ ∑ IQ ÒÄÓ
Q→ Q
Q
×ÐÇËÔÓà ÔÐ ÈÐ ÙÄÓÔËÙÏÝÈ ÓÕÎÎÝ ∑ IN Ó ÔÐÙÏÐÓÔÞà ÇÐ
N
ÅÈÓ±ÐÏÈÙÏÐ ÎÄÍÐÌ ÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔË ÒÄÓÔÕÔ Ôı ÉÈ ±Ä±
Q
∫ I[ G[FÇÈF µÏȱÐÔÐÒÄÃÑÐÓÔÐÃÏÏÄÃpÔÓàÇÄÓÍÈÇÕÈÔ
Q Q
ÙÔÐÙÄÓÔËÙÏÝÈÓÕÎÎÝ ∑ INËËÏÔÈÒÄÍ ∫ I[ G[ÄÓËÎÑÔÐ
N
ÔËÙÈÓ±Ë ÒÄÆÏÝ ÑÒË Q { Ô È Ë× ÐÔÏÐÚÈÏËÈ ÓÔÒÈÎËÔÓà ±
ÈÇËÏËØÈÑÒËQ{
Q Q
∑ IN∼ ∫ I[ G[ Q{
N
Q
± Ò Ê Î Ç Ò Ý rÄÓÓÎÐÔÒËÎ ÄÒÎÐÏËÙÈÓ±ËÌ ÒÃÇ ∑ ±Ð
Q Q
[ Q
ÆÑÐÍÕÙÈÏÏÐÌÖÐÒÎÕÍÈÎÐÉÏÐÊÄÎÈÏËÔÞOQ QÏÄOQ QÑÒË
ßÔÐαÐÏÈÙÏÐËÊÎÈÏËÔÓÃËÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞεQÏÐÐÏÄÐÓÔÄ
ÏÈÔÓÃÅÈÓ±ÐÏÈÙÏÐÎÄÍÐÌÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞà
OQ Q&εQ Q
Q
màÅÐÑÝÔÏÐÊÄÎÈÔËÔÞÙÔÐÇÐÓË×ÑÐÒÏÈÕÇÄÈÔÓÃÆÝÃÓÏËÔÞ
ÑÒËÒÐÇÕ ßÌÍÈÒÐÆÐÌ ÑÐÓÔÐÃÏÏÐÌ Æ ÔÐÎ ÓÎÝÓÍÈ ÙÔÐ ÏÈËÊÆÈÓÔÏÐ
ÇÄÉÈÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃÍËÐÏÄÒÄØËÐÏÄÍÞÏÝÎÙËÓÍÐÎËÍËÏÈÔ
jÊ ÖÐÒÎÕÍÝ ÐÙÈÆËÇÏÐ ÓÍÈÇÕÈÔ ÄÓËÎÑÔÐÔËÙÈÓ±ÐÈ
ÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐ
∼OQ Q Q{
Q
rÄÓÓÎÐÔÒËÎÒÃÇ α α ∑
Q Q
dÐÊÞÎÈÎÖÕϱØËàI[ [OÔÐÇÄ
[α
Q
G[ ( Q ) µ α µ
∫ α
[ µα
jÊ ÖÐÒÎÕÍ Ë ÇÍÃ ÇÄÏÏÐÐ ÓÍÕÙÄÃ ÓÍÈÇÕÈÔ ÙÔÐ
ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔÔıÄÃÑÐÓÔÐÃÏÏÄÃFαÙÔÐ
(Q ) µα
µ
α FαεQ
α
Q µα
ÇÈ OLP εQ pÔÓàÇÄÑÐÍÕÙÄÈÎÄÓËÎÑÔÐÔËÙÈÓ±ÐÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐ
Q→
Q µα
α ∼
α Q µα
rÄÓÓÎÐÔÒËÎÓ×ÐÇÃÛËÌÓÃÒÃÇ α α!
∑
Q Q
dÊÃÆÓÏÐÆÄƱÄÙÈÓÔÆÈÖÕϱØËËIÖÕϱØËà ËÊÄÎÈÙÄÃÙÔÐ
[α
G[
∫
Q [ α ( α µ )Q α µ
ÆÓËÍÕÖÐÒÎÕÍËÑÐÍÕÙÄÈÎ
P ∑ α P
( α µ )( Q )α µ N Q Q ( α µ )Q α µ
ÐÔ±ÕÇÄ
UQ ∑
∼
N Q Q
α ( α µ )Q α µ
rÄÓÓÎÐÔÒËÎÒÃÇ
∑
Q Q
nÝÕÉÈÊÏÄÈÎÙÔÐßÔÐÔÒÃÇÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃËÙÔÐÈÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÒÄ
ÆÈÏÙËÓÍÕHÓÎÑÒËÎÈÒÆÑ
H ∑
Q Q
pØÈÏËÎÐÓÔÄÔбUQßÔÐÐÒÃÇÄ
PUQ ∑
N Q ( N ) ( Q ) Q (Q )( Q )
( Q ) Q (Q )
Q
( Q ) Q ( Q ) QQ
µ
Q
sÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÈÓÍËVQ µÙÄÓÔËÙÏÄÃÓÕÎÎÄÒÃÇÄÔÐ
H VQUQ
ËÆÓËÍÕÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÄÓÑÒÄÆÈÇÍËÆÄÓÍÈÇÕàÛÄÃÐØÈϱÄ
ÑÐÒÈÚÏÐÓÔËÑÒËÊÄÎÈÏÈHÏÄVQ
H´VQ
QQ
tıËÎ ÐÅÒÄÊÐÎ ÙËÓÍÐ H ÎÐÉÏÐ ÑÒËÅÍËÉÈÏÏÐ ÆÝÙËÓÍÃÔÞ
Æ ÆËÇÈÓÕÎÎÝ
Q
ÑÒËÙÈÎÑÐÍÕÙÈÏÏÄÃÐØÈϱÄÕ±ÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÔÐÙÏÐÓÔÞÑÐÍÕÙÄàÛË×
ÓÃÑÒËÅÍËÉÈÏËÌ
GHI
i Ä Î È Ù Ä Ï Ë È gÓÍË ÑÐÍÐÉËÔÞ θQ UQQQ ÔÐ ËÊ
ÑÐÍÕÙËÎθQËÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÆÓËÍÕÖÐÒÎÕÍÝ
Q θ
H
θQ Q
Q QQ
pÔÓàÇÄÍȱÐÓÍÈÇÕÈÔÙÔÐÙËÓÍÐHÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃËÒÒÄØËÐÏÄÍÞÏÝÎ
fÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÐÈÓÍËÅÝHÅÝÍÐÒÄØËÐÏÄÍÞÏÝÎÙËÓÍÐÎH P
Q
P∈1Q∈1ÔÐÆÓËÍÕÅÝÍÐÅÝÓÑÒÄÆÈÇÍËÆÐÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐ
P θQ
Q Q QQ
ÐÔ±ÕÇÄ
QP´
QQ θQ
Q
oÐßÔÐÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐÏÈÆÐÊÎÐÉÏÐÔı±Ä±ÓÍÈÆÄÓÔÐËÔØÈÍÐÈÙËÓ
ÍÐÄÓÑÒÄÆÄθQÇÈθQ
°ÓÕÎÎÊÒÕÇÎÐÓÔÊÒáÆÐÄ
ÎÇÔÐÆÐÎÓÒÇÆÏÊ×ÂÒÊÖÎÇÔÊÙÇÓÌÊ×
sÇÒÕÐÌÓÔÐÒÐÏÝÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕàÔÒÄÓ×ÐÇÃÛËÈÓÃÒÃÇݱÐÔÐÒÝÈ
ÓÕÎÎËÒÕàÔÓÃÎÈÔÐÇÐÎÓÒÈÇÏË×ÄÒËÖÎÈÔËÙÈÓ±Ë×tıËÎÑÒËÎÈ
ÒÐÎÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃÒÃÇ
´´
d ßÔÐÎ ÓÍÕÙÄÈ VN VN ´ σN σN ´
N
N µ
N sÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐ OLP σQ Ô ÈÒÃÇÓÕÎ
Q→
ÎËÒÕÈÔÓÃÎÈÔÐÇÐÎÓÒÈÇÏË×ÄÒËÖÎÈÔËÙÈÓ±Ë×
s ÑÒËÎÈÏÈÏËÈÎ ÓÕÎÎËÒÐÆÄÏËà ÒÃÇÐÆ ÎÈÔÐÇÐÎ ÓÒÈÇÏË×
ÄÒËÖÎÈÔËÙÈÓ±Ë×ÎÝÆÓÔÒÈÔËÎÓÃÆÑ
iÇÊÇÛÇ ÔÕÎÍÒDZ fâȾǵrËÏÑÓÒÇ ÖÙÓÊÎÑÓÖ×Î ÕÆÊÇ
fбÄÊÄÔÞÙÔÐÒÃÇ ∑ DQEQDQËEQ µ±ÐÎÑÍȱÓÏÝÈÙËÓÍÄÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃÈÓ
Q
ÍËÒÃÇ ∑ EQÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃÄÒÃÇ Q∑ DQ´DQÄÅÓÐÍàÔÏÐÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃ
Q
Q
∑ EQÐÒÄÏËÙÈÏÝ
£ÇÓÌÐÏÇÙÏÝÇÑÒÐÊÉÄÇÆÇÏÊá
°ÓÏÐÄÏÝÇÐÑÒÇÆÇÍÇÏÊá
±ÒÐÓÔÇËÚÊÇÓÄÐËÓÔÄÂÃÇÓÌÐÏÇÙÏÝ×ÑÒÐÊÉÄÇÆÇÏÊË
bÏÄÍËÔËÙÈÓ±ÐÈ ÆÝÒÄÉÈÏËÈ ËÎÈàÛÈÈ ÆËÇ ÑÒÐËÊÆÈÇÈÏËà ÅÈÓ
±ÐÏÈÙÏÐÐ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ ÓÐÎÏÐÉËÔÈÍÈÌ ÏÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÓà ÆÉÔ²ÑÐÉÚ
ÐÞÏÒÓÑÌËÇÉÈÉÐÌÉÏfÄÇËÎÅÐÍÈÈÇÈÔÄÍÞÏÐÈËÓÔÒÐÐÈÐÑÒÈÇÈ
ÍÈÏËÈßÔÐÐÑÐÏÃÔËÃ
°ÑÒÇÆÇÍÇÏÊÇ qÅÓÅ ÒÑÔÎÉÈÑÇÅÕÉÎßÐÑÔÕÉÍ ²ÑÏÒÎɲÔÐÞØ ÚÌ
ÔÉÎ^DQ`Ì^SQ`ÈÉ
SQ DDDQ Q
ÐÅËÞÇÅÉÕÔÄÆÉÔ²ÑÐÉÚÐÞÏÒÓÑÌËÇÉÈÉÐÌÉÏÌÑÆÑËÐÅÚÅÉÕÔÄ
∏ DQ
Q
yÎÉÐÞ ÒÑÔÎÉÈÑÇÅÕÉÎßÐÑÔÕÌ ^DQ` ÐÅËÞÇÅáÕÔÄ ÔÑÏÐÑÊÌ
ÕÉÎÄÏÌ ÆÉÔ²ÑÐÉÚÐÑÑ ÒÓÑÌËÇÉÈÉÐÌÄ Å ÚÎÉÐÞ ÒÑÔÎÉÈÑ
ÇÅÕÉÎßÐÑÔÕÌ^SQ`¶ÉÑÚÅÔÕÌÚÐÞÏÌÒÓÑÌËÇÉÈÉÐÌÄÏÌÒÑÓÄÈ
²ÅQ
gÓÍËÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞÙÄÓÔËÙÏÝ×ÑÒÐËÊÆÈÇÈÏËÌ^SQ`ËÎÈ
ÈÔ±ÐÏÈÙÏÝÌËÍËÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏÏÐÐÊÏıÄÅÈÓ±ÐÏÈÙÏÝÌÑÒÈÇÈÍS
Q
S OLP SQ OLP ∏ DN
Q→ Q→ N
cÈÓ±ÐÏÈÙÏÐÈ ÑÒÐËÊÆÈÇÈÏËÈ ´´ ´ ÒÄÓ×ÐÇËÔ
ÓÃÔı±Ä±ÇÍÃÏÈÐSQ ´QÄÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞ^´Q`ÏÈ
ËÎÈÈÔÑÒÈÇÈÍÄ
cÈÓ±ÐÏÈÙÏÐÈ ÑÒÐËÊÆÈÇÈÏËÈ ∏ Q ÒÄÓ×ÐÇËÔÓà Ôı
Q
±Ä±SQ QËÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐ OLP SQ
Q→
cÈÓ±ÐÏÈÙÏÐÈ ÑÒÐËÊÆÈÇÈÏËÈ ∏ ´ Q ÒÄÓ×ÐÇËÔÓà ± ÏÕ
Q
ÍàÔı±Ä±ÊÇÈÓÞSQ Q
fÍÃÅÈÓ±ÐÏÈÙÏÐÐÑÒÐËÊÆÈÇÈÏËà ∏ ´
Q
ËÎÈÈÎ
Q
SQ ´ ´ ´
Q
(Q µ )(Q )
Q
Q Q
qÐßÔÐÎÕ OLP SQ Ô ÈÅÈÓ±ÐÏÈÙÏÐÈÑÒÐËÊÆÈÇÈÏËÈ ∏ ´
Q→ Q Q
Ó×ÐÇËÔÓÃËÈÐÊÏÄÙÈÏËÈÒÄÆÏÐ
vÐÒÎÕÍÕdÄÍÍËÓÄÓÎÑÒËÎÈÒ ÆÑ
π ( Q )
OLP
Q → Q ( Q µ )
ÎÐÉÏÐ ÒÄÓÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄÔÞ ±Ä± ÒÄÊÍÐÉÈÏËÈ ÙËÓÍÄ π Æ ÅÈÓ±ÐÏÈÙ
ÏÐÈÑÒÐËÊÆÈÇÈÏËÈ
π Q Q
Q µ Q
qбÄÉÈÎÙÔÐÅÈÓ±ÐÏÈÙÏÐÈÑÒÐËÊÆÈÇÈÏËÈ
Q
H
∏
Q
Q
Ó×ÐÇËÔÓÃËÏÄÌÇÈÎÈÐÊÏÄÙÈÏËÈjÎÈÈÎ
OQ Q & ε
H Q H Q Q ε
Hs H Q
SQ
Q Q Q
ÇÈ& µÑÐÓÔÐÃÏÏÄÃÌÍÈÒÄÓÎÑ
Ä^εQ` µÅÈÓ±ÐÏÈÙÏÐ
ÎÄÍÄÃÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞÑÐßÔÐÎÕ
Q
H
∏ OLP SQ H&
Q→
Q
Q
gÓÍËÆÅÈÓ±ÐÏÈÙÏÐÎÑÒÐËÊÆÈÇÈÏËËÐÔÅÒÐÓËÔÞÑÈÒÆÝÈQ
ÓÐÎÏÐÉËÔÈÍÈÌÔÐÑÐÍÕÙËÆÚÈÈÓÃÅÈÓ±ÐÏÈÙÏÐÈÑÒÐËÊÆÈÇÈÏËÈ
∏ DQN
N
ÏÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÓÃQÏÑÔÕÅÕÑÚÐÞÏÒÓÑÌËÇÉÈÉÐÌÉÏ
pÔÎÈÔËÎÑÒÐÓÔÈÌÚËÈÓÆÐÌÓÔÆÄÅÈÓ±ÐÏÈÙÏÝ×ÑÒÐËÊÆÈÇÈÏËÌ
gÔÎÌÆÉÔ²ÑÐÉÚÐÑÉÒÓÑÌËÇÉÈÉÐÌÉÔØÑÈÌÕÔÄÕÑÌÇÔÉÉÑ
ÑÔÕÅÕÑÚÐÞÉÒÓÑÌËÇÉÈÉÐÌÄÔØÑÈÄÕÔÄ
gÔÎÌ ²Å²ÑÉÎÌÆÑ ÑÔÕÅÕÑÚÐÑÉ ÒÓÑÌËÇÉÈÉÐÌÉ ÔØÑÈÌÕÔÄ ÕÑ
ÌÔÅÏÑÆÉÔ²ÑÐÉÚÐÑÉÒÓÑÌËÇÉÈÉÐÌÉÔØÑÈÌÕÔÄ
ÔËÕÔÆÈÒÉÇÈÏËÃÍȱÐÇбÄÊÝÆÄàÔÓÃÄÏÄÍÐËÙÏÐÓÐÐÔÆÈÔ
ÓÔÆÕàÛÈÌÔÈÐÒÈÎÈÐÅÐÓÔÄÔ±Ä×ÒÃÇÄÓÎÑ
tıËÎÐÅÒÄÊÐÎÇÍÃÅÈÓ±ÐÏÈÙÏÐÐÑÒÐËÊÆÈÇÈÏËñıÐÔÅÒÄ
ÓÝÆÄÏËÈ ±ÐÏÈÙÏÐÐ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ ÑÈÒÆÝ× ÓÐÎÏÐÉËÔÈÍÈÌ Ôı Ë
ÑÒËÓÐÈÇËÏÈÏËÈ ±ÐÏÈÙÏÐÐ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ ÐÔÍËÙÏÝ× ÐÔ ÏÕÍà ÑÈÒ
ÆÝ×ÓÐÎÏÐÉËÔÈÍÈÌÏÈÆÍËÃàÔÏÄÈÐÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔÞ
uqrbhogojfбÄÊÄÔÞÙÔбıÐÔÅÒÄÓÝÆÄÏËȱÐÏÈÙÏÐÐÎÏÐÉÈÓÔ
ÆÄ ÓÐÎÏÐÉËÔÈÍÈÌ ÏÈ ÐÅÃÊÄÔÈÍÞÏÐ ÑÈÒÆÝ× ÅÈÓ±ÐÏÈÙÏÐÐ ÑÒÐËÊÆÈÇÈÏËÃ
ÔıËÇÐÅÄÆÍÈÏËȱÐÏÈÙÏÐÐÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄÐÔÍËÙÏÝ×ÐÔÏÕÍÃÓÐÎÏÐÉËÔÈÍÈÌ
ÏÈÆÍËÃàÔÏÄÈÐÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔÞ
gÔÎÌÆÉÔ²ÑÐÉÚÐÑÉÒÓÑÌËÇÉÈÉÐÌÉÔØÑÈÌÕÔÄÕÑÒÑ
ÔÎÉÈÑÇÅÕÉÎßÐÑÔÕßÉÑÑÔÕÅÕÑÚÐÞØÒÓÑÌËÇÉÈÉÐÌÍ
TQ ∏ DQN
N
ÌÏÉÉÕÒÓÉÈÉÎÑÏÉÈÌÐÌÙÖ
OLP TQ
Q→
¦ Ð Ì Â É Â Ô Ç Í Þ Ó Ô Ä Ð gÓÍË
∏ TQ S
Q
ÔÐ
P QP
S
TQ OLP ∏ DQN
Q OLP ∏ DN
S
P→ P→
N
∏ DN N
Q
N
tı±Ä±
OLP SQS
Q→
ÔÐ
S S
OLP TQ OLP
Q→ Q → SQ S
ÒËÓÈÙÓÊÎÑÓË ¾ÖÐÓÉÎË ÖÙÓÊÎÑÓÖ×Î ÈËÖ±ÓÒËÛÒÓÓ ÔÕÓÎÍ
ÉËÊËÒÎÆ gÔÎÌ ÆÉÔ²ÑÐÉÚÐÑÉ ÒÓÑÌËÇÉÈÉÐÌÉ ÔØÑÈÌÕÔÄ ÕÑ
ÒÑÔÎÉÈÑÇÅÕÉÎßÐÑÔÕßÉÑÔÑÏÐÑÊÌÕÉÎÉÍÔÕÓÉÏÌÕÔIJÉÈÌÐÌÙÉ
OLP DQ
Q→
Q S
¦ Ð Ì Â É Â Ô Ç Í Þ Ó Ô Ä Ð dÓÄÎÐÎÇÈÍÈDQ
Q ÑÐ
SQ µ
ßÔÐÎÕ
Q S S
OLP DQ OLP
Q→ Q → SQ µ S
pÔÎÈÔËÎ ÙÔÐ ÆÝÑÐÍÏÈÏËÈ ÕÓÍÐÆËÃ Ô È ÓÔÒÈÎÍÈÏËÈ
ÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔË ÓÐÎÏÐÉËÔÈÍÈÌ ÅÈÓ±ÐÏÈÙÏÐÐ ÑÒÐËÊÆÈÇÈÏËÃ
±ÈÇËÏËØÈÏÈÇÐÓÔÄÔÐÙÏÐÇÍÃÈÐÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔËÔÐÆËÇÏÐÏÄÑÒË
ÎÈÒËÊÒÄÓÓÎÐÔÒÈÏÏÝ×ÆÝÚÈÑÒËÎÈÒÐÆËƱÐÔÐÒÝ×ÕÒÄÓ
×ÐÇÃÛË×Óà ÅÈÓ±ÐÏÈÙÏÝ× ÑÒÐËÊÆÈÇÈÏËÌ ÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔË
ÓÐÎÏÐÉËÔÈÍÈÌÓÔÒÈÎÃÔÓñÈÇËÏËØÈ
¬ÒÊÔÇÒÊˬÐÚÊ
Ó×ÐÆÊÎÐÓÔÊÃÇÓÌÐÏÇÙÏÝ×ÑÒÐÊÉÄÇÆÇÏÊË
ÔÐÇÄ
SQ P
µ _SQP´SQ_ Fε ε
SQ SQ F
Ô ÈÆÝÑÐÍÏÈÏÐÕÓÍÐÆËÈ
¦ Ð Ó Ô Â Ô Ð Ù Ï Ð Ó Ô Þ qÕÓÔÞ ÆÝÑÐÍÏÈÏÐ ÕÓÍÐÆËÈ tÐÇÄ
ÇÍÃε ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔÔıÐÌÏÐÎÈÒQÙÔÐÇÍÃÆÓÈ×POÆÝ
ÑÐÍÏÃÈÔÓÃÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐ
SQ P
µ
SQ
ÐÔ±ÕÇÄ
SQ P SQ P
_ SQ _ µ _ S Q _P
µ _ S Q __ S Q _P_ S Q _
P SQ SQ
ËÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞ^SQ`ÐÒÄÏËÙÈÏÄÔ ÈÓÕ
ÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔÔıÐÈF!ÙÔÐ
_SQ _PF Q
iÄÇÄÇËÎÑÒÐËÊÆÐÍÞÏÐε!dÓËÍÕÕÓÍÐÆËÃÔÈÐÒÈÎÝÏÄÌ
ÇÈÔÓÃÔıÐÌÏÐÎÈÒQÙÔÐÇÍÃÆÓÈ×ÏÐÎÈÒÐÆQ!QËÆÓÈ×PO
ÅÕÇÈÔÆÝÑÐÍÏÃÔÞÓÃÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐ
SQ P ε
µ
SQ F
Ô È
_SQP´SQ _ ε _SQ _ P ε
F
ÔÐÐÊÏÄÙÄÈÔÙÔÐÙËÓÍÐÆÄÃÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞ^SQ`ÕÇÐÆÍÈÔÆÐ
ÒÃÈÔ±ÒËÔÈÒËàlÐÚËÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔËÙËÓÍÐÆÝ×ÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓ
ÔÈÌËÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃ
qбÄÉÈÎÙÔÐÈÈÑÒÈÇÈÍS OLP SQÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÏÕÍàgÓÍËÅÝ
Q→
ÐÏ ÅÝÍ ÒÄÆÈÏ ÏÕÍà ÔÐ ÑÈÒÈÌÇÃ ± ÑÒÈÇÈÍÕ Æ ÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÈ
ÑÒËP{QÖ˱ÓËÒÐÆÄÏÐÎÝÑÐÍÕÙËÍËÅÝÏÈÒÄÆÈÏ
ÓÔÆÐP ε ÙÔÐÑÒÐÔËÆÐÒÈÙËÔÑÒÐËÊÆÐÍÞÏÐÎÕÆÝÅÐÒÕε!
F
£ÇÓÌÐÏÇÙÏÝÇÑÒÐÊÉÄÇÆÇÏÊá
ÓÆÇËÓÔÄÊÔÇÍÞÏÝÎÊÓÐÎÏÐÈÊÔÇÍáÎÊ
fÐÓË×ÑÐÒÆÓÈÇбÄÊÄÏÏÝÈÇÍÃÅÈÓ±ÐÏÈÙÏÝ×ÑÒÐËÊÆÈÇÈÏËÌ
ÔÈÐÒÈÎÝ ÅÝÍË ÓÑÒÄÆÈÇÍËÆÝ ÏÈÊÄÆËÓËÎÐ ÐÔ ÔÐÐ ÃÆÍÃÍËÓÞ ÍË
Ë×ÓÐÎÏÐÉËÔÈÍ˱ÐÎÑÍȱÓÏÝÎËËÍËÔÐÍÞ±ÐÇÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÝÎË
ÙËÓÍÄÎËqÈÒÈÌÇÈÎÔÈÑÈÒÞ±ËÊÕÙÈÏËàÅÈÓ±ÐÏÈÙÏÝ×ÑÒÐËÊÆÈ
ÇÈÏËÌ ÓÐÎÏÐÉËÔÈÍË ±ÐÔÐÒÝ× ÃÆÍÃàÔÓà ÔÐÍޱРÇÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞ
ÏÝÎËÙËÓÍÄÎËdßÔÐÎÓÍÕÙÄÈËÊÏÈÐÅ×ÐÇËÎÐÐÕÓÍÐÆËÃÓ×ÐÇË
ÎÐÓÔË ÅÈÓ±ÐÏÈÙÏÐÐ ÑÒÐËÊÆÈÇÈÏËà ÓÍÈÇÕÈÔ ÙÔÐ
ÆÓÈ ÈÐ ÓÐÎÏÐÉËÔÈÍË ÏÄÙËÏÄÃ Ó ÏȱÐÔÐÒÐÐ ÏÐÎÈÒÄ ÑÐÍÐÉË
ÔÈÍÞÏÝsÐÍÄÓÏÐÉÈÓÆÐÌÓÔÆÕÑ ÐÔÅÒÄÓÝÆÄÏËȱÐÏÈÙ
ÏÐÐÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄÓÐÎÏÐÉËÔÈÍÈÌÏÈÆÍËÃÈÔÏÄÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔÞÅÈÓ±Ð
ÏÈÙÏÐÐ ÑÒÐËÊÆÈÇÈÏËÃ ÑÐßÔÐÎÕ ÇÐÑÐÍÏËÔÈÍÞÏÐÈ ÑÒÈÇÑÐÍÐÉÈ
ÏËÈ Ð ÔÐÎ ÙÔÐ ÆÓÈ ÓÐÎÏÐÉËÔÈÍË ÅÈÓ±ÐÏÈÙÏÐÐ ÑÒÐËÊÆÈÇÈÏËÃ
ÑÐÍÐÉËÔÈÍÞÏÝ ÏÈ ÅÕÇÈÔ ÐÒÄÏËÙËÆÄÔÞ ÐÅÛÏÐÓÔË ËÊÕÙÈÏËÃ
Ó×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔË ÅÈÓ±ÐÏÈÙÏÝ× ÑÒÐËÊÆÈÇÈÏËÌ Ó ÇÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÝÎË
ÓÐÎÏÐÉËÔÈÍÃÎË
dÊÄËÎÏÐ ÐÅÒÄÔÏÕà ÓÆÃÊÞ ÎÈÉÇÕ ÅÈÓ±ÐÏÈÙÏÝÎË ÑÒÐËÊÆÈÇÈ
ÏËÃÎËÓÑÐÍÐÉËÔÈÍÞÏÝÎËÓÐÎÏÐÉËÔÈÍÃÎËËÒÃÇÄÎËÕÓÔÄÏÄÆ
ÍËÆÄÈÔÓÍÈÇÕàÛÈÈÕÔÆÈÒÉÇÈÏËÈ
´ § ° ² § ® ¢ fÎÄÕÑÑÚÕÑÆÞÆÉÔ²ÑÐÉÚÐÑÉÒÓÑÌËÇÉÈÉÐÌÉ
∏ DQ DQ! Q
Q
ÔØÑÈÌÎÑÔßÐÉÑÆØÑÈÌÏÑÌÈÑÔÕÅÕÑÚÐÑÚÕÑÆÞÔØÑÈÌÎÔÄÓÄÈ
∑ OQ DQ
Q
´ § ° ² § ® ¢ gÔÎÌÇÔÉXQQ ËÐŲÑÒÑÔÕÑÄÐÐÞÕ É
ÇÔÉXQOÌÎÌÇÔÉXQPÕÑÈÎÄÕÑÑÚÕÑÆÞÔØÑÈÌÎÑÔßÆÉÔ
²ÑÐÉÚÐÑÉÒÓÑÌËÇÉÈÉÐÌÉ
∏ XQ
Q
ÐÉÑÆØÑÈÌÏÑÌÈÑÔÕÅÕÑÚÐÑÚÕÑÆÞÔØÑÈÌÎÔÄÓÄÈ
∑ XQ
Q
¦ Ð Ì Â É Â Ô Ç Í Þ Ó Ô Ä Ð sÐÍÄÓÏÐÏÈÐÅ×ÐÇËÎÐÎÕÕÓÍÐÆËàÓ×ÐÇË
ÎÐÓÔËÅÈÓ±ÐÏÈÙÏÐÐÑÒÐËÊÆÈÇÈÏËÃÓÎÓÆÐÌÓÔÆÐÆÑ Ë
ÏÈÐÅ×ÐÇËÎÐÎÕÕÓÍÐÆËàÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔËÒÃÇÄÔÈÐÒÈÎÄÆÑ
ËÊÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔËÅÈÓ±ÐÏÈÙÏÐÐÑÒÐËÊÆÈÇÈÏËÃÔıÉȱı
ËËÊÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔËÒÃÇÄÓÍÈÇÕÈÔÙÔÐ
OLP XQ
Q→
qÐßÔÐÎÕÅÕÇÈÎÑÒÈÇÑÐÍÄÄÔÞßÔÐÕÓÍÐÆËÈÆÝÑÐÍÏÈÏÏÝÎ
s×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔÞ ÅÈÓ±ÐÏÈÙÏÐÐ ÑÒÐËÊÆÈÇÈÏËà ÓÐÍÄÓÏÐ
ÔÈÐÒÈÎÈ ÒÄÆÏÐÓËÍÞÏÄÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔËÒÃÇÄ
∑ OQ XQ
Q
Q Q
ÏÐÇбÄÊÄÔÈÍÞÓÔÆÐÒÄÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔËÄÒÎÐÏËÙÈÓ±ÐÐÒÃÇÄ
d ÓÍÕÙÄÈ ÊÏıÐÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÝ× XQ ËÎÈÈÔ ÎÈÓÔÐ ÓÍÈÇÕàÛÈÈ ÇÐ
ÓÔÄÔÐÙÏÐÈÕÓÍÐÆËÈÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔËÒÃÇÄ
´ § ° ² § ® ¢ gÔÎÌÔØÑÈÄÕÔÄÓÄÈÞ
∑ XQ Q∑ X Q
Q
ÕÑÆÉÔ²ÑÐÉÚÐÑÉÒÓÑÌËÇÉÈÉÐÌÉ ∏ XQÔØÑÈÌÕÔÄ
Q
¦ Ð Ì Â É Â Ô Ç Í Þ Ó Ô Ä Ð qÒÈÉÇÈÆÓÈÐËÊÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔËÒÃÇÐÆ
ÓÍÈÇÕÈÔ ÆÝÑÐÍÏÈÏËÈ ÕÓÍÐÆËÃ tÐÇÄ ÓÐÍÄÓÏÐ ÖÐÒÎÕÍÈ
tÈÌÍÐÒÄ
OQ XQ XQ´ X QRX Q Q{
ËÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐ
X Q µ OQ ( X Q )
OLP
Q→ XQ
jÊßÔÐÐÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÄÓÐÍÄÓÏÐÑÒËÊÏıÕÓÒÄÆÏÈÏËÃÒÃÇÐÆÃÆÓÔ
ÆÕÈÔÙÔÐÒÃÇ
∑ XQ´OQ XQ
Q
Ó×ÐÇËÔÓÃÔı±Ä±ÑÐÕÓÍÐÆËàÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃÒÃÇ ∑ X QqÐÕÓÍÐ
Q
ÆËà Ó×ÐÇËÔÓÃ Ë ÒÃÇ ∑ XQ ÑÐßÔÐÎÕ ËÊ Ó×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔË ÒÃÇÄ
Q
ÓÍÈÇÕÈÔË Ó×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔÞ ÒÃÇÄ ∑ OQ XQÙÔÐÆÓËÍÕ
Q
ÔÈÐÒÈÎÝ ÐÊÏÄÙÄÈÔ Ó×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔÞ ÅÈÓ±ÐÏÈÙÏÐÐ ÑÒÐËÊÆÈÇÈÏËÃ
± Ò Ê Î Ç Ò Ý qÒÐËÊÆÈÇÈÏËÈ
∏ Q[ [!
Q
Ó×ÐÇËÔÓÃÑÒË[!ËÒÄÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃÑÒË[PsÐÍÄÓÏÐÔÈÐÒÈÎÈ
ßÔÐÓÍÈÇÕÈÔËÊÔÐÐÙÔÐÒÃÇ ∑
Ó×ÐÇËÔÓÃÑÒË[!ËÒÄÓ×Ð
[
Q Q
ÇËÔÓÃÑÒË[P
jÎÈÈÔÎÈÓÔÐÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐÌÍÈÒÄ
∏ TQ
T
Q
∏ ( µ T Q µ )
Q
qÒÐËÊÆÈÇÈÏËà ∏ TQ Ë ∏ ´ TQ ´ Ó×ÐÇÃÔÓà Ôı ±Ä±
Q Q
Ó×ÐÇÃÔÓÃÓÐÐÔÆÈÔÓÔÆÈÏÏÐÒÃÇÝ ∑ TQË ∑ TQ´ÓÎÔÈÐÒÈÎÕ
Q Q
iÄÎÈÔËÎÈÛÈÙÔÐÆÓËÍÕÄÏÄÍÐËÙÏÝ×ÓÐÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÌÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃË
ÅÈÓ±ÐÏÈÙÏÐÈ ÑÒÐËÊÆÈÇÈÏËÈ ∏ ´ TQ ÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐ Æ ÓËÍÕ
Q
±ÒËÔÈÒËÃlÐÚËÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔËÅÈÓ±ÐÏÈÙÏÝ×ÑÒÐËÊÆÈÇÈÏËÌÆÝÑÐÍ
ÏÃÈÔÓÃÕÓÍÐÆËÈ
Q
OLP ∏ ´TN
Q→ N Q
tÈÑÈÒÞËÎÈÈÎ
Q Q
µ T N
∏ TQ QOLP
→ ∏
TN OLP ∏
Q→ µ TN
Q N N
Q
∏ ( µ T N )
OLP
N Q
Q→ Q ( )
∏ ( µ T N µ ) ∏ ( µ T Q µ )
N N
uqrbhogoj fбÄÊÄÔÞ ÙÔÐ ÇÍà ÔÐÐ ÙÔÐÅÝ ∏ DQ DQ !
Q
Q ÏÈÐÅ×ÐÇËÎÐËÇÐÓÔÄÔÐÙÏÐÙÔÐÅÝ
∑ OQ DQ
Q
´
fбÄÊÄÔÞÙÔÐÈÓÍËXQQ Ë ∑ XQ
Q
´ÔÐ ∏ XQ
Q
fбÄÊÄÔÞÙÔÐÈÓÍËÒÃÇ ∑ XQÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃÄÒÃÇ Q∑ X QÒÄÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃÔÐ
Q
∏ XQ
Q
qÐÓÔÒÐËÔÞÑÒËÎÈÒÓ×ÐÇÃÛÈÐÓÃÅÈÓ±ÐÏÈÙÏÐÐÑÒÐËÊÆÈÇÈÏËà ∏ XQ
Q
Õ±ÐÔÐÒÐÐÒÃÇ
Q
∑ XQÒÄÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃ
qÐÓÔÒÐËÔÞÑÒËÎÈÒÓ×ÐÇÃÛÈÐÓÃÅÈÓ±ÐÏÈÙÏÐÐÑÒÐËÊÆÈÇÈÏËà ∏ XQ
Q
Õ±ÐÔÐÒÐÐÐÅÄÒÃÇÄ
Q
∑ XQËQ∑ X QÒÄÓ×ÐÇÃÔÓÃ
¢ÃÓÐÍàÔÏÐÓ×ÐÆáÛÊÇÓá
ÃÇÓÌÐÏÇÙÏÝÇÑÒÐÊÉÄÇÆÇÏÊá
dÈÒÏÈÎÓÃÓÏÐÆıËÊÕÙÈÏËàÅÈÓ±ÐÏÈÙÏÝ×ÑÒÐËÊÆÈÇÈÏËÌÆÐÐÅ
ÛÈ ÐÆÐÒà ӱÐÎÑÍȱÓÏÝÎË ÓÐÎÏÐÉËÔÈÍÃÎË qÐÇÐÅÏÐ ÒÃÇÄÎ
ÇÍÃÅÈÓ±ÐÏÈÙÏÝ×ÑÒÐËÊÆÈÇÈÏËÌÆÆÐÇËÔÓÃÑÐÏÃÔËÈÄÅÓÐÍàÔÏÐÌ
Ó×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔË
°ÑÒÇÆÇÍÇÏÊÇ cÉÔ²ÑÐÉÚÐÑÉÒÓÑÌËÇÉÈÉÐÌÉ
∏ XQ
Q
ÐÅËÞÇÅÉÕÔÄÅÆÔÑÎáÕÐÑÔØÑÈÄÜÌÏÔÄÉÔÎÌÔØÑÈÌÕÔÄÒÓÑÌËÇÉ
ÈÉÐÌÉ
∏ _XQ_
Q
´ § ° ² § ® ¢ fÎÄ ÕÑÑ ÚÕÑÆÞ ÆÉÔ²ÑÐÉÚÐÑÉ ÒÓÑÌËÇÉÈÉÐÌÉ
ÅÆÔÑÎáÕÐÑÔØÑÈÌÎÑÔßÐÉÑÆØÑÈÌÏÑÌÈÑÔÕÅÕÑÚÐÑÚÕÑ
ÆÞÔØÑÈÌÎÔÄËÐŲÑÒÑÔÕÑÄÐÐÞÍÓÄÈ
∑ OQ _XQ_
Q
ÔÐ ÓÍÈÇÕÈÔ ËÊ ÔÐÐ ÙÔÐ ÈÓÍË SQ Q ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃ
ÙÄÓÔËÙÏÝÎÑÒÐËÊÆÈÇÈÏËÈÎÑÐÒÃDZÄQÅÈÓ±ÐÏÈÙÏÐÐÑÒÐËÊÆÈÇÈ
ÏËÃ ÔÐ ÐÅÒÄÔÏÄÃ ÆÈÍËÙËÏÄ SQ ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃ ÙÄÓÔËÙÏÝÎ
ÑÒÐËÊÆÈÇÈÏËÈÎ ÔÐÐ ÉÈ ÑÐÒÃÇ±Ä ÅÈÓ±ÐÏÈÙÏÐÐ ÑÒÐËÊÆÈÇÈÏËÃ
cÈÓ±ÐÏÈÙÏÝÈÑÒÐËÊÆÈÇÈÏËÃËÐÇÏÐÆÒÈÎÈÏÏÐ
Ó×ÐÇÃÔÓÃÄÅÓÐÍàÔÏÐËÍËÏÈÔÔı±Ä±ÄÅÓÐÍàÔÏÄÃÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔÞ
ËÔÐÐËÇÒÕÐÐÑÒÐËÊÆÈÇÈÏËÃÒÄÆÏÐÓËÍÞÏÄÄÅÓÐÍàÔÏÐÌÓ×ÐÇË
ÎÐÓÔËÒÃÇÄ
´ § ° ² § ® ¢ jËÅÆÔÑÎáÕÐÑÍÔØÑÈÌÏÑÔÕÌÆÉÔ²ÑÐÉÚÐÑÑÒÓÑ
ÌËÇÉÈÉÐÌÄÔÎÉÈÖÉÕÉÑÔØÑÈÌÏÑÔÕß
¦ Ð Ì Â É Â Ô Ç Í Þ Ó Ô Ä Ð gÓÍËÅÈÓ±ÐÏÈÙÏÐÈÑÒÐËÊÆÈÇÈÏËÈ
ÄÅÓÐÍàÔÏÐÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃÔÐÓÐÍÄÓÏÐÔÈÐÒÈÎÈ Ó×ÐÇËÔÓÃËÇÄÉÈ
ÄÅÓÐÍàÔÏÐÒÃÇÙÔÐÓÐÍÄÓÏÐÔÈÐÒÈÎÈ ÒÄÆÏÐÓËÍÞÏÐ
Ó×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔËÅÈÓ±ÐÏÈÙÏÐÐÑÒÐËÊÆÈÇÈÏËÃ
´ § ° ² § ® ¢ iÐÅÚÉÐÌÉ ÅÆÔÑÎáÕÐÑ ÔØÑÈÄÜÉÑÔÄ ÒÓÑÌËÇÉÈÉ
ÐÌÄÐÉËÅÇÌÔÌÕÑÕÒÑÓÄȲÅÔÑÏÐÑÊÌÕÉÎÉÍ
ÔÐ ÓÒÄÊÕ ÓÍÈÇÕÈÔ ËÊ ÖÐÒÎÕÍÝ ËÅÐ ÈÓÍË ÅÈÓ±Ð
ÏÈÙÏÐÈ ÑÒÐËÊÆÈÇÈÏËÈ ÄÅÓÐÍàÔÏÐ Ó×ÐÇËÔÓà ÔÐ ÄÅÓÐ
ÍàÔÏÐ Ó×ÐÇËÔÓÃ Ë ÒÃÇ ÐÏ ÓÐÆÑÄÇÄÈÔ Ó ÒÃÇÐÎ
Ä ÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐ ÈÐ ÓÕÎÎÄ V ÏÈ ÊÄÆËÓËÔ ÐÔ ÑÐÒÃÇ±Ä ÓÍÄÄ
ÈÎÝ×
gÓÍËÅÈÓ±ÐÏÈÙÏÐÈÑÒÐËÊÆÈÇÈÏËÈÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃÏÐÏÈÄÅÓÐÍàÔÏÐ
ÔÐÈÐÊÏÄÙÈÏËÈÊÄÆËÓËÔÐÔÑÐÒÃDZÄÓÐÎÏÐÉËÔÈÍÈÌdßÔÐÎÍÈ
±ÐÕÅÈÇËÔÞÓÃÓÆÈÇÃÔÈÎÉÈÎÈÔÐÇÐÎÙÔÐËÑÒËÇбÄÊÄÔÈÍÞÓÔÆÈ
ÔÈÐÒÈÎÝ ÒÄÓÓÎÐÔÒÈÏËÈ ÅÈÓ±ÐÏÈÙÏÝ× ÑÒÐËÊÆÈÇÈÏËÌ ± ÓÐÐÔ
ÆÈÔÓÔÆÕàÛËÎÒÃÇÄÎ
± Ò Ê Î Ç Ò dÝÃÓÏËÎ ÑÒË ±Ä±Ë× [ Ó×ÐÇËÔÓà ÄÅÓÐÍàÔÏÐ
Ó×ÐÇËÔÓÃËÒÄÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃÅÈÓ±ÐÏÈÙÏÐÈÑÒÐËÊÆÈÇÈÏËÈ
( ± ) Qµ
∏
Q[
Q
¦ÉÇÔÂÖÕÏÌØÊá²ÊÎÂÏÂÊÑÒÐÓÔÝÇÙÊÓÍÂ
vÕϱØËÃ
ζ[ ∑
[
Q Q
ËÒÃÇ∑
ÑÒË[!Ó×ÐÇËÔÓÃßÔÐÓÍÈÇÕÈÔËÊÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔËÒÃÇÄ
[
N SN
ÑÒË[ ! ÔÐÓÐÍÄÓÏÐÔÈÐÒÈÎÈ ÄÅÓÐÍàÔÏÐÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃ
ÅÈÓ±ÐÏÈÙÏÐÈÑÒÐËÊÆÈÇÈÏËÈ∏ ´
ÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐËÑÒÐËÊ
[
N SN
ÆÈÇÈÏËÈÓÎÊÄÎÈÙÄÏËÈÑÐÓÍÈÔÈÐÒÈÎÝ
qÐÖÐÒÎÕÍÈÇÍÃÓÕÎÎÝÈÐÎÈÔÒËÙÈÓ±ÐÌÑÒÐÒÈÓÓËËËÎÈÈÎ
∑ N
P ( S N )
P [
µ [
SN
ÇÈÒÃÇÝÆÑÒÄÆÝ×ÙÄÓÔÃ×ÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐÙÈÆËÇÏÐÄÅÓÐÍàÔÏÐÓ×Ð
ÇÃÔÓÃiÄÖ˱ÓËÒÕÈÎÏȱÐÔÐÒÐÈÏÄÔÕÒÄÍÞÏÐÈÙËÓÍÐ1ËÑÈÒÈÎ
ÏÐÉËÎ ÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÄ ÐÔÆÈÙÄàÛËÈ ÆÓÈÎ ÑÒÐÓÔÝÎ ÙËÓÍÄÎ
SS ÏÈÑÒÈÆÝÚÄàÛËÎ1ÔÐÇÄ
GHI 1
31[ ∏
( ) Q∑ Q [ ∑ [
S N P 1 µ
Q 1 Q
S N[
Q Q 1 → Q Q
ËÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐ
∏
N µ
SN
jÊßÔÐÐÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÄÓÍÈÇÕÈÔÙÔÐÑÒÐÓÔÝ×ÙËÓÈÍÅÈÓ±ÐÏÈÙÏÐ
ÎÏÐÐÔı±Ä±ÈÓÍËÅÝË×ÅÝÍбÐÏÈÙÏÐÈÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐÔÐÑÒÐ
ËÊÆÈÇÈÏËÈ∏ ÅÝÍÐÅݱÐÏÈÙÏÝÎÔÐÇбÄÊÄÔÈÍÞÓÔÆÐÅÈÓ
N µ
SN
±ÐÏÈÙÏÐÓÔËÑÒÐÓÔÝ×ÙËÓÈÍÅÝÍÐÇÄÏÐÈÛÈÌÍÈÒÐÎ
jÊÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÄÓÍÈÇÕÈÔÅÐÍÞÚÈÙÈÎÑÒÐÓÔбÐÏÓÔÄÔÄØËÃ
ÔÐÐÙÔÐÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐÑÒÐÓÔÝ×ÙËÓÈÍÅÈÓ±ÐÏÈÙÏÐÔÐÔÖıÔÎÐÉÏÐ
ÕÓÔÄÏÐÆËÔÞ Ë ÅÐÍÈÈ ÑÒÐÓÔÝÎ ÓÑÐÓÐÅÐÎ d ÓÄÎÐÎ ÇÈÍÈ ÇÐÑÕÓÔËÎ
ÙÔÐÑÒÐÓÔÝ×ÙËÓÈͱÐÏÈÙÏÐÈÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐSSSQtÐÇÄÙËÓÍÐ
Q S SSQÅÐÍÞÚȱÄÉÇÐÐËÊÙËÓÈÍSSSQËÓÍÈÇÐ
ÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÏÈÒÄÆÏÐÏ˱ıÐÎÕËÊÏË×ÄÆÎÈÓÔÈÓÔÈÎÐÏÐÑÒÐÓ
ÔÐÈÈÓÍËÅÝÐÏÐÅÝÍÐÏÈÑÒÐÓÔÝÎÔÐÐÏÐÇÈÍËÍÐÓÞÅÝÏÄÐÇÏÐ
ËÊ ÙËÓÈÍ S S SQ Ôı ±Ä± ÑÐ ÑÒÈÇÑÐÍÐÉÈÏËà ÇÒÕË×
ÑÒÐÓÔÝ×ÙËÓÈÍÏÈÔoÐßÔÐÏÈÔıÙËÓÍÐQÏÈÇÈÍËÔÓÃÏËÏÄÐÇ
ÏÐËÊÙËÓÈÍSSSQËÅÐÑÒËÇÈÍÈÏËËÈÐÏÄÍàÅÐÈËÊÏË×
ÐÓÔÄÔбÐÔÇÈÍÈÏËÃÒÄÆÈÏ
iÄÑËÚÈÎÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐÆÆËÇÈ
∏ ´ S
N N
jÊÏÈÐÓÐÍÄÓÏÐÔÈÐÒÈÎÈ ÓÍÈÇÕÈÔÙÔÐÒÃÇ
∑
N
SN
ÒÄÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃÔÐÕÔÆÈÒÉÇÈÏËÈÓËÍÞÏÈÈÕÔÆÈÒÉÇÈÏËÃÐÔÐÎÙÔÐ
ÄÒÎÐÏËÙÈÓ±ËÌÒÃÇÒÄÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃÔı±Ä±ÊÇÈÓÞËÇÈÔÒÈÙÞÍËÚÞ
ÐÏȱÐÔÐÒÝ×ÈÐÙÍÈÏÄ×rÄÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔÞÒÃÇÄÓÐÇÈÒÉËÔ
ËÏÖÐÒÎÄØËàÐÒÐÓÔÈÑÒÐÓÔÝ×ÙËÓÈÍSNÑÒËN{
¶ÕÏÌØÊÐÏÂÍÞÏÝÇÑÐÓÍÇÆÐÄÂÔÇÍÞÏÐÓÔÊÊÒáÆÝ
³×ÐÆÊÎÐÓÔÞÖÕÏÌØÊÐÏÂÍÞÏÝ×
ÑÐÓÍÇÆÐÄÂÔÇÍÞÏÐÓÔÇËÊÒáÆÐÄ
dÏÄÓÔÐÃÛÈÎÑÄÒÄÒÄÖÈÅÕÇÕÔÒÄÓÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄÔÞÓÃÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞ
ÏÐÓÔË Ë ÒÃÇÝ ÙÍÈÏÄÎË ±ÐÔÐÒÝ× ÃÆÍÃàÔÓà ÏȱÐÔÐÒÝÈ ÆÐÐÅÛÈ
ÐÆÐÒñÐÎÑÍȱÓÏÐÊÏÄÙÏÝÈÖÕϱØËËÔ ÈÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔË
IQ[∈ & Q
ËÓÐÐÔÆÈÔÓÔÆÈÏÏÐÒÃÇÝ
∑ XQ[ XQ[∈ & Q
Q
qÒ˱ÄÉÇÐÎÖ˱ÓËÒÐÆÄÏÏÐÎÊÏÄÙÈÏËËÄÒÕÎÈÏÔÄ[ßÔËÑÐÓÍÈ
ÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔËËÒÃÇÝÐÙÈÆËÇÏÐÑÒÈÇÓÔÄÆÍÃàÔÓÐÅÐÌÕÉÈÒÄÓ
ÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄÆÚËÈÓÃÙËÓÍÐÆÝÈÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔËËÒÃÇÝ
qÕÓÔÞ; µÏȱÐÔÐÒÐÈÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐßÍÈÎÈÏÔÐÆÆÙÄÓÔÏÐÓÔËÎÏÐ
ÉÈÓÔÆÐÔÐÙȱÑÒÃÎÐÌÑÍÐÓ±ÐÓÔËÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÄËÍËÆÐÐÅÛÈßÍÈ
ÎÈÏÔÐÆÑÒÐËÊÆÐÍÞÏÐÌÑÒËÒÐÇÝËÑÕÓÔÞ µÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞ
ÏÐÓÔÞ ÖÕϱØËÌ ±ÐÔÐÒÝÈ ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏÝ ÏÄ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÈ ; Ë ÊÏÄÙÈ
ÏËÃÎ˱ÐÔÐÒÝ×ÃÆÍÃàÔÓÃÆÐÐÅÛÈÐÆÐÒñÐÎÑÍȱÓÏÝÈÙËÓÍÄ
°ÑÒÇÆÇÍÇÏÊÇ qÑÔÎÉÈÑÇÅÕÉÎßÐÑÔÕßÐÅËÞÇÅÉÕÔÄÑÓÅ
ÐÌÚÉÐÐÑÍÐÅÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÉ;ÉÔÎÌÔÖÜÉÔÕÇÖÉÕÕŲÅÄÒÑÔÕÑ
ÄÐÐÅÄ0!ÚÕÑÈÎÄÇÔÉØ[∈;ÌÇÔÉØQ ÇÞÒÑÎÐÄ
áÕÔÄÐÉÓÅÇÉÐÔÕÇÅ
_IQ[_P0
jÏÐÇÄÆßÔÐÎÓÍÕÙÄÈÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞÏÄÊÝÆÄàÔÔı
ÉÈÓÅÇÐÑÏÉÓÐÑÑÓÅÐÌÚÉÐÐÑÍ
°ÑÒÇÆÇÍÇÏÊÇ qÑÔÎÉÈÑÇÅÕÉÎßÐÑÔÕß ÐÅËÞÇÅÉÕÔÄ ÖÆÞ
ÇÅáÜÉÍÇÑËÓÅÔÕÅáÜÉÍÐÅÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÉ;ÉÔÎÌÈÎÄÇÔÉØ[∈;
ÌÇÔÉØQ ÇÞÒÑÎÐÄáÕÔÄÐÉÓÅÇÉÐÔÕÇÅ
IQ[PIQ[
ÔÑÑÕÇÉÕÔÕÇÉÐÐÑÉÔÎÌÈÎÄÇÔÉØ[∈;ÌÇÔÉØQ ÇÞÒÑÎ
ÐÄáÕÔÄÐÉÓÅÇÉÐÔÕÇÅ
IQ[OIQ[
ÔÐ ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËÈ ÐÙÈÆËÇÏÐ ÑÒÈÇÑÐÍÄÄÈÔ ÙÔÐ ÖÕϱØËË
IQ[Q ÑÒËÏËÎÄàÔÇÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÝÈÊÏÄÙÈÏËÃ
°ÑÒÇÆÇÍÇÏÊÇ qÑÔÎÉÈÑÇÅÕÉÎßÐÑÔÕß ÐÅËÞÇÅÉÕÔÄ ÔØÑ
ÈÄÜÉÍÔÄ Ç ÕÑÚ²É
[∈; ÉÔÎÌ ÚÌÔÎÑÇÅÄ ÒÑÔÎÉÈÑÇÅÕÉÎßÐÑÔÕß
^IQ[`ÔØÑÈÌÕÔÄ
qÑÔÎÉÈÑÇÅÕÉÎßÐÑÔÕßÐÅËÞÇÅÉÕÔÄÔØÑÈÄÜÉÍÔÄÐÅÏÐÑ
ÊÉÔÕÇÉ;ÉÔÎÌÑÐÅÔØÑÈÌÕÔÄDzÅÊÈÑÍÕÑÚ²ÉÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÅ;
gÔÎÌ OLP IQ[ I[ÕÑÑÇÑÓÄÕÚÕÑÒÑÔÎÉÈÑÇÅÕÉÎßÐÑÔÕß
Q→
ÐÅÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÉ;ÔØÑÈÌÕÔIJ×ÖвÙÌÌI[[∈;
bÏÄÍÐËÙÏÝÈÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËÃÎÐÉÏÐÇÄÔÞËÇÍÃÒÃÇÄ
°ÑÒÇÆÇÍÇÏÊÇ rÄÈ ÐÅËÞÇÅÉÕÔÄ ÔØÑÈÄÜÌÏÔÄ Ç ÕÑÚ²É
[∈;ÉÔÎÌÔØÑÈÌÕÔÄÚÌÔÎÑÇÑÍÓÄÈ ∑ XQ[
Q
nÝÏÄÊÝÆÄÈÎßÍÈÎÈÏÔÝÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ;ÔÐÙ±ÄÎË
°ÑÒÇÆÇÍÇÏÊÇ rÄÈÐÅËÞÇÅÉÕÔÄÅÆÔÑÎáÕÐÑÔØÑÈÄÜÌÏ
ÔÄ ÐÅ ÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÉ ; ÉÔÎÌ ÐÅ ÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÉ ; ÔØÑÈÌÕÔÄ ÓÄÈ
∑ _XQ[_
Q
qÐÇÐÅÏÐÓÍÕÙÄàÙËÓÍÐÆÝ×ÒÃÇÐÆÓÕÎÎÄ
Q
VQ[ ∑ XN[ Q
N
qÒËßÔÐÎÇÍñÄÉÇÐÌÖÕϱØËÐÏÄÍÞÏÐÌÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓ
ÔËÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔÒÃÇÇÍñÐÔÐÒÐÐÐÏÄÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃÑÐ
ÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞàÈÐÙÄÓÔËÙÏÝ×ÓÕÎÎyÍÈÏÝßÔÐÐÒÃÇÄÐÑ
ÒÈÇÈÍÃàÔÓÃÐÇÏÐÊÏÄÙÏÐ
X[ I[ XQ[ IQ[´IQ´[ Q
qÐßÔÐÎÕ ÆÓñÕà ÔÈÐÒÈÎÕ ÇбÄÊÄÏÏÕà ÇÍà ÖÕϱØËÐÏÄÍÞ
ÏÝ×ÒÃÇÐÆÎÐÉÏÐÑÈÒÈÖÒÄÊËÒÐÆÄÔÞÆÓÐÐÔÆÈÔÓÔÆÕàÛÕàÔÈÐÒÈ
ÎÕ ÇÍà ÖÕϱØËÐÏÄÍÞÏÝ× ÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÈÌ Ë ÏÄÐÅÐÒÐÔ
ÔÐÐÅÓÔÐÃÔÈÍÞÓÔÆÐÏÈÐÇÏбÒÄÔÏÐÅÕÇÈÔËÓÑÐÍÞÊÐÆÄÔÞÓÃÆÇÄÍÞ
ÏÈÌÚÈÎ
± Ò Ê Î Ç Ò Ý qÕÓÔÞÇÄÏÒÃÇ
] ] Q
]
Q
ÇÈ] µ±ÐÎÑÍȱÓÏÐÈÙËÓÍÐjÓÓÍÈÇÕÈÎÈÐÄÅÓÐÍàÔÏÕàÓ×ÐÇË
] Q
ÎÐÓÔÞÔ ÈÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔÞÒÃÇÄÓQÎÙÍÈÏÐÎXQ qÒËÎÈÏËÆ
Q
ÑÒËÊÏıfÄÍÄÎÅÈÒÄÑÐÍÕÙËÎ
X
Q ]
OLP
OLP
Q→ XQ Q→ Q
ÇÈ[ µÇÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÐÈÙËÓÍÐÔÐÔÒÃÇÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃÑÒËÆÓÈ×[
fÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÐ ÈÓÍË [ ÔÐ ËÎÈÈÎ ÓÕÎÎÕ ÈÐÎÈÔÒËÙÈÓ±ÐÌ
ÑÒÐÒÈÓÓËËÓÐÊÏÄÎÈÏÄÔÈÍÈÎT
TdßÔÐÎÓÍÕÙÄÈ
[
ÓÕÎÎÄV[ÒÃÇÄÍȱÐÆÝÙËÓÍÃÈÔÓÃ
[
V[ [
µ
[
gÓÍËÉÈ[ ÔÐÆÓÈÙÍÈÏÝÒÃÇÄÒÄÆÏÝÏÕÍàÑÐßÔÐÎÕ
ÐÏÐÙÈÆËÇÏÐÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃËV
tıËÎÐÅÒÄÊÐÎ
ÇÍÃ[
V[
[ ÇÍÃ[
\ eÒÄÖ˱ÖÕϱØËËV[ËÊÐÅÒÄÉÈÏÏÄÒËÓ
lıÆËÇÏÐÏÈÓÎÐÔÒÃÏÄÔÐÙÔÐÆÓÈÙÍÈÏÝ
ÒÃÇÄ µ ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÝÈ ÖÕϱØËË Ë ÒÃÇ
6 [
Ó×ÐÇËÔÓÃÆÐÆÓÈ×ÔÐÙ±Ä×ÇÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÐÌÐÓË
ÈÐ ÓÕÎÎÄ ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓà ÒÄÊÒÝÆÏÐÌ ÖÕϱØËÈÌ
sÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐ Æ ÓÍÕÙÄÈ Ó×ÐÇÃÛÈÐÓà ÒÃÇÄ
ÙÍÈÏÝ ±ÐÔÐÒÐÐ ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÝÈ ÇÈÌÓÔ
6 ÆËÔÈÍÞÏÝÈÖÕϱØËËXQ[ÈÐÓÕÎÎÄV[ÆÐ
´ [ ÐÅÛÈÐÆÐÒÃÏÈÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÌÔ È
OLP V[ V[ ∑ XQ[
rËÓ [ → [ Q
ËÍËÙÔÐÔÐÉÈ
OLP ∑ X[ ∑ OLP XQ[
[ → [ Q [→[ Q
tıËÎÐÅÒÄÊÐÎÑÒÈÇÈÍÓÕÎÎÝÅÈÓ±ÐÏÈÙÏÐÐÙËÓÍÄÓÍÄÄÈÎÝ×
ÏÈÐÅÃÊÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÒÄÆÈÏÓÕÎÎÈË×ÑÒÈÇÈÍÐÆ
rÄÓÓÎÐÔÒÈÏÏÝÌ ÒÃÇ ÑбÄÊÝÆÄÈÔ ±Ä± ÑÒË ÑÒÈÇÈÍÞ
ÏÝ×ÑÒÐØÈÓÓÄ×ÓÕÎÎËÒÐÆÄÏËÈÈÐÎÈÔÒËÙÈÓ±ÐÌÑÒÐÒÈÓÓËËËÊ
ÑÒÐÓÔÝ× ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÝ× ÖÕϱØËÌ ÐÅÒÄÊÕàÔÓà ÖÕϱØËË ÊÏÄÙË
ÔÈÍÞÏÐÅÐÍÈÈÓÍÐÉÏÐÌÑÒËÒÐÇÝ µÒÄÊÒÝÆÏÝÈÖÕϱØËË
dÇÄÍÞÏÈÌÚÈÎÅÕÇÕÔÆÝÃÓÏÈÏÝÕÓÍÐÆËÃÑÒ˱ÐÔÐÒÝ×ÎÐÉ
ÏÐÄÒÄÏÔËÒÐÆÄÔÞÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÓÔÞÓÕÎÎÝÓ×ÐÇÃÛÈÐÓÃÒÃÇÄÏÈ
ÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÝ×ÖÕϱØËÌ
²ÂÄÏÐÎÇÒÏÂáÓ×ÐÆÊÎÐÓÔÞ
ÖÕÏÌØÊÐÏÂÍÞÏÝ×ÑÐÓÍÇÆÐÄÂÔÇÍÞÏÐÓÔÇË
\ ÛËÌ ±Ä± ÐÔ ε Ôı Ë ÐÔ [ ÔıÐÌ
ÙÔÐÇÍÃÆÓÈ×ÏÐÎÈÒÐÆQ!QËÎÈÈÔ
I[ε ÎÈÓÔÐÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐ
I[ sÕÛÏÐÓÔÞÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐÌÓ×ÐÇË
ÎÐÓÔË ÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔË ÖÕϱ
Iε ØËÌÓÐÓÔÐËÔÆÔÐÎÙÔÐÇÍÃÍàÅÐ
I[´ε I Ðε!ÎÐÉÏÐÆÝÅÒÄÔÞÔıÐÌÏÐ
IQ
I´ε ÎÈÒQεÊÄÆËÓÃÛËÌÔ Ð Í Þ ± ÐÐ Ô
Ê Ä Ç Ä Ï Ï Ð ÐεËÏÈÊÄÆËÓÃÛËÌÐÔ
[ [
ÆÝÅÐÒÄÔÐÙ±Ë[∈;ÙÔÐÑÒËQ!Qε
rËÓ ÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐ ÅÕÇÈÔ ÆÝÑÐÍ
ÏÃÔÞÓà ÆÓàÇÕ ÏÄ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÈ ;
Ô È «ÒÄÖ˱ˬ ÖÕϱØËÌ IQ ÒÄÓÑÐÍÐÉÈÏÝ Æ «εÑÐÍÐӱȬ бÒÕ
ÉÄàÛÈÌÒÄÖ˱ÖÕϱØËËIÒËÓ
tıËÎÐÅÒÄÊÐÎÆÓÍÕÙÄÈÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐÌÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔËÇÍÃÍà
ÅÐÐε!ÑÒËÆÓÈ×ÇÐÓÔÄÔÐÙÏÐÅÐÍÞÚË×QÄËÎÈÏÏÐÑÒËQ!Qε
ÊÏÄÙÈÏËà ÖÕϱØËÌ IQ ÑÒËÅÍËÉÄàÔ ÖÕϱØËà I Ó ÑÐÒÈÚÏÐ
ÓÔÞàÎÈÏÞÚÈÌεÓÒÄÊÕÏÄÆÓÈÎÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÈ;
iÄÑËÚÈÎÇÍÃÏÄÍÃÇÏÐÓÔËÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËÃÓ×ÐÇÃÛË×ÓÃËÒÄÆ
ÏÐÎÈÒÏÐ Ó×ÐÇÃÛË×Óà ÏÄ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÈ ; ÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÈÌ Ó
ÑÐÎÐÛÞàÓËÎÆÐÍÐÆÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÐÆÄÏËÃËÆÓÈÐÅÛÏÐÓÔË
GHI
IQ{
;
I B !ε!![∈;Qε!Q!Qε_IQ[´I[_ε
GHI
{I B !ε!Qε![∈;!Q!Qε_IQ[´I[_ε
IQ{
;
dßÔÐÌÊÄÑËÓËÐÇÏÐÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËÈÐÔÇÒÕÐÐÐÔÍËÙÄÈÔÓÃÑÈ
ÒÈÓÔÄÏÐƱÐÌÓËÎÆÐÍÐÆ![∈;ËQε
± Ò Ê Î Ç Ò Ý qÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞ
[[[Q
ÏÄÐÔÒÈʱÈ>T@TÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏбÖÕϱØËË
ÔÐÉÇÈÓÔÆÈÏÏÐÒÄÆÏÐÌÏÕÍàfÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÐÈÓÍËP[PTÔÐ
P[QPTQ Q
tı±Ä± OLP TQ ÔÐ ÇÍà ÍàÅÐÐÖ˱ÓËÒÐÆÄÏÏÐÐ ε!ÓÕ
Q→
ÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔÔıÐÈQεÙÔÐTQεÇÍÃÆÓÈ×Q!QεdÓËÍÕÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔ
ÆÄP[QεÇÍÃÆÓÈ×Q!QεËÆÓÈ×[∈>T@
tÄÉÈÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞ \
ÏÄ ÑÐÍÕËÏÔÈÒÆÄÍÈ > ÔıÉÈ ÐÙÈ
ÆËÇÏÐ Ó×ÐÇËÔÓà ± ÖÕϱØËË ÔÐÉÇÈ \ [Q
ÓÔÆÈÏÏÐ ÒÄÆÏÐÌ ÏÕÍà OLP [Q
Q→
P[pÇÏıÐÆßÔÐÎÓÍÕÙÄÈÓ×Ð
ÇËÎÐÓÔÞ ÕÉÈ ÏÈ ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃ ÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒ
Q
ÏÐÌ ÒËÓ fÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÐ ÈÓÍË
Q
ÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞ[QQ
Q
Q
ÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐÓ×ÐÇËÍÄÓÞÅÝÏÄÑÐÍÕËÏ
Q
Q
ÔÈÒÆÄÍÈ>±ÏȱÐÔÐÒÐÌÖÕϱØËË [
ÔÐÐÏÄËÑÒÐÓÔÐÓ×ÐÇËÍÄÓÞÅݱßÔÐÌ rËÓ
ÖÕϱØËË d ÓËÍÕ ßÔÐÐ ÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄ
ÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞ ÎÐÉÈÔ ÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐ ÏÄ ÑÐÍÕËÏÔÈÒÆÄÍÈ >
Ó×ÐÇËÔÞÓÃÔÐÍޱбÖÕϱØËËÒÄÆÏÐÌÏÕÍàÆÐÆÓÈ×ÔÐÙ±Ä×ßÔÐ
ÐÑÐÍÕËÏÔÈÒÆÄÍÄ
iÄÎÈÔËÎÙÔÐ OLP [Q ÑÒËÍàÅÐÎÖ˱ÓËÒÐÆÄÏÏÐÎÏÄÔÕ
[→
ÒÄÍÞÏÐÎQsÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏбıÐÆÐÅÝÏËÅÝÍÐεεÑÒË
Ö˱ÓËÒÐÆÄÏÏÐÎQÏÄÌÇÈÔÓÃÔıÐÈ[ε[εÙÔÐ [ εQOεÏÄ
ÑÒËÎÈÒÑÒË[ε Q εËÎÈÈÎ [ εQ εqÐßÔÐÎÕÑÒËÖ˱ÓËÒÐÆÄÏ
ÏÐÎεεÏÈÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔÔıÐÐÏÐÎÈÒÄQÙÔÐÇÍÃÆÓÈ×
Q ! Q Ë ÆÓÈ× [∈> ÅÕÇÈÔ ÆÝÑÐÍÏÃÔÞÓà ÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐ
ÑÒËIQ[ [QI[ P[cÐÍÈÈÔÐбıÐÈÅÝ1ÏË
ÆÊÃÔÞÇÍñ Ä É Ç Ð ÐQO1ÏÄÌÇÈÔÓÃÔıÐÈ[∈>ÙÔÐÇÍÃ
ÏÈÐÆÝÑÐÍÏÃÈÔÓÃÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐÑÒÐÔËÆÐÑÐÍÐÉÏÐÈÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÕ
Ô È _IQ[ ´ I[_ O ε Æ ±ÄÙÈÓÔÆÈ ±ÐϱÒÈÔÏÐÐ [ ÊÇÈÓÞ
ÎÐÉÏÐÆÊÃÔÞÏÄÑÒËÎÈÒÕ±ÄÊÄÏÏÐÈÆÝÚÈ[ε
jÔıÏÈÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÄÃÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔÞÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔË
ÏÄÑÐÍÕËÏÔÈÒÆÄÍÈ>ÇбÄÊÄÏÄiÄÎÈÔËÎÙÔÐËÊÑÒËÆÈÇÈÏÏÝ×
ÒÄÓÓÕÉÇÈÏËÌÓÍÈÇÕÈÔÙÔÐÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞÏÈÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃ
ÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐËÏÄÍàÅÐÎËÏÔÈÒÆÄÍÈÆËÇÄUÇÈPUÆÙÄ
ÓÔÏÐÓÔËÏÄËÏÔÈÒÆÄÍÈ
sÍÈÇÕÈÔÐÅÒÄÔËÔÞÆÏËÎÄÏËÈÏÄÔÐÙÔÐÈÓÍËÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞ
ÏÐÓÔÞ ÖÕϱØËÌ IQ[ ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏÏÝ× ÏÄ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÈ ; ÏÈ Ó×Ð
ÇËÔÓà ÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐ ÏÄ ÏȱÐÔÐÒÐÎ ÈÐ ÑÐÇÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÈ ; µ ;
ÔÐ ÐÏÄ ÊÄÆÈÇÐÎÐ ÏÈ Ó×ÐÇËÔÓà ÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐ Ë ÏÄ ÓÄÎÐÎ ÎÏÐ
ÉÈÓÔÆÈ ; ÈÓÍË ÕÓÍÐÆËÃ ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËÃ ÏÈ ÆÝÑÐÍÏÃàÔÓÃ ÇÍÃ
ÆÓÈ×ÔÐÙȱ[∈;ÔÐÐÏËÊÄÆÈÇÐÎÐÏÈÆÝÑÐÍÏÃàÔÓÃËÇÍÃÆÓÈ×
ÔÐÙȱ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ ; dÎÈÓÔÈ Ó ÔÈÎ ÈÓÍË ÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞ
ÖÕϱØËÌ ÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐ Ó×ÐÇËÔÓà ÏÄ ÏȱÐÔÐÒÐÎ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÈ ÔÐ
ÐÏÄ Ë ÑÐÇÄÆÏÐ ÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐ Ó×ÐÇËÔÓà ÏÄ ±ÄÉÇÐÎ ÈÐ ÑÐÇÎÏÐ
ÉÈÓÔÆÈ
pÔÓàÇÄÓÍÈÇÕÈÔÏÄÑÒËÎÈÒÙÔÐÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞ
Ó×ÐÇÃÛÄÃÓÃÏÄÐÔÒÈʱÈ>@±ÖÕϱØËË
ÑÒË P[
I[
ÑÒË [
ÏÈÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃÏÄÏÈÎÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐÔı±Ä±ÐÏÄÕÉÈÏÈÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃ
ÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐÏÄÑÐÍÕËÏÔÈÒÆÄÍÈ>
uqrbhogojg fбÄÊÄÔÞÙÔÐÇÍÃÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔËIQ[ [QQ
ÏÈÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔÎıÓËÎÄÍÞÏÐÐÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐÌÓ×ÐÇË
ÎÐÓÔË Ô È ÔıÐÐ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ ; ÙÔÐ ÊÄÇÄÏÏÄà ÏÄ ÏÈÎ ÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞ
ÏÐÓÔÞ Ó×ÐÇËÔÓà ÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐ Ä ÏÄ ±ÄÉÇÐÎ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÈ ; ÏÄ ±ÐÔÐÒÐÎ ßÔÄ
ÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃ˱ÐÔÐÒÐÈÓÐÇÈÒÉËÔÆÓÈÅÈÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐ;Æ
±ÄÙÈÓÔÆÈÓÐÅÓÔÆÈÏÏÐÐÑÐÇÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄÐÏÄÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃÏÈÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐ
qÈÒÈÌÇÈαÐÑËÓÄÏËà±ÒËÔÈÒËÈÆÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐÌÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔË
fÍÃÖÕϱØËËIËÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔËÖÕϱØËÌ^IQ`ÊÄÇÄÏÏÝ×
ÏÄ ÏȱÐÔÐÒÐÎ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÈ ; ÅÕÇÈÎ ÒÄÓÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄÔÞ ÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄ
ÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞÙËÓÈͱÐÏÈÙÏÝ×ËÍËÅÈÓ±ÐÏÈÙÏÝ×
VXS_IQ[´I[_ Q
[∈;
ÑÒËÏÄÇÍÈÉÄÛË× ÆÐÐÅÛÈ ÐÆÐÒà ÒÄÓÚËÒÈÏÏÐÎÕ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÕ
ÇÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÝ×ÙËÓÈÍ 5ÓÎÑ ËÈÈÑÒÈÇÈÍÓÎÑ
gÓÍËÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞ^IQ`ÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃÏÄÎÏÐ
ÉÈÓÔÆÈ;±ÖÕϱØËËIÔÐÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔÔıÐÌÏÐÎÈÒQÙÔÐÇÍÃ
ÆÓÈ×Q!QÆÈÒ×ÏËÈÒÄÏ˱ÐÏÈÙÏÝfÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÐÈÓÍË
IQ{
{IÔÐÓÐÍÄÓÏÐÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËàÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐÌÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔËÇÍÃ
;
ÍàÅÐÐε!ÏÄÑÒËÎÈÒÇÍÃε ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔÔıÐÌÏÐÎÈÒQ
ÙÔÐÇÍÃÆÓÈ×[∈;ËÆÓÈ×Q!QÆÝÑÐÍÏÃÈÔÓÃÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐ
_IQ[´I[_
ÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐËÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐ
VXS _IQ[´I[_P
[∈;
qÐßÔÐÎÕÑÒËQ!QÆÓÈÆÈÒ×ÏËÈÒÄÏ˱ÐÏÈÙÏÝ
´ § ° ² § ® ¢ qÑÔÎÉÈÑÇÅÕÉÎßÐÑÔÕß ×ÖвÙÌÍ ^IQ` ÑÒÓÉÈÉÎÉÐ
ÐÞØÐÅÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÉ;ÓÅÇÐÑÏÉÓÐÑÔØÑÈÌÕÔÄÐÅàÕÑÏÏÐÑÊÉ
ÔÕÇɲ×ÖвÙÌÌIÇÕÑÏÌÕÑÎß²ÑÕÑÏÔÎÖÚÅɲÑÈÅ
OLP VXS _IQ[´I[_
Q → [∈;
fÎÄ ÕÑÑ ÚÕÑÆÞ ÒÑÔÎÉÈÑÇÅÕÉÎßÐÑÔÕß ^IQ`ÓÅÇ
³ § ¦ ³ ´ ¤ ª §
ÐÑÏÉÓÐÑÔØÑÈÌÎÅÔßÐÅÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÉ;²×ÖвÙÌÌIÐÉÑÆØÑÈÌ
ÏÑÌÈÑÔÕÅÕÑÚÐÑÚÕÑÆÞÐÅÛÎÅÔßÕŲÅÄÚÌÔÎÑÇÅÄÒÑÔÎÉÈÑ
ÇÅÕÉÎßÐÑÔÕß^DQ`ÚÕÑ
OLP DQ DQOQ
Q→
Ì ÔÖÜÉÔÕÇÑÇÅÎ ÕŲÑÍ ÐÑÏÉÓ QÚÕÑ ÈÎÄ ÇÔÉØ Q!QÌ ÇÔÉØ
[∈;ÇÞÒÑÎÐÄÉÕÔÄÐÉÓÅÇÉÐÔÕÇÑ
_IQ[´I[_PDQ
¦ Ð Ì Â É Â Ô Ç Í Þ Ó Ô Ä Ð Ô Ç Ð Ò Ç Î Ý gÓÍË ÆÝÑÐÍÏÈÏÝ ÕÓÍÐÆËÃ
ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËà ÔÐÇÍñÄÉÇÐÐε!ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔÔıÐÌÏÐÎÈÒQε
ÙÔÐÇÍÃÆÓÈ×Q!QεËÆÓÈ×[∈;ÆÝÑÐÍÏÃÈÔÓÃÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐ
_IQ[´I[_ ε
tÐÇÄÇÍÃÆÓÈ×Q!QεÅÕÇÈÎËÎÈÔÞ
VXS _IQ[´I[_P ε ε
[∈;
ÄßÔÐÓÐÍÄÓÏÐÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËàÑÒÈÇÈÍÄÙËÓÍÐÆÐÌÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞ
ÏÐÓÔËËÐÊÏÄÙÄÈÔÆÝÑÐÍÏÈÏËÈÕÓÍÐÆËÃ
pÅÒÄÔÏÐ ÈÓÍË ÕÓÍÐÆËÈ ÆÝÑÐÍÏÈÏÐ ÔÐ ÑÐ ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈ
ÏËà±ÐÏÈÙÏÐÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÄÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔËßÍÈÎÈÏÔÐÆËÊ 5ÇÍÃ
ÍàÅÐÐε!ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔÔıÐÌÏÐÎÈÒQεÙÔÐÇÍÃÆÓÈ×Q!QεÆÝ
ÑÐÍÏÃÈÔÓÃÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐ
VXS _IQ[´I[_ε
[∈;
pÔÓàÇÄ ÓÍÈÇÕÈÔ ÙÔÐ ÇÍà ÆÓÈ× Q ! Qε Ë ÆÓÈ× [∈; ÓÑÒÄÆÈÇÍËÆÐ
ÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐ
_IQ[´I[_ε
Ô ÈÆÝÑÐÍÏÃàÔÓÃÕÓÍÐÆËÃÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËÃ
dÓËÍÕÔÐÐÙÔÐÑÐÙÔËÆÓÈÙÍÈÏÝÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔËÆÈÒ×ÏË×
ÒÄÏÈÌÇÍÃÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐÓ×ÐÇÃÛË×ÓÃÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÈÌ
ÖÕϱØË̱ÐÏÈÙÏݱÒËÔÈÒËÌÑÐÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÓÆÐÇËÔÑÐÏÃ
ÔËÈ ÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐÌ Ó×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔË ÖÕϱØËÐÏÄÍÞÏÐÌ ÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞ
ÏÐÓÔ˱ÑÐÏÃÔËàÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔËÙËÓÍÐÆÐÌÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔË
¦ Ð Ì Â É Â Ô Ç Í Þ Ó Ô Ä Ð Ó Í Ç Æ Ó Ô Ä Ê á gÓÍË IQ {
{ I ÔÐ ÓÐÍÄÓÏÐ
;
Ó±ÄÊÄÏÏÐÎÕÆÝÚÈÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔÔıÐÌÏÐÎÈÒQÙÔÐÇÍÃÆÓÈ×Q!Q
ÆÓÈ ÆÈÒ×ÏËÈ ÒÄÏË ±ÐÏÈÙÏÝ qÐßÔÐÎÕ ÊÄ ÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞ
ÏÐÓÔÞ^DQ`ÎÐÉÏÐÆÊÃÔÞ
DQ VXS _IQ[´I[_ Q QQ
[∈;
ÐÙÈÆËÇÏÐ DQ O ÆÝÅÒÄÆ ÑÈÒÆÝÈ ÙÍÈÏÝ D D Q ÑÒÐËÊ
ÆÐÍÞÏÐtÐÇÄÑÒËQ!QÕÓÍÐÆËÈÐÙÈÆËÇÏÐÆÝÑÐÍÏÃÈÔ
ÓÃÄÆÓËÍÕËÎÈÈÎ OLP DQ
Q→
gÓÍËÉÈÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔÙËÓÍÐÆÄÃÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞ^DQ`ÕÇÐÆ
ÍÈÔÆÐÒÃàÛÄÃÕÓÍÐÆËÃÎËÔÐÆÓËÍÕÇÍÃ
ÍàÅÐÐQ!QÆÝÑÐÍÏÃÈÔÓÃÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐ
VXS _IQ[´I[_PDQ
[∈;
qÈÒÈÌÇÃ Æ ßÔÐÎ ÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÈ ± ÑÒÈÇÈÍÕ ÑÒË Q { ÑÐÍÕÙËÎ
ÓÐÍÄÓÏÐÙÔÐ
OLP VXS _IQ[´I[_
Q → [∈;
Q
ÊÄÏÏÐÈ ÕÔÆÈÒÉÇÈÏËÈ ÓÍÈÇÕÈÔ ËÊ
Q
ÓÍÈÇÓÔÆËÃÔÈÐÒÈÎÝ
Q
Q
sÖÐÒÎÕÍËÒÕÈÎ Ë ÇбÄÉÈÎ
Q
±ÒËÔÈÒËÌ ÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐÌ Ó×Ð
Q
ÇËÎÐÓÔË ÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔË
[ ÐÅÝÙÏÐ ÏÄÊÝÆÄÈÎÝÌ ±ÒËÔÈÒË
rËÓ ÈÎlÐÚË
´ § ° ² § ® ¢ ÌÒÊÔÇÒÊË ¬ÐÚÊ ÒÂÄÏÐÎÇÒÏÐË Ó×ÐÆÊÎÐÓÔÊ ÑÐÓÍÇ
ÆÐÄÂÔÇÍÞÏÐÓÔÇË fÎÄ ÕÑÑ ÚÕÑÆÞ ÒÑÔÎÉÈÑÇÅÕÉÎßÐÑÔÕß ×Öв
ÙÌÍIQQ ÑÒÓÉÈÉÎÉÐÐÞØÐÅÐɲÑÕÑÓÑÏÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÉ;
ÓÅÇÐÑÏÉÓÐÑ ÔØÑÈÌÎÅÔß ÐÅ àÕÑÏ ÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÉ ÐÉÑÆØÑÈÌÏÑ Ì ÈÑ
ÔÕÅÕÑÚÐÑÚÕÑÆÞÈÎÄÎáÆÑÑε!ÔÖÜÉÔÕÇÑÇÅÎÕŲÑÍÐÑÏÉÓ
QεÚÕÑÈÎÄÇÔÉØÐÑÏÉÓÑÇQ!QεÇÔÉØÙÉÎÞØSOÌÇÔÉØÕÑÚɲ
[∈;ÇÞÒÑÎÐÄÎÑÔßÐÉÓÅÇÉÐÔÕÇÑ
_IQS[´IQ[_ε
¦ Ð Ì Â É Â Ô Ç Í Þ Ó Ô Ä Ð Ï Ç Ð Ã × Ð Æ Ê Î Ð Ó Ô Ê qÕÓÔÞ ÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄ
ÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞ ^IQ` ÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐ Ó×ÐÇËÔÓà ÏÄ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÈ ; tÐÇÄ ÓÐ
ÍÄÓÏÐÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËàÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐÌÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔËÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔÖÕϱ
ØËÃIÔıÄÃÙÔÐÇÍÃÍàÅÐÐε!ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔÔıÐÌÏÐÎÈÒQεÙÔÐ
ÇÍÃÆÓÈ×Q!QεËÆÓÈ×[∈;ÆÝÑÐÍÏÃÈÔÓÃÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐ
_I[´IQ[_ε
qÐßÔÐÎÕÈÓÍËQ!QεËSOÔÐÇÍÃÆÓÈ×[∈;ÑÐÍÕÙËÎ
_IQS[´IQ[_P_IQS[´I[__I[´IQ[_ε
¦ Ð Ì Â É Â Ô Ç Í Þ Ó Ô Ä Ð Æ Ð Ó Ô Â Ô Ð Ù Ï Ð Ó Ô Ê gÓÍË ÆÝÑÐÍÏÈÏÐ
ÕÓÍÐÆËÈÔÐÑÒËÍàÅÐÎÖ˱ÓËÒÐÆÄÏÏÐÎ[∈;ÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄ
ÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞ
IQ[ Q
ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃ ÙËÓÍÐÆÐÌ ÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞà ÕÇÐÆÍÈÔÆÐÒÃàÛÈÌ
±ÒËÔÈÒËàlÐÚËÓÎÑ ËËÑÐÔÐÎÕÐÏÄÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃ
pÅÐÊÏÄÙËÎ ÑÒÈÇÈÍ ÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔË ÏÄ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÈ
;ÙÈÒÈÊI[qбÄÉÈÎÙÔÐÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞ^IQ`Ó×ÐÇËÔÓÃÒÄÆ
ÏÐÎÈÒÏбÖÕϱØËËIÏÄÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÈ;fÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÐÆÓËÍÕÕÓ
ÍÐÆËÃÇÍÃÍàÅÐÐε!ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔÔıÐÈQεÙÔÐÇÍÃÆÓÈ×
Q!QεÆÓÈ×ØÈÍÝ×SOËÆÓÈ×[∈;ÓÑÒÄÆÈÇÍËÆÐÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐ
dÊıÍàÙÈÏËÈÐÔÎÈÔËÎÓÍÈÇÕàÛËÈÇÆÄÓÆÐÌÓÔÆÄÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒ
ÏÐÓ×ÐÇÃÛË×ÓÃÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÈÌ
gÔÎÌÒÑÔÎÉÈÑÇÅÕÉÎßÐÑÔÕÌ^IQ`Ì^JQ`ÓÅÇÐÑÏÉÓÐÑÐÅÏÐÑ
ÊÉÔÕÇÉ ; ÔØÑÈÄÕÔÄ ÔÑÑÕÇÉÕÔÕÇÉÐÐÑ ² ×ÖвÙÌÄÏ I Ì JÕÑ
ÎáÆÅÄÌØÎÌÐÉÍÐÅIJÑÏÆÌÐÅÙÌÄ^λIQµJQ`λ∈&µ∈&ÕŲÊÉ
ÓÅÇÐÑÏÉÓÐÑÐÅàÕÑÏÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÉÔØÑÈÌÕÔIJÕŲÑÍÊÉÎÌÐÉÍ
ÐÑͲÑÏÆÌÐÅÙÌÌÒÓÉÈÉÎßÐÞØ×ÖвÙÌÍÕ É²λIµJ
¦ Ð Ì Â É Â Ô Ç Í Þ Ó Ô Ä Ð gÓÍËλ µ ÔÐÕÔÆÈÒÉÇÈÏËÈÐÙÈÆËÇ
ÏÐqÕÓÔÞ×ÐÔÃÅÝÐÇÏÐËÊÙËÓÈÍλËÍ˵ÐÔÍËÙÏÐÐÔÏÕÍÃÔ È
_λ_ _µ_ ! iÄÖ˱ÓËÒÕÈÎ ÑÒÐËÊÆÐÍÞÏÐ ε ! d ÓËÍÕ ÕÓÍÐÆËÌ
IQ{{ IËJQ{ { JÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔÔıÐÌÏÐÎÈÒQÙÔÐÇÍÃÆÓÈ×Q!Q
; ;
ËÆÓÈ×[∈;ÆÝÑÐÍÏÃàÔÓÃÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÄ
ε ε
_IQ[´I[_
_JQ[´J[_
λ µ λ µ
ÄÑÐßÔÐÎÕËÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐ
_>λIQ[µJQ[@´>λI[µJ[@_P
ε ε
P_λ_ _IQ[´I[__µ_ _JQ[´J[__λ_
_µ_ ε
λ µ λ µ
sÐÍÄÓÏÐÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËàÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐÌÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔËßÔÐËÐÊÏÄÙÄ
ÈÔÙÔÐλIQµJQ{ { λIµJ
;
gÔÎÌÒÑÔÎÉÈÑÇÅÕÉÎßÐÑÔÕß^IQ`ÓÅÇÐÑÏÉÓÐÑÔØÑÈÌÕÔÄÐÅ
ÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÉ;²×ÖвÙÌÌIÅ×ÖвÙÌÄJÑÓÅÐÌÚÉÐÅÐÅàÕÑÏ
ÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÉÕÑÒÑÔÎÉÈÑÇÅÕÉÎßÐÑÔÕß^JIQ`ÕŲÊÉÓÅÇÐÑÏÉÓÐÑ
ÔØÑÈÌÕÔÄÐÅ;²×ÖвÙÌÌJI
¦ Ð Ì Â É Â Ô Ç Í Þ Ó Ô Ä Ð pÒÄÏËÙÈÏÏÐÓÔÞ ÖÕϱØËË J ÏÄ ÎÏÐÉÈ
ÓÔÆÈÐÊÏÄÙÄÈÔÙÔÐÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔÔıÐÈ0!ÙÔÐÇÍÃÆÓÈ×[∈;
ÆÝÑÐÍÏÃÈÔÓÃ ÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐ _J[_ P 0 d ÓËÍÕ ÉÈ ÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐÌ
Ó×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔË ÏÄ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÈ ; ÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔË ^IQ` ± ÖÕϱ
ØËËIÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔÔıÐÌÏÐÎÈÒQÙÔÐÇÍÃÆÓÈ×Q!QËÆÓÈ×
[∈;ÆÝÑÐÍÏÃÈÔÓÃÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐ
ε
_IQ[´I[_
0
ÄÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐËÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐ
_J[IQ[´J[I[_ _J[_ _IQ[´I[_ε
ÔÐËÐÊÏÄÙÄÈÔÙÔÐJIQ{
{JI ;
²ÂÄÏÐÎÇÒÏÐÓ×ÐÆáÛÊÇÓáÖÕÏÌØÊÐÏÂÍÞÏÝÇÒáÆÝ
fÍà ÒÃÇÐÆ ÎÐÉÏÐ ÔıÉÈ ÆÆÈÓÔË ÑÐÏÃÔËÈ ÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐÌ Ó×ÐÇË
ÎÐÓÔË
°ÑÒÇÆÇÍÇÏÊÇ rÄÈ
∑ XQ[
Q
´ § ° ² § ® ¢ ÏÇÐÃ×ÐÆÊÎÐÇ ÕÓÍÐÄÊÇ ÒÂÄÏÐÎÇÒÏÐË Ó×ÐÆÊÎÐÓÔÊ
ÒáÆ gÔÎÌ ÓÄÈ ÓÅÇÐÑÏÉÓÐÑ ÔØÑÈÌÕÔÄ ÐÅ ÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÉ
;ÕÑÒÑÔÎÉÈÑÇÅÕÉÎßÐÑÔÕßÉÑÚÎÉÐÑÇXQ[Q ÓÅÇ
ÐÑÏÉÓÐÑÔÕÓÉÏÌÕÔIJÐÖÎáÐÅÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÉ;Õ É
XQ[{
{ ;
lÐÒÐԱРßÔÐ ÓÆÐÌÓÔÆÐ ÆÝÒÄÉÄÈÔÓà ÓÍÈÇÕàÛËÎ ÐÅÒÄÊÐÎ
ÖÓÅÇÐÑÏÉÓÐÑÔØÑÈÄÜÉÑÔÄÓÄÈÅÑÆÜÌÍÚÎÉÐÓÅÇÐÑÏÉÓÐÑÔÕÓÉ
ÏÌÕÔIJÐÖÎá
¦ Ð Ì Â É Â Ô Ç Í Þ Ó Ô Ä Ð qÕÓÔÞ ÒÃÇ ÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐ Ó×ÐÇËÔ
Óà ÏÄ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÈ ; pÅÐÊÏÄÙËÎ ÈÐ ÙÄÓÔËÙÏÝÈ ÓÕÎÎÝ ±Ä±
ÐÅÝÙÏÐÙÈÒÈÊVQ[ÄÈÐÓÕÎÎÕ µÙÈÒÈÊV[[∈;tÐÇÄÇÍÃ
ÍàÅÐÐε!ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔÔıÐÌÏÐÎÈÒQεÙÔÐÇÍÃÆÓÈ×Q!QεË
ÆÓÈ×[∈;ÆÝÑÐÍÏÃÈÔÓÃÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐ
_VQ[´V[_ ε
qÐßÔÐÎÕÇÍÃÆÓÈ×Q!QεËÆÓÈ×[∈;ÓÑÒÄÆÈÇÍËÆÐÔıÉÈÏÈÒÄ
ÆÈÏÓÔÆÐ
_XQ[_ _VQ[´VQ[_
Q ÙÍÈÏÐÆßÔÐÐÒÃÇÄÏÈÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏбÏÕ
ÍàÏÄßÔÐÎËÏÔÈÒÆÄÍÈpÔÓàÇıÓÔÄÔËÓÍÈÇÕÈÔÙÔÐÒÃÇ ∑ ]Q
Q
ÇÈ] µ±ÐÎÑÍȱÓÏÐÈÙËÓÍÐÔıÉÈÏÈÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐÆ
ÈÇËÏËÙÏÐÎ ±ÒÕÈ _]_ Ôı ±Ä± ÐÏ ÏÈ Ó×ÐÇËÔÓà ÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐ
ÕÉÈÏÄÑÐÇÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÈßÔÐбÒÕÄ
yÄÓÔÐ ÅÝÆÄÈÔ ÑÐÍÈÊÏÝÎ ÓÍÈÇÕàÛËÌ ÇÐÓÔÄÔÐÙÏÝÌ ÑÒËÊÏı
ÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐÌÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔË
´ § ° ² § ® ¢ ÑÒÊÉÏÂ̤ÇËÇÒÚÔÒÂÓÓ qÖÔÕß ÈÅÐÞ ÈÇÅ ÓÄÈÅ
×ÖвÙÌÑÐÅÎßÐÞÍÚÎÉÐÅÏ̲ÑÕÑÓÑÑÄÇÎÄáÕÔÄ×Öв
ÙÌÌXQ[ÑÒÓÉÈÉÎÉÐÐÞÉÐÅÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÉ;ÌÚÌÔÎÑÇÑÍ
∑ DQDQO Q
Q
gÔÎÌÓÄÈÔØÑÈÌÕÔÄÌÈÎÄÎáÆÑÑ[∈;ÇÞÒÑÎÐÄáÕ
ÔÄÐÉÓÅÇÉÐÔÕÇÅ
_XQ[_PDQ Q
ÕÑÓÄÈÅÆÔÑÎáÕÐÑÌÓÅÇÐÑÏÉÓÐÑÔØÑÈÌÕÔÄÐÅÏÐÑÊÉ
ÔÕÇÉ;
bÅÓÐÍàÔÏÄÃÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔÞÒÃÇÄÏÄ;ÆÓÍÕÙÄÈÓ×ÐÇË
ÎÐÓÔË ÒÃÇÄ ÓÒÄÊÕ ÓÍÈÇÕÈÔ ÑÐ ÑÒËÊÏÄ±Õ ÓÒÄÆÏÈÏËà ËÊ
ÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÄ rÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÄà ÉÈ Ó×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔÞ ßÔÐÐ ÒÃÇÄ
ÍȱÐÓÍÈÇÕÈÔËÊÓÍÈÇÓÔÆËÃÔÈÐÒÈÎÝ Ñ qÒËÆÈÇÈÎËÏÈ
ÑÐÓÒÈÇÓÔÆÈÏÏÐÈÇбÄÊÄÔÈÍÞÓÔÆÐ
qÕÓÔÞ V[ µ ÓÕÎÎÄ ÒÃÇÄ Ë VQ[ µ ÈÐ ÙÄÓÔËÙÏÄÃ
ÓÕÎÎÄ d ÓËÍÕ Ó×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔË ÒÃÇÄ ÇÍà ÍàÅÐÐ ε ! ÓÕ
ÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔÔıÐÌÏÐÎÈÒQεÙÔÐÇÍÃÆÓÈ×Q!QεÆÝÑÐÍÏÃÈÔÓÃÏÈ
ÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐÓÎ ∑Q DPεoÐÔÐÇÄÇÍÃÆÓÈ×Q!QεË
P
ÆÓÈ×[∈;ÇÍÃÒÄÊÏÐÓÔËV[´VQ[ÅÕÇÈÎËÎÈÔÞ
_V[´VQ[_
P
∑Q XP[ PP ∑Q _XP[_PP ∑Q DPε
Ô ÈVQ[{
{ V[ÔÐËÐÊÏÄÙÄÈÔÓÐÍÄÓÏÐÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËà ÒÄÆ
;
ÏÐÎÈÒÏÕàÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔÞÒÃÇÄÏÄÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÈ;
pÔÎÈÔËÎ ÙÔÐ ÒÃÇ ÏÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÓÃ ÒÃÇÐÎ ÎÄÉÐÒËÒÕà
ÛËÎÒÃÇ
d±ÄÙÈÓÔÆÈÑÒËÎÈÒÄÆÐÊÞÎÈÎÓÏÐÆÄÒÃÇ ∑ ]QÙÍÈÏݱÐÔÐÒÐÐ
Q
ÐÅÒÄÊÕàÔ ÈÐÎÈÔÒËÙÈÓ±Õà ÑÒÐÒÈÓÓËà rÄÓÓÎÐÔÒËÎ ÈÐ Æ ±ÒÕÈ
ÒÄÇËÕÓÄU _]_ PUÇÈUyËÓÍÐÆÐÌÒÃÇ ∑ U QÓÏÈÐÔÒËØÄ
Q
ÔÈÍÞÏÝÎË ÙÍÈÏÄÎË ÐÅÒÄÊÕàÛËÎË ÅÈÓ±ÐÏÈÙÏÐ ÕÅÝÆÄàÛÕà ÈÐ
ÎÈÔÒËÙÈÓ±ÕàÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃÄÇÍÃÙÍÈÏÐÆÇÄÏÏÐ
Ð ÖÕϱØËÐÏÄÍÞÏÐÐ ÒÃÇÄ ÓÑÒÄÆÈÇÍËÆÄ ÐØÈ챀 _]Q_ P U Q Ôı ±Ä±
_]_PUÑÐßÔÐÎÕÐÏÓÐÍÄÓÏÐÑÒËÊÏıÕdÈÌÈÒÚÔÒÄÓÓÄÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐ
Ó×ÐÇËÔÓÃÆÐÆÓñÐαÒÕÈ_]_ PUdÎÈÓÔÈÓÔÈαıßÔÐÅÝÍÐ
ÑбÄÊÄÏÐÆÝÚÈßÔÐÔÒÃÇÏÈÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐƱÒÕÈ_]_
qÒËÊÏı dÈÌÈÒÚÔÒÄÓÓÄ ÇÄÈÔ ÔÐÍޱРÇÐÓÔÄÔÐÙÏÝÈ ÕÓÍÐÆËÃ
ÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐÌ Ó×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔË ÒÃÇÄ ±ÐÔÐÒÝÈ ÏÈ ÃÆÍÃàÔÓà ÏÈÐÅ×Ð
ÇËÎÝÎËuÅÈÇËÔÞÓÃÆßÔÐÎÇÍÃÒÃÇÐÆÕ±ÐÔÐÒÝ×ÓÆÐÊÒÄÓÔÄÏË
ÈÎ ÏÐÎÈÒÐÆ ÙÍÈÏÐÆ ÙÈÒÈÇÕàÔÓà Ë× ÊÏÄ±Ë ÇÐÓÔÄÔÐÙÏÐ ÍȱÐ
fÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÐ Ó×ÐÇÃÛËÌÓà ÒÃÇ ∑ (
± ) Q
±Ä± Ë ÆÓñËÌ Ó×Ð
Q Q
ÇÃÛËÌÓÃÙËÓÍÐÆÐÌÒÃÇÎÐÉÏÐÒÄÓÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄÔޱıÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐ
Ó×ÐÇÃÛËÌÓÃÏÄÑÒËÎÈÒÏÄÆÓÈÌÙËÓÍÐÆÐÌÐÓË5ÒÃÇÈÐÙÍÈÏÝ
( ± ) Q
XQ
ÃÆÍÃàÔÓÃÖÕϱØËÃÎËÑÐÓÔÐÃÏÏÝÎËÏÄ5dÎÈÓÔÈÓ
Q
ÔÈÎ ÆÓñËÌ ÙËÓÍÐÆÐÌ ÒÃÇ ∑ DQ ÕÇÐÆÍÈÔÆÐÒÃàÛËÌ ÕÓÍÐÆËà
Q
\
ÍÈÔÆÐÒÃàÛÈÐÕÓÍÐÆËà
pÑÒÈÇÈÍËÎÙÍÈÏÒÃÇÄXQ[ÓÍÈÇÕà
ÛËÎÐÅÒÄÊÐÎXQ[ ÏÄÐÔÒÈʱÄ×
Ë XQ
XQ[ Q Q Q Q Q
Q
ËÖÕϱØËÃXQ[ÍËÏÈÌÏÄËÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆ
ÏÄÏıÄÉÇÐÎËÊÐÔÒÈʱÐÆ
[ Ë
Q
Q Q Q Q Q Q
Q
rËÓ gÈÒÄÖ˱ËÊÐÅÒÄÉÈÏÏÄÒËÓÕϱÈ
rÃÇ ∑ XQ[ Ó×ÐÇËÔÓà ÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐ ÏÄ ÐÔÒÈÊ±È > @ fÈÌ
Q
ÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÐÈÓÍËUQ[
N
∑
Q
XN[ µÐÓÔÄÔбßÔÐÐÒÃÇÄQ
ÔÐÇÍÃÍàÅÐÐ[∈>@ÓÒÈÇËÈÐÙÍÈÏÐÆÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔ
ÏÈÅÐÍÈÈÐÇÏÐÐÇÍñÐÔÐÒÐÐXN[ NOQqÒËßÔÐÎÐÙÈ
ÆËÇÏÐPXN[P P
ÑÐßÔÐÎÕPUQ[P ËÓÍÈÇÐÆÄ
N Q Q
ÔÈÍÞÏÐUQ[ {{ ÑÒËQ{Ô ÈÒÄÓÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄÈÎÝÌÒÃÇÒÄÆ
[ ]
ÏÐÎÈÒÏÐÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃÏÄÐÔÒÈʱÈ>@
gÓÍË ∑ DQ µ ÔıÐÌ ÙËÓÍÐÆÐÌ ÒÃÇ ÙÔÐ ÇÍà ÆÓÈ× [∈> @
Q
ÆÝÑÐÍÏÃÈÔÓÃÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐPXQ[PDQÔÐ
PD[ XQ[PDQ
Q [ ]
eÄÒÎÐÏËÙÈÓ±ËÌÒÃÇ ∑ ÒÄÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃÑÐßÔÐÎÕÒÄÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃË
Q Q
ÒÃÇ ∑ DQ tıËÎ ÐÅÒÄÊÐÎ Æ ÒÄÓÓÎÐÔÒÈÏÏÐÎ ÓÍÕÙÄÈ ÙËÓÍÐÆÐÐ
Q
ÒÃÇÄ ÕÇÐÆÍÈÔÆÐÒÃàÛÈÐ ÑÐ ÐÔÏÐÚÈÏËà ± ÖÕϱØËÐÏÄÍÞÏÐÎÕ
ÒÃÇÕ ∑ XQ[ÕÓÍÐÆËÃÎÑÒËÊÏıÄdÈÌÈÒÚÔÒÄÓÓÄÊÄÆÈÇÐÎÐÏÈÔ
Q
qÈÒÈÌÇÈÎÔÈÑÈÒÞ±ÕÓÍÐÆËÃÎÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐÌÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔËÒÃ
ÇÄÃÆÍÃàÛËÎÓÃÐÇÏÐÆÒÈÎÈÏÏÐÏÈÐÅ×ÐÇËÎÝÎËËÇÐÓÔÄÔÐÙÏÝ
ÎËiÄÎÈÙÄÃÙÔÐ
QS
VQS[´VQ´[ ∑ XN[
N Q
ËÊ ÔÈÐÒÈÎÝ ÑÐÍÕÙÄÈÎ ÓÍÈÇÕàÛËÌ ±ÒËÔÈÒËÌ ÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐÌ
Ó×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔË
´ § ° ² § ® ¢ ÌÒÊÔÇÒÊˬÐÚÊÒÂÄÏÐÎÇÒÏÐËÓ×ÐÆÊÎÐÓÔÊÒáÆÐÄ
fÎÄÕÑÑÚÕÑÆÞÓÄÈÓÅÇÐÑÏÉÓÐÑÔØÑÈÌÎÔÄÐÅÏÐÑÊÉ
ÔÕÇÉ ; ÐÉÑÆØÑÈÌÏÑ Ì ÈÑÔÕÅÕÑÚÐÑ ÚÕÑÆÞ ÈÎÄ ÎáÆÑÑε!
ÔÖÜÉÔÕÇÑÇÅÎ ÕŲÑÍ ÐÑÏÉÓ QεÚÕÑ ÈÎÄ ÇÔÉØ Q!QεÇÔÉØ ÙÉ
ÎÞØSOÌÇÔÉØ[∈;ÇÞÒÑÎÐÄÉÕÔÄÐÉÓÅÇÉÐÔÕÇÑ
QS
N
∑Q XN[ ε
pÙÈÆËÇÏÐ ÙÔÐ ËÊ ±ÒËÔÈÒËà lÐÚË ÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐÌ Ó×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔË
ÒÃÇÄ ÈÛÈ ÒÄÊ ÈÓÍË Æ ÑÐÍÐÉËÔÞ S ÑÐÍÕÙÄÈÔÓÃ
ÔÈÐÒÈÎÄ Ô ÈÏÈÐÅ×ÐÇËÎÐÈÕÓÍÐÆËÈÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐÌÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔËÒÃ
ÇÄ
uqrbhogojg dÝÃÓÏËÔÞ ÎÐÉÈÔ ÍË ÒÃÇ ÆËÇÄ ∑ DQ]Q DQ Ë ] µ
Q
±ÐÎÑÍȱÓÏÝÈ ÙËÓÍÄ Õ ±ÐÔÐÒÐÐ ÅÈÓ±ÐÏÈÙÏÐ ÎÏÐÐ ±ÐßÖÖËØËÈÏÔÐÆ ÐÔ
ÍËÙÏÝÐÔÏÕÍÃÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐÓ×ÐÇËÔÞÓÃÏÄÆÓÈ̱ÐÎÑÍȱÓÏÐÌÑÍÐÓ±ÐÓÔË
± Ò Ê Î Ç Ò Ý rÄÓÓÎÐÔÒËÎÓÏÐÆÄÒÃÇ
] ] Q
]
Q
ËÑбÄÉÈÎÙÔбıÐÆÐÅÝÏËÅÝÍÐÙËÓÍÐU!ÒÃÇÓ×Ð
ÇËÔÓÃÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐƱÒÕÈ_]_PU
lı ÅÝÍÐ ÑбÄÊÄÏÐ ÒÃÇ Ó×ÐÇËÔÓÃÑÒËÍàÅÐÎ ±ÐÎÑ
ÍȱÓÏÐÎ]ÆÙÄÓÔÏÐÓÔËÑÒË] UÔ ÈÙËÓÍÐÆÐÌÒÃÇ
U U Q
U
Q
Ó×ÐÇËÔÓÃdÐÊÞÎÈÎÈÐƱÄÙÈÓÔÆÈÒÃÇÄÓÒÄÆÏÈÏËÃÇÍÃ
Q UQ
ÒÃÇÄÔÐÇÄÑÒË_]_PUËÎÈÈÎ ] P
qÐßÔÐÎÕÕÔÆÈÒÉÇÈ
Q Q
ÏËÈ Ð ÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐÌ Ó×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔË ÒÃÇÄ ÏÈÑÐÓÒÈÇÓÔÆÈÏÏÐ
ÓÍÈÇÕÈÔËÊÔÈÐÒÈÎÝ
qбÄÉÈÎ ÙÔÐ ÒÃÇ ÏÈ Ó×ÐÇËÔÓà ÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐ ÏÄ ÆÓÈÌ
±ÐÎÑÍȱÓÏÐÌÑÍÐÓ±ÐÓÔËÔÐÓÍÈÇÕÈÔËÊÏÈÆÝÑÐÍÏÈÏËÃÆÇÄÏÏÐÎ
ÓÍÕÙÄÈ ÏÈÐÅ×ÐÇËÎÐÐ ÕÓÍÐÆËà ÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐÌ Ó×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔË ÒÃÇÄ
ÓÎÔÈÐÒÈÎÕ fÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÐÑÒËÍàÅÐÎÖ˱ÓËÒÐÆÄÏÏÐÎQ
Q
]
OLP
] → Q
qÐßÔÐÎÕÈÓÍËÊÄÇÄÏÐε!ÔбıÐÆÐÅÝÏËÅÝÍÐQ!ÆÓËÍÕ
Q Q
] !εÔ È ]
ÎÐÉÏÐÑÐÇÐÅÒÄÔÞ]ÔıÙÔÐÅÝ ÏÈÓÔÒÈ
Q Q
ÎËÔÓÃÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏбÏÕÍàÏÄÆÓÈ̱ÐÎÑÍȱÓÏÐÌÑÍÐÓ±ÐÓÔË
jÓÓÍÈÇÕÈÎÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÕàÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔÞÒÃÇÄ
[VLQQ[
∑ ´[
Q Q ( Q[ )
qÒÈÉÇÈÆÓÈÐÊÄÎÈÔËÎÙÔÐ
[VLQQ[ [
P
Q ( Q[ )
Q ( Q[ )
fÄÍÈÈQ[O_[_ Q
ÑÐßÔÐÎÕ
[
P P
Q ( Q[ ) Q ( Q ) Q
nÝÆÐÓÑÐÍÞÊÐÆÄÍËÓÞÊÇÈÓÞÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐÎDEPDE±ÐÔÐÒÐÈÓÒÄ
tı±Ä±ÒÃÇ ∑
Ó×ÐÇËÔÓÃÔÐÓÐÍÄÓÏÐÑÒËÊÏıÕdÈÌÈÒ
Q Q
ÚÔÒÄÓÓÄ Æ ÓËÍÕ ÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆ Ë ËÓ×ÐÇÏÝÌ ÒÃÇ
ÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃÏÄÆÓÈÌÇÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÐÌÐÓË
rÄÓÓÎÐÔÒËÎÒÃÇ
±Q [
∑
Q
H VLQ Q[
±Q [ ±Q [
pÙÈÆËÇÏÐ_H VLQ Q[_PQ_[_H oÄÌÇÈÎÎıÓËÎÕÎÖÕϱ
±Q [
ØËËYQ[ Q_[_H ÑÒËÖ˱ÓËÒÐÆÄÏÏÐÎQvÕϱØËÃYQ[ÙÈÔ
ÏÄÃÑÐßÔÐÎÕÇÐÓÔÄÔÐÙÏÐÒÄÓÓÎÐÔÒÈÔÞÍËÚÞÓÍÕÙÄÌ[OÑÐÙÈ
±Q [
ÎÕ"qÒÐËÊÆÐÇÏÄÃ Y Q′ [ Q´Q[H ÐÅÒÄÛÄÈÔÓÃÆÏÕÍÞ
Æ ÔÐÙ±È [
tı ±Ä± YQ[ O ÇÍà ÆÓÈ× [ YQ Ë
Q
OLP YQ[ ÔÐ Æ ÔÐÙ±È [ ÖÕϱØËà YQ[ ËÎÈÈÔ ÎıÓËÎÕÎ
[ →
ÑÐÙÈÎÕ"
tıËÎÐÅÒÄÊÐÎ
YQ[PYQ
H ´
Q Q Q
ËÔı±Ä±ÒÃÇ ∑
Ó×ÐÇËÔÓÃÙÔÐÓÐÍÄÓÏÐÑÒËÊÏıÕdÈÌÈÒ
Q Q
ÚÔÒÄÓÓÄ ÒÃÇ ÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐ Ó×ÐÇËÔÓà ÏÄ ÆÓÈÌ ÇÈÌÓÔÆË
ÔÈÍÞÏÐÌÐÓË
nÈÔÐÇ ÑÒËÎÈÏÈÏÏÝÌ ÇÍà ÕÓÔÄÏÐÆÍÈÏËà ÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐÌ Ó×Ð
ÇËÎÐÓÔË ÒÃÇÄ ËÓÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÏËÈ ÏÄ ß±ÓÔÒÈÎÕÎ ÎÐÇÕÍÃ ÐÅ
ÛÈÐÙÍÈÏÄËÍËÈÐÎÄÉÐÒÄÏÔÝÎÈÔÐÇÄÎËÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÄÍÞÏÐÐ
ËÓÙËÓÍÈÏËÃÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃÇÐÓÔÄÔÐÙÏÐÐÅÛËÎËÙÄÓÔÐÑÒËÎÈÏÃÈÔ
Óà ÏÄ ÑÒıÔË±È s ÑÐÎÐÛÞà ßÔÐÐ ÎÈÔÐÇÄ ÎÐÉÏÐ ÅÝÍÐ ÅÝ ËÓ
ÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÞ Ë ÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÕà Ó×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔÞ ÒÃÇÄ ÐÇÏıÐ
ÑÒËÎÈÏÈÏÏÝÌÆÝÚÈÓÑÐÓÐÅËÓÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÏËÃÇÄÏÏÐÐÒÃÇÄÊÏÄÙË
ÔÈÍÞÏÐÅÝÓÔÒÈÈÑÒËÆÐÇËÔ±ØÈÍË
rÄÓÓÎÐÔÒËÎÒÃÇ
( ± ) Q
∑
Q
[ Q
sÐÍÄÓÏÐÑÒËÊÏıÕmÈÌÅÏËØÄÓÎÑ ÐÏÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃÑÒË
ÍàÅÐÎ ÇÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÐÎ [ Ë ±Ä± ÅÝÍÐ ÐÔÎÈÙÈÏÐ ÔÄÎ ÉÈ ÐÓÔÄ
ÔбÒÃÇÄÐØÈÏËÆÄÈÔÓÃÑÈÒÆÝÎÓÆÐËÎÙÍÈÏÐÎ
_UQ[_
[ Q Q
jÊ ßÔÐÐ ÓÍÈÇÕÈÔ ÙÔÐ UQ[ {
{ ÑÒË ´ [ Ô È ÒÃÇ
ÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃÏÄÆÓÈÌÇÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÐÌÐÓË
qбÄÉÈÎÙÔÐßÔÐÔÒÃÇÏÈÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃÄÅÓÐÍàÔÏÐÆÐÆÓÈ×ÔÐÙ
±Ä×fÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÐÆÝÅÈÒÈÎÇÍÃÇÄÏÏÐÐÙËÓÍÄ[±Ä±ÐÈÍËÅÐ
ÏÄÔÕÒÄÍÞÏÐÈQ[ÔıÙÔÐÅÝ[PQ[tÐÇÄÇÍÃÆÓÈ×QOQ[ÅÕÇÈÔ
ÆÝÑÐÍÏÃÔÞÓÃÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐ[ PQÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐËÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔ
O bÔı±Ä±ÒÃÇ ∑ ÒÄÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃÔÐÆÓËÍÕÑÒË
ÆÐ
[ Q Q Q Q
ÊÏıÄÓÒÄÆÏÈÏËÃÒÃÇÏÈÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃÄÅÓÐÍàÔÏÐ
uqrbhogojgqÒËÆÈÓÔËÑÒËÎÈÒÒÃÇıÐÔÐÒÝÌÄÅÓÐÍàÔÏÐÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃ
ÆÐÆÓÈ×ÔÐÙ±Ä×ÏȱÐÔÐÒÐÐÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄÏÐÏÈÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃÏÄßÔÐÎÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÈ
ÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐ
u ± Ä Ê Ä Ï Ë È sÎÑÒËÎÈÒ ËÊÑ
rÃÇ ∑ ]Q]∈&Ó×ÐÇËÔÓÃÆÐÔ±ÒÝÔÐαÒÕÈ. ^] _]_`
Q
Ë ÑÒË ÍàÅÐÎ U P U Ó×ÐÇËÔÓà ÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐ Æ ÊÄαÏÕÔÐÎ
±ÒÕÈ.U ^] _]_PU`ÔÐÓÍÈÇÕÈÔÏÄÑÒËÎÈÒËÊÑÒËÊÏıÄÒÄÆ
ÏÐÎÈÒÏÐÌÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔËdÈÌÈÒÚÔÒÄÓÓÄÔı±Ä±ÑÒË_]_PUËÎÈÈÎ
_]Q_ _]_QPU QÄÒÃÇ ∑ U QÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃcÝÍÐÑбÄÊÄÏÐÙÔÐƱÒÕ
Q
È.ÊÄÇÄÏÏÝÌÒÃÇÏÈÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐÔÐÓÍÈÇÕÈÔËËÊ
ÔÐÐÙÔÐ
OLP VXS _]Q_ OLP VXS _]_Q OLP
Q → _]_ Q → _]_ Q→
PU´ϕ
qÒËÒÄÆÏÃÆÇÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÕàËÎÏËÎÕàÙÄÓÔËßÔÐÐÒÄÆÈÏÓÔ
ÆÄÑÐÍÕÙËÎ
µ UFRVϕ UVLQϕ
∑ U QFRV Qϕ ∑ U QVLQ Qϕ
Q µ UFRVϕ U Q µ UFRVϕ U
qÒË Ö˱ÓËÒÐÆÄÏÏÐÎ U P U ßÔË ÒÃÇÝ ±Ä± ÖÕϱØËË
ÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÐÌϕÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐÓ×ÐÇÃÔÓÃÏÄÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÈÆÓÈ×ÇÈÌÓÔ
ÆËÔÈÍÞÏÝ×ÙËÓÈÍÔÐÓÍÈÇÕÈÔÏÄÑÒËÎÈÒËÊÑÒËÊÏıÄÒÄÆÏÐ
ÎÈÒÏÐÌ Ó×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔË dÈÌÈÒÚÔÒÄÓÓÄ Ôı ±Ä± _U QFRV Qϕ_ P U Q
_U QVLQ Qϕ_PU QËÑÒËPUÒÃÇ ∑ U QÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃ
Q
uqrbhogojgjÓÑÐÍÞÊÕÃÖÐÒÎÕÍÕ
Q
∑ ´ Q] Q _]_ÏÄÌ
]
ÔËÓÕÎÎÝÒÃÇÐÆ ∑ ´ QU QVLQ QϕË Q∑ ´ QU QFRV QϕPUjÓ
Q
ÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÞË×ÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÕàÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔÞÏÄÙËÓÍÐÆÐÌÑÒÃÎÐÌ
fбÄÉÈÎÔÈÑÈÒÞÇÐÓÔÄÔÐÙÏÝÌÑÒËÊÏıÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐÌÓ×ÐÇË
ÎÐÓÔËÑÒËÎÈÏËÎÝÌÆÐÔÍËÙËÈÐÔÑÒËÊÏıÄdÈÌÈÒÚÔÒÄÓÓÄ˱
ÏÈÄÅÓÐÍàÔÏÐÓ×ÐÇÃÛËÎÓÃÒÃÇÄÎgÐÖÐÒÎÕÍËÒÐƱÄÏÄÑÐÎË
ÏÄÈÔ ÑÒËÊÏı fËÒË×ÍÈ ÇÍà Ó×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔË ÙËÓÍÐÆÝ× ÒÃÇÐÆ ÓÎ
Ñ ËÆÑÈÒÆÝÈÆÓÔÒÈÙÄÈÔÓÃÆÒÄÅÐÔÄ×wÄÒÇË
´ § ° ² § ® ¢ qÖÔÕßÈÅÐÓÄÈ
∑ DQ[EQ[
Q
DzÑÕÑÓÑÏ×ÖвÙÌÌDQ[ÌEQ[Q ÑÒÓÉÈÉÎÉÐÞÐÅ
ÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÉ;ÌÕŲÑÇÞÚÕÑ
ÒÑÔÎÉÈÑÇÅÕÉÎßÐÑÔÕß ^DQ[` ÏÑÐÑÕÑÐÐÅ ÒÓÌ ²ÅÊÈÑÏ
[∈;ÌÓÅÇÐÑÏÉÓÐÑÔÕÓÉÏÌÕÔIJÐÖÎáÐÅ;
ÒÑÔÎÉÈÑÇÅÕÉÎßÐÑÔÕßÚÅÔÕÌÚÐÞØÔÖÏÏ%Q[Q
ÓÄÈÅ ∑ EQ[ÑÓÅÐÌÚÉÐÅÐÅÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÉ;
Q
tÑÈÅÓÄÈÓÅÇÐÑÏÉÓÐÑÔØÑÈÌÕÔÄÐÅÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÉ;
¦ Ð Ì Â É Â Ô Ç Í Þ Ó Ô Ä Ð dÓËÍÕÕÓÍÐÆËÃ ÔÈÐÒÈÎÝÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔ
ÔıÐÈ%!ÙÔÐ_%Q[_ P%ÇÍÃÆÓÈ×[∈;ËÆÓÈ×Q Ë
ÑÐßÔÐÎÕ
QS
N
∑Q EN[ _%QS[´%Q´[_P_%QS[__%Q´[_P%
ÇÍÃÆÓÈ×[∈;ÆÓÈ×Q ËÆÓÈ×ØÈÍÝ×SOjÊÕÓÍÐÆËÃ
ÉÈ ÔÈÐÒÈÎÝ ÓÍÈÇÕÈÔ ÙÔÐ ÇÍà ÍàÅÐÐ Ö˱ÓËÒÐÆÄÏÏÐÐ ε !
ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔÔıÐÌÏÐÎÈÒQεÙÔÐÇÍÃÆÓÈ×[∈;ËÆÓÈ×Q!QεÆÝ
ε
ÑÐÍÏÃÈÔÓÃÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐP_DQ[_P
tÈÑÈÒÞÑÒËÎÈÏËÆÏÈÒÄ
%
ÆÈÏÓÔÆÐbÅÈÍÃÓÎÑ ÑÐÍÕÙËÎÙÔÐ
QS
N
∑Q DN[EN[P%>_DQ[__DQS[_@ε
ÇÍÃÆÓÈ×[∈;ÆÓÈ×Q!QεËÆÓÈ×ØÈÍÝ×SOÔÐËÇбÄÊÝÆÄÈÔ
ÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÕàÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔÞÒÃÇÄ
d±ÄÙÈÓÔÆÈÑÒËÎÈÒÄËÓÑÐÍÞÊÐÆÄÏËÃÔÈÐÒÈÎÝ ÒÄÓÓÎÐÔÒËÎÒÃÇ
VLQQ[
Q
∑ sÐÍÄÓÏÐÔÈÐÒÈÎÈ ßÔÐÔÒÃÇÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃÏÄ
Q
ÍàÅÐÎÐÔÒÈʱÈ>DE@ÏÈÓÐÇÈÒÉÄÛÈÎÔÐÙȱÆËÇÄπPP ¥
¥fÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÐÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞDQ Q Æ
Q
ÇÄÏÏÐÎÓÍÕÙÄÈÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃÙËÓÍÐÆÐÌÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞàÐÏÄÎÐ
ÏÐÔÐÏÏÐÕÅÝÆÄÈÔËÓÔÒÈÎËÔÓñÏÕÍàÊÏÄÙËÔËÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐÓÔÒÈ
Q
ÎËÔÓñÏÕÍàÄÓÕÎÎÝ ∑ VLQ N[ÕÇÐÆÍÈÔÆÐÒÃàÔÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÕ
N
Q
N
∑ VLQ N[ P
[
PPD[
[ DE ] [
VLQ VLQ
ÓÎÑ Ô ÈÐÒÄÏËÙÈÏÝÏÄÍàÅÐÎÕ±ÄÊÄÏÏÐÎÐÔÒÈʱÈ
oÄ ÆÓñÐÎ ÐÔÒÈÊ±È ÓÐÇÈÒÉÄÛÈÎ ÔÐÙ±Ë ÆËÇÄ [ Nπ ÒÄÓ
ÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄÈÎÝÌÒÃÇÏÈÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐdÓËÍÕÓÆÐÌÓÔÆÓË
ÏÕÓÄ ßÔÐ ÇÐÓÔÄÔÐÙÏÐ ÇбÄÊÄÔÞ ÇÍà ÐÔÒÈ汀 > π@ qÐÍÐÉËÎ
ÔÐÇÄÇÍÃÆÓÈ×N QQQËÎÈÈÎN[QP
[Q
Q
P π sÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÆÓËÍÕÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÄ
VLQ α π
! α
α π
ÓÎÑÐÍÕÙËÎ
VLQN[ VLQN[
Q Q O N QQ
N N[ Q Q π Q πQ
pÔÓàÇÄ
VLQ ( Q )[ VLQ ( Q )[ VLQQ[
Q Q Q !
Q Q Q πQ πQ π
QÒÄÊ
ÇËÎÐÓÔËÖÕϱØËÐÏÄÍÞÏÝ×ÒÃÇÐÆÄÏÄÍÐËÙÏÝÌÑÒËÊÏıÕbÅÈ
ÍÃÇÍÃÙËÓÍÐÆÝ×ÒÃÇÐÆpÏÔıÉÈÆÑÈÒÆÝÈÆÓÔÒÈÙÄÈÔÓÃÆÒÄÅÐ
ÔÄ×wÄÒÇË
´ § ° ² § ® ¢ gÔÎÌ
ÒÑÔÎÉÈÑÇÅÕÉÎßÐÑÔÕß^DQ[`ÑÓÅÐÌÚÉÐÅÐÅÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÉ;
_DQ[_P0 [∈; Q
ÌÖÆÞÇÅÉÕÌÎÌÇÑËÓÅÔÕÅÉÕÒÓ̲ÅÊÈÑÏ[∈;
ÓÄÈ ∑ EQ[ ÓÅÇÐÑÏÉÓÐÑ ÔØÑÈÌÕÔÄ ÐÅ ÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÉ ;
Q
ÕÑÓÄÈÕŲÊÉÓÅÇÐÑÏÉÓÐÑÔØÑÈÌÕÔÄÐÅ;
¦ Ð Ì Â É Â Ô Ç Í Þ Ó Ô Ä Ð qÕÓÔÞ ÊÄÇÄÏÐ ε ! d ÓËÍÕ ÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒ
ÏÐÌÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔËÒÃÇÄ ∑ EQ[ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔÔıÐÌÏÐÎÈÒQεÙÔÐ
Q
ÇÍÃÆÓÈ×ÏÐÎÈÒÐÆQ!QεÆÓÈ×ØÈÍÝ×SOËÆÓÈ×ÔÐÙȱ[∈;ÆÝ
ÑÐÍÏÃÈÔÓÃÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐ
S
ε
∑
N
EQN[
0
dÊıÍàÙÈÏËÈÊÄÎÈÔËÎÙÔÐËÊÇÆÕ×ÓÆÐÌÓÔÆÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐÓ×Ð
ÇÃÛË×ÓÃÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÈÌÇбÄÊÄÏÏÝ×ƱÐÏØÈÑ ÏÈ
ÑÐÓÒÈÇÓÔÆÈÏÏÐÓÍÈÇÕÈÔÓÑÒÄÆÈÇÍËÆÐÓÔÞÓÐÐÔÆÈÔÓÔÆÕàÛË×ÓÆÐÌÓÔÆ
ÇÍÃÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐÓ×ÐÇÃÛË×ÓÃÒÃÇÐÆ
gÔÎÌÓÄÈÞ ∑ XQ[Ì ∑ YQ[ÔØÑÈÄÕÔÄÓÅÇÐÑÏÉÓÐÑÐÅ
Q Q
ÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÉ;ÕÑÈÎÄÎáÆÞØÚÌÔÉÎλ∈&̵∈&ÓÄÈ ∑ λXQ[
Q
µYQ[ÕŲÊÉÔØÑÈÌÕÔÄÓÅÇÐÑÏÉÓÐÑÐÅÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÉ;
gÔÎÌÓÄÈ ∑ XQ[ÓÅÇÐÑÏÉÓÐÑÔØÑÈÌÕÔÄÐÅÏÐÑÊÉÔÕ
Q
ÇÉ;Å×ÖвÙÌÄJ[ÑÓÅÐÌÚÉÐÅÐÅàÕÑÏÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÉÕÑÓÄÈ
∑ J[XQ[ÕŲÊÉÓÅÇÐÑÏÉÓÐÑÔØÑÈÌÕÔÄÐÅ;
Q
³ÄÐËÓÔÄÂÒÂÄÏÐÎÇÒÏÐÓ×ÐÆáÛÊ×Óá
ÒáÆÐÄÊÑÐÓÍÇÆÐÄÂÔÇÍÞÏÐÓÔÇË
¦ Ð Ì Â É Â Ô Ç Í Þ Ó Ô Ä Ð qÕÓÔÞ ÒÃÇ ∑ XQ[ ÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐ Ó×Ð
Q
ÇËÔÓÃÏÄÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÈ;V[ ∑ XQ[µ ÈÐÓÕÎÎÄÄVQ[
Q
Q
∑ XN[Q µÈÐÙÄÓÔËÙÏÝÈÓÕÎÎÝsÐÍÄÓÏÐÕÓ
N
ÍÐÆËàÔÈÐÒÈÎÝ
VQ[{
{ V[ Q{
;
iÄÖ˱ÓËÒÕÈÎ ÑÒÐËÊÆÐÍÞÏÐ ε ! fÍà ÏÈÐ ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔ ÔÄ
±ÐÌÏÐÎÈÒQεÙÔÐÇÍÃÆÓÈ×[∈;ËÆÓÈ×Q!QεÆÝÑÐÍÏÃÈÔÓÃÏÈ
ÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐ
_V[´VQ[_ ε
dÝÅÈÒÈÎ ÑÒÐËÊÆÐÍÞÏÐ Q ! Qε vÕϱØËà V Q [ ±Ä± ÓÕÎÎÄ
±ÐÏÈÙÏÐÐ ÙËÓÍÄ ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÝ× Æ ÔÐÙ±È [ ÖÕϱØËÌ XN[ N
Q ÔıÉÈ ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÄ Æ ßÔÐÌ ÔÐÙ±È qÐßÔÐÎÕ ÓÕ
ÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔδ δε!ÔıÐÈÙÔÐÇÍÃÆÓÈ×ÔÐÙȱ[∈;ÕÇÐÆÍÈÔ
ÆÐÒÃàÛË×ÕÓÍÐÆËà_[´[_δÆÝÑÐÍÏÃÈÔÓÃÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐ
_V Q [´V Q [_ ε
tÈÑÈÒÞÊÄÎÈÔËÆÒËÓÙÔÐ
V[´V[ >V[´V Q [@>V Q [´V Q [@>V Q [´V[@
ËÊÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÄÆÊÃÔÐÐÆÔÐÙ±Ä×[Ë[ËÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÄ
ÑÐÍÕÙËÎÑÒË_[´[_δË[∈;
_V[´V[__V[´V Q [__V Q [´V Q [__V Q [´V[_
tıËÎ ÐÅÒÄÊÐÎ Æ ÕÓÍÐÆËÃ× ÔÈÐÒÈÎÝ ÑÒÈÇÈÍ ÓÕÎÎÝ ÒÃÇÄ
ÒÄÆÈÏÓÕÎÎÈÑÒÈÇÈÍÐÆÈÐÙÍÈÏÐÆÔ ÈÆÒÄÓÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄÈÎÐÎÒÃÇÈ
ÇÐÑÕÓÔËÎÑÐÙÍÈÏÏÝÌÑÈÒÈ×ÐDZÑÒÈÇÈÍÕ
iÇÈÓޱıËÏËÉÈÆÓÈÑÒÈÇÈÍÝÖÕϱØËÌÑÒË[{[ÅÈÒÕÔ
Óà ÑÐ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÕ ÊÄÇÄÏËà ÒÄÓÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄÈÎÝ× ÖÕϱØËÌ ÈÓÍË
±ÐÏÈÙÏÐÏÈÐÐÆÐÒÈÏÐÙÔÐÍËÅÐÇÒÕÐÈÔ ÈÆÇÄÏÏÐÎÓÍÕÙÄÈ
ÑÐÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÕ;
dÝÚÈ ÐÔÎÈÙÄÍÐÓÞ ÙÔÐ ±ÄÉÇÐÌ ÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔË ÖÕϱ
ØËÌÓÐÐÔÆÈÔÓÔÆÕÈÔÖÕϱØËÐÏÄÍÞÏÝÌÒÃÇÇÍñÐÔÐÒÐÐÐÏÄÃÆ
ÍÃÈÔÓÃÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞàÙÄÓÔËÙÏÝ×ÓÕÎÎqÒËßÔÐÎÈÓÍË
ÇÄÏÏÄà ÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞ ÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐ Ó×ÐÇËÔÓà ÏÄ ÏȱÐÔÐ
ÒÐÎ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÈ ÔÐ Ë Õ±ÄÊÄÏÏÝÌ ÒÃÇ ÔıÉÈ ÐÙÈÆËÇÏÐ ÒÄÆÏÐ
ÎÈÒÏÐÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃÏÄßÔÐÎÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÈÔÐÐÅÓÔÐÃÔÈÍÞÓÔÆÐÑÐÊÆÐ
ÍÃÈÔÑÈÒÈÖÒÄÊËÒÐÆÄÔÞÔÈÐÒÈÎÝÐÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐÓ×ÐÇÃÛË×ÓÃÒÃ
ÇÄ× Æ ÓÐÐÔÆÈÔÓÔÆÕàÛËÈ ÔÈÐÒÈÎÝ Ð ÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐ Ó×ÐÇÃÛË×ÓÃ
ÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÃ×
cÕÇÈÎÒÄÓÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄÔÞÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔË^IQ[`[∈;µ5
IQ[∈&Q tÈÐÒÈÎÄÆÔÈÒÎËÏÄ×ÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓ
ÔÈÌÒÄÆÏÐÓËÍÞÏÄÓÍÈÇÕàÛÈÌÔÈÐÒÈÎÈ
´ § ° ² § ® ¢ ′ gÔÎÌÒÑÔÎÉÈÑÇÅÕÉÎßÐÑÔÕß×ÖвÙÌÍÓÅÇÐÑÏÉÓ
ÐÑ ÔØÑÈÌÕÔÄ ÐÅ ÐɲÑÕÑÓÑÏ ÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÉ Ì Ç ÐɲÑÕÑÓÑÍ ÉÑ
ÕÑÚ²ÉÇÔÉÚÎÉÐÞÒÑÔÎÉÈÑÇÅÕÉÎßÐÑÔÕÌÐÉÒÓÉÓÞÇÐÞÕÑÌÒÓÉ
ÈÉÎßÐÅÄ ×ÖвÙÌÄ ÒÑÔÎÉÈÑÇÅÕÉÎßÐÑÔÕÌ ÐÉÒÓÉÓÞÇÐÅ Ç àÕÑÍ
ÕÑÚ²É
{ I [∈; µ 5 Ë ÖÕϱØËË IQ Q
tıËÎ ÐÅÒÄÊÐÎ ÈÓÍË IQ {
;
ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÝÆÔÐÙ±È[ÔÐËÖÕϱØËÃIÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÄ
ÆßÔÐÌÔÐÙ±ÈÑÐßÔÐÎÕ
OLP OLP I [ OLP OLP IQ[
[ → [ Q → Q Q → [ → [
Ô ÈÑÒÈÇÈÍÞÏÝÈÑÈÒÈ×ÐÇÝÑÐQËÑÐ[ÎÐÉÏÐÑÈÒÈÓÔÄÆÍÃÔÞ
fÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÐÑÒÈÇÈÍIÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔËIQQ
ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃÆÓËÍÕÔÈÐÒÈÎÝ ′ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÌÆÔÐÙ±È[∈;ÖÕϱ
ØËÈÌÑÐßÔÐÎÕÍÈÆÄÃÙÄÓÔÞÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÄÒÄÆÏÄI[
OLP OLP I [ OLP I[ I[
[ → [ Q → Q [ → [
ÏÐËÑÒÄÆÄÃÙÄÓÔÞÒÄÓÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄÈÎÐÐÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÄÆÓËÍÕÏÈÑÒÈ
ÒÝÆÏÐÓÔËÖÕϱØËÌIQÔıÉÈÒÄÆÏÄI[
OLP OLP I [ OLP IQ[ I[
Q → [ → [ Q Q→
d ÓÍÕÙÄÈ ±ÐÇÄ ÙÍÈÏÝ ÒÃÇÄ ÏÈÐÔÒËØÄÔÈÍÞÏÝ Ë ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆ
ÏÝÄÓÕÎÎÄÒÃÇÄÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÌÖÕϱØËÈÌËÎÈÈÔÎÈÓ
ÔÐÕÔÆÈÒÉÇÈÏËÈÆÏȱÐÔÐÒÐÎÓÎÝÓÍÈÐÅÒÄÔÏÐȱÔÈÐÒÈÎÈ ÒÃÇ
бÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÓà ÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐ Ó×ÐÇÃÛËÎÓà sÖÐÒÎÕÍËÒÕÈÎ ßÔÐ ÕÔ
ÆÈÒÉÇÈÏËÈÅÐÍÈÈÔÐÙÏÐ
´ § ° ² § ® ¢ ¦ÊÏÊ
gÔÎÌÚÎÉÐÞÔØÑÈÄÜÉÑÔÄÐÅÑÕÓÉ˲ÉÓÄ
ÈÅÐÉÑÕÓÌÙÅÕÉÎßÐÞÌÐÉÒÓÉÓÞÇÐÞÌÉÑÔÖÏÏÅÕŲÊÉÄÇÎÄ
ÉÕÔÄ ÐÉÒÓÉÓÞÇÐÑÍ ×ÖвÙÌÉÍ ÕÑ ÓÄÈ ÐÅ àÕÑÏ ÑÕÓÉË²É ÔØÑ
ÈÌÕÔÄÓÅÇÐÑÏÉÓÐÑ
¦ Ð Ì Â É Â Ô Ç Í Þ Ó Ô Ä Ð qÕÓÔÞÖÕϱØËËXQ[ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÝËÏÈÐÔ
ÒËØÄÔÈÍÞÏÝ[ ∈ >DE@Q ÒÃÇ ∑ XQ[Ó×ÐÇËÔÓÃËÈÐ
Q
ÓÕÎÎÄV[ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÄÏÄÐÔÒÈʱÈ>DE@jÊÕÓÍÐÆËÃXQ[OÓÍÈ
Q
ÇÕÈÔÙÔÐÙÄÓÔËÙÏÝÈÓÕÎÎÝVQ[ ∑ XN[ÇÄÏÏÐÐÒÃÇÄƱÄÉ
N
ÇÐÌÔÐÙ±È[ ∈ >DE@ÑÒÈÇÓÔÄÆÍÃàÔÓÐÅÐÌÆÐÊÒÄÓÔÄàÛÕàÙËÓÍÐÆÕà
ÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞËÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÐÓÔÄÔ±ËUQ[ V[´VQ[
ÒÃÇÄ µ ÕÅÝÆÄàÛÕà ÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞ UQ[
pÙÈÆËÇÏÐ ÙÔÐ
VQ[PV[ÑÐßÔÐÎÕUQ[O[∈>DE@Q
fÍÃÇбÄÊÄÔÈÍÞÓÔÆÄÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐÌÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔËÏÄÐÔÒÈʱÈ>DE@
ÒÄÓÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄÈÎÐÐÒÃÇÄÇÐÓÔÄÔÐÙÏÐÇбÄÊÄÔÞÙÔÐÇÍÃÍàÅÐÐε!
ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔÔıÐÌÏÐÎÈÒQÙÔÐÇÍÃÆÓÈ×ÔÐÙȱ[∈>DE@ÆÝÑÐÍÏÃ
ÈÔÓÃÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐUQ[εÔı±Ä±ÆßÔÐÎÓÍÕÙÄÈÇÍÃÆÓÈ×P!Q
ÆÓËÍÕÕÓÍÐÆËÌUQ[
ËUQ[OÅÕÇÈÔÆÝÑÐÍÏÃÔÞÓÃÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔ
ÆÐPUP[PUQ[ε
fÐÑÕÓÔËÎÑÒÐÔËÆÏÐÈÑÕÓÔÞÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔÔıÐÈε!ÙÔÐÇÍÃ
ÍàÅÐÐÏÐÎÈÒÄQÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔÔÐÙ±Ä[QÇÍñÐÔÐÒÐÌUQ[QOε
dÝÇÈÍËÎËÊÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔË^[Q`Ó×ÐÇÃÛÕàÓÃÑÐÇÑÐÓÍÈÇÐ
ÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞ^[ Q `ËÑÕÓÔÞ OLP [ Q [
N N→ N
d ÓËÍÕ Ó×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔË ÒÃÇÄ ∑ XQ[ Æ ÔÐÙ±È [ ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔ
Q
ÔıÐÌÏÐÎÈÒQÙÔÐÇÍÃÐÓÔÄÔ±ÄU Q [ÒÃÇÄÓÑÒÄÆÈÇÍËÆÐÏÈÒÄ
ε
ÆÈÏÓÔÆÐU Q [
pÓÔÄÔбU Q [ V[´V Q [ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÈÏÆÔÐÙ±È[±Ä±ÒÄÊ
ÏÐÓÔÞÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÝ×ÆßÔÐÌÔÐÙ±ÈÖÕϱØËÌV[Ë V Q [qÐßÔÐ
ÎÕÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔÔıÄÃδ!ÙÔÐÇÍÃÆÓÈ×[ ∈>DE@_[´[_δ
ε
ÆÝÑÐÍÏÃÈÔÓÃÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐ_U Q [´U Q [_ sÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐ
ÇÍÃÆÓÈ×ÔıË×ÔÐÙȱ[ÓÑÒÄÆÈÇÍËÆÐÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐ
ε ε
U Q [ _U Q [_P_U Q [´U Q [__U Q [_ ε
pÔÓàÇÄÆÓËÍÕÏÈÐÔÒËØÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔËËÕÅÝÆÄÏËÃÐÓÔÄÔ±ÐÆUQ[ÆÐ
ÆÓÈ× ÔÐÙ±Ä× ÐÔÒÈ汀 >D E@ ÃÆÓÔÆÕÈÔ ÙÔÐ ÇÍà ÆÓÈ× ÔÐÙȱ [ ∈
∈>DE@_[´[_δËÆÓÈ×ÏÐÎÈÒÐÆQ!QÆÝÑÐÍÏÃÈÔÓÃÏÈÒÄÆÈÏ
ÓÔÆÐPUQ[ε
jÊ ÔÐÐ ÙÔÐ OLP [ Q [ ÓÍÈÇÕÈÔ ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÐÆÄÏËÈ ÔıÐÐ
Q→ N
ÏÐÎÈÒÄQNÙÔÐQN!QË_ [ Q ´[_δÑÐßÔÐÎÕÇÍÃßÔÐÐÏÐÎÈÒÄ
N
ËÎÈÈÔÎÈÓÔÐÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐ P U Q [ Q ε±ÐÔÐÒÐÈÑÒÐÔËÆÐÒÈ
N N
ÙËÔ ÆÝÅÐÒÕ ÔÐÙȱ [Q ÓÐÍÄÓÏÐ ±ÐÔÐÒÐÎÕ U Q [ Q O ε qÐÍÕ
N N
ÙÈÏÏÐÈÑÒÐÔËÆÐÒÈÙËÈÇбÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÔÈÐÒÈÎÕ
tÈÐÒÈÎÕ ÔıÉÈ ÎÐÉÏÐ ÑÈÒÈÖÒÄÊËÒÐÆÄÔÞ Æ ÔÈÒÎËÏÄ× ÑÐ
ÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÈÌ
´ § ° ² § ® ¢ ′ gÔÎÌ ÔØÑÈÄÜÅÄÔÄ ÐÅ ÑÕÓÉË²É ÒÑÔÎÉÈÑÇÅÕÉÎß
ÐÑÔÕß ÐÉÒÓÉÓÞÇÐÞØ ×ÖвÙÌÍ Ç ²ÅÊÈÑÍ ÕÑÚ²É ÇÑËÓÅÔÕÅÉÕ
Ç ²ÅÊÈÑÍ ÕÑÚ²É ÖÆÞÇÅÉÕ Ì ÒÓÉÈÉÎ ÒÑÔÎÉÈÑÇÅÕÉÎßÐÑÔÕÌ
ÕŲÊÉÄÇÎÄÉÕÔÄÐÉÒÓÉÓÞÇÐÑÍ×ÖвÙÌÉÍÕÑÒÑÔÎÉÈÑÇÅÕÉÎß
ÐÑÔÕßÔØÑÈÌÕÔÄÓÅÇÐÑÏÉÓÐÑ
tÈÑÈÒÞÑÈÒÈÌÇÈαÆÐÑÒÐÓÕÐÑÐÙÍÈÏÏÐÎËÏÔÈÒËÒÐÆÄÏËËË
ÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÐÆÄÏËË ÒÃÇÐÆ qÒÐËÊÆÐÇÏÄÃ Ë ËÏÔÈÒÄÍ ÐÑÒÈÇÈ
ÍÃÍËÓÞÔÐÍÞ±ÐÆÇÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÐÌÐÅÍÄÓÔËÑÐßÔÐÎÕÏÄÙËÏÄÃÓ
ßÔÐÐ ÎÐÎÈÏÔÄ Ë ÇÐ ±ÐÏØÄ ÑÄÒÄÒÄÖÄ ÅÕÇÈÎ ÓÙËÔÄÔÞ ÙÔÐ ÆÓÈ
ÒÄÓÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄÈÎÝÈ ÖÕϱØËË ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏÝ ÏÄ ÑÒÐÎÈÉÕÔ±Ä× ÇÈÌ
ÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÐÌÐÓËËÑÒËÏËÎÄàÔÇÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÝÈÊÏÄÙÈÏËÃ
´ § ° ² § ® ¢ qÖÔÕß×ÖвÙÌÌXQ[Q ÐÉÒÓÉÓÞÇ
ÐÞÐÅÑÕÓÉ˲É>DE@ÌÓÄÈ
∑ XQ[
Q
ÓÅÇÐÑÏÉÓÐÑ ÔØÑÈÌÕÔÄ ÐÅ >D E@ tÑÈÅ ²Å²ÑÇÅ ÆÞ ÐÌ ÆÞÎÅ
ÕÑÚ²ÅF∈>DE@ÓÄÈ
[
∑ ∫ XQW GW
Q
F
ÕŲÊÉÓÅÇÐÑÏÉÓÐÑÔØÑÈÌÕÔÄÐÅ>DE@ÌÉÔÎÌ
V[ ∑ XQ[
Q
ÕÑ
[ [
ÔÐÆËÇÏÐÙÔÐÐÏÄÐÊÏÄÙÄÈÔÊıÐÏÏÐÓÔÞÑÒËÕÓÍÐÆËÃ×ÑÈÒÈÙËÓ
ÍÈÏÏÝ×ÆÔÈÐÒÈÎÈ ÒÑÚÎÉÐÐÑÑÌÐÕÉÓÌÓÑÇÅÐÌÄÒÃÇÄ
¦ Ð Ì Â É Â Ô Ç Í Þ Ó Ô Ä Ð d ÓËÍÕ ÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐÌ Ó×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔË ÒÃÇÄ
ËÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÓÔËÈÐÙÍÈÏÐÆÏÄÐÔÒÈʱÈ>DE@ÓÐÍÄÓÏÐ
ÔÈÐÒÈÎÈ ÈÐ ÓÕÎÎÄ V[ ÔıÉÈ ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÄ ÏÄ ßÔÐÎ ÐÔÒÈʱÈ
ÑÐßÔÐÎÕÐÏÄËÏÔÈÒËÒÕÈÔÓÃÏÄÍàÅÐÎÐÔÒÈʱÈÓ±ÐÏØÄÎËÆÔÐÙ
±Ä×F∈>DE@Ë[∈>DE@
qбÄÉÈÎÙÔÐÒÃÇÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃÏÄÐÔÒÈʱÈ
>DE@±ÖÕϱØËË
[
σ[ ∫ VW GW
F
qÕÓÔÞ
Q
VQ[ ∑ XN[ UQ[ V[´VQ[
N
tÈÑÈÒÞÇÍÃÍàÅÐÐ[∈>DE@ËÎÈÈÎ
[ [
_σ[´σQ[_ ∫ VW GW´ ∫ VQW GW P
F F
[ [ [
P ∫ _VW´VQW_ GW ∫ _UQW _GW P VXS _UQW_ ∫ GW P
F F >DE@ F
ÓÎ Ñ ÑÐßÔÐÎÕ ËÊ ÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÄ ÓÐÍÄÓÏÐ ÓÍÈÇÓÔ
ÆËà ÔÈÐÒÈÎÝ ÃÆÓÔÆÕÈÔ ÙÔÐ ÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞ ÙÄÓÔËÙÏÝ×
ÓÕÎÎ ÒÃÇÄ ÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐ Ó×ÐÇËÔÓà ± ÖÕϱØËË Ä
ßÔÐËÐÊÏÄÙÄÈÔÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÕàÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔÞÒÃÇıÖÕϱØËË
tÈÐÒÈÎÄËÆÙÄÓÔÏÐÓÔËÖÐÒÎÕÍÄÇбÄÊÄÏÝ
qÈÒÈÖÒÄÊËÒÕÈÎÑÐÍÕÙÈÏÏÝÌÒÈÊÕÍÞÔÄÔÇÍÃÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞ
ÏÐÓÔÈÌÖÕϱØËÌ
´ § ° ² § ® ¢ ′ gÔÎÌ ÒÑÔÎÉÈÑÇÅÕÉÎßÐÑÔÕß ÐÉÒÓÉÓÞÇÐÞØ ÐÅ
ÑÕÓÉ˲É>DE@×ÖвÙÌÍIQQ ÐÅàÕÑÏÑÕÓÉ˲ÉÓÅÇ
ÐÑÏÉÓÐÑÔØÑÈÌÕÔIJ×ÖвÙÌÌIÕѲŲÑÇÅÆÞÐÌÆÞÎÅÕÑÚ
²ÅF∈>DE@
[ [
∫ IQW GW{
{ ∫ IW GW ÐÅ >DE@
F F
ÇÚÅÔÕÐÑÔÕÌ
[ [
OLP I W GW ∫ > OLP IQW@ GW
Q→ ∫ Q F
Q→ F
qбÄÉÈÎÔÈÑÈÒÞÙÔÐÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐ
E E
OLP ∫ IQ[ G[ ∫ OLP IQ[ G[
Q→ D Q→ D
ÓÑÒÄÆÈÇÍËÆÐÏÈÆÓÈÇıÐÇÄÏÄÐÔÒÈʱÈ>DE@ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔÑÒÈ
ÇÈÍ OLP IQ[ËÆÓÈÒÄÓÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄÈÎÝÈÖÕϱØËËËÏÔÈÒËÒÕÈÎÝ
Q→
Ô È ÙÔÐ Æ ßÔÐÎ ÓÍÕÙÄÈ ÏÈ ÆÓÈÇÄ ÎÐÉÏÐ ÑÈÒÈ×ÐÇËÔÞ ± ÑÒÈÇÈÍÕ
ÑÐÇ ÊÏıÐÎ ËÏÔÈÒÄÍÄ tıËÎ ÐÅÒÄÊÐÎ ÔÒÈÅÐÆÄÏËÈ ÒÄÆÏÐ
ÎÈÒÏÐÌ Ó×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔË Æ ÔÈÐÒÈÎÈ ′ Ôı ÉÈ ±Ä± Ë Æ ÔÈÐÒÈÎÈ
ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÈÏÏÝÎ
± Q[
qÕÓÔÞIQ[ Q[H Q P[PtÐÇÄIQ
ËÑÒËÍàÅÐÎ[ OLP IQ[ tıËÎÐÅÒÄÊÐÎIQ { Ë
Q→ [ ]
ÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐ ËÏÔÈÒÄÍ ÐÔ ÑÒÈÇÈÍÞÏÐÌ ÖÕϱØËË Ô È ÐÔ ÏÕ
ÍÃÔıÉÈÒÄÆÈÏÏÕÍàpÇÏıÐ
Q
G[ ∫ H´W GW ´HQ
± Q[
∫ IQ[ G[ Q∫ [H
qÐßÔÐÎÕ OLP ∫ IQ[ G[ Ô ÈÇÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÐÇÍÃÒÄÓÓÎÐÔ
Q→
ÒÈÏÏÐÌÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔË^IQ[`ËÎÈÈÔÎÈÓÔÐÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐ
OLP I [ G[ ∫ OLP IQ[ G[
Q→ ∫ Q Q→
gÓÍË ÑÐÓÔÒÐËÔÞ ÒÃÇ ∑ XQ[ ÇÍà ±ÐÔÐÒÐÐ ÒÄÓÓÎÐÔÒÈÏÏÄÃ
Q
ÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞ^IQ[`ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞàÙÄÓÔËÙ
ÏÝ×ÓÕÎÎÔ ÈÑÐÍÐÉËÔÞX[ I[XQ[ IQ[´IQ´[
Q ÔÐÇÍÃßÔÐÐÒÃÇÄÅÕÇÈÎËÎÈÔÞ
uqrbhogojgqбÄÊÄÔÞÙÔÐÈÓÍË
QÑÒË[
Q
IQ[
QÑÒË[ Ë P[P
Q
ËÖÕϱØËÃIQ[ÍËÏÈÌÏÄÏÄÐÔÒÈʱÄ× Ë ÔÐÇÍÃÆÓÈ×[∈>@
Q Q Q
ËÎÈÈÔÎÈÓÔÐÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐ OLP IQ[ Ä OLP
Q→ Q→ ∫ IQ[ G[
rÄÓÓÎÐÔÒËÎÔÈÑÈÒÞÆÐÑÒÐÓÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÐÆÄÏËÃÒÃÇÐÆ
´ § ° ² § ® ¢ qÖÔÕß×ÖвÙÌÌXQ[Q ÐÉÒÓÉÓÞÇÐÑ
ÈÌ××ÉÓÉÐÙÌÓÖÉÏÞ ÐÅ ÑÕÓÉË²É >D E@ Ì ÓÄÈ ÔÑÔÕÅÇÎÉÐÐÞÍ ÌË
ÌØÒÓÑÌËÇÑÈÐÞØ
∑ X Q′ [
Q
ÓÅÇÐÑÏÉÓÐÑÔØÑÈÌÕÔÄÐÅÑÕÓÉ˲É>DE@tÑÈÅÉÔÎÌÓÄÈ ∑ XQ[
Q
ÔØÑÈÌÕÔÄØÑÕÄÆÞÇÑÈÐÑÍÕÑÚ²ÉF∈>DE@ÕÑÑÐÔØÑÈÌÕÔÄÓÅÇ
ÐÑÏÉÓÐÑÐÅÇÔÉÏÑÕÓÉ˲É>DE@ÉÑÔÖÏÏÅ
V[ ∑ XQ[
Q
ÐÉÒÓÉÓÞÇÐÑÈÌ××ÉÓÉÐÙÌÓÖÉÏÅÌ
V′[ ∑ X Q′ [
Q
gÓÍËßÔÕÖÐÒÎÕÍÕÑÈÒÈÑËÓÄÔÞÆÆËÇÈ
XQ[ ′ ∑ X Q′ [
∑
Q Q
ÔÐÆËÇÏÐÙÔÐÐÏÄÐÊÏÄÙÄÈÔÊıÐÏÏÐÓÔÞÑÒËÓÇÈÍÄÏÏÝ×ÑÒÈÇÑÐ
ÍÐÉÈÏËÃ×ÒÑÚÎÉÐÐÑÑÈÌ××ÉÓÉÐÙÌÓÑÇÅÐÌÄÒÃÇÄ
¦ Ð Ì Â É Â Ô Ç Í Þ Ó Ô Ä Ð qÕÓÔÞ
σ[ ∑ X Q′ [
Q
dÓËÍÕÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐÌÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔËßÔÐÐÒÃÇÄÈÐÓÕÎÎÄÃÆÍÃÈÔ
ÓÃÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÌÖÕϱØËÈÌÄÓÄÎÒÃÇÎÐÉÏÐÑÐÙÍÈÏÏÐËÏÔÈ
ÒËÒÐÆÄÔÞ
[ [
∫ σW GW Q∑ ∫ X Q′ W GW Q∑ >XQ[´XQF@DP[PE
F F
qÐÔÈÐÒÈÎÈ ÒÃÇ
∑ >XQ[´XQF@ DP[PE
Q
µ Ó×ÐÇÃÛËÌÓÃs×ÐÇËÔÓÃÑÐÕÓÍÐÆËàÔÈÐÒÈÎÝËÒÃÇ
∑ XQF
Q
vÕϱØËÃÆÍÈÆÐÌÙÄÓÔËÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÄËÎÈÈÔÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇÏÕàÑÐ[
ÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐ Ë ÖÕϱØËà V[ ËÎÈÈÔ ÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇÏÕà fËÖÖÈ
ÒÈÏØËÒÕÃÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐÑÐÍÕÙÄÈÎÓÎÑ
V′[ σ[
ÇÈÖÕϱØËÃσ[ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÄÏÄÐÔÒÈʱÈ>DE@Ôı±Ä±ÑÒÈÇ
ÓÔÄÆÍÃÈÔ ÓÐÅÐÌ ÓÕÎÎÕ ÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐ Ó×ÐÇÃÛÈÐÓà ÒÃÇÄ
ÙÍÈÏݱÐÔÐÒÐÐ µÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÝÈÖÕϱØËËqÐßÔÐÎÕÓÕÎÎÄV[
ÒÃÇÄËÎÈÈÔÏÄÐÔÒÈʱÈ>DE@ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÕàÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇÏÕà
V′[ Ô È ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐ ÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÕÈÎÄ qÐÇÓÔÄÆÍÃÃ
ÆËÑÐÍÕÙËÎËÓ±ÐÎÕàÖÐÒÎÕÍÕ
pÓÔÄÈÔÓÃ ÍËÚÞ ÐÔÎÈÔËÔÞ ÙÔÐ ËÊ ÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÄ Æ ÓËÍÕ
ÇбÄÊÄÏÏÐÌÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔËÒÃÇÐÆËÓÍÈÇÕÈÔÙÔÐ
[
∑ XQ[ Q∑ ∫ X Q′ W GW Q∑ XQF
Q F
[
rÃÇ ∑ ∫ X Q′ W GWÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃÏÄÐÔÒÈʱÈ>DE@ÓÎ
Q F
ÔÈÐÒÈÎÕ Ä ∑ XQF µÙËÓÍÐÆÐÌÒÃÇÑÐßÔÐÎÕËË×ÓÕÎÎÄ
Q
Ô ÈÒÃÇÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃÏÄÐÔÒÈʱÈ>DE@
jÔı ÈÓÍË Ó×ÐÇÃÛËÌÓà ÒÃÇ ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐ ÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÕÈ
ÎÝ× ÖÕϱØËÌ ÔıÐÆ ÙÔÐ ÒÃÇ ÓÐÓÔÄÆÍÈÏÏÝÌ ËÊ ÈÐ ÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇ
ÏÝ×ÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃÔÐÓÕÎÎÄÒÃÇÄÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆ
ÏÐÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÕÈÎÐÌÖÕϱØËÈÌËÈÈÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇÏÄÃÑÐÍÕÙÄÈÔÓÃ
ÑÐÙÍÈÏÏÝÎÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÐÆÄÏËÈÎÒÃÇÄ
jÊÑÒÈÇÑÐÓÝÍбßÔÐÌÔÈÐÒÈÎÝÓÍÈÇÕÈÔÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÄÃÓ×ÐÇË
ÎÐÓÔÞ ÒÃÇÄ ÑÐßÔÐÎÕ ÏÈ ÐÒÄÏËÙËÆÄÃ ÐÅÛÏÐÓÔË ÔÈÐÒÈÎÝ ÈÈ
ÎÐÉÏÐÑÈÒÈÖÒÄÊËÒÐÆÄÔÞÓÍÈÇÕàÛËÎÐÅÒÄÊÐÎ
gÔÎÌÓÄÈÐÉÒÓÉÓÞÇÐÑÈÌ××ÉÓÉÐÙÌÓÖÉÏÞØ×ÖвÙÌÍÌÓÄÈ
ÔÑÔÕÅÇÎÉÐÐÞÍÌËÌØÒÓÑÌËÇÑÈÐÞØÓÅÇÐÑÏÉÓÐÑÔØÑÈÄÕÔÄÕÑ
ÔÖÏÏÅÌÔØÑÈÐÑÑÓÄÈÅÐÉÒÓÉÓÞÇÐÑÈÌ××ÉÓÉÐÙÌÓÖÉÏÅÌÉÉÒÓÑ
ÌËÇÑÈÐÅÄ ÓÅÇÐÅ ÔÖÏÏÉ ÒÓÑÌËÇÑÈÐÞØ ÚÎÉÐÑÇ ÈÅÐÐÑÑ ÓÄÈÅ
Õ ÉÓÄÈÏÑÊÐÑÒÑÚÎÉÐÐÑÈÌ××ÉÓÉÐÙÌÓÑÇÅÕß
iÄÎÈÔËÎÙÔÐÆÔÈÐÒÈÎÈ ÕÓÍÐÆËÈÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐÌÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔË
ÒÃÇÄÙÍÈÏÄÎ˱ÐÔÐÒÐÐÃÆÍÃàÔÓÃÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇÏÝÈÙÍÈÏÐÆÊÄÇÄÏÏÐ
ÐÒÃÇÄÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÈÏÏÝÎÈÓÍËÙÍÈÏÝÒÃÇÄÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐ
ÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÕÈÎÝÄÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃÔÐÍÞ±ÐÓÄÎÒÃÇÔÐ
ÆÐÐÅÛÈÐÆÐÒÃÈÐÏÈÍÞÊÃÑÐÙÍÈÏÏÐÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÐÆÄÔÞoÄÑÒË
ÎÈÒÒÃÇ ∑ VLQQ[
ÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃÏÄÆÓÈÌÙËÓÍÐÆÐÌÐÓË
QQ
ÑÐÓ±ÐÍÞ±Õ VLQQ[
P ÄÒÃÇÑÐÍÕÙÈÏÏÝÌÈÐÑÐÙÍÈÏÏÝÎÇËÖ
Q Q
′
ÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÐÆÄÏËÈÎÔ ÈÒÃÇ ∑ VLQQ[ FRVQ[
∑ ÒÄÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃ
Q Q Q Q
ÆÔÐÙ±Ä×[ πPP ¥¥
oÈÐÅ×ÐÇËÎÐ ÔıÉÈ Æ ÔÈÐÒÈÎÈ Ë ÕÓÍÐÆËÈ Ð Ó×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔË
ÓÄÎÐÐ ÒÃÇÄ Æ ÏȱÐÔÐÒÐÌ ÔÐÙ±È Ôı ±Ä± ÐÇÏÐÌ ÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐÌ
Ó×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔË ÒÃÇÄ ËÊ ÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇÏÝ× Ô È ÒÃÇÄ ∑ X Q′ [ ÏÈÇÐ
Q
ÓÔÄÔÐÙÏÐ ÇÍà ÔÐÐ ÙÔÐÅÝ ÄÒÄÏÔËÒÐÆÄÔÞ Ó×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔÞ ÓÄÎÐÐ
ÒÃÇÄ ∑ XQ[tıÒÃÇÑÐÍÕÙÈÏÏÝÌËÊÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇÏÝ×ÙÍÈÏÐÆ
Q
ÒÃÇÄÔ ÈÒÃDZÐ
ÏÈÙÏÐ ÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐ Ó×ÐÇËÔÓà ÏÄ ÆÓÈÌ ÙËÓÍÐÆÐÌ ÐÓË Ä ÓÄÎ ËÓ
×ÐÇÏÝÌÒÃÇÒÄÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃ
qÈÒÈÖÒÄÊËÒÕÈÎ ÔÈÑÈÒÞ ÔÈÐÒÈÎÕ ÇÍÃ ÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓ
ÔÈÌ
´ § ° ² § ® ¢ ′ qÖÔÕß ÒÑÔÎÉÈÑÇÅÕÉÎßÐÑÔÕß ÐÉÒÓÉÓÞÇÐÑ ÈÌ×
×ÉÓÉÐÙÌÓÖÉÏÞØÐÅÑÕÓÉ˲É>DE@×ÖвÙÌÍ
IQQ
ÔØÑÈÌÕÔÄØÑÕÄÆÞÇÑÈÐÑÍÕÑÚ²ÉF∈>DE@ÅÒÑÔÎÉÈÑÇÅÕÉÎß
ÐÑÔÕßÌØÒÓÑÌËÇÑÈÐÞØ I Q′ Q ÓÅÇÐÑÏÉÓÐÑÔØÑÈÌÕÔÄ
ÐÅ>D E@tÑÈÅ ÒÑÔÎÉÈÑÇÅÕÉÎßÐÑÔÕß ÓÅÇÐÑÏÉÓÐÑ ÔØÑ
ÈÌÕÔÄÐÅ>DE@ÉÉÒÓÉÈÉÎÄÇÎÄÉÕÔÄÐÉÒÓÉÓÞÇÐÑÈÌ××ÉÓÉÐÙÌ
ÓÖÉÏÑÍÐÅàÕÑÏÑÕÓÉ˲É×ÖвÙÌÉÍÌ
QGI [ G
OLP OLP IQ[
DP[PE
Q→ G[ G[ Q →
bÏÄÍÐËÙÏÐ ÓÍÕÙÄà ÒÃÇÐÆ ßÔÐ ÕÔÆÈÒÉÇÈÏËÈ ÒÄÆÏÐÓËÍÞÏÐ
ÓÍÈÇÕàÛÈÎÕ
gÔÎÌ×ÖвÙÌÌIQÐÉÒÓÉÓÞÇÐÑÈÌ××ÉÓÉÐÙÌÓÖÉÏÞÐÅÑÕÓÉË
{ I I Q′ {
²É>DE@Ì IQ {
[ DE ]
{ ϕÕÑ ÔÖÜÉÔÕÇÖÉÕ I′Ì I′ ϕÐÅ
[ DE ]
ÑÕÓÉ˲É>DE@
qÒËÎÈÒÝÑÒËÎÈÏÈÏËÃßÔË×ÔÈÐÒÈÎÑÒËÆÈÇÈÏÝÆ
uqrbhogoj dÝÃÓÏËÔÞÅÕÇÈÔÍËÓÑÒÄÆÈÇÍËÆÝÎÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐ
OLP
Q→ ∫ [Q G[ ∫ OLP [Q G[
Q→
nÐÉÏÐÍËßÔÐÕÓÔÄÏÐÆËÔÞÓÑÐÎÐÛÞàÔÈÐÒÈÎÝ "
fбÄÊÄÔÞ ÙÔÐ ÑÒË [ ! ÇÍà ÇÊÈÔÄÖÕϱØËË rËÎÄÏÄ ζ ÓÎ Ë
Ñ
ÓÑÒÄÆÈÇÍËÆÄÖÐÒÎÕÍÄ
′
ζ′[ ∑ OQ [
´ ∑
Q Q [ Q Q
[
³ÔÇÑÇÏÏÝÇÒáÆÝ
²ÂÆÊÕÓÓ×ÐÆÊÎÐÓÔÊ
ÊÌÒÕÅÓ×ÐÆÊÎÐÓÔÊÓÔÇÑÇÏÏÐÅÐÒáÆÂ
°ÑÒÇÆÇÍÇÏÊÇ vÖвÙÌÑÐÅÎßÐÞÉÓÄÈÞÇÌÈÅ
∑ DQ]´]Q
Q
ÈÉDQÌ] ¶ËÅÈÅÐÐÞɲÑÏÒÎɲÔÐÞÉÚÌÔÎÅÅ] ¶²ÑÏÒÎɲÔ
ÐÑÉ ÒÉÓÉÏÉÐÐÑÉ ÐÅËÞÇÅáÕÔÄ ÔÕÉÒÉÐÐÞÏÌ ÓÄÈÅÏÌ yÌÔÎÅ DQ
Q ÐÅËÞÇÅáÕÔIJÑà××ÌÙÌÉÐÕÅÏÌÔÕÉÒÉÐÐÑÑÓÄ
ÈÅ
qÒÈÇÑÐÍÄÄà ÙÔÐ ±ÐßÖÖËØËÈÏÔÝ ÒÃÇÄ Ë ÙËÓÍÐ ] Ö˱ÓË
ÒÐÆÄÏÝÅÕÇÈÎËÓÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÞÑÐÆÈÇÈÏËÈÒÃÇÄÑÒËÒÄÊÍËÙ
ÏÝ×]
gÓÍË Æ ÒÃÇÈ ÆÝÑÐÍÏËÔÞ ÊÄÎÈÏÕ ÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÐÐ ÑÐÍÐ
ÉËÆζ ]´]ÔÐÑÐÍÕÙËÎÒÃÇ
∑ DQζQ
Q
Ó×ÐÇËÔÓÃtÐÇÄÈÐQÌÙÍÈÏDQ] QÓÔÒÈÎËÔÓñÏÕÍàÑÒËQ{
ÓÎ Ñ ÑÐßÔÐÎÕ ÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞ ^DQ] Q` ÐÒÄÏËÙÈÏÄ
Ô ÈÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔÔıÄÃÑÐÓÔÐÃÏÏÄÃ0!ÙÔÐ
_DQ] Q_P0 Q
dÓËÍÕßÔÐÐÇÍÃQÐÙÍÈÏÄÒÃÇÄ \
ËÎÈÈÔÎÈÓÔÐÐØÈϱÄ
] P0 ]
Q Q ]
_DQ]Q_ _DQ] Q_
]
] ]
Q [
]
gÓÍË_]__]_ÒËÓ ÔÐÒÃÇ ∑
Q ]
ÃÆÍÃÃÓÞ ÓÕÎÎÐÌ ÈÐÎÈÔÒËÙÈÓ±ÐÌ ÑÒÐ
] Ó×Ð
ÒÈÓÓËËÓÐÊÏÄÎÈÏÄÔÈÍÈÎT
] rËÓ
ÇËÔÓà qÐßÔÐÎÕ ÓÐÍÄÓÏÐ ÑÒËÊÏÄ±Õ ÓÒÄÆÏÈÏËà ÓÎ Ñ
Ó×ÐÇËÔÓÃ Ë ÒÃÇ ∑ _DQ]Q_ Ä ßÔÐ ÐÊÏÄÙÄÈÔ ÄÅÓÐÍàÔÏÕà Ó×ÐÇË
Q
ÎÐÓÔÞÒÃÇÄÑÒË_]__]_
³ § ¦ ³ ´ ¤ ª § gÔÎÌÔÕÉÒÉÐÐÑÍ ÓÄÈÓÅÔØÑÈÌÕÔÄ ÒÓÌ ]
]ÕÑÑÐÓÅÔØÑÈÌÕÔÄÌÒÓÌÇÔIJÑÏ]ÈÎIJÑÕÑÓÑÑ_]_!_]_
fÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÐ ÈÓÍË _]_ ! _]_ Ë ÒÃÇ ÒÄÓ×ÐÇËÔÓà ÔÐ
ÒÄÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃËÒÃÇÔı±Ä±ÈÓÍËÅÝÐÏÓ×ÐÇËÍÓÃÔÐÆÓË
ÍÕÇбÄÊÄÏÏÐÐÓ×ÐÇËÍÓÃÅÝËÒÃÇ
oÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐ _]_ P 5 ÊÄÇÄÈÔ ÏÄ ±ÐÎÑÍȱÓÏÐÌ ÑÍÐÓ±ÐÓÔË &
ÊÄαÏÕÔÝ̱ÒÕÒÄÇËÕÓÄ5ÓØÈÏÔÒÐÎÆÔÐÙ±È]
°ÑÒÇÆÇÍÇÏÊÇ qÖÔÕßËÅÈÅÐÓÄÈ ∑ DQ]QgÔÎÌ5 ¶ÐÉÑÕÓÌ
Q
ÙÅÕÉÎßÐÑÉÚÌÔÎÑÌÎÌÑÆÎÅÈÅÉÕÕÉÏÔÇÑÍÔÕÇÑÏÚÕÑÒÓÌ
ÇÔÉØ]ÈÎIJÑÕÑÓÞØ_]_5ÓÄÈÔØÑÈÌÕÔÄÅÒÓÌÇÔÉØ
]ÈÎIJÑÕÑÓÞØ_]_!5ÓÄÈÓÅÔØÑÈÌÕÔÄÕÑ5ÐÅËÞÇÅ
ÉÕÔÄÓÅÈÌÖÔÑÏÔØÑÈÌÏÑÔÕÌÔÕÉÒÉÐÐÑÑÓÄÈÅ
nÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÑ ÕÑÚɲ ] ÈÎÄ ²ÑÕÑÓÞØ _]_ P 5 ÐÅËÞÇÅÉÕÔÄ
²ÓÖÑÏÔØÑÈÌÏÑÔÕÌÓÄÈÅ
gÓÍË5 ÔбÒÕÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔËÆÝÒÐÉÇÄÈÔÓÃÆÔÐÙ±Õ]
Ä ÈÓÍË 5 ÔÐ ±ÒÕ Ó×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔË ÓÐÆÑÄÇÄÈÔ ÓÐ ÆÓÈÌ ±ÐÎÑ
ÍȱÓÏÐÌÑÍÐÓ±ÐÓÔÞà&
´ § ° ² § ® ¢ u ÇÔIJÑÑ ÔÕÉÒÉÐÐÑÑ ÓÄÈÅÔÖÜÉÔÕÇÖÉÕ
ÓÅÈÌÖÔ ÔØÑÈÌÏÑÔÕÌ 5 dÐÖÕÓÌ ²ÓÖÅ ÔØÑÈÌÏÑÔÕÌ Õ É ÒÓÌ
ÎáÆÑÏ]ÈÎIJÑÕÑÓÑÑ_]_5ÓÄÈÔØÑÈÌÕÔÄÅÆÔÑÎáÕÐÑ
oÅÎáÆÑϲÓÖÉ_]_PPUÈÉU×̲ÔÌÓÑÇÅÐÑÌU5ÓÄÈ
ÔØÑÈÌÕÔÄÓÅÇÐÑÏÉÓÐÑ
¦ Ð Ì Â É Â Ô Ç Í Þ Ó Ô Ä Ð pÅÐÊÏÄÙËÎÙÈÒÈÊ$ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐÆÓÈ×ÏÈ
ÐÔÒËØÄÔÈÍÞÏÝ×ÙËÓÈÍ[ƱÐÔÐÒÝ×ÒÃÇ
∑ DQ[Q
Q
Ó×ÐÇËÔÓÃqÒË[ ßÔÐÔÒÃÇÊÄÆÈÇÐÎÐÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃÑÐßÔÐÎÕÎÏÐ
ÉÈÓÔÆÐ$ÏÈÑÕÓÔÐËÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐËÎÈÈÔ±ÐÏÈÙÏÕàËÍËÅÈÓ
±ÐÏÈÙÏÕàÆÈÒ×ÏààÒÄÏÞqÕÓÔÞVXS $ 5qбÄÉÈÎÙÔÐ5µ
ÒÄÇËÕÓ Ó×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔË ÒÃÇÄ fÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÐ ÑÕÓÔÞ ]∈& Ë
_]_ 5 sÐÍÄÓÏÐ ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËà ÆÈÒ×ÏÈÌ ÒÄÏË ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔ ÔÄ
±ÐÈ[∈$ÙÔÐ_]_[P5ÓÎÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËÈ′ÆÑ dÓËÍÕÐÑ
ÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËÃÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ$ÇÍÃÕ±ÄÊÄÏÏÐÐ[ÒÃÇÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃ
ÑÐßÔÐÎÕÓÐÍÄÓÏÐÑÈÒÆÐÌÔÈÐÒÈÎÈbÅÈÍÃÆÆÝÅÒÄÏÏÐÌÔÐÙ±È]
Ó×ÐÇËÔÓÃÄÅÓÐÍàÔÏÐÒÃÇ ∑ DQ]Q
Q
gÓÍË_]_!5ÔÐÆÝÅÈÒÈÎÔıÐÈÇÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÐÈÙËÓÍÐ[ÙÔÐ
5[_]_ÔÐÇÄÓÏÐÆÄÆÓËÍÕÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËÃÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ$ÒÃÇ
Æ ÔıÐÌ ÔÐÙ±È [ ÒÄÓ×ÐÇËÔÓà µ ÐÏÄ ÍÈÉËÔ ÏÄ ÇÈÌÓÔÆË
ÔÈÍÞÏÐÌÐÓËÑÒÄÆÈÈÆÓÈ×ÔÐÙȱƱÐÔÐÒÝ×ÒÃÇÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃ
qÐßÔÐÎÕ ÓÐÍÄÓÏÐ ÓÍÈÇÓÔÆËà ËÊ ÑÈÒÆÐÌ ÔÈÐÒÈÎÝ bÅÈÍÃ ÇÍÃ
ÆÝÅÒÄÏÏÐÐ]ÒÄÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃËÒÃÇ ∑ DQ]Q
Q
jÔıÇÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÐ5ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃÒÄÇËÕÓÐÎÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔËÒÃ
ÇÄ
gÓÍËÔÈÑÈÒÞU5ÔÐÑÐÇбÄÊÄÏÏÐÎÕÒÃÇÑÒË] U
ÄÅÓÐÍàÔÏÐÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃÔ ÈÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃÙËÓÍÐÆÐÌÒÃÇ ∑ _DQ_U QbÔı
Q
±Ä±ÇÍÃÍàÅÐÌÔÐÙ±Ë]±ÒÕÄ_]_PUÒËÓ
_DQ]Q_P_DQ_UQ Q
ÔÐ ÓÐÍÄÓÏÐ ÑÒËÊÏÄ±Õ dÈÌÈÒÚÔÒÄÓÓÄ ÓÎ Ñ ÏÄ ßÔÐÎ
±ÒÕÈÒÃÇÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐ
tıËÎ ÐÅÒÄÊÐÎ ÐÅÍÄÓÔÞà Ó×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔË ÆÓñÐÐ ÓÔÈÑÈÏÏÐÐ
ÒÃÇÄ ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓà ÆÓÈÇÄ «±ÒÕ¬ Ô È ÐÅÝÙÏÝÌ ±ÒÕ ËÓ±ÍàÙÄÃ
ÅÝÔÞÎÐÉÈÔÏȱÐÔÐÒÐÈÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐÔÐÙȱÐÒÄÏËÙËÆÄàÛÈÌÈÐ
бÒÕÉÏÐÓÔËÅÕÇÈÎÇÍñÒÄÔ±ÐÓÔËÏÄÊÝÆÄÔÞÈÈÓÅÐÌÙÉͱÒÕÄ
Ó×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔËƱÐÔÐÒÝ×ÐÏÎÐÉÈÔÒÄÓ×ÐÇËÔÞÓÃÓÎÓÍÈÇÕàÛËÈ
ÏËÉÈÑÒËÎÈÒÝ
qÐÇÙÈÒ±ÏÈÎÙÔÐÒÄÇËÕÓÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔËÓÔÈÑÈÏÏÐÐÒÃÇÄ
ÐÅÍÄÇÄÈÔ ÓÍÈÇÕàÛËÎ ÓÆÐÌÓÔÆÐÎ ÇÍà ±ÄÉÇÐÐ ÙËÓÍÄ ] ÔıÐÐ
ÙÔÐ_]_5Õ±ÄÊÄÏÏÝÌÒÃÇÄ Å Ó Ð Í à Ô Ï ÐÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃÄÇÍñÄÉ
ÇÐÐ]ÔıÐÐÙÔÐ_]_!5ÐÏÑÒÐÓÔÐÄÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐËÑÐÇÄÆÏÐ
Ä Å Ó Ð Í à Ô Ï Ð ÒÄÓ×ÐÇËÔÓà ÒÄÓ×ÐÇËÔÓà ÒÃÇ ÓÐÓÔÄÆÍÈÏÏÝÌ ËÊ
ÄÅÓÐÍàÔÏÝ× ÆÈÍËÙËÏ ÙÍÈÏÐÆ ÇÄÏÏÐÐ ÒÃÇÄ ÔÐ ÓÍÈÇÕÈÔ ÐÙÈ
ÆËÇÏÐËÊÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËÃÒÄÇËÕÓÄÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔËËÔÈÐÒÈÎÝ
yÍÈÏÝÓÔÈÑÈÏÏÐÐÒÃÇÄÃÆÍÃàÔÓÃÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÝÎËÖÕϱØËÃÎË
˱ıÅÝÍÐÑбÄÊÄÏÐÏÄÆÓñÐαÒÕÈÍÈÉÄÛÈÎÆÎÈÓÔÈÓÐÓÆÐÈÌ
ÒÄÏËØÈÌ ÆÏÕÔÒË ±ÒÕÄ Ó×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔË
ÓÔÈÑÈÏÏÐÌ ÒÃÇ Ó×ÐÇËÔÓà ÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐ \
ÑÐßÔÐÎÕÈÐÓÕÎÎÄÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÄÏÄÆÓÃ
±ÐÎ Õ±ÄÊÄÏÏÐÎ ±ÒÕÈ pÙÈÆËÇÏÐ ÙÔÐ
ÇÍà ÍàÅÐÌ ÔÐÙ±Ë ] ±ÒÕÄ Ó×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔË
_]_5ÎÐÉÏÐÑÐÇÐÅÒÄÔÞ±ÒÕÓÐÇÈÒÉÄ =
ÛËÌßÔÕÔÐÙ±ÕËÍÈÉÄÛËÌÆÎÈÓÔÈÓÒÄ U 5 [
ÏËØÈÌ Æ ±ÒÕÈ Ó×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔË ÇÐÓÔÄÔÐÙÏÐ
ÆÊÃÔÞÈÐÒÄÇËÕÓUÔıËÎÙÔÐ_]_U
5 ÑÐßÔÐÎÕ ÓÔÈÑÈÏÏÐÌ ÒÃÇ ÐÉÒÓÉÓÞ
ÇÉÐDzÅÊÈÑÍÕÑÚ²É]ÎÉÊÅÜÉÍÇÐÖ
ÕÓÌÉѲÓÖÅÔØÑÈÌÏÑÔÕÌ_]_5 rËÓ
rÄÓÓÎÐÔÒËÎÔÈÑÈÒÞÓÍÕÙÄ̱ÐÇÄÓÔÈÑÈÏÏÐÌÒÃÇÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃÆ
ÔÐÙ±È] 5ÍÈÉÄÛÈÌÏÄÒÄÏËØÈÈбÒÕÄÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔËpÔÎÈ
ÔËÎÙÔÐÓÍÕÙÄÌ] ´5ÎÐÉÈÔÅÝÔÞÓÆÈÇÈϱÓÍÕÙÄà] 5ÑÒÐÓ
ÔÐÌÊÄÎÈÏÐÌÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÐÐζ ´]
´ § ° ² § ® ¢ ÄÔÐÒÂá ÔÇÐÒÇ΢ÃÇÍá gÔÎÌ 5 µ ÓÅÈÌÖÔ ÔØÑÈÌ
ÏÑÔÕÌ ÓÄÈÅ ∑ DQ]Q Ì àÕÑÕ ÓÄÈ ÔØÑÈÌÕÔÄ ÒÓÌ ] 5 ÕÑ ÑÐ
Q
ÔØÑÈÌÕÔÄÓÅÇÐÑÏÉÓÐÑÐÅÑÕÓÉ˲É>5@ÈÉÍÔÕÇÌÕÉÎßÐÑÍÑÔÌ
³ § ¦ ³ ´ ¤ ª § gÔÎÌ ÔÕÉÒÉÐÐÑÍ ÓÄÈ ÔØÑÈÌÕÔÄ ÒÓÌ ] 5
ÕÑ ÉÑ ÔÖÏÏÅ ÐÉÒÓÉÓÞÇÐÅ ÐÅ ÑÕÓÉË²É > 5@ ÈÉÍÔÕÇÌÕÉÎßÐÑÍ
ÑÔÌ
¦ Ð Ì Â É Â Ô Ç Í Þ Ó Ô Ä Ð qÕÓÔÞ P [ P 5 qÒÈÇÓÔÄÆËÎ ÒÃÇ
[ Q
∑ DQ[Q Æ ÆËÇÈ Q∑ DQ[Q Q∑ DQ5Q 5 yÍÈÏÝ ÒÃÇÄ Q∑ DQ5Q
Q
ÏÈÊÄÆËÓÃÔÐÔ[ÑÐßÔÐÎÕÈÐÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔÞÐÊÏÄÙÄÈÔËÈÐÒÄÆÏÐ
[ Q
ÎÈÒÏÕàÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔÞqÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞÉÈ
5 ÐÒÄÏËÙÈÏÄ
[ Q
ÏÄÐÔÒÈʱÈ>5@ÈÈÙÍÈÏÝÏÈÐÔÒËØÄÔÈÍÞÏÝP PËÐÏÄ
5
ÕÅÝÆÄÈÔƱÄÉÇÐÌÔÐÙ±ÈÑÒË[ 5ÐÏÄÏÈÓÔÒÐÐÕÅÝÆÄÈÔÔÐÙ
ÏÈÈÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃÓÔÄØËÐÏÄÒÏÐÌqÐßÔÐÎÕÆÓËÍÕÑÒËÊÏıÄbÅÈÍÃ
ÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐÌ Ó×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔË ÒÃÇÐÆ ÓÎ ÔÈÐÒÈÎÕ Æ Ñ ÒÃÇ
ÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃÏÄÐÔÒÈʱÈ>5@
sÍÈÇÓÔÆËÈÆÝÔȱÄÈÔËÊÔÐÐÙÔÐÓÕÎÎÄÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐÓ×ÐÇÃ
ÛÈÐÓà ÒÃÇÄ ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÝ× ÖÕϱØËÌ ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓà ÔıÉÈ ÏÈÑÒÈ
ÒÝÆÏÐÌÖÕϱØËÈÌ
dÓÈ Ó±ÄÊÄÏÏÐÈ Ó ÑÐÎÐÛÞà ÑÒÈÐÅÒÄÊÐÆÄÏËà ÔËÑÄ ] ζ ´ ζ
ζ µÏÐÆÄÃÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÄÃζÖ˱ÓËÒÐÆÄÏÐÑÈÒÈÏÐÓËÔÓÃËÏÄÐÅÛËÈ
ÓÔÈÑÈÏÏÝÈÒÃÇÝÆËÇÄdÙÄÓÔÏÐÓÔËÐÅÍÄÓÔÞàÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔË
ÔıÐÐÓÔÈÑÈÏÏÐÐÒÃÇÄÆÓÈÇÄÃÆÍÃÈÔÓñÒÕÆËÇÄ_]´]_P5±Ð
ÏÈÙÏÐ ±Ä± Ë ÆÝÚÈ Ó ÔÐÙÏÐÓÔÞà ÇÐ ÔÐÙȱ ÐÒÄÏËÙËÆÄàÛÈÌ ÈÐ
бÒÕÉÏÐÓÔË ÔÐÔ ±ÒÕ ÏÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÓà ±ÒÕÐÎ Ó×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔË ÒÃÇÄ
Ä5 µÈÐÒÄÇËÕÓÐÎÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔË
± Ò Ê Î Ç Ò Ý rÄÇËÕÓ Ó×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔË 5 ÒÃÇÄ ∑ Q]Q ÒÄÆÈÏ
Q
ÏÕÍàÔ ÈßÔÐÔÒÃÇÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃÔÐÍÞ±ÐÑÒË]
fÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÐËÓÓÍÈÇÕÃÄÅÓÐÍàÔÏÕàÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔÞßÔÐÐÒÃ
ÇÄÑÐÑÒËÊÏıÕfÄÍÄÎÅÈÒÄÑÒËÍàÅÐÎ] ÑÐÍÕÙËÎ
( Q )] Q
OLP
Q
OLP Q_]_
Q→ Q] Q→
tıËÎ ÐÅÒÄÊÐÎ ÒÄÓÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄÈÎÝÌ ÒÃÇ ÏÈ Ó×ÐÇËÔÓà ÄÅÓÐ
ÍàÔÏÐ ÑÒË ÍàÅÐÎ ] ÐÔÓàÇÄ Æ ÓËÍÕ ÓÍÈÇÓÔÆËà ËÊ ÑÈÒÆÐÌ
ÔÈÐÒÈÎÝbÅÈÍÃÐÏÒÄÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃÑÒËÍàÅÐÎ]
]Q
rÄÇËÕÓÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔËÒÃÇÄ ∑ ÒÄÆÈÏÔı±Ä±ÅÝÍÐ
Q Q
ÑбÄÊÄÏÐÓÎÑ ÙÔÐßÔÐÔÒÃÇÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃÑÒËÍàÅÐÎ]
sÕÎÎÄÅÈÓ±ÐÏÈÙÏÐÌÈÐÎÈÔÒËÙÈÓ±ÐÌÑÒÐÒÈÓÓËË
∑ ]Q
Q
Ó×ÐÇËÔÓÃÑÒË_]_ËÒÄÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃÑÒË_]_OqÐßÔÐÎÕÈÈÒÄÇËÕÓ
Ó×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔË5 pÔÎÈÔËÎÙÔÐÆÐÆÓÈ×ÔÐÙ±Ä×ÒÄÏËØݱÒÕÄ
Ó×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔËÔ ÈÆÐÆÓÈ×ÔÐÙ±Ä×бÒÕÉÏÐÓÔË_]_ ÒÃÇ
ÒÄÓ×ÐÇËÔÓà Ôı ±Ä± ÇÍà ÐÅÛÈÐ ÙÍÈÏÄ ÒÃÇÄ ËÎÈÈÎ _]Q_ Ë
ÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÐÏÏÈÓÔÒÈÎËÔÓñÏÕÍàÑÒËQ{
rÃÇ
]Q
∑
Q
Q
Ó×ÐÇËÔÓà ÑÒË _]_ P Ôı ±Ä± ÑÒË ÆÝÑÐÍÏÈÏËË ßÔÐÐ ÕÓÍÐÆËÃ
]Q
ÄÒÃÇ ∑ Ó×ÐÇËÔÓÃ
Q Q Q Q
×ÐÇÃÛËÌÓà ÄÒÎÐÏËÙÈÓ±ËÌ ÒÃÇ ∑ Ä ÑÒË ] ´ µ Ó×ÐÇÃ
Q Q
( ± ) Q
ÛËÌÓÃÒÃÇ ∑ ÓÎÑ ËtıËÎÐÅÒÄÊÐÎÆßÔÐÎ
Q Q
ÑÒËÎÈÒÈ ÏÄ ÒÄÏËØÈ ±ÒÕÄ Ó×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔË ÈÓÔÞ ÔÐÙ±Ë Æ ±ÐÔÐÒÝ×
ÒÃÇÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃËÔÐÙ±ËƱÐÔÐÒÝ×ÐÏÒÄÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃ
tıËÎ ÐÅÒÄÊÐÎ ÐÅÍÄÓÔÞ Ó×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔË ÓÔÈÑÈÏÏÐÐ ÒÃÇÄ ÏÈ
ÓÐÆÑÄÇÄÈÔÆÐÐÅÛÈÐÆÐÒÃÓÈбÒÕÐÎÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔËÄÓÐÓÔÐËÔ
ËÊ ÆÏÕÔÒÈÏÏÐÓÔË ßÔÐÐ ±ÒÕÄ Ô È ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ ^] _]_ 5` Ë
ÅÝÔÞÎÐÉÈÔÈÛÈËÊÏȱÐÔÐÒÐÐÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄÔÐÙȱÍÈÉÄÛË×ÏÄ
ÈÐÒÄÏËØÈ
jÊÒÄÓÓÎÐÔÒÈÏÏÝ×ÑÒËÎÈÒÐÆÓÎÔıÉÈÑ ÆËÇÏÐÙÔÐ
ËÏÐÇÄÒÄÇËÕÓÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔË5ÓÔÈÑÈÏÏÐÐÒÃÇÄÏÄ×ÐÇËÔÓÃÓÑÐ
ÎÐÛÞàÑÒËÊÏıÄfÄÍÄÎÅÈÒÄÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔËÒÃÇÐÆÓÑÐÍÐÉËÔÈÍÞ
ÏÝÎËÙÍÈÏÄÎËÓÎÔÈÐÒÈÎÕ ÆÑ fÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÑÒÄ
ÆÈÇÍËÆÐ ÓÍÈÇÕàÛÈÈ ÕÔÆÈÒÉÇÈÏËÈ ÉÔÎÌ ÔÖÜÉÔÕÇÖÉÕ ÒÓÉÈÉÎ
DQ
²ÑÐÉÚÐÞÍÌÎÌÆÉÔ²ÑÐÉÚÐÞÍ OLP
ÕÑ
Q→ DQ
DQ
5 OLP
Q→ DQ
d ÓÄÎÐÎ ÇÈÍÈ ÈÓÍË ÙËÓÍÐ 5 ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏÐ ßÔÐÌ ÖÐÒÎÕÍÐÌ Ë
_]_5ÔÐ
D
Q ]Q QD ]
_]_ OLP
OLP
Q→ DQ ] Q Q→ DQ 5
ÑÐßÔÐÎÕ ÒÃÇ ÇÍà ÔıÐÐ ] Ó×ÐÇËÔÓÃ Ë ÑÒËÔÐÎ ÄÅÓÐ
ÍàÔÏÐ
Q D ]Q
]
gÓÍËÉÈ_]_!5ÔÐ OLP
!ËÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞ
Q→ Q DQ ] 5
ÏÐ ÒÃÇ ÄÅÓÐÍàÔÏÐ ÒÄÓ×ÐÇËÔÓà tıËÎ ÐÅÒÄÊÐÎ 5 ÇÈÌ
ÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÐÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃÒÄÇËÕÓÐÎÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔËÒÃÇÄ
bÏÄÍÐËÙÏÐÎÐÉÏÐÏÄÌÔËÆÈÍËÙËÏÕÒÄÇËÕÓÄÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔË5
Ë Ó ÑÐÎÐÛÞà ÑÒËÊÏÄ±Ä lÐÚË ÓÎ ÔÈÐÒÈÎÕ Æ Ñ ÈÓ
ÍË ÔÐÍޱРÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔ ÑÒÈÇÈÍ ±ÐÏÈÙÏÝÌ ËÍË ÅÈÓ±ÐÏÈÙÏÝÌ
OLP Q D Q dßÔÐÎÓÍÕÙÄÈ
Q→
5
′
OLP Q D Q
Q→
fÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÐÈÓÍËÙËÓÍÐ5ÊÄÇÄÈÔÓÃßÔÐÌÖÐÒÎÕÍÐÌËÈÓ
ÍË_]_5ÔÐ
]
OLP Q D Q ] Q _]_ OLP Q D Q
Q→ Q→ 5
ËÑÐßÔÐÎÕÒÃÇÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃgÓÍËÉÈ_]_!5ÔÐ
]
OLP Q D Q ] Q
!
Q→ 5
ËÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÒÃÇÄÅÓÐÍàÔÏÐÏÈÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃ
tıËÎÐÅÒÄÊÐÎ5ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃÒÄÇËÕÓÐÎÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔËÒÃÇÄ
iÄÔÒÕÇÏÈÏËà ÑÒË ËÓÑÐÍÞÊÐÆÄÏËË ÔıË× ÎÈÔÐÇÐÆ ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈ
ÏËà ÒÄÇËÕÓÄ Ó×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔË ÓÔÈÑÈÏÏÐÐ ÒÃÇÄ ÎÐÕÔ ÆÐÊÏ˱ÏÕÔÞ
ÏÄÑÒËÎÈÒ ÕÉÈ Æ ÔÐÎ ÓÍÕÙÄÈ ±ÐÇÄ Æ ÒÄÓÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄÈÎÐÎ ÒÃÇÈ
ËÎÈàÔÓñÐßÖÖËØËÈÏÔÝÓÐÓ±ÐÍÞÕÐÇÏÐÅÐÍÞÚËÎËÏÐÎÈÒÄÎË
ÒÄÆÏÝÈ ÏÕÍà tÐÇÄ ÎÐÉÏÐ ÑÐÑÒÐÅÐÆÄÔÞ ÑÒËÎÈÏËÔÞ ÐÇËÏ ËÊ
ßÔË× ÎÈÔÐÇÐÆ ÑÒÈÇÆÄÒËÔÈÍÞÏÐ ÑÈÒÈÏÕÎÈÒÐÆÄÆ ÑÐÇÒÃÇ ÆÓÈ ÙÍÈ
ÏÝÒÃÇÄÓÐÔÍËÙÏÝÎËÐÔÏÕÍñÐßÖÖËØËÈÏÔÄÎËÐÔÙÈÐÈÐÓ×Ð
ÇËÎÐÓÔÞËÓÕÎÎÄÆÓÍÕÙÄÈÈÓÍËÐÏÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃÏÈËÊÎÈÏÃàÔÓÃ
qÐÃÓÏËÎ Ó±ÄÊÄÏÏÐÈ ÏÄ ÑÒËÎÈÒÈ qÕÓÔÞ ÔÒÈÅÕÈÔÓà ÐÑÒÈÇÈ
ÍËÔÞÒÄÇËÕÓÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔËÒÃÇÄ
ÈÓÍËQ
∑ DQ]Q ÇÈ DQ Q
Q ÈÓÍËQ
qÒËÊÏı fÄÍÄÎÅÈÒÄ ÏÈÑÒËÎÈÏËÎ ÇÍà ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËà Ó×ÐÇË
Q D
ÎÐÓÔË ßÔÐÐ ÒÃÇÄ Ôı ±Ä± ÐÔÏÐÚÈÏËÈ
ÏÈ ËÎÈÈÔ ÓÎÝÓÍÄ
DQ
ÇÍÃÙÈÔÏÝ×ÏÐÎÈÒÐÆQoÈÇÄÈÔÐÔÆÈÔÄÊÇÈÓÞËÑÒËÊÏılÐÚË
ÑÐÓ±ÐÍÞ±ÕÏÈÔÒÕÇÏÐÑÒÐÆÈÒËÔÞÙÔÐÊÇÈÓÞÑÒÈÇÈÍ OLP Q D Q ÏÈ
Q→
ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔpÇÏıÐÈÓÍËÑÐÍÐÉËÔÞEN
N
N
ËÊÄÑËÓÄÔÞÇÄÏÏÝÌÒÃÇÆÆËÇÈ
] N
∑ EN]N N∑
N
N
ÔÐËÓÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÆÄÅÓÐÍàÔÏÕàÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔÞßÔÐÐÒÃÇÄÓÑÐÎÐÛÞà
ÑÒËÊÏıÄfÄÍÄÎÅÈÒÄÑÐÍÕÙËÎ
E N ] N N
_]_ OLP _]_
OLP
N→ EN ] N N → N
pÔÓàÇÄÓÍÈÇÕÈÔÙÔÐÒÄÓÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄÈÎÝÌÒÃÇÄÅÓÐÍàÔÏÐÓ×ÐÇËÔ
Óà ±ÐÇÄ _]_ Ô È ±ÐÇÄ _]_ Ë ÄÅÓÐÍàÔÏÐ ÒÄÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃ
±ÐÇÄ_]_!tıËÎÐÅÒÄÊÐÎÒÄÇËÕÓÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔËßÔÐÐÓÔÈÑÈÏ
ÏÐÐÒÃÇÄÒÄÆÈÏ
qÐÇÙÈÒ±ÏÈÎÙÔÐÓÑÐÎÐÛÞàÑÒËÊÏıÄfÄÍÄÎÅÈÒÄËÑÒËÊÏıÄ
lÐÚËÎÐÉÏÐÏÄÌÔËÒÄÇËÕÓÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔËÏÈÇÍÃÑÒÐËÊÆÐÍÞÏÐÐÓÔÈ
ÑÈÏÏÐÐÒÃÇÄÄÍËÚÞÇÍÃÔıÐÐÕ±ÐÔÐÒÐÐÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕàÔÕ±ÄÊÄÏ
ÏÝÈÆÝÚÈÑÒÈÇÈÍÝÅÝÔÞÎÐÉÈÔÑÐÓÍÈÏÐÆÐÌÏÕÎÈÒÄØËËÙÍÈÏÐÆ
uqrbhogojpÑÒÈÇÈÍËÔÞÒÄÇËÕÓÝÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔËÒÃÇÐÆ
]Q ] Q ( µ L )Q]Q
∑ Q]Q Q∑
Q
Q ∑
Q Q
∑
Q
(Q )(Q ) ∑ Q]Q
Q
¶ÐÒÎÕͬÐÚÊy¢ÆÂÎÂÒÂ
ÆÍáÒÂÆÊÕÓÂÓ×ÐÆÊÎÐÓÔÊÓÔÇÑÇÏÏÐÅÐÒáÆÂ
oÄÌÇÈÎÔÈÑÈÒÞÖÐÒÎÕÍÕÇÍÃÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËÃÒÄÇËÕÓÄÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔË
ÑÒÐËÊÆÐÍÞÏÐÐÓÔÈÑÈÏÏÐÐÒÃÇÄÙÈÒÈÊÈбÐßÖÖËØËÈÏÔÝÆÐÅ
ÛÈÎÓÍÕÙÄÈ
´ § ° ² § ® ¢ qÖÔÕß5 µÓÅÈÌÖÔÔØÑÈÌÏÑÔÕÌÔÕÉÒÉÐÐÑÑÓÄÈÅ
Q
∑ DQ]Q
ÕÑÈÅ
5
OLP Q D Q
Q→
vÐÒÎÕÍÄÏÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÓÃ×ÑÓÏÖÎÑÍlÑÛ̶bÈÅÏÅÓÅ
¦ Ð Ì Â É Â Ô Ç Í Þ Ó Ô Ä Ð qÐÍÐÉËÎρ OLP Q D Q rÄÓÓÎÐÔÒËÎÓÏÄ
Q→
ÙÄÍÄÓÍÕÙÄÌρ qбÄÉÈÎÙÔÐÆßÔÐÎÓÍÕÙÄÈÒÃÇÓ×ÐÇËÔ
ÓÃÑÒËÍàÅÐÎ]dÐÊÞÎÈαıÐÈÍËÅÐ] ËÔıÐÈεÙÔÐε
tÐÇÄÓÎÔÈÐÒÈÎÕ Ñ
ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔÔıÐÈ1ÙÔÐ
ε
Q D Q ÇÍÃÆÓÈ× Q!1
]
Ô È
_DQ_ _]_QεQ ÇÍÃÆÓÈ× Q!1
pÔÓàÇÄ ÑÐ ÑÒËÊÏÄ±Õ ÓÒÄÆÏÈÏËà ÓÍÈÇÕÈÔ ÙÔÐ ÒÃÇ ÄÅÓÐ
ÍàÔÏÐ ÊÏÄÙËÔ Ë ÑÒÐÓÔÐ Ó×ÐÇËÔÓà ÑÒË ÇÄÏÏÐÎ ] Ä Ôı ±Ä± ]
ÅÝÍÐÑÒÐËÊÆÐÍÞÏÐÔÐßÔÐÐÊÏÄÙÄÈÔÙÔÐ5
dÐÊÞÎÈÎÇÒÕÐ̱ÒÄÌÏËÌÓÍÕÙÄÌÑÕÓÔÞρ qбÄÉÈÎ
ÙÔÐÆßÔÐÎÓÍÕÙÄÈÒÃÇÒÄÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃÑÒËÍàÅÐÎ] fÈÌ
ÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÐ ÈÓÍË ρ ÔÐ ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔ ÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞ
QNN ÏÄÔÕÒÄÍÞÏÐÐÒÃÇÄÔıÄÃÙÔÐ OLP QN D Q
N→ N
qÐßÔÐÎձıÐÆÐÅÝÏËÅÝÍÐ] ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔÔıÐÌÏÐÎÈÒN]
ÙÔÐÑÒËN!N]
QN
QN D Q O Ô È DQ ] O
N ] N
tıËÎÐÅÒÄÊÐÎÏÈÆÝÑÐÍÏÃÈÔÓÃÏÈÐÅ×ÐÇËÎÐÈÕÓÍÐÆËÈÓ×Ð
ÇËÎÐÓÔË ÒÃÇÄ µ ÓÔÒÈÎÍÈÏËÈ ± ÏÕÍà QÐ ÙÍÈÏÄ ÑÐßÔÐÎÕ ÑÒË
ÇÄÏÏÐÎ] ÒÃÇÒÄÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃÄÔı±Ä±] ÅÝÍÐÑÒÐËÊÆÐÍÞ
ÏÐÔÐßÔÐÐÊÏÄÙÄÈÔÙÔÐ5
qÕÓÔÞÔÈÑÈÒÞρqбÄÉÈÎÙÔÐÑÒËÆÓñÐÎ]ÔıÐÎ
ÙÔÐ _]_ ÒÃÇ Ó×ÐÇËÔÓà dÝÅÈÒÈÎ ε ! Ôı ÙÔÐÅÝ _]_
ρ
ÔÐÇÄÙËÓÍÐTÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÃÈÎÐÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐÎT ρε_]_ÅÕ
ρε
ÇÈÔÕÇÐÆÍÈÔÆÐÒÃÔÞÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÕTsÐÍÄÓÏÐÓÆÐÌÓÔÆÕÆÈÒ×ÏÈ
ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÄÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔÔıÐÌÏÐÎÈÒ1ÙÔÐÑÒËQ!1
Q D Q ρε
ÑÐßÔÐÎÕÑÒËQ!1
_]_Q D Q _]_ρε T Ô È _DQ]Q_TQ T
ËÑÐÑÒËÊÏıÕÓÒÄÆÏÈÏËÃÒÃÇÑÒËÒÄÓÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄÈÎÐÎ]ÄÅ
ÓÐÍàÔÏÐÄÊÏÄÙËÔËÑÒÐÓÔÐÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃ
qбÄÉÈÎ ÔÈÑÈÒÞ ÙÔÐ ÒÃÇ ÑÒË ÆÓñÐÎ ] ÔıÐÎ ÙÔÐ
_]_! ÒÄÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃdÝÅÈÒÈÎε!ÔıÙÔÐÅÝ
ρ
_]_!
!
ρµε
ÔÐÇÄ _]_ρ ´ ε ! sÐÍÄÓÏÐ ÓÆÐÌÓÔÆÕ ÆÈÒ×ÏÈÐ ÑÒÈÇÈÍÄ
ÓÎÔÈÐÒÈÎÕ Ñ
ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔÑÐÇÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞQN
N ÏÄÔÕÒÄÍÞÏÝ×ÙËÓÈÍÔıÄÃÙÔÐ
QN D Q !ρ´ε N
N
jÊßÔÐÐÆÓËÍÕÓÍÈÇÕÈÔÙÔÐ
_]_ QN D Q !_]_ρ´ε!
N
ËÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐ
QN
DQ ] !
N
Ô È Æ ßÔÐÎ ÓÍÕÙÄÈ ÏÈ ÆÝÑÐÍÏÃÈÔÓà ÏÈÐÅ×ÐÇËÎÐÈ ÕÓÍÐÆËÈ Ó×Ð
ÇËÎÐÓÔËÒÃÇÄ µÓÔÒÈÎÍÈÏËȱÏÕÍàÈÐQÐÙÍÈÏÄËÑÐßÔÐÎÕ
ÇÍÃÒÄÓÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄÈÎÐÐ]ÒÃÇÒÄÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃ
tıËÎÐÅÒÄÊÐÎÒÃÇÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃÈÓÍË_]_ ËÒÄÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃ
ρ
ÈÓÍË_]_! ÄßÔÐËÐÊÏÄÙÄÈÔÙÔÐÈÐÒÄÇËÕÓÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔË5
ρ ρ
fÍÃßÔÐÐÇÐÓÔÄÔÐÙÏÐÆÊÃÔÞε µ ρ
]
pÔÎÈÔËÎÙÔÐËÊÇбÄÊÄÏÏÐÌÔÈÐÒÈÎÝÈÛÈÒÄÊÓÍÈÇÕÈÔÙÔÐÇÍÃ
±ÄÉÇÐÐ ÓÔÈÑÈÏÏÐÐ ÒÃÇÄ ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔ ÔıÐÈ ±ÐÏÈÙÏÐÈ ËÍË
ÅÈÓ±ÐÏÈÙÏÐÈÙËÓÍÐ5OÙÔÐÇÍÃÆÓÈ×]∈&ÇÍñÐÔÐÒÝ×_]_5
ÒÃÇÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃÄÇÍñÐÔÐÒÝ×_]_!5 µÒÄÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃÔ ÈÙÔÐ
ÇÍñÄÉÇÐÐÓÔÈÑÈÏÏÐÐÒÃÇÄÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔÒÄÇËÕÓÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔËËÎ
ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃ5
OLP Q D Q
Q→
¢ÏÂÍÊÔÊÙÇÓÌÊÇÖÕÏÌØÊÊ
°ÑÒÇÆÇÍÇÏÊÇ vÖвÙÌÄ I] ÐÅËÞÇÅÉÕÔÄ ÅÐÅÎÌÕÌÚÉÔ²ÑÍ Ç
ÕÑÚ²É]ÉÔÎÌÔÖÜÉÔÕÇÖÉÕÕŲÑÉ5!ÚÕÑDzÓÖÉ_]µ]_5
ÑÐÅ ÒÓÉÈÔÕÅÇÌÏÅ ÔÕÉÒÉÐÐÞÏ ÓÄÈÑÏ ÇÌÈÅ Õ É ÔÖ
ÜÉÔÕÇÖáÕÕŲÌɲÑÏÒÎɲÔÐÞÉÚÌÔÎÅDQQ ÚÕÑ
I] ∑ DQ]´]Q _]´]_5
Q
sÕÎÎÄ ÒÄÊÏÐÓÔÞ Ë ÑÒÐËÊÆÈÇÈÏËÈ ÄÏÄÍËÔËÙÈÓ±Ë× Æ ÔÐÙ±È
ÖÕϱØËÌÓÏÐÆÄÃÆÍÃàÔÓÃÄÏÄÍËÔËÙÈÓ±ËÎËÆßÔÐÌÔÐÙ±ÈÖÕϱ
ØËÃÎËÑÐÙÈÎÕ"
§ ® ® ¢ gÔÎÌ5 µÓÅÈÌÖÔÔØÑÈÌÏÑÔÕÌÓÄÈÅ5!Ì
UQ] ∑ DN]´]N
N Q
Ô ÈÏÄÌÇÈÔÓÃÔıÄÃÑÐÓÔÐÃÏÏÄÃ0!ÙÔÐÑÒË_]´]_PUÆÝÑÐÍ
ÏÃÈÔÓÃÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐ_ϕ]_P0qÐÓ±ÐÍÞ±ÕUQ] ]´]Qϕ]
ÑÒË_]´]_PUÑÐÍÕÙËÎ
ÒÈÏØËÒÕÈÎÄ ÏÄ ÆÓÈÌ ÇÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÐÌ ÐÓË Ë ÏÈÑÐÏÃÔÏÐ ÑÐÙÈÎÕ
ÒÄÓ±ÍÄÇÝÆÄÃÈÈÆÒÃÇ
∑ ´Q[Q
[ Q
ÎÝÑÐÍÕÙÄÈÎÒÃÇÓ×ÐÇÃÛËÌÓÃÔÐÍÞ±ÐÑÒË_[_ÔÐÒÄÊÍÐÉÈ
ÏËÈÇÈÍÄÈÔÓÃÓÐÆÈÒÚÈÏÏÐÈÓÔÈÓÔÆÈÏÏÝÎÈÓÍËÒÄÓÓÎÐÔÒÈÔÞßÔÕ
ÖÕϱØËà Æ ÐÅÍÄÓÔË ±ÐÎÑÍȱÓÏÝ× ÙËÓÈÍ ÑÐÓ±ÐÍÞ±Õ ÖÕϱØËÃ
ËÎÈÈÔ«ÐÓÐÅÕàÔÐÙ±Õ¬ÑÒË] LÆßÔÐÌÔÐÙ±ÈÖÕϱØËÃÏÈ
[
ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏÄ Ë ÑÒË ÑÒËÅÍËÉÈÏËË ± ÏÈÌ ÓÔÒÈÎËÔÓà ± ÅÈÓ±ÐÏÈÙ
ÏÐÓÔËÔ È±Ä±ÒÄÊÏÄÒÄÏËØȱÒÕÄ_]_P
¢ÏÂÍÊÔÊÙÇÓÌÊÇÖÕÏÌØÊÊÄÆÇËÓÔÄÊÔÇÍÞÏÐËÐÃÍÂÓÔÊ
Q
∑ DQ]Q
DQ ]Q
∑
Q
Q
Q
∑ QDQ]Q´
ÓÅÇÐÞ
tıËÎÐÅÒÄÊÐÎÒÃÇÝËÑÐÍÕÙÄÈÎÝÈËÊÒÃ
ÇÄ ÓÐÐÔÆÈÔÓÔÆÈÏÏÐ Ó ÑÐÎÐÛÞà «ÖÐÒÎÄÍÞÏÐÐ ËÏÔÈÒË
ÒÐÆÄÏËÃËÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÐÆÄÏËìËÎÈàÔÔÈÉÈÒÄÇËÕÓÝÓ×ÐÇË
ÎÐÓÔËÙÔÐËËÓ×ÐÇÏÝÌÒÃÇjÏÔÈÒËÒÐÆÄÏËÈËÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÐ
ÆÄÏËÈ ÏÄÊÆÄÏÝ ÊÇÈÓÞ ÖÐÒÎÄÍÞÏÝÎË ÑÐÓ±ÐÍÞ±Õ ÇÍà ÖÕϱØËÌ
±ÐÎÑÍȱÓÏÐÐÄÒÕÎÈÏÔÄßÔËÐÑÈÒÄØËËÏÈÅÝÍËÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏÝË
ÐÏË ÆÝÑÐÍÏÃÍËÓÞ Ôı ±Ä± ÈÓÍË ÅÝ ] ÅÝÍÐ ÇÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÝÎ
ÙËÓÍÐÎÔ ÈÆÇÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÐÌÐÅÍÄÓÔËÒÃÇÑÐÍÕÙÄÈÔÓÃ
ËÊÒÃÇÄÑÐÙÍÈÏÏÝÎËÏÔÈÒËÒÐÆÄÏËÈÎÄÒÃÇ µ
ÑÐÙÍÈÏÏÝÎÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÐÆÄÏËÈÎ
¦ Ð Ì Â É Â Ô Ç Í Þ Ó Ô Ä Ð qÕÓÔÞ 5 µ ÒÄÇËÕÓ Ó×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔË ÒÃÇÄ
5 µ ÒÄÇËÕÓ Ó×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔË ÒÃÇÄ Ä5 µ ÒÄÇËÕÓ
Ó×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔËÒÃÇÄjÊÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆ
DQ ] Q Q Q´_
P_]_ _DQ] _P_] _ _QDQ]
Q
Q
ËÔÈÐÒÈÎÝÓÒÄÆÏÈÏËÃÓÎÔÈÐÒÈÎÕ ÆÑ ÓÍÈÇÕÈÔÙÔÐÈÓÍËÆ
ÏȱÐÔÐÒÐÌÔÐÙ±È]Ó×ÐÇËÔÓÃÒÃÇÔÐÆßÔÐÌÔÐÙ±ÈÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃ
ËÒÃÇËÈÓÍËÆÏȱÐÔÐÒÐÌÔÐÙ±È]Ó×ÐÇËÔÓÃÒÃÇÔÐ
ÆÔÐÌÉÈÔÐÙ±ÈÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃËÒÃÇpÔÓàÇÄÓÍÈÇÕÈÔÙÔÐ
5P5P5
qбÄÉÈÎÔÈÑÈÒÞÙÔÐ
5P5
dÐÊÞÎÈÎ ±Ä±ÕàÍËÅÐ ÔÐÙ±Õ ] ËÊ ±ÒÕÄ Ó×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔË ÒÃÇÄ
Ë ÑбÄÉÈÎ ÙÔÐ Æ ÏÈÌ Ó×ÐÇËÔÓà ÒÃÇ tı ±Ä±
_]_5ÔÐÏÄÌÇÈÔÓÃÔıÐÈÇÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÐÈÙËÓÍÐUÙÔÐ_]_U
5iÄÑËÚÈÎÄÅÓÐÍàÔÏÕàÆÈÍËÙËÏÕÙÍÈÏÄÒÃÇÄÓÍÈ
ÇÕàÛËÎÐÅÒÄÊÐÎ
( Q ) DQ U Q ] Q
_QDQ ] Q µ _ Q
Q
] Q U
d ÓËÍÕ Ó×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔË ÒÃÇÄ ÑÒË ] U ÐÅÛËÌ ÙÍÈÏ ßÔÐÐ
ÒÃÇÄÑÒË] UÓÔÒÈÎËÔÓñÏÕÍà±ÐÇÄQ{
DQ U Q
OLP
Q→ Q
Q
sÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞ D
QU
Q ÐÒÄÏË
Q
ÙÈÏÄÔ ÈÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔÔıÐÈ0!ÙÔÐÇÍÃÆÓÈ×Q ÆÝ
ÑÐÍÏÃÈÔÓÃÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐ
DQ U Q
P0
Q
ÎÐÉÏÐÑÒÐÑÕÓÔËÔÞÑÒËÑÈÒÆÐÎÙÔÈÏËËÏÄÙÔÐËÕ±ÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÊÆÈÊ
ÇÐÙ±ÄÑÒËÈÐÏÐÎÈÒÈ
fÄÍÈÈÆßÔÐÎÑÄÒÄÒÄÖÈÆÈÊÇÈÇÈÏÈÐÐÆÐÒÈÏÐÑÒÐÔËÆÏÐÈ
ÅÕÇÈÎÑÒÈÇÑÐÍÄÄÔÞÙÔбÐßÖÖËØËÈÏÔÝÆÓÈ×ÒÄÓÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄÈÎÝ×
ÒÃÇÐÆÇÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÝËÙÔÐÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÝÈ ]Ë]ÔıÉÈÇÈÌÓÔÆË
ÔÈÍÞÏÝÆßÔÐÎÓÍÕÙÄÈÅÕÇÈÎË×ÐÅÐÊÏÄÙÄÔÞ[Ë[qÒÄÆÇÄÆÓÈ
ÒÄÓÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄÈÎÝÈÏËÉÈÓÆÐÌÓÔÆÄÓÔÈÑÈÏÏÝ×ÒÃÇÐÆÑÈÒÈÏÐÓÃÔÓÃ
ÆÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏÏÐÎÓÎÝÓÍÈËÏÄÓÔÈÑÈÏÏÝÈÒÃÇÝƱÐÎÑÍȱÓÏÐÌÐÅ
ÍÄÓÔËÐÇÏıÐÇÍÃÐÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÍÈÏËÃßÔÐÐÏÄÎÑÒËÚÍÐÓÞÅÝÐÅÐÅ
ÛËÔÞÑÐÏÃÔËÈÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇÏÐÌËËÏÔÈÒÄÍÄÏÄÖÕϱØË˱ÐÎÑÍȱÓ
ÏÐÐÄÒÕÎÈÏÔÄÄßÔÐÏÈÆ×ÐÇËÔÆÊÄÇÄÙÕÏÄÓÔÐÃÛÈбÕÒÓÄ
jÔıÅÕÇÈÔÒÄÓÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄÔÞÒÃÇÝ
∑ DQ[´[Q
Q
ÇÈDQQ [Ë[ÇÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÝgÓÍË5 µÒÄÇËÕÓ
Ó×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔËÒÃÇÄ ∑ DQ]´[ÇÈ] µ±ÐÎÑÍȱÓÏÐÈÙËÓÍÐÔ È
Q
ÒÃÇÄ Ó ÔÈÎË ÉÈ ±ÐßÖÖËØËÈÏÔÄÎË ÙÔÐ Ë Õ ÒÃÇÄ ÏÐ ÒÄÓ
ÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄÈÎÐÐƱÐÎÑÍȱÓÏÐÌÐÅÍÄÓÔËÔÐÐÙÈÆËÇÏÐÒÃÇ
Ó×ÐÇËÔÓÃÈÓÍË_[´[_5ËÒÄÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃÈÓÍË_[´[_!5
dßÔÐÎÓÍÕÙÄÈ5ÑÐÑÒÈÉÏÈÎÕÏÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÓÃÓÅÈÌÖÔÑÏÔØÑÈÌ
ÏÑÔÕÌÓÄÈÅÄËÏÔÈÒÆÄÍ[´5[5 µÉÑÌÐÕÉÓÇÅ
ÎÑÏÔØÑÈÌÏÑÔÕÌ
´ § ° ² § ® ¢ gÔÎÌ5 µÓÅÈÌÖÔÔØÑÈÌÏÑÔÕÌÔÕÉÒÉÐÐÑÑÓÄÈÅ
I[ ∑ DQ[´[Q
Q
5!ÕÑ
×ÖвÙÌÄIÌÏÉÉÕÇÌÐÕÉÓÇÅÎÉ[´5[5ÒÓÑÌËÇÑÈ
ÐÞÉÇÔÉØÒÑÓÄȲÑÇÌÑÐÌÐÅØÑÈÄÕÔÄÌËÓÄÈÅÒÑÚÎÉÐ
ÐÞÏÈÌ××ÉÓÉÐÙÌÓÑÇÅÐÌÉÏ
ÈÎÄÎáÆÑÑ[∈[´5[5
[ ( [ µ [ )Q
∫ IW GW Q∑ DQ
Q
[
¦ Ð Ì Â É Â Ô Ç Í Þ Ó Ô Ä Ð d ÓËÍÕ ÍÈÎÎÝ ÇбÄÊÄÏÏÐÌ Æ ÏÄÙÄÍÈ
ßÔÐÐÑÕϱÔÄÒÄÇËÕÓÝÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔËÒÃÇÄ ∑ QDQ[´[Q´ÑÐ
Q
ÍÕÙÄàÛÈÐÓÃËÊÒÃÇÄÑÐÙÍÈÏÏÝÎÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÐÆÄÏË
QD ( [ µ [ )Q
ÈÎ Ë ÒÃÇÄ ∑ ÑÐÍÕÙÄàÛÈÐÓÃ ËÊ ÔÐÐ ÉÈ ÒÃÇÄ
Q Q
ÑÐÙÍÈÏÏÝÎ ËÏÔÈÒËÒÐÆÄÏËÈÎ ÒÄÆÏÝ ÒÄÇËÕÓÕ Ó×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔË ÒÃ
ÇÄÙÔÐÅÝÆßÔÐÎÕÅÈÇËÔÞÓÃÇÐÓÔÄÔÐÙÏÐÓÇÈÍÄÔÞÊÄÎÈÏÕ
ÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÐÐ[´[ ]
dÓñËÌ ÓÔÈÑÈÏÏÐÌ ÒÃÇ ÆËÇÄ Ó ÒÄÇËÕÓÐÎ Ó×ÐÇËÎÐÓ
ÔË5ÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃÏÄÐÔÒÈʱÈ>[´U[U@U5
ÓÎÔÈÐÒÈÎÕ ÆÑ ÑÐßÔÐÎÕÕÔÆÈÒÉÇÈÏËÈÔÈÐÒÈÎÝÐÆÐÊ
ÎÐÉÏÐÓÔËÑÐÙÍÈÏÏÐÐÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÐÆÄÏËÃËËÏÔÈÒËÒÐÆÄÏËÃ
ÆÈÛÈÓÔÆÈÏÏÝ× ÓÔÈÑÈÏÏÝ× ÒÃÇÐÆ ÏÈÑÐÓÒÈÇÓÔÆÈÏÏÐ ÓÍÈÇÕÈÔ ËÊ
ÓÐÐÔÆÈÔÓÔÆÕàÛË×ÔÈÐÒÈÎÐÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÕÈÎÐÓÔËËËÏÔÈÒËÒÕ
ÈÎÐÓÔËÖÕϱØËÐÏÄÍÞÏÝ×ÒÃÇÐÆÇбÄÊÄÏÏÝ×ÆÑ
iÄÎÈÔËÎ ÙÔÐ ÏÄÑÒËÎÈÒ ÆÐÊÎÐÉÏÐÓÔÞ ÑÐÙÍÈÏÏÐÐ ËÏÔÈ
ÒËÒÐÆÄÏËà ÓÔÈÑÈÏÏÐÐ ÒÃÇÄ ÆÏÕÔÒË ËÏÔÈÒÆÄÍÄ Ó×ÐÇË
ÎÐÓÔË[´5[5ÓÒÄÊÕÆÝÔȱÄÈÔÓÎÔÈÐÒÈÎÕ ÆÑ
ËÊÔÐÐÙÔÐÓÔÈÑÈÏÏÐÌÒÃÇÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃÏÄÆÓñÐÎÐÔ
ÒÈÊ±È >[ ´ U [ U@ U 5 pÔÓàÇÄ ÓÍÈÇÕÈÔ ÙÔÐ ÑÒË ÑÐ
ÙÍÈÏÏÐÎËÏÔÈÒËÒÐÆÄÏËËÒÄÇËÕÓÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔËÓÔÈÑÈÏÏÐÐÒÃÇÄ
ÏÈ ÕÎÈÏÞÚÄÈÔÓà fбÄÊÄÏÏÄà ÔÈÐÒÈÎÄ ÓÐÇÈÒÉËÔ ÅÐÍÈÈ ÑÐÍÏÐÈ
ÕÔÆÈÒÉÇÈÏËÈÙÔÐÕ±ÄÊÄÏÏÝÌÒÄÇËÕÓÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔ˱ÒÐÎÈÔÐÐ
ËÏÈÕÆÈÍËÙËÆÄÈÔÓÃÔ ÈÐÓÔÄÈÔÓÃÑÒÈÉÏËÎ
´ § ° ² § ® ¢ gÔÎÌ ×ÖвÙÌÄ I ÅÐÅÎÌÕÌÚÉÔ²ÅÄ Ç ÕÑÚ²É [
Õ ÉÒÓÉÈÔÕÅÇÌÏÅÇѲÓÉÔÕÐÑÔÕÌàÕÑÍÕÑÚ²ÌÓÄÈÑÏ
ÔÓÅÈÌÖÔÑÏÔØÑÈÌÏÑÔÕÌ5!ÕÑ
I ( Q )[
DQ
Q
Q
Õ É
I ( Q )[
[´[Q
I[ ∑
Q Q
iÄÎÈÔËÎÙÔÐËÊÇбÄÊÄÏÏÐÌÔÈÐÒÈÎÝÓÍÈÇÕÈÔÈÛÈÒÄÊÓÆÐÌ
ÓÔÆÐ ÈÇËÏÓÔÆÈÏÏÐÓÔË ÒÄÊÍÐÉÈÏËà ÖÕϱØËË Æ ÓÔÈÑÈÏÏÐÌ ÒÃÇ
ÑÒÄÆÇÄÏÄßÔÐÔÒÄÊÆÓËÍÕÓÇÈÍÄÏÏÝ×ÐÒÄÏËÙÈÏËÌÔÐÍÞ±ÐÆ
ÇÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÐÌÐÅÍÄÓÔËÓÒ Ó Ñ
²ÂÉÍÐÈÇÏÊÇÖÕÏÌØÊËÄÓÔÇÑÇÏÏÝÇÒáÆÝ
²ÂÉÍÊÙÏÝÇÓÑÐÓÐÃÝÉÂÑÊÓÊ
ÐÓÔÂÔÐÙÏÐÅÐÙÍÇÏÂÖÐÒÎÕÍÝ´ÇËÍÐÒÂ
[
ÇÈ 3Q µ ÎÏÐÐÙÍÈÏ ÏȱÐÔÐÒÐÌ ÓÔÈÑÈÏË ÐÔÏÐÓËÔÈÍÞÏÐ
[ [
Q µ ÑÐÒÃDZÐÆÝÌ ÏÐÎÈÒ Ä ÏÈ ÓÔÈÑÈÏÞ ÎÏÐÐÙÍÈÏÄ Ô È
I Q[ µÍËÏÈÌÏÄñÐÎÅËÏÄØËÃÓÍÄÄÈÎÝ×ÆËÇÄ
±[
H P
[P
ÔÐ ÍȱРÑÒÐÆÈÒÃÈÔÓà ÑÐ ËÏÇÕ±ØËË sÇÈÍÄÆ ÊÄÎÈÏÕ ÑÈÒÈÎÈÏ
ÏÐÐW
ÏÄÌÇÈÎÑÒËÎÈÏËÆÑÒÄÆËÍÐmÐÑËÔÄÍÃÑÒÈÇÈÍÎÐ
[
ÇÕÍÃÆÝÒÄÉÈÏËÃÑÒË[{
±[ P
OLP
H OLP W
[ → [P W → W H
pÔÓàÇÄ ÓÍÈÇÕÈÔ ÙÔÐ Ë ÑÒÈÇÈÍ ÆÝÒÄÉÈÏËà ÑÒË [ {
ÔıÉÈÒÄÆÈÏÏÕÍàËÙÔÐÑÒËÍàÅÐÎQ
ÆÐÌÐÓËI[ [∈5ÔıËÒÃÇÐÎtÈÌÍÐÒÄÖÕϱØËËÆ
ÔÐÙ±È[
dÐÊÏ˱ÄÈÔ ÆÐÑÒÐÓ ±ÐÇÄ ÒÃÇ tÈÌÍÐÒÄ ÅÈÓ±ÐÏÈÙÏÐ
ÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÕÈÎÐÌÆÔÐÙ±È[ÖÕϱØËËI[Ó×ÐÇËÔÓÃÏÄÏȱÐ
ÔÐÒÐÎËÏÔÈÒÆÄÍȱI["yÔÐÅÝËÓÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÞßÔÐÔÆÐÑÒÐÓÏÄÑË
ÚÈÎÖÐÒÎÕÍÕtÈÌÍÐÒÄÇÍÃÖÕϱØËËIÓÎÑ
Q I ( N )[
[´[NUQ[
I[ ∑
N N
ÐÏÄ ÓÑÒÄÆÈÇÍËÆÄ ÑÒË ÍàÅÐÎ Q d ßÔÐÌ ÖÐÒÎÕÍÈ
UQ[ µÐÓÔÄÔÐÙÏÝÌÙÍÈÏÖÐÒÎÕÍÝtÈÌÍÐÒÄÄÏÈÐÓÔÄÔбÒÃÇÄ
tÈÌÍÐÒÄ Ôı ±Ä± Ó ÐÓÔÄÔ±ÐÎ ÒÃÇÄ ÏÈÍÞÊà ÐÑÈÒËÒÐÆÄÔÞ ÇÐ ÔÈ×
ÑÐÒ ÑÐ±Ä ÏÈ ÅÕÇÈÔ ÕÓÔÄÏÐÆÍÈÏÐ ÙÔÐ ÒÃÇ Ó×ÐÇËÔÓÃ Ë ÍËÚÞ Æ
ÓÍÕÙÄÈ ±ÐÇÄ ÈÐ ÓÕÎÎÄ ÒÄÆÏÄ ÖÕϱØËË I[ ÎÐÉÏÐ ÕÔÆÈÒÉ
ÇÄÔÞ ÙÔÐ ÐÓÔÄÔÐÙÏÝÌ ÙÍÈÏ ÖÐÒÎÕÍÝ tÈÌÍÐÒÄ ÓÐÆÑÄÇÄÈÔ Ó ÐÓ
ÔÄÔ±ÐÎÒÃÇÄtÈÌÍÐÒÄqÐÍÄÄÃ
Q
I ( N )[
[´[N
VQ[ ∑
NN
[∈[´K[KÏÑÊÐÑËÅÒÌÔÅÕßÎáÆÞÏÌËÔÎÉÈÖáÜÌØÕÓÉØ
ÔÒÑÔÑÆÑÇ
[
UQ[ [´WQI QW GW
Q ∫
[
I ( Q )ξ
[´[Q
UQ[
( Q )
ÈÉξÒÓÌÐÅÈÎÉÊÌÕÌÐÕÉÓÇÅÎÖÔ²ÑÐÙÅÏÌÇÕÑÚ²ÅØ[Ì[Ì
I (Q )[ [ θ( [ µ [ ) ]
´θQ[´[Q
UQ[
Q
ÈÉθ
vÑÓÏÖÎÅÐÅËÞÇÅÉÕÔÄÑÔÕÅÕÑÚÐÞÏÚÎÉÐÑÏ×ÑÓÏÖ
ÎÞtÉÍÎÑÓÅÇÌÐÕÉÓÅÎßÐÑÍ×ÑÓÏÉ×ÑÓÏÖÎÅ ¶Ç×ÑÓ
ÏÉmÅÓÅÐÊÅÅ ¶Ç×ÑÓÏÉlÑÛÌ
¦ Ð Ì Â É Â Ô Ç Í Þ Ó Ô Ä Ð jÊ ÐÓÏÐÆÏÐÌ ÔÈÐÒÈÎÝ ÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÄÍÞ
ÏÐÐËËÏÔÈÒÄÍÞÏÐÐËÓÙËÓÍÈÏËÃÓÎÔÈÐÒÈÎÕ Ñ ËÎÈÈÎ
[ [
I[ I[ ∫ I′W GW I[´ ∫ I′W G[´W
[ [
qÒÐËÏÔÈÒËÒÐÆÄÆÑÐÙÄÓÔÃÎËÏÔÈÒÄÍÆÑÒÄÆÐÌÙÄÓÔËÒÄÆÈÏÓÔ
ÆÄÑÐÍÕÙËÎ
[
I[ I[´I′W[´W [[ ∫ I′′W[´W GW
[
[
I[I′[[´[ ∫ I′′W[´W GW
[
qÕÓÔÞÇÍÃÏȱÐÔÐÒÐÐPPQÕÉÈÇбÄÊÄÏÐÙÔÐ
[
Pµ I ( N )[
[´[N ∫ I PW[´WP ´ GW
I[ ∑
N N ( P µ ) [
qÒÐËÏÔÈÒËÒÕÈÎÑÐÙÄÓÔÃÎÑÐÓÍÈÇÏËÌÙÍÈÏ
[ [
∫ I PW[´WP ´ GW ´ P P
∫ I W G[´W
( P µ ) [ P [
( P )W ( [ µ W ) P [ [
´ I I PW[´WP GW
P [ P ∫
[
[
I ( P )[ PW[´WP GW
[´[P
∫ I
P P [
ËÑÐÇÓÔÄÆËÎßÔÐÆÝÒÄÉÈÏËÈÆ
[
P
I ( N )[
I[ ∑ ∫ I PW[´WP GW
[´[N
N N P [
d ÒÈÊÕÍÞÔÄÔÈ ÑÐÍÕÙËÍÄÓÞ ÖÐÒÎÕÍÄ Æ ±ÐÔÐÒÐÌP ÊÄÎÈ
ÏÈÏÐÏÄP
tıËÎÐÅÒÄÊÐÎÖÐÒÎÕÍÄÇбÄÊÄÏÄÎÈÔÐÇÐÎÎÄÔÈÎÄ
ÔËÙÈÓ±ÐÌËÏÇÕ±ØËËÇÍÃÆÓÈ×PPQqÒËP QÈÈÐÓÔÄÔÐÙÏÝÌ
ÙÍÈÏËÎÈÈÔÆËÇ
qÒËÎÈÏËÎÔÈÑÈÒÞÑÈÒÆÕàËÏÔÈÒÄÍÞÏÕàÔÈÐÒÈÎÕÐÓÒÈÇÏÈÎ
ÊÏÄÙÈÏËË ± ËÏÔÈÒÄÍÕ iÄÎÈÔËÆ ÙÔÐ ÖÕϱØËà [ ´ WQ
ÏÈ ÎÈÏÃÈÔ ÊÏÄ±Ä ÏÄ ÑÒÐÎÈÉÕÔ±È ËÏÔÈÒËÒÐÆÄÏËà ÆÝÏÈÓÈÎ ÊÄ
ÊÏı ËÏÔÈÒÄÍÄ «ÓÒÈÇÏÈÈ ÊÏÄÙÈÏËȬ ÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇÏÐÌ I Q ÓÎ
ÓÍÈÇÓÔÆËÈËÊÔÈÐÒÈÎÝ ÆÑ
[ [
I ξ (Q )
∫ I QW[´WQ GW ∫ [´WQ GW
UQ[
Q [ Q [
[
I ( Q )ξ ([ µ W )Q I ( Q )ξ
´
[´[Q
Q Q [ ( Q )
ÇÈξÍÈÉËÔÏÄËÏÔÈÒÆÄÍÈÓ±ÐÏØÄÎËÆÔÐÙ±Ä×[Ë[vÐÒÎÕÍÄ
ÇбÄÊÄÏÄ
gÓÍËÉÈÑÒËÎÈÏËÔÞËÏÔÈÒÄÍÞÏÕàÔÈÐÒÈÎÕÐÓÒÈÇÏÈαËÏ
ÔÈÒÄÍÕÆÝÏÐÓÃÊÄÊÏıËÏÔÈÒÄÍÄ«ÓÒÈÇÏÈÈÊÏÄÙÈÏËȬ
ÆÓÈÌÑÐÇÝÏÔÈÒÄÍÞÏÐÌÖÕϱØËËÓÎÑ ÔÐÑÐÍÕÙËÎ
[
I ξ (Q )
∫ I QW[´WQ GW [´ξQ[´[
UQ[
Q [ Q
ÇÈ ξ ±Ä± Ë ÆÝÚÈ ÍÈÉËÔ ÏÄ ËÏÔÈÒÆÄÍÈ Ó ±ÐÏØÄÎË Æ ÔÐÙ±Ä×
[ Ë [Ô È
ξ [θ[´[ θ
pÔÓàÇÄ[´ξ [´[´θ[´[ [´[´θqÐÇÓÔÄÆËÆßÔÐ
ÆÝÒÄÉÈÏËÈÆÑÐÍÕÙËÎÖÐÒÎÕÍÕ
qÒËÆÈÇÈÎ ÇÐÓÔÄÔÐÙÏÐÈ ÕÓÍÐÆËÈ ÒÄÊÍÐÉËÎÐÓÔË ÖÕϱØËË Æ
ÓÔÈÑÈÏÏÐÌÒÃÇ
´ § ° ² § ® ¢ qÖÔÕß ×ÖвÙÌÄ I ÆÉÔ²ÑÐÉÚÐÑ ÈÌ××ÉÓÉÐÙÌÓÖ
ÉÏÅÌÇÔÉÉÉÒÓÑÌËÇÑÈÐÞÉÑÓÅÐÌÚÉÐÞÇÔÑÇѲÖÒÐÑÔÕÌÐÅÌÐ
ÕÉÓÇÅÎÉ[´K[KÕ ÉÔÖÜÉÔÕÇÖÉÕÕŲÅÄÒÑÔÕÑÄÐÐÅÄ
0!ÚÕÑ ÈÎÄ ÇÔÉØ [∈[´K[KÌ ÇÔÉØ Q
ÇÞÒÑÎÐÄÉÕÔÄÐÉÓÅÇÉÐÔÕÇÑ
_I Q[_P0
tÑÈÅÐÅÌÐÕÉÓÇÅÎÉ[´K[K×ÖвÙÌÄIÓÅÔ²ÎÅÈÞÇÅÉÕ
ÔÄÇÓÄÈtÉÍÎÑÓÅ
I ( Q )[
[´[Q_[´[_K
I[ ∑
QQ
¦ Ð Ì Â É Â Ô Ç Í Þ Ó Ô Ä Ð qÒÈÉÇÈÆÓÈÐÊÄÎÈÔËÎÙÔбıÐÆÐÅÝ
ÏËÅÝÍÐÙËÓÍÐD
Q
OLP D
Q → Q
ÓÎÑÒËÎÈÒ ÆÑ ÆÑÒÐÙÈÎßÔÐÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐÓÍÈÇÕÈÔËÏÈÑÐ
Q
ÓÒÈÇÓÔÆÈÏÏÐ ËÊ ÔÐÐ ÙÔÐ ÆÝÒÄÉÈÏËÈ D µ ÐÅÛËÌ ÙÍÈÏ Ó×ÐÇÃ
Q
DQ
ÛÈÐÓÃÒÃÇÄ ∑ ÓÎ
Q Q
fÍÃÔÐÐÙÔÐÅÝÇбÄÊÄÔÞÖÐÒÎÕÍÕÇÐÓÔÄÔÐÙÏÐÕÅÈ
ÇËÔÞÓÃÓÎÙÔÐ
OLP UQ[
Q→
ÇÈ UQ[ µ ÐÓÔÄÔÐÙÏÝÌ ÙÍÈÏ Æ ÖÐÒÎÕÍÈ tÈÌÍÐÒÄ ÖÕϱØËË I
dÐÊÞÎÈÎUQ[ÆÖÐÒÎÈmÄÒÄÏÉÄÓÎjÊÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÄ
ÓÍÈÇÕÈÔÙÔÐ
(Q ) ξ [ µ [ Q
_UQ[_ I
[´[Q P0
( Q ) ( Q )
ÇÈ_ξ´[__[´[_KËÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐξ ∈ [ ´ K[KoÄ
ÐÓÏÐÆÄÏËËÑÒËD _[´[_ËÎÈÈÎ
[ µ [ Q
OLP
Q → ( Q )
ÑÐßÔÐÎÕÑÒË_[´[_KÆÝÑÐÍÏÃÈÔÓÃÕÓÍÐÆËÈ
uqrbhogojgiÄÎÈÏËÎÆÔÈÐÒÈÎÈ ÕÓÍÐÆËÈÐÒÄÏËÙÈÏÏÐÓÔËÑÒÐËÊ
ÆÐÇÏÝ×I Q[Q ÏÄËÏÔÈÒÆÄÍÈ[´K[KÕÓÍÐÆËÈÎË×ÐÒÄ
ÏËÙÈÏÏÐÓÔË ÔÐÍÞ±Ð Æ ÔÐÙ±È [ Ô È ÑÕÓÔÞ ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔ ÔıÐÈ 0 ! ÙÔÐ
ÇÍÃÆÓÈ×QÆÝÑÐÍÏÃÈÔÓÃÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐ_I Q[_P0tÐÇÄÐÙÈÆËÇÏÐÒÃÇ
Ó×ÐÇËÔÓÃËÑÒËÔÐÎÄÅÓÐÍàÔÏÐÏÄÆÓÈÌÇÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÐÌÐÓËÔı
0 ( [ µ [ )Q ( [ µ [ ) Q
Q
I [[´[Q P
±Ä±
Q Q
ÄÒÃÇ ∑
Q Q
Ó×ÐÇËÔÓÃÑÒËÆÓÈ×[
²ÂÉÍÐÈÇÏÊÇßÍÇÎÇÏÔÂÒÏÝ×ÖÕÏÌØÊË
ÄÒáÆ´ÇËÍÐÒÂ
qÒÈÉÇÈ ÆÓÈÐ ÏÄÌÇÈÎ ÒÄÊÍÐÉÈÏËÈ Æ ÒÃÇ ÏȱÐÔÐÒÝ× ÐÓÏÐÆÏÝ×
ßÍÈÎÈÏÔÄÒÏÝ×ÖÕϱØËÌ
r Ä Ê Í Ð É È Ï Ë ÈÆÒ Ã ÇÖ Õ Ï ± Ø Ë ËI[ H[tı±Ä±
I Q[ H[ ÔÐ ÇÍà ÍàÅÐÐ Ö˱ÓËÒÐÆÄÏÏÐÐ K ! ÑÒË ÆÓÈ×
[∈´KKËÆÓÈ×Q
I Q[HK
tıËÎÐÅÒÄÊÐÎÕÓÍÐÆËÃÔÈÐÒÈÎÝ ÆÝÑÐÍÏÈÏÝ[ ÑÐ
ßÔÐÎÕ ÖÕϱØËà H[ ÒÄÓ±ÍÄÇÝÆÄÈÔÓÃ Æ ÒÃÇ tÈÌÍÐÒÄ ÏÄ
ÍàÅÐαÐÏÈÙÏÐÎËÏÔÈÒÆÄÍÈÄÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐËÏÄÆÓÈÌÇÈÌÓÔ
ÆËÔÈÍÞÏÐÌÐÓËtı±Ä±ÆÇÄÏÏÐÎÓÍÕÙÄÈI Q ÔÐÓÐÍÄÓ
ÏÐÖÐÒÎÕÍÈÒÄÊÍÐÉÈÏËÈH[ËÎÈÈÔÆËÇ
Q
H[ ∑ [
Q Q
Q
oÄÑÐÎÏËÎÙÔÐÆÑ ÅÝÍÐÕÓÔÄÏÐÆÍÈÏÐÙÔÐÒÃÇ ∑ ]
Q Q
ÄÅÓÐÍàÔÏÐ Ó×ÐÇËÔÓà ÏÄ ÆÓÈÌ ±ÐÎÑÍȱÓÏÐÌ ÑÍÐÓ±ÐÓÔË tÈÑÈÒÞ
ÑбÄÊÄÏÐ ÙÔÐ ÇÍà ÇÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÝ× ] [ ÈÐ ÓÕÎÎÄ ÒÄÆÏÄ H[
dÓÍÕÙÄÈÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÈÏÏбÐÎÑÍȱÓÏÝ×]ÈÐÓÕÎÎÕÑÐÄÏÄÍÐËË
ÐÅÐÊÏÄÙÄàÔH]ÔıËÎÐÅÒÄÊÐÎÖÐÒÎÕÍÄ
Q
H] ∑ ]
Q Q
ÇÍñÐÎÑÍȱÓÏÝ×]ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËÈÎÖÕϱØËËH]
fÄÏÏÐÈÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËÈÈÓÔÈÓÔÆÈÏÏÐÆÐÑÈÒÆÝ×ÑÐÔÐÎÕÙÔÐÆ
ÓÍÕÙÄÈÇÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÐÐ] [ßÔÄÖÕϱØËÃÓÐÆÑÄÇÄÈÔÓÑбÄÊÄ
ÔÈÍÞÏÐÌÖÕϱØËÈÌH[ÄÆÐÆÔÐÒÝ×ÖÕϱØËÃH]ÓÐ×ÒÄÏÃÈÔÒÃÇ
×ÄÒıÔÈÒÏÝ×ÓÆÐÌÓÔÆÖÕϱØËËH[qбÄÉÈÎÏÄÑÒËÎÈÒÙÔÐ
] ] ] ]
H H H
ÇÍÃÍàÅÝ×±ÐÎÑÍȱÓÏÝ×]Ë]
rÃÇÄÅÓÐÍàÔÏÐÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃÑÐßÔÐÎÕÒÃÇÝ
] ]Q ] ]P
H ∑
H ∑
Q Q P P
( ] ] ) Q P ] ]
∑ H
QP ( Q P )
r Ä Ê Í Ð É È Ï Ë ÈÆÒ Ã ÇVK [ËFK [iÄÎÈÏËÆÆÖÐÒÎÕÍÈ
[ÏÄ´[ßÔÐÐÊÏÄÙÄÈÔÑÒÐÓÔÐËÊÎÈÏÈÏËÈÐÅÐÊÏÄÙÈÏËÃ
ÑÐÍÕÙÄÈÎ
( ± ) Q [Q
H ´[ ∑
Q Q
s±ÍÄÇÝÆÄÃËÆÝÙËÔÄÃÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÄËÄÊÄÔÈÎÒÄÊ
ÇÈÍËÆË×ÏÄÇÆÄÑÐÍÕÙËÎ
H [ ±[ N
FK [ H [
∑
N ( N )
[ ±[ N
VK [ H
µH [
∑
N ( N )
dÓËÍÕÈÇËÏÓÔÆÈÏÏÐÓÔËÒÄÊÍÐÉÈÏËÃÖÕϱØËÌÆÓÔÈÑÈÏÏÝÈÒÃ
ÇÝ ÑÒÄÆÝÈ ÙÄÓÔË ßÔË× ÖÐÒÎÕÍ ÃÆÍÃàÔÓà ÒÃÇÄÎË tÈÌÍÐÒÄ
ÖÕϱØËÌFK [ËVK [
vÕϱØËà H[ ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏÄ ÔÈÑÈÒÞ ÇÍà ÆÓÈ× ±ÐÎÑÍȱÓÏÝ× ]
ÑÐßÔÐÎÕ ÏÄ ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÈÏÏÐ ±ÐÎÑÍȱÓÏÝÈ ÊÏÄÙÈÏËà ÄÒÕÎÈÏÔÄ
ÎÐÉÏÐ ÒÄÓÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏËÔÞ Ë ËÑÈÒÅÐÍËÙÈÓ±ËÈ ÖÕϱØËË FK [ Ë
VK [ÑÐÍÐÉËÆ
GHI H ] H ±] GHI H ] H ±]
FK ] VK ] ]∈&
pÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏÏÝÈÔıËÎÐÅÒÄÊÐÎFK ]ËVK ]ÇÍñÐÎÑÍȱÓÏÝ×
]ÒÄÓ±ÍÄÇÝÆÄàÔÓÃÆÓÔÈÑÈÏÏÝÈÒÃÇÝËÓ×ÐÇÃ
ÛËÈÓÃÏÄÆÓÈ̱ÐÎÑÍȱÓÏÐÌÑÍÐÓ±ÐÓÔËÑÐÇ[ÆÏË×ÆßÔÐÎÓÍÕ
ÙÄÈÑÐÏËÎÄÈÔÓñÐÎÑÍȱÓÏÐÈÙËÓÍÐ
r Ä Ê Í Ð É È Ï Ë È Æ Ò Ã Ç VLQ [ Ë FRV [ v Ð Ò Î Õ Í Ý
Ì Í È Ò Ä gÓÍË I[ VLQ [ ÔÐ I Q[ VLQ [ Q π ÓÎ
ÑÒËÎÈÒ Ñ ÑÐßÔÐÎÕ _I Q[_ P ÇÍà ÆÓÈ× ÇÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞ
ÏÝ×[sÐÍÄÓÏÐÔÈÐÒÈÎÈ ÐÔÓàÇÄÓÍÈÇÕÈÔÙÔÐÖÕϱØËÃVLQ [
ÒÄÓ±ÍÄÇÝÆÄÈÔÓÃÆÓÔÈÑÈÏÏÐÌÒÃÇÏÄÆÓÈÌÇÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÐÌÐÓË
dÓÑÐÎËÏÄÃ ÖÐÒÎÕÍÕ tÈÌÍÐÒÄ ÇÍÃ ÓËÏÕÓÄ ÓÎ Ñ ÑÐÍÕ
ÙÄÈÎÒÃÇtÈÌÍÐÒÄÇÍÃVLQ [
( ± ) N [ N
VLQ [ ∑
N ( N )
dÓËÍÕÔÈÐÒÈÎÝbÅÈÍÃÓÎÑ ÒÃÇÝÆÑÒÄÆÝ×ÙÄÓÔÃ×
ÖÐÒÎÕÍ Ë Ó×ÐÇÃÔÓà ÔıÉÈ Ë ÑÒË ÍàÅÐÎ ±ÐÎÑ
ÍȱÓÏÐÎ[ßÔÐÑÐÊÆÐÍÃÈÔÇÄÔÞÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËÈÓËÏÕÓÄ˱ÐÓËÏÕÓÄ
ÇÍà ±ÐÎÑÍȱÓÏÝ× ÊÏÄÙÈÏËÌ ÄÒÕÎÈÏÔÄ ÑÐÍÐÉËÆ ÇÍà ÍàÅÐÐ
±ÐÎÑÍȱÓÏÐÐ]
GHI ( ± ) N [ N
VLQ ] ∑
N ( N )
GHI ( ± ) N [ N
FRV ] ∑
N ( N )
d±ÐÎÑÍȱÓÏÐÌÐÅÍÄÓÔËÍȱÐÕÓÔÄÏÐÆËÔÞÓÆÃÊÞÎÈÉÇÕÑÐ
±ÄÊÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÌËÔÒËÐÏÐÎÈÔÒËÙÈÓ±ËÎËÖÕϱØËÃÎËiÄÎÈÏËÆ]Æ
ÒÃÇÈÓÏÄÙÄÍÄÏÄL]ÄÊÄÔÈÎÏÄ´L]ÑÐÍÕÙËÎ
H ´L] ∑ (
± ) Q L Q ]Q
Q]Q
HL] ∑ L
Q Q Q Q
dÓËÍÕÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆLN ´NN ËÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐ
LN
´NLN ËÊËÎÈÈÎ
H L] H ±L] ( ± ) N ] N H L] µ H ±L] ( ± ) N ] N
∑ ∑
N ( N ) L N ( N )
qÐÍÐÉËÆ] ´ËÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐϕ πÑÐÍÕÙËÎ
H Lπ ´
ÔÄÖÐÒÎÕÍÄÑбÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÙÔÐÙËÓÍÄ´HπËLÓÆÃÊÄÏÝÎÈÉÇÕ
ÓÐÅÐÌ
oÄÑÐÎÏËÎÙÔÐÙËÓÍÄ´πHËLÅÝÍËÐÔ±ÒÝÔÝÎÄÔÈÎÄÔ˱Ä
ÎË ÑÒË ËÊÕÙÈÏËËÆÈÓÞÎÄÇÄÍȱË×ÇÒÕÐÔÇÒÕÄ ÊÄÇÄÙÙËÓÍд
ÅÝÍÐÆÆÈÇÈÏÐÇÍÃÔÐÐÙÔÐÅÝÐÑÈÒÄØËÃÆÝÙËÔÄÏËÃËÎÈÍÄÓÎÝÓÍ
ÇÍÃÍàÅÝ×ÏÄÔÕÒÄÍÞÏÝ×ÙËÓÈͱÒÐÎÈÔÐÐÆÆÈÇÈÏËÈÐÔÒËØÄÔÈÍÞ
ÏÝ× ÙËÓÈÍ Ð±ÄÊÄÍÐÓÞ ÕÇÐÅÏÝÎ ÑÒË ÓÒÄÆÏÈÏËË ÔÈÎÑÈÒÄÔÕÒ ÔÈÍ Ó
ÔÈÎÑÈÒÄÔÕÒÐÌÊÄÎÈÒÊÄÏËÃÆÐÇÝÑÒËËÊÎÈÒÈÏËËÆÝÓÐÔËÏËÊËÏÏÄ
iÈÎÍÈÐÔÏÐÓËÔÈÍÞÏÐÕÒÐÆÏÃÎÐÒÃËÔ ÑÙËÓÍÐπÏÄÌÇÈÏбıÐÔ
ÏÐÚÈÏËÈÇÍËÏÝбÒÕÉÏÐÓÔ˱ÈÈÇËÄÎÈÔÒÕH µ±Ä±ÔıÐÈÐÓÏÐ
ÆÄÏËÈÑбÄÊÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÌÖÕϱØËËÑÒ˱ÐÔÐÒÐÎÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇÏÄÃÖÕϱ
ØËÃÓÐÆÑÄÇÄÈÔÓÓÄÎÐÌÖÕϱØËÈÌÄÎÏËÎÄÃÈÇËÏËØÄLÆÆÈÇÈÏÄÇÍÃ
ÔÐÐÙÔÐÅݱÄÉÇÐȱÆÄÇÒÄÔÏÐÈÕÒÄÆÏÈÏËÈËÎÈÍÐÒÈÚÈÏËÈ
sÑÐÎÐÛÞàÖÐÒÎÕÍÌÍÈÒÄÍȱÐÏÄ×ÐÇÃÔÓÃÎÐÇÕÍÞËÄÒÕ
ÎÈÏÔÙËÓÍÄH]ÇÈ] [L\fÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÎ
H ] H [L\ H [HL\ H[FRV \L VLQ \
Ô È_H ] _ H [$UJ H ] \
sËÏÕÓ Ë ±ÐÓËÏÕÓ Æ ±ÐÎÑÍȱÓÏÐÌ ÐÅÍÄÓÔË ÐÅÍÄÇÄàÔ ÎÏÐË
ÎË ÐÇÏıРÇÄÍȱРÏÈ ÆÓÈÎË ÓÆÐÌÓÔÆÄÎË ±ÐÔÐÒÝÎË ÐÏË ÐÅÍÄ
ÇÄàÔËÆÇÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÐÌÐÅÍÄÓÔËqÐÃÆÍÃàÔÓÃËÏÐÆÝÈÓÆÐÌ
ÓÔÆÄÏÈËÎÈàÛËÈÄÏÄÍÐÐÆÆÇÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÐÌÐÅÍÄÓÔË
uqrbhogoj fбÄÊÄÔÞÙÔÐÑÒËÍàÅÐαÐÎÑÍȱÓÏÐÎ]
VLQ ´] ´VLQ ] FRV ´] FRV ]
VLQ ]FRV ]
VLQ ]π VLQ ] FRV ]π FRV ]
fÍÃÆÓÈ×]∈&ÓÑÒÄÆÈÇÍËÆÐÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐH]
GHI VLQ ]
qÕÓÔÞWJ ] fбÄÊÄÔÞÙÔÐÇÍÃÆÓÈ×]∈&ÆÝÑÐÍÏÃÈÔÓÃÏÈÒÄÆÈÏ
FRV ]
ÓÔÆÐWJ ] ¥L
u ± Ä Ê Ä Ï Ë ÈdÝÒÄÊËÔÞWJ ]ÙÈÒÈÊÑбÄÊÄÔÈÍÞÏÕàÖÕϱØËàH ]
iÄÎÈÏËÎÆÒÃÇÄ×Ë]ÏÄL]
]
N ] N
VLQ L] L ∑
FRV L] ∑
N ( N ) N ( N )
gÓÍËÖÕϱØËÃIÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏÄÏÄÏȱÐÔÐÒÐÎÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÈÙËÓÈÍÆÐÐÅÛÈ
ÐÆÐÒñÐÎÑÍȱÓÏÝ×;ÔÐÙËÓÍÐ7∈&ÏÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÓÃÈÈÒÉÓÌÑÈÑÏÈÓÍËÇÍÃ
±ÄÉÇÐÐ[∈;ËÎÈÈÎ[7∈;ËI[7 I[vÕϱØËÃËÎÈàÛÄÃÑÈÒË
ÐÇÏÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÓÃÒÉÓÌÑÈÌÚÉÔ²ÑÍ
iÄÑËÚÈÎ ÐÓÔÄÔÐÙÏÝÌ ÙÍÈÏ UQ[ Æ ÖÐÒÎÈ mÄÒÄÏÉÄ iÄÎÈ
ÔËÆÙÔÐ
Q
>OQ [@Q ´Q
( [ )Q
ÑÐÍÕÙËÎ
[Q
UQ[ ´Q
θ
( Q ) ( θ[ ) Q
gÓÍËP[PÔÐ
PËÑÐßÔÐÎÕ_UQ[_ ÐÔ±ÕÇÄ
θ[ Q
OLP UQ[
Q→
gÓÍËÉÈ´[ÔÐØÈÍÈÓÐÐÅÒÄÊÏÐÊÄÑËÓÄÔÞÐÓÔÄÔÐÙÏÝÌ
ÙÍÈÏUQ[ÆÖÐÒÎÈlÐÚË
( µ θ) Q
UQ[ ´Q
[Q
( θ[ )
Q
dßÔÐÎÓÍÕÙÄÈ
µθ µθ
θ[ µθ[
µθ
Ôı±Ä±ÆÙËÓÍËÔÈÍÈÇÒÐÅË ËÊÈÇËÏËØÝÆÝÙËÔÄÈÔÓÃÙËÓ
µθ[
ÍÐÅÐÍÞÚÈÈÙÈÎÆÊÏÄÎÈÏÄÔÈÍȱÒÐÎÈÔÐÐ
θ[ µθ[ µ [
ÑÐßÔÐÎÕ
[ Q
µ θ
_UQ[_P
Q
_[_QP
θ[ µ [
θ[
ÐÔ±ÕÇÄÑÒË´[ÔıÉÈÑÐÍÕÙÄÈÎ
tıËÎÐÅÒÄÊÐÎÇÍÃÍàÅÐÌÔÐÙ±Ë[ÑÐÍÕËÏÔÈÒÆÄÍÄ´@
ËÎÈÈÔÎÈÓÔÐÒÄÊÍÐÉÈÏËÈ
Q
OQ [ ∑ ´Q [
Q Q
qÒË[ ´ÒÃÇÆÑÒÄÆÐÌÙÄÓÔËÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÄÐÔÍËÙÄÈÔÓÃ
ÐÔÄÒÎÐÏËÙÈÓ±ÐÐÒÃÇÄÍËÚÞÎÏÐÉËÔÈÍÈδËÑÐßÔÐÎÕÒÄÓ×Ð
ÇËÔÓÃrÄÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃÐÏÔıÉÈËÑÒËÆÓÈ×[ÔıË×ÙÔÐ_[_!Ôı
±Ä±ÆßÔÐÎÓÍÕÙÄÈQÌÙÍÈÏÒÃÇÄÏÈÓÔÒÈÎËÔÓñÏÕÍàÅÐ
ÍÈÈÔÐÐÓÎÑ
Q
OLP [ Q→ Q
rÄÓÓÎÐÔÒËÎ ÓÐÐÔÆÈÔÓÔÆÕàÛËÌ ÒÃÇ ÏÄÊÝÆÄÈÎÝÌ ÅËÏÐÎË
ÄÍÞÏÝÎÒÃÇÐÎÓÑбÄÊÄÔÈÍÈÎα
∑ α ( α ) ( α µ Q )
[Q
Q Q
gÓÍËα µÏÈÐÔÒËØÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÈØÈÍÐÈÔÐÒÃÇÓÐÇÈÒÉËÔ±Ð
ÏÈÙÏÐÈ ÙËÓÍÐ ÙÍÈÏÐÆ ÐÔÍËÙÏÝ× ÐÔ ÏÕÍÃ Ë ÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐ
Ó×ÐÇËÔÓÃÑÒËÆÓÈ×[
rÄÓÓÎÐÔÒËÎÔÈÑÈÒÞÓÍÕÙÄ̱ÐÇÄαÏÈÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃÏÈÐÔÒËØÄ
ÔÈÍÞÏÝÎØÈÍÝÎdßÔÐÎÓÍÕÙÄÈÆÒÃÇÈÆÓÈÙÍÈÏÝÐÔÍËÙ
ÏÝÐÔÏÕÍÃÑÒË[
fÍÃËÓÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÏËÃÄÅÓÐÍàÔÏÐÌÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔËÒÃÇÄËÓ
ÑÐÍÞÊÕÈÎ ÑÒËÊÏı fÄÍÄÎÅÈÒÄ jÏÄÙÈ ÐÆÐÒà ÑÒËÎÈÏËÎ ÑÒË
ÊÏıfÄÍÄÎÅÈÒıÒÃÇÕÓQÎÙÍÈÏÐÎ
XQ α ( α ) ( α µ Q )
[ Q
Q
XQ αµQ
[ _[_ÑÐÍÕÙÄÈÎÙÔÐÒÃÇ
iÄÎÈÙÄÃÙÔÐ OLP OLP
Q → XQ Q→ Q
ÄÅÓÐÍàÔÏÐ Ä ÊÏÄÙËÔ Ë ÑÒÐÓÔÐ Ó×ÐÇËÔÓà ÑÒË _[_ Ë
ÒÄÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃÑÒË_[_!
pÇÏıРËÊ ÐÇÏÐÐ ÍËÚÞ ÖıÔÄ Ó×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔË ÅËÏÐÎËÄÍÞÏÐÐ
ÒÃÇÄÑÒË_[_ÏÈÍÞÊÃÈÛÈÓÇÈÍÄÔÞÊıÍàÙÈÏËÈÐÔÐÎ
ÙÔÐ ÈÐ ÓÕÎÎÄ ÒÄÆÏÄ [α fÍà ßÔÐÐ ÏÄÇÐ ÇбÄÊÄÔÞ ÙÔÐ Æ
ÖÐÒÎÕÍÈUQ[{ÑÒËQ{Ë_[_
iÄÎÈÙÄÃÙÔÐ
[αQ αα´α´Q[α´Q´
ÊÄÑËÚÈÎÐÓÔÄÔÐÙÏÝÌÙÍÈÏUQ[ÖÐÒÎÕÍÝÆÖÐÒÎÈlÐÚË
UQ[ α ( α µ ) ( α µ Q ) ( θ[ ) αµQµ
´θQ[Q θ
Q
θÊÄÆËÓËÔÐÔ[ËÐÔQqÐÍÐÉËÎ
α µ ) [ ( α µ ) µ ( Q µ ) ] Q
$Q[ ( [
Q
µθ Q
%Q[ α[θ[α´&Q[
θ[
ÔÐÇÄ
UQ[ $Q[%Q[&Q[
pÙÈÆËÇÏÐ$Q[ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃÐÅÛËÎÙÍÈÏÐÎÅËÏÐÎËÄÍÞÏÐÐÒÃ
ÇÄÓÑбÄÊÄÔÈÍÈÎα´ËÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÆÓËÍÕÇбÄÊÄÏÏÐÌÆÝ
ÚÈÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔËÅËÏÐÎËÄÍÞÏÐÐÒÃÇÄÑÒË_[_
OLP $Q[ _[_
Q→
fÄÍÈÈËÊÔÐÐÙÔд_[_θ[_[_ÓÍÈÇÕÈÔÙÔÐÊÏÄÙÈ
ÏËÃ_%Q[_ÊıÍàÙÈÏÝÎÈÉÇÕÆÈÍËÙËÏÄÎË
_α[_´_[_α´ Ë _α[__[_α´
ÏÈÊÄÆËÓÃÛËÎËÐÔθÔ ÈÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞ^%Q[`ÑÒËÖ˱
ÓËÒÐÆÄÏÏÐÎ[∈´ÐÒÄÏËÙÈÏÄoıÐÏÈØ
µθ
µ θ P
Q
_&Q[_
θ[ µθ[
jÊÕÓÔÄÏÐÆÍÈÏÏÝ×ÓÆÐÌÓÔÆ$Q[%Q[Ë&Q[ÓÍÈÇÕÈÔÙÔÐ
OLP UQ[ _[_
Q→
tıËÎÐÅÒÄÊÐÎÇÍÃÍàÅÐÐ[∈´ÓÑÒÄÆÈÇÍËÆÐÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐ
tıËÎÐÅÒÄÊÐÎÆÓÈÊÏÄÙÈÏËÃ/Q ]] ÊÄÇÄàÔÓÃÖÐÒÎÕÍÐÌ
/Q ] OQ _]_ϕπQL Q ¥¥]
gÓÍËÊÏÄÙÈÏËÈÄÒÕÎÈÏÔÄϕÙËÓÍÄ] ÆÝÅËÒÄÔÞÆÓÈÇÄÏÄ
ÑÐÍÕËÏÔÈÒÆÄÍÈ´ππ@Ô ÈÓÙËÔÄÔÞÙÔÐϕ DUJ ]ÓÎÑ
ÔÐ ÊÏÄÙÈÏËÈ ÍÐÄÒËÖÎÄ /Q ] ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÃÈÔÓÃ ÐÇÏÐÊÏÄÙÏÐ pÇÏÐ
ÊÏÄÙÏÄÃÖÕϱØËÃÓÔÄÆÃÛÄÃÆÓÐÐÔÆÈÔÓÔÆËÈÙËÓÍÕ]Õ±ÄÊÄÏÏÐÈ
ÊÏÄÙÈÏËÈ/Q ]ÐÅÐÊÏÄÙÄÈÔÓÃOQ ]ËÏÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÓÃÎÅÇÐÑÍÇÉÕÇßá
ÎÑÅÓÌ×ÏÅjÔıÈÓÍË] Ë
] U FRV ϕL VLQ ϕ ´πϕPπ
ÔÐ
OQ ] OQ ULϕ
pÔÓàÇÄÓÍÈÇÕÈÔÙÔÐÈÓÍË] [L\Ë´π\PπÔÐ
OQ H ] ]
gÓÍË ] UFRV ϕ L VLQ ϕ ´ π ϕ P π ] UFRV ϕ
LVLQ ϕ´ π ϕP π ÔÐ
]
OQ ]] OQ ]OQ ]OQ OQ ]´OQ ]
]
ÔË ÖÐÒÎÕÍÝ ÏÈÑÐÓÒÈÇÓÔÆÈÏÏÐ ÆÝÔȱÄàÔ ËÊ ÖÐÒÎÕÍÝ
Ë ÑÒÄÆËÍ ÕÎÏÐÉÈÏËÃ Ë ÇÈÍÈÏËà ±ÐÎÑÍȱÓÏÝ× ÙËÓÈÍ
oÄÑÒËÎÈÒÇÍÃÑÈÒÆÐÌÖÐÒÎÕÍÝËÎÈÈÎ
´πDUJ ]DUJ ] DUJ ]]Pπ
ÑÐßÔÐÎÕ
OQ ]] OQ _]]_L DUJ ]] OQ _]_OQ _]_LDUJ ]DUJ ]
OQ _]_L DUJ ]OQ _]_L DUJ ] OQ ]OQ ]
gÓÍË_]´_P] ÔÐÎÐÉÏÐÑбÄÊÄÔÞÙÔÐÖÕϱØËÃOQ ]
ÒÄÓ±ÍÄÇÝÆÄÈÔÓÃÆÒÃÇÑÐÓÔÈÑÈÏÃÎ]´
(] µ ) Q
OQ ] ∑ ´Q´
_]´_P ]
Q Q
iÄÎÈÏËÆÆßÔÐÎÒÄÊÍÐÉÈÏËË]ÏÄ]ÑÐÍÕÙËÎÒÄÆÏÐÓËÍÞÏÕà
ÖÐÒÎÕÍÕ
]Q
OQ ] ∑ ´Q´ _]_P ] ´
Q Q
gÓÔÈÓÔÆÈÏÏÝÌÆÝÆÐÇßÔÐÌÖÐÒÎÕÍÝÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇËÔÓÃÓÑÐÎÐÛÞà
ÎÈÔÐÇÐƱÐÎÑÍȱÓÏÐÐÄÏÄÍËÊÄËÊÍÐÉÈÏËȱÐÔÐÒÝ×ÆÝ×ÐÇËÔÊÄ
ÒÄαËÇÄÏÏÐ̱ÏËËdÑÒÐÙÈÎÈÈÎÐÉÏÐÑÐÍÕÙËÔÞËÎÈÔÐÇÄÎË
ÒÄÓÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄÈÎÝÎËÆÏÄÚÈαÕÒÓÈÔÐÅÕÇÈÔÓÇÈÍÄÏÐÆÑ
iÏÄà ÇÍà ±ÐÎÑÍȱÓÏÐÐ ÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÐÐ ] ÖÕϱØËË H] Ë /Q ]
ÎÐÉÏÐ ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍËÔÞ ÓÔÈÑÈÏÞ Z] ±ÐÎÑÍȱÓÏÐÐ ÙËÓÍÄ Z Ó ±ÐÎÑ
ÍȱÓÏÝÎÑбÄÊÄÔÈÍÈÎ]ÑÐÖÐÒÎÕÍÈ
GHI
Z] H]/Q Z
d ÓËÍÕ ÎÏÐÐÊÏÄÙÏÐÓÔË ÍÐÄÒËÖÎÄ ÓÔÈÑÈÏÞ Z] ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃ
ÎÏÐÐÊÏÄÙÏÐÌÖÕϱØËÈÌÐÔ]
uqrbhogojg fбÄÊÄÔÞ ÙÔÐ ÆÓÈ ÊÏÄÙÈÏËà L L ÃÆÍÃàÔÓà ÇÈÌÓÔÆË
ÔÈÍÞÏÝÎËÙËÓÍÄÎË
®ÇÔÐÆÝÒÂÉÍÐÈÇÏÊáÖÕÏÌØÊËÄÓÔÇÑÇÏÏÝÇÒáÆÝ
fËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÕÃËÍËËÏÔÈÒËÒÕÃËÊÆÈÓÔÏÝÈÒÄÊÍÐÉÈÏËÃÆÒÃÇ
tÈÌÍÐÒÄ ÎÐÉÏÐ ÑÐÍÕÙÄÔÞ ÒÄÊÍÐÉÈÏËà ÏÐÆÝ× ÖÕϱØËÌ Æ ÓÔÈ
ÑÈÏÏÝÈÒÃÇÝtıÏÄÑÒËÎÈÒËÏÔÈÒËÒÕÃÖÐÒÎÕÍÕÈÐÎÈÔÒË
ÙÈÓ±ÐÌÑÒÐÒÈÓÓËË
´WW´´QWQ
W
ÆÑÒÈÇÈÍÄ×ÐÔÇÐ[_[_ÙÔÐÊıÐÏÏÐÔı±Ä±ÒÃÇÆÑÒÄÆÐÌ
ÙÄÓÔË ßÔÐÐ ÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÄ ÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐ Ó×ÐÇËÔÓÃÏÄ ÐÔÒÈʱÈÓ ±ÐÏ
ØÄÎËÆÔÐÙ±Ä×Ë[ÑÒË_[_ÑÐÍÕÙËÎËÊÆÈÓÔÏÕàÕÉÈÖÐÒ
ÎÕÍÕ
[ Q
GW [ [ [
[´ ´´Q
OQ [ ∫
W Q
rÄÏÞÚÈßÔÄÖÐÒÎÕÍÄÅÝÍÄÇбÄÊÄÏÄÏÄÑÐÍÕËÏÔÈÒÆÄÍÈ´@
ÔÈÑÈÒÞ ÔÐÍޱРÇÍà ËÏÔÈÒÆÄÍÄ ´ pÇÏÄ±Ð Æ ÓËÍÕ ÆÔÐÒÐÌ
ÔÈÐÒÈÎÝbÅÈÍÃÐÓÔÈÑÈÏÏÝ×ÒÃÇÄ×Ñ ËÊÓÑÒÄÆÈÇÍËÆÐÓ
ÔËÖÐÒÎÕÍÝÏÄËÏÔÈÒÆÄÍÈ´ÓÒÄÊÕÓÍÈÇÕÈÔÈÈÓÑÒÄ
ÆÈÇÍËÆÐÓÔÞ Ë ÑÒË [ fÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÐ ÒÃÇ Æ ÑÒÄÆÐÌ ÙÄÓÔË
ßÔÐÌÖÐÒÎÕÍÝÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃÑÒË[ ËÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÈÐÓÕÎÎÄ
ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÄ Æ ßÔÐÌ ÔÐÙ±È ÓÎ ÔÈÐÒÈÎÕ Æ Ñ ÖÕϱØËÃ
OQ [ÔıÉÈÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÄÑÒË[ ÑÐßÔÐÎÕÆÐÅÈË×ÙÄÓÔÃ×
ÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÄ ÈÓÍË ËÊÆÈÓÔÏÐ ÙÔÐ ÐÏÐ ÓÑÒÄÆÈÇÍËÆÐ ÏÄ ËÏ
ÔÈÒÆÄÍÈ´ÎÐÉÏÐÑÈÒÈÌÔ˱ÑÒÈÇÈÍÕÑÒË[{´ËÔÈÎ
ÓÄÎÝÎÇбÄÊÄÔÞÈÐÓÑÒÄÆÈÇÍËÆÐÓÔÞËÑÒË[
( ± )Q
OQ ∑
Q Q
dÒÈÊÕÍÞÔÄÔÈÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÐÆÄÏËÃËÍËËÏÔÈÒËÒÐÆÄÏËÃÊÄ
ÇÄÏÏÐÐÓÔÈÑÈÏÏÐÐÒÃÇÄËÏÐÇÄÕÇÄÈÔÓÃÑÐÍÕÙËÔÞÒÃÇÓÕÎÎÄ
±ÐÔÐÒÐÐÕÉÈËÊÆÈÓÔÏÄßÔÐÑÐÊÆÐÍÃÈÔÆÝÙËÓÍËÔÞËÓÕÎÎÕËÓ
×ÐÇÏÐÐÓÔÈÑÈÏÏÐÐÒÃÇÄ
± Ò Ê Î Ç Ò Ý oÄÌÇÈÎ ÒÄÊÍÐÉÈÏËÈ ÖÕϱØËË DUFVLQ [ Æ
ÒÃÇiÄÎÈÔËÆÙÔÐ
DUFVLQ′
µ [
ÒÄÊÍÐÉËÎDUFVLQ[′ÆÒÃÇÑÐÖÐÒÎÕÍÈÒÄÊÍÐÉÈÏËÃÓÔÈÑÈÏËÅË
ÏÐÎÄÓÎÑ
( Q µ )
DUFVLQ [′ [Q
∑
µ [ Q Q Q
rÄÇËÕÓ Ó×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔË ÑÐÍÕÙËÆÚÈÐÓà ÒÃÇÄ ÒÄÆÈÏ ÈÇËÏËØÈ ÓÎ
ÔÄÎÉÈjÏÔÈÒËÒÕÃÒÃÇÐÔÇÐ_[_ÑÐÍÕÙËÎ
[
G[ ( Q µ ) [ Q
DUFVLQ [ ∫
[ ∑
µ[ Q ( Q ) Q
iÄÎÈÔËÎÙÔÐÑÐÍÕÙÈÏÏÝÌÒÃÇÑÒË[ ¥ÑÐÑÒËÊÏıÕmÈÌÅ
ÏËØÄ ÓÎ ÔÈÐÒÈÎÕ Ñ Ó×ÐÇËÔÓà ÑÐÓ±ÐÍÞ±Õ Ó×ÐÇËÔÓÃ
( ± ) Q
ÊÏıÐÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÝÌÒÃÇ ∑
Q Q
vÕϱØËÃDUFWJ [ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÄÑÒË[ ¥ÑÐßÔÐÎÕÓÐÍÄÓ
ÏÐÆÔÐÒÐÌÔÈÐÒÈÎÈbÅÈÍÃÇÍÃÓÔÈÑÈÏÏÝ×ÒÃÇÐÆÓÎÔÈÐÒÈÎÕ
Ñ ÓÕÎÎÄÒÃÇÄÃÆÍÃÃÓÞÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÌÖÕϱØËÈÌ
ÏÄÐÔÒÈʱÈ>´@ËÓÐÆÑÄÇÄÃÓDUFWJ [ÏÄËÏÔÈÒÆÄÍÈ´
ÓÐÆÑÄÇÄÈÔ Ó ÏËÎ Ë Æ ±ÐÏØÈÆÝ× ÔÐÙ±Ä× [ ¥ jÏÄÙÈ ÐÆÐÒÃ
ÒÄÊÍÐÉÈÏËÈ ÓÑÒÄÆÈÇÍËÆÐ ÇÍà ÐÔÒÈ汀 >´ @ dÊÃÆ Æ
ßÔÐÎÒÄÊÍÐÉÈÏËËÏÄÑÒËÎÈÒ[ ËÊÄÎÈÔËÆÙÔÐDUFWJ π
ÑÐÍÕÙËÎ
π ( ± ) Q
∑
Q Q
ÔÐÔÒÃÇÏÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÓÃÓÄÈÑÏmÉÍÆÐÌÙÅ
pÔÎÈÔËÎ ÙÔÐ ÄÒ±ÔÄÏÈÏÓ ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏ ÏÄ ÆÓÈÌ ÇÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞ
ÏÐÌ ÙËÓÍÐÆÐÌ ÐÓË Æ ÙÄÓÔÏÐÓÔË Ë ÆÏÈ ÐÔÒÈ汀 >´ @ pÇÏıÐ
ÈÐÒÄÊÍÐÉÈÏËÈÆÓÔÈÑÈÏÏÐÌÒÃÇÓÑÒÄÆÈÇÍËÆÐÔÐÍÞ±ÐÏÄ
ßÔÐÎÐÔÒÈʱÈdÏÈßÔÐÐÐÔÒÈʱÄÒÃÇÒÄÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃÆÙÈÎ
ÍȱÐÕÅÈÇËÔÞÓÃÏÄÌÇÃÈÐÒÄÇËÕÓÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔËÏÄÑÒËÎÈÒÑÐ
ÖÐÒÎÕÍÈ bÏÄÍËÊ ßÔÐÐ ÃÆÍÈÏËÃ ÑÒÐÆÐÇËÔÓÃ Æ ÔÈÐÒËË
ÖÕϱØË̱ÐÎÑÍȱÓÏÐÐÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÐÐ
oÄÌÇÈÎÓÕÎÎÕÒÃÇÄ
6[ ∑ Q[Q
Q
rÄÇËÕÓÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔËßÔÐÐÒÃÇÄÒÄÆÈÏÈÇËÏËØÈdßÔÐÎÍȱÐ
ÕÅÈÇËÔÞÓÃÏÄÑÒËÎÈÒÑÐÑÒËÊÏıÕfÄÍÄÎÅÈÒÄ
( Q )[ Q _[_
OLP
Q→ Q[
sÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐ ÒÃÇ ÄÅÓÐÍàÔÏÐ Ó×ÐÇËÔÓà ÑÒË _[_ Ë
ÒÄÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃÑÒË_[_!jÊÓÍÈÇÕÈÔÙÔÐ
6[
∑ Q[Q´ _[_
[ Q
qÒÐËÏÔÈÒËÒÕÈÎßÔÐÔÒÃÇÑÐÙÍÈÏÏÐÐÔÇÐ[_[_
[
6W [
∫ GW ∑ [Q
W Q µ [
ËÊÄÔÈÎÑÒÐÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÕÈÎÑÐÍÕÙËÆÚÈÈÓÃÔÐÉÇÈÓÔÆÐ
6[ G [
[ G[ µ [ ( µ [)
dÒÈÊÕÍÞÔÄÔÈÑÐÍÕÙÄÈÎ
[
6[
_[_
( µ [)
oÄÌÇÈÎÓÕÎÎÕÒÃÇÄ
Q
6[ ∑ [
Q Q
rÄÇËÕÓÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔËßÔÐÐÒÃÇÄÒÄÆÈÏÈÇËÏËØÈÆßÔÐÎÍȱÐ
ÕÅÈÇËÔÞÓÃ ÏÄÑÒËÎÈÒ ÔÈÎ ÉÈ ÓÑÐÓÐÅÐÎ ÙÔÐ Ë Æ ÓÍÕÙÄÈ ÒÃÇÄ
qÒÐÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÐÆÄÆÒÃÇÑÐÙÍÈÏÏÐ
[Q µ
6′[ ∑
Q Q
ËËÓÑÐÍÞÊÐÆÄÆÒÄÊÍÐÉÈÏËÈÍÐÄÒËÖÎÄÓÎÑ ÑÐÍÕÙËÎ
Q OQ ( µ [ )
[6′[ ∑ [
´OQ ´[ _[_ ËÍË 6′[ ´
Q Q [
qÒËÏËÎÄÃÆÐÆÏËÎÄÏËÈÙÔÐ6 бÐÏÙÄÔÈÍÞÏÐËÎÈÈÎ
[
OQ ( µ W )
6[ ´ ∫
GW
W
tıËÎÐÅÒÄÊÐÎÊÇÈÓÞÐÔÆÈÔÆÝÒÄÉÄÈÔÓÃÏÈÆßÍÈÎÈÏÔÄÒÏÝ×
ÖÕϱØËÃ×
uqrbhogoj rÄÊÍÐÉËÔÞÆÓÔÈÑÈÏÏÐÌÒÃÇÖÕϱØËàDUFVLQ [
oÄÌÔËÓÕÎÎÕÒÃÇÄ ∑ Q[Q
Q
qÒËÒÄÊÍÐÉÈÏËËÒÄØËÐÏÄÍÞÏÝ×ÖÕϱØËÌÆÒÃÇtÈÌÍÐÒÄ
ÕÇÐÅÏÐ ËÓÑÐÍÞÊÐÆÄÔÞ Ë× ÒÄÊÍÐÉÈÏËÈ ÏÄ ßÍÈÎÈÏÔÄÒÏÝÈ ÇÒÐÅË
ÓÎ Ñ qÐÃÓÏËÎ ßÔÐÔ ÎÈÔÐÇ ÏÄ ÑÒËÎÈÒÈ ÏÄÌÇÈÎ ÒÄÊÍÐ
ÉÈÏËÈÖÕϱØËË
]
I]
(] µ )(] µ )
Q
]
ÐÔÆÈÔÓÔÆÈÏÏÐÙÔÐ pÅÄßÔË×ÕÓÍÐÆËÃÆÝÑÐÍÏÃàÔÓñÐ
ÇÄÆÝÑÐÍÏÃÈÔÓÃÑÈÒÆÐÈtıËÎÐÅÒÄÊÐÎ
] ]Q
∑ ]Q´ ∑ Q ∑ ´ Q ]Q _]_
(] µ )(] µ ) Q Q Q
ÔÐËÈÓÔÞÒÄÊÍÐÉÈÏËÈÖÕϱØËËI]ÆÒÃÇtÈÌÍÐÒÄÆбÒÈÓÔÏÐÓ
ÔËÔÐÙ±Ë] ÑÒËÙÈÎÒÄÇËÕÓÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔËÑÐÍÕÙËÆÚÈÐÓÃÒÃÇÄ
ÒÄÆÈÏfÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÐÆÓËÍÕÇбÄÊÄÏÏÐÐÐÏÏÈÎÐÉÈÔÅÝÔÞ
ÎÈÏÞÚÈ ÑÐÍÕÙÈÏÏÝÌ ÓÔÈÑÈÏÏÐÌ ÒÃÇ Ó×ÐÇËÔÓà ÑÒË _]_ Ó
ÇÒÕÐÌÓÔÐÒÐÏÝÐÏÏÈÎÐÉÈÔÅÝÔÞËÅÐÍÞÚÈÔı±Ä±ÏÄÒÄÓ
ÓÔÐÃÏËËÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÇËÏËØÈÐÔÔÐÙ±Ë] ËÎÈÈÔÓÃÔÐÙ±Ä]
ÇÍñÐÔÐÒÐÌ OLP I[ ËÑÐßÔÐÎÕÒÄÊÍÐÉÈÏËÈÖÕϱØËËI]
] → ]
ÆÓÔÈÑÈÏÏÐÌÒÃÇÏÈÎÐÉÈÔÓ×ÐÇËÔÞÓÃÆÔÐÙ±È]
fÍà ÑÐÍÕÙÈÏËà ÒÃÇÄ tÈÌÍÐÒÄ ÖÕϱØËË I] Æ Ð±ÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔË
ÔÐÙ±Ë] ÓÏÐÆÄÆÐÓÑÐÍÞÊÕÈÎÓÃÓÕÎÎÐÌÅÈÓ±ÐÏÈÙÏÐÕÅÝÆÄà
ÛÈÌÈÐÎÈÔÒËÙÈÓ±ÐÌÑÒÐÒÈÓÓËËÏÐÑÒÐÇÈÍÄÈÎßÔÐËÏÄÙÈÆÝ
ÇÈÍÃÃ Æ ÊÏÄÎÈÏÄÔÈÍÃ× ßÍÈÎÈÏÔÄÒÏÝ× ÇÒÐÅÈÌ ÏÄ ±ÐÔÐÒÝÈ ÒÄÊ
ÍÐÉÈÏÄÇÒÐÅÞI]ÙÍÈÏÝ]´
]
´ ´ ´
(] µ )(] µ ) µ] µ]
] µ µ ] µ
Q
´ ´ ∑ ´Q Q ]´ ´
´
] µ µ ] µ
Q
Q Q
´ ∑ Q ]´ ∑ Q >´Q´@ ]´
Q Q
rÄÓÓÎÐÔÒÈÏÏÝÎÎÈÔÐÇÐÎÎÐÉÏÐÒÄÓ±ÍÄÇÝÆÄÔÞÆÓÐÐÔÆÈÔÓÔ
ÆÕàÛË×ÐÅÍÄÓÔÃ×ÒÄØËÐÏÄÍÞÏÝÈÖÕϱØËËÆÒÃÇÝÏÈÔÐÍÞ±ÐÑÐ
ÑÐÍÐÉËÔÈÍÞÏÝÎÏÐËÑÐÐÔÒËØÄÔÈÍÞÏÝÎÓÔÈÑÈÏÃÎ]
oÄÑÒËÎÈÒÑÒË_]_!ËÎÈÈÎ
]
´ ´
(] µ )(] µ ) µ] µ]
] µ ] µ
] ]
Q
´ ∑
∑ Q ∑ Q´
] Q ]Q ]Q ] Q ]Q
ÄƱÐÍÞØÈ_]_
] ]Q
´ ´ ´ ∑ Q ´ ∑
(] µ )(] µ ) ] ] ] Q
] µ µ Q Q
]
] Q
´ ∑
Q
´ ∑
Q
Q ] Q
dÑÈÒÆÐÎÓÍÕÙÄÈÑÐÍÕÙËÆÚÈÈÓÃÒÄÊÍÐÉÈÏËÈÓÐÇÈÒÉËÔÔÐÍÞ
±Ð ÐÔÒËØÄÔÈÍÞÏÝÈ ÓÔÈÑÈÏË ] ÆÐ ÆÔÐÒÐÎ µ ±Ä± ÑÐÍÐÉËÔÈÍÞ
ÏÝÈÔıËÐÔÒËØÄÔÈÍÞÏÝÈpÅÛÄÃÔÈÐÒËÃÑÐÇÐÅÏÝ×ÒÄÊÍÐÉÈ
ÏËÌ ÔıÉÈ ËÊÕÙÄÈÔÓÃ Æ ÔÈÐÒËË ÖÕϱØËÌ ±ÐÎÑÍȱÓÏÐÐ ÑÈÒÈ
ÎÈÏÏÐÐ
l ÒÄÊÍÐÉÈÏËà ÒÄØËÐÏÄÍÞÏÝ× ÇÒÐÅÈÌ Æ ÓÔÈÑÈÏÏÝÈ ÒÃÇÝ
3[
ÓÆÐÇËÔÓÃ Ë ÒÄÊÍÐÉÈÏËÈ Æ ÔıËÈ ÒÃÇÝ ÖÕϱØËÌ ÆËÇÄ OQ
4[
3[ 3[
DUFWJ
ËDUFWJ ÇÈ3[Ë4[ µÏȱÐÔÐÒÝÈÎÏÐÐÙÍÈ
4[ 4[
ÏÝ fÍà ÑÐÍÕÙÈÏËà ÏÕÉÏÝ× ÒÄÊÍÐÉÈÏËÌ ÎÐÉÏÐ ÑÒÐÇËÖÖÈ
ÒÈÏØËÒÐÆÄÔÞ ÇÄÏÏÝÈ ÖÕϱØËË Æ ÒÈÊÕÍÞÔÄÔÈ ÑÐÍÕÙÄÔÓà ÒÄØË
ÐÏÄÍÞÏÝÈÇÒÐÅËrÄÊÍÐÉËÆßÔËÒÄØËÐÏÄÍÞÏÝÈÇÒÐÅËÆÓÔÈÑÈÏ
ÏÝÈ ÒÃÇÝ Ë ÑÒÐËÏÔÈÒËÒÐÆÄÆ Ë× ÅÕÇÈÎ ËÎÈÔÞ ËÓ±ÐÎÝÈ
ÒÄÊÍÐÉÈÏËÃ
jÏÐÇÄÓÕÎÎÕÒÃÇÄÕÇÄÈÔÓÃÏÄÌÔËÑÒËÎÈÏËƱıÐÌÏËÅÕÇÞ
ËÓ±ÕÓÓÔÆÈÏÏÝÌÑÒËÈÎdÑÒÐÙÈÎÓÍÈÇÕÈÔÐÔÇÄÆÄÔÞÐÔÙÈÔÆÔÐÎ
ÙÔÐÑÐÏÃÔËÈ«ËÓ±ÕÓÓÔÆÈÏÏÝÌÑÒËÈάÆÈÓÞÎÄÐÔÏÐÓËÔÈÍÞÏÐÑÐ
ÑÐÆÐÇÕßÔÐÐe qÐÍËÄËe sÈÈÆÑÒÈÇËÓÍÐÆË˱ÓÆÐÈÎÕÊÄÇÄÙ
ÏË±Õ qÐÍËÄ e sÈÈ e iÄÇÄÙË Ë ÔÈÐÒÈÎÝ ËÊ ÄÏÄÍËÊÄ µ n
oÄÕ±Ä ÑËÓÄÍË «jÇÈà ÑÒËÎÈÏÈÏÏÄà ÐÇÏÄÉÇÝ ÑÐÒÐÉ
ÇÄÈÔ ËÓ±ÕÓÓÔÆÈÏÏÝÌ ÑÒËÈÎ ÑÒËÎÈÏÈÏÏÄÃ ÇÆÄÉÇÝ ÐÏÄ ÓÔÄÏÐ
ÆËÔÓÃÎÈÔÐÇÐά
oÄÌÇÈÎÓÕÎÎÕÒÃÇÄ
[ Q
∑ ´Q
Q Q
ËÐÅÍÄÓÔÞÈÐÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔËqÒË_[_ßÔÐÔÒÃÇÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃÄÅÓÐ
ÍàÔÏÐÔı±Ä±
[ Q
´Q P_[_Q
Q
ÑÒË _[_ ! ÐÏ ÒÄÓ×ÐÇËÔÓà ÑÐÓ±ÐÍÞ±Õ ÈÐ ÐÅÛËÌ ÙÍÈÏ ÏÈ ÓÔÒÈ
ÎËÔÓà ± ÏÕÍà ÑÒË [ ÐÏ Ó×ÐÇËÔÓà ÑÐ ÑÒËÊÏÄ±Õ mÈÌÅÏËØÄ
ÑÒË[ ´ÒÄÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃÙÔÐÏÄÑÒËÎÈÒÓÍÈÇÕÈÔÓÐÍÄÓÏÐËÏÔÈ
ÒÄÍÞÏÐÎÕÑÒËÊÏıÕÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔËÒÃÇÐÆËÊÒÄÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔËËÏÔÈ
G[
ÒÄÍÄ ∫ iÄÎÈÔËÎßÔÐËÈÓÔÞËÓ±ÕÓÓÔÆÈÏÏÝÌÑÒËÈÎÙÔÐ
[
∫ WQ GW
Q
ËÑÒÈÐÅÒÄÊÕÈÎÒÃÇÓÍÈÇÕàÛËÎÐÅÒÄÊÐÎ
Q
[
∑ ´Q ´[WQ GW
Q Q Q∑ ∫
fÍÃÍàÅÐÐW∈>@ÆÝÑÐÍÏÃÈÔÓÃÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐ_´[W_QP_[_QqÐ
ßÔÐÎÕÈÓÍË_[_ÔÐÑÐÑÒËÊÏıÕdÈÌÈÒÚÔÒÄÓÓÄÒÃÇ
∑ ´[WQ
Q
ÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃÑÐWÏÄÐÔÒÈʱÈ>@ÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÈÐ
ÎÐÉÏÐÑÐÙÍÈÏÏÐËÏÔÈÒËÒÐÆÄÔÞgÐÎÐÉÏÐÑÐÙÍÈÏÏÐËÏÔÈÒË
ÒÐÆÄÔÞËÑÒË[ ×ÐÔÃÆßÔÐÎÓÍÕÙÄÈÒÃÇ ∑ ´WQÏÈÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃ
Q
ÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐÏÄÐÔÒÈʱÈ>@Ôı±Ä±ÐÏÇÄÉÈÒÄÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃÑÒË
W dÐÊÎÐÉÏÐÓÔÞÑÐÙÍÈÏÏÐÐÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÐÆÄÏËÃÒÃÇÄ
ÑÒË[ ÎÐÉÏÐÑÒÐÆÈÒËÔÞÏÄÑÒËÎÈÒÏÈÑÐÓÒÈÇÓÔÆÈÏÏÐ
Q GW π
∫ Q∑ ´W GW ∫ DUFWJ W
W
( ± ) Q
π
∑ ∫ ´WQ GW Q∑
Q
Q
ÑÒËËÏÔÈÒËÒÐÆÄÏËËÖÕϱØËË ∑ ´WQÑÐÐÔÒÈʱÕ>@ÇÐ
Q
ÓÔÄÔÐÙÏÐÒÄÓÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄÔÞÈÈÊÏÄÙÈÏËÃÔÐÍÞ±ÐÏÄÑÐÍÕËÏÔÈÒÆÄÍÈ
>±ÐÔÐÒÝÈÑÐÖÐÒÎÕÍÈÇÍÃÅÈÓ±ÐÏÈÙÏÐÕÅÝÆÄàÛÈÌÈÐÎÈÔ
ÒËÙÈÓ±ÐÌÑÒÐÒÈÓÓËËÒÄÆÏÝ
ËÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÐÒÄÏËÙÈ
W
ÏÝ ÏÄ Õ±ÄÊÄÏÏÐÎ ÑÐÍÕËÏÔÈÒÆÄÍÈ iÏÄÙÈÏËÈ ßÔÐÌ ÖÕϱØËË Æ
ÔÐÙ±ÈW ÎÐÉÏÐÆÝÅËÒÄÔÞÑÒÐËÊÆÐÍÞÏÐÔı±Ä±ßÔÐÏÈÆÍËÃ
ÈÔÏËÏÄËÏÔÈÒËÒÕÈÎÐÓÔÞÖÕϱØËËÏËÏÄÊÏÄÙÈÏËÈËÏÔÈÒÄÍÄ
±ÐÇÄÖÕϱØËÃËÏÔÈÒËÒÕÈÎÄ
jÔıÇÍÃÆÓÈ×[∈´@ËÎÈÈÎ
Q
[ GW
∑ ´Q ∑ ∫ ´[WQGW ∫ ∑ ´[WQGW ∫
Q Q Q Q
[W
[
GX DUFWJ [
∫ ÈÓÍË [
[
X [
ÈÓÍË[
[
GX [
∫ OQ ÈÓÍË ´[
[
µ X [ µ [
qÒËÆÝÆÐÇÈßÔÐÌÖÐÒÎÕÍÝÅÝÍÐËÓÑÐÍÞÊÐÆÄÏÐÓÐÐÔÏÐÚÈÏËÈ
Ô È ËÊÆÈÓÔÏÐÈ ÒÄÏÈÈ ÙÄÓÔÏÐÈ ÊÏÄÙÈÏËÈ ÓÕÎÎÝ ÒÃÇÄ
ÑÒË[ ÔÐÎÐÉÏÐÅÝÍÐËÏÈÇÈÍÄÔÞÏÐÔÐÇÄÎÝÑÐ
ÍÕÙËÍËÅÝÖÐÒÎÕÍÕÔÐÍÞ±ÐÑÒË_[_ËʱÐÔÐÒÐÌÓÍÈÇÕ
ÈÔ ÙÔÐ ÓÕÎÎÄ V[ ÓÔÈÑÈÏÏÐÐ ÒÃÇÄ ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃ ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆ
ÏÐÌÏÄËÏÔÈÒÆÄÍÈ´ÖÕϱØËÈÌËËÎÈÈÔ±ÐÏÈÙÏÝÌÑÒÈÇÈÍ
π
OLP V[ OLP DUFWJ [
DUFWJ
[→ [→ [
rÃÇÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃÑÒË[ ÑÐßÔÐÎÕÆÓËÍÕÆÔÐÒÐÌÔÈÐÒÈ
ÎÝbÅÈÍÃÓÎÔÈÐÒÈÎÕ ÆÑ ÈÐÓÕÎÎÄÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÄÏÄÐÔ
ÒÈʱÈ>@ËÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÑÒË[ ÓÐÆÑÄÇÄÈÔÓÐÊÏÄÙÈÏËÈÎ
ÑÒÈÇÈÍÄÔ È
( ± ) Q π
∑ Q Q
Ë ÎÝ ÔÈÎ ÓÄÎÝÎ ÏÄÐÅÐÒÐÔ ÑÐÍÕÙËÍË ËÊ ÖÐÒÎÕÍÝ
ÇбÄÊÄÏÏÐÌÔÐÍÞ±ÐÑÒË_[_ÒÄÊÍÐÉÈÏËÈ
[Q
uqrbhogojgoÄÌÔËÓÕÎÎÕÒÃÇÄ
Q
∑
Q µ
ÆÐÅÍÄÓÔËÈÐÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔË
u ± Ä Ê Ä Ï Ë È dÐÓÑÐÍÞÊÐÆÄÔÞÓÃÓÐÐÔÏÐÚÈÏËÈÎ
´
Q µ Q µ Q
¶ÐÒÎÕͳÔÊÒÍÊÏÅÂ
sÑÐÎÐÛÞàÒÄÊÍÐÉÈÏËÃÍÐÄÒËÖÎËÙÈÓ±ÐÌÖÕϱØËËÆÓÔÈÑÈÏ
ÏÐÌÒÃÇÎÐÉÏÐÍȱÐÏÄÌÔËÖÐÒÎÕÍÕÐÑËÓÝÆÄàÛÕàÄÓËÎÑÔÐ
ÔËÙÈÓ±ÐÈÑÐÆÈÇÈÏËÈÖıÔÐÒËÄÍÄQÑÒËQ{pÏÄÏÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÓÃ
×ÑÓÏÖÎÑÍsÕÌÓÎÌÐÅ
ËÎÐÉÈÔÅÝÔÞÊÄÑËÓÄÏÄÆÆËÇÈ
Q
πQ
Q∼
Q
Q{
H
ÓÐÍÄÓÏÐÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËàÄÓËÎÑÔÐÔËÙÈÓ±ÐÐÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÄÇÍÃÑÐÓÍÈ
ÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÈÌÓÎÑ ßÔÐÐÊÏÄÙÄÈÔÙÔÐ
Q
OLP
Q→ πQ Q H ±Q
jÊÒÄÊÍÐÉÈÏËÃ
Q
OQ [ ∑ ´Q [
´[P
Q Q
ÓÍÈÇÕÈÔÙÔÐ
OQ
[
OQ [´OQ ´[
µ[
Q Q N
∑ ´Q[ [ [
´ ∑ ´ [ ∑
Q Q Q Q N N
qÐÍÐÉËÆÊÇÈÓÞ[ Q ÑÐÍÕÙËÎ
Q
Q
OQ OQ
!
Q Q ( Q ) ( Q )
µ
Q
!
Q
Q
ÐÔ±ÕÇÄ
Q
OQ !
Q
ËÍË ÑÐÔÈÏØËÒÕÃ Ë ÑÒËÏËÎÄà ÆÐ ÆÏËÎÄÏËÈ ÙÔÐ ÖÕϱØËÃ
OQ [ µÆÐÊÒÄÓÔÄàÛÄÃ
Q ( )
!H
Q
qÐÍÐÉËÎ
Q
GHI QH
[Q
Q ( )
Q
Ôı±Ä±ÓÐÍÄÓÏÐ
[Q Q ( )
!
[Q H Q
ÔÐ[Q![QÔ ÈÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞ^[Q`ÕÅÝÆÄÈÔ˱ÒÐÎÈÔÐÐ
ÐÏÄÐÒÄÏËÙÈÏÄÓÏËÊÕ[QOsÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔÑÒÈÇÈÍ
GHI
OLP [Q D
Q→
qÐßÔÐÎÕ
[Q DεQ
ÇÈ OLP εQ
Q→
qбÄÉÈÎÙÔÐD tı±Ä±
( Q ) ( Q ) ( Q ) ( Q )
( Q )
Q ( Q )
µ
( Q )
ÔÐ
Q
OQ
Q Q ( Q )
ÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐ
Q
H Q ( Q )
Q
qÐßÔÐÎÕ
Q
Q
[Q H
H Q ( Q )
[Q H Q
H ( Q )
Ô È
± ±
[QH Q [QHH ( Q )
±
tıËÎÐÅÒÄÊÐÎÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞ\Q [QH QQ
ÆÐÊÒÄÓÔÄÈÔ Ë Ôı ±Ä± ÐÙÈÆËÇÏÐ \Q [Q ÔÐ ÐÏÄ ÐÒÄÏËÙÈÏÄ
ÓÆÈÒ×ÕËÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐËÎÈÈÔÑÒÈÇÈÍ
±
OLP \Q OLP [Q OLP H Q D
Q→ Q→ Q→
lÒÐÎÈÔÐÐÑÒËÍàÅÐÎQÓÑÒÄÆÈÇÍËÆÐÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐD!\Q!
ÑÐßÔÐÎÕD!
qÐÇÓÔÄÆËÎÆ
Q
Q D Q
εQ
HQ
fÍÃÔÐÐÙÔÐÅÝÑÐÍÕÙËÔÞÖÐÒÎÕÍÕÐÓÔÄÍÐÓÞÍËÚÞÑÐ
±ÄÊÄÔÞÙÔÐD πqÐÖÐÒÎÕÍÈdÄÍÍËÓÄÓÎÆÑ
π ( Q )
OLP
Q → Q ( Q µ )
ÄÓÐÍÄÓÏÐ
( Q ) [ ( Q ) ] Q ( Q ) Q ( εQ )
D
( Q µ ) ( Q ) ( Q ) ε Q
qÐÇÓÔÄÆËÆßÔÐÆÝÒÄÉÈÏËÈÆÑÐÍÕÙËÎ
π Q ( εQ ) D
OLP D
Q → Q ( ε Q )
ÐÔ±ÕÇÄD π
¶ÐÒÎÕÍÂÊÒáÆ´ÇËÍÐÒÂ
ÆÍáÄÇÌÔÐÒÏÝ×ÖÕÏÌØÊË
³ § ¦ ³ ´ ¤ ª §
Q
N
I WW´WN P W´WQ
IW´ ∑ VXS _I Qτ_
N N Q W ´KW K
ÇÈW∈W´KWK
¦ Ð Ì Â É Â Ô Ç Í Þ Ó Ô Ä Ð Ô Ç Ð Ò Ç Î Ý qÒÈÉÇÈÆÓÈÐÏÄÑÐÎÏËÎÙÔÐ
ÈÓÍË
IW IWIWIW
ÔÐ
I′W I′ WI′ WI′ W W∈W´KWK
W W W W
∫ Iτ Gτ ∫ Iτ Gτ ∫ Iτ Gτ ∫ Iτ Gτ
W W W W
jÊ ÑÒÈÇÑÐÍÐÉÈÏËÌ ÔÈÐÒÈÎÝ ÓÍÈÇÕÈÔ ÙÔÐ ±ÄÉÇÄà ±ÐÐÒÇË
ÏÄÔÏÄà ÖÕϱØËà IL L ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÄ ÏÄ ËÏÔÈÒÆÄÍÈ
W´KWKÆÎÈÓÔÈÓÐÆÓÈÎËÓÆÐËÎËÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇÏÝÎËÇÐÑÐÒÃÇ
±ÄQƱÍàÙËÔÈÍÞÏÐÑÐßÔÐÎÕÇÍÃÏÈÈÓÑÒÄÆÈÇÍËÆÄÖÐÒÎÕÍÄ
tÈÌÍÐÒÄÓÐÓÔÄÔÐÙÏÝÎÙÍÈÏÐÎÆËÏÔÈÒÄÍÞÏÐÌÖÐÒÎÈ
Q W
(N)
I L WW´WN ∫ W´τQ I L( Q ) τ Gτ
ILW ∑ L
N N Q W
W
P_W´W_Q VXS _I Qτ_ ∫ Gτ
W ´KW K W
ÔÐ ÔıÉÈ ÓÒÄÊÕ ÓÍÈÇÕÈÔ ËÊ ÔÐÐ ÙÔÐ ÇÍà ±ÄÉÇÐÌ ±ÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔ
ÏÐÌÖÕϱØËËILL ÆÑÒÈÇÑÐÍÐÉÈÏËÃ×ÔÈÐÒÈÎÝËÎÈÈÔ
ÎÈÓÔÐÖÐÒÎÕÍÄtÈÌÍÐÒÄÓÐÓÔÄÔÐÙÏÝÎÙÍÈÏÐÎÆÖÐÒÎÈqÈÄÏÐÆ
бÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔËÔÐÙ±ËWÓÎÑ
gÓÍËÆȱÔÐÒÏÄÃÖÕϱØËÃIW´KWK{5ËÎÈÈÔÆÔÐÙ
±ÈWÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇÏÝÈÆÓÈ×ÑÐÒÃDZÐÆËÇÍÃÍàÅÐÐW∈W´KWK
ÆÝÑÐÍÏÃÈÔÓÃÕÓÍÐÆËÈ
Q
N
I WW´WN
OLP I W´ ∑
Q→ N N
ÔÐÏÄËÏÔÈÒÆÄÍÈW´KWKÖÕϱØËÃIÒÄÓ±ÍÄÇÝÆÄÈÔÓÃÆÓÔÈ
ÑÈÏÏÐÌÒÃÇÓÆȱÔÐÒÏÝÎ˱ÐßÖÖËØËÈÏÔÄÎË
Q
I WW´WQ
IW ∑
Q Q
ÏÄÊÝÆÄÈÎÝÌÈÈÓÄÈÑÏtÉÍÎÑÓÅ
¢ÓÊÎÑÔÐÔÊÙÇÓÌÊÇÓÔÇÑÇÏÏÝÇÒáÆÝ
jÊÆÈÓÔÏÐ ÓÎ Ñ ÙÔÐ ÈÓÍË ÖÕϱØËà I ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏÄ Æ Ð±
ÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔËÔÐÙ±Ë[ËQÒÄÊÆÏÈÌÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÕÈÎÄÔÐÓÕÛÈÓÔ
ÆÕÈÔ ÔıÐÌ ÎÏÐÐÙÍÈÏ 3Q[ ÓÔÈÑÈÏË ÏÈ ÅÐÍÞÚÈÌ Q Ä ËÎÈÏÏÐ
ÎÏÐÐÙÍÈÏtÈÌÍÐÒÄÙÔÐ
I[ 3Q[R[´[Q [{[ [
qÒËßÔÐÎ
I ( Q )[
[´[Q
3Q[ 3Q´[
Q
jÊËÓÍÈÇÕÈÔÙÔÐÒÄÊÏÐÓÔÞI[´3Q´[ÑÒÈÇ
ÓÔÄÆËÎÄÆÆËÇÈ
I ( Q )[
[´[QR[´[Q
I[´3Q´[ [{[
Q
ËÔÈÎÓÄÎÝÎËÎÈÈÔÎÈÓÔÐÄÓËÎÑÔÐÔËÙÈÓ±ÐÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐ
I ( Q )[
[´[Q
I[´3Q´[∼ [{[
Q
tıËÎ ÐÅÒÄÊÐÎ ÙÍÈÏÝ ÎÏÐÐÙÍÈÏÄ tÈÌÍÐÒÄ 3Q[ ÒÃÇÄ
tÈÌÍÐÒÄÈÓÍËÖÕϱØËÃIÅÈÓ±ÐÏÈÙÏÐÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÕÈÎÄÆÔÐÙ
±È[ÎÐÉÏÐÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÐÑÒÈÇÈÍËÔޱıÓÍÄÄÈÎÝÈÆËÇÄ
DQ[ ´ [Q ÄÓËÎÑÔÐÔËÙÈÓ±Ë ÒÄÆÏÝÈ ÒÄÊÏÐÓÔË I[ ´ 3Q ´ [
ÑÒË[{[
bÏÄÍÐËÙÏÐ ÎÐÉÏÐ ÑÐÓÔÕÑÄÔÞ Ë ÑÒË ËÊÕÙÈÏËË ÖÕϱØËË
ÑÒËÓÔÒÈÎÍÈÏËËÈÈÄÒÕÎÈÏÔıÅÈÓ±ÐÏÈÙÏÐÓÔËqÕÓÔÞÇÍÃÐÑ
ÒÈÇÈÍÈÏÏÐÓÔË ÖÕϱØËà I ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏÄ ÑÒË [ O D Ë ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔ
±ÐÏÈÙÏÝÌÑÒÈÇÈÍ
OLP I[ D
[ →
ÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐ OLP >I[´D@
[ →
jÏÐÇÄ ÆÐÊÏ˱ÄÈÔ ÆÐÑÒÐÓ ±Ä± ËÎÈÏÏÐ ÒÄÊÏÐÓÔÞ I[ ´ D
ÓÔÒÈÎËÔÓñÏÕÍà±Ä±ÐÆÑÐÒÃÇбÕÅÝÆÄÏËÃßÔÐÌÒÄÊÏÐÓÔË"nÐ
ÉÈÔÓÍÕÙËÔÞÓÃÙÔÐÕ±ÄÊÄÏÏÄÃÒÄÊÏÐÓÔÞËÎÈÈÔÑбÒÄÌÏÈÌÎÈÒÈ
ÑÐÒÃÇб ËÅÐÍÈÈÔÐÐÙÔÐÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔÔıÐÈÙËÓÍÐDÙÔÐ
[
D
I[´D∼ [{
[
Ô ÈÓÎÔÈÐÒÈÎÕ ÆÑ
D
I[´D R [{
[ [
ÐÔ±ÕÇÄ
[>I[´D@ D[R [{
[
Ä Ôı ±Ä± Æ ÓËÍÕ ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËà ÓËÎÆÐÍÄ R [R { ÑÒË
[
[{ÔÐ
D OLP [>I[´D@
[ →
oÄÐÅÐÒÐÔËÊÓÍÈÇÕÈÔÙÔÐ
[>I[´D@ Dε[ OLP ε[
[ →
ËÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐ
D ε[ D
D R
I[ D [{
[ [ [ [
Ô È ÆÝÑÐÍÏÃÈÔÓà ÄÓËÎÑÔÐÔËÙÈÓ±ÐÈ ÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐ gÓÍË
Õ±ÄÊÄÏÏÐÈDÏÄÌÇÈÏÐÔÐÙÄÓÔÐÅÝÆÄÈÔÏÕÉÏÐÏÄÌÔ˱ıÐÆÐ
ÒÃÔ«ÓÍÈÇÕàÛËÌÙÍÈÏÄÓËÎÑÔÐÔËÙÈÓ±ÐÐÒÄÊÍÐÉÈÏËìÖÕϱ
D
ØËËIÔ ÈÄÓËÎÑÔÐÔËÙÈÓ±ÐÈÑÐÆÈÇÈÏËÈÒÄÊÏÐÓÔËI[´ D
[
ÑÒË[{ÔÄÒÄÊÏÐÓÔÞÓÐÍÄÓÏÐÑÒÈÇÓÔÄÆÍÃÈÔÓÐ
ÅÐÌÏÈÙÔÐËÏÐȱıR [{nÐÉÈÔÓÍÕÙËÔÞÓÃÙÔÐÕ±Ä
[
ÊÄÏÏÄÃÒÄÊÏÐÓÔÞËÎÈÈÔÑбÒÄÌÏÈÌÎÈÒÈÑÐÒÃÇб
ËÅÐÍÈÈÔÐ
[
ÐÙÔÐÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔÔıÐÈÙËÓÍÐDÙÔÐ
D D
I[´ D ∼
[ [
ËÍËÙÔÐÔÐÉÈ
D D
I[´ D R
[{
[ [ [
ÔÐÕÓÍÐÆËÈÒÄÆÏÐÓËÍÞÏÐÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÐÆÄÏËàÑÒÈÇÈÍÄ
D
OLP [ I[´D D
[ → [
dÐÐÅÛÈÈÓÍË
D D D
6Q´[ D
Qµ
Q
[ [ Qµ [
µ ÔıÐÌ ÎÏÐÐÙÍÈÏ ÓÔÈÑÈÏË ÏÈ ÅÐÍÞÚÈÌ Q ´ ÐÔÏÐÓËÔÈÍÞÏÐ
ÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÐÌ ÙÔÐ
[
D D DQ µ DQ µ
I[´ D
∼ [{Q
[ [ [Q µ [Q µ
ÔÐÎÐÉÈÔÓÍÕÙËÔÞÓÃÙÔÐÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔÔıÄÃÑÐÓÔÐÃÏÏÄÃDQÇÍÃ
±ÐÔÐÒÐÌËÎÈÈÔÎÈÓÔÐÄÓËÎÑÔÐÔËÙÈÓ±ÐÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐ
D
I[´6Q´[∼ QQ [{
[
ÔÐÕÓÍÐÆËÈÒÄÆÏÐÓËÍÞÏÐÓÍÈÇÕàÛÈÎÕÕÓÍÐÆËà
D
I[´6Q´[ QQ R
Q
[{
[ [
±ÐÔÐÒÐÈÑÐÍÄÄÃ
D Q D
6Q[ 6Q´[ QQ ∑ N
[ N [N
ÎÐÉÏÐÑÈÒÈÑËÓÄÔÞÆÆËÇÈ
I[´6Q[ R
[{
[Q
ËÍËÙÔÐÔÐÉÈÆÆËÇÈ
OLP [Q>I[´6Q[@
[ →
lıËÆÝÚÈÑÒËQ ÍȱÐÑбÄÊÄÔÞÙÔÐÕÓÍÐÆËÈ
ÒÄÆÏÐÓËÍÞÏÐÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÐÆÄÏËà±ÐÏÈÙÏÐÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÄ
OLP [Q>I[´6Q´[@ DQ
[ →
gÓÍËÕ±ÄÊÄÏÏÝÈÑÒÈÇÈÍÝDQÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕàÔÇÍÃÆÓÈ×Q
ÔÐÎÐÉÏÐÐÅÒÄÊÐÆÄÔÞÒÃÇ
D D D
D QQ
[ [ [
rÃÇÝÔıÐÐÆËÇÄÎÐÉÏÐÔıÉÈÏÄÊÆÄÔÞÔÕÉÒÉÐÐÞÏÌÓÄÈÅÏÌ
ÔÐÙÏÈÈ ÓÔÈÑÈÏÏÝÎË ÒÃÇÄÎË ÑÐ ØÈÍÝÎ ÐÔÒËØÄÔÈÍÞÏÝÎ ÓÔÈÑÈ
ÏÃÎÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÐÌ[
°ÑÒÇÆÇÍÇÏÊÇ qÖÔÕß ×ÖвÙÌÄ I ÑÒÓÉÈÉÎÉÐÅ ÒÓÌ [ O D Ì
OLP I[ D gÔÎÌ ÔÖÜÉÔÕÇÖÉÕ ÓÄÈ ÇÌÈÅ ÚÅÔÕÌÚ
[ →
ÐÞÉÔÖÏÏÞ²ÑÕÑÓÑÑÖÈÑÇÎÉÕÇÑÓÄáÕÖÔÎÑÇÌá
ÎÌÆÑÚÕÑÓÅÇÐÑÔÌÎßÐÑÑÈÐÑÏÖÌËÖÔÎÑÇÌÍÌÎÌ
ÕÑ àÕÑÕ ÓÄÈ ÐÅËÞÇÅÉÕÔÄ ÅÔÌÏÒÕÑÕÌÚÉÔ²ÌÏ ÓÄÈÑÏ ÅÔÌÏÒ
ÕÑÕÌÚÉÔ²ÌÏ ÓÅËÎÑÊÉÐÌÉÏ Ç ÔÏÞÔÎÉ qÖÅвÅÓÉ
×ÖвÙÌÌ I
ÒÓÌ[{
dßÔÐÎÓÍÕÙÄÈÑËÚÕÔ
D
I∼ ∑ QQ [{
Q [
qÐÇÙÈÒ±ÏÈÎÙÔÐÊÇÈÓÞÊÏı∼ÐÊÏÄÙÄÈÔÏÈÄÓËÎÑÔÐÔËÙÈÓ±ÐÈ
ÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐÆÔÐÎÓÎÝÓÍȱıÐÏÐÏÄÑÒËÎÈÒÑÐÏËÎÄÈÔÓÃÆÖÐÒ
ÎÕÍÈÔ ÈÆÓÎÝÓÍÈÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËÃ Ñ ÄÓÐÐÔÆÈÔÓÔ
ÆËÈÒÃÇÓÐÐÔÆÈÔÓÔÆÕÈÔÖÕϱØËËI
lı ÅÝÍÐ ÐÔÎÈÙÈÏÐ ÆÝÚÈ ÕÓÍÐÆËÈ ÒÄÆÏÐÓËÍÞÏÐ
ÕÓÍÐÆËà ÑÐßÔÐÎÕ ÈÓÍË Õ ÖÕϱØËË I ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔ ÑÒË
[{ÄÓËÎÑÔÐÔËÙÈÓ±ËÌÒÃÇÔÐÈбÐßÖÖËØËÈÏÔÝDQ
Q ÎÐÕÔÅÝÔÞÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÏÄÌÇÈÏÝÑÐÖÐÒÎÕÍÄÎ
qÒËQ ÓÍÈÇÕÈÔÆÐÓÑÐÍÞÊÐÆÄÔÞÓÃÖÐÒÎÕÍÐÌ
pÔÓàÇÄ ÓÍÈÇÕÈÔ ÙÔÐ ÈÓÍË Õ ÖÕϱØËË ËÎÈÈÔÓà ÑÒË [ {
ÄÓËÎÑÔÐÔËÙÈÓ±ËÌ ÒÃÇ ÔÐ ÐÏ ÈÇËÏÓÔÆÈÏ Ë ÈÐ ±ÐßÖÖËØËÈÏÔÝ
ÆÝÒÄÉÄàÔÓÃÑÐÖÐÒÎÕÍÄÎË
qÒË ÒÄÊÍÐÉÈÏËË ÖÕϱØËË Æ ÓÔÈÑÈÏÏÐÌ ÒÃÇ ÅÝÍÄ ÇбÄÊÄÏÄ
ÔıÉÈÈÇËÏÓÔÆÈÏÏÐÓÔÞÓÔÈÑÈÏÏæÐÐÒÃÇÄƱÐÔÐÒÝÌÒÄÓ±ÍÄÇÝÆÄ
ÈÔÓÃÖÕϱØËÃÄËÎÈÏÏÐÅÝÍÐÇбÄÊÄÏÐÓÐÆÑÄÇÈÏËÈßÔÐÐÒÃÇÄÓ
ÈÈ ÒÃÇÐÎ tÈÌÍÐÒÄ pÇÏıРÔÄÎ ÅÝÍÐ ÐÔÎÈÙÈÏÐ ÙÔÐ ÐÇËÏ Ë ÔÐÔ
ÉÈ ÓÔÈÑÈÏÏÐÌ ÒÃÇ ÎÐÉÈÔ ÃÆÍÃÔÞÓà ÒÃÇÐÎ tÈÌÍÐÒÄ ÒÄÊÏÝ×
ÖÕϱØËÌqÐÇÐÅÏÄÃÓËÔÕÄØËÃËÎÈÈÔÎÈÓÔÐËÇÍÃÄÓËÎÑÔÐÔËÙÈ
Ó±Ë× ÒÃÇÐÆ ÐÇËÏ Ë ÔÐÔ ÉÈ ÒÃÇ ÆËÇÄ ÎÐÉÈÔ Ð±ÄÊÄÔÞÓÃ
ÄÓËÎÑÔÐÔËÙÈÓ±ËÎÒÃÇÐÎÑÒË[{ÒÄÊÏÝ×ÖÕϱØËÌoÄÑÒË
ÎÈÒÏÕÍÈÆÐÌÒÃÇÔ ÈÒÃÇÆÓȱÐßÖÖËØËÈÏÔݱÐÔÐÒÐÐÒÄÆÏÝ
ÏÕÍàDQ Q ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃÑÒË[{±Ä±ÄÓËÎÑ
ÔÐÔËÙÈÓ±ËÎÒÃÇÐÎÖÕϱØËËÒÄÆÏÐÌÏÕÍàÆÐÆÓÈ×ÔÐÙ±Ä×ÙËÓ
ÍÐÆÐÌÐÓËI[ ´[ÔıËÖÕϱØËËI[ H µ[Æ
ÙÈÎÍȱÐÕÅÈÇËÔÞÓÃÆÝÙËÓÍËÆÆßÔË×ÓÍÕÙÄÃ×ÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞ
ÏÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÝ
d ÐÔÍËÙËÈ ÐÔ ÒÄÊÍÐÉÈÏËà ÖÕϱØËË Æ ÓÔÈÑÈÏÏÐÌ ÒÃÇ ÑÐ ÏÈ
ÐÔÒËØÄÔÈÍÞÏÝÎ ØÈÍÝÎ ÓÔÈÑÈÏÃÎ ÄÒÕÎÈÏÔÄ ÑÒË ±ÐÔÐÒÐÎ ÓÕÎ
ÎÐÌ ÓÔÈÑÈÏÏÐÐ ÒÃÇÄ ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓà ÊÄÇÄÏÏÄà ÖÕϱØËÃ Ë ÓÍÈÇÐÆÄ
ÔÈÍÞÏÐÒÄÓÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄÈÎÝÌÓÔÈÑÈÏÏÐÌÒÃÇÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃÑÒËÑÐÓÔÒÐ
ÈÏËË ÄÓËÎÑÔÐÔËÙÈÓ±ÐÐ ÒÃÇÄ ÖÕϱØËË ÎÐÉÈÔ ÓÍÕÙËÔÞÓà ÙÔÐ
ÑÐÍÕÙÈÏÏÝÌÒÃÇÏÈÔÐÍÞ±ÐÏÈÓ×ÐÇËÔÓñÇÄÏÏÐÌÖÕϱØËËÄÆÐ
ÐÅÛÈÒÄÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃÆÐÆÓÈ×ÔÐÙ±Ä×tÈÎÏÈÎÈÏÈÈÄÓËÎÑÔÐÔËÙÈÓ±ËÌ
ÒÃÇ ÖÕϱØËË ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓà ÑÐÍÈÊÏÝÎ ËÏÓÔÒÕÎÈÏÔÐÎ ÇÍà ÈÈ
ËÊÕÙÈÏËÃ Æ ÙÄÓÔÏÐÓÔË ÇÍÃ ÆÝÙËÓÍÈÏËÃ ÈÈ ÊÏÄÙÈÏËÌ ÔÐ ÐÙÈ
ÆËÇÏÐÓÆÃÊÄÏÐÓÔÈÎÙÔÐÙÄÓÔÏÝÈÓÕÎÎÝÄÓËÎÑÔÐÔËÙÈÓ±ÐÐÒÃ
ÇÄÖÕϱØËËÆÓËÍÕÕÓÍÐÆËÃÇÐÓÔÄÔÐÙÏÐ×ÐÒÐÚÐ
ÑÒËÅÍËÉÄàÔÓÄÎÕÖÕϱØËàÑÒËÙÈÎÔÈÎÍÕÙÚÈÙÈÎÅÐÍÞÚÈ[
qÒËÏØËÑËÄÍÞÏÐÈÐÔÍËÙËÈÒÄÊÍÐÉÈÏËÃÖÕϱØËËÆÄÓËÎÑÔÐÔË
ÙÈÓ±ËÌÒÃÇÐÔÒÄÊÍÐÉÈÏËÃÆÐÅÝÙÏÝÌÖÕϱØËÐÏÄÍÞÏÝÌÒÃÇÓÐ
ÓÔÐËÔ Æ ÔÐÎ ÙÔÐ ÑÒË ÐÅÝÙÏÐÎ ÒÄÊÍÐÉÈÏËË ÖÕϱØËË Æ ÒÃÇ ÈÐ
ÐÓÔÄÔб Æ ±ÄÉÇÐÌ ÔÐÙ±È ÓÔÒÈÎËÔÓà ± ÏÕÍà ÑÒË Q { Ô È
ÓÔÒÈÎËÔÓñÏÕÍàÄÅÓÐÍàÔÏÄÃÑÐÒÈÚÏÐÓÔÞÑÒËÅÍËÉÈÏËÃÖÕϱ
ØËË ÙÄÓÔËÙÏÝÎË ÓÕÎÎÄÎË ÒÃÇÄ ÔÐÇÄ ±Ä± ÑÒË ÒÄÊÍÐÉÈÏËË Æ
ÄÓËÎÑÔÐÔËÙÈÓ±ËÌÒÃÇßÔÐÐÎÐÉÈÔÏÈÅÝÔÞÏÐÊÄÆÈÇÐÎÐÓÔÒÈÎËÔ
ÓñÏÕÍàÑÒË[{ÐÔÏÐÓËÔÈÍÞÏÄÃÑÐÒÈÚÏÐÓÔÞÑÒËÅÍËÉÈÏËÃ
ÖÕϱØËËÙÄÓÔËÙÏÝÎËÓÕÎÎÄÎËÄÓËÎÑÔÐÔËÙÈÓ±ÐÐÒÃÇÄÔÈ
I[ µ 6 Q[
OLP
[ → [ ±Q
rÄÊÏÐÓÔÞI[´6Q[ÅÈÓ±ÐÏÈÙÏÐÎÄÍÄÑÒËQ{ÑÐÓÒÄÆÏÈÏËà
Ó±ÄÉÇÝÎÆÔÐÎÙËÓÍÈËÑÐÓÍÈÇÏËÎÙÍÈÏÐÎÙÄÓÔËÙÏÐÌÓÕÎÎÝ
6Q[ ÄÓËÎÑÔÐÔËÙÈÓ±ÐÐ ÒÃÇÄ ÑÒËÙÈÎ ÕÆÈÍËÙÈÏËÈ ÙËÓÍÄ ÙÍÈ
ÏÐÆÑÒËÆÐÇËÔ±ÅÐÍÈÈÔÐÙÏÝÎÄÓËÎÑÔÐÔËÙÈÓ±ËÎÖÐÒÎÕÍÄÎ
qÐÃÓÏËÎÓ±ÄÊÄÏÏÐÈÏÄÑÒËÎÈÒÈÖÕϱØËË
[ µ W
H
I[ ∫
GW [!
[ W
jÏÔÈÒËÒÕÃQÒÄÊÑÐÙÄÓÔÃÎÑÐÍÕÙÄÈÎ
[ µ W
( ± ) Q µ ( Q µ )
I[ ´
´
H
´QQ ∫
GW
[
[ [ [ Q Q
[ W
rÃÇ
( ± ) Q µ ( Q µ )
∑
Q [Q
ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓà ÄÓËÎÑÔÐÔËÙÈÓ±ËÎ ÒÄÊÍÐÉÈÏËÈÎ ÖÕϱØËË
Q
( ± ) ( N µ ) Nµ
fÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÐ ÈÓÍË 6Q[ ∑
Q
N [N
Ô È6Q[ µÙÄÓÔËÙÏÝÈÓÕÎÎÝÒÃÇÄÔÐÆÓËÍÕ
[ µ W
H
ËÎÈÈÎ_I[´6Q[_ Q ∫
Q
GWqÒÐËÏÔÈÒËÒÐÆÄÆÈÛÈÒÄÊÑÐ
[ W
ÙÄÓÔÃÎÑÐÍÕÙËÎ
[µW
H
_I[´6Q[_ Q ∫
Q
GW
[ W
[µW
Q H Q
´Q ∫ R Q
GWP
[Q [ W
Q [Q [
Ô ÈÆÝÑÐÍÏÃÈÔÓÃ
dÎÈÓÔÈÓÔÈÎÑÐÑÒËÊÏıÕfÄÍÄÎÅÈÒÄÍȱÐÕÅÈÇËÔÞÓÃÙÔÐ
ÒÃÇÒÄÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃÑÒËÆÓÈ×[∈´fÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÐ
( ± ) ( Q µ ) Q
ÑÐÍÄÄÃ XQ
Q
Q ÑÐÍÕÙËÎ ÑÒË [
[
XQ Q
OLP Q OLP
Q → XQ → [
qÐßÔÐÎÕÒÃÇÄÅÓÐÍàÔÏÐÒÄÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃÑÒËÆÓÈ×[
pÔÓàÇÄ ÑÐÓÍÈ ÊÄÎÈÏÝ [ \ ÓÍÈÇÕÈÔ ÙÔÐ ÓÔÈÑÈÏÏÐÌ ÒÃÇ
Q
∑ ´QQ ´ \QÔıÉÈÄÅÓÐÍàÔÏÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐËÑÒÐÓÔÐ
ÒÄÓ×ÐÇËÔÓà ÑÒË \ sÇÈÍÄÆ ÐÅÒÄÔÏÕà ÊÄÎÈÏÕ \ [ ÑÐÍÕ
ÙËÎÒÄÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔÞÒÃÇÄÇÍÃÆÓÈ×[
jÔı ÄÓËÎÑÔÐÔËÙÈÓ±ËÌ ÒÃÇ ÖÕϱØËË ÒÄÓ
×ÐÇËÔÓà ÆÐ ÆÓÈ× ÔÐÙ±Ä× pÇÏıРÏÈÓÎÐÔÒà ÏÄ ßÔÐ ÊÏÄÙÈÏËÃ
ÖÕϱØËËÆÓËÍÕÕÓÍÐÆËÃÎÐÕÔÅÝÔÞÆÝÙËÓÍÈ
ÏÝÓÅÐÍÞÚÐÌÓÔÈÑÈÏÞàÔÐÙÏÐÓÔËÓÑÐÎÐÛÞàÙÄÓÔËÙÏÝ×ÓÕÎÎ
ßÔÐÐÒÃÇÄ
qбÄÉÈÎ ÙÔÐ ÈÓÍË ÒÃÇ Ó×ÐÇËÔÓà ± ÏȱÐÔÐÒÐÌ
ÖÕϱØËË
D
I[ ∑ QQ [OD!
Q [
ÔÐ ÐÏ ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃ Ë ÄÓËÎÑÔÐÔËÙÈÓ±ËÎ ÒÃÇÐÎ ßÔÐÌ ÖÕϱØËË ÑÒË
D
[{dÓÄÎÐÎÇÈÍÈÑÕÓÔÞ5Q[ ∑ NNËÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞ
N Q [
ÏÐI[ 6Q[5Q[qбÄÉÈÎÙÔÐ
5Q[ 2
[{
[Q
ÄÑÐÔÐÎÕÔÈÎÅÐÍÈÈÙÔÐ
5Q[ R
[{
[Q
Ô È ÙÔÐ ÆÝÑÐÍÏÃÈÔÓÃ ÕÓÍÐÆËÈ fÍÃ ßÔÐÐ ÒÄÓÓÎÐÔÒËÎ
GHI
ÖÕϱØËà)W I WP dÓËÍÕÑÐÍÕÙËÎÒÄ
W D
ÆÈÏÓÔÆÐ)W ∑ DQWQƱÐÔÐÒÐÎÒÃÇÆÑÒÄÆÐÌÙÄÓÔËÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃ
Q
fÐÓÔÄÔÐÙÏÐÓÔÞ ßÔÐÐ ÕÓÍÐÆËà ÐÙÈÆËÇÏÄ Ôı ±Ä± 2
Q
[
R Q ÏÄÑÐÎÏËÎ ÙÔÐ ÑÐÇÐÅÏÝÈ ÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÄ ÙËÔÄàÔÓà ÔÐÍÞ±Ð
[
ÓÍÈÆÄ ÏÄÑÒÄÆÐ ÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐ ÑÒË ÆÝÑÐÍÏÈÏËË ÕÓÍÐÆËÃ
ÆÝÑÐÍÏÃÈÔÓÃ
oÄÐÅÐÒÐÔÈÓÍËÆÝÑÐÍÏÈÏÐÕÓÍÐÆËÈ
I[´6Q[ R
Q [{
[Q
Q D
ÔÐÑÐÓ±ÐÍÞ±Õ6Q[ 6Q[
Q
ÑÐÍÕÙËÎ
[
D
Q
R
I[´6Q[ 2
[{
[Q [Q [Q
³ÄÐËÓÔÄÂÂÓÊÎÑÔÐÔÊÙÇÓÌÊ×ÓÔÇÑÇÏÏÝ×ÒáÆÐÄ
,, gÔÎÌ ÌÏÉáÕ ÏÉÔÕÑ ÅÔÌÏÒÕÑÕÌÚÉÔ²ÌÉ ÓÅËÎÑÊÉÐÌÄ
ÕÑ
F
I[J[∼ ∑ QQ [{
Q [
ÈÉFQ DEQDEQ´DQEÕ ÉÅÔÌÏÒÕÑÕÌÚÉÔ²ÑÉÓÅË
ÎÑÊÉÐÌÉÒÓÑÌËÇÉÈÉÐÌÄ×ÖвÙÌÍÌÏÉáÜÌØÅÔÌÏÒÕÑÕÌÚÉÔ²ÌÉ
ÓÅËÎÑÊÉÐÌÄÓÅÇÐÑÒÓÑÌËÇÉÈÉÐÌáàÕÌØÓÅËÎÑÊÉÐÌÍÓÅÔÒÑÎÑ
ÊÉÐÐÞØÒÑÇÑËÓÅÔÕÅáÜÌÏÔÕÉÒÉÐÄÏ
[
dÓÄÎÐÎÇÈÍÈÈÓÍËËÎÈÈÔÎÈÓÔÐÔÐ
D D E E
I[J[ D QQ R
E QQ R Q
[ [ [Q [ [ [
Q
D E D E ∑ DN EQ µ N
DE
N
R
[{
[ [Q [Q
,,, gÔÎÌ
D
I[∼ ∑ QQ [{
Q [
ÌD ÕÑ×ÖвÙÌÄI[ÕŲÊÉÌÏÉÉÕÅÔÌÏÒÕÑÕÌÚÉÔ²ÑÉ
ÓÅËÎÑÊÉÐÌÉ
G
∼ ∑ QQ [{
I ( [ ) D Q [
Ì ²Ñà××ÌÙÌÉÐÕ GQ àÕÑÑ ÓÅËÎÑÊÉÐÌÄ ÇÞÓÅÊÅÉÕÔÄ ÚÉÓÉË ²Ñ
à××ÌÙÌÉÐÕÞDDDQÓÅËÎÑÊÉÐÌÄQ
fÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÐ ËÊ ÓÍÈÇÕÈÔ ÓÎ ÙÔÐ
OLP I[ DqÐßÔÐÎÕÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔÑÒÈÇÈÍ
[ →
OLP
[ → I[ D
fÄÍÈÈ ÎÐÉÏÐ ÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐ ÑбÄÊÄÔÞ ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÐÆÄÏËÈ ÑÒÈ
ÇÈÍÐÆÇÍÃÖÕϱØËËI[ÏÈÑÐÓÒÈÇÓÔÆÈÏÏÐÆÝÙËÓÍÃÃ
Ë×oÄÑÒËÎÈÒ
OLP [ ´ OLP [ µ
[ → I[ D [ → D D
D R
[ [
D [R
[ D
´ OLP ´
[ → D D
D D R
[ [
Ô ÈG ´D D
bÏÄÍÐËÙÏÐÆÝÙËÓÍÃàÔÓÃGG
,9 gÔÎÌ ×ÖвÙÌÄ I ÐÉÒÓÉÓÞÇÐÅ ÒÓÌ [ O D ! Ì ÌÏÉÉÕ
ÅÔÌÏÒÕÑÕÌÚÉÔ²ÑÉÓÅËÎÑÊÉÐÌÉÐÅÚÌÐÅáÜÉÉÔÄÔÚÎÉÐÅÒÑÓÄÈ
²Å
[
D
I[∼ ∑ QQ [{
Q [
ÕÑ
DQ
∫ IW GW∼Q∑
[
( Q µ )[ Q µ
[{
Õ ÉÇÖ²ÅËÅÐÐÑÏÔÎÖÚÅÉÅÔÌÏÒÕÑÕÌÚÉÔ²ÌÉÓÄÈÞÏÑÊÐÑÒÑ
ÚÎÉÐÐÑÌÐÕÉÓÌÓÑÇÅÕß
fбÄÉÈÎßÔÐqÕÓÔÞ
GHI Q D GHI
∑ NN 5Q[ I[´6Q[ Q
6Q[
N [
vÕϱØËËIË6QÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÝÑÒË[ODÑÐßÔÐÎÕËÖÕϱØËÃ5Q
ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÄÑÒË[ODdÓËÍÕ
5Q[ R
[{
[Q
sÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÇÍÃÍàÅÐÐε!ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔÔıÐÈ[εODÙÔÐ
ÇÍÃÆÓÈ×[![εÆÝÑÐÍÏÃÈÔÓÃÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐ
ε
_5Q[_
Q [
pÔÓàÇÄÆÝÔȱÄÈÔÆÐÑÈÒÆÝ×ÙÔÐËÏÔÈÒÄÍ ∫ 5QW GWÑÐßÔÐÎÕ
[ε
Ë ËÏÔÈÒÄÍ ∫ 5QW GW [ ! [ε ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕàÔ Ä ÆÐÆÔÐÒÝ× ÙÔÐ
[
ÑÒË[![εËÎÈÈÔÎÈÓÔÐÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐ
ε
[Q´ ∫ 5QW GW P[Q´ ∫ _5QW_ GWPε[Q´ ∫ GW
Q
[ [ [ W Q µ
ËÔı±Ä±ε!ÑÒÐËÊÆÐÍÞÏÐÔÐ
OLP [Q´ ∫ 5QW GW
[ → [
9 gÔÎÌ×ÖвÙÌÄIÓÅÔ²ÎÅÈÞÇÅÉÕÔÄÇÅÔÌÏÒÕÑÕÌÚÉÔ²ÌÍÓÄÈ
D
I[∼ ∑ QQ [{
Q [
ÌÉÔÎÌÑÐÅÌÏÉÉÕÒÓÌ[ODÐÉÒÓÉÓÞÇÐÖáÒÓÑÌËÇÑÈÐÖá²ÑÕÑ
ÓÅÄ ÕŲÊÉ ÒÓÌ [ { ÓÅÔ²ÎÅÈÞÇÅÉÕÔÄ Ç ÅÔÌÏÒÕÑÕÌÚÉ
Ô²ÌÍÓÄÈÕÑàÕÑÕÓÄÈÒÑÎÖÚÅÉÕÔÄ×ÑÓÏÅÎßÐÞÏÒÑÚÎÉÐÐÞÏ
ÈÌ××ÉÓÉÐÙÌÓÑÇÅÐÌÉÏÓÄÈÅ
Q QD
I′[∼´ ∑
Q
[{
Q [
dÓÄÎÐÎÇÈÍÈÑÕÓÔÞ
E
I′[∼ ∑ QQ [{
Q [
qÐÖÐÒÎÕÍÈoÞàÔÐÏĵmÈÌÅÏËØÄÇÍÃÍàÅÝ×[ODË\OD
\ \
E E
I\´I[ ∫ I′W GW ∫ E I′W´E´ GW
[ [ W W
\
E
E\´[EOQ \ ∫ I′W´E´ GW
[ [ W
E
sÐÍÄÓÏÐI′W´E´ 2
W{sÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞ
W W
ÏÐËÏÔÈÒÄÍ
E
∫ I′W´E´ W GW
[
Ó×ÐÇËÔÓÃdÓËÍÕÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔ±ÐÏÈÙÏÝÌÑÒÈÇÈÍ
OLP I\ D
\ →
qÐßÔÐÎÕÑÈÒÈ×ÐÇñÑÒÈÇÈÍÕÑÒË\{ÆÕÅÈÉÇÄÈÎ
ÓÃÆÔÐÎÙÔÐÇÍñÄÉÇÐÐ[ODÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔ±ÐÏÈÙÏÝÌÑÒÈÇÈÍ
OLP E\´[EOQ \
\ → [
ÔÐÆÐÊÎÐÉÏÐÔÐÍÞ±ÐÆÓÍÕÙÄȱÐÇÄE E tıËÎÐÅÒÄ
ÊÐÎÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐÆÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÑÈÒÈÌÇÈÔÆÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐ
D´I[ ∫ I′[ GW
[
ÑÒËßÔÐÎÆÓËÍÕÕÓÍÐÆËÃE E ËÊËÎÈÈÎ
E
I′[∼ ∑ QQ [{
Q [
ÐÔÓàÇÄËÏÔÈÒËÒÕÃÑÐÙÍÈÏÏÐÆÑÒÈÇÈÍÄ×ÐÔ[ÇÐÓÐÍÄÓÏÐ
ÓÆÐÌÓÔÆÕ,9ÑÐÍÕÙËÎ
Q E
D´I[∼ ∑ [{
QQ[ Q
oÐËÊÓÍÈÇÕÈÔÙÔÐ
D
D´I[∼ ∑ QQ
Q [
qÒËÏËÎÄà ÆÐ ÆÏËÎÄÏËÈ ÙÔÐ ÒÄÊÍÐÉÈÏËÈ ÖÕϱØËË ÑÒË
[{ÆÄÓËÎÑÔÐÔËÙÈÓ±ËÌÓÔÈÑÈÏÏÐÌÒÃÇÈÇËÏÓÔÆÈÏÏÐËÓÒÄÆ
ÏËÆÄÃÑÐÍÕÙËÆÚËÈÓÃÇÍÃÖÕϱØËËD´I[ÒÃÇÝÏÄÌÇÈÎÙÔÐ
EQ ´QDQQ
i Ä Î È Ù Ä Ï Ë È gÓÍËÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÕÈÎÄÃÑÒË
[ODÖÕϱØËÃIÒÄÓ±ÍÄÇÝÆÄÈÔÓÃÑÒË[{ÆÄÓËÎÑÔÐÔËÙÈÓ±ËÌ
ÒÃÇÔÐÈÈÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇÏÄÃÎÐÉÈÔÏÈËÎÈÔÞÑÒË[{ÄÓËÎÑÔÐÔËÙÈ
Ó±ÐÐÒÄÊÍÐÉÈÏËÃtÈÎÓÄÎÝÎÔÒÈÅÐÆÄÏËÈÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÐÆÄÏËÃÄÓËÎÑ
ÔÐÔËÙÈÓ±ÐÐÒÄÊÍÐÉÈÏËÃÕÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇÏÐÌÆÑÒÈÇÍÐÉÈÏËË9ÃÆÍÃÈÔ
Óà ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÈÏÏÝÎ d ±ÄÙÈÓÔÆÈ ÑÒËÎÈÒÄ ÒÄÓÓÎÐÔÒËÎ ÖÕϱØËà
I[ H ´[ VLQ H[ ´ [ oÈÔÒÕÇÏÐ Ó ÑÐÎÐÛÞà ÖÐÒÎÕÍ
ÕÅÈÇËÔÞÓÃÙÔÐÖÕϱØËÃIÑÒË[{ÒÄÓ±ÍÄÇÝÆÄÈÔÓÃ
Æ ÏÕÍÈÆÐÌ ÄÓËÎÑÔÐÔËÙÈÓ±ËÌ ÒÃÇ Ô È ÒÃÇ Õ ±ÐÔÐÒÐÐ
DQ Q gÈÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇÏÄÃI′[ ´H ´[VLQ H[FRV H[
ÊÄÆÈÇÐÎÐÏÈËÎÈÈÔÄÓËÎÑÔÐÔËÙÈÓ±ÐÐÒÄÊÍÐÉÈÏËÃÑÒË[{
Ôı±Ä±ÐÏÄÇÄÉÈÏÈËÎÈÈÔÑÒÈÇÈÍÄÑÒË[{
uqrbhogojgfбÄÊÄÔÞÙÔÐ
H ±[W
Ä ∫
[
GW∼ ´ ´[{
W [ [ [
µ W
Å ∫
[
H[ ´
GW∼
[
[
[
´
[
[{
¬ÒÂÔÏÝÇÒáÆÝ
¬ÒÂÔÏÝÇÙÊÓÍÐÄÝÇÒáÆÝ
d ÏÄÓÔÐÃÛÈÎ ÑÄÒÄÒÄÖÈ ÒÄÓÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄàÔÓà Ôı ÏÄÊÝÆÄÈÎÝÈ
±ÒÄÔÏÝÈÒÃÇÝÆËÇÄ
∑ X Q Q
Q Q N N
pÑÒÈÇÈÍËÎÙÈÔ±ÐßÔËÑÐÏÃÔËÃqÒÈÇÆÄÒËÔÈÍÞÏÐÆÆÈÇÈÎÑÐ
ÏÃÔËȱÒÄÔÏÐÌÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔË
°ÑÒÇÆÇÍÇÏÊÇ qÖÔÕß ; ¶ ÐɲÑÕÑÓÑÉ ÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÑ N²ÓÅÕ
ÐÑÍÒÑÔÎÉÈÑÇÅÕÉÎßÐÑÔÕßáàÎÉÏÉÐÕÑÇÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÅ;ÐÅËÞÇÅ
ÉÕÔÄÑÕÑÆÓÅÊÉÐÌÉI 1¨1¨¨1 {;1²Å²ÇÔÉÈÅÑÆÑ
NÒÄÊ
ËÐÅÚÅÉÕÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÑÐÅÕÖÓÅÎßÐÞØÚÌÔÉÎ
ÍÈÎÈÏÔ[ IQQNQ∈1QN∈1ÐÅÐÊÏÄÙÄÈÔÓÃÙÈ
ÒÈÊ[ Q Q ÄÓÄÎÄÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞ µÙÈÒÈÊ{ [ Q Q }
N N
pÇÏбÒÄÔÏÄÃÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞÏÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÓÃÑÒÐÓÔÐÑÐÓÍÈ
ÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞà
jÔıßÍÈÎÈÏÔÝN±ÒÄÔÏÐÌÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔË«ÊÄÏÕÎÈÒÐ
ÆÄÏݬ Q ÏÄÔÕÒÄÍÞÏÝÎË ËÏÇȱÓÄÎË nÝ ÅÕÇÈÎ ÒÄÓÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄÔÞ
ÙËÓÍÐÆÝÈ ±ÒÄÔÏÝÈ ÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔË Ô È ÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞ
ÏÐÓÔË ßÍÈÎÈÏÔÄÎË ±ÐÔÐÒÝ× ÃÆÍÃàÔÓà ±ÐÎÑÍȱÓÏÝÈ Æ ÙÄÓÔ
ÏÐÓÔË ÇÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÝÈ ÙËÓÍÄ fÍÃ ÑÒÐÓÔÐÔÝ ÐÅÐÊÏÄÙÈÏËÌ Ð
ÒÄÏËÙËÎÓÃÓÍÕÙÄÈÎN dßÔÐÎÓÍÕÙÄÈN±ÒÄÔÏÄÃÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄ
ÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞÏÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÓÃÇÆÐÌÏÐÌ
pÅÐÅÛÈÏËÈÏÄÓÍÕÙÄÌÑÒÐËÊÆÐÍÞÏÐÐÏÄÔÕÒÄÍÞÏÐÐN∈1ÏÈ
ÑÒÈÇÓÔÄÆÍÃÈÔÔÒÕÇÏÐÓÔË
°ÑÒÇÆÇÍÇÏÊÇ yÌÔÎÑ D∈& ÐÅËÞÇÅáÕ ÒÓÉÈÉÎÑÏ ÈÇÑÍÐÑÍ ÒÑ
ÔÎÉÈÑÇÅÕÉÎßÐÑÔÕÌ ^[PQ` Ì ÒÌÛÖÕ D OLP [PQ ÉÔÎÌ ÈÎÄ
PQ →
ÎáÆÑÑε!ÔÖÜÉÔÕÇÖÉÕÕŲÑÉQε∈1ÚÕÑÈÎÄÇÔÉØP!Qε
Q!QεP∈1Q∈1ÇÞÒÑÎÐÄÉÕÔÄÐÉÓÅÇÉÐÔÕÇÑ_[QP´D_ε
gÓÍËÇÆÐÌÏÄÃÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞËÎÈÈÔÑÒÈÇÈÍÔÐÐÏÄÏÄ
ÊÝÆÄÈÔÓÃÔØÑÈÄÜÉÍÔÄ
pÔÎÈÔËÎÙÔÐÏÈÆÓÈÓÆÐÌÓÔÆÄÑÒÈÇÈÍÐÆÐÅÝÙÏÝ×ÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄ
ÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÈÌÑÈÒÈÏÐÓÃÔÓÃÏÄÇÆÐÌÏÝÈtıÏÄÑÒËÎÈÒÑÐÓÍÈÇÐ
ÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞXQ QXPQ P Q P
Ó×ÐÇËÔÓà OLP XPQ ÐÇÏıÐßÔÄÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞÐÙÈ
PQ →
ÆËÇÏÐÏÈÐÒÄÏËÙÈÏÄ
i Ä Î È Ù Ä Ï Ë È qÒÈÇÈÍ ±ÒÄÔÏÐÌ ÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔË
ÎÐÉÏÐÐÑÒÈÇÈÍËÔÞËÇÒÕËÎÏÈß±ÆËÆÄÍÈÏÔÏÝÎÇÄÏÏÐÎÕÆÝÚÈ
ÓÑÐÓÐÅÐÎÏÄÑÒËÎÈÒÏÄÊÆÄÔÞÑÒÈÇÈÍÐÎÇÆÐÌÏÐÌÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞ
ÏÐÓÔË^XPQ`ÔıÐÈÙËÓÍÐDÙÔÐÇÍÃÍàÅÐÐε!ÏÄÌÇÈÔÓÃÔıÐÈ
ÏÄÔÕÒÄÍÞÏÐÈQε ÙÔÐÇÍÃÆÓÈ×QËPÇÍñÐÔÐÒÝ×QP! Qε
ÆÝÑÐÍÏÃÈÔÓÃÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐ_XQP´D_ε
qÒË ÔıÐÎ ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËË ÑÒÈÇÈÍÄ ÇÆÐÌÏÐÌ ÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞ
ÏÐÓÔËÙÍÈÏÝÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔËËÎÈàÛÈÌÑÒÈÇÈÍÅÕÇÕÔÕÉÈ
ÐÒÄÏËÙÈÏÝ ÇбÄÉËÔÈ ßÔÐ nÝ ÅÕÇÈÎ Æ ÇÄÍÞÏÈÌÚÈÎ ÑÒËÇÈÒ
ÉËÆÄÔÞÓÃÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËÃÑÒÈÇÈÍıÒÄÔÏÐÌÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔË
°ÑÒÇÆÇÍÇÏÊÇ fÇÑÍÐÖáÒÑÔÎÉÈÑÇÅÕÉÎßÐÑÔÕßÐÅËÞÇÅáÕÒÑÔÎÉ
ÈÑÇÅÕÉÎßÐÑÔÕßáÔÕÓÉÏÄÜÉÍÔIJÌÒÌÛÖÕ OLP [PQ
PQ →
ÉÔÎÌÈÎÄÎáÆÑÑε!ÔÖÜÉÔÕÇÖÉÕÕŲÑÉQε∈1ÚÕÑ
ÈÎÄÇÔÉØP!QεQ!QεP∈1Q∈1ÇÞÒÑÎÐÄÉÕÔÄÐÉÓÅÇÉÐÔÕ
ÇÑ[PQ!ε
bÏÄÍÐËÙÏÐÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÃàÔÓÃÅÈÓ±ÐÏÈÙÏÝÈÑÒÈÇÈÍÝ
OLP [PQ ´ Ë OLP [PQ
PQ → PQ →
lıÐÅÝÙÏÐÑÐÇÑÒÈÇÈÍÐÎÆÇÄÏÏÐÎÓÍÕÙÄÈÇÆÐÌÏÐÌÑÐÓÍÈ
ÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔËÑÐÏËÎÄÈÔÓñÐÏÈÙÏÝÌÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÓÍËÏÈÐÐÆÐÒÈ
ÏÐÙÔÐÍËÅÐÇÒÕÐÈ
pÑÒÈÇÈÍËÎÔÈÑÈÒÞÇÆÐÌÏÐÌÒÃÇ
°ÑÒÇÆÇÍÇÏÊÇ qÖÔÕß ËÅÈÅÐÅ ÈÇÑÍÐÅÄ ÒÑÔÎÉÈÑÇÅÕÉÎßÐÑÔÕß
^XPQ`sÑÔÕÅÇÌÏÈÇÑÍÐÖáÚÌÔÎÑÇÖáÒÑÔÎÉÈÑÇÅÕÉÎßÐÑÔÕß
P Q
6PQ ∑ ∑ XNO
N O
qÅÓÅÒÑÔÎÉÈÑÇÅÕÉÎßÐÑÔÕÉÍ^XPQ`^6PQ`ÐÅËÞÇÅÉÕÔÄÈÇÑÍÐÞÏ
ÓÄÈÑÏÌÑÆÑËÐÅÚÅÉÕÔÄÚÉÓÉË
∑ XPQ
PQ
ÍÈÎÈÏÔÝ ÇÆÐÌÏÐÌ ÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔË ^XPQ` ÏÄÊÝÆÄàÔÓÃ
ÚÎÉÐÅÏÌÓÄÈÅÄßÍÈÎÈÏÔÝÇÆÐÌÏÐÌÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔË
^6PQ` µÚÅÔÕÌÚÐÞÏÌÔÖÏÏÅÏÌßÔÐÐÒÃÇÄ
°ÑÒÇÆÇÍÇÏÊÇ fÇÑÍÐÑÍ ÓÄÈ ÐÅËÞÇÅÉÕÔÄ ÔØÑÈÄÜÌÏÔÄ
ÉÔÎÌÒÑÔÎÉÈÑÇÅÕÉÎßÐÑÔÕßÉÑÚÅÔÕÌÚÐÞØÔÖÏÏÔØÑÈÌÕÔÄgÉ
ÒÓÉÈÉÎÐÅËÞÇÅÉÕÔÄÔÖÏÏÑÍÓÄÈÅÒÓÌÚÉÏÉÔÎÌ
OLP 6PQ 6
PQ →
ÕÑÒÌÛÖÕ
∑ XPQ 6
PQ
i Ä Î È Ù Ä Ï Ë È sÐÇÈÒÉÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËÃÒÃÇıı
ÑÄÒÝÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÈÌ×ÐÒÐÚÐÆËÇÏÄÏÄÑÒËÎÈÒȱÒÄÔÏÝ×
ÒÃÇÐÆ oÄÑÒËÎÈÒ ÈÓÍË ÊÄÇÄÏÄ ÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞ ^XPQ` ÔÐ
ÓÐÐÔÆÈÔÓÔÆÕàÛÕà ÈÌ ÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞ «ÙÄÓÔËÙÏÝ× ÓÕÎά
ÎÐÉÏÐ ÊÄÇÄÆÄÔÞ ÏÈ ÔÐÍޱРձÄÊÄÏÏÝÎ ÆÝÚÈ ÓÑÐÓÐÅÐÎ
ÏÐËÑÐÇÒÕÐÎÕoÄÒÃÇÕÓÓÕÎÎÄÎ˱ÐÔÐÒÝÈÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈ
ÏÝÆÝÚÈËÏÄÊÝÆÄàÔÓÃÑ Ò Ã Î Ð Õ Ð Í Þ Ï Ý Î ËÆÏË×ÓÕÎ
ÎËÒÕàÔÓà ßÍÈÎÈÏÔÝ XNO ±ÐÔÐÒÝÎ ÓÐÐÔÆÈÔÓÔÆÕàÔ ÔÐÙ±Ë N O
ÑÍÐÓ±ÐÓÔË [\ ÓÐÇÈÒÉÄÛËÈÓÃ Æ ÑÒÃÎÐÕÐÍÞÏË±È P [ P P
P \ P Q ÒÄÓÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄàÔÓÃ Ô Ò È Õ Ð Í Þ Ï Ý È ÓÕÎÎÝ
7U ∑ XNO U ÔÐÙ±Ä N O ÍÈÉËÔ Æ ÔÒÈÕÐÍÞÏ˱È
N OPU
[O\O[\PUÓ Ö È Ò Ë Ù È Ó ± Ë ÈÓÕÎÎÝ6U ∑ XNO
N O PU
U ÔÐÙ±ÄNOÍÈÉËÔƱÒÕÈ[\PUËÇÒtıËÎ
ÐÅÒÄÊÐÎÇÍÃÐÇÏÐÌËÔÐÌÉÈÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔË^XPQ`ËÎÈàÔ
Óà ÒÄÊÏÝÈ ÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔË ÙÄÓÔËÙÏÝ× ÓÕÎÎ lÒÐÎÈ ÔÐÐ
ÇÍÃßÔË×ÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÈÌÙÄÓÔËÙÏÝ×ÓÕÎÎÑÐÏÃÔËÈÑÒÈÇÈ
ÍÄ ÈÓÔÈÓÔÆÈÏÏÐ ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÃÔÞ ÑÐÒÄÊÏÐÎÕ oÄÑÒËÎÈÒ ÇÍÃ ÔÒÈ
ÕÐÍÞÏÝ×ÙÄÓÔËÙÏÝ×ÓÕÎÎÔıËÎÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËÈÎÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃÐÑÒÈ
ÇÈÍÈÏËÈ ÑÒÈÇÈÍÄ ÓÖÐÒÎÕÍËÒÐÆÄÏÏÐÈ Æ ÊÄÎÈÙÄÏËË qÐßÔÐÎÕ
ÈÓÔÈÓÔÆÈÏÏÐÒÄÓÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄÔÞ±ÄÉÇÕàÑÄÒÕÓÐÓÔÐÃÛÕàËÊÑÐÓÍÈ
ÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔË ^XPQ` ÙÍÈÏÐÆ ÒÃÇÄ Ë ±Ä±Ë×ÔÐ ÈÐ «ÙÄÓÔËÙÏÝ×
ÓÕÎά ±Ä± ÓÄÎÐÓÔÐÃÔÈÍÞÏÝÌ ÒÃÇ qÒË ßÔÐÎ ÎÐÉÈÔ ÓÍÕÙËÔÞÓÃ
ÙÔÐÙÄÓÔËÙÏÝÈÓÕÎÎÝÐÇÏÐÐÆËÇÄÓÐÓÔÄÆÍÈÏÏÝÈËÊÙÍÈÏÐÆÒÃ
ÇÄËÎÈàÔÑÒÈÇÈÍÄÇÒÕËÈÈÐÏÈËÎÈàÔ
qÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔË ÙÄÓÔËÙÏÝ× ÓÕÎÎ ±ÒÄÔÏÝ× ÒÃÇÐÆ ÏÄ
ÑÒËÎÈÒ ÙÄÓÔËÙÏÝ× ÓÕÎÎ 7U ËÍË 6U Æ ÐÔÍËÙËÈ ÐÔ ÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄ
ÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÈÌÙÄÓÔËÙÏÝ×ÓÕÎÎÐÇÏбÒÄÔÏÝ×ÒÃÇÐÆÏÈÆÓÈÇÄÐÇ
ÏÐÊÏÄÙÏÐÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÃàÔÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞÐÅÛË×ÙÍÈÏÐÆÒÃÇÄ
pÅÛÈÈÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËÈÒÃÇÄËÎÈÈÔÓÍÈÇÕàÛËÌÆËÇ
rÃÇÐÎÏÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÓÃÑÄÒÄÓÐÓÔÐÃÛÄÃËʱÒÄÔÏÐÌÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄ
ÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔËÏÄÊÝÆÄÈÎÐÌÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞàÈÐÙÍÈÏÐÆÓÓÐÐÔ
ÆÈÔÓÔÆÕàÛËÎ ÑÐÏÃÔËÈÎ ÑÒÈÇÈÍÄ ÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÈÌ ÔıÐÐ
ÆËÇÄ Ë ÏȱÐÔÐÒÐÐ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ ^6α` α∈8 ÓÕÎÎ 6α ÈÐ ÙÍÈÏÐÆ
iÇÈÓÞ8 µÏȱÐÔÐÒÐÈÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐßÍÈÎÈÏÔÄÎËα±ÐÔÐÒÐÐÃÆÍÃ
àÔÓÃÏÄÅÐÒÝÎÕÍÞÔËËÏÇȱÓÐÆQQNÆÙÄÓÔÏÐÓÔËÐÅÝÙÏÝ×
ËÏÇȱÓÐÆË
6α ∑ X Q Q
N
( Q Q N ) ∈ α
sÍÈÇÕÈÔÐÔÎÈÔËÔÞÙÔÐËÏÐÇÄÇÆÄÒÄÊÏÝ×ÆÓÎÝÓÍÈÇÄÏÏÐÐ
ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËÃÒÃÇÄËÎÈàÛË×ÐÇÏÕËÔÕÉÈÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞ
ÙÍÈÏÐÆ ÒÃÇÄ ÏÄÊÝÆÄàÔ ÐÇÏËÎ Ë ÔÈÎ ÉÈ ÒÃÇÐÎ ÏÐ Ó ÒÄÊÏÝÎË
ÓÑÐÓÐÅÄÎËÈЫÓÕÎÎËÒÐÆÄÏËì
dÇÄÍÞÏÈÌÚÈÎÑÒËËÊÕÙÈÏË˱ÒÄÔÏÝ×ÒÃÇÐÆÅÕÇÕÔÒÄÓÓÎÄÔ
ÒËÆÄÔÞÓÃÔÐÍÞ±ÐÑÒÃÎÐÕÐÍÞÏÝÈÙÄÓÔËÙÏÝÈÓÕÎÎÝÆÙÄÓÔÏÐÓ
ÔËÇÍÃÇÆÐÌÏÝ×ÒÃÇÐÆÓÕÎÎÝ6PQ
± Ò Ê Î Ç Ò qÕÓÔÞ _S_ _T_ S∈& T∈& ÔÐÇÄ ÒÃÇ
∑ SPTQÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃfÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÐÆßÔÐÎÓÍÕÙÄÈ
PQ
P Q P Q P Q
µS µT
6PQ ∑
µ
∑ SµTν µ∑ Sµν∑ Tν
ν µS
µT
qÐßÔÐÎÕ ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔ ÑÒÈÇÈÍ OLP 6PQ
tıËÎ
PQ → ( µ S )( µ T)
ÐÅÒÄÊÐÎ
∑ SPTQ
_S_ _T_
PQ ( µ S ) ( µ T)
rÃÇÓÆÐÌÓÔÆÐÅÝÙÏÝ×ÐÇÏбÒÄÔÏÝ×ÒÃÇÐÆÑÈÒÈÏÐÓËÔÓÃÏÄ
±ÒÄÔÏÝÈÒÃÇÝ
gÔÎÌ ÓÄÈ ∑ XPQ ÔØÑÈÌÕÔÄ Ì 6 µ ÉÑ ÔÖÏÏÅ ÕÑ
PQ
∑ λXPQ λ6ÈÎÄÎáÆÑÑÚÌÔÎÅλ
PQ
gÔÎÌÓÄÈÞ ∑ ′ 6′Ì ∑
X PQ ″ 6′′ÔØÑÈÄÕÔÄÕÑ
X PQ
PQ PQ
′ X PQ
∑ X PQ ″ 6′6′′
PQ
ÔËÕÔÆÈÒÉÇÈÏËÃÍȱÐÇбÄÊÝÆÄàÔÓÃÄÏÄÍÐËÙÏÐÓÍÕÙÄàÐÇ
ÏбÒÄÔÏÝ× ÒÃÇÐÆ j× ÇбÄÊÄÔÈÍÞÓÔÆÄ ÎÐÕÔ ÅÝÔÞ ÑÒÐÆÈÇÈÏÝ
ÙËÔÄÔÈÍÈÎÓÄÎÐÓÔÐÃÔÈÍÞÏÐ
fбÄÉÈÎÔÈÑÈÒÞÏÈÓ±ÐÍÞ±ÐÔÈÐÒÈÎбÒÄÔÏÝ×ÒÃÇÄ×
´ § ° ² § ® ¢ gÔÎÌÓÄÈÔØÑÈÌÕÔÄÕÑ
OLP XPQ
PQ →
ÔÐÓÒÄÊÕÓÍÈÇÕÈÔËÊÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÄ
XPQ 6PQ´6P´Q´6PQ´6P´Q´
ËÕÓÍÐÆËÃ
´ § ° ² § ® ¢ gÔÎÌÇÔÉÚÎÉÐÞÓÄÈÅÐÉÑÕÓÌÙÅÕÉÎßÐÞ
XPQO PQ
ÕÑÇÔÉÈÅÔÖÜÉÔÕÇÖÉÕ²ÑÐÉÚÐÞÍÌÎÌÆÉÔ²ÑÐÉÚÐÞÍÒÓÉÈÉÎÉÑ
ÚÅÔÕÌÚÐÞØÔÖÏÏ6PQÒÓÌÚÉÏ
OLP 6PQ VXS 6PQ
PQ → PQ
¦ Ð Ì Â É Â Ô Ç Í Þ Ó Ô Ä Ð gÓÍË ÆÝÑÐÍÏÃÈÔÓÃ ÕÓÍÐÆËÈ Ë
P′OPQ′OQÔÐ6P′Q′O6PQ
fÄÍÈÈÈÓÍË6 VXS 6PQË6′6ÔÐÆÓËÍÕÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËÃ
PQ
ÆÈÒ×ÏÈÌÒÄÏËÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕàÔÔıËÈÏÐÎÈÒÄPËQÙÔÐ6 P Q !6′
qÐÍÐÉËÎ1 PD[ ^PQ`ÔÐÇÄÑÒËP!1ËQ!1
6PQO611O6 P !6′
Q
ËÔı±Ä±6PQP6ÔÐ OLP 6PQ 6Ô ÈÆÝÑÐÍÏÃÈÔÓÃÕÓÍÐ
PQ →
ÆËÈ
³ § ¦ ³ ´ ¤ ª § dÒÓÉÈÒÑÎÑÊÉÐÌÄØÕÉÑÓÉÏÞÓÄÈÔØÑÈÌÕ
ÔÄÕÑÈÅÌÕÑÎß²ÑÕÑÈŲÑÈÅÉÑÚÅÔÕÌÚÐÞÉÔÖÏÏÞÑÓÅ
ÐÌÚÉÐÞ
fбÄÊÄÔÈÍÞÓÔÆÐÓÍÈÇÓÔÆËÃÐÙÈÆËÇÏÐ
fÍÃÇÆÐÌÏÝ×ÒÃÇÐÆÓÏÈÐÔÒËØÄÔÈÍÞÏÝÎËÙÍÈÏÄÎËÓÑÒÄÆÈÇ
ÍËÆÑÒËÊÏıÓÒÄÆÏÈÏËÃ
´ § ° ² § ® ¢ gÔÎÌÓÄÈ ∑ DPQÔØÑÈÌÕÔÄÌÔÖÜÉÔÕÇÖÉÕÕÅ
PQ
²ÑÉF!ÚÕÑÈÎÄÇÔÉØPQ ÇÞÒÑÎÐÄÉÕÔÄÐÉÓÅÇÉÐ
ÔÕÇÑPXPQ PFDPQÕÑÓÄÈ ∑ XPQÕŲÊÉÔØÑÈÌÕÔÄ
PQ
ÔÐÓÒÄÊÕÓÍÈÇÕÈÔËÊÓÍÈÇÓÔÆËÃÔÈÐÒÈÎÝ Ôı±Ä±ÇÍÃÍà
ÅÝ×ÏÄÔÕÒÄÍÞÏÝ×PËQÆÝÑÐÍÏÃàÔÓÃÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÄ
∑ XPQ PFPQ∑ DPQ
PQ
jÊ ÇÆÕ±ÒÄÔÏÐÐ ÒÃÇÄ ÎÐÉÏÐ ÖÐÒÎÄÍÞÏÐ ÐÅÒÄÊÐÆÄÔÞ
ÇÆÄ ÑÐÆÔÐÒÏÝ× ÒÃÇÄ fÍà ßÔÐÐ ÓÍÈÇÕÈÔ ÓÏÄÙÄÍÄ ÑÒÐÓÕÎÎËÒÐ
ÆÄÔÞÑÐÐÇÏÐÎÕËÏÇȱÓÕÊÄÖ˱ÓËÒÐÆÄÆÇÒÕÐÌÄÊÄÔÈÎÆÝÑÐÍ
ÏËÔÞÓÕÎÎËÒÐÆÄÏËÈÑÐÐÓÔÄÆÚÈÎÕÓÃËÏÇȱÓÕ
∑ ∑ XPQ
Q P
∑ ∑ XPQ
P Q
pÔÆÈÔ ÏÄ ÆÐÑÒÐÓ ±Ä± ÓÆÃÊÄÏÄ Ó×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔÞ ±ÒÄÔÏÐÐ ÒÃÇÄ Ó
ÑÐÍÕÙÄàÛËÎËÓÃËÊÏÈÐÑÐÆÔÐÒÏÝÎËÒÃÇÄÎËÇÄÈÔÓÍÈÇÕàÛÄÃ
ÔÈÐÒÈÎÄ
´ § ° ² § ® ¢ gÔÎÌÔØÑÈÌÕÔÄÈÇÑÍÐÑÍÓÄÈÌÈÎÄÇÔÉØQ
ÔØÑÈÄÕÔÄÓÄÈÞ ∑ XPQÕÑÒÑÇÕÑÓÐÞÍÓÄÈ ∑ ∑ XPQ
P Q P
ÕŲÊÉÔØÑÈÌÕÔÄÌÉÑÔÖÏÏÅÓÅÇÐÅÔÖÏÏÉÈÅÐÐÑÑÈÇÑÍÐÑÑ
ÓÄÈÅ
¦ Ð Ì Â É Â Ô Ç Í Þ Ó Ô Ä Ð gÓÍËV ∑ XPQÔÐÓÐÍÄÓÏÐÐÑÒÈÇÈ
PQ
ÍÈÏËàÓÕÎÎÝÇÆÐÌÏÐÐÒÃÇÄÇÍÃÍàÅÐÐε!ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔÔÄ
±ÐÌÏÐÎÈÒQεÙÔÐÇÍÃÆÓÈ×ÏÐÎÈÒÐÆP!QεËQ!QεÆÝÑÐÍÏÃÈÔ
ÓÃÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐ
Q P
V´ ∑ ∑ Xµν ε
ν µ
qÈÒÈÌÇà ÊÇÈÓÞ ± ÑÒÈÇÈÍÕ ÑÒË P { ÑÐÍÕÙËÎ ÙÔÐ ÑÒË ÆÓÈ×
Q!QεÓÑÒÄÆÈÇÍËÆÐÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐ
Q
V´ ∑ ∑ Xµν P εε
ν µ
tıËÎÐÅÒÄÊÐÎÑÐÍÐÉËÆXν ∑ XµνXν ÑÒËQ!Qε
µ
ÅÕÇÈÎËÎÈÔÞ
V´ ∑ Xν ε
ν
ÔÐÐÊÏÄÙÄÈÔÙÔÐ ∑ Xν VÔÈÓÕÎÎÄÒÃÇÄ ∑ ∑ XµνÒÄÆÏÄV
ν ν µ
ν
∑µ∑Xµν ν∑Xν V
°ÑÒÇÆÇÍÇÏÊÇ rÄÈÐÅËÞÇÅÉÕÔÄÅÆÔÑÎáÕÐÑÔØÑÈÄÜÌÏÔÄ
ÉÔÎÌÔØÑÈÌÕÔÄÓÄÈÔÑÔÕÅÇÎÉÐÐÞÍÌËÅÆÔÑÎáÕÐÞØÇÉÎÌÚÌÐÉÑ
ÚÎÉÐÑÇÕ ÉÓÄÈ
∑ _XPQ_ PQ
pÔÎÈÔËÎ ÙÔÐ ÈÓÍË ÒÃÇ ÄÅÓÐÍàÔÏÐ Ó×ÐÇËÔÓà ÔÐ ÈÐ
ÐÅÛËÌÙÍÈÏÓÔÒÈÎËÔÓñÏÕÍàÑÒËÏÈÐÒÄÏËÙÈÏÏÐÎÆÐÊÒÄÓÔÄ
ÏËË×ÐÔÃÅÝÐÇÏÐÐËÊËÏÇȱÓÐÆ OLP XPQ
PD[ { PQ } →
a
dÓÄÎÐÎÇÈÍÈÑÕÓÔÞ6 ∑ _XPQ_ÔÐÇÄÇÍÃÍàÅÐÐε!ÓÕ
PQ
ÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔÏÄÔÕÒÄÍÞÏÐÈQεÔıÐÈÙÔÐÑÒËP!QεËQ!QεÆÝÑÐÍÏÃ
ÈÔÓÃÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐ
a P Q
6´ ∑ ∑ _XNO_ε
N O
qÐßÔÐÎÕÈÓÍËÏÐÎÈÒÄPËQÔıÐÆÝÙÔÐPD[ ^PQ`!QεÔÐ
Q Q
a ε ε
_XPQ_P ∑ _Xµν_P6´ ∑ ∑ _XNO_ε
N O
{ µOP }` { νOQ }
jÊÓÔÒÈÎÍÈÏËÃÐÅÛÈÐÙÍÈÏÄÄÅÓÐÍàÔÏÐÓ×ÐÇÃÛÈÐÓÃÒÃÇÄ
± ÏÕÍà ÑÒË ÏÈÐÒÄÏËÙÈÏÏÐÎ ÆÐÊÒÄÓÔÄÏËË ×ÐÔà ÅÝ ÐÇÏÐÐ ËÊ
ÈÐËÏÇȱÓÐÆÐÙÈÆËÇÏÐÓÍÈÇÕÈÔÙÔÐÙÍÈÏÝßÔÐÐÒÃÇÄÐÒÄÏË
ÙÈÏÝpÔÎÈÔËÎÙÔÐÕÓ×ÐÇÃÛÈÐÓÃÏÐÏÈÄÅÓÐÍàÔÏÐÒÃÇÄßÔÐ
ÎÐÉÈÔ ÏÈ ËÎÈÔÞ ÎÈÓÔÄ qÒËÎÈÒÐÎ ÔıÐÐ ÒÃÇÄ ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓà ÏÄ
ÑÒËÎÈÒÒÄÓÓÎÐÔÒÈÏÏÝÌÏËÉÈÒÃÇÆÔÐÙ±È
´ § ° ² § ® ¢ gÔÎÌ ÓÄÈ ÅÆÔÑÎáÕÐÑ ÔØÑÈÌÕÔÄ ÕÑ ÔØÑ
ÈÌÕÔÄ Ì ÎáÆÑÍ ÓÄÈ ÑÈÐѲÓÅÕÐÞÍ ÈÇÖ²ÓÅÕÐÞÍ ÌÎÌ ÒÑÇÕÑÓ
ÐÞÍ ÒÑÎÖÚÉÐÐÞÍ ÒÉÓÉÔÕÅÐÑDzÑÍ ÚÎÉÐÑÇ ÈÅÐÐÑÑ ÓÄÈÅ Ç ÚÅ
ÔÕÐÑÔÕÌ ÔØÑÈÌÕÔÄ Ì ÔÅÏ ËÅÈÅÐÐÞÍ ÓÄÈ qÓÌ àÕÑÏ ÔÖÏÏÅ
ÎáÆÑÑÕŲÑÑÓÄÈÅÔÑÇÒÅÈÅÉÕÔÔÖÏÏÑÍÌÔØÑÈÐÑÑÓÄÈÅ
¦ Ð Ì Â É Â Ô Ç Í Þ Ó Ô Ä Ð rÄÓÑÐÍÐÉËÎÙÍÈÏÝÒÃÇÄÆÅÈÓ±Ð
ÏÈÙÏÕà ÑÒÃÎÐÕÐÍÞÏÕà ÎÄÔÒËØÕ ÑÐÎÈÓÔËÆ Æ Pà ÈÈ ÓÔÒбÕ
ÙÍÈÏÝ ÒÃÇÄ Ó ÇÄÏÏÝÎ Ö˱ÓËÒÐÆÄÏÏÝÎ ÑÈÒÆÝÎ ÏÐÎÈÒÐÎ P
ÒÄÓÑÐÍÐÉÈÏÏÝÈÑÐÆÐÊÒÄÓÔÄÏËàÆÔÐÒÐÐËÏÇȱÓÄQ
X X X XQ
X X X XQ
XP XP XP XPQ
iÄÏÕÎÈÒÕÈÎ ÔÈÑÈÒÞ ßÍÈÎÈÏÔÝ ßÔÐÌ ÔÄÅÍËØÝ ÓÐÍÄÓÏÐ ÓÍÈ
ÇÕàÛÈÌÓ×ÈÎÈ
yÍÈÏÒÃÇÄÑÐÍÕÙËÆÚËÌÑÒËÔıÐÌÏÕÎÈÒÄØËËÏÐÎÈÒN
ÐÅÐÊÏÄÙËÎYNrÄÓÓÎÐÔÒËÎÒÃÇ
∑ YN
N
ËÑбÄÉÈÎÙÔÐÐÏÄÅÓÐÍàÔÏÐÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃÔ ÈÙÔÐÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃÒÃÇ
N
∑ _YN_
a
pÅÐÊÏÄÙËÎ ÙÄÓÔËÙÏÝÈ ÓÕÎÎÝ ÒÃÇÄ ÙÈÒÈÊ 6PQ ÈÐ
a a
ÓÕÎÎÕ µÙÈÒÈÊ6ÄÙÄÓÔËÙÏÝÈÓÕÎÎÝÒÃÇÄ µÙÈÒÈÊ6N
a
qÒÈÉÇÈÆÓÈÐÊÄÎÈÔËÎÙÔÐÇÍÃÍàÅÐÌÓÕÎÎÝ 6NÏÄÌÇÕÔÓÃÔÄ
±ËÈÏÐÎÈÒÄPËQÙÔÐÆÓÈÙÍÈÏÝÒÃÇÄÆ×ÐÇÃÛËÈÆÓÕÎ
a a a a a
ÎÕ6NÆÐÌÇÕÔËÆÓÕÎÎÕ6PQÔÐÇÄ6NP6PQP6pÔÓàÇÄËÓÍÈ
ÇÕÈÔÓÎÑÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔÞÒÃÇÄ
jÊ ÄÅÓÐÍàÔÏÐÌ Ó×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔË ÒÃÇÄ ÓÍÈÇÕÈÔ ÙÔÐ Ë
ÍàÅÐÌÇÒÕÐÌÐÇÏбÒÄÔÏÝÌÒÃÇÓÐÓÔÄÆÍÈÏÏÝÌËÊÙÍÈÏÐÆÒÃÇÄ
ÔıÉÈ Ó×ÐÇËÔÓÃ Ë ÈÐ ÓÕÎÎÄ ÒÄÆÏÄ ÓÕÎÎÈ ÒÃÇÄ
ÓÎ Ñ qÕÓÔÞ ∑ YN 6 qбÄÉÈÎ ÔÈÑÈÒÞ ÙÔÐ ÍàÅÐÌ
N
ÇÆÐÌÏÐÌÒÃÇ
∑ X PQ
PQ
ÑÐÍÕÙÈÏÏÝÌÏȱÐÔÐÒÐÌÑÈÒÈÏÕÎÈÒÄØËÈÌÇÆÐÌÏÝÎËËÏÇȱÓÄÎË
ÙÍÈÏÐÆÇÄÏÏÐÐÒÃÇÄÄÅÓÐÍàÔÏÐÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃËÙÔÐÈÐÓÕÎ
ÎÄÔıÉÈÒÄÆÏÄ6
bÅÓÐÍàÔÏÄÃÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔÞÒÃÇÄÍȱÐÓÍÈÇÕÈÔËÊÄÅÓÐ
ÍàÔÏÐÌ Ó×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔË ÒÃÇÄ Ô È ËÊ Ó×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔË ÒÃÇÄ
ËÇбÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÓà ÔÈÎÉÈ ÑÒËÈÎÐÎÓ ÑÐÎÐÛÞà±ÐÔÐÒÐÐ
ÅÝÍÄÇбÄÊÄÏÄÄÅÓÐÍàÔÏÄÃÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔÞÒÃÇÄfбÄÉÈÎ
ÔÈÑÈÒÞÙÔÐÓÕÎÎÄÒÃÇÄÒÄÆÏÄ6pÅÐÊÏÄÙËÎÈÐÙÄÓÔËÙ
ÄÙÄÓÔËÙÏÝÈÓÕÎÎÝÒÃÇÄ µÙÈ
ÏÝÈÓÕÎÎÝÙÈÒÈÊ 6 PQ
ÒÈÊ6NqÕÓÔÞÖ˱ÓËÒÐÆÄÏÐÙËÓÍÐε!dÓËÍÕÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔËÒÃ
ÇÄÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔÔıÐÌÏÐÎÈÒNεÙÔÐ
_YN_ ε
∑
N N ε
ÔÐÇÄËÑÐÇÄÆÏÐ
_YN_ε
_6´6 N _ ∑ YN ∑
ε
N N ε N N ε
dÝÅÈÒÈÎ ÏÐÎÈÒ 1ε Ôı ÙÔÐÅÝ ÙÄÓÔËÙÏÄà ÓÕÎÎÄ 6 1 ÒÃÇÄ
ε 1ε
ÓÐÇÈÒÉÄÍÄƱÄÙÈÓÔÆÈÓÍÄÄÈÎÝ×ÆÓÈÙÍÈÏÝÒÃÇÄ
Æ×ÐÇÃÛËÈÆÓÕÎÎÕ6 N qÕÓÔÞPO1εËQO1εqÐÍÐÉËÎ
ε
6
´ 6
6 PQ PQ N ε
ÔÐÇÄËÓÑÐÍÞÊÐÆÄÆËÑÐÍÕÙËÎ
_ _6´ 6 __6
_ε
_6´6 PQ N PQ ε
jÔı 6 ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓà ÓÕÎÎÐÌ ÍàÅÐÐ ÒÃÇÄ Æ ÙÄÓÔÏÐÓÔË
ÓÕÎÎÐÌÓÄÎÐÐÒÃÇÄ
qбÄÉÈÎ ÏıÐÏÈØ ÙÔÐ 6 ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃ Ë ÓÕÎÎÐÌ ÑÐÆÔÐÒÏÝ×
ÒÃÇÐÆdÓÄÎÐÎÇÈÍÈÑÒËÍàÅÐÎÖ˱ÓËÒÐÆÄÏÏÐÎQ
a
∑ _XPQ_P ∑ _YN_ 6
P N
sÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÆÓÈÒÃÇÝ ∑ XPQQ Ó×ÐÇÃÔÓÃËÑÒË
P
ÔÐÎÄÅÓÐÍàÔÏÐ
qÐÍÐÉËÎ
XQ ∑ XPQ
P
iÄÖ˱ÓËÒÕÈÎÓÏÐÆÄÑÒÐËÊÆÐÍÞÏÐÈÙËÓÍÐε!dÝÅÈÒÈÎÏÐ
ÎÈÒNεÔıÙÔÐÅÝÆÝÑÐÍÏÃÍÐÓÞÕÓÍÐÆËÈÄÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞ
ÏÐËÕÓÍÐÆËÈfÄÍÈÈÑÐÇÐÅÏÐÔÐÎձıßÔÐÅÝÍÐÓÇÈÍÄ
ÏÐÆÝÚÈÆÝÅÈÒÈÎÏÐÎÈÒ1εÔıÙÔÐÅÝÙÄÓÔËÙÏÄÃÓÕÎÎÄ61ε1ε
ÒÃÇÄ ÓÐÇÈÒÉÄÍÄ Æ ±ÄÙÈÓÔÆÈ ÓÍÄÄÈÎÝ× ÆÓÈ ÙÍÈÏÝ ÒÃÇÄ
Æ×ÐÇÃÛËÈÆÓÕÎÎÕ 6 N tÐÇÄÑÒËÆÓÈ×P!1εËQ!1ε
ε
Q P
_YN_ε
M
∑ L ∑ XLM´6 Nε P ∑
N N ε
qÈÒÈÌÇÃ Æ ßÔÐÎ ÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÈ ± ÑÒÈÇÈÍÕ ÑÒË P { ÑÐÍÕÙËÎ
ÓÎ
Q
ε
∑ XM´6 N P
M ε
pÔÓàÇÄ Æ ÓËÍÕ ÓÍÈÇÕÈÔ ÙÔÐ ÑÒËQ ! 1ε ÆÝÑÐÍÏÃÈÔÓÃ
ÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐ
Q Q
∑ XM´6 P M ∑ XM´6 Nε _6 Nε ´6_ε
M
ÔÐËÐÊÏÄÙÄÈÔÙÔÐ
∑ ∑ XPQ Q∑ XQ 6
Q P
uqrbhogojgpÅÐÅÛËÔÞ±ÒËÔÈÒËÌlÐÚËÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔËÐÇÏбÒÄÔÏÝ×
ÒÃÇÐÆÏÄÓÍÕÙÄ̱ÒÄÔÏÝ×ÒÃÇÐÆ
¬ÒÂÔÏÝÇÖÕÏÌØÊÐÏÂÍÞÏÝÇÒáÆÝ
°ÑÒÇÆÇÍÇÏÊÇ rÄÈÇÌÈÅ
∑ XQ
Q N
[
Q Q N
¶ ÉÑÚÅÔÕÌÚÐÞÏÌÔÖÏÏÅÏÌ
°ÑÒÇÆÇÍÇÏÊÇ rÄÈÐÅËÞÇÅÉÕÔÄÔØÑÈÄÜÌÏÔÄÐÅÏÐÑÊÉ
ÔÕÇÉ ; ÉÔÎÌ ÒÓÌ ²ÅÊÈÑÏ ×̲ÔÌÓÑÇÅÐÐÑÏ [∈; ÔØÑÈÌÕÔÄ
²ÓÅÕÐÞÍÚÌÔÎÑÇÑÍÓÄÈ
∑ X Q Q [
Q Q N N
°ÑÒÇÆÇÍÇÏÊÇ rÄÈÞÇÌÈÅ
Q Q
∑ FQ [´[ ( ) ) [Q´[ Q( ) ) N
Q Q Q N
N
±ÄÊÝÆÄÍÄÓÞÑÒË] ÒÄÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔÞÒÃÇÄÆÑÒËÎÈÒÈ Ñ Ë
ÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐ ÑÒË ] ! ÈÐ ÓÕÎÎÄ ÒÄÆÏÄ ÑÐßÔÐÎÕ Ë
OLP 6 ] ] jÊÓ±ÄÊÄÏÏÐÐËËÊÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÄÓÍÈ
Q → Q
ÇÕÈÔÙÔÐÈÓÍË[\ ËÍË[\ ÔбıÐÆÝÅÝÏË
ÅÝÍËÙËÓÍÄε!ËÏÄÔÕÒÄÍÞÏÐÈ1ÆÓÈÇÄÎÐÉÏÐÑÐÇÐÅÒÄÔÞÔÄ
±ËÈÏÐÎÈÒÄP!1ËQ!1ÙÔÐ_6PQ[\_!εbßÔÐËÐÊÏÄÙÄÈÔ
ÙÔÐÒÃÇÇÍÃÕ±ÄÊÄÏÏÝ×[\ÒÄÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃ
iÄÎÈÔËÎÙÔÐ×ÐÔÃÆÔÐÙ±ÈÒÄÓÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄÈÎÝÌÒÃÇÓ×Ð
ÇËÔÓÃÈÐÙÍÈÏÝÔ ÈÆÇÄÏÏÐÎÓÍÕÙÄȱÐßÖÖËØËÈÏÔÝÏÈÐ
ÒÄÏËÙÈÏÝ gÓÍË Õ ÓÔÈÑÈÏÏÐÐ ÒÃÇÄ Æ ÏȱÐÔÐÒÐÌ ÔÐÙ
±È [ \ ÈÐ ÙÍÈÏÝ ÐÅÒÄÊÕàÔ ÐÒÄÏËÙÈÏÏÐÈ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐ ßÔÐ
ËÎÈÈÔ ÎÈÓÔÐ ÏÄÑÒËÎÈÒ ÈÓÍË ÒÃÇ Ó×ÐÇËÔÓà ÄÅÓÐÍàÔÏÐ ÓÎ
Ñ ÔÐ ÇÍà ÔıÐÐ ÒÃÇÄ ÓÑÒÄÆÈÇÍËÆ ÇÆÕÎÈÒÏÝÌ ÄÏÄÍÐ
ÑÈÒÆÐÌÔÈÐÒÈÎÝbÅÈÍÃÓÎÑ
´ § ° ² § ® ¢ gÔÎÌÇÕÑÚ²É[\ÚÎÉÐÞÓÄÈÅÑÓÅÐÌ
ÚÉÐÞÕÑÇÎáÆÑÍÕÑÚ²É[\ÕŲÑÍÚÕÑ_[__[__\__\_ÓÄÈ
ÔØÑÈÌÕÔÄÅÆÔÑÎáÕÐÑ
¦ Ð Ì Â É Â Ô Ç Í Þ Ó Ô Ä Ð gÓÍËÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔÔıÐÈ0!ÙÔÐÇÍÃÆÓÈ×
ÏÄÔÕÒÄÍÞÏÝ×PËQÆÝÑÐÍÏÃÈÔÓÃÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐ_FPQ [ P \ Q_P0ÔÐ
ÑÒË_[__[__\__\_ÑÐÍÕÙËÎ
[ P \ Q [ P \ Q
_FPQ [P \Q_ _FPQ [ P \ Q_ [ P0
\ [ \
pÔÓàÇÄ Æ ÓËÍÕ ÑÒËÊÏÄ±Ä ÓÒÄÆÏÈÏËà ÓÎ ÔÈÐÒÈÎÕ Ë Ó×ÐÇË
ÎÐÓÔËÒÃÇÄÆËÇÄ ∑ SPTQ_S__T_ÓÎÑÒËÎÈÒÆÑ
PQ
ËÓÍÈÇÕÈÔÕÔÆÈÒÉÇÈÏËÈÔÈÐÒÈÎÝ
uqrbhogoj oÄÊÐÆÈÎÙËÓÍÐ6ÓÕÎÎÐÌÒÃÇÄ ∑
PQ
XPQÈÓÍËÇÍÃ
ÍàÅÐÐ ε ! ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔ ÔıÐÌ ÏÐÎÈÒ 1 ÙÔÐ ÇÍà ÆÓÈ× ÏÐÎÈÒÐÆ P Ë Q
ÕÇÐÆÍÈÔÆÐÒÃàÛË×ÕÓÍÐÆËàPQ!1ÆÝÑÐÍÏÃÈÔÓÃÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐ_6PQ´6_
ε dÝÃÓÏËÔÞ ß±ÆËÆÄÍÈÏÔÏÐ ËÍË ÏÈÔ ßÔÐ ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËÈ ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËà
Ñ
oÄÊÐÆÈÎ ÙËÓÍÐ 6 ÓÕÎÎÐÌ ÒÃÇÄ ∑
PQ
XPQ ÈÓÍË ÇÍà ÍàÅÐÐ ε ! ÓÕ
ÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔÔıÐȱÐÏÈÙÏÐÈÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐ1ε ^PQ`ÑÄÒËÏÇȱÓÐÆPQÙÍÈ
ÏÐÆÇÄÏÏÐÐÒÃÇÄÙÔбıÐÆÐÅÝÏËÅÝÍÐÇÒÕÐȱÐÏÈÙÏÐÈÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐ1
ÑÄÒËÏÇȱÓÐÆÙÍÈÏÐÆßÔÐÐÒÃÇÄÓÐÇÈÒÉÄÛÈÈÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐ1ε 1¬1εÆÝ
ÑÐÍÏÃÈÔÓÃÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐ
∑ XPQ´6 ε
( PQ ) ∈ 1
¥ÍÂÄÂ
¦ÊÖÖÇÒÇÏØÊÂÍÞÏÐÇÊÓÙÊÓÍÇÏÊÇ
ÖÕÏÌØÊËÎÏÐÅÊ×ÑÇÒÇÎÇÏÏÝ×
®ÏÐÅÐÎÇÒÏÝÇÑÒÐÓÔÒÂÏÓÔÄÂ
°ÌÒÇÓÔÏÐÓÔÊÔÐÙÇÌ
±ÒÇÆÇÍÝÑÐÓÍÇÆÐÄÂÔÇÍÞÏÐÓÔÇËÔÐÙÇÌ
qÒÈÉÇÈ ÙÈÎ ÑÈÒÈÌÔË ± ËÊÕÙÈÏËà ÖÕϱØËÌ ÎÏÐË× ÑÈÒÈÎÈÏ
ÏÝ× ÐÊÏıÐÎËÎÓÃ Ó ÏȱÐÔÐÒÝÎË ÓÆÐÌÓÔÆÄÎË ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆ ÏÄ
±ÐÔÐÒÝ× ßÔË ÖÕϱØËË ÊÄÇÄàÔÓà cÕÇÈÎ ÑÒÈÇÑÐÍÄÄÔÞ ÙÔÐ ÏÄ
ÒÄÓÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄÈÎÐÌ ÑÍÐÓ±ÐÓÔË ËÍË Æ ÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÈ ÆÓÈÇÄ ÊÄÇÄ
ÏÄ ÏȱÐÔÐÒÄà ÑÒÃÎÐÕÐÍÞÏÄà ÓËÓÔÈÎÄ ÇȱÄÒÔÐÆÝ× ±ÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔ
tÐÙ±Ë ÅÕÇÈÎ ±Ä± ÑÒÄÆËÍÐ ÐÅÐÊÏÄÙÄÔÞ ÓÍÈÇÕàÛËÎË ÅÕ±ÆÄ
ÎËDE[\]
ÄË×±ÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔÝ µÔÈÎËÉÈÅÕ±ÆÄÎË
ÓËÏÇȱÓÄÎËÔ ÈÆÓÍÕÙÄÈÑÍÐÓ±ÐÓÔËÅÕÇÈÎÑËÓÄÔÞ[ [[
\ \\ÄÆÓÍÕÙÄÈÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÄ µÑËÓÄÔÞ[ [[[
\ \\\rÄÓÓÔÐÃÏËÈÎÈÉÇÕÔÐÙ±ÄÎË[Ë\ÅÕÇÈÎÐÅÐÊÏÄ
ÙÄÔÞ ρ[ \ lı ËÊÆÈÓÔÏÐ ÖÐÒÎÕÍÄ ÇÍà ÒÄÓÓÔÐÃÏËà ÎÈÉÇÕ
ÔÐÙ±ÄÎË[Ë\ÆÓÍÕÙÄÈÑÍÐÓ±ÐÓÔËËÎÈÈÔÆËÇ
ρ[\ ( [ µ \ ) ( [ µ \ )
ÄÆÓÍÕÙÄÈÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÄ µ
ρ[\ ( [ µ \ ) ( [ µ \ ) ( [ µ \ )
dÇÄÍÞÏÈÌÚÈÎÑÒËÇÈÔÓÃËÎÈÔÞÇÈÍÐÏÈÔÐÍÞ±ÐÓÖÕϱØËÃÎË
ÇÆÕ× Ë ÔÒÈ× ÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÝ× ÏÐ Ë Ó ÖÕϱØËÃÎË ÅÐÍÞÚÈÐ ÙËÓÍÄ
ÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÝ× ÑÐßÔÐÎÕ ÑÐÍÈÊÏÐ ÆÆÈÓÔË ÑÐÏÃÔËÈ QÎÈÒÏÐÐ ÑÒÐ
ÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÄÇÍÃÍàÅÐÐQ
jÏÐÇÄÔÐÙ±ËÐÅÐÊÏÄÙÄàÔÓÃËÅÐÍÞÚËÎËÅÕ±ÆÄÎËÏÄÑÒËÎÈÒ013
ÄË×±ÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔÝ µÅÕ±ÆÄÎË[\]
°ÑÒÇÆÇÍÇÏÊÇ tÑÚ²ÑÍ[QÏÉÓÐÑÑÒÓÑÔÕÓÅÐÔÕÇÅÐÅËÞÇÅÉÕ
ÔÄÖÒÑÓÄÈÑÚÉÐÐÅÄÔÑÇѲÖÒÐÑÔÕßQÈÉÍÔÕÇÌÕÉÎßÐÞØÚÌÔÉÎ
[[Q [
yÌÔÎÑ[LÐÅËÞÇÅÉÕÔÄL²ÑÑÓÈÌÐÅÕÑÍÕÑÚ²Ì[L Q
rÄÓÓÔÐÃÏËÈÎÈÉÇÕÇÆÕÎÃÔÐÙ±ÄÎË[[QË\\Q
ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÃÈÔÓÃÑÐÖÐÒÎÕÍÈ
fбÄÉÈÎÑÒÈÇÆÄÒËÔÈÍÞÏÐÍÈÎÎÕ
§ ® ® ¢ ÍÇÎΠ¬ÐÚÊyºÄÂÒØÂ
fÎÄ ÎáÆÞØ ÈÉÍÔÕÇÌÕÉÎß
ÐÞØÚÌÔÉÎDNÌENN QÇÞÒÑÎÐÄÉÕÔÄÐÉÓÅÇÉÐÔÕÇÑ
Q Q Q
∑ DLELP L ∑ DL L ∑ EL
L
³ § ¦ ³ ´ ¤ ª §
Q Q Q
∑ ( DL EL ) P L ∑ DL L ∑ EL
L
oÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃÙÄÓÔÏÝÎÓÍÕÙÄÈÎÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÄ
eÂÍÞÇÈÒÄÄÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐ µÙÄÓÔÏÝÎÓÍÕÙÄÈÎÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔ
ÆÄnËϱÐÆÓ±ÐÐÓÎÑ
ÑÒËS pÇÏıÐÆßÔÐÎÓÍÕÙÄÈ
Ë×ÇбÄÊÄÔÈÍÞÓÔÆÐÊÏÄÙËÔÈÍÞÏÐÑÒÐÛÈËÑÐßÔÐÎÕÎÝÈÐÊÇÈÓÞ
ÑÒËÆÈÇÈÎ
¦ Ð Ì Â É Â Ô Ç Í Þ Ó Ô Ä Ð gÓÍËÆÓÈDL L QÔÐÏÈÒÄÆÈÏ
ÓÔÆÐÐÙÈÆËÇÏÐ µÐÅÈÈÐÙÄÓÔËÑÒÈÆÒÄÛÄàÔÓÃÆÏÕÍÞgÓ
ÍËÉÈD D Q!ÔÐÒÄÓÓÎÐÔÒËαÆÄÇÒÄÔËÙÏÕàÖÕϱØËà
Q Q Q Q
)W ∑ DLWEL W ∑ D LW ∑ DLEL ∑ E L
L L L L
pÙÈÆËÇÏÐÙÔÐ)WOjÊßÔÐÐÕÓÍÐÆËÃÓÍÈÇÕÈÔÙÔбÆÄÇÒÄÔ
ÏÝÌÔÒÈ×ÙÍÈÏËÎÈÈÔÍËÅÐÓÐÆÑÄÇÄàÛËÈÇÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÝÈ
±ÐÒÏË ÍËÅÐ ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÈÏÏÐ ±ÐÎÑÍȱÓÏÝÈ ±ÐÒÏË ÑÐßÔÐÎÕ ÈÐ
ÇËÓ±ÒËÎËÏÄÏÔÏÈÑÐÍÐÉËÔÈÍÈÏ
Q Q Q
D E ´ ∑ D L ∑ E LP
L ∑ L L L L
dÈÒÏÈÎÓÃÔÈÑÈÒÞ±ÓÆÐÌÓÔÆÕÒÄÓÓÔÐÃÏËÃÎÈÉÇÕÔÐÙ±ÄÎË
ÆÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÈ5Q
qÕÓÔÞ [ [ [Q \ \ \Q Ë ] ] ]Q
qÐÍÐÉËÎ DL [L ´ \L EL \L ´ ]L Ë ÊÏÄÙËÔ DL EL [L ´ ]L
L QtÐÇÄÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐÎÐÉÏÐÑÈÒÈÑËÓÄÔÞÓÍÈ
ÇÕàÛËÎÐÅÒÄÊÐÎ
Q Q Q
∑ ( [ L µ ] L ) P L ∑ ( [ L µ \ L ) L ∑ ( \ L µ ] L )
L
ÔÐ
ρ0′0′′ ( [″ µ [′ ) ( \″ µ \′ ) ( ξ″ µ ξ′ ) ( η″ µ η′ )
ÔÐÔÑÒËÎÈÒÇÈÍÄÈÔÈÓÔÈÓÔÆÈÏÏÝÎÓÍÈÇÕàÛÈÈÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËÈ
qÕÓÔÞ±ÄÉÇÐÌÔÐÙ±È[ [[Q∈5QÑÐÓÔÄÆÍÈÏÆÓÐÐÔ
ÆÈÔÓÔÆËÈÕÑÐÒÃÇÐÙÈÏÏÝ̱ÐÎÑÍȱÓËÊQÇÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÝ×ÙËÓÈÍ
ξ[ ξ ξQ ÔıËÎ ÐÅÒÄÊÐÎ ÙÔÐ ÇÍà ÍàÅÝ× ÇÆÕ× ÔÐÙȱ
[′ [[QË[′′ [ ″[ Q″ËÓÐÐÔÆÈÔÓÔÆÕàÛË×ËαÐÎÑ
ÍȱÓÐÆξ[′ ξ ′ ξ ′ Ëξ[′′ ξ ′′ξ ′′ÆÝÑÐÍÏÃÈÔÓÃÒÄ
ÆÈÏÓÔÆÐ
Q Q
∑ ( [ ″L ´ [′L L ∑ ξ L′′´ξ′L
L
d ÓÍÕÙÄÈ ÑÍÐÓ±ÐÓÔË Ô È ÑÒË Q
ÒËÓ [ [[\ \\Ë
\ 8[ε ^\ \\\´[
[
[
\´[ε ε`ε!
[ Ô È8[ε µ±ÒÕÒÄÇËÕÓÄεÓØÈÏÔÒÐÎÆÔÐÙ
±È[ [[±ÒÕÐÆÄÃбÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔÞÄÆÓÍÕ
rËÓ
ÙÄÈÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÄÔ ÈÑÒËQ бÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔÞ
ÔÐÙ±Ë[ [[[ÊÄÇÄÈÔÓÃÖÐÒÎÕÍÐÌ
8[ε ^\ \\\ \´[\´[\´[ε`
ε!
ËÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃÚÄÒÐÎÒÄÇËÕÓÄεÓØÈÏÔÒÐÎÆÔÐÙ±È[[[
tıËÎ ÐÅÒÄÊÐÎ ÑÐÏÃÔËÈ Ð±ÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔË ÐÅÐÅÛÈÏÐ ÏÄ ÓÍÕÙÄÌ
QÎÈÒÏÐÐ ÈƱÍËÇÐÆÄ ÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÄ 5Q pÇÏıРÏÄÒÃÇÕ Ó Õ±Ä
ÊÄÏÏÝÎÐÅÐÅÛÈÏËÈÎÅÝÆÄÈÔÑÐÍÈÊÏÐËÇÒÕÐÈÐÅÐÅÛÈÏËÈßÔÐÐ
ÑÐÏÃÔËÃ Ä ËÎÈÏÏÐ ÑÐÏÃÔËÈ Ôı ÏÄÊÝÆÄÈÎÐÌ ÑÒÃÎÐÕÐÍÞÏÐÌ
бÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔË
°ÑÒÇÆÇÍÇÏÊÇ qÖÔÕß[ [[Q∈5QδL!L Q
nÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÑ
3[δδQ
^\ \\Q _\L´[L_δLL Q`
ÐÅËÞÇÅÉÕÔÄQÏÉÓÐÞÏÒÅÓÅÎÎÉÎÉÒÌÒÉÈÑÏÕÑÚÐÉÉQÏÉÓÐÞÏ
ÒÅÓÅÎÎÉÎÉÒÌÒÉÈÑÏ Ô ÓÉÆÓÅÏÌ ÒÅÓÅÎÎÉÎßÐÞÏÌ ²ÑÑÓÈÌÐÅÕ
ÐÞÏÑÔÄÏÅÕÑÚ²Å[ ¶ÉÑÙÉÐÕÓÑÏ
°ÑÒÇÆÇÍÇÏÊÇ gÔÎÌδ δ δQ δÕÑ3[δδδ
ÐÅËÞÇÅÉÕÔÄ QÏÉÓÐÞÏ ²ÖÆÑÏ Ô ÓÉÆÓÅÏÌ ÈÎÌÐÞ δ ÕÑÚÐÉÉ
QÏÉÓÐÞϲÖÆÑÏÔÓÉÆÓÅÏÌÖ²ÅËÅÐÐÑÍÈÎÌÐÞÌÒÅÓÅÎÎÉÎßÐÞÏÌ
ÑÔÄϲÑÑÓÈÌÐÅÕÔÙÉÐÕÓÑÏÇÕÑÚ²É[ÌÑÆÑËÐÅÚÅÉÕÔÄ3[δ
pÙÈÆËÇÏÐÙÔÐÈÓÍËÇÍÃÙËÓÈÍδδδQÑÐÍÐÉËÔÞ
δ PLQ ^δδQ`δ PD[ ^δδQ`
ÔÐ
3[δµ3[δδµ3[δ
gÓÍËQ ÔÐÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐ3[δÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃËÏÔÈÒÆÄÍÐÎÓØÈÏÔ
ÒÐÎÆÔÐÙ±È[ÇÍËÏÝδÈÓÍËQ ÔÐÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐ3[δδÃÆ
ÍÃÈÔÓà ÑÒÃÎÐÕÐÍÞÏ˱ÐÎ ÓÐ ÓÔÐÒÐÏÄÎË ÑÄÒÄÍÍÈÍÞÏÝÎË ÐÓÃÎ
±ÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔË×ÇÍËÏÝÒÄÆÏÝÓÐÐÔÆÈÔÓÔÆÈÏÏÐδËδÑÒËQ
ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐ3[δδδÑÒÈÇÓÔÄÆÍÃÈÔÓÐÅÐÌÑÒÃÎÐÕÐÍÞÏÝÌÑÄ
ÒÄÍÍÈÍÈÑËÑÈÇ Ó ÒÈÅÒÄÎË ÑÄÒÄÍÍÈÍÞÏÝÎË ÐÓÃÎ ±ÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔ Ë×
ÇÍËÏÝÓÐÐÔÆÈÔÓÔÆÈÏÏÐÒÄÆÏÝδδδ
qÐÇQÎÈÒÏÝÎÑÄÒÄÍÍÈÍÈÑËÑÈÇÐÎÓÐÐÔÆÈÔÓÔÆÈÏÏÐQÎÈÒÏÝÎ
±ÕÅÐÎÑÐÏËÎÄÈÔÓÃÔıÉÈÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏÏÐÈÕ±ÄÊÄÏÏÝ
ÎË ÆÝÚÈ ÕÓÍÐÆËÃÎË ×ÐÔà ÅÝ Æ ÐÇÏÐÌ ÓËÓÔÈÎÈ ±ÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔ Ä ÏÈ
ÐÅÃÊÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÆÇÄÏÏÐ̱ıßÔÐÅÝÍÐÓÇÈÍÄÏÐÆÝÚÈdÇÄÍÞÏÈÌ
ÚÈÎ QÎÈÒÏÝÌ ÑÄÒÄÍÍÈÍÈÑËÑÈÇ Ë QÎÈÒÏÝÌ ±ÕÅ ÑÐÏËÎÄàÔÓÃ
ÍËÚÞÆÕʱÐÎÓÎÝÓÍÈÔ ÈÆÓÎÝÓÍÈÇÄÏÏÐÐÆÝÚÈÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËÃ
ÑÒË Ö˱ÓËÒÐÆÄÏÏÐÌ ÓËÓÔÈÎÈ ±ÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔ ÈÓÍË ±ÐÏÈÙÏÐ ÓÑÈØË
ÄÍÞÏÐÏÈÐÐÆÐÒÈÏÐÙÔÐÍËÅÐÇÒÕÐÈ
°ÑÒÇÆÇÍÇÏÊÇ dÔIJÌÍQÏÉÓÐÞÍÒÅÓÅÎÎÉÎÉÒÌÒÉÈ3[δδQ
ÐÅËÞÇÅÉÕÔÄÒÓÄÏÑÖÑÎßÐÑÍѲÓÉÔÕÐÑÔÕßáÕÑÚ²Ì[
gÓÍË ÑÒÃÎÐÕÐÍÞÏÄà бÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔÞ ÔÐÙ±Ë ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓà QÎÈÒ
ÏÝαÕÅÐÎÔÐÐÏÄÏÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÓÃÔıÉÈ˲ÖÆÌÚÉÔ²ÑÍѲÓÉÔÕÐÑ
ÔÕßáßÔÐÌÔÐÙ±Ë
§ ® ® ¢ máÆÅÄÔ×ÉÓÌÚÉÔ²ÅÄѲÓÉÔÕÐÑÔÕßÕÑÚ²ÌÒÓÑÔÕÓÅÐ
ÔÕÇÅÔÑÈÉÓÊÌÕÒÓÄÏÑÖÑÎßÐÖáѲÓÉÔÕÐÑÔÕßÌÔÑÈÉÓÊÌÕÔÄÇ
ÒÓÄÏÑÖÑÎßÐÑÍѲÓÉÔÕÐÑÔÕÌàÕÑÍÕÑÚ²Ì
máÆÅÄÒÓÄÏÑÖÑÎßÐÅÄѲÓÉÔÕÐÑÔÕßÕÑÚ²ÌÔÑÈÉÓÊÌÕÔ×É
ÓÌÚÉÔ²ÖáѲÓÉÔÕÐÑÔÕßÌÔÑÈÉÓÊÌÕÔÄÇÔ×ÉÓÌÚÉÔ²ÑÍѲÓÉÔÕ
ÐÑÔÕÌàÕÑÍÕÑÚ²Ì
ÔËÕÔÆÈÒÉÇÈÏËÃÈÐÎÈÔÒËÙÈÓ±ËÐÙÈÆËÇÏÝÑÒËQ
fÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÐÑÒËQ ÑÐÏÃÔËÃÓÖÈÒËÙÈÓ±ÐÌËÑÒÃÎÐÕÐÍÞ
ÏÐÌбÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔÈÌÓÐÆÑÄÇÄàÔqÒËQ ÍÈÎÎÄÐÊÏÄÙÄÈÔÙÔÐÆÐ
ÆÓñËÌ ±ÒÕ ÎÐÉÏÐ ÆÑËÓÄÔÞ ÑÒÃÎÐÕÐÍÞÏ˱ Ë Ð±ÐÍÐ ÆÓñÐÐ
±ÒÕÄÐÑËÓÄÔÞÑÒÃÎÐÕÐÍÞÏ˱ÔıÙÔÐØÈÏÔÒÝÑÒÃÎÐÕÐÍÞÏË
±ÐÆ ÅÕÇÕÔ ÓÐÆÑÄÇÄÔÞ Ó ØÈÏÔÒÐÎ ±ÒÕÄ sÐÐÔÆÈÔÓÔÆÈÏÏÐ ÆÐ ÆÓÃ
±ËÌÑÒÃÎÐÕÐÍÞÏ˱ÎÐÉÏÐÆÑËÓÄÔÞ±ÒÕÓ
ØÈÏÔÒÐÎÆØÈÏÔÒÈÑÒÃÎÐÕÐÍÞÏ˱ÄËбÐÍÐ
ÆÓñÐÐ ÑÒÃÎÐÕÐÍÞÏ豀 ÎÐÉÏÐ ÐÑËÓÄÔÞ
±ÒÕ Ó ØÈÏÔÒÐÎ Æ ØÈÏÔÒÈ ÑÒÃÎÐÕÐÍÞÏ˱Ä
ÒËÓ bÏÄÍÐËÙÏÝÌ ÓÎÝÓÍ ËÎÈÈÔ ÍÈÎ
ÎÄËÑÒËQ ÓÍÈÇÕÈÔÔÐÍޱбÒÕËÊÄÎÈ
ÏËÔÞÚÄÒÄÎËÄÑÒÃÎÐÕÐÍÞÏË±Ë µÑÄÒÄÍ
ÍÈÍÈÑËÑÈÇÄÎË oÈÔÒÕÇÏÐ ÊÄÑËÓÄÔÞ Ë ÇбÄ
ÊÄÔÞ ßÔË ÕÔÆÈÒÉÇÈÏËÃ Æ ÄÏÄÍËÔËÙÈÓ±ÐÌ
ÖÐÒÎÈËÓÑÐÍÞÊÐÆÄƱÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔÏÕàÊÄÑËÓÞ rËÓ
ÔÐÔÓÑÐÓÐűıßÔÐÓÈÌÙÄÓÅÕÇÈÔÑбÄÊÄÏÐÍȱÐÐÅÐÅÛÄÈÔÓÃ
ËÏÄÓÍÕÙÄÌÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÄÍàÅÐÌÒÄÊÎÈÒÏÐÓÔË
¦ Ð Ì Â É Â Ô Ç Í Þ Ó Ô Ä Ð qÒÈÉÇÈÆÓÈÐÐÔÎÈÔËÎÙÔÐÇÍÃÍàÅÝ×
ÙËÓÈÍDDDQÓÑÒÄÆÈÇÍËÆÐÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐ
_DL_P D D D D Q P
P_D__D__D__DQ_ L Q
sÑÒÄÆÈÇÍËÆÐÓÔÞ ßÔÐÐ ÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÄ ÇбÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÓà ÆÐÊÆÈÇÈ
ÏËÈÎÐÅÈË×ÈÐÙÄÓÔÈÌƱÆÄÇÒÄÔ
dÓËÍÕÇÄÏÏÐÐÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÄÇÍñÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔÇÆÕ×ÍàÅÝ×ÔÐ
Ùȱ [ [ [ [Q Ë \ \ \ \Q ÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÄ 5Q
ÓÑÒÄÆÈÇÍËÆÐÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐ
_\L´[L_Pρ\[ ( \ µ [ ) ( \ µ [ ) ( \ Q µ [ Q ) P
P_\´[__\´[__\Q´[Q_ L Q
jÊßÔÐÐÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÄÓÍÈÇÕÈÔÙÔÐÇÍÃÍàÅÐÐε!ËÎÈÈÔÎÈÓÔÐ
ÆÍÐÉÈÏËÈ
3 [ ε µ8[εµ3[εµ8[Qε
Q
fÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÐÈÓÍË\∈3 [ ε ÔÐ_\L´[L_ ε L Q
Q Q
ÑÐßÔÐÎÕÒËÓ
Q Q Q
ρ\[ ∑ ( \L µ [L ) P ∑ _\L´[L_ ∑ ε ε
L L L Q
Ô È\∈8[ε
gÓÍË\∈8[εÔÐ_\L´[L_ P ρ\[εL QÄ
ßÔÐÐÊÏÄÙÄÈÔÙÔÐ\∈3[εÒËÓ
ε ε
\ \ \ \ \\
[ [
[ [[
[ [[
ε
[ [
rËÓ rËÓ
oıÐÏÈØÈÓÍË\∈3[εÔÐËÊÑÈÒÆÐÐƱÍàÙÈÏËÃ
ÊÄÎÈÏËÆ ε ÏÄ Qε ÑÐÍÕÙËÎ ÙÔÐ \∈8[ Qε jÊ Æ±ÍàÙÈÏËÌ
ÕÔÆÈÒÉÇÈÏËÈÍÈÎÎÝÓÍÈÇÕÈÔÐÙÈÆËÇÏÝÎÐÅÒÄÊÐÎ
uqrbhogojg fбÄÊÄÔÞÙÔÐÇÍÃÍàÅÐÐ ε!ËÍàÅÐÌÔÐÙ±Ë[∈5
ÓÑÒÄÆÈÇÍËÆÝƱÍàÙÈÏËÃ
ε
3 [
µ8[εµ3[εµ8[ε Q
Q
mÈÎÎÄ ÑбÄÊÝÆÄÈÔ ÙÔÐ ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËÃ Æ QÎÈÒÏÐÎ ÑÒÐ
ÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÈÆÝÅËÒÄàÔÓÃÔıËÎÐÅÒÄÊÐÎÙÔÐÅÝÆÏÈÎËÎÈÍËÎÈÓ
ÔÐ ÕÔÆÈÒÉÇÈÏËà ÄÏÄÍÐËÙÏÝÈ ÏȱÐÔÐÒÝÎ ÑÒÐÓÔÈÌÚËÎ ÕÔ
ÆÈÒÉÇÈÏËÃÎ Æ ÔÒÈ×ÎÈÒÏÐÎ ÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÈ pÔ ÑÐÓÑÈÚÏÐÐ ËÓ
ÑÐÍÞÊÐÆÄÏËà ÄÏÄÍÐËÌ ÏÈ ÑÐDZÒÈÑÍÈÏÏÝ× ÎÄÔÈÎÄÔËÙÈÓ±ËÎË
ÇбÄÊÄÔÈÍÞÓÔÆÄÎË ÑÒÈÇÐÓÔÈÒÈÄÈÔ ÑÒËÎÈÒ ÓÐÇÈÒÉÄÛËÌÓà Æ
ÓÍÈÇÕàÛÈÎÏËÉÈÕÑÒÄÉÏÈÏËË
uqrbhogojgdÝÃÓÏËÔÞÑÒËÆÓÈ×ÍËQ ÆÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÈ5Q
ÆÝÑÐÍÏÃÈÔÓÃƱÍàÙÈÏËÈ
3Dµ8D
Ô ÈÆÓÈÇÄÍËQÎÈÒÏÝ̱ÕÅÓÒÈÅÒÐÎÈÇËÏËÙÏÐÌÇÍËÏÝƱÍÄÇÝÆÄÈÔÓÃÆ
ÚÄÒÈÇËÏËÙÏÐÐÒÄÇËÕÓÄ
°ÑÒÇÆÇÍÇÏÊÇ qÖÔÕß ²ÅÊÈÑÏÖ ÐÅÕÖÓÅÎßÐÑÏÖ ÚÌÔÎÖ P ÒÑÔ
ÕÅÇÎÉÐÅÇÔÑÑÕÇÉÕÔÕÇÌÉÐɲÑÕÑÓÅÄÕÑÚ²Å[P∈ 5QÐÉÑÆÄËÅ
ÕÉÎßÐÑÓÅËÐÞÉÕÑÚ²ÌÈÎÄÓÅËÐÞØPpÕÑÆÓÅÊÉÐÌÉP{[P
P ∈ 1 [P ∈ 5Q ÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÅ ÐÅÕÖÓÅÎßÐÞØ ÚÌÔÉÎ 1 Ç ÒÓÑ
ÔÕÓÅÐÔÕÇÑ5QÐÅËÞÇÅÉÕÔÄÒÑÔÎÉÈÑÇÅÕÉÎßÐÑÔÕßá^[P`ÕÑÚɲ
ÒÓÑÔÕÓÅÐÔÕÇÅ5Q
nÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐ ÊÏÄÙÈÏËÌ ßÔÐÐ ÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÃ Ô È ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐ
^[P P `µ5QÏÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÓÃÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÑÏËÐÅÚÉÐÌÍÒÑ
ÔÎÉÈÑÇÅÕÉÎßÐÑÔÕÌ^[P` qÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞ^[P` ÐÅÐÊÏÄÙÄ
ÈÔÓÃÔıÉÈ[PP
(P )
qÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞ ^[ N ` ÐÅÒÄÊÐÆÄÏÏÄÃ ËÊ ÙÍÈÏÐÆ ÇÄÏÏÐÌ
ÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔË^[P`ÓÓÐ×ÒÄÏÈÏËÈÎÑÐÒÃDZÄË×ÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÏËÃ
ÏÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÓÃÑÐÇÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞàÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔË^[P`
(P )
tıËÎ ÐÅÒÄÊÐÎ ÈÓÍË ^ [ N ` µ ÑÐÇÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞ ÑÐ
ÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔË ^[P` ÔÐ ÕÓÍÐÆËÈ N N ÒÄÆÏÐÓËÍÞÏÐ ÕÓÍÐ
ÆËàP N P N
°ÑÒÇÆÇÍÇÏÊÇ tÑÚ²Ö[∈5QÐÅËÞÇÅáÕÒÓÉÈÉÎÑÏÒÑÔÎÉÈÑÇÅÕÉÎß
ÐÑÔÕÌ^[P`ÌÒÌÛÖÕ
[ OLP [P
P→
ÉÔÎÌ OLP ρ[P[
P→
gÔÎÌ[ OLP [PÕÑÑÇÑÓÄÕÚÕÑÒÑÔÎÉÈÑÇÅÕÉÎßÐÑÔÕß
P→
^[P`ÔØÑÈÌÕÔIJÕÑÚ²É[qÑÔÎÉÈÑÇÅÕÉÎßÐÑÔÕß²ÑÕÑÓÅÄÔØÑ
ÈÌÕÔIJÐɲÑÕÑÓÑÍÕÑÚ²ÉÐÅËÞÇÅÉÕÔÄÔØÑÈÄÜÉÍÔÄ
jÓÑÐÍÞÊÕà ÑÐÏÃÔËÈ Ð±ÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔË ÍȱРÕÓÔÄÏÐÆËÔÞ ÙÔÐ
[ OLP [P ÔÐÇÄ Ë ÔÐÍޱРÔÐÇÄ ±ÐÇÄ ÇÍà ÍàÅÐÐ ε !
P→
ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔ ÔıÐÈ Pε ÙÔÐ ÇÍà ÆÓÈ× P ! Pε ÆÝÑÐÍÏÃÈÔÓÃ
ƱÍàÙÈÏËÈ [P∈8[ ε sÐÍÄÓÏÐ ÍÈÎÎÈ ÑÐÍÕÙÄÈÎ ÔıÉÈ
[ OLP [P Æ ÔÐÎ Ë ÔÐÍޱРÔÐÎ ÓÍÕÙÄÈ ±ÐÇÄ ÇÍà ÍàÅÐÌ
P→
ÑÒÃÎÐÕÐÍÞÏÐÌ Ð±ÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔË 3[ δ δQ ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔ ÏÐ
ÎÈÒ P ÊÄÆËÓÃÛËÌ ÐÔ ßÔÐÌ Ð±ÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔË ÔıÐÌ ÙÔÐ ÇÍà ÆÓÈ×
P!PÆÝÑÐÍÏÃÈÔÓÃƱÍàÙÈÏËÈ
[P∈ 3[δδQ
dÓËÍÕƱÍàÙÈÏËÌÑÒËÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËËÑÒÈÇÈÍÄÎÐÉÏÐÐ
ÒÄÏËÙËÔÞÓÃËÔÐÍÞ±ÐÐÇÏËÎ˱ÕÅËÙÈÓ±ËÎËбÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔÃÎË
dÓÍÕÙÄÈQ ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËÈ ÑÒÈÆÒÄÛÄÈÔÓÃÆÐÅÝÙÏÐÈÐÑ
ÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËÈÑÒÈÇÈÍÄÙËÓÍÐÆÐÌÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔË
qÒË Q Ó×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔÞ ÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔË ^[P` ÔÐÙȱ
ÑÍÐÓ±ÐÓÔË5±ÔÐÙ±È[∈5ÐÊÏÄÙÄÈÔÙÔбıÐÆÅÝÏËÅÝͱÒÕ
ÓØÈÏÔÒÐÎÆÔÐÙ±È[ÏÄÙËÏÄÃÓÏȱÐÔÐÒÐÐÏÐÎÈÒÄÊÄÆËÓÃÛÈÐ
ÐÔÒÄÇËÕÓÄßÔÐбÒÕÄÆÓÈÙÍÈÏÝÇÄÏÏÐÌÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔË
ÍÈÉÄÔÆßÔÐαÒÕÈÒËÓ dÓÍÕÙÄÈQ Ó×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔÞÑÐÓÍÈ
ÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔË ÔÐÙȱ ^[P` ÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÄ ± ÔÐÙ±È [∈5 ÐÊÏÄ
ÙÄÈÔÙÔбıÐÆÅÝÏËÅÝÍÐÅÝÙÏÝÌÔÒÈ×ÎÈÒÏÝÌÚÄÒÓØÈÏÔ
ÒÐÎÆÔÐÙ±È[ÏÄÙËÏÄÃÓÏȱÐÔÐÒÐÐÏÐÎÈÒÄÊÄÆËÓÃÛÈÐÐÔÒÄ
ÇËÕÓÄ ÚÄÒÄ ÆÓÈ ÙÍÈÏÝ ÇÄÏÏÐÌ ÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔË ÍÈÉÄÔ Æ
ßÔÐÎÚÄÒÈ
lı Ë Æ ÓÍÕÙÄÈ ÙËÓÍÐÆÝ× ÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÈÌ ÎÐÉÏÐ
Ó±ÄÊÄÔÞÙÔÐ OLP [P [[P∈5QP ÈÓÍËÆÓñÄÃ
P→
εбÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔÞÔÐÙ±Ë[ÓÐÇÈÒÉËÔÑÐ
ÙÔË ÆÓÈ ÔÐÙ±Ë ÇÄÏÏÐÌ ÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄ
[P [
ÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔËÔ ÈÆÓÈÊÄËÓ±ÍàÙÈÏË
ÈαÐÏÈÙÏÐÐË×ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ
[
[ qÐÏÃÔËÈ ÑÒÈÇÈÍÄ ÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞ
[P
ÏÐÓÔË ^[P` ÔÐÙȱ ÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÄ 5Q
ÎÐÉÈÔÅÝÔÞÓÆÈÇÈÏбÑÐÏÃÔËàÑÒÈ
ÇÈÍÄ ÙËÓÍÐÆÝ× ÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÈÌ
rËÓ ±ÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔÔÐÙȱ[PP
´ § ° ² § ® ¢ fÎÄ ÕÑÑ ÚÕÑÆÞ ÒÑÔÎÉÈÑÇÅÕÉÎßÐÑÔÕß [P
[ ( P ) (P) Q
[ Q ∈5 P ÔØÑÈÌÎÅÔß ² ÕÑÚ²É [
[[Q∈5QÐÉÑÆØÑÈÌÏÑÌÈÑÔÕÅÕÑÚÐÑÚÕÑÆÞ
°ÑÒÇÆÇÍÇÏÊÇ ′ nÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÑ ; µ 5Q ÐÅËÞÇÅÉÕÔÄ ÑÓÅÐÌÚÉÐ
ÐÞÏ ÉÔÎÌ ÔÖÜÉÔÕÇÖÉÕ QÏÉÓÐÞÍ ÛÅÓ 82 ε ÕŲÑÍ ÚÕÑ
;µ82ε
°ÑÒÇÆÇÍÇÏÊÇ qÑÔÎÉÈÑÇÅÕÉÎßÐÑÔÕß ÕÑÚɲ [P∈ 5Q P
ÐÅËÞÇÅÉÕÔÄ ÑÓÅÐÌÚÉÐÐÑÍ ÉÔÎÌ ÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÑ ÉÉ
ËÐÅÚÉÐÌÍÕ ÉÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÑ^[ L( P ) P `ÑÓÅÐÌÚÉÐÑÇ
ÒÓÑÔÕÓÅÐÔÕÇÉ5Q
gÓÍËÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞ[P [ ( P ) [ Q( P ) P
Ó×ÐÇËÔÓÃÔÐÐÏÄÐÒÄÏËÙÈÏÄËÅбÄÉÇÄÃËʱÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔÏÝ×ÑÐÓÍÈ
ÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÈÌ[ L( P ) P LÖ˱ÓËÒÐÆÄÏÐL QÆ
ßÔÐÎÓÍÕÙÄÈÔıÉÈÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃËÊÏÄÙËÔÐÒÄÏËÙÈÏÄ
´ § ° ² § ® ¢ jË ÎáÆÑÍ ÑÓÅÐÌÚÉÐÐÑÍ ÒÑÔÎÉÈÑÇÅÕÉÎßÐÑÔÕÌ
ÕÑÚɲÒÓÑÔÕÓÅÐÔÕÇÅ5QÏÑÊÐÑÇÞÈÉÎÌÕßÔØÑÈÄÜÖáÔÄÒÑÈÒÑÔ
ÎÉÈÑÇÅÕÉÎßÐÑÔÕß
ÔÄÔÈÐÒÈÎııËÆÐÇÏÐÎÈÒÏÐÎÓÍÕÙÄÈÐÅÝÙÏÐÏÄÊÝÆÄÈÔ
ÓÃÕÉÑÓÉÏÑÍcÑÎßÙÅÐѶdÉÍÉÓÛÕÓÅÔÔÅ
¦ Ð Ì Â É Â Ô Ç Í Þ Ó Ô Ä Ð qÕÓÔÞ ÊÄÇÄÏÄ ÐÒÄÏËÙÈÏÏÄÃ ÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄ
ÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞÔÐÙȱ[P [ ( P ) [ Q( P ) P ÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔ
ÆÄ 5Q tÐÇÄ ÓÐÍÄÓÏÐ ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËà ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔ ÔıÐÌ ±ÕÅ
32 D ÙÔÐ ÑÒË ÆÓÈ× P ÆÝÑÐÍÏÃÈÔÓà ƱÍàÙÈÏËÈ
[P∈32 D Ä ÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐ Ë Æ±ÍàÙÈÏËà [ L( P ) ∈´D D Ô È
±ÄÉÇÄÃËÊQ±ÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔÏÝ×ÙËÓÍÐÆÝ×ÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÈÌ^[ L( P )`
L QÔıÉÈÐÒÄÏËÙÈÏÄqÐßÔÐÎÕÑÐÔÈÐÒÈÎÈcÐÍÞØÄÏе
dÈÌÈÒÚÔÒÄÓÓÄ ÓÎ Ñ ÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞ ^[ ( P )` ÓÐÇÈÒÉËÔ
Ó×ÐÇÃÛÕàÓà ÑÐÇÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞ ÑÕÓÔÞ ßÔÐ ÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞ
( PN ) ( PN )
ÏÐÓÔÞ [ N qÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞ^[ `±Ä±ÑÐÇ
ÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔË^[ ( P ) `ÔıÉÈÐÒÄÏËÙÈÏÄ
Ë ÑÐßÔÐÎÕ ÓÐÇÈÒÉËÔ Ó×ÐÇÃÛÕàÓà ÑÐÇÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞ qÕÓÔÞ
( P N N )
ßÔÐ ÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞ [ N
qÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞ
( PN N )
ÏÐÓÔÞ^[ `±Ä±ÑÐÇÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞÓ×ÐÇÃÛÈÌÓÃÑÐÓÍÈ
( PN )
ÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔË ^[ ` ÐÙÈÆËÇÏÐ ÔıÉÈ ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓà Ó×ÐÇÃÛÈÌÓÃ
qÒÐÇÐÍÉÄÃßÔÐÔÑÒÐØÈÓÓÙÈÒÈÊQÚÄÐÆÑÐÍÕÙËÎQÓ×ÐÇÃÛË×ÓÃ
( P N N N )
ÙËÓÍÐÆÝ× ÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÈÌ [ L Q L Q
ÓÔÆÈÏÏÐÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔË^[ L( P )`tÐÇÄÔÈÐÒÈÎÄ ÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄ
( P N N N ) ( P N N N ) ( P N N N )
ÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞ ÔÐÙȱ [ Q [ Q [
Q
Q
Q
ÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÄ5 ÅÕÇÈÔÔıÉÈÓ×ÐÇÃÛÈÌÓÃ
bÏÄÍÐËÙÏÐ ÐÇÏÐÎÈÒÏÐÎÕ ÓÍÕÙÄà ÑÒÈÇÈÍ ÑÐÇÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄ
ÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔË ÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔË ÔÐÙȱ QÎÈÒÏÐÐ ÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÄ
ÏÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÓà ÙÄÓÔËÙÏÝÎ ÑÒÈÇÈÍÐÎ tÈÐÒÈÎÄ ÑбÄÊÝÆÄÈÔ ÙÔÐ
ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐÙÄÓÔËÙÏÝ×ÑÒÈÇÈÍÐÆÐÒÄÏËÙÈÏÏÐÌÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞ
ÏÐÓÔËÔÐÙȱËÊ5QÆÓÈÇÄÏÈÑÕÓÔÐ
jÏÐÇÄ ÅÝÆÄÈÔ ÕÇÐÅÏÐ ÒÄÓÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄÔÞ ÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔË
ÔÐÙȱÓÔÒÈÎÃÛËÈÓñÅÈÓ±ÐÏÈÙÏÐÓÔË
°ÑÒÇÆÇÍÇÏÊÇ qÑÔÎÉÈÑÇÅÕÉÎßÐÑÔÕß ÕÑÚɲ [P∈ 5Q P
ÐÅËÞÇÅÉÕÔÄ ÔÕÓÉÏÄÜÉÍÔÄ ² ÆÉÔ²ÑÐÉÚÐÑÔÕÌ ÉÔÎÌ
ÓÅÔÔÕÑÄÐÌÉÉÉÚÎÉÐÑÇÑÕÐÅÚÅÎŲÑÑÓÈÌÐÅÕ2
ÔÕÓÉÏÌÕÔIJÆÉÔ²ÑÐÉÚÐÑÔÕÌÕ ÉÉÔÎÌ
OLP ρ[P2
P→
²ÂÉÍÊÙÏÝÇÔÊÑÝÎÏÐÈÇÓÔÄ
°ÑÒÇÆÇÍÇÏÊÇ nÐÑÊÉÔÕÇѲÅÊÈÅÄÕÑڲŲÑÕÑÓÑÑÄÇÎÄÉÕ
ÔÄ ÉÑ ÇÐÖÕÓÉÐÐÉÍ ÕÑÚ²ÑÍ ÑÕÐÑÔÌÕÉÎßÐÑ ÓÅÔÔÏÅÕÓÌÇÅÉÏÑÑ
ÒÓÑÔÕÓÅÐÔÕÇÅ5QÐÅËÞÇÅÉÕÔÄÑÕ²ÓÞÕÞÏÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÑÏ
tıËÎÐÅÒÄÊÐÎÐÔ±ÒÝÔÝÎËÃÆÍÃàÔÓÃÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆıÐÔÐÒÝÈ
ÓÐÆÑÄÇÄàÔÓÐÓÆÐËÎËÆÏÕÔÒÈÏÏÐÓÔÃÎË
nÝÕÉÈÆÓÔÒÈÙÄÍËÓÞÓÑÐÏÃÔËÃÎËÆÏÕÔÒÈÏÏÈÌÔÐÙ±ËËÐÔ
±ÒÝÔÐÐÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄÆÓÍÕÙÄÈÑÍÐÓ±Ë×ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÓÎÑ
sÍÈÇÕÈÔËÎÈÔÞÆÆËÇÕÙÔÐÐÇÏÄËÔÄÉÈÔÐÙ±ÄÐÇÏÐÐËÔÐÐ
ÉÈÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄÎÐÉÈÔÅÝÔÞÈÐÆÏÕÔÒÈÏÏÈÌÔÐÙ±ÐÌÐÔÏÐÓËÔÈÍÞ
ÏÐÐÇÏÐÐÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÄÓÐÇÈÒÉÄÛÈÐßÔÐÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐËÏÈÅÝÔÞ
ÆÏÕÔÒÈÏÏÈÌÔÐÙ±ÐÌÒÄÓÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄÈÎÐÐÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄÐÔÏÐÓËÔÈÍÞÏÐ
ÇÒÕÐÐÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÄÔıÉÈÓÐÇÈÒÉÄÛÈÐßÔÐÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐrÄÓ
ÓÎÐÔÒËÎ ÏÄÑÒËÎÈÒ ÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÐ 5 [\ Ô È ÑÍÐÓ±ÐÓÔÞ Ó ÏȱÐ
ÓÔÆÄ 5 [ÐÓË2[ËÏÈÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃÆÏÕÔÒÈÏÏÈÌ
] δ
ÔÐÙ±ÐÌ ßÔÐÐ ËÏÔÈÒÆÄÍÄ ÐÔÏÐÓËÔÈÍÞÏÐ ÆÓÈÌ
tıËÎ ÐÅÒÄÊÐÎ ËÏÔÈÒÆÄÍ \
ÑÍÐÓ±ÐÓÔË 5 [\
DEÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃÐÔ±ÒÝÔÝÎÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐÎÑÒÐ ε [
ÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÄ 5 [ËÏÈÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃÐÔ±ÒÝÔÝÎÎÏÐ
ÉÈÓÔÆÐÎÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÄ 5 [\
dÄÉÏÝ̱ÍÄÓÓÐÔ±ÒÝÔÝ×ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÕÓ
ÔÄÏÄÆÍËÆÄÈÔÓÃÓÍÈÇÕàÛÈÌÍÈÎÎÐÌ rËÓ
§ ® ® ¢ dÔIJÅÄ εѲÓÉÔÕÐÑÔÕß 8[ ε
ÎáÆÑÍÕÑÚ²Ì[∈5QÄÇÎÄÉÕÔÄÑÕ²ÓÞÕÞÏÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÑÏ
¦ Ð Ì Â É Â Ô Ç Í Þ Ó Ô Ä Ð qÕÓÔÞ ÊÄÇÄÏÄ ÏȱÐÔÐÒÄà бÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔÞ
8[εËÑÕÓÔÞ\∈8[εqÐÍÐÉËÎ
δ ε´ρ\[
ËÑбÄÉÈÎÙÔÐ8\δµ8[εÒËÓ
gÓÍË]∈8\δËÊÏÄÙËÔρ]\δÔÐÑÒËÎÈÏËÆÏÈÒÄÆÈÏ
ÓÔÆÐÔÒÈÕÐÍÞÏ˱ÄËÑÐÍÕÙËÎ
ρ][Pρ]\ρ\[δρ\[ ε
Ô È ]∈8[ ε tı ±Ä± ] µ ÑÒÐËÊÆÐÍÞÏÄà ÔÐÙ±Ä ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ
8\δÔÐßÔÐÐÊÏÄÙÄÈÔÙÔÐ8\δµ8[ε
oÄ ÑÒËÎÈÒÈ ÇбÄÊÄÔÈÍÞÓÔÆÄ ßÔÐÌ ÍÈÎÎÝ ×ÐÒÐÚÐ ÆËÇÏÐ ±Ä±
ËÓÑÐÍÞÊÕà ÇÍà ÏÄÍÃÇÏÐÓÔË ÑÍÐÓ±ËÌ ÙÈÒÔÈÉ ÎÐÉÏÐ ÑÒÐÆÐÇËÔÞ
ÇбÄÊÄÔÈÍÞÓÔÆÄÆQÎÈÒÏÐÎÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÈ
pÔ±ÒÝÔÝÈ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ ÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÄ 5Q ÅÕÇÈÎ ÐÅÐÊÏÄÙÄÔÞ
±Ä±ÑÒÄÆËÍÐÅÕ±ÆÐÌ*qÕÓÔÐÈÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐÅÕÇÈÎÑÐÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈ
ÏËàÓÙËÔÄÔÞÐÔ±ÒÝÔÝÎ
uqrbhogoj fбÄÊÄÔÞ ÙÔÐ ÆÏÕÔÒÈÏÏÐÓÔÞ ÆÓñÐÐ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ ÃÆ
ÍÃÈÔÓÃÐÔ±ÒÝÔÝÎÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐÎ
fбÄÊÄÔÞ ÙÔÐ ÑÒÃÎÐÕÐÍÞÏÄà бÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔÞ ÔÐÙ±Ë ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓà ÐÔ±ÒÝÔÝÎ
ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐÎ
§ ® ® ¢ qÉÓÉÔÉÚÉÐÌɲÑÐÉÚÐÑÑÚÌÔÎÅÕŲÊɲŲÌÑÆÝ
ÉÈÌÐÉÐÌÉ ÎáÆÑÍ ÔÑÇѲÖÒÐÑÔÕÌ ÑÕ²ÓÞÕÞØ ÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇ ÄÇÎÄ
ÉÕÔÄÑÕ²ÓÞÕÞÏÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÑÏ
¦ Ð Ì Â É Â Ô Ç Í Þ Ó Ô Ä Ð qÕÓÔÞ***N µÐÔ±ÒÝÔÝÈÎÏÐ
Ǹ
ÉÈÓÔÆÄÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÄ5QgÓÍËË×ÑÈÒÈÓÈÙÈÏËÈ M
*MµÑÕÓÔÐÈ
ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐ ÔÐ ÐÏÐ ÓÐÍÄÓÏÐ ÇÐÐÆÐÒÈÏÏÐÓÔË ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃ ÐÔ±ÒÝ
Ǹ
ÔÝÎgÓÍËÉÈÕ±ÄÊÄÏÏÐÈÑÈÒÈÓÈÙÈÏËÈÏÈÑÕÓÔÐË[∈M *MÔÐÆÓË
ÍÕÐÔ±ÒÝÔÐÓÔËÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆ*MÇÍñÄÉÇÐÐM NÓÕÛÈÓÔ
ÆÕÈÔÔıÐÈεM!ÙÔÐ8[εM *MqÐÍÄÄÃε PLQ ^εεN`ÑÐ
`
ÍÕÙËÎÙÔÐÇÍñÄÉÇÐÐMÓÑÒÄÆÈÇÍËÆÐƱÍàÙÈÏËÈ8[ε *M
`
Ǹ
M NsÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐ8[εµ M
*MÔ ÈÔÐÙ±Ä[
Ǹ
ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓà ÆÏÕÔÒÈÏÏÈÌ ÇÍà ÑÈÒÈÓÈÙÈÏËà M *M qÐÓ±ÐÍÞ±Õ [ µ
ÑÒÐËÊÆÐÍÞÏÄà ÔÐÙ±Ä ßÔÐÐ ÑÈÒÈÓÈÙÈÏËà ÐÏÐ ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓà ÐÔ±ÒÝ
ÔÝÎÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐÎ
qÕÓÔÞÔÈÑÈÒÞÇÄÏÄÑÒÐËÊÆÐÍÞÏÄÃÓËÓÔÈÎÄÐÔ±ÒÝÔÝ×ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆ
^*α`α∈8ÇÈ8 µÏȱÐÔÐÒÐÈÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐËÏÇȱÓÐÆË* α⊂8 ` *α
qбÄÉÈÎÙÔÐ* µÐÔ±ÒÝÔÐÈÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐfÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏбıÐÆÄ
ÅÝ ÏË ÅÝÍÄ ÔÐÙ±Ä [∈* ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔ ÔıÐÌ ËÏÇÈ±Ó α∈8 ÙÔÐ
[∈* α qÐÓ±ÐÍÞ±Õ * α µ ÐÔ±ÒÝÔÐÈ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐ ÏÄÌÇÈÔÓà ÔıÐÈ
ε!ÙÔÐ8[ε * α oÐÔÐÇÄ8[ε α⊂8
` *α *Ô È[ µ
`
`
ÆÏÕÔÒÈÏÏÃà ÔÐÙ±Ä ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ * Ë ÊÏÄÙËÔ ßÔÐ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐ
ÐÔ±ÒÝÔÐ
pÙÈÏÞÕÇÐÅÏÝÎбÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÓÃÓÍÈÇÕàÛÈÈÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËÈ
°ÑÒÇÆÇÍÇÏÊÇ dÔIJÑÉ ÑÕ²ÓÞÕÑÉ ÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÑ ÔÑÈÉÓÊÅÜÉÉ
ÕÑÚ²ÖÐÅËÞÇÅÉÕÔÄÉÉѲÓÉÔÕÐÑÔÕßá
p±ÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔÞ ÔÐÙ±Ë [ ÅÕÇÈÎ ±Ä± ÑÒÄÆËÍÐ ÐÅÐÊÏÄÙÄÔÞ ÙÈ
ÒÈÊ 8 8[ ÅÝÔÞ ÎÐÉÈÔ Ó ÔÈÎË ËÍË ËÏÝÎË ËÏÇȱÓÄÎË Ä
ËÏÐÇııËÆÐÇÏÐÎÈÒÏÐÎÓÍÕÙÄÈÇÒÕËÎËÅÕ±ÆÄÎËÏÄÑÒË
ÎÈÒ9:
qÈÒÈÓÈÙÈÏËÈ ÇÆÕ× ÐÔ±ÒÝÔÝ× ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆ ÓÏÐÆÄ ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓà ÐÔ
±ÒÝÔÝÎÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐÎÍÈÎÎÄ qÐßÔÐÎÕÑÈÒÈÓÈÙÈÏËÈÇÆÕ×б
ÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔÈÌÔÐÙ±ËÔıÉÈÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃÈÈбÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔÞà
i Ä Î È Ù Ä Ï Ë È dÐÆÓñÐÌбÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔË8[ÔÐÙ±Ë[ÐÙÈ
ÆËÇÏÐÓÐÇÈÒÉËÔÓñıÓÖÈÒËÙÈÓ±ÄÃÔıËÑÒÃÎÐÕÐÍÞÏÄÃб
ÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔÞ ßÔÐÌ ÔÐÙ±Ë fÄÍÈÈ ÈÓÍË Ð±ÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔÞ ÔÐÙ±Ë ÑÐÏË
ÎÄÔÞÆÓÎÝÓÍÈÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËà ÔÐÔÐÙ±Ä[ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃÑÒÈÇÈÍÐÎ
ÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔË^[P`ÔÐÇÄËÔÐÍÞ±ÐÔÐÇıÐÇÄÇÍñÄÉ
ÇÐÌ ÈÈ Ð±ÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔË 8[ ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔ ÔıÐÌ ÏÐÎÈÒ P ÙÔÐ ÇÍÃ
ÆÓÈ×P!PÆÝÑÐÍÏÃÈÔÓÃƱÍàÙÈÏËÈ[P∈8[
°ÑÒÇÆÇÍÇÏÊÇ tÑÚ²Å[∈5QÐÅËÞÇÅÉÕÔÄÕÑÚ²ÑÍÒÓ̲ÑÔÐÑÇÉ
ÐÌÄÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÅ;µ5QÉÔÎÌÎáÆÅÄѲÓÉÔÕÐÑÔÕßàÕÑÍÕÑÚ
²ÌÔÑÈÉÓÊÌÕÒѲÓÅÍÐÉÍÏÉÓÉÑÈÐÖÕÑÚ²ÖÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÅ;
pÙÈÆËÇÏÐ ÙÔÐ ±ÄÉÇÄà ÔÐÙ±Ä ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ ; ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓà ÈÐ
ÔÐÙ±ÐÌÑÒ˱ÐÓÏÐÆÈÏËÃËÅÐÆÓñÄÃбÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔÞÔÐÙ±Ë[∈;ÓÐ
ÇÈÒÉËÔÓÄÎÕÔÐÙ±Õ[dÎÈÓÔÈÓÔÈÎÎÐÕÔ±ÐÏÈÙÏÐÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÐ
ÆÄÔÞËÔÐÙ±ËÑÒ˱ÐÓÏÐÆÈÏËÃÇÄÏÏÐÐÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄÏÈÑÒËÏÄÇÍÈ
ÉÄÛËÈÈÎÕÏÄÑÒËÎÈÒ±ÐÏØÝËÏÔÈÒÆÄÍÄÏÄÑÒÃÎÐÌÃÆÍÃàÔÓÃ
ÈÐÔÐÙ±ÄÎËÑÒ˱ÐÓÏÐÆÈÏËÃ
uqrbhogojgfбÄÊÄÔÞÙÔÐÇÍÃÔÐÐÙÔÐÅÝÔÐÙ±Ä[∈5QÅÝÍÄÔÐÙ
±ÐÌÑÒ˱ÐÓÏÐÆÈÏËÃÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ;µ5QÏÈÐÅ×ÐÇËÎÐËÇÐÓÔÄÔÐÙÏÐÙÔÐÅÝ
ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÐÆÄÍÄÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞÔÐÙȱ[P∈;P ÔıÄÃÙÔÐ
OLP [P [
P→
uÆÓñÐÌÔÐÙ±ËÑÒ˱ÐÓÏÐÆÈÏËÃ[ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ;ÍËÅÐÓÕÛÈÓÔ
ÆÕÈÔ Ð±ÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔÞ ÓÐÇÈÒÉÄÛÄà ÍËÚÞ ÐÇÏÕ ÔÐÙ±Õ ËÊ ; Æ ßÔÐÎ
ÓÍÕÙÄÈßÔÐÌÔÐÙ±ÐÌÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃÓÄÎÄÔÐÙ±Ä[ÍËÅÐÔıÐÌбÒÈÓÔ
ÏÐÓÔËÏÈÔÔ ÈƱÄÉÇÐÌбÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔËÔÐÙ±Ë[ËÎÈÈÔÓÃÑбÒÄÌ
ÏÈÌÎÈÒÈÇÆÈÔÐÙ±ËÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ;ÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÑбÒÄÌÏÈÌÎÈ
ÒÈÐÇÏÄËÊÏË×ÐÔÍËÙÏÄÐÔ[qÐßÔÐÎÕÆÓñÄÃÔÐÙ±ÄÑÒ˱ÐÓÏÐ
ÆÈÏËà ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ ; ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓà ÍËÅÐ ÈÐ ËÊÐÍËÒÐÆÄÏÏÐÌ ÔÐÙ±ÐÌ
ÍËÅÐÈÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÞÏÐÌÔÐÙ±ÐÌÆÑÐÓÍÈÇÏÈÎÓÍÕÙÄÈÐÏÄÎÐÉÈԱı
ÑÒËÏÄÇÍÈÉÄÔÞÔıËÏÈÑÒËÏÄÇÍÈÉÄÔÞÓÄÎÐÎÕÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÕ
gÓÍË[ µÑÒÈÇÈÍÞÏÄÃÔÐÙ±ÄÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ;µ5QÔÐÓÕÛÈÓÔ
ÆÕÈÔÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞÔÐÙȱ[P∈;ÔıË×ÙÔÐ OLP [P [
P→
[P′ [P [ P P′ P∈1 P′∈1 Ô ÈÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞ
^[P` ÓÐÓÔÐËÔ ËÊ ÒÄÊÍËÙÏÝ× ÔÐÙȱ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ ; ÐÔÍËÙÏÝ× ÐÔ
ÔÐÙ±Ë [ Ë Ó×ÐÇËÔÓà ± ßÔÐÌ ÔÐÙ±È d ÓÄÎÐÎ ÇÈÍÈ ÑÐÓ±ÐÍÞ±Õ
[ µÑÒÈÇÈÍÞÏÄÃÔÐÙ±ÄÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ;ÇÍÃбÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔË8[
ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔ ÔÐÙ±Ä ÐÅÐÊÏÄÙËÎ ÈÈ ÙÈÒÈÊ [ ÔıÄà ÙÔÐ [∈
∈8[ ; Ë[ [qÕÓÔÞδ PLQ ρ[[ fÍÃ
`
бÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔË8[δÏÄÌÇÈÔÓÃÔıÄÃÔÐÙ±ÄÐÅÐÊÏÄÙËÎÈÈÙÈÒÈÊ
[ÙÔÐ[∈8[δ ;[ [ÃÓÏÐÙÔÐ[ [qÒÐÇÐÍ
`
ÉÄÃßÔÐÔÑÒÐØÈÓÓÎÝÑÐÍÕÙËÎËÓ±ÐÎÕàÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞ
jÊ ÇбÄÊÄÏÏÐÐ ÓÍÈÇÕÈÔ ÙÔÐ ÍàÅÄà бÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔÞ ÑÒÈÇÈÍÞ
ÏÐÌÔÐÙ±ËÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄÓÐÇÈÒÉËÔÅÈÓ±ÐÏÈÙÏÐÎÏÐÐÔÐÙȱßÔÐÐ
ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄËÎËÏÄÑÒËÎÈÒÃÆÍÃàÔÓÃÔÐÙ±ËÑÐÓÔÒÐÈÏÏÐÌÆÝ
ÚÈÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔË
± Ò Ê Î Ç Ò qÕÓÔÞQ ; µËÏÔÈÒÆÄÍlÄÉÇÄÃÔÐÙ
±Ä ÐÔÒÈ汀 > @ ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓà ÔÐÙ±ÐÌ ÑÒ˱ÐÓÏÐÆÈÏËÃ Ë ÑÒÈÇÈÍÞ
ÏÐÌ ÔÐÙ±ÐÌÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ ; ÑÒË ßÔÐÎ ÔÐÙ±Ë Ë ÏÈ ÑÒËÏÄÇÍÈ
ÉÄÔÓÄÎÐÎÕÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÕ;gÓÍË; >@ µÐÔÒÈÊбÔÐÎÏÐ
ÉÈÓÔÆÐÔÐÙȱÑÒ˱ÐÓÏÐÆÈÏËÃÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ;ÓÐÆÑÄÇÄÈÔÓÓÄÎËÎ
ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐÎoıÐÏÈØÈÓÍËÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐ;ÓÐÓÔÐËÔËÊËÏÔÈÒÆÄ
ÍÄËÔÐÙ±ËÔ È; F^`ÔÐÔÐÙ±ÄÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃÈÐ
ËÊÐÍËÒÐÆÄÏÏÐÌ ÔÐÙ±ÐÌ Ä ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐÎ ÈÐ ÔÐÙȱ ÑÒ˱ÐÓÏÐÆÈ
ÏËÃÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐ>@F^`
°ÑÒÇÆÇÍÇÏÊÇ sÑÇѲÖÒÐÑÔÕß ÇÔÉØ ÕÑÚɲ ÒÓ̲ÑÔÐÑÇÉÐÌÄ
ÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÅ;µ5QÐÅËÞÇÅÉÕÔÄËÅÏÞ²ÅÐÌÉÏÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÅ;Ì
ÑÆÑËÐÅÚÅÉÕÔÄ ;
lıÕÉÈÐÔÎÈÙÄÍÐÓÞ±ÄÉÇÄÃÔÐÙ±ÄÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ;ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃ
ÈÐÔÐÙ±ÐÌÑÒ˱ÐÓÏÐÆÈÏËÃÑÐßÔÐÎÕ
;µ ;
°ÑÒÇÆÇÍÇÏÊÇ nÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÑ;ÐÅËÞÇÅÉÕÔÄËÅϲÐÖÕÞÏÉÔÎÌ
; ;Õ ÉÉÔÎÌÑÐÑÔÑÈÉÓÊÌÕÇÔÉÔÇÑÌÕÑÚ²ÌÒÓ̲ÑÔÐÑÇÉÐÌÄ
oÄÑÒËÎÈÒ ÑÒË Q ËÏÔÈÒÆÄÍ ÏÈ ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓà ÊÄα
ÏÕÔÝÎ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐÎ Ä ÐÔÒÈÊб > @ µ ÊÄαÏÕÔÐÈ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔ
ÆÐqÕÓÔÐÈÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐÅÕÇÈÎÓÙËÔÄÔÞÑÐÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËàÊÄαÏÕ
ÔÝÎ
dÓÈ ÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÐ Ë ÑÕÓÔÐÈ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐ ÃÆÍÃàÔÓÃ ÐÇÏÐÆÒÈ
ÎÈÏÏÐÊÄαÏÕÔÝÎËËÐÔ±ÒÝÔÝÎËÆ5QÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄÎËÑÒÐÆÈÒÞ
ÔÈßÔÐnÐÉÏÐÑбÄÊÄÔÞÙÔÐÆÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÈ5QÏÈÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔ
ÇÒÕË×ÐÇÏÐÆÒÈÎÈÏÏÐÊÄαÏÕÔÝ×ËÐÔ±ÒÝÔÝ×ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆ
dÓñÄÃÔÐÙ±ÄÑÒ˱ÐÓÏÐÆÈÏËÃÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃÍËÅÐÈÐ
ÑÒÈÇÈÍÞÏÐÌÍËÅÐÈÐËÊÐÍËÒÐÆÄÏÏÐÌÔÐÙ±ÐÌÄËÊÐÍËÒÐÆÄÏÏÄÃ
ÔÐÙ±Ä Æ ÓËÍÕ ÓÆÐÈÐ ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËà ÑÒËÏÄÇÍÈÉËÔ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÕ
ÑÐßÔÐÎÕÔÒÈÅÐÆÄÏËÈÑÒËÏÄÇÍÈÉÏÐÓÔ˱ÄÉÇÐÌÔÐÙ±ËÑÒ˱ÐÓÏÐ
ÆÈÏËñÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÕß±ÆËÆÄÍÈÏÔÏÐÔÒÈÅÐÆÄÏËàÑÒËÏÄÇÍÈÉÏÐÓ
ÔË ± ßÔÐÎÕ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÕ ±ÄÉÇÐÌ ÈÐ ÑÒÈÇÈÍÞÏÐÌ ÔÐÙ±Ë jÏÄÙÈ
ÐÆÐÒÃÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÑËÅϲÐÖÕÑ ÕÑÈÅÌÕÑÎß²ÑÕÑÈŲÑÈÅ
ÑÐÑÔÑÈÉÓÊÌÕÇÔÉÔÇÑÌÒÓÉÈÉÎßÐÞÉÕÑÚ²Ì
uqrbhogoj fбÄÊÄÔÞÙÔÐËÊƱÍàÙÈÏËÃ;µ<ÓÍÈÇÕÈÔƱÍàÙÈ
ÏËÈ ; µ <
qÕÓÔÞ;µ5Nµ5QfбÄÊÄÔÞÙÔÐ[∈5QÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃÔÐÙ±ÐÌÑÒ˱ÐÓÏÐÆÈÏËÃ
ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ;ÆÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÈ5QÔÐÇÄËÔÐÍÞ±ÐÔÐÇıÐÇÄÐÏÄÑÒËÏÄÇÍÈ
ÉËÔÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÕ5NËÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃÆÏÈÎÔÐÙ±ÐÌÑÒ˱ÐÓÏÐÆÈÏËÃÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ;
pÔÓàÇÄ ÓÍÈÇÕÈÔ ÙÔÐ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐ ; ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓà ÊÄαÏÕÔÝÎ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐÎ ÑÒÐ
ÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÄ5NÔÐÇÄËÔÐÍÞ±ÐÔÐÇıÐÇÄÐÏÐÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃÊÄαÏÕÔÝÎÎÏÐÉÈÓÔ
ÆÐÎÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÄ5QtıËÎÐÅÒÄÊÐÎÓÆÐÌÓÔÆÐÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄÅÝÔÞÊÄαÏÕÔÝÎ
ÆÏȱÐÔÐÒÐÎÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÈ5QÃÆÍÃÈÔÓëÆÏÕÔÒÈÏÏËάÓÆÐÌÓÔÆÐÎßÔÐÐÎÏÐ
ÉÈÓÔÆÄÔ ÈÓÆÐÌÓÔÆÐαÐÔÐÒÐÈÏÈÊÄÆËÓËÔÐÔÆÝÅÐÒÄÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÄ5QƱÐ
ÔÐÒÐÎÍÈÉËÔÒÄÓÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄÈÎÐÈÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐlıÅÝÍÐÐÔÎÈÙÈÏÐÆÝÚÈÓÆÐÌ
ÓÔÆÐ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ ÅÝÔÞ ÐÔ±ÒÝÔÝÎ ÏÈ ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓà «ÆÏÕÔÒÈÏÏËά ÓÆÐÌÓÔÆÐÎ Æ
Õ±ÄÊÄÏÏÐÎÓÎÝÓÍÈÐÇÏÐËÔÐÉÈÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐÎÐÉÈÔÅÝÔÞÐÔ±ÒÝÔÝÎÆÐÇÏÐÎ
ÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÈ5QËÏÈÅÝÔÞÐÔ±ÒÝÔÝÎÆÇÒÕÐÎ
pÔÎÈÔËÎÐÙÈÆËÇÏÐÈÓÆÐÌÓÔÆÐÊÄαÏÕÔÝ×ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆ
gÔÎÌ ) µ ËÅϲÐÖÕÑÉ ÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÑ Å ^[P` µ ÔØÑÈÄÜÅÄÔÄ
ÒÑÔÎÉÈÑÇÅÕÉÎßÐÑÔÕßÇÔÉÚÎÉÐÞ²ÑÕÑÓÑÍÒÓÌÐÅÈÎÉÊÅÕÏÐÑ
ÊÉÔÕÇÖ)[P∈)P ÕÑÉÉÒÓÉÈÉÎÕŲÊÉÒÓÌÐÅ
ÈÎÉÊÌÕÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÖ)
fÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÐ ÈÓÍË [ OLP [P ÔÐ ËÊ ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËÃ
P→
ÑÒÈÇÈÍÄ ÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔË ÔÐÙȱ ÓÍÈÇÕÈÔ ÙÔÐ Æ ÍàÅÐÌ Ð±
ÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔËÔÐÙ±Ë[ËÎÈàÔÓÃÔÐÙ±ËÇÄÏÏÐÌÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓ
ÔË Ë ÅÐÍÈÈ ÔÐÐ ÔÄÎ ÍÈÉÄÔ ÑÐÙÔË ÆÓÈ ÔÐÙ±Ë ÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞ
ÏÐÓÔËÔ ÈÆÓÈÊÄËÓ±ÍàÙÈÏËÈαÐÏÈÙÏÐÐË×ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄÃÆ
ÍÃàÛËÈÓà ÑÐ ÑÒÈÇÑÐÍÐÉÈÏËà Ë ÔÐÙ±ÄÎË ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ )
tıËÎ ÐÅÒÄÊÐÎ ÔÐÙ±Ä [ ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓà ÔÐÙ±ÐÌ ÑÒ˱ÐÓÏÐÆÈÏËÃ
ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ)ËÔı±Ä±) µÊÄαÏÕÔÐÈÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐÔÐ[∈)
§ ® ® ¢ tÑڲŠÒÓ̲ÑÔÐÑÇÉÐÌÄ ËÅÏÞ²ÅÐÌÄ ÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÅ ÄÇ
ÎÄÉÕÔÄÌÕÑÚ²ÑÍÒÓ̲ÑÔÐÑÇÉÐÌÄÔÅÏÑÑÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÅ
³ § ¦ ³ ´ ¤ ª § iÅÏÞ²ÅÐÌÉ ÇÔIJÑÑ ÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÅ ÄÇÎÄÉÕÔÄ ËÅÏ
²ÐÖÕÞÏÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÑÏ
¦ Ð Ì Â É Â Ô Ç Í Þ Ó Ô Ä Ð Í Ç Î Î Ý qÕÓÔÞ ; µ 5Q ; µ ÊÄÎݱÄ
ÏËÈ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ ; Ë [ µ ÔÐÙ±Ä ÑÒ˱ÐÓÏÐÆÈÏËà ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ ;
Ô È[∈ ; qбÄÉÈÎÙÔÐ[∈ ;
jÊÕÓÍÐÆËÃ[∈ ; ÓÍÈÇÕÈÔÙÔÐÍàÅÐÌбÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔË8 8[
ÔÐÙ±Ë [ ÑÒËÏÄÇÍÈÉËÔ ×ÐÔà ÅÝ ÐÇÏÄ ÔÐÙ±Ä \ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ ;
`
\∈8 ; qÐÓ±ÐÍÞ±Õ 8 ±Ä± ÆÓñÄà бÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔÞ ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃ
ÐÔ±ÒÝÔÝÎ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐÎ ÐÏÄ ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃ Ë Ð±ÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔÞà ÓÐÇÈÒ
ÉÄÛÈÌÓÃÆÏÈÌÔÐÙ±Ë\oÐ\∈ ; ÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÆÍàÅÐÌб
ÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔËÔÐÙ±Ë\ÆÙÄÓÔÏÐÓÔËÆ8ËÎÈÈÔÓÃÔÐÙ±Ä]ËÊÎÏÐÉÈ
`
ÓÔÆÄ;]∈8 ;
jÔıÆÍàÅÐÌбÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔË8ÔÐÙ±Ë[∈; ËÎÈÈÔÓÃÔÐÙ±ÄËÊ;
ÔÐ ÐÊÏÄÙÄÈÔ ÙÔÐ [ ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓà ÔÐÙ±ÐÌ ÑÒ˱ÐÓÏÐÆÈÏËà ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔ
ÆÄ;[∈;
¦ Ð Ì Â É Â Ô Ç Í Þ Ó Ô Ä Ð Ó Í Ç Æ Ó Ô Ä Ê á dÍÈÎÎÈ ÇбÄÊÄÏÐÙÔÐ
; µ ;
ËÔı±Ä±ÓÐÍÄÓÏÐ; µ; ÔÐ
; ;
± Ò Ê Î Ç Ò Ý dÓñËÌQÎÈÒÏÝÌÚÄÒ
Q
4Q [ [[Q ∑ [L´DLU
L
ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃÐÔ±ÒÝÔÝÎÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐÎÓÎÍÈÎÎÕ ÑÐßÔÐÎÕÈÐÙÄÓÔÐ
ÏÄÊÝÆÄàÔÔıÉÈQÏÉÓÐÞÏÑÕ²ÓÞÕÞÏÛÅÓÑÏnÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐÉÈ
Q Q
4 [ [[Q ∑ [L´DLPU
L
ÊÄαÏÕÔÐÔı±Ä±ÏÈÓÔÒÐËÈÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÄÓÐ×ÒÄÏÃàÔÓÃÑÒËÑÒÈ
ÇÈÍÞÏÐÎÑÈÒÈ×ÐÇÈpÏÐÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃÊÄÎݱÄÏËÈÎÐÔ±ÒÝÔÐÐÚÄÒÄ4Q
Ë ÏÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÓà QÏÉÓÐÞÏ ËÅϲÐÖÕÞÏ ÛÅÓÑÏ d ÓÍÕÙÄÈ Q
4 µ ÐÔ±ÒÝÔÝÌ ±ÒÕ 4 µ ÊÄαÏÕÔÝÌ ±ÒÕ Æ ÓÍÕÙÄÈ Q
4 µËÏÔÈÒÆÄÍ4 µÐÔÒÈÊб
iÄαÏÕÔÝÌ ÚÄÒ 4Q ÑÐÍÕÙÄÈÔÓà ËÊ ÐÔ±ÒÝÔÐÐ ÚÄÒÄ 4Q
ÑÒËÓÐÈÇËÏÈÏËÈαÏÈÎÕÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ
Q
[ [[Q ∑ [L´DL U
L
ÏÄÊÝÆÄÈÎÐÐ Q ´ ÏÉÓÐÑÍ Ô×ÉÓÑÍ ÓÅÈÌÖÔÅ U Ô ÙÉÐÕÓÑÏ Ç
ÕÑÚ²É D D DQ Ë ÐÅÐÊÏÄÙÄÈÎÐÐ 6Q ´ d ÓÍÕÙÄÈ Q
ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐ6 µÐ±ÒÕÉÏÐÓÔÞÆÓÍÕÙÄÈ Q ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐ6 µ
ÑÄÒÄÔÐÙȱ
sÖÈÒÄ
Q
6Q´ [ [[Q ∑ [L´DL U
L
ÔıÉÈÓÍÕÉËÔÑÒËÎÈÒÐÎÊÄαÏÕÔÐÐÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄÑÐÙÈÎÕ"
iÄÎÈÔËÎÈÛÈÙÔÐQÎÈÒÏÝÌÚÄÒÒÄÇËÕÓÄÓØÈÏÔÒÐÎÆÏÄ
ÙÄÍȱÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔÐÅÝÙÏÐÏÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÓÃQÏÉÓÐÞÏÉÈÌÐÌÚÐÞÏÛÅ
ÓÑÏ ÊÄαÏÕÔÝÎ ËÍË ÐÔ±ÒÝÔÝÎ Ä Q ´ ÎÈÒÏÄà ÓÖÈÒÄ ÒÄ
ÇËÕÓÄ Ó ØÈÏÔÒÐÎ Æ ÏÄÙÄÍÈ ±ÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔ µ Q ´ ÎÈÒÏÐÌ ÈÇË
ÏËÙÏÐÌÓÖÈÒÐÌ
dÓñËÌQÎÈÒÏÝÌÑÄÒÄÍÍÈÍÈÑËÑÈÇ
3Q 3QDδδQ ^[_[L´DL_δL L Q`
[ [[Q D DDQ
ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓñıßÔÐÕÉÈÐÔÎÈÙÄÍÐÓÞÓÎÕÑÒÄÉÏÈÏËÈÐÔ±ÒÝ
ÔÝÎ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐÎ ÑÐßÔÐÎÕ ÈÐ ÏÄÊÝÆÄàÔ ÔıÉÈ QÎÈÒÏÝÎ ÐÔ
±ÒÝÔÝÎÑÄÒÄÍÍÈÍÈÑËÑÈÇÐÎgÐÊÄÎݱÄÏËÈ
3 Q ^[_[L´DL_PδL L Q`
ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓà ÊÄαÏÕÔÝÎ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐÎ Ë ÏÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÓà QÎÈÒÏÝÎ
ÊÄαÏÕÔÝÎÑÄÒÄÍÍÈÍÈÑËÑÈÇÐÎdÙÄÓÔÏÐÓÔËÊÄÎݱÄÏËÈ4 QÐÔ
±ÒÝÔÐбÕÅÄ4Q ^[_[L´DL_δL Q`ÏÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÓÃ
ÊÄαÏÕÔÝαÕÅÐÎ
°ÑÒÇÆÇÍÇÏÊÇ fÎÄ ÇÔIJÑÑ ÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÅ ; µ 5Q ÏÐÑÊÉÔÕ
ÇÑ 5Q?; ÐÅËÞÇÅÉÕÔÄ ÉÑ ÈÑÒÑÎÐÉÐÌÉÏ Ç ÒÓÑÔÕÓÅÐÔÕÇÉ 5Q
ÓÎÑ
§ ® ® ¢ fÎÄÕÑÑÚÕÑÆÞÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÑÆÞÎÑÑÕ²ÓÞÕÞÏÐÉ
ÑÆØÑÈÌÏÑÌÈÑÔÕÅÕÑÚÐÑÚÕÑÆÞÉÑÈÑÒÑÎÐÉÐÌÉÆÞÎÑËÅϲÐÖ
ÕÞÏ
¦ Ð Ì Â É Â Ô Ç Í Þ Ó Ô Ä Ð Ï Ç Ð Ã × Ð Æ Ê Î Ð Ó Ô Ê qÕÓÔÞ*µÐÔ±ÒÝ
ÔÐÈ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐ tÐÇÄ Ï˱ıÄà ÔÐÙ±Ä [∈* ÏÈ ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓà ÔÐÙ±ÐÌ
ÑÒ˱ÐÓÏÐÆÈÏËÃÈÐÇÐÑÐÍÏÈÏËÃ) 5Q ?*Ôı±Ä±ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐ*
ÅÕÇÕÙË ÐÔ±ÒÝÔÝÎ ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓà бÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔÞà ÔÐÙ±Ë [ Ë ÏÈ ÓÐÇÈÒ
ÉËÔÔÐÙȱÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ)sÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÆÓÈÔÐÙ±ËÑÒ˱ÐÓÏÐÆÈ
ÏËà ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ ) ÓÐÇÈÒÉÄÔÓÃ Æ ) ÙÔÐ Ë ÐÊÏÄÙÄÈÔ ÊÄαÏÕÔÐÓÔÞ
ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ)
¦ Ð Ì Â É Â Ô Ç Í Þ Ó Ô Ä Ð Æ Ð Ó Ô Â Ô Ð Ù Ï Ð Ó Ô Ê qÕÓÔÞ ) µ ÊÄÎ
±ÏÕÔÐÈ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐ * 5Q?) Ë [∈* d ÓËÍÕ ÊÄαÏÕÔÐÓÔË )
ÔÐÙ±Ä [ ÏÈ ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓà ÈÐ ÔÐÙ±ÐÌ ÑÒ˱ÐÓÏÐÆÈÏËà ÑÐßÔÐÎÕ ÓÕ
ÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔÈÈбÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔÞ8[ÏÈÑÈÒÈÓȱÄàÛÄÃÓÃÓÎÏÐÉÈÓÔ
ÆÐÎ)ËÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÔıÄÃÙÔÐ8[µ*tıËÎÐÅÒÄÊÐÎ
ÍàÅÄà ÔÐÙ±Ä ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ * ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓà ÆÏÕÔÒÈÏÏÈÌ Ô È * ÐÔ
±ÒÝÔÐ
nÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÑ ËÅϲÐÖÕÑ ÕÑÈÅ Ì ÕÑÎß²Ñ ÕÑ
³ § ¦ ³ ´ ¤ ª §
ÈŲÑÈÅÉÑÈÑÒÑÎÐÉÐÌÉÑÕ²ÓÞÕÑ
ÔÐ ÓÒÄÊÕ ÓÍÈÇÕÈÔ ËÊ ÍÈÎÎÝ Ôı ±Ä± ÈÓÍË ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐ %
ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃ ÇÐÑÐÍÏÈÏËÈÎ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ $ Æ 5Q Ô È % 5Q?$ ÔÐ
Ë ÏÄÐÅÐÒÐÔ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐ $ ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃ ÇÐÑÐÍÏÈÏËÈÎ % Æ 5Q
$ 5Q?%
qÉÓÉÔÉÚÉÐÌÉÎáÆÑÍÔÑÇѲÖÒÐÑÔÕÌÌÑÆÝÉÈÌÐÉ
³ § ¦ ³ ´ ¤ ª §
ÐÌÉ ²ÑÐÉÚÐÑÑ ÚÌÔÎÅ ËÅϲÐÖÕÞØ ÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇ ÄÇÎÄáÕÔÄ ËÅÏ
²ÐÖÕÞÏÌÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÅÏÌ
dÓÄÎÐÎÇÈÍÈÑÕÓÔÞ)α µÊÄαÏÕÔÝÈÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄÔÐÇÄÑÐ
ÍÈÎÎÈ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ*α 5Q ?)αα∈8ÃÆÍÃàÔÓÃÐÔ±ÒÝÔÝÎË
sÐÍÄÓÏÐÖÐÒÎÕÍÈÓÎÔÐÎËÎÈÈÎ
` `
α
)α α 5Q ?*α 5Q ?`*
α α
§ ® ® ¢ qÖÔÕß ; Ì < µ ËÅϲÐÖÕÞÉ ÐÉÒÖÔÕÞÉ ÐÉÒÉÓÉÔÉ
²ÅáÜÌÉÔÄ ÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÅ ÌË 5Q Ì ÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÑ ; ÑÓÅÐÌÚÉÐÑ
ÕÑÈÅÔÖÜÉÔÕÇÖÉÕÕŲÑÉÚÌÔÎÑG!ÚÕÑÈÎÄÎáÆÞØÈÇÖØ
ÕÑÚɲ[∈;Ì\∈<ÇÞÒÑÎÐÄÉÕÔÄÐÉÓÅÇÉÐÔÕÇÑρ[\OG
¦ Ð Ì Â É Â Ô Ç Í Þ Ó Ô Ä Ð fÐÑÕÓÔËÎ ÙÔÐ ÔıÐÈ ÙËÓÍÐ G ÏÈ ÓÕ
ÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔ tÐÇÄ ÇÍà ÍàÅÐÐP ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔ ÑÄÒÄ ÔÐ
Ùȱ [P∈; Ë \P∈< ÔıË× ÙÔÐ ρ[P \P
qÐÓ±ÐÍÞ±Õ
P
; µ ÐÒÄÏËÙÈÏÏÐÈ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐ ËÊ ÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔË ^[P`
( PN )
ÎÐÉÏÐ ÆÝÇÈÍËÔÞ Ó×ÐÇÃÛÕàÓà ÑÐÇÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞ ^ [ `
( PN )
qÕÓÔÞ OLP [ [dÓËÍÕÊÄαÏÕÔÐÓÔËÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ;ËÎÈ
N→
ÈÎ[∈;jÊÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÄ
( PN ) ( PN ) ( PN ) ( PN ) ( PN )
ρ[ \ Pρ[[ ρ[ \ ρ[[
PN
(P )
ÓÍÈÇÕÈÔÙÔÐ OLP ρ[ \ N qÐßÔÐÎÕÔÐÙ±Ä[ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃ
N→
ÔÐÙ±ÐÌ ÑÒ˱ÐÓÏÐÆÈÏËà ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ<ËÆ ÓËÍÕ ÈÐ ÊÄαÏÕÔÐÓ
ÔË[∈<tıËÎÐÅÒÄÊÐÎ[∈;Ë[∈<ÄßÔÐÑÒÐÔËÆÐÒÈÙËÔ
ÔÐÎÕÙÔÐ;Ë<ÏÈÑÈÒÈÓȱÄàÔÓÃ
°ÑÒÇÆÇÍÇÏÊÇ fÎÄÈÇÖØÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇ;Ì<ÇÉÎÌÚÌÐÅ
ρ;< LQI ρ[\
[ ∈ ;\ ∈ <
ÐÅËÞÇÅÉÕÔÄÓÅÔÔÕÑÄÐÌÉÏÏÉÊÈÖ;Ì<dÚÅÔÕÐÑÔÕÌÉÔÎÌ
;ÔÑÔÕÑÌÕÌËÑÈÐÑÍÕÑÚ²Ì[ÕÑρ;< ρ[<ÐÅËÞÇÅÉÕ
ÔÄÓÅÔÔÕÑÄÐÌÉÏÑÕÕÑÚ²Ì[ÈÑÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÅ<
qÒËÎÈÏÃÃ ßÔÐÔ ÔÈÒÎËÏ ÍÈÎÎÕ ÎÐÉÏÐ ÓÖÐÒÎÕÍËÒÐÆÄÔÞ
ÓÍÈÇÕàÛËÎÐÅÒÄÊÐÎ
gÔÎÌÈÇÅËÅϲÐÖÕÞØÐÉÒÖÔÕÞØÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÅÐÉÒÉÓÉÔɲÅ
áÕÔÄÌÒѲÓÅÍÐÉÍÏÉÓÉÑÈÐÑÌËÐÌØÑÓÅÐÌÚÉÐÑÕÑÓÅÔÔÕÑÄ
ÐÌÉÏÉÊÈÖÐÌÏÌÒÑÎÑÊÌÕÉÎßÐÑ
uÇÐÅÏÝÎ ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓà ÏÈ ÔÐÍޱРÑÐÏÃÔËÈ Ð±ÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔË ÔÐÙ±Ë
ÏÐËÑÐÏÃÔËÈбÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔËÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ
°ÑÒÇÆÇÍÇÏÊÇ dÔIJÑÉÑÕ²ÓÞÕÑÉÇ5QÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÑ*ÔÑÈÉÓ
ÊÅÜÉÉ ÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÑ ;µ5Q ÐÅËÞÇÅÉÕÔÄ Ñ²ÓÉÔÕÐÑÔÕßá ÏÐÑ
ÊÉÔÕÇÅ;ÌÑÆÑËÐÅÚÅÉÕÔÄ8;
pÆÝÉÈÌÐÉÐÌÉ εѲÓÉÔÕÐÑÔÕÉÍ ÇÔÉØ ÕÑÚɲ ÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÅ ;
ÐÅËÞÇÅÉÕÔÄ εѲÓÉÔÕÐÑÔÕßá àÕÑÑ ÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÅ Ì ÑÆÑËÐÅÚÅ
ÉÕÔÄ8;ε
tıËÎÐÅÒÄÊÐÎ
8;ε [∈
`;8[ε
pÙÈÆËÇÏÐ εбÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔÞ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ ÃÆÍÃÃÓÞ ÓÕÎÎÐÌ εб
ÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔÈÌÔÐÙȱÇÄÏÏÐÐÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄÃÆÍÃàÛË×ÓÃÐÔ±ÒÝÔÝÎË
ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄÎË ÔıÉÈ ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓà ÐÔ±ÒÝÔÝÎ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐÎ Ë ÓÍÈ
ÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÈÐбÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔÞà
d ÔÈÒÎËÏÄ× Ð±ÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔÈÌ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆ ÍÈÎÎÕ ÎÐÉÏÐ ÑÈÒÈ
ÖÒÄÊËÒÐÆÄÔÞÓÍÈÇÕàÛËÎÐÅÒÄÊÐÎ
gÔÎÌÈÇÅÐÉÒÖÔÕÞØËÅϲÐÖÕÞØÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÅÐÉÒÉÓÉÔɲÅ
áÕÔÄÌÒѲÓÅÍÐÉÍÏÉÓÉÑÈÐÑÌËÐÌØÑÓÅÐÌÚÉÐÑÕÑÑÐÌÌÏÉ
áÕÐÉÒÉÓÉÔɲÅáÜÌÉÔÄεѲÓÉÔÕÐÑÔÕÌ
dÓÄÎÐÎÇÈÍÈÈÓÍË;Ë< µÏÈÑÕÓÔÝÈÊÄαÏÕÔÝÈÎÏÐÉÈÓÔ
ÆÄ Ë ; ÐÒÄÏËÙÈÏÐ ÔÐ ÓÐÍÄÓÏÐ ÍÈÎÎÈ ÒÄÓÓÔÐÃÏËÈ ÎÈÉÇÕ
GHI
ÏËÎËÅÐÍÞÚÈÏÕÍÃG ρ;<!µ ËÇÐÓÔÄÔÐÙÏÐÆÊÃÔÞÏÄ
ÑÒËÎÈÒε G
uqrbhogoj qÒËÆÈÓÔË ÑÒËÎÈÒ ÇÆÕ× ÏÈÑÈÒÈÓȱÄàÛË×Óà ÏÈÑÕÓ
ÔÝ×ÊÄαÏÕÔÝ×ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÒÄÓÓÔÐÃÏËÈÎÈÉÇÕ±ÐÔÐÒÝÎËÒÄÆÏÐÏÕÍà
fбÄÊÄÔÞ ÙÔÐ ÇÆÄ ÍàÅÝ× ÏÈÑÈÒÈÓȱÄàÛË×Óà ÏÈÑÕÓÔÝ× ÊÄαÏÕÔÝ×
ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ ËÎÈàÔ ÏÈÑÈÒÈÓȱÄàÛËÈÓà бÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔË qÒËÆÈÓÔË ÑÒËÎÈÒ
ÇÆÕ× ÏÈÑÕÓÔÝ× ÏÈÑÈÒÈÓȱÄàÛË×Óà ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆ Õ ±ÐÔÐÒÝ× ÏÈÔ ÏÈÑÈÒÈÓÈ
±ÄàÛË×ÓÃбÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔÈÌ
§ ® ® ¢ gÔÎÌ) µËÅϲÐÖÕÑÉÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÑ)µ5Q[µ5QÌ
ρ[) GÕÑÔÖÜÉÔÕÇÖÉÕÕŲÅÄÕÑÚ²Å\∈)ÚÕÑρ[\ G
¦ Ð Ì Â É Â Ô Ç Í Þ Ó Ô Ä Ð gÓÍË ρ[ ) LQI ρ[ \ G ÔÐ ÇÍÃ
\∈)
ÍàÅÐÐP ÏÄÌÇÈÔÓÃÔıÄÃÔÐÙ±Ä\P∈)ÙÔÐρ[\P
G
pÙÈÆËÇÏÐ ÇÍà ±ÄÉÇÐÐ P ÓÑÒÄÆÈÇÍËÆРƱÍàÙÈÏËÈ
P
\P∈8[GÑÐßÔÐÎÕÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞ^\P`ÐÒÄÏËÙÈÏÄ
ËÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐËÊÏÈÈÎÐÉÏÐÆÝÇÈÍËÔÞÓ×ÐÇÃÛÕàÓÃÑÐÇÑÐÓ
( PN ) ( PN )
ÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞ^ \ `qÕÓÔÞ OLP \ \dÓËÍÕÊÄαÏÕ
N→
ÔÐÓÔËÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ)ËÎÈÈÎ\∈)ÇÄÍÈÈ
( PN ) ( PN ) ( PN )
ρ[\Pρ[ \ ρ \ \G ρ \ \
PN
qÈÒÈ×ÐÇà ÊÇÈÓÞ ± ÑÒÈÇÈÍÕ ÑÒË N { ÑÐÍÕÙËÎ ρ[ \ P G
s ÇÒÕÐÌ ÓÔÐÒÐÏÝ ρ[ \ O ρ[ ) G ÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐ
ρ[\ G
°ÑÒÇÆÇÍÇÏÊÇ tÑڲŠ[∈5Q ÐÅËÞÇÅÉÕÔÄ ÓÅÐÌÚÐÑÍ ÕÑÚ²ÑÍ
ÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÅ;µ5QÉÔÎÌÇÎáÆÑÍÉÉѲÓÉÔÕÐÑÔÕÌÔÖÜÉÔÕÇÖáÕ
ÕÑڲ̲ŲÒÓÌÐÅÈÎÉÊÅÜÌÉÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÖ;ÕŲÌÐÉÒÓÌÐÅÈÎÉ
ÊÅÜÌÉÉÏÖ
sÑÇѲÖÒÐÑÔÕßÇÔÉØÓÅÐÌÚÐÞØÕÑÚɲÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÅ;ÐÅËÞ
ÇÅÉÕÔÄÉÑÓÅÐÌÙÉÍÌÑÆÑËÐÅÚÅÉÕÔÄ∂;
pÙÈÆËÇÏÐÙÔÐÒÄÏËÙÏÄÃÔÐÙ±ÄÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃËÈÐ
ÔÐÙ±ÐÌ ÑÒ˱ÐÓÏÐÆÈÏËà ∂; µ ; ÏÐ ÏÈ ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓà ÈÐ ÆÏÕÔÒÈÏ
`
ÏÈÌÔÐÙ±ÐÌ∂; ;LQW ∅
lÄÉÇÄà ÔÐÙ±Ä ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓà ÍËÅÐ ÈÐ ÆÏÕÔÒÈÏÏÈÌ
ÔÐÙ±ÐÌÍËÅÐÒÄÏËÙÏÐÌÑÒËßÔÐÎÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐÎÐÉÈÔÏÈÓÐÇÈÒ
ÉÄÔÞÆÓÈËÍËÏȱÐÔÐÒÝÈÒÄÏËÙÏÝÈÔÐÙ±Ë
;µ;LQWF∂;
lÄÉÇÄÃÔÐÙ±ÄÊÄÎݱÄÏËà ; ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ;ÔıÉÈÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃ
ÍËÅÐÆÏÕÔÒÈÏÏÈÌÍËÅÐÒÄÏËÙÏÐÌÔÐÙ±ÐÌÓÄÎÐÐÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ;
ÏÐÈÐÊÄÎݱÄÏËÈ ; ÓÐÇÈÒÉËÔÆÓÈÅÈÕÉÈÆÓÈÒÄÏËÙÏÝÈÔÐÙ±Ë
ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ∂;µ; qÐßÔÐÎÕ; ;LQWF∂;
sÑÒÄÆÈÇÍËÆÐ ±ÐÏÈÙÏÐ Ë ÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐ ; ; F ∂; ÏÐ Æ ÏÈÎ
ÓÍÄÄÈÎÝÈ ÑÒÄÆÐÌ ÙÄÓÔË ÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÄ ÆÐÐÅÛÈ ÐÆÐÒà ÑÈÒÈÓȱÄ
àÔÓÃpÏËÏÈÑÈÒÈÓȱÄàÔÓÃÔÐÇÄËÔÐÍÞ±ÐÔÐÇıÐÇÄÎÏÐÉÈ
ÓÔÆÐ;ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃÐÔ±ÒÝÔÝÎdÓÄÎÐÎÇÈÍÈÈÓÍËÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐÐÔ
±ÒÝÔÐ ÔÐ ±ÄÉÇÄà ÈÐ ÔÐÙ±Ä ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓà ÆÏÕÔÒÈÏÏÈÌ Ë ÔÈÎ ÓÄ
ÎÝÎÏÈÑÒËÏÄÇÍÈÉËÔÈÐÒÄÏËØÈ
pÔÎÈÔËÎ ÈÛÈ ÙÔÐ ÒÄÏËØÄ ÆÓñÐÐ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃ
ÊÄαÏÕÔÝÎÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐÎfÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÐÆбÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔËÔÐÙ±Ë
ÑÒ˱ÐÓÏÐÆÈÏËÃÒÄÏËØÝËÎÈÈÔÓÃÔÐÙ±ÄÓÄÎÐÌÒÄÏËØÝÑÐßÔÐ
ÎÕÆßÔÐÌбÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔËÈÓÔޱıÔÐÙ±ËÑÒËÏÄÇÍÈÉÄÛËÈÎÏÐÉÈ
ÓÔÆÕÔıËÏÈÑÒËÏÄÇÍÈÉÄÛËÈÈÎÕ
± Ò Ê Î Ç Ò Ý qÕÓÔÞQ ; 4 ^[[ [ [ ` µ
ÐÔ±ÒÝÔÝ̱ÒÕmàÅÄÃÔÐÙ±ÄбÒÕÉÏÐÓÔË
6 ^[[[ [ `
ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓà ÒÄÏËÙÏÐÌ ÔÐÙ±ÐÌ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ ; Ë ÇÒÕË× ÒÄÏËÙ
ÏÝ×ÔÐÙȱÏÈÔÔ È6 ∂;dßÔÐÎÓÍÕÙÄÈÒÄÏËØÄÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ
;ÏÈÑÒËÏÄÇÍÈÉËÔÈÎÕ
qÕÓÔÞ ; 4 µ ÊÄαÏÕÔÝÌ ±ÒÕ Ë Æ ßÔÐÎ ÓÍÕÙÄÈ Ð±ÒÕÉ
ÏÐÓÔÞ6ÔıÉÈÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃÒÄÏËØÈÌÇÍÃ;ÑÒËÙÈÎÔÈÑÈÒÞ∂;µ;
oıÐÏÈØÈÓÍË; 6 µÐ±ÒÕÉÏÐÓÔÞÔбÄÉÇÄÃÔÐÙ±ÄÎÏÐ
ÉÈÓÔÆÄ;ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃÈÐÒÄÏËÙÏÐÌÔÐÙ±ÐÌËÇÒÕË×ÒÄÏËÙÏÝ×
ÔÐÙȱÏÈÔÔ È; ∂;
dÐÐÅÛÈ Q ´ ÎÈÒÏÄÃ ÓÖÈÒÄ ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃ ÒÄÏËØÈÌ
±Ä± QÎÈÒÏÐÐ ÐÔ±ÒÝÔÐÐ ÚÄÒÄ Ôı Ë ÊÄαÏÕÔÐÐ
ÄÔıÉÈÓÐÆÑÄÇÄÈÔÓÐÓÆÐÈÌÓÐÅÓÔÆÈÏÏÐÌÒÄÏËØÈÌÑÐ
ÙÈÎÕ"
uqrbhogojg fбÄÊÄÔÞ ÙÔÐ ÇÍà ÔÐÐ ÙÔÐÅÝ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐ ; µ 5Q
ÅÝÍÐÊÄαÏÕÔÝÎÏÈÐÅ×ÐÇËÎÐËÇÐÓÔÄÔÐÙÏÐÙÔÐÅÝ∂;µ;
d ÇÄÍÞÏÈÌÚÈÎ ÑÐÏÄÇÐÅËÔÓÃ ÈÛÈ ÑÐÏÃÔËÈ ±ÒËÆÐÌ Æ QÎÈÒÏÐÎ
ÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÈpÅÐÅÛËÎÇÄÏÏÐÈÆÝÚÈÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËȱÒËÆÐÌÆÔÒÈ×
ÎÈÒÏÐÎ ÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÈ ±Ä± ±ÍÄÓÓÄ ß±ÆËÆÄÍÈÏÔÏÝ× ÑÕÔÈÌ qÒÈÇ
ÆÄÒËÔÈÍÞÏÐ ÊÄÎÈÔËÎ ÙÔÐ ÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÈ [W [W [QW
ÐÔÒÈ汀 >D E@ Æ ÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÐ 5Q ÏÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÓà ÐÉÒÓÉÓÞÇÐÞÏ ÈÓ
ÍË ÆÓÈ ÙËÓÍÐÆÝÈ ÖÕϱØËË [W [QW ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÝ ÏÄ ÐÔÒÈÊ
±È>DE@
°ÑÒÇÆÇÍÇÏÊÇ oÉÒÓÉÓÞÇÐÑÉ ÑÕÑÆÓÅÊÉÐÌÉ ÑÕÓÉË²Å Ç ÒÓÑ
ÔÕÓÅÐÔÕÇÑ5QÐÅËÞÇÅÉÕÔÄÒÖÕÉÏÇàÕÑÏÒÓÑÔÕÓÅÐÔÕÇÉ
fÇÅÒÖÕÌ[W∈5QDPWPEÌ\τ∈5QαPτPβÐÅËÞÇÅ
áÕÔÄ à²ÇÌÇÅÎÉÐÕÐÞÏÌ ÉÔÎÌ ÔÖÜÉÔÕÇÖÉÕ ÕŲÅÄ ÐÉÒÓÉÓÞÇ
ÐÅÄÔÕÓÑÑÏÑÐÑÕÑÐÐÅÄÚÌÔÎÑÇÅÄ×ÖвÙÌÄW ϕταPτPβ
ÑÕÑÆÓÅÊÅáÜÅÄ ÑÕÓÉËѲ >α β@ ÐÅ ÑÕÓÉËѲ >D E@ ÚÕÑ ÈÎÄ
ÇÔÉØτ∈>αβ@ÇÞÒÑÎÐÄÉÕÔÄÓÅÇÉÐÔÕÇÑ
[ϕτ \τ
lÎÅÔÔà²ÇÌÇÅÎÉÐÕÐÞØÒÖÕÉÍÇÒÓÑÔÕÓÅÐÔÕÇÉ5QÐÅËÞÇÅ
ÉÕÔIJÓÌÇÑÍÇàÕÑÏÒÓÑÔÕÓÅÐÔÕÇÉ
dÓÈ ËÊÍÐÉÈÏÏÐÈ Æ Ñ Ë Ð ±ÒËÆÐÌ Æ ÔÒÈ×ÎÈÒÏÐÎ
ÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÈ ÈÓÔÈÓÔÆÈÏÏÝÎ ÐÅÒÄÊÐÎ ÑÈÒÈÏÐÓËÔÓÃ ÏÄ ÓÍÕÙÄÌ
ÑÒÐËÊÆÐÍÞÏÐÐQÎÈÒÏÐÐÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÄ
fÍà ÇÄÍÞÏÈÌÚÈÐ ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓà ÆÄÉÏÝÎ ÔıÉÈ ÑÐÏÃÔËÈ ÑÒÃ
ÎÐÌÆQÎÈÒÏÐÎÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÈ
°ÑÒÇÆÇÍÇÏÊÇ qÖÔÕß[ [ ( )[ Q( )∈5ÌααQ ¶
Q
ÐɲÑÕÑÓÞÉ ×̲ÔÌÓÑÇÅÐÐÞÉ ÚÌÔÎÅ ∑ α L! nÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÑ ÕÑ
L
Úɲ[ [[QÒÓÑÔÕÓÅÐÔÕÇÅ5Q²ÑÑÓÈÌÐÅÕÞ²ÑÕÑÓÞØ
ÒÓÉÈÔÕÅÇÌÏÞÇÇÌÈÉ
pÙÈÆËÇÏÐÙÔÐÆÓÍÕÙÄÈQ ÑÐÍÕÙÄÈÔÓÃÑÒÃÎÄÃÆÐÅÝÙÏÐÎ
ÔÒÈ×ÎÈÒÏÐÎ ÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÈ Ä α α α ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓà ÏÄÑÒÄÆÍÃà
ÛËÎÆȱÔÐÒÐÎßÔÐÌÑÒÃÎÐÌ
yÄÓÔÞÑÒÃÎÐÌÓÐÐÔÆÈÔÓÔÆÕàÛÄÃËÊÎÈÏÈÏËàÑÄÒÄÎÈÔÒÄWÆÏÈ
±ÐÔÐÒÐÎÐÔÒÈʱÈ>W′W′′@ÏÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÓÃÐÔÒÈʱÐÎÆÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÈ5Q
tÐÙ±Ë [′ Ë [′′ ßÔÐÐ ÐÔÒÈ汀 ÓÐÐÔÆÈÔÓÔÆÕàÛËÈ ÊÏÄÙÈÏËÃÎ ÑÄÒÄ
ÎÈÔÒÄW′ËW′′ÏÄÊÝÆÄàÔÓÃÈбÐÏØÄÎËËÒÄÓÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄÈÎÝÌÐÔÒÈ
ÊбÐÅÐÊÏÄÙÄÈÔÓÃ>[′[′′@rÄÓÓÔÐÃÏËÈρ[′[′′ÎÈÉÇÕ±ÐÏØÄÎËÐÔ
ÒÈʱÄÏÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÓÃÈÐÇÍËÏÐÌ
yÄÓÔÞ ÑÒÃÎÐÌ ÓÐÐÔÆÈÔÓÔÆÕàÛÄÃ ËÊÎÈÏÈÏËà ÑÄÒÄÎÈÔÒÄ W
Æ ÅÈÓ±ÐÏÈÙÏÐÎ ÑÒÐÎÈÉÕÔ±È ÙËÓÍÐÆÐÌ ÐÓË ÏÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÓà ÍÕÙÐÎ
Æ ÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÈ5Q
gÓÍËÇÄÏÝÇÆÈÒÄÊÍËÙÏÝÈÔÐÙ±Ë [ ′ [ Q′ Ë[ ″ [ Q″
ÔÐÕÒÄÆÏÈÏËÈÑÒÃÎÐÌÑÒÐ×ÐÇÃÛÈÌÙÈÒÈÊßÔËÔÐÙ±ËËÎÈÈÔÆËÇ
[L [ ′L ( [ ″L ´ [ ′L WL Q´W
± Ò Ê Î Ç Ò qÕÓÔÞD DDQ∈5QG!Ë
lÒÐÎÈÑÐÏÃÔËÃÍËÏÈÌÏÐÌÓÆÃÊÏÐÓÔËÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔÑÐÏÃÔËÈÓÆÃÊÏÐÓÔË
ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆıÐÔÐÒÐÈÅÕÇÈÔÒÄÓÓÎÐÔÒÈÏÐÆ
jÏÄÙÈÐÆÐÒÃÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐ;ÏÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÓÃÍËÏÈÌÏÐÓÆÃÊÏÝÎ
ÈÓÍ˱ıÐÆÝÅÝÏËÅÝÍËÔÐÙ±Ë[∈;Ë[′′∈;ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔÏÈ
ÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÄñÒËÆÄÃ[W ^[LWDPWPE`ÔıÄÃÙÔÐÈÈÏÄÙÄÍÐÎ
ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃÔÐÙ±Ä[′Ô È[D [′±ÐÏØÐÎ µÔÐÙ±Ä[′′[E [′′
Ë ÆÓÈ ÔÐÙ±Ë ßÔÐÌ ±ÒËÆÐÌ ÑÒËÏÄÇÍÈÉÄÔ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÕ ; [W∈;
ÇÍÃÆÓÈ×W∈>DE@
qÒËÎÈÒÄÎË ÍËÏÈÌÏÐ ÓÆÃÊÏÝ× ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆ ÃÆÍÃàÔÓà ÔÐÙ±Ä
ÐÔÒÈÊб Ä ÑÒËÎÈÒÐÎ ÍËÏÈÌÏÐ ÏÈÓÆÃÊÏÐÐ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ µ ÑÄÒÄ
ÒÄÊÍËÙÏÝ×ÔÐÙȱ
§ ® ® ¢ gÔÎÌÎÌÐÉÍÐÑÔÇÄËÐÑÉÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÑÒÉÓÉÔɲÅÉÕÔÄÔ
ÐɲÑÕÑÓÞÏ ÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÑÏ Ì Ô ÉÑ ÈÑÒÑÎÐÉÐÌÉÏ Ç 5Q ÕÑ ÑÐÑ
ÒÉÓÉÔɲÅÉÕÔÄÌÔÓÅÐÌÙÉÍàÕÑÑÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÅ
¦ Ð Ì Â É Â Ô Ç Í Þ Ó Ô Ä Ð qÕÓÔÞ ; µ ÍËÏÈÌÏÐ ÓÆÃÊÏÐÈ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐ
;µ5Q< µÏȱÐÔÐÒÐÈÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐ<µ5QËÑÕÓÔÞÑÈÒÈÓÈÙÈÏËÃ
; <Ë; 5Q?<ÏÈÑÕÓÔÝqÕÓÔÞ[∈; <Ë[∈; 5Q?<
` ` ` `
qÐÓ±ÐÍÞ±Õ; µÍËÏÈÌÏÐÓÆÃÊÏÐÈÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔÔıÄÃ
ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÄÃ ±ÒËÆÄÃ [W D P W P E ÙÔÐ [D [ [E [
Ë[W∈;ÇÍÃÆÓÈ×W∈>DE@pÅÐÊÏÄÙËÎÙÈÒÈÊτÆÈÒ×ÏààÒÄÏÞ
ÔÈ× W∈>D E@ ÇÍà ±ÐÔÐÒÝ× [W∈< pÙÈÆËÇÏÐ D P τ P E d Íà
ÅÐÌ Ð±ÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔË ÔÐÙ±Ë [τ ÓÐÇÈÒÉÄÔÓà ±Ä± ÔÐÙ±Ë ÑÒËÏÄÇ
ÍÈÉÄÛËÈ < Ôı Ë ÏÈ ÑÒËÏÄÇÍÈÉÄÛËÈ < ÑÐÙÈÎÕ" sÍÈÇÐ
ÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐ [τ∈∂< qÐÓ±ÐÍÞ±Õ [τ∈; ÑÈÒÈÓÈÙÈÏËÈ ∂< ; ÏÈ
`
ÑÕÓÔÐ
°ÑÒÇÆÇÍÇÏÊÇ pÕ²ÓÞÕÑÉÎÌÐÉÍÐÑÔÇÄËÐÑÉÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÑÐÅËÞ
ÇÅÉÕÔÄÑÆÎÅÔÕßá
± Ò Ê Î Ç Ò Ý d ÓÍÕÙÄÈ Q ÆÓñËÌ ËÏÔÈÒÆÄÍ ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓà ÐÅ
ÍÄÓÔÞàÄÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐÓÐÓÔÐÃÛÈÈËÊÇÆÕ×ËÍËÅÐÍÈÈÑÐÑÄÒÏÐÏÈ
ÑÈÒÈÓȱÄàÛË×Óà ËÏÔÈÒÆÄÍÐÆ ÒËÓ ×ÐÔÃ Ë ÑÒÈÇÓÔÄÆÍÃÈÔ ÓÐ
ÅÐÌÐÔ±ÒÝÔÐÈÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐÏÈÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃÐÅÍÄÓÔÞà
rËÓ rËÓ
oÈÓÍÈÇÕÈÔÓÎÈÚËÆÄÔÞÑÐÏÃÔËÈÐÅÍÄÓÔËÆÓÎÝÓÍÈßÔÐÐÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËÃ
ÓÑÐÏÃÔËÈÎÐÅÍÄÓÔËÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËÃÖÕϱØËË
dÓÍÕÙÄÈQ ÆÓñËÌÐÔ±ÒÝÔÝ̱ÒÕÈÓÔÞÐÅÍÄÓÔÞÄÎÏÐÉÈ
ÓÔÆÐÓÐÓÔÐÃÛÈÈËÊÇÆÕ×ËÍËÅÐÍÈÈÑÐÑÄÒÏÐÏÈÑÈÒÈÓȱÄàÛË×ÓÃ
ÐÔ±ÒÝÔÝ×±ÒÕÐÆÒËÓ ×ÐÔÃËÐÔ±ÒÝÔÐÏÐÏÈÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃÐÅ
ÍÄÓÔÞàÔı±Ä±ÇÆÈÔÐÙ±Ë[Ë\ÑÒËÏÄÇÍÈÉÄÛËÈÒÄÊÏÝαÒÕ
ÄÎÏÈÍÞÊÃÓÐÈÇËÏËÔÞÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐ̱ÒËÆÐÌÍÈÉÄÛÈÌØÈÍ˱ÐÎ
ÆÏÕÔÒËÒÄÓÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄÈÎÐÐÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ
dÓñËÌQÎÈÒÏÝÌÐÔ±ÒÝÔÝÌÚÄÒÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃÐÅÍÄÓÔÞà
°ÑÒÇÆÇÍÇÏÊÇ nÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÑÎáÆÞÉÈÇÉÕÑڲ̲ÑÕÑÓÑÑÏÑÊ
ÐÑÔÑÉÈÌÐÌÕßÑÕÓÉ˲ÑÏÙÉÎ̲ÑÏÇÐÉÏÎÉÊÅÜÌÏÐÅËÞÇÅÉÕÔÄ
ÇÞÒÖ²ÎÞÏ
dÓñËÌQÎÈÒÏÝÌÐÔ±ÒÝÔÝÌËÍËÊÄαÏÕÔÝÌÚÄÒÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃ
ÆÝÑÕ±ÍÝÎÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐÎ
°ÑÒÇÆÇÍÇÏÊÇ nÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÑ ÎÉÊÅÜÉÉ Ç ÒÓÑÔÕÓÅÐÔÕÇÉ 5Q Ì
ÄÇÎÄáÜÉÉÔÄËÅÏÞ²ÅÐÌÉÏÐɲÑÕÑÓÑÍÑÆÎÅÔÕÌÐÅËÞÇÅÉÕÔÄËÅÏ
²ÐÖÕÑÍÑÆÎÅÔÕßá
iÄαÏÕÔÝÌQÎÈÒÏÝÌÚÄÒÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃÊÄαÏÕÔÐÌÐÅÍÄÓÔÞà
uqrbhogoj fбÄÊÄÔÞÙÔÐQÎÈÒÏÝÌÚÄÒËQÎÈÒÏÝÌÑÄÒÄÍÍÈ
ÍÈÑËÑÈÇÃÆÍÃàÔÓÃÆÝÑÕ±ÍÝÎËÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄÎË
qÐÓÔÒÐËÔÞÑÒËÎÈÒÏÈÆÝÑÕ±ÍÐÌÐÅÍÄÓÔË
iÇÊÇÛÇ ×ËÓÕËÑÇ hÓÕÊÇÒÇ
fбÄÊÄÔÞ ÙÔÐ ÆÓñËÌ ÑÒÐÓÔÐÌ
±ÐÏÔÕÒÓÎÑ ÏÄÑÍÐÓ±ÐÓÔËÒÄÊÅËÆÄÈÔÑÍÐÓ±ÐÓÔÞÏÄÇÆÈÐÅÍÄÓÔËÐ
ÒÄÏËÙÈÏÏÕàËÏÈÐÒÄÏËÙÈÏÏÕàßÔÐÐÊÏÄÙÄÈÔÆÐÑÈÒÆÝ×ÙÔÐÐÏÃÆÍÃÈÔ
ÓÃÒÄÏËØÈ̱ÄÉÇÐÌËÊßÔË×ÐÅÍÄÓÔÈÌÆÐÆÔÐÒÝ×ÙÔÐÏ˱ıËÈÇÆÈÔÐÙ±Ë
ÑÒËÏÄÇÍÈÉÄÛËÈÒÄÊÍËÙÏÝÎÕ±ÄÊÄÏÏÝÎÐÅÍÄÓÔÃÎÏÈÍÞÊÃÓÐÈÇËÏËÔÞ±ÒË
ÆÐÌÏÈÑÈÒÈÓȱÄàÛÈÌÇÄÏÏÝ̱ÐÏÔÕÒ
¬ÐÎÑÂÌÔÝ
d ßÔÐÎ ÑÕϱÔÈ ÅÕÇÕÔ ÒÄÓÓÎÐÔÒÈÏÝ ÏȱÐÔÐÒÝÈ ÓÆÐÌÓÔÆÄ ÎÏÐ
ÉÈÓÔÆ ÏÄÊÝÆÄÈÎÝ× ±ÐÎÑıÔÄÎË Ë ËÒÄàÛË× ÆÄÉÏÕà ÒÐÍÞ
Æ ÎÄÔÈÎÄÔËÙÈÓ±ÐÎÄÏÄÍËÊÈ
°ÑÒÇÆÇÍÇÏÊÇ nÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÑ$µ5QÐÅËÞÇÅÉÕÔIJÑÏÒŲÕÑÏ
ÉÔÎÌ ÌË ÎáÆÑÍ ÒÑÔÎÉÈÑÇÅÕÉÎßÐÑÔÕÌ ÉÑ ÕÑÚɲ ÏÑÊÐÑ ÇÞÈÉ
ÎÌÕß ÔØÑÈÄÜÖáÔÄ ÒÑÈÒÑÔÎÉÈÑÇÅÕÉÎßÐÑÔÕß ÒÓÉÈÉÎ ²ÑÕÑÓÑÍ
ÒÓÌÐÅÈÎÉÊÌÕÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÖ$
± Ò Ê Î Ç Ò jÊÔÈÐÒÈÎÝ cÐÍÞØÄÏеdÈÌÈÒÚÔÒÄÓÓÄÑ Ë
ÆÐÊÎÐÉÏÐÓÔË ÑÈÒÈ×ÐÇÄ ± ÑÒÈÇÈÍÕ Æ ÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÄ× Ñ ÓÍÈ
ÇÕÈÔÙÔÐÐÔÒÈÊбÙËÓÍÐÆÐÌÑÒÃÎÐÌÃÆÍÃÈÔÓñÐÎÑıÔÐÎ
dÄÉÏÐÈ ÓÆÐÌÓÔÆÐ ×ÄÒıÔÈÒËÊÕàÛÈÈ ±ÐÎÑıÔÝ Æ 5Q ÕÓÔÄ
ÏÄÆÍËÆÄÈÔÓÍÈÇÕàÛÄÃÔÈÐÒÈÎÄ
´ § ° ² § ® ¢ fÎÄÕÑÑÚÕÑÆÞÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÑ;µ5QÆÞÎѲÑÏ
ÒŲÕÑÏÐÉÑÆØÑÈÌÏÑÌÈÑÔÕÅÕÑÚÐÑÚÕÑÆÞÑÐÑÆÞÎÑÑÓÅÐÌ
ÚÉÐÐÞÏÌËÅϲÐÖÕÞÏ
¦ Ð Ì Â É Â Ô Ç Í Þ Ó Ô Ä Ð Ï Ç Ð Ã × Ð Æ Ê Î Ð Ó Ô Ê qÕÓÔÞ $ µ 5Q Ë
$ µ±ÐÎÑıÔgÓÍËÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐ$ÅÝÍÐÅÝÏÈÐÒÄÏËÙÈÏÏÝÎÔÐ
ÇÍà ÍàÅÐÐ ÏÄÔÕÒÄÍÞÏÐÐ ÙËÓÍÄ P ÏÄÚÍÄÓÞ ÅÝ ÔıÄà ÔÐÙ±Ä
[P∈ $ ÙÔÐ ρ2 [P ! P P iÇÈÓÞ ±Ä± ÆÓÈÇÄ
2 pÙÈÆËÇÏÐ OLP [P qÐßÔÐÎÕÍàÅÄÃÑÐÇ
P→
ÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔË^[P`ÔıÉÈËÎÈÈÔÑÒÈ
ÇÈÍÐÎ Ë ÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐ ËÊ ^[P` ÏÈÍÞÊà ÆÝÅÒÄÔÞ Ó×ÐÇÃ
ÛÕàÓÃ ÑÐÇÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞ ÙÔÐ ÑÒÐÔËÆÐÒÈÙËÔ ÔÐÎÕ ÙÔÐ
$ µ±ÐÎÑıÔjÔı$ µÐÒÄÏËÙÈÏÏÐÈÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐ
gÓÍË ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐ $ ÏÈ ÅÝÍÐ ÅÝ ÊÄαÏÕÔÝÎ ÔÐ Õ ÏÈÐ ÓÕ
ÛÈÓÔÆÐÆÄÍÄ ÅÝ ÔÐÙ±Ä ÑÒ˱ÐÓÏÐÆÈÏËà [ ±ÐÔÐÒÄÃ Æ ÏÈÎ ÅÝ ÏÈ
ÓÐÇÈÒÉÄÍÄÓÞ[ ∉ $fÍÃßÔÐÌÔÐÙ±ËÏÄÚÍÄÓÞÅÝÔıÄÃÑÐÓÍÈ
ÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞ[P µ $P ÙÔÐ OLP [P [ÓÏÐ
P→
ÙÔÐÍàÅÄÃÈÈÑÐÇÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞÔıÉÈËÎÈÈÔÓÆÐËÎÑÒÈÇÈ
ÍÐÎÔÕÉÈÔÐÙ±Õ[ ∉ $qÐßÔÐÎÕËÊÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔË^[P`ÔÐ
ÙȱÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ$ÏÈÍÞÊÃÆÝÇÈÍËÔÞÑÐÇÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞÓ×Ð
ÇÃÛÕàÓà ± ÔÐÙ±È ßÔÐÐ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ Ô È ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐ $ ÓÏÐÆÄ ÏÈ
ÅÝÍÐÅݱÐÎÑıÔÐÎsÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐ$ µÊÄαÏÕÔÐÈÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐ
¦ Ð Ì Â É Â Ô Ç Í Þ Ó Ô Ä Ð Æ Ð Ó Ô Â Ô Ð Ù Ï Ð Ó Ô Ê qÕÓÔÞ ; µ ÐÒÄ
ÏËÙÈÏÏÐÈ ÊÄαÏÕÔÐÈ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐ ^[P` µ ±Ä±ÄÃÍËÅÐ ÑÐÓÍÈÇÐ
ÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞÈÐÔÐÙȱ[P∈;P dÓËÍÕÐÒÄÏËÙÈÏ
ÏÐÓÔËÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ;ßÔÄÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞÔıÉÈÐÒÄÏËÙÈÏÄ
sÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐ ÑÐ ÔÈÐÒÈÎÈ Ñ ËÊ ÏÈÈ ÎÐÉÏÐ ÆÝÇÈÍËÔÞ
P
Ó×ÐÇÃÛÕàÓà ÑÐÇÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞ ^[ N` pÅÐÊÏÄÙËÎ ÈÈ ÑÒÈ
(P )
ÇÈÍÙÈÒÈÊ[ OLP [ N [pÙÈÆËÇÏÐÙÔÐ[ µÔÐÙ±ÄÑÒ˱ÐÓÏÐ
N→
(P )
ÆÈÏËà ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ ; ËÅÐ [ N ∈; Ä Ôı ±Ä± ; µ ÊÄαÏÕÔÐÈ
ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐÔÐ[∈;Ô È;ÇÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏбÐÎÑıÔ
fбÄÊÄÏÏÄà ÔÈÐÒÈÎÄ ÑÐÊÆÐÍÃÈÔ ÍȱРÕÓÔÄÏÄÆÍËÆÄÔÞ ±ÐÎ
ÑıÔÏÐÓÔÞ ÎÏÐË× ÙÄÓÔÐ ÆÓÔÒÈÙÄàÛË×Óà ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆ ÏÄÑÒËÎÈÒ
ÐÔÒÈʱÐÆ ÊÄαÏÕÔÝ× ÚÄÒÐÆ Ë ÑÄÒÄÍÍÈÍÈÑËÑÈÇÐÆ ÓÖÈÒ Æ ÑÒÐ
ÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÄ×5QÍàÅÐÌÒÄÊÎÈÒÏÐÓÔË µ ÆÓÈ ÑÈÒÈÙËÓÍÈÏÏÝÈÎÏÐ
ÉÈÓÔÆÄÅÕÇÕÙËÐÒÄÏËÙÈÏÏÝÎËËÊÄαÏÕÔÝÎËÃÆÍÃàÔÓñÐÎ
ÑıÔÄÎËtıÉÈÍȱÐÓÑÐÎÐÛÞàÔÈÐÒÈÎÝ ÕÓÔÄÏÄÆÍËÆÄÈÔÓÃ
ËÏȱÐÎÑıÔÏÐÓÔÞÎÏÐË×ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆoÄÑÒËÎÈÒ±ÐÏÈÙÏÝÈËÏ
ÔÈÒÆÄÍÝÏÈÅÕÇÕÙËÊÄαÏÕÔÝÎËÄÅÈÓ±ÐÏÈÙÏÝÈÏÈÅÕÇÕÙËÐ
ÒÄÏËÙÈÏÏÝÎËÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄÎËÏÈÃÆÍÃàÔÓñÐÎÑıÔÄÎË
pÔÎÈÔËÎÙÔÐÆÓËÍÕÔÐÌÉÈÔÈÐÒÈÎÝ ÍÈÎÎÕ ËÊÑ
ÎÐÉÏÐ ÓÖÐÒÎÕÍËÒÐÆÄÔÞ ÓÍÈÇÕàÛËÎ ÐÅÒÄÊÐÎ ÉÔÎÌ ÈÇÅ ËÅÏ
²ÐÖÕÞØ ÐÉÒÖÔÕÞØ ÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÅ ÐÉ ÒÉÓÉÔɲÅáÕÔÄ Ì ÒÑ ²ÓÅÍ
ÐÉÍÏÉÓÉÑÈÐÑÌËÐÌØÄÇÎÄÉÕÔIJÑÏÒŲÕÑÏÕÑÓÅÔÔÕÑÄÐÌÉ
ÏÉÊÈÖÐÌÏÌÆÑÎßÛÉÐÖÎÄ
qÒÈÉÇÈÙÈÎÑÈÒÈÌÔ˱ÇÒÕËÎ×ÄÒıÔÈÒËÓÔËÙÈÓ±ËÎÓÆÐÌÓÔ
ÆÄαÐÎÑıÔÐÆÆÆÈÇÈÎÒÃÇÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËÌËÇбÄÉÈÎÐÇÏÐÆÓÑÐ
ÎÐÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÈÕÔÆÈÒÉÇÈÏËÈ
qÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞQÎÈÒÏÝ×±ÕÅÐÆ^4N`N ÏÄ
ÊÝÆÄÈÔÓÃÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞàÇÎÑÊÉÐÐÞزÖÆÑÇÈÓÍË
4µ4µµ4Nµ4Nµ
§ ® ® ¢ fÎÄ ÒÑÔÎÉÈÑÇÅÕÉÎßÐÑÔÕÌ ËÅϲÐÖÕÞØ ÇÎÑÊÉÐ
ÐÞزÖÆÑÇ^4N`ÈÎÌÐÞÓÉÆÉÓ²ÑÕÑÓÞØÔÕÓÉÏÄÕÔIJÐÖÎáÒÓÌ
N{ÔÖÜÉÔÕÇÖÉÕÑÈÐÅÌÕÑÎß²ÑÑÈÐÅÕÑÚ²ÅÒÓÌÐÅÈÎÉÊÅ
ÜÅÄÇÔÉϲÖÆÅÏÓÅÔÔÏÅÕÓÌÇÅÉÏÑÍÒÑÔÎÉÈÑÇÅÕÉÎßÐÑÔÕÌ
¦ Ð Ì Â É Â Ô Ç Í Þ Ó Ô Ä Ð qÕÓÔÞ±ÕÅÝ
4N ^[ [LD L( N ) P[LPD L( N )GNL Q`
Ó ÒÈÅÒÄÎË ÇÍËÏ GN ÐÅÒÄÊÕàÔ ÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞ ÆÍÐÉÈÏÏÝ×
±ÕÅÐÆ
Ë ÑÕÓÔÞ OLP GN tÐÇÄ ÐÔÒÈÊ±Ë >D L( N ) D L( N ) G ( N )@
N→
N ÐÅÒÄÊÕàÔÓËÓÔÈÎÕÆÍÐÉÈÏÏÝ×ÐÔÒÈʱÐÆÇÍËÏÝG ( N )
±ÐÔÐÒÝ×ÓÔÒÈÎÃÔÓñÏÕÍàÑÒËN{qÐßÔÐÎÕÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕàÔË
ÑÒËÔÐÎÈÇËÏÓÔÆÈÏÏÝÈÙËÓÍÄξLÔıËÈÙÔÐÑÒËÖ˱ÓËÒÐÆÄÏÏÐÎ
LL QËÍàÅÐÎN ËÎÈÈÔÎÈÓÔÐƱÍàÙÈÏËÈ
ξL∈>D L( N ) D L( N ) G ( N )@pÔÓàÇÄÓÍÈÇÕÈÔÙÔÐÔÐÙ±Äξ ξξQ
ÑÒËÏÄÇÍÈÉËÔÆÓÈαÕÅÄÎÒÄÓÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄÈÎÐÌÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓ
ÔËξ∈4NN ËßÔÄÔÐÙ±ÄÈÇËÏÓÔÆÈÏÏÄ
°ÑÒÇÆÇÍÇÏÊÇ qÖÔÕß;µ5QsÌÔÕÉÏÅ
Ω ^;α`α∈8
ÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇ ;α µ 5Q 8 ^α` µ ÐɲÑÕÑÓÅÄ ÔÑÇѲÖÒÐÑÔÕß ÌÐ
ÈɲÔÑÇαÐÅËÞÇÅÉÕÔÄÒѲÓÞÕÌÉÏÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÅ;ÉÔÎÌ
;µα` ;
⊂8 α
tıËÎ ÐÅÒÄÊÐÎ ÓËÓÔÈÎÄ ÏÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÓà ÑбÒÝÔËÈÎ
ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ ; ÈÓÍË ±ÄÉÇÄà ÔÐÙ±Ä ßÔÐÐ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ ÑÒËÏÄÇÍÈ
ÉËÔ×ÐÔÃÅÝÐÇÏÐÎÕÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÕ;αÓËÓÔÈÎÝΩ
qбÒÝÔËÈ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ ; ÓÐÓÔÐÃÛÈÈ ËÊ ±ÐÏÈÙÏÐÐ
ÙËÓÍÄÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆ;αÏÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÓòÑÐÉÚÐÞÏÒѲÓÞÕÌÉÏàÕÑÑ
ÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÅ
dÔÐÎÓÍÕÙÄȱÐÇÄÆÓÈÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄÓËÓÔÈÎÝΩÐÔ±ÒÝÔÝÈÑÐ
±ÒÝÔËÈΩÏÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÓÃÑÕ²ÓÞÕÞÏÒѲÓÞÕÌÉÏÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÅ;
rÄÏÈÈÅÝÍÄÇбÄÊÄÏÄÍÈÎÎÄeÈÌÏȵcÐÒÈÍÃÇÍÃÑбÒÝÔËÌ
ÐÔÒÈ汀 ËÏÔÈÒÆÄÍÄÎË fбÄÉÈÎ ÔÈÑÈÒÞ ÈÈ ÐÅÐÅÛÈÏËÈ ÇÍà ÑÐ
±ÒÝÔË̱ÐÎÑıÔÐÆÐÔ±ÒÝÔÝÎËÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄÎË
´ § ° ² § ® ¢ fÎÄÕÑÑÚÕÑÆÞÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÑ;µ5QÆÞÎѲÑÏ
ÒŲÕÑÏÐÉÑÆØÑÈÌÏÑÌÈÑÔÕÅÕÑÚÐÑÚÕÑÆÞÌËÎáÆÑÑÉÑÑÕ
²ÓÞÕÑÑ ÒѲÓÞÕÌÄ ÏÑÊÐÑ ÆÞÎÑ ÇÞÈÉÎÌÕß ²ÑÐÉÚÐÑÉ ÒѲÓÞ
ÕÌÉ
¦ Ð Ì Â É Â Ô Ç Í Þ Ó Ô Ä Ð Ï Ç Ð Ã × Ð Æ Ê Î Ð Ó Ô Ê qÕÓÔÞ $ µ ±ÐÎ
ÑıÔËÑÕÓÔÞÓËÓÔÈÎÄ
Ω ^*α` α∈8
µ ÈÐ ÐÔ±ÒÝÔÐÈ ÑбÒÝÔËÈ fÐÑÕÓÔËÎ ÙÔÐ ËÊ ßÔÐÐ ÑбÒÝÔËÃ
ÏÈÍÞÊà ÆÝÇÈÍËÔÞ ±ÐÏÈÙÏÐÐ ÑбÒÝÔËà ±ÐÎÑıÔÄ $ sÐÍÄÓÏÐ
ÔÈÐÒÈÎÈ ËÊÔÐÐÙÔÐÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐ$ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓñÐÎÑıÔÐÎÓÍÈ
ÇÕÈÔÈÐÐÒÄÏËÙÈÏÏÐÓÔÞqÐßÔÐÎÕÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔÊÄαÏÕÔÝ̱ÕÅ
4ÓÐÇÈÒÉÄÛËÌÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐ$
qÕÓÔÞ
4 ^[ [LDLP[LPDLG L Q`
rÄÊÐÅÞÈαÕÅ4ÏÄQÒÄÆÏÝ×ÊÄαÏÕÔÝ×±ÕÅÐÆ4MÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÍÃÈ
ÎÝ×ÏÄÅÐÒÐÎQÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÆËÇÄ
DL G G
P[LPDLGDMP[MPDM
LM Q
ÏÄÒËÓ ËÊÐÅÒÄÉÈÏÓÍÕÙÄ̱Ð
ÇÄQ ÔÐÇÄ
$ Q
4 4 M`4M
sËÓÔÈÎÄ ÐÅÒÄÊÕÈÔ ÐÔ
±ÒÝÔÐÈ ÑбÒÝÔËÈ ±ÄÉÇÐÐ ËÊ ÎÏÐ
`
ÉÈÓÔÆ$ 4MM QsÒÈÇË
ßÔË× ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆ ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔ ÔıÐÈ
rËÓ ÏÈÑÕÓÔÐÈÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐÐÅÐÊÏÄÙËÎÈÐ
`
ÙÈÒÈÊ$ 4 M ÙÔÐËÊÑбÒÝÔËÃÏÈÍÞÊÃÆÝÇÈÍËÔÞ±ÐÏÈÙ
ÏÐÈÑбÒÝÔËÈßÔÐÐÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ µÆÑÒÐÔËÆÏÐÎÓÍÕÙÄÈËÊÓËÓÔÈ
ÎÝÎÐÉÏÐÅÝÍÐÅÝÆÓËÍÕÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÄÆÝÇÈÍËÔÞ
±ÐÏÈÙÏÐÈÑбÒÝÔËÈËÆÓÈÐÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ$ÙÔÐÑÒÐÔËÆÐÒÈÙËÍÐÅÝ
ÓÇÈÍÄÏÏÐÎÕÑÒÈÇÑÐÍÐÉÈÏËà
rÄÊÐÅÞÈαÕÅ 4 M ÓÏÐÆÄÏÄQÒÄÆÏÝ×ÊÄαÏÕÔÝ×±ÕÅÐÆ 4 M M
M QpÅÐÊÏÄÙËÎÙÈÒÈÊ 4 M M ÔÐÔËʱÕÅÐÆ 4 M M ÑÈÒÈ
ÓÈÙÈÏËÈ ±ÐÔÐÒÐÐ Ó ±ÐÎÑıÔÐÎ $ ÏÈÍÞÊà ÑбÒÝÔÞ ±ÐÏÈÙÏÝÎ
ÙËÓÍÐÎÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÓËÓÔÈÎÝΩËÔ ÇdÒÈÊÕÍÞÔÄÔÈÑÐÍÕÙËÎÑÐ
ÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞÆÍÐÉÈÏÏÝ×ÊÄαÏÕÔÝ×±ÕÅÐÆ
4 M ¬4 M M ¬¬4 M M M ¬
N
ÇÍËÏÝÒÈÅÈÒ±ÐÔÐÒÝ×ÒÄÆÏÝÓÐÐÔÆÈÔÓÔÆÈÏÏÐ G G G
N Ë
ÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÒÈÎÃÔÓñÏÕÍàÑÒËN{
lÄÉÇÝÌËʱÕÅÐÆ 4 M M M ÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔËÐÅÍÄ
N
ÇÄÈÔÔÈÎÓÆÐÌÓÔÆÐÎÙÔÐËÊÓËÓÔÈÎÝÏÈÍÞÊÃÆÝÇÈÍËÔÞ±Ð
`
ÏÈÙÏÐÈ ÑбÒÝÔËÈ ÏÈÑÕÓÔÐÐ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ $ 4 M M M Mν ÑÒËÏË
N
ÎÄÈÔÐÇÏÐËÊÊÏÄÙÈÏËÌQν NN
sÐÍÄÓÏÐÍÈÎÎÈÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔËÑÒËÔÐÎÈÇËÏÓÔÆÈÏÏÄÃÔÐÙ±Äξ
ÑÒËÏÄÇÍÈÉÄÛÄÃ ÆÓÈÎ ±ÕÅÄÎ ÓËÓÔÈÎÝ rÈÅÒÄ ±ÕÅÐÆ ßÔÐÌ
ÓËÓÔÈÎÝÓÔÒÈÎÃÔÓñÏÕÍà˱ÄÉÇÝ̱ÕÅËÎÈÈÔÏÈÑÕÓÔÐÈÑÈÒÈ
ÓÈÙÈÏËÈÓÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐÎ$ÑÐßÔÐÎÕÆÍàÅÐÌбÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔËÔÐÙ±Ëξ
ËÎÈàÔÓÃÔÐÙ±ËÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ$fÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÐÊÄÎÈÔËÎÙÔÐÇÍË
ÏÄÇËÄÐÏÄÍ˱ÕÅÄ4 M M M ÒÄÆÏÄG QN
N
fÄÍÈȱıÐÆÐÅÝÏËÅÝÍÐε!ÆÝÅÈÒÈÎNÔıÙÔÐ
G Q
N
ε
ÔÐÆÐÊÎÐÉÏÐÔı±Ä± OLP G Q
tÈÑÈÒÞÊÄÎÈÙÄÃÙÔÐÍà
N → N
ÅÄà ÔÐÙ±Ä [∈4 M ÏÄ×ÐÇËÔÓà ÐÔ ÔÐÙ±Ë ξ∈4 M ÏÄ ÒÄÓ
M M N M M N
ÓÔÐÃÏËË ÏÈ ÑÒÈÆÝÚÄàÛÈÎ ÇÍËÏÝ ÇËÄÐÏÄÍË ±ÕÅÄ 4 M
M M N
ÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔËÔÐÙ±ËξsÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÆÈÓÞ±ÕÅ4 M ÆÔÐÎÙËÓ
M M N
ÍÈÈÐÔÐÙ±ËÑÒËÏÄÇÍÈÉÄÛËÈÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÕ$ÓÐÇÈÒÉËÔÓÃÆÒÄÓ
ÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄÈÎÐÌεбÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔËÔÐÙ±ËξtıËÎÐÅÒÄÊÐÎξÃÆÍÃÈÔ
ÓÃÔÐÙ±ÐÌÑÒ˱ÐÓÏÐÆÈÏËÃÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ$sÐÍÄÓÏÐÉÈÔÈÐÒÈÎÈ
ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐ$ÅÕÇÕÙ˱ÐÎÑıÔÐÎÊÄαÏÕÔÐËÑÐßÔÐÎÕξ∈$
qÐÓÔÒÐÈÏÏÄÃ ÆÓÑÐÎÐÄÔÈÍÞÏÄÃ ÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞ ±ÕÅÐÆ
ÑÐÊÆÐÍÃÈÔ ÍȱРÑбÄÊÄÔÞ ÏÈÆÐÊÎÐÉÏÐÓÔÞ ÆÝÑÐÍÏÈÏËÃ
ÓÇÈÍÄÏÏÐÐÑÒÈÇÑÐÍÐÉÈÏËÃÐÔÐÎÙÔÐËÊÑбÒÝÔËñÐÎ
ÑıÔÄ$ÏÈÍÞÊÃÆÝÇÈÍËÔÞ±ÐÏÈÙÏÐÐÑбÒÝÔËÃßÔÐбÐÎÑıÔÄ
d ÓÄÎÐÎ ÇÈÍÈ ÓËÓÔÈÎÄ ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓà ÑбÒÝÔËÈÎ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔ
ÆÄ $ ÑÐßÔÐÎÕÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔ ÔıÐÌ ËÏÇȱÓα∈8 ÙÔÐ ξ∈* α nÏÐ
ÉÈÓÔÆÐ * α ÐÔ±ÒÝÔÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÏÄÌÇÈÔÓÃÔıÐÈÙËÓÍÐε!
ÙÔÐ εбÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔÞ 8ξ ε ÔÐÙ±Ë ξ ÅÕÇÈÔ ØÈÍ˱ÐÎ ÓÐÇÈÒÉÄÔÞÓÃ
Æ* α
8ξεµ* α
iÄÎÈÔËÎÙÔÐÇÍÃÍàÅÐÐε!ÆÙÄÓÔÏÐÓÔËÇÍÃεÕÇÐÆÍÈÔ
ÆÐÒÃàÛÈÐÕÓÍÐÆËàÏÄÌÇÈÔÓñıÑбÄÊÄÏÐÆÝÚÈÔÄ
±ÐÌÏÐÎÈÒNÙÔÐÅÕÇÈÔÆÝÑÐÍÏÈÏÐƱÍàÙÈÏËÈ
4M µ8ξε
M M N
ÆбÕÑÏÐÓÔÞΩ ^*[`[∈;ÆÓÈ×ÔıË×бÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔÈÌÐÅÒÄÊÕÈÔÐÔ
±ÒÝÔÐÈ ÑбÒÝÔËÈ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ; sÐÍÄÓÏÐ ÕÓÍÐÆËà ÔÈÐÒÈÎÝ ËÊ
ÏÈÐÎÐÉÏÐÆÝÇÈÍËÔÞ±ÐÏÈÙÏÐÈÑбÒÝÔËÈqÕÓÔÞßÔÐÑбÒÝÔËÈ
Ω ^* [ * [ * [ `
N
lÄÉÇÝÌßÍÈÎÈÏÔßÔÐÐÑбÒÝÔËÃÓÐÇÈÒÉËÔ±ÐÏÈÙÏÐÈÙËÓÍÐ
ÙÍÈÏÐÆ ÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔË ^[P` sÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐ ÆÓÈ ßÍÈÎÈÏ
ÔÝ ÑбÒÝÔËÃ Ω ÔıÉÈ ÓÐÇÈÒÉÄÔ ±ÐÏÈÙÏÐÈ ÙËÓÍÐ ÙÍÈÏÐÆ ÑÐ
ÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔË^[P`ÔÐÐÇÏıÐÏÈÆÐÊÎÐÉÏÐÔı±Ä±ÑÐ
±ÒÝÆÄà ÆÓÈ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐ ; ßÍÈÎÈÏÔÝ ±ÐÏÈÙÏÐÐ ÑбÒÝÔËà Ω
ÇÐÍÉÏÝÓÐÇÈÒÉÄÔÞÆÓÈÙÍÈÏÝÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔË^[P`±ÐÔÐ
ÒÝ×ÅÈÓ±ÐÏÈÙÏÐÎÏÐÐqÐÍÕÙÈÏÏÐÈÑÒÐÔËÆÐÒÈÙËÈÇбÄÊÝÆÄÈÔ
ÇÐÓÔÄÔÐÙÏÐÓÔÞÕÓÍÐÆËÌÔÈÐÒÈÎÝ
i Ä Î È Ù Ä Ï Ë È oÈÐÅ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔÞ ÕÓÍÐÆËÌ ÔÈÐÒÈÎÝ Ô È ÕÔ
ÆÈÒÉÇÈÏËÈÙÔÐËÊÆÓñÐÐÐÔ±ÒÝÔÐÐÑбÒÝÔËñÐÎÑıÔÄÎÐÉ
ÏÐÆÝÇÈÍËÔÞ±ÐÏÈÙÏÐÈÑбÒÝÔËȱıËÆÓÍÕÙÄÈÑбÒÝÔËÃÐÔ
ÒÈʱÄËÏÔÈÒÆÄÍÄÎËÐÅÝÙÏÐÏÄÊÝÆÄàÔÍÈÎÎÐÌeÈÌÏȵcÐÒÈÍÃ
qÐÇÙÈÒ±ÏÈÎÙÔÐÆÔÈÐÒÈÎÈ ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÈÏÏÝÎÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃÔÐÙÔÐ
ÒÄÓÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄàÔÓà ÑбÒÝÔËà ÓÐÓÔÐÃÛËÈ ËÎÈÏÏÐ ËÊ ÐÔ±ÒÝÔÝ×
ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆtıÏÄÑÒËÎÈÒËÊÑбÒÝÔËÃÐÔÒÈʱÄ>@±ÐÔÐÒÝÌ
±Ä±ÕÉÈÐÔÎÈÙÄÍÐÓÞÅÕÇÕÙËÐÒÄÏËÙÈÏÏÝÎÊÄαÏÕÔÝÎÎÏÐÉÈ
ÓÔÆÐÎÃÆÍÃÈÔÓñÐÎÑıÔÐÎÐÔÒÈʱÄÎË
Q Ë
Q Q
ÐÔÒÈʱÐÎ>´@ÏÈÍÞÊÃÆÝÇÈÍËÔÞ±ÐÏÈÙÏÐÐÑбÒÝÔËÃÔÐÐÅÜ
ÃÓÏÃÈÔÓÃÔÈÎÙÔÐÊÇÈÓÞÑбÒÝÔËÈÓÐÓÔÐËÔÏÈËÊÐÔ±ÒÝÔÝ×ÄËÊ
ÊÄαÏÕÔÝ×ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆ
fбÄÉÈÎÈÛÈÐÇÏÐÑÐÍÈÊÏÐÈÇÍÃÇÄÍÞÏÈÌÚÈÐÓÆÐÌÓÔÆÐÐÔ
±ÒÝÔÝ×ÑбÒÝÔË̱ÐÎÑıÔÐÆoÄÎÑÐÏÄÇÐÅËÔÓÃÇÍÃßÔÐÐÑÐ
ÏÃÔËÈÇËÄÎÈÔÒÄÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ
°ÑÒÇÆÇÍÇÏÊÇ yÌÔÎѲÑÐÉÚÐÑÉÌÎÌÆÉÔ²ÑÐÉÚÐÑÉ
VXS ρ[\
[\ ∈ ;
ÐÅËÞÇÅÉÕÔÄ ÈÌÅÏÉÕÓÑÏ ÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÅ ; µ 5Q Ì ÑÆÑËÐÅÚÅÉÕÔÄ
GLDP ;Õ É
GLDP ; VXS ρ[\
[\ ∈ ;
± Ò Ê Î Ç Ò Ý fËÄÎÈÔÒÐÔ±ÒÝÔÐÐQÎÈÒÏÐÐÚÄÒÄ8[U
ÒÄÇËÕÓÄUÒÄÆÈÏU
fÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÐÈÓÍË[\∈8[UËÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐ
ρ[[ Uρ\[U
ÔÐ
ρ[\Pρ[[ρ[\PU
sÇÒÕÐÌÓÔÐÒÐÏÝÈÓÍË[ [( ) [( ) [(Q )[N [( ) ´U
[( ) [(Q )\N [( ) U´ [[(Q )ÔÐ
N N
ρ[N[ ρ\N[ U´ U N
N
ËÑÐßÔÐÎÕ[N\N∈ 8[UqÐÓ±ÐÍÞ±Õ
ρ[N \N U´
N
ÔÐ
OLP ρ[N\N U
N→
jÊËÓÍÈÇÕÈÔÙÔÐ
GLDP8[U U
qÕÓÔÞ
4Q 4Q [ D [ [L_[L´[ L( )_P D L Q
sÑÐÎÐÛÞàÑÐÏÃÔËÃÇËÄÎÈÔÒÄÎÏÐÉÈ
ÓÔÆÄ ÎÐÉÏÐ ÏÄÑÒËÎÈÒ ÐÑËÓÄÔÞ ÓÆÐÌÓÔÆÐ
ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ ÅÝÔÞ ÐÒÄÏËÙÈÏÏÝÎ ÎÏÐÉÈ
ÓÔÆÐ ÐÒÄÏËÙÈÏÐ ÔÐÇÄ Ë ÔÐÍޱРÔÐÇÄ ;
±ÐÇÄÈÐÇËÄÎÈÔÒ±ÐÏÈÙÈÏ 4Q
fÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÐ ÈÓÍË ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐ ;
ÐÒÄÏËÙÈÏÐÔÐÐÏÐÓÐÇÈÒÉËÔÓÃÆÏȱÐÔÐ
ÒÐÎQÎÈÒÏÐαÕÅÈ4QÓÎÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËÈ
ÆÑ gÓÍËÇÍËÏÄÒÈÅÒıÕÅÄ4QÒÄÆ
ÏÄDÔÐ D GLDP;
sËÓÔÈÎÄΩÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃÑбÒÝÔËÈαÐÎÑıÔÄ;qÐßÔÐÎÕÓÕÛÈÓÔ
ÆÕÈÔÑбÒÄÌÏÈÌÎÈÒÈÐÇËÏßÍÈÎÈÏÔ*αßÔÐÐÑбÒÝÔËÃÓÐÇÈÒÉÄ
ÛËÌÔÐÙ±Õ[dÓËÍÕÐÔ±ÒÝÔÐÓÔËÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ*αÏÄÌÇÈÔÓÃÓÖÈÒË
ÙÈÓ±ÄÃбÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔÞ8[εε!ÔÐÙ±Ë[ÓÐÇÈÒÉÄÛÄÃÓÃÆ*α
8[εµ*α
dÝÅÈÒÈÎÏÐÎÈÒNÔıÙÔÐÅÝ
ε
PN
ε ε ε ε
( ) ( ) P N ( ) ( )
( )
tıËÎÐÅÒÄÊÐÎ
( P µ 8[ε µ *α
N ( ) ( )
Ô ÈÏÄÚÍÐÓÞÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐ*α∈ΩÓÐÇÈÒÉÄÛÈÈÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐ ( P µ
N
ÑÒÐÔËÆÐÒÈÙËÈ
dÊıÍàÙÈÏËÈßÔÐÐÑÕϱÔÄÇбÄÉÈÎÐÇÏÐÆÓÑÐÎÐÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÈ
ÕÔÆÈÒÉÇÈÏËÈ qÒÈÇÆÄÒËÔÈÍÞÏÐ ÆÆÈÇÈÎ ÓÍÈÇÕàÛÈÈ ÐÅÐÊÏÄÙÈ
ÏËÈÇÍÃÆÓñÐÐÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ; µ 5QÐÅÐÊÏÄÙËÎÙÈÒÈÊ;ηÇÈ
η ! ÓÐÆбÕÑÏÐÓÔÞ ÆÓÈ× ÔÐÙȱ ÒÄÓÓÔÐÃÏËà ±ÐÔÐÒÝ× ÐÔ ; ÏÈ
ÑÒÈÆÐÓ×ÐÇÃÔÙËÓÍÄηÔ ÈÑÐÍÐÉËÎÙÔÐ
GHI
;η ^[ ρ[;Pη`
§ ® ® ¢ gÔÎÌ$ µ²ÑÏÒŲÕ$µ5QÕÑÒÓÌÎáÆÑÏη!
ÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÑ$ηÕŲÊÉÄÇÎÄÉÕÔIJÑÏÒŲÕÑÏ
¦ Ð Ì Â É Â Ô Ç Í Þ Ó Ô Ä Ð sÐÍÄÓÏÐ ÔÈÐÒÈÎÈ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐ $ ÅÕ
ÇÕÙË ±ÐÎÑıÔÐÎ ÐÒÄÏËÙÈÏÐ Ë ÊÄαÏÕÔÐ pÒÄÏËÙÈÏÏÐÓÔÞ
ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ $ ÐÊÏÄÙÄÈÔ ÙÔÐ ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔ ÔıÐÈ D ! ÙÔÐ $ ÓÐ
ÇÈÒÉËÔÓÃÆÚÄÒÈ82D
qбÄÉÈÎ ÙÔÐ $ η µ 82 D η gÓÍË [∈$ η ÔÐ ÓÐÍÄÓÏÐ
ÍÈÎÎÈ ÏÄÌÇÈÔÓÃÔıÄÃÔÐÙ±Ä\∈$ÙÔÐ ρ[\ ρ[$Pη
jÊÕÓÍÐÆËÃ$µ82DÓÍÈÇÕÈÔÙÔÐρ2\DÑÐßÔÐÎÕ
ρ2[Pρ2\ρ\[Dη
tıËÎÐÅÒÄÊÐÎ[∈82DηtÐÙ±Ä[ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃÑÒÐËÊÆÐÍÞÏÐÌ
ÔÐÙ±ÐÌÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ$ ηsÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐ$ηµ82DηËÑÐ
ßÔÐÎÕÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐ$ ηÐÒÄÏËÙÈÏÐ
qбÄÉÈÎ ÔÈÑÈÒÞ ÙÔÐ $ η µ ÊÄαÏÕÔÐÈ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐ gÓÍË
[ µÔÐÙ±ÄÑÒ˱ÐÓÏÐÆÈÏËÃÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ$ η[∈ $ ηÔÐÇÍÃÍàÅÐÐ
ε!ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔÔıÄÃÔÐÙ±Ä\∈$ ηÙÔÐρ[\εjÊÐÑÒÈÇÈ
ÍÈÏËÃÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ$ ηËÍÈÎÎÝ ÓÍÈÇÕÈÔÙÔÐÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔÔıÄÃ
ÔÐÙ±Ä]µ$ÙÔÐρ\] ρ\$PηÑÐßÔÐÎÕ
ρ[$ LQI ρ[]Pρ[]Pρ[\ρ\]εη
]∈$
ÔÐÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐÆÈÒÏÐÇÍÃÍàÅÐÐε!uÓÔÒÈÎÍÃÃε±ÏÕÍà
ÑÐÍÕÙÄÈÎρ[$PηÔ È[∈$ ηÙÔÐËÇбÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÊÄαÏÕÔÐÓÔÞ
ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ$ η
jÔı ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐ $ η ÐÒÄÏËÙÈÏÐ Ë ÊÄαÏÕÔÐ ÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞ
ÏÐÆÓËÍÕÔÐÌÉÈÔÈÐÒÈÎÝ ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓñÐÎÑıÔÐÎ
®ÏÐÅÐÎÇÒÏÝÇÄÇÌÔÐÒÏÝÇÑÒÐÓÔÒÂÏÓÔÄÂ
dÑ Ô ÐÔÎÈÙÄÍÐÓÞÙÔÐÑÒËÖ˱ÓËÒÐÆÄÏÏÐÌÓËÓÔÈÎȱÐ
ÐÒÇËÏÄÔ Æ ÔÒÈ×ÎÈÒÏÐÎ ÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÈ ÊÄÇÄÏËÈ ÆȱÔÐÒÄ ÒÄÆÏÐ
ÓËÍÞÏÐ ÊÄÇÄÏËà ÔÒÈ× ÈÐ ±ÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔ qÒË ÓÍÐÉÈÏËË ÆȱÔÐÒÐÆ
ËË×ÕÎÏÐÉÈÏËËÏÄÙËÓÍÄÔÈÉÈÇÈÌÓÔÆËÃÆÝÑÐÍÏÃàÔÓÃËÓË×
±ÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔÄÎË d QÎÈÒÏÐÎ ÓÍÕÙÄÈ ÆȱÔÐÒ ÎÐÉÏÐ ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍËÔÞ
ÓÑÐÎÐÛÞàÈбÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔ
°ÑÒÇÆÇÍÇÏÊÇ uÒÑÓÄÈÑÚÉÐÐÅÄÔÌÔÕÉÏÅQÈÉÍÔÕÇÌÕÉÎßÐÞØ
ÚÌÔÉÎ
[[Q [L∈5 L Q
ÐÅËÞÇÅÉÕÔÄ QÏÉÓÐÞÏ ÈÉÍÔÕÇÌÕÉÎßÐÞÏ ÇɲÕÑÓÑÏ [ Å ÚÌÔ
ÎÅ[[Q µÉѲÑÑÓÈÌÐÅÕÅÏÌyÌÔÎÑQÐÅËÞÇÅÉÕÔÄÓÅË
ÏÉÓÐÑÔÕßáÇɲÕÑÓÅ
sÖÏÏÑÍ[\ÇɲÕÑÓÑÇ[ [[QÌ\ \\QÐÅ
ËÞÇÅÉÕÔÄÇɲÕÑÓ[\[Q\QÕ É
GHI
[\ [\[Q\Q
ÅÒÓÑÌËÇÉÈÉÐÌÉÏÇɲÕÑÓÅ[ÐÅÚÌÔÎÑλ∈5ÐÅËÞÇÅÉÕÔÄÇɲÕÑÓ
GHI GHI
λ[ [λ λ[λ[Q
nÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐÆÓÈ×QÎÈÒÏÝ×ÆȱÔÐÒÐÆƱÐÔÐÒÐÎÆÆÈÇÈÏÝÐÑÈ
ÒÄØËË ÓÍÐÉÈÏËà ÆȱÔÐÒÐÆ Ë ÕÎÏÐÉÈÏËà ÆȱÔÐÒÄ ÏÄ ÇÈÌÓÔÆË
ÔÈÍÞÏÐÈÙËÓÍÐÏÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÓÃQÏÉÓÐÞÏÈÉÍÔÕÇÌÕÉÎßÐÞÏÇɲÕÑÓ
ÐÞÏÒÓÑÔÕÓÅÐÔÕÇÑÏÌÎÌÆÑÎÉÉÒÑÎÐÑQÏÉÓÐÞÏÅÓÌ×ÏÉÕÌÚÉ
Ô²ÌÏÇɲÕÑÓÐÞÏÒÓÑÔÕÓÅÐÔÕÇÑÏÐÅÈÒÑÎÉÏÈÉÍÔÕÇÌÕÉÎßÐÞØ
ÚÌÔÉÎlıÆÓÍÕÙÄÈÆȱÔÐÒÏÐÐÔıËÆÓÍÕÙÄÈÔÐÙÈÙÏÐÐQÎÈÒ
ÏÐÐÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÄÙËÓÍÐQÏÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÓÃÒÄÊÎÈÒÏÐÓÔÞàßÔÐÐÑÒÐ
ÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÄdȱÔÐÒ ÏÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÓÃÐÖÎÉÇÞÏÇɲÕÑ
ÓÑÏËÍËÐÖÎÉÏQÏÉÓÐÑÑÇɲÕÑÓÐÑÑÒÓÑÔÕÓÅÐÔÕÇÅ
GHI
qÐÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËàÆȱÔÐÒ´[ ´[ÏÄÊÝÆÄàÔÑÒÐÔËÆÐÑÐ
ÍÐÉÏÝÎÆȱÔÐÒÕ[
uqrbhogojg fбÄÊÄÔÞÙÔÐÈÓÍË[\] µÍàÅÝÈÆȱÔÐÒÝÄÙËÓÍÄ
λ µ∈5ÑÒÐËÊÆÐÍÞÏÝÔÐ [\ \[ [\] [\] [
[ [ [ λµ[ λµ[ λµ[ λ[µ[ λ[\ λ[λ\
tıËÎ ÐÅÒÄÊÐÎ QÎÈÒÏÐÈ ÄÒËÖÎÈÔËÙÈÓ±ÐÈ ÔÐÙÈÙÏÐÈ ÑÒÐ
ÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÐÓÎÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËÈ ÆÑ ÑÒÈÆÒÄÛÄÈÔÓÃÆQÎÈÒ
ÏÐÈÄÒËÖÎÈÔËÙÈÓ±ÐÈÆȱÔÐÒÏÐÈÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÐÈÓÍËÆÏÈÎÆÆÈÓ
ÔËÐÑÈÒÄØËËÓÍÐÉÈÏËÃÈÐßÍÈÎÈÏÔÐÆËÕÎÏÐÉÈÏËÃË×ÏÄÙËÓ
ÍÐÓÐÍÄÓÏÐÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËà
d ÔÒÈ×ÎÈÒÏÐÎ ÓÍÕÙÄÈ ÓÆÃÊÞ ÎÈÉÇÕ ÔÐÙ±ÄÎË ÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÄ
ËÆȱÔÐÒÄÎËÆÏÈÎÎÐÉÏÐÕÓÔÄÏÐÆËÔÞÓÙËÔÄñıÆÓÈÇÄÓËÓ
ÔÈÎÕ ±ÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔ Ö˱ÓËÒÐÆÄÏÏÐÌ ÓÐÑÐÓÔÄÆÍÃà ±ÄÉÇÐÌ ÔÐÙ±È
0 [[[ßÔÐÐÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÄÈÈÒÄÇËÕÓÆȱÔÐÒÔ ÈÆȱ
ÔÐÒ20 [[[ÔÐÓÐÑÐÓÔÄÆÍÈÏËÈÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃÆÊÄËÎÏÐÐÇ
ÏÐÊÏÄÙÏÝÎ ÓÐÐÔÆÈÔÓÔÆËÈÎ ÎÈÉÇÕ ÔÐÙ±ÄÎË ÔÒÈ×ÎÈÒÏÐÐ ÑÒÐ
ÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÄËÆȱÔÐÒÄÎËÆÏÈÎ
jÔı ±Ä± QÎÈÒÏÐÈ ÔÐÙÈÙÏÐÈ Ôı Ë QÎÈÒÏÐÈ ÆȱÔÐÒÏÐÈ
ÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÄ ÓÐÓÔÐÃÔ ËÊ ÐÇÏË×Ë ÔÈ× ÉÈ ßÍÈÎÈÏÔÐÆ µ ËÊ ÕÑÐ
ÒÃÇÐÙÈÏÏÝ×ÓÐÆбÕÑÏÐÓÔÈÌQÇÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÝ×ÙËÓÈÍqÐßÔÐÎÕ
±Ä±ÔÐÔıËÇÒÕÐÈÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÐÅÕÇÈÔÐÅÐÊÏÄÙÄÔÞÓÃÐÇÏËÎË
ÔÈÎÉÈÓËÎÆÐÍÐÎ5QpÏËÐÔÍËÙÄàÔÓÃÇÒÕÐÔÇÒÕÄÔÈÎÙÔÐÆ
ÔÐÙÈÙÏÐÎ ÄÒËÖÎÈÔËÙÈÓ±ÐÎ QÎÈÒÏÐÎ ÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÈ ÆÆÐÇËÔÓÃ
ÑÐÏÃÔËÈÒÄÓÓÔÐÃÏËÃÎÈÉÇÕÈÐßÍÈÎÈÏÔÄÎËÓÎÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËÈ
Æ Ñ Ä Æ QÎÈÒÏÐÎ ÆȱÔÐÒÏÐÎ ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÃàÔÓà ÐÑÈÒÄØËË
ÓÍÐÉÈÏËÃÆȱÔÐÒÐÆËÕÎÏÐÉÈÏËÃË×ÏÄÇÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÝÈÙËÓÍÄ
ÓÎÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËÈ ßÔÐÐÑÕϱÔÄ
gÓÍËÐÅÐÊÏÄÙËÔÞÙÈÒÈÊHNQÎÈÒÏÝÌÆȱÔÐÒÆÓȱÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔÝ
±ÐÔÐÒÐÐÒÄÆÏÝÏÕÍà±ÒÐÎÈNÌÒÄÆÏÐÌÈÇËÏËØÈN µÖ˱ÓË
ÒÐÆÄÏÏÐÈ ÏÄÔÕÒÄÍÞÏÐÈ ÙËÓÍÐ N∈^ Q` ÔÐ ÇÍà ÍàÅÐÐ
QÎÈÒÏÐÐÆȱÔÐÒÄ[ [[QÓÑÒÄÆÈÇÍËÆÐÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐ
[ [H[QHQ
ÑÒÄÆÄà ÙÄÓÔÞ ±ÐÔÐÒÐÐ ÏÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÓà ÒÄÊÍÐÉÈÏËÈÎ ÆȱÔÐÒÄ[ ÑÐ
ÆȱÔÐÒÄÎHHQqÒËßÔÐαÐßÖÖËØËÈÏÔÝ[[QßÔÐÐ
ÒÄÊÍÐÉÈÏËÃ ÈÇËÏÓÔÆÈÏÏÝ Ô È ÐÇÏÐÊÏÄÙÏÐ ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÃàÔÓÃ ÓÄ
ÎËÎ ÆȱÔÐÒÐÎ [ Ë ÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐ Æ ÓËÍÕ ÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÄ
ÓÐÆÑÄÇÄàÔÓÈбÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔÄÎË[[Q
dȱÔÐÒÝHNN QÐÅËÞÇÅáÕÔIJÑÑÓÈÌÐÅÕÐÞÏÌ
ÌÎÌ ÆÅËÌÔÐÞÏÌ ÇɲÕÑÓÅÏÌ Å ÌØ ÖÒÑÓÄÈÑÚÉÐÐÅÄ ÔÑÇѲÖÒ
ÐÑÔÕß^HHHQ` µÔÕÅÐÈÅÓÕÐÞÏËÍ˲ÅÐÑÐÌÚÉÔ²ÌÏÆÅ
ËÌÔÑÏÒÓÑÔÕÓÅÐÔÕÇÅ5QÐÅÛÈÈÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËÈÅÄÊËÓÄÅÕÇÈÔÇÄÏÐ
ÏËÉÈ
qÐÇÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐ / ÆȱÔÐÒÏÐÐ ÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÄ 5Q ÏÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÓÃ
ÒÑÈÒÓÑÔÕÓÅÐÔÕÇÑÏ ÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÄ 5Q ÈÓÍË ÇÍà ÍàÅÝ× Æȱ
ÔÐÒÐÆ[∈/\∈/ËÍàÅÝ×ÙËÓÈÍλ∈5µ∈5ËÎÈÈÔÎÈÓÔÐƱÍàÙÈ
ÏËÈλ[µ\∈/
°ÑÒÇÆÇÍÇÏÊÇ s²ÅÎÄÓÐÞÏ ÒÓÑÌËÇÉÈÉÐÌÉÏ ÈÇÖØ ÇɲÕÑÓÑÇ
[ [[QÌ\ \\QQ!ÐÅËÞÇÅÉÕÔÄÚÌÔÎÑÑÆÑ
ËÐÅÚÅÉÏÑÉÚÉÓÉË[\ÌÑÒÓÉÈÉÎÄÉÏÑÉÒÑ×ÑÓÏÖÎÉ
[\ [\[Q\Q
jÏÐÇÄÑÒËÐÅÐÊÏÄÙÈÏËËÓ±ÄÍÃÒÏÐÐÑÒÐËÊÆÈÇÈÏËÃÓ±ÐűË
ÐÑÕÓ±ÄàÔÔ ÈÆÎÈÓÔÐ[\ÑËÚÕÔ[\
jÊ ßÍÈÎÈÏÔÄÒÏÐÌ ÎÄÔÈÎÄÔË±Ë ËÊÆÈÓÔÏÐ ÙÔÐ ÖÐÒÎÕÍÄ
ÓÑÒÄÆÈÇÍËÆÄ Ë ÑÒË ÐÅÝÙÏÐÎ ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËË Ó±ÄÍÃÒÏÐÐ
ÑÒÐËÊÆÈÇÈÏËÃÆȱÔÐÒÐÆÔ ÈËÇÍÃQP
dÓñÐÈQÎÈÒÏÐÈÆȱÔÐÒÏÐÈÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÐƱÐÔÐÒÐÎÆÆÈÇÈ
ÏÐÓ±ÄÍÃÒÏÐÈÑÒÐËÊÆÈÇÈÏËÈÏÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÓÃÉDzÎÌÈÑÇÞÏ
yËÓÍÐ ( [[ ) [ [ QÏÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÓÃÈÎÌÐÑÍÇɲÕÑÓÅ
[ËÐÅÐÊÏÄÙÄÈÔÓÃÙÈÒÈÊ_[_
GHI
_[_ [ [ Q
pÙÈÆËÇÏÐÙÔÐÇÍÃÍàÅÐÐÆȱÔÐÒÄ[∈5ËÍàÅÐÐÙËÓÍÄλ∈5
ËÎÈÈÔÎÈÓÔÐÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐ
_λ[_ _λ_ _[_
Ä ËÊ ÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÄ ÓÎ Ñ ÓÍÈÇÕÈÔ ÙÔÐ ÇÍà ÍàÅÝ×
[∈5Q\∈5QÆÝÑÐÍÏÃÈÔÓÃÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐ
_[\_P_[__\_
ÏÄÊÝÆÄÈÎÐÈÐÉÓÅÇÉÐÔÕÇÑÏÕÓÉÖÑÎßÐ̲Å
jÊÓÍÈÇÕÈÔÙÔÐ
__[_´_\__P_[´\_
fÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÐ_[_ _[´\\_P_[´\__\_ÑÐßÔÐÎÕ
_[_´_\_P_[´\_
dÓËÍÕÒÄÆÏÐÑÒÄÆËÃ[Ë\ËÎÈÈÎÔıÉÈ
_\_´_[_P_\´[_ _[´\_
jÊÇÆÕ×ÑÐÓÍÈÇÏË×ÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆËÓÍÈÇÕÈÔ
gÓÍË [ [ [Q Ë \ \ \Q ÔÐ ËÎÈÈÎ [ ´ \
[´\[Q´\QËÑÐßÔÐÎÕ
fËÓÔÒËÅÕÔËÆÏÐÓÔÞ Ë ÐÇÏÐÒÐÇÏÐÓÔÞ Ó±ÄÍÃÒÏÐÐ ÑÒÐËÊÆÈÇÈ
ÏËÃÐÅÒÄÊÕàÔÆÎÈÓÔÈÓÆÐÌÓÔÆÐÏÄÊÝÆÄÈÎÐÈÎÌÐÉÍÐÑÔÕßáÔ²Å
ÎÄÓÐÑÑÒÓÑÌËÇÉÈÉÐÌÄ
gÓÍËHHQ µ±ÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔÏÝÈÆȱÔÐÒÝÆ5QÔÐÓÐÍÄÓÏÐ
ÑÒËL M
HLHL LM Q
ÑÒËL M
qÐßÔÐÎÕ ÇÍà ÍàÅÐÐ ÆȱÔÐÒÄ [ [ [Q Æ ÓËÍÕ ÓÆÐÌÓÔÆ
Ó±ÄÍÃÒÏÐÐÑÒÐËÊÆÈÇÈÏËÃÑÐÍÕÙËÎ
[HL [H[QHQHL
[HHL[QHQHL [LHLHL [L
Ô È Là ±ÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔÄ ÆȱÔÐÒÄ [ ÒÄÆÏÄ Ó±ÄÍÃÒÏÐÎÕ ÑÒÐËÊÆÈÇÈ
ÏËà[HL
jÓÑÐÍÞÊÕà ÐÅÐÊÏÄÙÈÏËà ӱÄÍÃÒÏÐÐ ÑÒÐËÊÆÈÇÈÏËà ÆȱÔÐ
ÒÐÆËÇÍËÏÝÆȱÔÐÒÄÎÐÉÏÐÕÑÒÐÓÔËÔÞÊÄÑËÓÞ
Ë ÇбÄÊÄÔÈÍÞÓÔÆÐ ÒÃÇÄ ÖÐÒÎÕÍ oÄÑÒËÎÈÒ ÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐ lÐ
Ú˵zÆÄÒØÄÓÎÆÑ ÇÍÃÆȱÔÐÒÐÆ[ [[Q
Ë\ \\QÊÄÑËÓÝÆÄÈÔÓÃÆÆËÇÈ
[\P_[_ _\_
iÄÑËÓÞÖÐÒÎÕÍÝÓËÓÑÐÍÞÊÐÆÄÏËÈÎÐÅÐÊÏÄÙÈÏËÃÇÍËÏÝ
ÆȱÔÐÒÄÅÝÍÄÑÒËÆÈÇÈÏÄÆÝÚÈÓÎ
uqrbhogojg qÒÐÆÈÓÔË ÇбÄÊÄÔÈÍÞÓÔÆÐ ÍÈÎÎÝ Ë ÈÈ ÓÍÈÇÓÔÆËÃ
ÓÎÑ ËÓÑÐÍÞÊÕÃÐÅÐÊÏÄÙÈÏËÃÓ±ÄÍÃÒÏÐÐÑÒÐËÊÆÈÇÈÏËÃÆȱÔÐÒÐÆ
ËË×ÇÍËÏ
uÍÐÎϕÎÈÉÇÕÆȱÔÐÒÄÎË[∈5QË\∈5QQ!ÏÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÓÃ
ÕÐÍϕPϕPπÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÃÈÎÝÌÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐÎ
FRV ϕ (
[\ )
[ \
d ÓËÍÕÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÄlÐÚ˵zÆÄÒØÄ ßÔÐÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈ
ÏËȱÐÒÒȱÔÏÐÑÐÓ±ÐÍÞ±ÕÓÐÍÄÓÏÐÇÍÃϕÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÃÈ
ÎÐÐÖÐÒÎÕÍÐÌËÎÈÈÔÎÈÓÔÐÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐ_FRV ϕ_P
iÇÈÓÞÓÏÐÆııËÆÓÍÕÙÄÈÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËÃÓ±ÄÍÃÒÏÐÐÑÒÐËÊ
ÆÈÇÈÏËà ÊÄ ËÓ×ÐÇÏÐÈ ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËÈ ÑÒËÏËÎÄÈÔÓà ÆÝÓ±ÄÊÝÆÄ
ÏËÈÄÏÄÍÐËÙÏÐȱÐÔÐÒÐÎÕÆÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÈ5QQPÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃ
ÇбÄÊÝÆÄÈÎÝÎ ÕÔÆÈÒÉÇÈÏËÈÎ cÍÄÐÇÄÒà ßÔÐÎÕ ÖÐÒÎÕÍÝ
Ë Ð±ÄÊÝÆÄàÔÓà ÓÑÒÄÆÈÇÍËÆÝÎË ÆÐ ÆÓÈ× ÑÒÐ
ÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÄ×5QQ
dȱÔÐÒÝ Ó±ÄÍÃÒÏÐÈ ÑÒÐËÊÆÈÇÈÏËÈ ±ÐÔÐÒÝ× ÒÄÆÏÐ ÏÕÍà
ÏÄÊÝÆÄàÔÓÃÑÓÕÑÑÐÅÎßÐÞÏÌ
oÈÏÕÍÈÆÝÈÐÒÔÐÐÏÄÍÞÏÝÈÆȱÔÐÒÝ ÏÄÊÝÆÄàÔÓà ÒÉÓÒÉÐÈÌ
²ÖÎÄÓÐÞÏÌ
dȱÔÐÒ ÈÇËÏËÙÏÐÌ ÇÍËÏÝ ±ÒÄԱРÏÄÊÝÆÄàÔ ÉÈÌÐÌÚÐÞÏ
ÇɲÕÑÓÑÏ
gÓÍË D Ë E µ ÈÇËÏËÙÏÝÈ ÆȱÔÐÒÝ ÔÐ ÇÍà ±ÐÓËÏÕÓÄ ÕÍÄ
ÎÈÉÇÕÏËÎËËÊÖÐÒÎÕÍÝÑÐÍÕÙÄÈÎ
FRV ϕ DE _D_ _E_
gÓÍËD DDQ µÈÇËÏËÙÏÝÌÆȱÔÐÒÔÐÐÅÐÊÏÄÙÄÃÙÈÒÈÊ
αLÕÐÍÎÈÉÇÕÆȱÔÐÒÄÎËDËHLÓÐÍÄÓÏÐËËÎÈÈÎ
DL DHL FRV αLÔ È
D FRV αFRV αQ
lÐÓËÏÕÓÝFRV αLL QÏÄÊÝÆÄàÔÓÃÐÅÒÓÅÇÎÄáÜÌÏÌ
²ÑÔÌÐÖÔÅÏÌÇɲÕÑÓÅD
qÐÓ±ÐÍÞ±Õ_D_ ÆÓËÍÕËÎÈÈÎ
FRV αFRV αQ
gÓÍËDÏÈÈÇËÏËÙÏÝÌÆȱÔÐÒËD ÔÐÐÙÈÆËÇÏÐÆȱÔÐÒ
D
ÕÉÈÈÇËÏËÙÏÝÌËÈÐÏÄÑÒÄÆÍÃàÛËȱÐÓËÏÕÓÝÏÄÊÝÆÄàÔÓÃ
D
ÔıÉÈËÏÄÑÒÄÆÍÃàÛËÎ˱ÐÓËÏÕÓÄÎËÆȱÔÐÒÄD
dȱÔÐÒÝ ÓÔÄÏÇÄÒÔÏÐÐ ÅÄÊËÓÄ ÐÒÔÐÐÏÄÍÞÏÝ ÇÒÕ ÇÒÕÕ Ë
ÇÍËÏÝË×ÒÄÆÏÝÈÇËÏËØÈ
dÓñÐÈ ÕÑÐÒÃÇÐÙÈÏÏÐÈ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐ Q ÈÇËÏËÙÏÝ× ÆȱÔÐÒÐÆ
^H ′ H ′ H Q′ `ÑÐÑÄÒÏÐÐÒÔÐÐÏÄÍÞÏÝ×ÇÒÕÇÒÕÕ
_HL_ HLHM L MLM Q
ÏÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÓÃÆÅËÌÔÑÏ ÇɲÕÑÓÐÑÑ ÒÓÑÔÕÓÅÐÔÕÇÅ5QËÍËÅÐÍÈÈ
ÑÐÇÒÐÅÏÐÑÓÕÑÐÑÓÏÌÓÑÇÅÐÐÞÏÆÅËÌÔÑÏàÕÑÑÒÓÑÔÕÓÅÐÔÕÇÅ
jÊ ÍËÏÈÌÏÐÌ ÄÍÈÅÒÝ ËÊÆÈÓÔÏÐ ÙÔÐ ±ÄÉÇÝÌ ÆȱÔÐÒ ÒÄÓ
±ÍÄÇÝÆÄÈÔÓÃ Ë ÑÒË ßÔÐÎ ÈÇËÏÓÔÆÈÏÏÝÎ ÐÅÒÄÊÐÎ Æ ÍËÏÈÌÏÕà
±ÐÎÅËÏÄØËà ÆȱÔÐÒÐÆ ÅÄÊËÓÄ lÐßÖÖËØËÈÏÔÝ ßÔÐÐ ÒÄÊÍÐÉÈ
ÏËÃÏÄÊÝÆÄàÔÓñÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔÄÎËÆȱÔÐÒÄÐÔÏÐÓËÔÈÍÞÏÐÇÄÏÏÐÐ
ÅÄÊËÓÄqÐßÔÐÎÕÑÈÒÈ×ÐÇÐÔÐÇÏÐÐÅÄÊËÓıÇÒÕÐÎÕÏÄÊÝÆÄÈÔ
ÓÃÑÈÒÈ×ÐÇÐÎÐÔÐÇÏÐÌÓËÓÔÈÎݱÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔ±ÇÒÕÐÌ
jÊÍËÏÈÌÏÐÌÄÍÈÅÒÝËÊÆÈÓÔÏÐÔıÉÈÙÔÐÆȱÔÐÒÝÍàÅÐÐ
ÐÒÔÐÏÐÒÎËÒÐÆÄÏÏÐÐÅÄÊËÓÄ^H ′ H ′ H Q′ `ÆÝÒÄÉÄàÔÓÃÙÈÒÈÊ
ÆȱÔÐÒÝÇÒÕÐÐÔıÐÐÅÄÊËÓÄ^H ″ H ″H Q″ `ÆÙÄÓÔÏÐÓÔËÙÈ
ÒÈÊ ÆȱÔÐÒÝ ÓÔÄÏÇÄÒÔÏÐÐ ÅÄÊËÓÄ Ó ÑÐÎÐÛÞà ÎÄÔÒËØÝ &
^FLM`LM QÕ±ÐÔÐÒÐÌÐÅÒÄÔÏÄÃÎÄÔÒËØÄ&´ÓÐÆÑÄ
ÇÄÈÔÓÔÒÄÏÓÑÐÏËÒÐÆÄÏÏÐÌ&
ÔıËÈÎÄÔÒËØÝÏÄÊÝÆÄàÔÓÃÐÒ
ÔÐÐÏÄÍÞÏÝÎË
Q
H ′ ∑ FLMH M″ L Q & ´ &
M
dÈÒÏÐËÐÅÒÄÔÏÐÈÕÔÆÈÒÉÇÈÏËÈÈÓÍËÕÑÐÒÃÇÐÙÈÏÏÄÃÓËÓÔÈ
ÎÄ ÆȱÔÐÒÐÆ ÆÝÒÄÉÄÈÔÓà ÙÈÒÈÊ ÏȱÐÔÐÒÝÌ ÐÒÔÐÏÐÒÎËÒÐÆÄÏ
ÏÝÌÅÄÊËÓÓÑÐÎÐÛÞàÐÒÔÐÐÏÄÍÞÏÐÌÎÄÔÒËØÝÔÐßÔÄÓËÓÔÈÎÄ
ÔıÉÈÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃÐÒÔÐÏÐÒÎËÒÐÆÄÏÏÝÎÅÄÊËÓÐÎ
uÒÄÆÏÈÏËÈÑÒÃÎÐÌÆÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÈ5QÓÎÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËÈ Æ
Ñ ÆÆȱÔÐÒÏÐÌÊÄÑËÓËËÎÈÈÔÆËÇ
[ [WD´W
[ [[Q[ [( ) [ Q( )D DDQ
ÑÒËÓÍÐÉÈÏË˱ÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔÆȱÔÐÒÐÆÓÄÎËÆȱÔÐÒÝÔıÉÈÓ±ÍÄ
ÇÝÆÄàÔÓÃÄÑÒËÕÎÏÐÉÈÏËËË×±ÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔÏÄÙËÓÍÐÐÏËÕÎÏÐ
ÉÄàÔÓÃ ÏÄ ÔÐ ÉÈ ÙËÓÍÐ qÒÃÎÄÃ ÏÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÓÃ ÒÓÄÏÑÍ
ÒÓÑØÑÈÄÜÉÍ ÚÉÓÉË ÕÑÚ²Ö [ [ [ Q( ) ÔÐÙÈÙÏÐÐ ÑÒÐ
ÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÄÆÏÄÑÒÄÆÍÈÏËËÆȱÔÐÒÄD
dȱÔÐÒ D ÏÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÓà ÐÅÒÓÅÇÎÄáÜÌÏ ÇɲÕÑÓÑÏ ÒÓÄÏÑÍ
[ [DWfÆÈÏÈÓÐÆÑÄÇÄàÛËÈÑÒÃÎÝÈÕÒÄÆÏÈÏËȱÐÔÐÒÝ×
ÎÐÉÏÐ ÊÄÑËÓÄÔÞ Ó ÐÇÏËÎ Ë ÔÈÎ ÉÈ ÏÄÑÒÄÆÍÃàÛËÎ ÆȱÔÐÒÐÎ
ÏÄÊÝÆÄàÔÓÃÒÅÓÅÎÎÉÎßÐÞÏÌ
gÓÍË D µ ÈÇËÏËÙÏÝÌ ÆȱÔÐÒ _D_ Ë ÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐ
D FRV αFRV αQFRV αL µÏÄÑÒÄÆÍÃàÛËȱÐÓËÏÕÓÝÆȱ
ÔÐÒÄDL QÔÐÑÒÃÎÄÃƱÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔÏÐÌÊÄÑË
ÓËËÎÈÈÔÆËÇ
[L [ L( )WFRV αL L Q ´W
qÕÓÔÞÊÄÇÄÏÝÇÆÈÔÐÙ±Ë[′ [ ′ [ Q′ Ë[′′ [″ [ Q″
ÔÐÙÈÙÏÐÐÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÄÐÅÐÊÏÄÙËÎÙÈÒÈÊ[′Ë[′′ÆȱÔÐÒÝÓÔÈ
ÎË ÉÈ ±ÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔÄÎË tÐÇÄ ÕÒÄÆÏÈÏËÈ ÑÒÃÎÐÌ ÑÒÐ×ÐÇÃÛÈÌ
ÙÈÒÈÊÔÐÙ±Ë[′Ë[′′ÓÎÑ ÆÆȱÔÐÒÏÐÌÊÄÑËÓËËÎÈÈÔÆËÇ
[ [′[′′´[′W ´W
gÓÍË^H ′ H ′ H Q′ ` µÅÄÊËÓÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÄ5QÔÐÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐ
ÆȱÔÐÒÐÆ [ H L′W ´ W ÏÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÓà LÌ ±ÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔÏÐÌ
ÐÓÞàÇÍÃÒÄÓÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄÈÎÐÐÅÄÊËÓÄL Q
qÐ ÄÏÄÍÐËË Ó ÎÐÉÏÐ ÒÄÓÓÎÐÔÒÈÔÞ QÎÈÒÏÕà ÆȱÔÐÒ
ÏÕàÖÕϱØËà
UW [W[QW W∈;µ5
5 ±Ä± ÆÓÈÇÄ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐ ÆÓÈ× ÇÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÝ× ÙËÓÈÍ bÏÄ
ÍÐËÙÏÐÔÐÎձıßÔÐÅÝÍÐÓÇÈÍÄÏÐÆ Ô ÑÒËÍàÅÐÎÏÄ
ÔÕÒÄÍÞÏÐÎQÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÃàÔÓÃÑÐÏÃÔËÃÑÒÈÇÈÍÄÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÓÔËË
ÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇÏÐÌÆȱÔÐÒÏÐÌÖÕϱØËËUW∈5QlıËÇÍÃQPÑÒË
ÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÐÆÄÏËË ÆȱÔÐÒÏÐÌ ÖÕϱØËË ÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÕàÔÓÃ
ÈȱÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔÝU′W [ ′ W[ Q′ W
±ÒÇÆÇÍÊÏÇÑÒÇÒÝÄÏÐÓÔÞÖÕÏÌØÊË
ÎÏÐÅÊ×ÑÇÒÇÎÇÏÏÝ×ÊÐÔÐÃÒÂÈÇÏÊË
¶ÕÏÌØÊÊÎÏÐÅÊ×ÑÇÒÇÎÇÏÏÝ×
rÄÓÓÎÐÔÒËÎÓÏÄÙÄÍÄÖÕϱØË˱ÐÔÐÒÝÈÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏÝÏÄÎÏÐÉÈ
ÓÔÆÄ×QÎÈÒÏÐÐÄÒËÖÎÈÔËÙÈÓ±ÐÐÈƱÍËÇÐÆÄÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÄ5Q
Ë ÊÏÄÙÈÏËÃÎË ±ÐÔÐÒÝ× ÃÆÍÃàÔÓà ÇÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÝÈ ÙËÓÍÄ tÄ
±ËÎ ÐÅÒÄÊÐÎ ßÔË ÖÕϱØËË ÃÆÍÃàÔÓà ÖÕϱØËÃÎË ÔÐÙȱ ÑÒÐ
ÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÄ ÔÐ ÐÊÏÄÙÄÈÔ ÙÔÐ ÈÓÍË ËÎÈÈÔÓà ±Ä±ÄÃÍËÅÐ ÖÕϱ
ØËÃI[[QËÆÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÈ5QÊÄÇÄÏÄÓËÓÔÈÎıÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔ
[[QÔÐÆÇÒÕÐÌÓËÓÔÈÎȱÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔξξQÓÆÃÊÄÏÏÐÌ
ÓËÓ×ÐÇÏÐÌÑÒÈÐÅÒÄÊÐÆÄÏËÈÎ
[L [LξξQ L Q
ÑÐÇÔÐÌÉÈÖÕϱØËÈÌÑÐÏËÎÄÈÔÓÃÏÈIξξQÄÖÕϱØËÃ
I[ξξQ[QξξQ
rÄÓÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄÈÎÝÈÖÕϱØËËÅÕÇÈÎÐÅÐÊÏÄÙÄÔÞÍËÅÐÐÇÏÐÌÅÕ±
ÆÐÌÏÄÑÒËÎÈÒIÍËÅÐÅÐÍÈÈÑÐÇÒÐÅÏÐÓÕ±ÄÊÄÏËÈÎÄÒÕÎÈÏÔÄÙÈ
ÒÈÊI[ËÍËI[[QqÒËQ!ÐÏËÏÄÊÝÆÄàÔÓÃ×ÖвÙÌÄÏÌ
ÏÐÑÌØÒÉÓÉÏÉÐÐÞØdÓÍÕÙÄÈQ ÆÎÈÓÔÐI[[ÅÕÇÈÎÑËÓÄÔÞ
ÔıÉÈI[\ÆÓÍÕÙÄÈQ ÆÎÈÓÔÐI[[[ÔıÉÈI[\]
fÍÃÖÕϱØËËI[ I[[[QÈÈÄÒÕÎÈÏÔÐÎÏÄÊÝÆÄ
àԱıÔÐÙ±Õ[Ôı˱ÄÉÇÕàËÊÈȱÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔ[[[Q
dÓñÐÌ ÖÕϱØËË \ I[ [ [Q Q ÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÝ×
[ [ [Q ÓÐÐÔÆÈÔÓÔÆÕÈÔ ÈÈ ÒÄÖ˱ Æ Q ÎÈÒÏÐÎ ÑÒÐ
ÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÈÔÐÙȱ[[[Q\pÑÒÈÇÈÍËÎßÔÐÑÐÏÃÔËÈ
°ÑÒÇÆÇÍÇÏÊÇ qÖÔÕßÐÅÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÉ;ÉDzÎÌÈÑÇÅÒÓÑÔÕÓÅÐ
ÔÕÇÅ 5Q ÑÒÓÉÈÉÎÉÐÅ ×ÖвÙÌÄ \ I[ [ [ [Q∈;
Q µ Q ÏÉÓÐÑÉ ÉDzÎÌÈÑÇÑ ÒÓÑÔÕÓÅÐÔÕÇÑ
Ì ÒÖÔÕß 5 [\
ÕÑÚɲ[\ [[Q\nÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÑÕÑÚɲÇÌÈÅ[I[
Q ÈÉ[∈;ÐÅËÞÇÅÉÕÔÄ
[[QI[ÒÓÑÔÕÓÅÐÔÕÇÅ 5 [\
ÓÅ×̲ÑÏ×ÖвÙÌÌI
eÒÄÖ˱ ÖÕϱØËË ÎÏÐË× ÑÈÒÈÎÈÏ ]
ÏÝ×ÔıÉȱıËÒÄÖ˱ÖÕϱØËËÐÇ
ÏÐÌ ÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÐÌ ÕÇÐÅÏÐ ËÓÑÐÍÞÊÐÆÄÔÞ
ÇÍà ÈÐÎÈÔÒËÙÈÓ±ÐÌ ËÏÔÈÒÑÒÈÔÄØËË
ÆÆÐÇËÎÝ×ÑÐÏÃÔËÌËÇбÄÊÝÆÄÈÎÝ×ÕÔ
ÆÈÒÉÇÈÏËÌlÐÏÈÙÏÐËÊÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÈÒÄ
Ö˱ÄÏÄÒËÓÕϱÈÆÓÍÕÙÄȱÐÇÄÙËÓÍÐ I[\
ÏÈÊÄÆËÓËÎÝ× ÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÝ× ÅÐÍÞÚÈ ÈÇË
\
ÏËØÝÓÍÐÉÏÈÈÙÈÎÆÐÇÏÐÎÈÒÏÐÎÓÍÕ (
ÙÄÈoÄÒËÓ ËÊÐÅÒÄÉÈÏÆËÇÒÄÖ˱Ä
[ [\
ÖÕϱØËËÇÆÕ×ÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÝ×\ I[[
sÖÐÒÎÕÍËÒÐÆÄÏÏÐÈ ÊÇÈÓÞ ÐÑÒÈÇÈ rËÓ
ÍÈÏËÈ ÒÄÖ豀 ÖÕϱØËË Q ÑÈÒÈÎÈÏ
ÏÝ×ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓà ÙÄÓÔÏÝÎÓÍÕÙÄÈÎÐÅÛÈÐ ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËÃÒÄÖ˱Ä
ÖÕϱØËËÓÖÐÒÎÕÍËÒÐÆÄÏÏÐÐÆÑ
qÕÓÔÞÓÏÐÆÄÖÕϱØËÃIÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏÄÏÄÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÈ; µ 5Q
nÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐÔÐÙȱ[ [[QÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÄ5QÕÇÐÆÍÈÔÆÐ
ÒÃàÛË×ÕÒÄÆÏÈÏËà
I[[Q F
ÇÈF µÏȱÐÔÐÒÄÃÑÐÓÔÐÃÏÏÄÃÏÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÓÃÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÑÏÖÓÑÇ
ÐÄÖÕϱØËËIÓÐÐÔÆÈÔÓÔÆÕàÛËÎÇÄÏÏÐÎÕÊÏÄÙÈÏËàF
dÓÍÕÙÄÈQ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐÕÒÐÆÏÃÏÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÓÃÔıÉÈÎÌÐÌÉÍ
ÖÓÑÇÐÄÆÓÍÕÙÄÈQ µÒÑÇÉÓØÐÑÔÕßáÖÓÑÇÐÄÄÑÒËQ! µ
ÌÒÉÓÒÑÇÉÓØÐÑÔÕßáÖÓÑÇÐÄ
jÊÕÙÈÏËÈÖÕϱØËÌÎÏÐË×ÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÝ×ÏÄÙÏÈÎÓÑÐÏÃÔËÃË×
ÑÒÈÇÈÍÄfÍÃÔÐÐÙÔÐÅÝÏÈÒÄÓÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄÔÞÐÔÇÈÍÞÏÐÓÍÕÙÄ˱Ð
ÇÄÄÒÕÎÈÏÔÖÕϱØËËÓÔÒÈÎËÔÓñÔÐÙ±ÈÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÄËÍË«ÏÈ
ÐÒÄÏËÙÈÏÏÐÆÐÊÒÄÓÔÄÈÔ¬ÕÇÐÅÏбıËÆÓÍÕÙÄÈÑÒÈÇÈÍÐÆÑÐÓÍÈ
ÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÈÌÔÐÙȱQÎÈÒÏÐÐÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÄËÓÑÐÍÞÊÐÆÄÔÞÑÐ
ÏÃÔËÈÈÐÅÈÓ±ÐÏÈÙÏÐÕÇÄÍÈÏÏÐÌÔÐÙ±ËÓαÐÏÈØÑ
pÑÒÈÇÈÍËÎ ÑÐÏÃÔËÈ Ð±ÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔË ÅÈÓ±ÐÏÈÙÏÐ ÕÇÄÍÈÏÏÐÌ
ÔÐÙ±ËÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÄ
p±ÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔÞà8ÅÈÓ±ÐÏÈÙÏÐÕÇÄÍÈÏÏÐÌÔÐÙ±Ë ÆÑÒÐ
ÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÈ5QÏÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÓÃÇÐÑÐÍÏÈÏËÈÆ5QÇÐÍàÅÐÐÍÈÉÄÛÈÐ
ÆÏÈαÐÎÑıÔÄ
oÈÒÈDZÐÆÓÔÒÈÙÄÈÔÓÃÙÄÓÔÏÝÌÆËÇбÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔÈÌÅÈÓ±ÐÏÈÙÏÐ
ÕÇÄÍÈÏÏÐÌÔÐÙ±Ë µÔıÏÄÊÝÆÄÈÎÝÈÈÈεбÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔË
dÏÈÚÏÐÓÔÞQÎÈÒÏÐÐÊÄαÏÕÔÐÐÚÄÒÄÓØÈÏÔÒÐÎÆÏÄÙÄÍÈ
±ÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔ2ËÒÄÇËÕÓÐÎÒÄÆÏÝÎ Ô È
ε
GHI
8ε [ ρ[2!
ε
ÏÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÓÃεѲÓÉÔÕÐÑÔÕßáÆÉÔ²ÑÐÉÚÐÑÖÈÅÎÉÐÐÑÍÕÑÚ²Ì
cÈÓ±ÐÏÈÙÏÐÓÔÞÅÕÇÈÎÏÄÊÝÆÄÔÞÆÉÔ²ÑÐÉÚÐÑÖÈÅÎÉÐÐÑÍÕÑÚ
²ÑÍÒÓ̲ÑÔÐÑÇÉÐÌÄÆÓñÐÐÏÈÐÒÄÏËÙÈÏÏÐÐÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄÔÐÈÓ
ÔÈÓÔÆÈÏÏÐÔı±Ä±ÈÓÍË; µÏÈÐÒÄÏËÙÈÏÏÐÈÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐÆ5QÔÐ
ÑÈÒÈÓÈÙÈÏËÈÍàÅÐÌбÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔË8ÅÈÓ±ÐÏÈÙÏÐÕÇÄÍÈÏÏÐÌÔÐÙ
±Ë Ó ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐÎ ; ÏÈ ÑÕÓÔÐ ÔÐ ÒÄÆÏÐÓËÍÞÏÐ ÔÐÎÕ ÙÔÐ ÓÕ
ÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔÔıÄÃÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞ[P∈;P ÙÔÐ
OLP [P
P→
dÐÔÍËÙËÈÐÔÅÈÓ±ÐÏÈÙÏÐÕÇÄÍÈÏÏÐÌÔÐÙ±ËÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÄ
5QÈÐÐÅÝÙÏÝÈÔÐÙ±ËÅÕÇÈÎÏÄÊÝÆÄÔÞÔıÉȲÑÐÉÚÐÞÏÌÕÑÚ
²ÅÏÌqÒÐÓÔÐÑÐÇÔÐÙ±ÐÌÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÄÆÓÈÇÄÅÕÇÈÎÑÐÏËÎÄÔÞ
ÈбÐÏÈÙÏÕàÔÐÙ±Õ
qÐÏÃÔËÈÙËÓÍÐÆÐÌÖÕϱØËËÎÏÐË×ÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÝ×ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃ
ÙÄÓÔÏÝÎ ÓÍÕÙÄÈÎ ÑÐÏÃÔËÃ ÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÃ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ ËÊ ÑÒÐ
ÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÄ 5Q Æ ÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÐ 5P yÔÐÅÝ Æ ÇÄÍÞÏÈÌÚÈÎ ÏÈ ÑÐ
ÆÔÐÒÃÔÞ ÄÏÄÍÐËÙÏÝÈ ÒÄÓÓÕÉÇÈÏËà ÇÍà ÙËÓÍÐÆÝ× ÖÕϱØËÌ Ë
ÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÌÑÈÒÈÌÇÈÎÓÒÄÊÕ±ËÊÕÙÈÏËàÑÐÓÍÈÇÏË×
°ÔÐÃÒÂÈÇÏÊá±ÒÇÆÇÍÐÔÐÃÒÂÈÇÏÊË
qÕÓÔÞ[ [[[QË\ \\\QtÐÇÄ
vÕϱØËËIM ;{5ÏÄÊÝÆÄàÔÓòÑÑÓÈÌÐÅÕÐÞÏÌ×ÖвÙÌÄ
ÏÌ ÑÕÑÆÓÅÊÉÐÌÄ I pÏË ÃÆÍÃàÔÓÃ ÆÐÐÅÛÈ ÐÆÐÒÃ Ä ÔÐÙÏÈÈ
ÑÒËQ!ÖÕϱØËÃÎËÎÏÐË×ÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÝ×
pÑÒÈÇÈÍËÎÑÐÏÃÔËÈÑÒÈÇÈÍÄÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏË̱ÐÔÐÒÐÈÃÆÍÃÈÔ
ÓÃÐÅÐÅÛÈÏËÈÎÑÐÏÃÔËÃÑÒÈÇÈÍÄÖÕϱØËËÐÇÏÐÌÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÐÌ
qÕÓÔÞ[ËD µ±ÐÏÈÙÏÝÈËÍËÅÈÓ±ÐÏÈÙÏÐÕÇÄÍÈÏÏÝÈÔÐÙ
±ËÓÐÐÔÆÈÔÓÔÆÈÏÏÐÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆ5QË5PfÍÃQ ËÍËP Æ
ÓÍÕÙÄÈÅÈÓ±ÐÏÈÙÏÐÕÇÄÍÈÏÏÝ×ÔÐÙȱ[ËDÐÏËÎÐÕÔÅÝÔÞË
ÅÈÓ±ÐÏÈÙÏÐÓÔÃÎËÓÐÊÏıÐÎËÍË´qÕÓÔÞÈÛÈÔÐÙ±Ä[
ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃÔÐÙ±ÐÌÑÒ˱ÐÓÏÐÆÈÏËÃÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ;
°ÑÒÇÆÇÍÇÏÊÇ tÑڲŠD ÐÅËÞÇÅÉÕÔÄ ÒÓÉÈÉÎÑÏ ÑÕÑÆÓÅÊÉÐÌÄ
I ;{5P;µ5QÒÓÌ[{[ÌÎÌÇÕÑÚ²É[ [ÉÔÎÌÈÎÄ
ÎáÆÑÍ ÒÑÔÎÉÈÑÇÅÕÉÎßÐÑÔÕÌ [N∈; N ÕŲÑÍ ÚÕÑ
OLP [N [ÌÏÉÉÕÏÉÔÕÑÓÅÇÉÐÔÕÇÑ
N→
OLP I[N D
N→
fÍà ÑÒÈÇÈÍÄ ÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËà I Æ ÔÐÙ±È [ ËÓÑÐÍÞÊÕÈÔÓà ÐÅÐ
ÊÏÄÙÈÏËÈ OLP I[
[ → [( )
d ÓËÎÆÐÍËÙÈÓ±ÐÌ ÊÄÑËÓË ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËÈ ÆÝÍÃÇËÔ ÓÍÈÇÕà
ÛËÎÐÅÒÄÊÐÎ
GHI
OLP( ) I[ D B
[→[
GHI
B ![N∈;N OLP [N [ OLP I[N D
N→ N→
qÐÄÏÄÍÐËËÓÑÒÈÇÈÍÐÎÖÕϱØËËÐÇÏÐÌÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÐÌÐÑÒÈ
ÇÈÍÈÏËÈ ÑÒÈÇÈÍÄ ÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÃ ÎÐÉÏÐ ÓÖÐÒÎÕÍËÒÐÆÄÔÞ Æ ÔÈÒ
ÎËÏÄ×бÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔÈÌ
°ÑÒÇÆÇÍÇÏÊÇ ′ tÑڲŠD ÐÅËÞÇÅÉÕÔÄ ÒÓÉÈÉÎÑÏ ÑÕÑÆÓÅÊÉÐÌÄ
I;{5P;µ5QÒÓÌ[{[ÌÎÌÇÕÑÚ²É[ [ÉÔÎÌÈÎÄ
ÎáÆÑÍ Ñ²ÓÉÔÕÐÑÔÕÌ 8D ÕÑÚ²Ì D ÔÖÜÉÔÕÇÖÉÕ ÕŲÅÄ Ñ²
ÓÉÔÕÐÑÔÕß8[ÕÑÚ²Ì[ÚÕÑ
`
I; 8[µ8D
dÓËÎÆÐÍËÙÈÓ±ÐÌÊÄÑËÓË
GHI `
OLP I[ D B !8D8[I; 8[µ8D
[ → [( )
jÏÄÙÈÐÆÐÒÃ
GHI `
OLP I[ D B !8D8[![∈; 8[I[∈8D
[ → [( )
pÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËÃ Ë ′ ÑÒÈÇÈÍÄ ÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÃ ÒÄÆÏÐÓËÍÞÏÝ
fÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÐ ËÊ ÓÒÄÆÏÈÏËÃ ÊÄÑËÓÈÌ ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËÌ ÑÒÈÇÈÍÄ
ÖÕϱØËÌ ÐÇÏÐÌ ÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÐÌ µ Æ Ñ Ë Æ
Ñ Ó ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËÃÎË Ë ÑÒÈÇÈÍÄ ÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÌ
ÆËÇÏÐ ÙÔÐ ÐÏË ÑÐÍÏÐÓÔÞà ÓÐÆÑÄÇÄàÔ ÑÐ ÖÐÒÎÈ ÊÄÑËÓË ÔÐÍÞ±Ð
ÔÐÙ±ÄƱÐÔÐÒÐÌÅÈÒÈÔÓÃÑÒÈÇÈÍÐÅÐÊÏÄÙÄÈÔÓÃÔÈÑÈÒÞ[ÄÏÈ
[ Ôı ±Ä± ÏËÉÏËÌ ËÏÇÈ±Ó ÐÅÐÊÏÄÙÄÈÔ Æ ÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÈÏÏÐÎ
ÓÍÕÙÄÈ ÏÐÎÈÒ ±ÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔÝ ÔÐÙ±Ë qÐßÔÐÎÕ ÇбÄÊÄÔÈÍÞÓÔÆÐ
ÒÄÆÏÐÓËÍÞÏÐÓÔËÇÆÕ×ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËÌÑÒÈÇÈÍÄÖÕϱØËÌÐÇÏÐÌÑÈ
ÒÈÎÈÏÏÐÌÓÎÔÈÐÒÈÎÕ ÆÑÇÐÓÍÐÆÏÐÑÈÒÈÏÐÓËÔÓÃÏÄÓÍÕ
ÙÄÌÑÒÈÇÈÍÐÆÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÌÈÓÍËÔÐÍÞ±ÐÑÐÇÔÐÙ±ÄÎËËбÒÈÓÔ
ÏÐÓÔÃÎËÑÐÏËÎÄÔÞÔÐÙ±ËËбÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔËÆÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÈ
oÄÒÃÇÕ Ó ÊÄÑËÓÞà OLP I[ ÇÍÃ ÑÒÈÇÈÍÄ ÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÃ I Æ
[ → [( )
ÔÐÙ±È[ÕÑÐÔÒÈÅÍÃàÔÓñıÒÄÆÏÐÑÒÄÆÏÝÈÊÄÑËÓË OLP I[
[ µ [( ) →
Ë OLP I[
[ µ [( ) →
gÓÍË[ËD
µ±ÐÏÈÙÏÝÈÔÐÙ±ËÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆ5QË5PÔÐÐÑ
ÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËÈÎÐÉÏÐÊÄÑËÓÄÔÞÆÆËÇÈ
GHI
OLP I[ D B
[ → [( )
GHI
B !ε!δ!![∈;_[´[_δ_I[´D_ε
oÄ ßÔÐÎ ÑÒËÎÈÒÈ ÈÛÈ ÒÄÊ ×ÐÒÐÚÐ ÆËÇÏÐ ±Ä± ÒÄÊÕÎÏÐ ÆÝ
ÅÒÄÏÝ ÐÅÐÊÏÄÙÈÏËÃ Æ ÎÏÐÐÎÈÒÏÝ× ÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÄ× ÖÐÒÎÕÍÄ
ÑÐ ÊÄÑËÓË ÏËÙÈÎ ÏÈ ÐÔÍËÙÄÈÔÓà ÐÔ ÓÍÕÙÄà ÙËÓÍÐÆÝ×
ÖÕϱØËÌÐÇÏÐÌÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÐÌoбÐÏÈÙÏÐÆÓÍÕÙÄÈÙËÓÍÐÆÝ×
ÖÕϱØËÌÐÇÏÐÌÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÐÌ_[´[_Ë_I[´D_ÐÊÏÄÙÄàÔÄÅÓÐ
ÍàÔÏÝÈ ÆÈÍËÙËÏÝ ÙËÓÈÍ Ä Æ ÖÐÒÎÕÍÈ µ ÒÄÓÓÔÐÃÏËÃ
ÎÈÉÇÕÔÐÙ±ÄÎËÆQÎÈÒÏÐÎËPÎÈÒÏÐÎÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÄ×
qÐÓ±ÐÍÞ±ÕÖÕϱØËËÎÏÐË×ÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÝ×ÃÆÍÃàÔÓÃÙÄÓÔÏÝÎ
ÓÍÕÙÄÈÎÒÄÓÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄÈÎÝ×ÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÌÔÐÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËÈÑÒÈÇÈÍÄ
ÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÃÓÐÇÈÒÉËÔÆÓÈÅÈÆÙÄÓÔÏÐÓÔËÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËÈÑÒÈÇÈÍÄ
ÖÕϱØËÌÑÒËÏËÎÄàÛË×ÇÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÝÈÙËÓÍÐÆÝÈÊÏÄÙÈÏËÃ
sÇÒÕÐÌÓÔÐÒÐÏÝËÊÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËÃÆËÇÏÐÙÔÐÑÐÏÃ
ÔËÈÑÒÈÇÈÍÄÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÃÓÆÐÇËÔÓñÑÐÏÃÔËàÑÒÈÇÈÍÄÙËÓÍÐ
ÆÐÌÖÕϱØËË_I[´D_ÑÒËD∈5PËÖÕϱØËË_I[_ÑÒËD
OLP I[ DB OLP _I[´D_ D∈5P
[ → [( ) [ → [( )
Ë
OLP I[ B OLP _I[_
[ → [( ) [ → [( )
u±ÄÉÈÎ ÈÛÈ ÏÄ ÐÇÏÕ ÓÆÃÊÞ ÑÐÏÃÔËÌ ÑÒÈÇÈÍÐÆ ÙËÓÍÐÆÝ×
ÖÕϱØËÌËÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÌ
gÓÍË ÔÐÙ±Ä D ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓà ±ÐÏÈÙÏÐÌ ÔÐÙ±ÐÌ ÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÄ
5P D D D DP ÈÓÍË I[ I[ I[ IP[
I ; {5P;µ5QÔÐÆÓËÍÕß±ÆËÆÄÍÈÏÔÏÐÓÔËÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔËÔÐ
Ùȱ ÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÄ ÓÐ Ó×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔÞà Ë× ±ÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔ ÓÎ ÔÈÐÒÈÎÕ
Æ Ñ ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËÈ ÑÒÈÇÈÍÄ OLP I[ D ÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÃ
[ → [( )
I ÒÄÆÏÐÓËÍÞÏÐÔÐÎÕÙÔÐÇÍÃÍàÅÐÌÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔËÔÐÙȱ
[N∈;N OLP [N [ÆÓȱÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔÏÝÈÖÕϱØËËIM
N→
ßÔÐÐÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÃËÎÈàÔÑÒÈÇÈÍÝ
OLP I [ N DM M P
N→ M
tıËÎÐÅÒÄÊÐÎÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÈIËÎÈÈÔÑÒÈÇÈÍ OLP I[ D
[ → [( )
ÔÐÇÄËÔÐÍÞ±ÐÔÐÇıÐÇÄÇÍÃÆÓÈ×M PÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕàÔ
ÑÒÈÇÈÍÝ OLP IM[ DM
[ → [( )
dÓËÎÆÐÍËÙÈÓ±ÐÌÊÄÑËÓËßÔÐÆÝÍÃÇËÔÓÍÈÇÕàÛËÎÐÅÒÄÊÐÎ
OLP I[ DB!M P OLP IM[ DM
[ → [( ) [ → [( )
d ßÔÐÎ ÓÎÝÓÍÈ ÑÐÏÃÔËÈ ÑÒÈÇÈÍÄ ÒÄÓÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄÈÎÝ× ÐÔÐÅÒÄ
ÉÈÏËÌ ÓÏÐÆÄ ÓÆÐÇËÔÓà ± ÑÐÏÃÔËà ÑÒÈÇÈÍÄ ÙËÓÍÐÆÝ× ÖÕϱ
ØËÌ µÑÒÈÇÈÍÄÈбÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔÏÝ×ÖÕϱØËÌ
gÓÍËÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÈIÊÄÇÄÏÐÏÄÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÈ;µ5Q(µ;Ë
[ µÔÐÙ±ÄÑÒ˱ÐÓÏÐÆÈÏËñÐÏÈÙÏÄÃËÍËÅÈÓ±ÐÏÈÙÏÐÕÇÄÍÈÏ
ÏÄÃÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ(ÔÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÆÔÐÙ±È[ÓÕÉÈÏËÃI(ÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈ
ÏËÃ I ÏÄ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐ ( ÏÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÓÃ ÑÒÈÇÈÍÐÎ OLP I[
[ → [ ( ) [ ∈ (
ÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÃIÑÐÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÕ(tıËÎÐÅÒÄÊÐÎ
OLP I[ OLP I([
[ → [ ( ) [ ∈ ( [ → [( )
pÙÈÆËÇÏÐÙÔÐÈÓÍËÆÔÐÙ±È[ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔÑÒÈÇÈÍ OLP I[
[ → [( )
ÔÐÆßÔÐÌÔÐÙ±ÈÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕàÔËÑÒÈÇÈÍÝÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÃIÑÐÍàÅÝÎ
ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄÎ(µ;ÇÍñÐÔÐÒÝ×ÔÐÙ±Ä[ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃÔÐÙ±ÐÌÑÒË
±ÐÓÏÐÆÈÏËÃËÆÓÈßÔËÑÒÈÇÈÍÝÒÄÆÏÝÎÈÉÇÕÓÐÅÐÌ
d ÓÍÕÙÄÈ Q ! Æ ±ÄÙÈÓÔÆÈ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ ( ÙÄÓÔÐ ÅÈÒÕÔÓÃ
ÑÈÒÈÓÈÙÈÏËà ±ÒËÆÝ× ÑÒÃÎÝ× ËÍË ÍÕÙÈÌ ÏÄÑÒÄÆÍÈÏËÌ ÑÒÐ×Ð
ÇÃÛËÈÙÈÒÈÊÔÐÙ±Õ[ÓÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÄÈÎÝÎÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐÎ;gÓÔÈÓÔ
ÆÈÏÏÐ ÙÔÐ ÑÒË ÒÄÓÓÎÐÔÒÈÏËË ÑÒÈÇÈÍÐÆ ÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÃ ÑÐ ÒÄÊÏÝÎ
ÑÐÇÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄÎÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ;ÆÓÍÕÙÄȱÐÇÄÑÒÈÇÈÍÄÑÐÎÏÐÉÈ
ÓÔÆÕÏÈÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔÎÐÕÔÑÐÍÕÙÄÔÞÓÃÒÄÊÏÝÈÒÈÊÕÍÞÔÄÔÝ
gÓÍË ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐ ; ÓÐÇÈÒÉËÔ ÏȱÐÔÐÒÕà бÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔÞ ËÍË
ÑÒбÐÍÐÔÕà бÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔÞ ÔÐÙ±Ë [ ÔÐ ÑÒÈÇÈÍ ÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËà Æ
ßÔÐÌÔÐÙ±ÈÑÐßÔËÎбÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔÃÎÏÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÓÃÔıÉÈËÇÔÉÔÕÑ
ÓÑÐÐÌÏÒÓÉÈÉÎÑÏ
sÕÛÈÓÔÆÐÆÄÏËÈÑÒÈÇÈÍÄÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÃÆÏȱÐÔÐÒÐÌÔÐÙ±ÈÄ
ÈÓÍËÐÏÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔÔÐËÈÐÊÏÄÙÈÏËÈÑÐÍÏÐÓÔÞàÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÃàÔ
ÓÃÊÏÄÙÈÏËÃÎËÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÃÏÄÑÈÒÈÓÈÙÈÏËËÑÒÐËÊÆÐÍÞÏÐÌб
ÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔËÔÐÙ±ËƱÐÔÐÒÐÌÒÄÓÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄÈÔÓÃÑÒÈÇÈÍÓÐÔÐÅÒÄ
ÉÄÈÎÝÎÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐÎÔ ÈÏÈÊÄÆËÓÃÔÐÔÆÝÅÐÒÄÕ±ÄÊÄÏÏÐÌб
ÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔË tÐÙÏÄà ÖÐÒÎÕÍËÒÐÆ±Ä ßÔÐÐ ÕÔÆÈÒÉÇÈÏËà ËÎÈÈÔ
ÓÍÈÇÕàÛËÌÆËÇ
gÓÍË ÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÈ I ; { 5P ; µ 5Q ËÎÈÈÔ ÑÒÈÇÈÍ
OLP I[ÔÐÇÍÃÍàÅÐÌбÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔË8[ÔÐÙ±Ë[ÐÏÐËÎÈ
[ → [( )
`
ÈÔÔÐÔÉÈÑÒÈÇÈÍÑÐÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÕ8[ ;
OLP I[ OLP I[
[ → [( ) [ → [()
[ ∈ 8 ( [ ( ) );
`
[\
± Ò Ê Î Ç Ò qÕÓÔÞI[\
ÔÄÖÐÒÎÕÍÄÊÄÇÄÈÔÖÕϱ
[ \
ØËàÆÐÆÓÈ×ÔÐÙ±Ä×ÑÍÐÓ±ÐÓÔ˱ÒÐÎÈÏÄÙÄÍıÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔ
jÓÓÍÈÇÕÈÎÑÒÈÇÈÍÝßÔÐÌÖÕϱØËËÑÐÒÄÊÍËÙÏÝÎÏÄÑÒÄÆÍÈÏËÃÎ
ÆÔÐÙ±ÈuÒÄÆÏÈÏËÈÑÒÃÎÐÌÑÒÐ×ÐÇÃÛÈÌÙÈÒÈÊÏÄÙÄÍбÐ
ÐÒÇËÏÄÔÆÏÄÑÒÄÆÍÈÏËËÆȱÔÐÒÄαβËÎÈÈÔÆËÇ
[ αW \ βW αβ!
α βW
jÎÈÈÎIαWβW {ÑÒËW{Ô ÈÑÒÈÇÈÍÑÐÍà
α W β
ÅÐÎÕÏÄÑÒÄÆÍÈÏËàÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔËÒÄÆÈÏÏÕÍàgÓÍËÉÈ\ [ÔÐ
I[[ËÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÆÇÐÍÞÑÄÒÄÅÐÍÝ\ [
ÔıÉÈÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔÏÐÒÄÆÈÏ
tıËÎ ÐÅÒÄÊÐÎ ÇÍà ÒÄÓÓÎÐÔÒÈÏÏÐÌ ÖÕϱØËË ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔ
ÐÇËÏ Ë ÔÐÔ ÉÈ ÑÒÈÇÈÍ ÑÐ ÍàÅÐÎÕ ÏÄÑÒÄÆÍÈÏËà Ä ÑÒÈÇÈÍ ÑÐ
Õ±ÄÊÄÏÏÐÌ ÑÄÒÄÅÐÍÈ ×ÐÔÃ Ë ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔ ÐÔÍËÙÈÏ ÐÔ ÐÅÛÈÐ
ÊÏÄÙÈÏËÃ ÑÒÈÇÈÍÐÆ ÑÐ ÏÄÑÒÄÆÍÈÏËÃÎ ÔÈÎ ÓÄÎÝÎ ÑÒÐÓÔÐ ÑÒÈ
ÇÈÍÆÔÐÙ±ÈÏÈÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔ
uqrbhogojgjÓÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÞÑÒÈÇÈÍÝÑÐÏÄÑÒÄÆÍÈÏËàÆÔÐÙ±È
[\
ÖÕϱØËËI[\
[ \
i Ä Î È Ù Ä Ï Ë È gÓÍËÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐ;µ5QÏıÐÔÐÒÐÎÐÑÒÈ
ÇÈÍÈÏÄÖÕϱØËÃIÓÐÓÔÐËÔÔÐÍÞ±ÐËÊÔÐÙȱ[±ÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔݱÐ
ÔÐÒÝ× ÃÆÍÃàÔÓà ÏÄÔÕÒÄÍÞÏÝÎË ÙËÓÍÄÎË [ P PQ
PL∈1 L Q ÔÐ ÖÕϱØËÃI ÏÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÓà ±Ä± ÎÝ ÊÏÄ
ÈÎ Q±ÒÄÔÏÐÌ ÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞà ÓÎ Ë ÈÈ ÊÏÄÙÈÏËÃ
\ IPPQÐÅÐÊÏÄÙÄàÔÓÃ \ P P
Q
pÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËÈÑÒÈÇÈÍÄÇÆÐÌÏÐÌÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔËÇÄÏÏÐÈ
ÆÑ ÓÎÔÄÎÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËÈ ÐÔÍËÙÄÈÔÓÃÐÔÈÈÑÒÈÇÈÍÄÈÓ
ÍËÈÐÒÄÓÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄÔޱıÙÄÓÔÏÝÌÓÍÕÙÄÌÑÒÈÇÈÍÄÖÕϱØËËÆ
ÓÎÝÓÍÈ ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËà ßÔÐÐ ÑÕϱÔÄ qÐÃÓÏËÎ ßÔÐ ÒÄÊÍËÙËÈ
ÑÐÇÒÐÅÏÈÈÏÄÑÒËÎÈÒÈÇÆÐÌÏÝ×ÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÈÌ
gÓÍË OLP \PQ DÆÓÎÝÓÍÈÑÒÈÇÈÍÄÖÕϱØËËÔÐßÔÐÐÊ
( PQ ) →
ÏÄÙÄÈÔÙÔÐÇÍÃÍàÅÐÐε!ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔÔıÐÈδ!ÙÔÐÇÍÃ
ÆÓÈ×ÏÐÎÈÒÐÆP∈1ËQ∈1ÔıË×ÙÔÐ P Q !δËÎÈÈÔÎÈÓÔÐ
ÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐ_\PQ´D_εuÓÍÐÆËÈ P Q !δÎÐÉÈÔÆÝÑÐÍ
ÏÃÔÞÓÃ ÑÒË ÆÝÅÐÒÈ ÍËÚÞ ÐÇÏÐÐ ÇÐÓÔÄÔÐÙÏÐÅÐÍÞÚÐÐ ÏÐÎÈÒÄ
PËÍËQÇÒÕÐÌÉÈÎÐÉÈÔÐÓÔÄÆÄÔÞÓÃÇÄÉÈÑÐÓÔÐÃÏÏÝÎqÒË
ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËËÉÈÑÒÈÇÈÍÄ OLP \PQÇÄÏÏÐÎÆÑ ÐÅÄÏÐ
PQ →
ÎÈÒÄPËQÇÐÍÉÏÝÅÝÔÞÇÐÓÔÄÔÐÙÏÐÅÐÍÞÚËÎËÇÍÃÔÐÐÙÔÐ
ÅÝÆÝÑÐÍÏÃÍÐÓÞÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐ_\PQ´D_εÑÒËÇÐÓÔÄÔÐÙÏÐÎÄ
ÍÐÎε!
¯ÇÑÒÇÒÝÄÏÐÓÔÞÐÔÐÃÒÂÈÇÏÊËÄÔÐÙÌÇ
qÒËÒÄÓÓÎÐÔÒÈÏËËÑÒÈÇÈÍÄÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÃÆÇÄÏÏÐÌÔÐÙ±ÈßÔÄÔÐÙ
±ÄÎÐÉÈԱıÑÒËÏÄÇÍÈÉÄÔÞÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÄÈÎÐÎÕÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÕÔıË
ÏÈÑÒËÏÄÇÍÈÉÄÔÞÈÎÕ
gÓÍË I ; { 5P ; µ 5Q [∈; Ë ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔ ÑÒÈÇÈÍ
OLP I[ÔÐ OLP I[ I[
[ → [( ) [ → [( )
fÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÐÆÝÅÒÄÆÓÔÄØËÐÏÄÒÏÕàÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞ
[N [∈; N
ÑÐÍÕÙËÎÓÐÍÄÓÏÐÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËà
OLP I[ OLP I[N OLP I[ I[
[ → [( ) N→ N→
pÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÈI;{5P;µ5QÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÆÔÐÙ±È[∈;Æ
ÔÐÎËÔÐÍÞ±ÐÔÐÎÓÍÕÙÄȱÐÇÄÇÍÃÍàÅÐÌÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔËÔÐ
Ùȱ[N∈;N Ó×ÐÇÃÛÈÌÓñÔÐÙ±È[ OLP [N [
N→
ÆÝÑÐÍÏÃÈÔÓÃÕÓÍÐÆËÈ
OLP I[N I[
N→
ÔÐÓÒÄÊÕÓÍÈÇÕÈÔËÊÒÄÆÏÐÓËÍÞÏÐÓÔËÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËÌË′ÑÒÈÇÈ
ÍÄÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÃ
gÓÍËI[ I[I[IP[ÔÐËÊÑÒËD I[
ÓÍÈÇÕÈÔÙÔÐÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÈÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÆÏȱÐÔÐÒÐÌÔÐÙ±ÈÆÔÐÎ
Ë ÔÐÍޱРÔÐÎ ÓÍÕÙÄÈ ±ÐÇÄ ÆÓÈ ÈÐ ±ÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔÏÝÈ ÖÕϱØËË IL
ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÝÆßÔÐÌÔÐÙ±È
pÔÓàÇÄ Æ ÙÄÓÔÏÐÓÔË ÓÍÈÇÕÈÔ ÙÔÐ ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËÈ ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆ
ÏÝ×ÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÌÐÔÒÈʱÄÇÄÏÏÝ×ÑÒËÒÄÓÓÎÐÔÒÈÏËËÑÐÏÃÔËÃ
±ÒËÆÐÌÆÑ ÇÍÃÓÍÕÙÄÃÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÌÐÔÒÈʱÄÆÔÒÈ×ÎÈÒ
ÏÐÈÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÐËÆÑ ÇÍÃÓÍÕÙÄÃÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÃÐÔÒÈʱÄ
ÆÑÒÐËÊÆÐÍÞÏÐÈQÎÈÒÏÐÈÈƱÍËÇÐÆÐÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆбıÐÔÐÅÒÄ
ÉÈÏË̱ÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔÏÝÈÖÕϱØË˱ÐÔÐÒÝ×ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÝÒÄÆÏÐ
ÓËÍÞÏÝ Æ ÓÍÕÙÄÈ ÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËà ÐÔÒÈ汀 ÇÄÏÏÐÎÕ ÊÇÈÓÞ ÐÑÒÈÇÈ
ÍÈÏËàÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÝ×ÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÌ
ÓÏÐÙÔÐÈÓÍËÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÈÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐƱıÐÌÍËÅÐÔÐÙ
±ÈÔÐËÈÐÓÕÉÈÏËÈÑбÄÉÇÐÎÕÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÕÓÐÇÈÒÉÄÛÈÎÕßÔÕ
ÔÐÙ±ÕÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÆÏÈÌ
pÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÈI;{5PÏÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÓÃÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÝÎÆÔÐÙ±È
[ÑÐÏȱÐÔÐÒÐÎÕÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÕ([∈(µ;ÈÓÍËÓÕÉÈÏËÈI(
ÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÃIÏÄÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐ(ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÆßÔÐÌÔÐÙ±È
gÓÍËα[µÙËÓÍÐÆÄÃÖÕϱØËÃÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏÏÄÃÏÄÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÈ
;µ5Qβ[µÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÈßÔÐÐÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄÆÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÐ5P
Ä[ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓñÐÏÈÙÏÐÌËÍËÅÈÓ±ÐÏÈÙÏÐÕÇÄÍÈÏÏÐÌÔÐÙ±ÐÌÑÒË
±ÐÓÏÐÆÈÏËà ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ ; ÔÐ ÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÈ β[ ÏÄÊÝÆÄàÔ ÅÈÓ±Ð
ÏÈÙÏÐÎÄÍÝÎÑÐÓÒÄÆÏÈÏËàÓÖÕϱØËÈÌα[ÑÒË[{[ËÑËÚÕÔ
β Rα [{[
ÈÓÍËÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔÔıÐÈÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÈε[ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ;ÆÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏ
ÓÔÆÐ5PÙÔÐ
β[ ε[α[ [∈;
Ë
OLP ε[
[ → [( )
gÓÍË[∈;ÔÐËÊÕÓÍÐÆËÃÓÍÈÇÕÈÔÓÎÙÔÐ
ε[
fÍÃÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÌÆÙÄÓÔÏÐÓÔËÇÍÃÖÕϱØËÌÎÏÐË×ÑÈÒÈ
ÎÈÏÏÝ×I[[QQ!ÏÄÒÃÇÕÓË×ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÓÔÞàÆÐÑ
ÒÈÇÈÍÈÏÏÐÎ ÆÝÚÈ ÓÎÝÓÍÈ ±ÐÔÐÒÕà ÏÄÊÝÆÄàÔ ÔıÉÈ ÐÉÒÓÉ
ÓÞÇÐÑÔÕßá ÒÑ ÔÑÇѲÖÒÐÑÔÕÌ ÒÉÓÉÏÉÐÐÞØ [ [Q ÎÐÉÏÐ
ÒÄÓÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄÔÞËÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÓÔÞÑÐÐÔÇÈÍÞÏÝÎÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÝÎ[L
vÕϱØËÃI[[QÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏÏÄÃÏÄÑÒËÎÈÒÆÏȱÐÔÐ
ÒÐÌбÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔËÔÐÙ±Ë[ [ ( )[ Q( )ÏÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÓÃÏÈÑÒÈ
ÒÝÆÏÐÌÆÔÐÙ±È[ÑÐÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÐÌ[LÈÓÍËÖÕϱØËÃ
GHI
ϕ[L I[ ( )[ L( µ) [L[ L( ) [ Q( )
ÐÇÏÐÌ ÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÐÌ [L ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÄ Æ ÔÐÙ±È [ L( ) pÙÈÆËÇÏÐ ÙÔÐ
ÖÕϱØËÃϕÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃÓÕÉÈÏËÈÎÖÕϱØËËIÏÄÑÈÒÈÓÈÙÈÏËÈÑÒÃ
ÎÐÌ[M [ M( )M L´LQÓÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐÎÐÑÒÈ
ÇÈÍÈÏËÃÖÕϱØËËIÔÈÎÓÄÎÝÎÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÓÔÞÖÕϱØËËÑÐÏÈ
±ÐÔÐÒÐÎÕÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÐÎÕÐÊÏÄÙÄÈÔÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÓÔÞÈÈÓÕÉÈÏËÃÑÐ
ÓÐÐÔÆÈÔÓÔÆÕàÛÈÎÕÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÕ
pÔÎÈÔËÎÙÔÐËÊÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÓÔËÖÕϱØËËÑÐÆÓÈÎÑÈÒÈÎÈÏ
ÏÝÎ Æ ÐÔÇÈÍÞÏÐÓÔË ÏÈ ÓÍÈÇÕÈÔ ÈÈ ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÓÔÞ ÑÐ Ë× ÓÐÆÐ
±ÕÑÏÐÓÔËoÄÑÒËÎÈÒÖÕϱØËÃ
[\
ÈÓÍË[\!
\
I[\ [
ÈÓÍË[ \
ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÄÑбÄÉÇÐÌÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÐÌ[Ë\ÆÐÔÇÈÍÞÏÐÓÔËƱÄÉ
ÇÐÌÔÐÙ±ÈÑÍÐÓ±ÐÓÔËÏÐÏÈÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÄÑÐË×ÓÐÆбÕÑÏÐÓÔËÆ
ÔÐÙ±ÈÔı±Ä±ÏÈËÎÈÈÔÆßÔÐÌÔÐÙ±ÈÇÄÉÈÑÒÈÇÈÍÄÑÒÐ
ÆÈÒÞÔÈßÔÐ
³ÄÐËÓÔÄÂÑÒÇÆÇÍÐÄÐÔÐÃÒÂÈÇÏÊË
qÐÓ±ÐÍÞ±Õ ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËÈ ÑÒÈÇÈÍÄ Ë ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÓÔË ÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈ
ÏËÌÇÐÓÍÐÆÏÐÓÐÆÑÄÇÄàÔÓÓÐÐÔÆÈÔÓÔÆÕàÛËÎËÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËÃÎË
ÇÍà ÖÕϱØËÌ ÐÇÏÐÌ ÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÐÌ ÔÐ ÇÍà ÓÍÕÙÄà ÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÌ
ÓÐ×ÒÄÏÃàÔÓà ÎÏÐËÈ ÓÆÐÌÓÔÆÄ ÑÒÈÇÈÍÐÆ ÖÕϱØËÌ Ë ÓÆÐÌÓÔÆÄ
ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÝ×ÖÕϱØËÌÇбÄÊÄÏÏÝÈÆ gÓÍËßÍÈÎÈÏÔÝÑÒÐ
ÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÄ 5Q ÒÄÓÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄÔÞ ±Ä± ÆȱÔÐÒÝ ÔÐ Ë× ÎÐÉÏÐ Ó±ÍÄ
ÇÝÆÄÔÞ Ë ÕÎÏÐÉÄÔÞ ÏÄ ÙËÓÍÄ bÏÄÍÐËÙÏÐ ÓÍÕÙÄà ÙËÓÍÐÆÝ×
ÖÕϱØËÌÐÇÏÐÌÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÐÌÇбÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÓÃÙÔÐÈÓÍËI;{5P
J ; { 5P ; µ 5Q λ∈5 µ∈5 Ë ÈÓÍË ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕàÔ ÑÒÈÇÈÍÝ
OLP I[Ë OLP J[ÔÐÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔËÑÒÈÇÈÍ
[ → [( ) [ → [( )
OLP λI[µJ [ λ OLP I[µ OLP J[
[ → [( ) [ → [( ) [ → [( )
gÓÍËIËJ µÙËÓÍÐÆÝÈÖÕϱØËËÔ ÈÈÓÍËP ÔÐÇÍÃË×
ÑÒÈÇÈÍÐÆ ËÎÈàÔ ÎÈÓÔÐ ÓÆÐÌÓÔÆÄ ÄÏÄÍÐËÙÏÝÈ ÓÆÐÌÓÔÆÄÎ ÑÒÈ
ÇÈÍÐÆ ÖÕϱØËÌ ÐÇÏÐÌ ÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÐÌ ÓÆÃÊÄÏÏÝÈ Ó ÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÄ
ÎË Ó ÑÒÐËÊÆÈÇÈÏËÈÎ Ë ÇÈÍÈÏËÈÎ ÖÕϱØËÌ ÓÎ Ñ vÐÒ
ÎÕÍËÒÐÆ±Ä ßÔË× ÓÆÐÌÓÔÆ Ë Ë× ÇбÄÊÄÔÈÍÞÓÔÆÄ ÐÓÔÄàÔÓà ÑÒÈÉ
ÏËÎËÓÍÈÇÕÈÔÔÐÍÞ±ÐÑÐÇÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄÎËÑÐÏËÎÄÔÞÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ
ÍÈÉÄÛËÈÆQÎÈÒÏÐÎÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÈ
lÐÏÈÙÏÐÑÒËQ!ÏÄÓÍÕÙÄÌÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÌÏÈÑÐÓÒÈÇÓÔÆÈÏ
ÏÐÏÈÐÅÐÅÛÄàÔÓÃÕÔÆÈÒÉÇÈÏËÃÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÄ×ÖÕϱØËÌÐÇÏÐÌÑÈ
ÒÈÎÈÏÏÐÌ ÓÆÃÊÄÏÏÝÈ Ó ÕÑÐÒÃÇÐÙÈÏÏÐÓÔÞà Ë× ÄÒÕÎÈÏÔÄ Ô È
ÕÔÆÈÒÉÇÈÏËÃÐÅÐÇÏÐÓÔÐÒÐÏÏË×ÑÒÈÇÈÍÄ×ËÑÒÈÇÈÍÄ×ÎÐÏÐÔÐÏ
ÏÝ×ÖÕϱØËÌ
±ÐÄÔÐÒÏÝÇÑÒÇÆÇÍÝ
fÍÃÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÌI;{5P;µ5QÑÒËQ!ÏÄÒÃÇÕÓÑÒÈÇÈ
ÍÐÎÆÓÎÝÓÍÈÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËÃ ÎÐÉÏÐÒÄÓÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄÔÞÑÒÈÇÈÍÝÇÒÕ
ÐÐÆËÇÄÄËÎÈÏÏÐÓÆÃÊÄÏÏÝÈÓÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÝÎÑÈÒÈ×ÐÇÐα
ÑÒÈÇÈÍÕÑÐÒÄÊÏÝαÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔÄÎÔÐÙ±Ë[ [[[QÔ È
ÑÒÈÇÈÍÝÆËÇÄ
OLP OLP OLP I[[[Q
[ L → [ L( ) [ L → [ L( ) [ L → [ L( )
Q Q
ÇÈLLLQ µÏȱÐÔÐÒÄÃÑÈÒÈÓÔÄÏÐƱÄÙËÓÈÍQÄ
ÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÈIÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏÐÏÄÑÒËÎÈÒÆÏȱÐÔÐÒÐÌÑÒбÐÍÐÔÐÌ
ËÍËÐÅÝÙÏÐÌбÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔËÔÐÙ±Ë[ [ ( ) [ ( ) [ Q( )tÄ
±ËÈÑÒÈÇÈÍÝÏÄÊÝÆÄàÔÓÃÑÐÆÔÐÒÏÝÎËÑÒÈÇÈÍÄÎË
qÐÆÔÐÒÏÝÌ ÑÈÒÈ×ÐÇ ± ÑÒÈÇÈÍÕ Æ ÓËÍÕ ÓÆÐÈÐ ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËÃ
ÓÆÐÇËÔÓà ± ÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÎÕ ÏÄ×ÐÉÇÈÏËà ÑÒÈÇÈÍÐÆ ÐÔÐÅÒÄ
ÉÈÏËÌÑÐÐÇÏÐÎÕÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÐÎÕtı OLP I[[[QÐÊ
[ L → [ L( )
ÏÄÙÄÈÔÙÔÐÕÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÃI;{5Ö˱ÓËÒÐÆÄÏÝÆÓÈÊÏÄÙÈ
ÏËñÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔ[MM LÈÈÄÒÕÎÈÏÔÄ[ [[[QËÔÈÎ
ÓÄÎÝÎ Õ±ÄÊÄÏÏÝÌ ÑÒÈÇÈÍ ÐÊÏÄÙÄÈÔ ÑÒÈÇÈÍ ÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËà ÑÐ
ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÕ^[ [[[Q[M [ M( )M L` ;
`
± Ò Ê Î Ç Ò rÄÓÓÎÐÔÒËÎ ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏÏÕà ÏÄ ÆÓÈÌ ÑÍÐÓ±ÐÓÔË
ÖÕϱØËà
[VLQ \VLQ ÈÓÍË[ Ë\
I[\ \ [
ÈÓÍË[ ËÍË\
jÓÓÍÈÇÕÈÎÒÄÊÍËÙÏÝÈÈÈÑÒÈÇÈÍÝÆÔÐÙ±ÈpÙÈÆËÇÏÐ
OLP I[\ qÐÆÔÐÒÏÝÈÑÒÈÇÈÍÝ
( [\ ) → ( )
ÕÑÒÑÇÕÑÓÐÞÍÒÓÉÈÉÎ OLP OLP I[\ÔÖÜÉÔÕÇÖÉÕÌ
\ → \ [ → [
± Ò Ê Î Ç Ò rÄÓÓÎÐÔÒËÎÖÕϱØËàI[\ [ VLQ \ ÔÄ
\
ÖÕϱØËà ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏÄ ÆÐ ÆÓÈÌ ÑÍÐÓ±ÐÓÔË ±ÒÐÎÈ ÔÐÙȱ ÐÓË 2[
pÅÐÊÏÄÙËÎÈÈÐÅÍÄÓÔÞÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËÃÙÈÒÈÊ;pÙÈÆËÇÏÐÓÕÛÈÓÔ
ÆÕàÔÑÒÈÇÈÍÝ
OLP I[\ Ë OLP I[\ \
( [\ ) → ( ) [→
[∈;
ÑÐßÔÐÎÕ ÓÐÍÄÓÏÐ ÇбÄÊÄÏÏÐÌ ÔÈÐÒÈÎÈ ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔ Ë ÑÐÆÔÐÒ
ÏÝÌ ÑÒÈÇÈÍ OLP OLP I[ \ ÔÐ ÃÓÏÐ Ë ÏÈÑÐÓÒÈÇÓÔÆÈÏÏÐ
\ → [ →
iÄÎÈÔËÎÙÔÐÇÒÕÐÌÑÐÆÔÐÒÏÝÌÑÒÈÇÈÍ OLP OLP I[\ÆßÔÐÎ
[→ \→
ÓÍÕÙÄÈÏÈÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔ
±ÒÇÆÇÍÊÏÇÑÒÇÒÝÄÏÐÓÔÞ
ÌÐÎÑÐÉÊØÊÊÐÔÐÃÒÂÈÇÏÊË
Ôı Ë Ó ÆÐÊÎÐÉÏÐÓÔÞà ÏÄÍËÙËà ÒÄÊÏÝ× ÒÄÊÎÈÒÏÐÓÔÈÌ Õ ÑÒÐ
ÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆƱÐÔÐÒÝ×ÍÈÉÄÔÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÄÈÎÝÈÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ
qÕÓÔÞQPËS µÑÒÐËÊÆÐÍÞÏÝÈÆÐÐÅÛÈÐÆÐÒÃÒÄÊÍËÙÏÝÈ
ÏÄÔÕÒÄÍÞÏÝÈÙËÓÍÄ;µ5QI µÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÈÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ;Æ
ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐ < µ 5P Ä J µ ÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÈ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ < Æ ÑÒÐ
ÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÐ5SÔ È
I;{<µ5P ;µ5Q J<{5 S
dßÔÐÎÓÍÕÙÄÈËÎÈÈÔÓÎÝÓͱÐÎÑÐÊËØËÃJªIÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÌ
IËJÊÄÇÄÆÄÈÎÄñıËÊÆÈÓÔÏÐÓÎÑ
ÖÐÒÎÕÍÐÌ
JªI[ JI[ [∈;
dßÔÐÌÓËÔÕÄØËËÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÈ\ I[ÙÄÓÔÐÏÄÊÝÆÄàÔÊÄÎÈ
ÏÐÌÏÈÊÄÆËÓËÎÐÌÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÐÌÆÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËËJ\
pÔÎÈÔËÎ ÙÔÐ ÈÓÍË ÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÈ I[ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ ; ÏÈÑÒÈ
ÒÝÆÏÐÆÔÐÙ±È[∈;ÄÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÈJ\ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏÐÆÏȱÐÔÐ
ÒÐÌбÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔËÔÐÙ±Ë\ I[ÔÐÆÓÈÇÄÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔÔıÄÃ
`
бÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔÞ 8[ ÔÐÙ±Ë [ ÙÔÐ ÏÄ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÈ ; 8[ ËÎÈÈÔ
ÓÎÝÓÍ ±ÐÎÑÐÊËØËà J ª I fÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÐ ÑÕÓÔÞ8\ µ бÒÈÓÔ
ÏÐÓÔÞÔÐÙ±Ë\ÏıÐÔÐÒÐÌÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏÐÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÈJ\sÐ
ÍÄÓÏÐ ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËà ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÓÔË ÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÃ ÇÍÃ 8\ ÓÕ
`
ÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔÔıÄÃбÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔÞ8[ÔÐÙ±Ë[ÙÔÐI8[ ;µ8\
`
pÙÈÆËÇÏÐÙÔÐÇÍÃÆÓÈ×ÔÐÙȱ[∈8[ ;ËËÎÈÈÔÓÎÝÓͱÐÎÑÐ
ÊËØËÃJªI
qÕÓÔÞ [ D Ë E µ ±ÐÏÈÙÏÝÈ ËÍË ÅÈÓ±ÐÏÈÙÏÐ ÕÇÄÍÈÏÏÝÈ
ÔÐÙ±Ë ÓÐÐÔÆÈÔÓÔÆÈÏÏÐ ÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆ 5Q 5P Ë 5S ÑÒËÙÈÎ ÈÓÍË
±Ä±ÐÈÔÐËÊÙËÓÈÍQPËÍËSÒÄÆÏÐÈÇËÏËØÈÔÐÓÐÐÔÆÈÔÓÔÆÕà
ÛÄÃÈÎÕËÊÕ±ÄÊÄÏÏÝ×ÔÐÙȱÎÐÉÈÔÅÝÔÞËÅÈÓ±ÐÏÈÙÏÐÓÔÞàÓÐ
ÊÏıÐÎ
´ § ° ² § ® ¢ gÔÎÌÌÏÉÉÕÔÏÞÔβÑÏÒÑËÌÙÌÄJI[[∈;Ì
ÔÖÜÉÔÕÇÖáÕÒÓÉÈÉÎÞ
OLP I[ D
[ → [( )
OLP J\ E
\→D
ÕÑÔÖÜÉÔÕÇÖÉÕÌÒÓÉÈÉÎ
OLP JI[ E
[ → [( )
pÅÜÈÇËÏËÆÖÐÒÎÕÍÝËÑÐÍÕÙËÎ
OLP JI[ OLP J\
[ → [( ) \→D
ÔÄ ÖÐÒÎÕÍÄ ÏÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÓÃ ÖÐÒÎÕÍÐÌ ÊÄÎÈÏÝ ÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÐÐ ÇÍÃ
ÑÒÈÇÈÍÐÆÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÌÖÕϱØËÌ
gÔÎÌ ÑÕÑÆÓÅÊÉÐÌÉ I ÐÉÒÓÉÓÞÇÐÑ Ç ÕÑÚ²É
³ § ¦ ³ ´ ¤ ª §
[∈;µ5QÅÑÕÑÆÓÅÊÉÐÌÉJÐÉÒÓÉÓÞÇÐÑÇÕÑÚ²É\ I[
ÕÑÌزÑÏÒÑËÌÙÌÄJI[ÕŲÊÉÐÉÒÓÉÓÞÇÐÅÇÕÑÚ²É[
qÐßÔÐÎÕÓÐÍÄÓÏÐÑÒÈÇÑÐÍÐÉÈÏËà
OLP JI[N E
N→
qÐÓ±ÐÍÞ±ÕÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞ[NÅÝÍÄÑÒÐËÊÆÐÍÞÏÐÌÑÐ
ÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞà ÕÇÐÆÍÈÔÆÐÒÃàÛÈÌ ÕÓÍÐÆËÃÎ ÒÄ
ÆÈÏÓÔÆÐ ÓÐÍÄÓÏÐ ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËà ÑÒÈÇÈÍÄ ÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÃ
ËÐÊÏÄÙÄÈÔÓÑÒÄÆÈÇÍËÆÐÓÔÞÖÐÒÎÕÍÝ
fÍà ÇбÄÊÄÔÈÍÞÓÔÆÄ ÓÍÈÇÓÔÆËà ÇÐÓÔÄÔÐÙÏÐ ÊÄÎÈÔËÔÞ ÙÔÐ Æ
ÓËÍÕ ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÓÔË ÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÌ I Ë J ÓÐÐÔÆÈÔÓÔÆÈÏÏÐ Æ ÔÐÙ
±Ä×[Ë\ I[ÔÐÙ±Ä[ÑÒËÏÄÇÍÈÉËÔÐÅÍÄÓÔËÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈ
ÏËñÐÎÑÐÊËØËËJI[
sÑÐÎÐÛÞàÔÈÐÒÈÎÝ ÎÐÉÏÐÍȱÐÕÓÔÄÏÐÆËÔÞÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆ
ÏÐÓÔÞ ÖÕϱØËÌ ÏÄËÅÐÍÈÈ ÙÄÓÔÐ ÆÓÔÒÈÙÄàÛË×Óà ÏÄ ÑÒıÔ˱È
ÄËÎÈÏÏÐßÍÈÎÈÏÔÄÒÏÝ×ÖÕϱØËÌÎÏÐË×ÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÝ×
°ÑÒÇÆÇÍÇÏÊÇ vÖвÙÌÌ ÒÑÎÖÚÅáÜÌÉÔÄ ÌË ÒÉÓÉÏÉÐÐÞØ
[[QÔÒÑÏÑÜßá²ÑÐÉÚÐÑÑÚÌÔÎŲÑÏÒÑËÌÙÌÍàÎÉÏÉÐÕÅÓ
ÐÞØ ×ÖвÙÌÍ ÑÈÐÑÑ ÒÉÓÉÏÉÐÐÑÑ ÑÒÉÓÅÙÌÍ ÔÎÑÊÉÐÌÄ ÖÏÐÑ
ÊÉÐÌÄ Ì ÈÉÎÉÐÌÄ ÐÅËÞÇÅáÕÔÄ àÎÉÏÉÐÕÅÓÐÞÏÌ ×ÖвÙÌÄÏÌ
ÒÉÓÉÏÉÐÐÞØ[[Q
[\
\ VLQ
oÄÑÒËÎÈÒ ÖÕϱØËà I[ \ [H [ \ ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓà ßÍÈÎÈÏ
ÔÄÒÏÐÌÖÕϱØËÈÌÇÆÕ×ÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÝ×[Ë\fÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÐ
I[\ [ZZ HYY \]] VLQ WW α
α [\β [\
β
jÊÔÈÐÒÈÎÝ ËÓÐ×ÒÄÏÈÏËÃÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÓÔËÆÓÐÐÔÆÈÔÓÔÆÕà
ÛË×ÔÐÙ±Ä×ÑÒËÄÒËÖÎÈÔËÙÈÓ±Ë×ÐÑÈÒÄØËÃ×ÏÄÇÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÝ
ÎË ÖÕϱØËÃÎË ÓÎ Ñ ÓÍÈÇÕÈÔ ÙÔÐ ÇÔIJÅÄ àÎÉÏÉÐÕÅÓ
ÐÅÄ×ÖвÙÌÄÎáÆÑÑÚÌÔÎÅÒÉÓÉÏÉÐÐÞØÐÉÒÓÉÓÞÇÐÅDzÅÊÈÑÍ
ÕÑÚ²ÉÑÆÎÅÔÕÌÔÇÑÉÑÑÒÓÉÈÉÎÉÐÌÄ
¯ÇÑÒÇÒÝÄÏÝÇÐÔÐÃÒÂÈÇÏÊáÌÐÎÑÂÌÔÐÄ
dÓËÍÕÓÆÐÈÐÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËÃÏËÉÏÃÃËÆÈÒ×ÏÃÃÒÄÏËÎÏÐÉÈÓÔ
ÆÄÃÆÍÃàÔÓÃÔÐÙ±ÄÎËÑÒ˱ÐÓÏÐÆÈÏËÃßÔÐÐÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄjÊÐ
ÒÄÏËÙÈÏÏÐÓÔËÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄI;ÓÍÈÇÕÈÔÙÔÐÈÐÏËÉÏÃÃËÆÈÒ×
ÏÃÃÒÄÏ˱ÐÏÈÙÏÝqÐÓ±ÐÍÞ±ÕI; µÊÄαÏÕÔÐÈÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐ
ÐÏËÓÐÇÈÒÉÄÔÓÃÆÏÈÎÔÐËÐÊÏÄÙÄÈÔÙÔÐÖÕϱØËÃIÇÐÓÔËÄ
ÈÔÏıÐÎÑıÔÈ;ÏÄËÅÐÍÞÚÈÐËÏÄËÎÈÏÞÚÈÐÊÏÄÙÈÏËÌ
i Ä Î È Ù Ä Ï Ë È gÓÍË ÖÕϱØËà ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏÄ ÏÄ ÏȱÐÔÐÒÐÎ
ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÈ ; QÎÈÒÏÐÐ ÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÄ Ë ÈÈ ÊÏÄÙÈÏËÃÎË ÃÆÍÃ
àÔÓà ±ÐÎÑÍȱÓÏÝÈ ÙËÓÍÄ ÔÐ ÐÏÄ ÏÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÓà ÐÒÄÏËÙÈÏÏÐÌ
ÏÄßÔÐÎÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÈÈÓÍËÏÄÏÈÎÐÒÄÏËÙÈÏÄÈÈÄÅÓÐÍàÔÏÄÃÆÈ
ÍËÙËÏÄ
tıËÎÐÅÒÄÊÐÎÐÒÄÏËÙÈÏÏÐÓÔÞ±ÐÎÑÍȱÓÏÐÊÏÄÙÏÐÌÖÕϱ
ØËË ÓÆÐÇËÔÓà ± ÐÒÄÏËÙÈÏÏÐÓÔË ÖÕϱØËË ÑÒËÏËÎÄàÛÈÌ
ÔÐÍޱРÇÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÝÈ ÊÏÄÙÈÏËà µ ÈÈ ÄÅÓÐÍàÔÏÐÌ ÆÈÍËÙËÏÈ
jÊ ßÔÐÐ Æ ÓËÍÕ ÔÈÐÒÈÎÝ ÓÒÄÊÕ ÓÍÈÇÕÈÔ ÙÔÐ ÆÓñÄà ±ÐÎÑ
ÍȱÓÏÐÊÏÄÙÏÄà ÖÕϱØËà ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÄÃ Æ ±ÄÉÇÐÌ ÔÐÙ±È ÏȱÐ
ÔÐÒÐбÐÎÑıÔÄÐÒÄÏËÙÈÏÄÏÄÏÈÎ
oÄÑÐÎÏËÎ ÙÔÐ ÓÐÍÄÓÏÐ ÆÆÈÇÈÏÏÐÌ ÇÍÃ ÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÌ ÔÈÒ
ÎËÏÐÍÐËË ÓÎÑ
ÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÈI;{5P;µ5QÏÄÊÝ
ÆÄÈÔÓÃÇËÅÌÏÐÑÑÈÐÑËÐÅÚÐÞÏËÍËÌÐÝɲÙÌÉÍÈÓÍËÒÄÊÏÝÎÔÐÙ
±ÄÎÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ;ÓÐÐÔÆÈÔÓÔÆÕàÔÑÒËßÔÐÎÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËËÔıÉÈ
ÒÄÊÏÝÈÔÐÙ±ËdßÔÐÎÓÍÕÙÄÈÐÆÐÒÃÔÔıÉÈÙÔÐÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐ;
ÆÊÄËÎÏÐÐÇÏÐÊÏÄÙÏÐ ÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÄÈÔÓÃ ÑÐÓÒÈÇÓÔÆÐÎ ßÔÐÐ ÐÔÐÅÒÄ
ÉÈÏËÃÏÄÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐI;Ô ÈI;{I;ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃÅËȱØËÈÌ
qÒËÆÝÑÐÍÏÈÏËËßÔÐÐÕÓÍÐÆËÃÏÄÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÈI;ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔ
ÐÇÏÐÊÏÄÙÏÐÈ ÐÅÒÄÔÏÐÈ ÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÈ ÐÇÏÐÊÏÄÙÏÄÃ ÐÅÒÄÔÏÄÃ
ÖÕϱØËÃI´\ [ÇÈ[ÔıÐÆÐÙÔÐI[ \Ô ÈI´I[ [
ËÏÄÙÈÐÆÐÒÃÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÈI´IÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃÕÑÊÈÉÔÕÇÉÐÐÞÏÑÕÑ
ÆÓÅÊÉÐÌÉÏÔÐÉÇÈÓÔÆÈÏÏÝÎÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÈÎÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ;ÏÄÊÝ
ÆÄÈÔÓÃÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËȱÐÔÐÒÐȱÄÉÇÐÌÔÐÙ±È[∈;ÓÔÄÆËÔÆÓÐÐÔ
ÆÈÔÓÔÆËÈßÔÕÉÈÔÐÙ±Õ
dÄÉÏÝÎÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃÑÐÏÃÔËÈÐÎÈÐÎÐÒÖÏÐÐÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÃ
°ÑÒÇÆÇÍÇÏÊÇ gÔÎÌÑÕÑÆÓÅÊÉÐÌÉIÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÅ;µ5QÇÒÓÑ
ÔÕÓÅÐÔÕÇÑ5PÇËÅÌÏÐÑÑÈÐÑËÐÅÚÐÑÌÐÉÒÓÉÓÞÇÐÑÐÅ;ÌÑÆÓÅÕ
ÐÑÉÉÏÖÑÕÑÆÓÅÊÉÐÌÉI´ÐÉÒÓÉÓÞÇÐÑÐÅÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÉI;ÕÑI
ÐÅËÞÇÅÉÕÔÄ ÑÏÉÑÏÑÓ×ÐÞÏ ÑÕÑÆÓÅÊÉÐÌÉÏ ÌÎÌ ÑÏÉÑÏÑÓ×ÌË
ÏÑÏÅÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÑI; µÑÏÉÑÏÑÓ×ÐÞÏÑÆÓÅËÑÏÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÅ;
ÌÎÌÚÕÑÕÑÊÉÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÑÏÑÏÉÑÏÑÓ×ÐÞÏÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÖ;
ÓÏÐ ÙÔÐ ÈÓÍË I µ ÐÎÈÐÎÐÒÖËÊÎ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ ; ÔÐ ÐÅ
ÒÄÔÏÐÈÈÎÕÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÈI´ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃÐÎÈÐÎÐÒÖËÊÎÐÎÎÏÐÉÈ
ÓÔÆÄI;
´ § ° ² § ® ¢ oÉÒÓÉÓÞÇÐÑÉ ÇËÅÌÏÐÑÑÈÐÑËÐÅÚÐÑÉ ÑÕÑÆÓÅÊÉ
ÐÌɲÑÏÒŲÕÅÄÇÎÄÉÕÔÄÑÏÉÑÏÑÓ×ÌËÏÑÏ
¦ Ð Ì Â É Â Ô Ç Í Þ Ó Ô Ä Ð qÕÓÔÞ; µ±ÐÎÑıÔ;µ5QËI µÈÐ
ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÈÆÊÄËÎÏÐÐÇÏÐÊÏÄÙÏÐÈÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÈÆÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔ
ÆÐ5PfбÄÉÈÎÙÔÐÐÅÒÄÔÏÐÈÈÎÕÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÈI´ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ
I;µ5PÆÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÐ5QÔıÉÈÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐ
qÕÓÔÞ\\N∈I;ÔÐÇÄ
[ I ´\∈; [N I ´\N∈; N
ËÑÕÓÔÞ
OLP \N \
N→
qбÄÉÈÎÙÔÐ
OLP [N [
N→
gÓÍËÅÝßÔÐÅÝÍÐÏÈÔıÔÐÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÐÆÄÍÐÅÝÔıÐÈε!
ÙÔÐÇÍÃÍàÅÐÐÏÄÔÕÒÄÍÞÏÐÐPÏÄÚÍÐÓÞÅÝÏÄÔÕÒÄÍÞÏÐÈ
NP!P
ÇÍñÐÔÐÒÐÐÆÝÑÐÍÏÃÍÐÓÞÅÝÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐ
_[( NP )´[_Oε
ÑÒËßÔÐÎËÊÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÍÐÅÝÙÔÐ
OLP NP
P→
d ÓËÍÕ ±ÐÎÑıÔÏÐÓÔË ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ ; ËÊ ÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓ
ÔË[ N ∈ ;P ÎÐÉÏÐÆÝÇÈÍËÔÞÓ×ÐÇÃÛÕàÓÃÑÐÇÑÐÓ
P
( NP )
ÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞ [ M M ÑÒÈÇÈͱÐÔÐÒÐÌÑÒËÏÄÇÍÈ
ÉÄÍÅÝ;
( NP )
OLP [ M [∈;
M→
(N )
jÊÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÄÓÍÈÇÕÈÔÆÙÄÓÔÏÐÓÔËÙÔÐ_[ PM ´[_Oε
M qÈÒÈ×ÐÇñÑÒÈÇÈÍÕÑÒËM{ÑÐÍÕÙËÎ_[´[_Oε
sÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐ [ [ Ä ßÔÐ Æ ÓËÍÕ ÆÊÄËÎÏÐÌ ÐÇÏÐÊÏÄÙÏÐÓÔË
ÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÃIÐÊÏÄÙÄÈÔÙÔÐ
I[ I[ \
(N )
pÇÏıÐÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞ^\ PM `ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃÑÐÇÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄ
ÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞà ÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔË ^\N` ËÎÈàÛÈÌ ÓÆÐËÎ ÑÒÈÇÈ
ÍÐÎÔÐÙ±Õ\ËÑÐßÔÐÎÕ
( NP )
OLP \ M OLP \N \
M→ N→
oÐ Æ ÓËÍÕ ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÓÔË ÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËà I Æ ÔÐÙ±È [ ÓÐÍÄÓÏÐ
ËÎÈÈÎ
( NP ) ( NP )
OLP \ M OLP I[ M I[ \
M→ M→
ÔÐËÐÊÏÄÙÄÈÔÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÓÔÞÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÃI ´ÆÍàÅÐÌÔÐÙ±È
\∈I;
fбÄÊÄÏÏÄà ÔÈÐÒÈÎÄ ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓà ÐÅÐÅÛÈÏËÈÎ ÔÈÐÒÈÎÝ Ð ÏÈ
ÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÓÔËÖÕϱØËËÐÅÒÄÔÏÐ̱ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÌÓÔÒÐÐÎÐÏÐ
ÔÐÏÏÐÌÏÄÐÔÒÈʱÈÖÕϱØËË
²ÂÄÏÐÎÇÒÏÂáÏÇÑÒÇÒÝÄÏÐÓÔÞ
dÑÕϱÔÈÔ ÅÝÍÐÆÆÈÇÈÏÐÑÐÏÃÔËÈÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆ
ÏÐÌÖÕϱØËËÏÄÐÔÒÈʱÈÔÐÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËÈÎÐÉÏÐÐÅÐÅÛËÔÞÏÄ
ÓÍÕÙÄÌÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÌI;{5P;µ5QgÓÍËÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÈIÏÈ
ÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÏÄÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÈ;ÔÐÇÍÃÍàÅÐÐε!ËÇÍÃÍàÅÐÌÔÐÙ
±Ë[∈;ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔÔıÐÈδ!ÔÈÎÓÄÎÝÎÊÄÆËÓÃÛÈÈÐÔεË[
ÙÔÐÇÍÃÆÓÈ×ÔÐÙȱ[′∈;ÇÍñÐÔÐÒÝ×_[′´[_δÆÝÑÐÍÏÃÈÔÓÃ
ÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐ_I[′´I[_ε
lıËÆÓÍÕÙÄÈÖÕϱØËÌÐÇÏÐÌÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÐÌÐÔ±ÄÊÐÔÊÄÆË
ÓËÎÐÓÔËÙËÓÍÄδÐÔÔÐÙ±ËÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄÑÒËÆÐÇËÔ±ÑÐÏÃÔËàÒÄÆ
ÏÐÎÈÒÏÐÌÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÓÔË
°ÑÒÇÆÇÍÇÏÊÇ pÕÑÆÓÅÊÉÐÌÉI;{5P;µ5QÐÅËÞÇÅÉÕÔÄ
ÓÅÇÐÑÏÉÓÐÑÐÉÒÓÉÓÞÇÐÞÏÉÔÎÌÈÎÄÎáÆÑÑε!ÔÖÜÉÔÕÇÖÉÕ
ÕŲÑÉδ!ÚÕÑÈÎÄÎáÆÞØÈÇÖØÕÑÚɲ[∈;Ì[′∈;ÕŲÌØ
ÚÕÑ_[′´[_δÇÞÒÑÎÐÄÉÕÔÄÐÉÓÅÇÉÐÔÕÇÑ
_I[′´I[_ε
d ÓËÎÆÐÍËÙÈÓ±ÐÌ ÊÄÑËÓË ßÔÐ ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËÈ ÆÝÍÃÇËÔ ÓÍÈ
ÇÕàÛËÎÐÅÒÄÊÐÎ
!ε! δ! ![[′∈;_[′´[_δ_I[′´I[_ε
Ô ÈÓÏÐÆÄÅÕ±ÆÄÍÞÏÐÈÑÐÆÔÐÒÈÏËÈÊÄÑËÓËÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËÃÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒ
ÏÐÌÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÓÔËÖÕϱØËËÐÇÏÐÌÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÐÌÓÎÔ Ñ
dÓÑÐÎÏËÆ ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËÈ ÇËÄÎÈÔÒÄ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ ÓÎ ÐÑÒÈÇÈ
ÍÈÏËÈ Æ Ñ ÑÐ ÄÏÄÍÐËË ÓÐ ÓÍÕÙÄÈÎ ÙËÓÍÐÆÝ× ÖÕϱ
ØËÌÐÇÏÐÌÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÐÌÍȱÐÕÅÈÇËÔÞÓÃÙÔÐÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËÈÒÄÆ
ÏÐÎÈÒÏÐÌ ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÓÔË ÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÃ ÎÐÉÏÐ ÓÖÐÒÎÕÍËÒÐ
ÆÄÔÞÓÍÈÇÕàÛËÎÐÅÒÄÊÐÎ
°ÑÒÇÆÇÍÇÏÊÇ ′pÕÑÆÓÅÊÉÐÌÉI;{5P;µ5QÐÅËÞÇÅÉÕÔÄ
ÓÅÇÐÑÏÉÓÐÑÐÉÒÓÉÓÞÇÐÞÏÉÔÎÌÈÎÄÎáÆÑÑε!ÔÖÜÉÔÕÇÖÉÕ
ÕŲÑÉ δ ! ÚÕÑ ÈÎÄ ²ÅÊÈÑÑ ÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÅ ( µ ; ÈÌÅÏÉÕ
ÓÅ ÏÉÐßÛÉÑ ÚÉÏ δ GLDP ; δ ÇÞÒÑÎÐÄÉÕÔÄ ÐÉÓÅÇÉÐÔÕÇÑ
GLDP I(ε
sÆÐÌÓÔÆÐ ÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÃ ÅÝÔÞ ÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐ ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÝÎ ÏÄ
ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÈÓÏÐÆÄÑÐÄÏÄÍÐËËÓÐÓÍÕÙÄÈÎÖÕϱØËÌÐÇÏÐÌÑÈÒÈ
ÎÈÏÏÐÌÎÐÉÏÐÐÑËÓÄÔÞÆÔÈÒÎËÏÄ×±ÐÍÈÅÄÏËÃÏÄßÔÐÔÒÄÊÐÔÐ
ÅÒÄÉÈÏËÃÏÄÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÈ
°ÑÒÇÆÇÍÇÏÊÇ fÎÄÑÕÑÆÓÅÊÉÐÌÄI;{5P;µ5QÉѲÑ
ÎÉÆÅÐÌÉÏÐÅÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÉ;ÐÅËÞÇÅÉÕÔÄÚÌÔÎÑ ²ÑÐÉÚÐÑÉÌÎÌ
ÆÉÔ²ÑÐÉÚÐÑÉ
GHI
ωI; GLDP I;
d ßÔË× ÔÈÒÎËÏÄ× ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËÈ ÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐÌ ÏÈÑÒÈ
ÒÝÆÏÐÓÔËÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÃÆÓËÎÆÐÍËÙÈÓ±ÐÌÊÄÑËÓËËÎÈÈÔÆËÇ
!ε! δ! !(µ;GLDP (δωI(ε
´ § ° ² § ® ¢ oÉÒÓÉÓÞÇÐÑÉ ÑÕÑÆÓÅÊÉÐÌÉ ²ÑÏÒŲÕÅ ÓÅÇÐÑ
ÏÉÓÐÑÐÉÒÓÉÓÞÇÐÑ
³ § ¦ ³ ´ ¤ ª § gÔÎÌ ÚÌÔÎÑÇÅÄ ×ÖвÙÌÄ ÐÉÒÓÉÓÞÇÐÅ ÐÅ ²ÑÏ
ÒŲÕÉÕÑÑÐÅÓÅÇÐÑÏÉÓÐÑÐÉÒÓÉÓÞÇÐÅ
¦ Ð Ì Â É Â Ô Ç Í Þ Ó Ô Ä Ð gÓÍËI;{5P µÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÈÐÔÐÅÒÄ
ÉÈÏËȱÐÎÑıÔÄ; µ 5QÔÐÇÍÃÍàÅÐÐε!ËÍàÅÐÌÔÐÙ±Ë
[∈;ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔ ÔıÐÈ δ[ ! ÙÔÐÇÍà ÆÓÈ× ÔÐÙȱ[′∈; ÕÇÐÆ
ÍÈÔÆÐÒÃàÛË×ÕÓÍÐÆËà_[′´[_δ[ÆÝÑÐÍÏÃÈÔÓÃÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐ
_I[′′´I[′_P_I[′′´I[__I[´I[′_ ε ε ε
ÔÐËÐÊÏÄÙÄÈÔÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÕàÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÓÔÞÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÃI
sÍÈÇÓÔÆËÈÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃÙÄÓÔÏÝÎÓÍÕÙÄÈÎÔÈÐÒÈÎÝÑÒËP
fÍà ÖÕϱØËÌ ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÝ× ÏÄ ÐÔÒÈÊ±È ÐÏÐ ÅÝÍÐ ÇбÄÊÄÏÐ
ÒÄÏÞÚÈÓÎÔ Ñ
dÔÈÐÒÈÎÈ ÔÒÈÅÐÆÄÏËÈÔÐÐÙÔÐÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÄÈÎÐÈÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐ
ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓñÐÎÑıÔÐÎÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÈÏÏÐoÄÑÒËÎÈÒÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÄÃË
ÐÒÄÏËÙÈÏÏÄÃÏÄËÏÔÈÒÆÄÍÈÖÕϱØËÃI[ VLQ ÏÈÃÆÍÃ
[
ÈÔÓÃÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÌÔı±Ä±ÑÒËÍàÅÐÎQ
ËÎÈÈÎGLDP I
Q
dÓÄÎÐÎÇÈÍÈÓÐÇÏÐÌÓÔÐÒÐÏÝÇÍÃÍàÅÝ×[′[′′∈ÇÍÃ
ÖÕϱØËËI[ VLQ ËÎÈÈÔÎÈÓÔÐÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐ
[
_I[′′´I[′_ VLQ
´VLQ P VLQ VLQ P
[″ [′ [″ [′
sÇÒÕÐÌ µÇÍÃÍàÅÐÐQ∈1ÏÄÌÇÈÔÓÃÔıÐÈP∈1ÙÔÐ
π πP Q ± π πP Q
tÐÇÄÑÒË[′
[′′ ÅÕÇÈÎËÎÈÔÞ
π πP ± π πP
_I[′′´I[′_ VLQ π´VLQ ´ π Ë [′[″ ∈
Q
( )
ÐÅËÞÇÅÉÕÔÄÏÑÈÖÎÉÏÐÉÒÓÉÓÞÇÐÑÔÕÌàÕÑÑÑÕÑÆÓÅÊÉÐÌÄ
lıËÆÓÍÕÙÄÈÖÕϱØËÌÐÇÏÐÌÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÐÌÎÐÇÕÍÞÏÈÑÒÈ
ÒÝÆÏÐÓÔËÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÃÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃÏÈÐÔÒËØÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÌÆÐÊÒÄÓÔÄà
ÛÈÌÖÕϱØËÈÌÑÒËδ!
pÔÎÈÔËÎ ÐÙÈÆËÇÏÕà ÓÆÃÊÞ ÑÐÏÃÔËÌ ±ÐÍÈÅÄÏËà ÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈ
ÏËÃ Ë ÈÐ ÎÐÇÕÍà ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÓÔË ÏÄ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÈ ±ÐÍÈÅÄÏËÈ
ÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÃIÏÄÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÈ;ÒÄÆÏÐÊÏÄÙÈÏËàÈÐÎÐÇÕÍÃÏÈ
ÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÓÔËωδI;ÏÄßÔÐÎÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÈÑÒËδ GLDP ;Ô È
ωI ; ωGLDP ; I ; Ä ÎÐÇÕÍÞ ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÓÔË ωδ I ;
ÒÄÆÈÏÆÈÒ×ÏÈÌÒÄÏËÇËÄÎÈÔÒÐÆÐÅÒÄÊÐÆI(ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆ(µ;
ÇËÄÎÈÔÒÝ ±ÐÔÐÒÝ× ÏÈ ÑÒÈÆÝÚÄàÔ ÙËÓÍÄ δ ωδ I ;
VXS GLDP I(GLDP(Pδ.
bÏÄÍÐËÙÏÐÓÍÕÙÄàÖÕϱØËËÐÇÏÐÌÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÐÌËÎÈÈÔÎÈÓ
ÔÐÓÍÈÇÕàÛÄÃÔÈÐÒÈÎÄ
´ § ° ² § ® ¢ fÎÄ ÕÑÑ ÚÕÑÆÞ ÑÕÑÆÓÅÊÉÐÌÉ I ; { 5P
; µ 5QÆÞÎÑ ÓÅÇÐÑÏÉÓÐÑ ÐÉÒÓÉÓÞÇÐÑ ÐÅ ÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÉ ; ÐÉ
ÑÆØÑÈÌÏÑÌÈÑÔÕÅÕÑÚÐÑÚÕÑÆÞ OLP ωδI;
δ →
tÈÐÒÈÎÄ ÇбÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÓÃÑÐÙÔËÇÐÓÍÐÆÏÝÎÑÐÆÔÐÒÈÏËÈÎÇÐ
±ÄÊÄÔÈÍÞÓÔÆÄÓÐÐÔÆÈÔÓÔÆÕàÛÈÐÕÔÆÈÒÉÇÈÏËÃÇÍÃÖÕϱØËÌÐÇ
ÏÐÌÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÐÌÓÎÔ Ñ ÑÐßÔÐÎÕÆÓÍÕÙÄÈÆÏÕÔÒÈÏÏÈÌ
ÑÐÔÒÈÅÏÐÓÔËÑÒÐÆÈÇÈÏËÈÈÈÇбÄÊÄÔÈÍÞÓÔÆÄÎÐÉÈÔÅÝÔÞÑÒÈÇÐÓ
ÔÄÆÍÈÏÐÙËÔÄÔÈÍà
nÝÆËÇÈÍËÆÝÚÈÓÎÑ ÙÔÐÏÄÐÔÒÈʱÈ>@ωδ[
δ´δÑÐßÔÐÎÕ OLP ωδ[ ËÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÖÕϱØËÃ[
δ →
ÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐ ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÄ ÏÄ ßÔÐÎ ÐÔÒÈÊ±È ±Ä± Ë ÇÐÍÉÏÐ ÅÝÔÞ
ÓÐÍÄÓÏÐÔÈÐÒÈÎÈ nÐÇÕÍÞÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÓÔËÔÐÌÉÈÖÕϱØËË[
ÏÐÕÉÈÒÄÓÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄÈÎÐÌÏÄÆÓÈÌÆÈÛÈÓÔÆÈÏÏÐÌÐÓËÔıÉȱı
ËÎÐÇÕÍËÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÓÔËω δVLQ [ Ëω δ [
[ [
ÏÈÓÔÒÈÎËÔÓñÏÕÍàÑÒËδ{ÑÐßÔÐÎÕÆÓÈßÔËÖÕϱØËËÏÈ
ÃÆÍÃàÔÓÃÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÝÎËÏÄÓÐÐÔÆÈÔÓÔÆÕàÛË×ÎÏÐ
ÉÈÓÔÆÄ×
iÇÊÇÛÇ qÕÓÔÞ * µ ÐÅÍÄÓÔÞ Æ 5Q Ë I * { 5 fбÄÊÄÔÞ ÙÔÐ ÈÓÍË
OLP ω ( δI* )
ÔÐI µÑÐÓÔÐÃÏÏÄÃÖÕϱØËÃ
δ → δ
sÑÐÎÐÛÞàÇбÄÊÄÏÏÝ×ÓÆÐÌÓÔÆÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÝ×ÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÌ
ÎÐÉÏÐ ÑÐÍÕÙËÔÞ ÐÇÏÐ ÑÐÍÈÊÏÐÈ ÇÍÃ ÇÄÍÞÏÈÌÚÈÐ ÓÆÐÌÓÔÆÐ ÐÅ
ÍÄÓÔÈÌÔ ÈÐÔ±ÒÝÔÝ×ÍËÏÈÌÏÐÓÆÃÊÏÝ×ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆ ÓÎÑ
sÖÐÒÎÕÍËÒÕÈÎßÔÐÓÆÐÌÓÔÆÐÆÆËÇÈÍÈÎÎÝ
§ ® ® ¢ pÕ²ÓÞÕÑÉÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÑÄÇÎÄÉÕÔÄÑÆÎÅÔÕßáÕÑÈÅ
Ì ÕÑÎß²Ñ ÕÑÈÅ ²ÑÈÅ ÎáÆÞÉ ÈÇÉ ÉÑ ÕÑÚ²Ì ÏÑÊÐÑ ÔÑÉÈÌ
ÐÌÕßÙÉÎ̲ÑÏÎÉÊÅÜÉÍÇÐÉÏÎÑÏÅÐÑÍ
¦ Ð Ì Â É Â Ô Ç Í Þ Ó Ô Ä Ð fÐÓÔÄÔÐÙÏÐÓÔÞÓÖÐÒÎÕÍËÒÐÆÄÏÏÐÐÕÓÍÐ
ÆËÃÏÈÔÒÈÅÕÈÔÇбÄÊÄÔÈÍÞÓÔÆÄdÓÄÎÐÎÇÈÍÈÈÓÍËÕÏȱÐÔÐÒÐÐ
ÐÔ±ÒÝÔÐÐ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ * µ 5Q ÍàÅÝÈ ÇÆÈ ÔÐÙ±Ë ÎÐÉÏÐ ÓÐÈÇË
ÏËÔÞÏȱÐÔÐÒÐÌÍÐÎÄÏÐÌØÈÍ˱ÐÎÍÈÉÄÛÈÌÆÏÈÎÔÐÑÐÓ±ÐÍÞ
±ÕÆÓñÄÃÍÐÎÄÏÄÃÃÆÍÃÈÔÓñÒËÆÐÌÓÎÔÑÍàÅÝÈ
ÇÆÈÔÐÙ±ËÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ*бÄÊÝÆÄàÔÓÃÓÐÈÇËÏËÎÝÎËÆÏÈαÒË
ÆÐÌÙÔÐËÐÊÏÄÙÄÈÔÓÐÍÄÓÏÐÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËàÓÎÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËÈ
ÆÑ ÙÔÐÐÔ±ÒÝÔÐÈÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐ*ÍËÏÈÌÏÐÓÆÃÊÏÐÔ ÈÃÆ
ÍÃÈÔÓÃÐÅÍÄÓÔÞàÓÎÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËÈÔÄÎÉÈ
fбÄÉÈÎ ÏÈÐÅ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔÞ ÕÓÍÐÆËÌ ÍÈÎÎÝ qÕÓÔÞ * µ ÐÅ
ÍÄÓÔÞÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÄ5QrÄÓÓÎÐÔÒËÎÔÐÙ±Ë[∈*Ë\∈*sÐÍÄÓ
ÏÐÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËàÐÅÍÄÓÔËÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔ±ÒËÆÄÃΓ ^UWDPWPE`
ÓÐÈÇËÏÃàÛÄÃÆ*ÔÐÙ±Ë[Ë\Ô ÈUD [UE \ËUW∈*
DPWPElÒËÆÄÃΓÑÒÈÇÓÔÄÆÍÃÈÔÓÐÅÐÌÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÝÌÐÅÒÄÊÑÒË
ÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËË UW ÐÔÒÈ汀 >D E@ ÃÆÍÃàÛÈÐÓà ±ÐÎÑıÔÐÎ Ë
ÑÐßÔÐÎÕ ÓÎ ÔÈÐÒÈÎÕ ÓÄÎÄ ÅÕÇÈÔ ±ÐÎÑıÔÐÎ tı ±Ä± ±ÐÎ
ÑıÔΓÏÈÑÈÒÈÓȱÄÈÔÓÃÓÊÄαÏÕÔÝÎÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐÎ5Q?*ÔÐÒÄÓ
ÓÔÐÃÏËÈÎÈÉÇÕÏËÎËÅÐÍÞÚÈÏÕÍÃÓÎÍÈÎÎÕÆÑ sÍÈ
ÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔÔıÐÈÙËÓÍÐη!ÙÔÐρΓ5Q?*!η
pÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÈUWDPWPEÐÔÒÈʱÄ>DE@ÅÕÇÕÙËÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆ
ÏÝÎÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃËÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÝÎÓÎÔÈÐÒÈÎÕ qÐ
ßÔÐÎÕÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔÔıÐÈδ!ÙÔÐÇÍÃÍàÅÝ×ÇÆÕ×ÔÐÙȱW′∈>DE@
ËW′′ ∈ >DE@ÕÇÐÆÍÈÔÆÐÒÃàÛË×ÕÓÍÐÆËà_W′′´W′_δÆÝÑÐÍÏÃÈÔÓÃ
ÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐρUW′′UW′ηpÔÓàÇÄÆÝÔȱÄÈÔÙÔÐÇÍÃÍàÅÐÐ
ÒÄÊÅËÈÏËÃτ { W L } LL NÐÔÒÈʱÄ>DE@ÎÈͱÐÓÔË_τ_δÆÓÈÔÐÙ±ËÍÐ
ÎÄÏÐÌλτÓÆÈÒÚËÏÄÎËUWLL NÅÕÇÕÔÓÐÇÈÒÉÄÔÞÓÃÆ*
ÑÐÙÈÎÕ"sÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐλτµ*
oÄÙÄÍÐÎ˱ÐÏØÐÎÍÐÎÄÏÐÌλτÃÆÍÃàÔÓÃÓÐÐÔÆÈÔÓÔÆÈÏÏÐÏÄ
ÙÄÍÐ˱ÐÏÈرÒËÆÐÌΓÔ ÈÑÒÐËÊÆÐÍÞÏÐÊÄÇÄÏÏÝÈÔÐÙ±Ë[Ë\
ËÊ*ÑÐßÔÐÎÕÏÄÎËÇбÄÊÄÏÐÙÔÐÍàÅÝÈÇÆÈÔÐÙ±ËÐÅÍÄÓÔËÎÐ
ÕÔÅÝÔÞÓÐÈÇËÏÈÏÝÆÏÈÌÍÐÎÄÏÐÌ
¯ÇÑÒÇÒÝÄÏÝÇÐÔÐÃÒÂÈÇÏÊá
ÍÊÏÇËÏÐÓÄáÉÏÝ×ÎÏÐÈÇÓÔÄ
qÒÈÉÇÈÆÓÈÐÐÑÒÈÇÈÍËÎÙÔÐÅÕÇÈÎÑÐÏËÎÄÔÞÑÐÇÐÅÒÄÊÐαÒË
ÆÐÌÑÒËÊÄÇÄÏÏÐÎÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÎÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËË
qÕÓÔÞΓ ^[WDPWPE`µ ±ÒËÆÄÃÆÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÈ5QËI µ
ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÈ ÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÈ ÈÈ ÏÐÓËÔÈÍÃ Æ ÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÐ 5P
lÒËÆÄÃÆÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÈ5PÑÒÈÇÓÔÄÆÍÈÏËÈαÐÔÐÒÐÌÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃ
ÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÈI[WDPWPEÐÔÒÈʱÄ>DE@ÆÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÐ5P
ÏÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÓÃÑÆÓÅËÑÏIΓ²ÓÌÇÑÍΓÒÓÌÑÕÑÆÓÅÊÉÐÌÌI
fбÄÉÈÎÔÈÑÈÒÞÓÍÈÇÕàÛÕàÑÒÐÓÔÕàÔÈÐÒÈÎÕ
´ § ° ² § ® ¢ oÉÒÓÉÓÞÇÐÞÍ ÑÆÓÅË ÎÌÐÉÍÐÑ ÔÇÄËÐÑÑ ÏÐÑÊÉ
ÔÕÇÅÄÇÎÄÉÕÔÄÎÌÐÉÍÐÑÔÇÄËÐÞÏÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÑÏ
¦ Ð Ì Â É Â Ô Ç Í Þ Ó Ô Ä Ð qÕÓÔÞ ; µ ÍËÏÈÌÏÐ ÓÆÃÊÏÐÈ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔ
ÆÐ;µ5QËI µÈÐÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÈÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÈÆÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔ
ÆÐ5PqÕÓÔÞ< I;Ë\′∈<\′′∈<tÐÇÄÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕàÔÔıËÈ
ÔÐÙ±Ë [′∈; Ë [′′∈; ÙÔÐ I[′ \′ I[′′ \′′ d ÓËÍÕ ÍËÏÈÌ
ÏÐÌÓÆÃÊÏÐÓÔËÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ;ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔÔıÄñÒËÆÄÃΓ ^[W
DPWPE`ÙÔÐ[D [′[E [′′ËÇÍÃÆÓÈ×W∈>DE@ÆÝÑÐÍÏÃ
ÈÔÓà ƱÍàÙÈÏËÈ [W∈; pÙÈÆËÇÏÐ ÙÔÐ ±ÒËÆÄà IΓ ^I[W
DPWPE`ÓÐÈÇËÏÃÈÔÔÐÙ±Ë\′Ë\′′ÆÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÈ<Ô ÈI[D
I[′ \′I[E I[′′ \′′ËÇÍÃÆÓÈ×W∈>DE@ÆÝÑÐÍÏÃÈÔÓÃ
ƱÍàÙÈÏËÈ I[W I[∈< ÔÐ Ë ÐÊÏÄÙÄÈÔ ÙÔÐ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐ <
ÍËÏÈÌÏÐÓÆÃÊÏÐ
fбÄÉÈÎ ÔÈÑÈÒÞ ÔÈÐÒÈÎÕ Ð ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÝ× ÙËÓÍÐÆÝ× ÖÕϱ
ØËÃ×ÏÄÍËÏÈÌÏÐÓÆÃÊÏÝ×ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ×ÐÅÐÅÛÄàÛÕàÔÈÐÒÈÎÕ
lÐÚË Ð ÑÒÐÎÈÉÕÔÐÙÏÝ× ÊÏÄÙÈÏËÃ× ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÝ× ÏÄ ÐÔÒÈʱÈ
ÖÕϱØËÌ
´ § ° ² § ® ¢ vÖвÙÌÄ ÐÉÒÓÉÓÞÇÐÅÄ ÐÅ ÎÌÐÉÍÐÑ ÔÇÄËÐÑÏ
ÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÉÒÓÌÐÌÏÅIJŲÌÉÎÌÆÑÈÇÅËÐÅÚÉÐÌÄÒÓÌÐÌÏÅÉÕ
ÌÎáÆÑÉÒÓÑÏÉÊÖÕÑÚÐÑÉÏÉÊÈÖÐÌÏÌËÐÅÚÉÐÌÉ
vÖвÙÌÄÐÉÒÓÉÓÞÇÐÅÄÐÅËÅÏÞ²ÅÐÌÌÎÌÐÉÍ
³ § ¦ ³ ´ ¤ ª §
ÐÑÔÇÄËÐÑÑÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÅÒÓÌÐÌÏÅIJŲÌÉÎÌÆÑÈÇÅËÐÅÚÉÐÌÄ
ÒÓÌÐÌÏÅÉÕÌÎáÆÑÉÒÓÑÏÉÊÖÕÑÚÐÑÉÏÉÊÈÖÐÌÏÌËÐÅÚÉÐÌÉ
³ § ¦ ³ ´ ¤ ª § vÖвÙÌÄ ÐÉÒÓÉÓÞÇÐÅÄ ÐÅ ÑÆÎÅÔÕÌ ÌÎÌ ÐÅ
ËÅÏÞ²ÅÐÌÌ ÑÆÎÅÔÕÌ ÒÓÌÐÌÏÅÄ ²Å²ÌÉÎÌÆÑ ÈÇÅ ËÐÅÚÉÐÌÄ
ÒÓÌÐÌÏÅÉÕÌÎáÆÑÉÒÓÑÏÉÊÖÕÑÚÐÑÉÏÉÊÈÖÐÌÏÌËÐÅÚÉÐÌÉ
¦ Ð Ì Â É Â Ô Ç Í Þ Ó Ô Ä Ð qÕÓÔÞ ; µ ÍËÏÈÌÏÐ ÓÆÃÊÏÐÈ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔ
ÆÐ ; µ 5Q ÖÕϱØËà I ; { 5 ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÄ ÏÄ ; [∈;
[∈; I[ $ I[ % Ë ÏÄÑÒËÎÈÒ $ & % d ÓËÍÕ
ÍËÏÈÌÏÐÌ ÓÆÃÊÏÐÓÔË ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ ; ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔ ÔıÄà ±ÒËÆÄÃ
Γ ^[WDPWPE`ÍÈÉÄÛÄÃÆ;ÙÔÐ[ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃÏÄÙÄÍÐÎÄ
[ µÈȱÐÏØÐÎ[D [[E [vÕϱØËÃ)W I[W
DPWPEÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÄÏÄÐÔÒÈʱÈ>DE@±Ä±±ÐÎÑÐÊËØËÃÏÈÑÒÈ
ÒÝÆÏÝ×ÖÕϱØËÌI[Ë[WlÒÐÎÈÔÐÐ
)D I[D I[ $ )E I[E I[ %
qÐßÔÐÎÕÓÐÍÄÓÏÐÔÈÐÒÈÎÈlÐÚËÐÑÒÐÎÈÉÕÔÐÙÏÝ×ÊÏÄÙÈÏËÃ×
ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÝ×ÏÄÐÔÒÈʱÈÖÕϱØËÌÓÎÔ Ñ ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕ
ÈÔÔıÐÈW∈>DE@ÙÔÐ)W &qÐÍÄÄÃ[ [WÑÐÍÕÙËÎ
I[ I[W )W &
fбÄÉÈÎ ÑÈÒÆÐÈ ÓÍÈÇÓÔÆËÈ qÕÓÔÞ ÖÕϱØËà I ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÄ
ÏÄÊÄÎݱÄÏËË ;ÍËÏÈÌÏÐÓÆÃÊÏÐÐÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ;µ5Q[∈ ;
[∈ ;I[ $I[ %ËÏÄÑÒËÎÈÒ$&%dÓËÍÕÏÈ
ÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÓÔËÖÕϱØËËIÆÔÐÙ±È[ÇÍÃε &´$!ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕ
`
ÈÔÔıÐÈδ!ÙÔÐÇÍÃÆÓÈ×[∈ ; 8[δÆÝÑÐÍÏÃÈÔÓÃÏÈÒÄ
ÆÈÏÓÔÆÐ_I[´$_ε &´$ËÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐ
I[&
qÐÓ±ÐÍÞ±Õ [ µ ÔÐÙ±Ä ÑÒ˱ÐÓÏÐÆÈÏËà ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ ; Æ ÈÈ
δбÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔË8[δÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔÔÐÙ±Ä\ÑÒËÏÄÇÍÈÉÄÛÄÃ
ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÕ;
\∈; 8[δ
`
³ÄÐËÓÔÄÂÏÇÑÒÇÒÝÄÏÝ×ÐÔÐÃÒÂÈÇÏÊË
qÒËÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÝ×ÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÃ×ÐÅÒÄÊÐÔ±ÒÝÔÐÐÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ
ÏÈ ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓà ÆÐÐÅÛÈ ÐÆÐÒà ÐÔ±ÒÝÔÝÎ Ä ÊÄαÏÕÔÐÐ µ ÊÄÎ
±ÏÕÔÝÎ ÔÐ ÆËÇÏÐ ÕÉÈ ÏÄ ÑÒËÎÈÒÈ ÙËÓÍÐÆÝ× ÖÕϱØËÌ ÐÇ
ÏÐÌ ÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÐÌ tı ÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÈ \ VLQ [ ÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÄÈÔ ËÏ
ÔÈÒÆÄÍπ µÐÔ±ÒÝÔÐÈÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐ µÏÄÑÐÍÕËÏÔÈÒÆÄÍ@
±ÐÔÐÒÝÌ ÏÈ ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓà ÐÔ±ÒÝÔÝÎ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐÎ Ä ÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÈ
\ DUFWJ [ ÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÄÈÔ ÙËÓÍÐÆÕà ÑÒÃÎÕà µ ÊÄαÏÕÔÐÈ ÎÏÐ
ÉÈÓÔÆÐ µÏÄËÏÔÈÒÆÄÍ´ππÏÈÃÆÍÃàÛËÌÓÃÊÄαÏÕÔÝÎ
ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐÎtÐÙÔÐÆÑÐÓÍÈÇÏÈÎÑÒËÎÈÒÈƱÄÙÈÓÔÆÈÊÄαÏÕ
ÔÐÐÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄÆÊÃÔÐÏÈÐÒÄÏËÙÈÏÏÐÈÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐÏÈÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃ
ÓÍÕÙÄÌÏÝÎ Ôı ±Ä± ÐÒÄÏËÙÈÏÏÐÈ ÊÄαÏÕÔÐÈ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐ ÅÕ
ÇÕÙË ±ÐÎÑıÔÐÎ ÓÐÍÄÓÏÐ ÔÈÐÒÈÎÈ ÑÒË ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÎ ÐÔÐ
ÅÒÄÉÈÏËË ÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÄÈÔÓÃ Æ ±ÐÎÑÄ±Ô Ë ÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐ Æ ÊÄÎ
±ÏÕÔÐÈÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐqбÄÉÈÎÙÔÐÇÍÃÑÒÐÐÅÒÄÊÐÆÐÔ±ÒÝÔÝ×Ë
ÊÄαÏÕÔÝ×ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÇÈÍÐÐÅÓÔÐËÔËÏÄÙÈ
§ ® ® ¢ gÔÎÌ ÑÕÑÆÓÅÊÉÐÌÉ I*{5P* µ 5QËÅÈÅÐÑ ÐÅ
ÑÕ²ÓÞÕÑÏÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÉ*ÕÑÑÐÑÐÉÒÓÉÓÞÇÐÑÇÕÑÚ²É[∈*
ÕÑÈÅÌÕÑÎß²ÑÕÑÈŲÑÈÅÈÎÄÎáÆÑÍѲÓÉÔÕÐÑÔÕÌ9ÕÑÚ
²ÌI[ÔÖÜÉÔÕÇÖÉÕÕŲÅÄѲÓÉÔÕÐÑÔÕß8ÕÑÚ²Ì[ÚÕÑ
I8µ9 8µ*
tıËÎ ÐÅÒÄÊÐÎ Æ ÐÔÍËÙËÈ ÐÔ ÐÅÛÈÐ ÓÍÕÙÄà ÓÎ
ÊÇÈÓÞÎÐÉÏÐÏÈÅÒÄÔÞÑÈÒÈÓÈÙÈÏËÈбÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔË 8 ÔÐÙ±Ë[Ó
ÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÄÈÎÝÎÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐÎ*
¦ Ð Ì Â É Â Ô Ç Í Þ Ó Ô Ä Ð gÓÍËI*{5PÇÈ* µÐÔ±ÒÝÔÐÈÆÑÒÐ
ÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÈ5QÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐËÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÈIÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÆÔÐÙ±È
[∈*Ô È OLP I[ I[ÔÐÓÐÍÄÓÏÐÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËà ÑÒÈ
[ → [( )
ÇÈÍÄ ÇÍà ÍàÅÐÌ Ð±ÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔË 9 ÔÐÙ±Ë I[ ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔ ÔıÄÃ
бÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔÞ 8 ÔÐÙ±Ë [ ÙÔÐ ÇÍà ÏÈÈ ÆÝÑÐÍÏÃÈÔÓà ÕÓÍÐÆËÈ
`
Ô ÈÆÇÄÏÏÐÎÓÍÕÙÄÈI* 8µ9
`
qÐÓ±ÐÍÞ±ÕÑÈÒÈÓÈÙÈÏËÈ8 * 8ÐÔ±ÒÝÔÝ×ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆ*Ë8
ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃÐÔ±ÒÝÔÝÎÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐÎËÓÐÇÈÒÉËÔÔÐÙ±Õ[ÐÏÐÔı
ÉÈ ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓà бÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔÞà ßÔÐÌ ÔÐÙ±Ë Ë I8 µ 9 d±ÍàÙÈÏËÈ
ÇбÄÊÄÏÐ
pÅÒÄÔÏÐÈ ÕÔÆÈÒÉÇÈÏËÈ Ô È ÙÔÐ ËÊ ÆÝÑÐÍÏÈÏËÃ ÕÓÍÐÆËÃ
ÆÝÔȱÄÈÔ ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÓÔÞ ÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËà I Æ ÔÐÙ±È [
ÓÍÈÇÕÈÔ ÏÈÑÐÓÒÈÇÓÔÆÈÏÏÐ ËÊ ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËÃ ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÓÔË
`
Ôı±Ä±8 µ *ËÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐ* 8 8
´ § ° ² § ® ¢ pÕÑÆÓÅÊÉÐÌÉI*{5PÑÕ²ÓÞÕÑÑÏÐÑÊÉÔÕ
ÇÅ*µ5QÐÉÒÓÉÓÞÇÐÑÕÑÈÅÌÕÑÎß²ÑÕÑÈŲÑÈÅÒÓÑÑÆÓÅË
ÇÔIJÑÑÑÕ²ÓÞÕÑÑÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÅÄÇÎÄÉÕÔÄÑÕ²ÓÞÕÞÏÏÐÑÊÉ
ÔÕÇÑÏ
¦ Ð Ì Â É Â Ô Ç Í Þ Ó Ô Ä Ð qÕÓÔÞÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÈIÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÏÄÐÔ
±ÒÝÔÐÎÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÈ*9 µÐÔ±ÒÝÔÐÈÆ5PÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐË[∈I ´9
nÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐ9ÆÓËÍÕÓÆÐÈÌÐÔ±ÒÝÔÐÓÔËÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃбÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔÞà
ÔÐÙ±Ë \ I[∈9 sÐÍÄÓÏÐ ÍÈÎÎÈ ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔ ÔıÄà бÒÈÓÔ
ÏÐÓÔÞ8ÔÐÙ±Ë[ÙÔÐI8µ9ËÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐ8µI ´9Ô È
ÇÍñÄÉÇÐÌÔÐÙ±Ë[ÑÒÐÐÅÒÄÊÄI ´9ÐÔ±ÒÝÔÐÐÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ9ÓÕ
ÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔÈÈбÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔÞ8ÓÐÇÈÒÉÄÛÄÃÓÃÆßÔÐÎÑÒÐÐÅÒÄÊÈÔÐ
ËÐÊÏÄÙÄÈÔÙÔÐÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐI ´9ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃÐÔ±ÒÝÔÝÎ
qÕÓÔÞ ÔÈÑÈÒÞ ÑÒË ÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËËI ÑÒÐÐÅÒÄÊ ÆÓñÐÐÐÔ±ÒÝ
ÔÐÐÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ µÐÔ±ÒÝÔÐÈÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐË[∈*tÐÇııÐÆÄ
ÅÝ ÏË ÅÝÍÄ Ð±ÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔÞ 9 ÔÐÙ±Ë I[ ÐÏÄ ÅÕÇÕÙË ÐÔ±ÒÝÔÝÎ
ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐÎËÎÈÈÔÓÆÐËÎÑÒÐÐÅÒÄÊÐÎ
8 I ´9
µ ÔıÉÈ ÐÔ±ÒÝÔÐÈ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐ ±ÐÔÐÒÐÈ ÑÐßÔÐÎÕ ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓà б
ÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔÞàÔÐÙ±Ë[∈8jÊÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÄÓÍÈÇÕÈÔÙÔÐI8
9 Ë ÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐ ÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÈ I ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐ Æ ÔÐÙ±È
[∈*
± Ò Ê Î Ç Ò rÄÓÓÎÐÔÒËÎÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÈÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÈI5{5
ÊÄÇÄÏÏÐÈÖÐÒÎÕÍÐÌ
\
I[\ [
´
D E
sÐÍÄÓÏÐ ÍÈÎÎÈ ÑÒÐÐÅÒÄÊ ÐÔ±ÒÝÔÐÐ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ ´
[
Ô ÈÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐÔÐÙȱ[\ÕÇÐÆÍÈÔÆÐÒÃàÛË×ÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÕ
D
\ËÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÐÓÔÄÆÍÃàÛË×ÆÏÕÔÒÈÏÏÐÓÔÞßÍÍËÑ
E
ÓÄÄÔıÉÈÑÒÐÐÅÒÄÊÐÔ±ÒÝÔÐÐÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄÔ ÈÎÏÐ
ÉÈÓÔÆÐÔıË×ÔÐÙȱ[\ÙÔÐ [ \
!ßÔËÔÐÙ±ËÐÅÒÄÊÕàÔ
D E
ÆÏÈÚÏÐÓÔÞßÍÍËÑÓÄÃÆÍÃàÔÓÃÐÔ±ÒÝÔÝÎËÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄÎË
dÐÐÅÛÈ ÈÓÍË I 5Q { 5 µ ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÄà ÏÄ 5Q ÖÕϱØËà ÔÐ
ÇÍÃÍàÅÐÐÙËÓÍÄD∈5ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ^[I[D[∈5Q`Ë^[I[!D
[∈5Q`ÃÆÍÃàÔÓÃÐÔ±ÒÝÔÝÎËÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄÎ˱ıÑÒÐÐÅÒÄÊÝÐÔ±ÒÝ
ÔÝ×ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆ´DËD
qÒËÐÎÈÐÎÐÒÖÏÐÎÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËËÓÎÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËÈ ÆÑ
ÐÔ±ÒÝÔÐÐ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ ÏÄ ÐÔ±ÒÝÔÐÈ ÐÅÒÄÊÝ ÐÔ±ÒÝÔÝ× ÑÐÇÎÏÐ
ÉÈÓÔÆ ÔıÉÈ ÐÔ±ÒÝÔÝ fÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÐ ÈÓÍË I µ ÐÎÈÐÎÐÒÖÏÐÈ
ÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÈÐÔ±ÒÝÔÐÐÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ*ÏÄÐÔ±ÒÝÔÐÈI* 8 µ ÐÔ
±ÒÝÔÐÈÑÐÇÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ*Ë9 I8ÔÐÆÓËÍÕÆÊÄËÎ
ÏÐÌÐÇÏÐÊÏÄÙÏÐÓÔËÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÃIËÎÈÈÎ8 I ´9ÄßÔÐÐÊÏÄ
ÙÄÈÔÙÔÐÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐ8ÑÒÈÇÓÔÄÆÍÃÈÔÓÐÅÐÌÐÅÒÄÊÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ9
ÑÒËÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËËI ´sÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐ9ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃÑÒÐ
ÐÅÒÄÊÐÎÑÒËÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËËI ´ÐÔ±ÒÝÔÐÐÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ8sÐÍÄÓÏÐ
ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËàÐÎÈÐÎÐÒÖËÊÎÄÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÈI ´ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐtÄ
±ËÎÐÅÒÄÊÐÎÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐ9ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃÑÒÐÐÅÒÄÊÐÎÐÔ±ÒÝÔÐÐÎÏÐ
ÉÈÓÔÆÄ 8 ÑÒË ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÎ ÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËË I ´ ÐÔ±ÒÝÔÐÐ ÎÏÐ
ÉÈÓÔÆÄI*ÑÐßÔÐÎÕÆÓËÍÕÔÈÐÒÈÎÝÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐ9ÐÔ±ÒÝÔÐ
pÔÎÈÔËÎ ÙÔÐ Æ ÔÐÑÐÍÐËË ÇбÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÓà ÙÔÐ ÐÎÈÐÎÐÒÖ
ÏÝÌ ÐÅÒÄÊ ÐÔ±ÒÝÔÐÐ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ QÎÈÒÏÐÐ ÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÄ ÎÐ
ÉÈÔ ÅÝÔÞ ÐÔ±ÒÝÔÝÎ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐÎ ÔÐÍÞ±Ð Æ ÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÈ ÔÐÐ
ÉÈÙËÓÍÄËÊÎÈÒÈÏËÌ
´ § ° ² § ® ¢ pÕÑÆÓÅÊÉÐÌÉI;{5PËÅϲÐÖÕÑÑÏÐÑÊÉ
ÔÕÇÅ;µ5QÐÉÒÓÉÓÞÇÐÑÕÑÈÅÌÕÑÎß²ÑÕÑÈŲÑÈÅÒÓÑÑÆ
ÓÅË ÇÔIJÑÑ ËÅϲÐÖÕÑÑ ÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÅ ÄÇÎÄÉÕÔÄ ËÅϲÐÖÕÞÏ
ÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÑÏ
¦ Ð Ì Â É Â Ô Ç Í Þ Ó Ô Ä Ð qÕÓÔÞ ÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÈ I ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐ ÏÄ
ÊÄαÏÕÔÐÎ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÈ ; < µ ÊÄαÏÕÔÐÈ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐ Æ ÑÒÐ
ÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÈ5PË[ µÔÐÙ±ÄÑÒ˱ÐÓÏÐÆÈÏËÃÑÒÐÐÅÒÄÊÄ
I ´<µ;
ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ<
[∈ I ±<
nÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐ; µÊÄαÏÕÔÐ; ; ÑÐßÔÐÎÕ
[ ∈ I ±< µ ; ;
( ) ( )
ËÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÈIÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏÐÆÔÐÙ±È[
qбÄÉÈÎÙÔÐI[∈<jÊÔÐÐÙÔÐ[ µÔÐÙ±ÄÑÒ˱ÐÓÏÐÆÈ
ÏËÃÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄI ´<ÓÍÈÇÕÈÔÙÔÐÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔÔıÄÃÑÐÓÍÈÇÐ
ÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞÔÐÙȱ
[N∈I ´< N
ÙÔÐ
OLP [N [
N→
qÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞ \N
I[N N ËÎÈÈÔ ÑÒÈÇÈÍ
Ôı±Ä±ÆÓËÍÕÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÓÔËÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÃIÆÔÐÙ±È[ËÎÈÈÎ
OLP \N OLP I[N I[
N→ N→
ÆÈ 5P \∈8 qÐÓ±ÐÍÞ±Õ 9 µ ÐÔ±ÒÝÔÐÈ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐ
5P?9ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃÊÄαÏÕÔÝÎËÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÊÄαÏÕÔÝÎÅÕÇÈÔË
ÈÐÑÒÐÐÅÒÄÊI ´5P?9qÐßÔÐÎÕÇÐÑÐÍÏÈÏËÈ8 5Q?I ´5P?9Æ
ÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÈ5QßÔÐÐÑÒÐÐÅÒÄÊÄÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃÐÔ±ÒÝÔÝÎÎÏÐÉÈÓÔ
ÆÐÎ pÏÐ ÓÐÇÈÒÉËÔ ÔÐÙ±Õ [ fÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÐ [ I ´\ ∈
∈ I ´9nÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ9Ë5P?9ÏÈÑÈÒÈÓȱÄàÔÓÃÑÐßÔÐÎÕÏÈÑÈ
`
ÒÈÓȱÄàÔÓÃË×ÑÒÐÐÅÒÄÊÝI ´9 I ´5P?9 sÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞ
ÏÐ[∉I ´5P?9ÄÑÐßÔÐÎÕ[∈5Q?I ´5P?9 8dÓËÍÕÐÔ
±ÒÝÔÐÓÔËÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ8ÐÏÐÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃбÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔÞàÔÐÙ±Ë[
`
qÒËßÔÐÎI8 ;µ9
`
dÓÄÎÐÎÇÈÍÈÈÓÍË[∈8 ;ÔÐÐÙÈÆËÇÏÐI[¶5P?9ÆÑÒÐ
ÔËÆÏÐÎ ÓÍÕÙÄÈ [∈I ´5P?9 ÔÐÇÄ ±Ä± [∈8 5Q?I ´5P?9
sÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐI[∈9
jÔıÇÍÃÍàÅÐÌбÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔË9ÔÐÙ±Ë\ I[ÓÕÛÈÓÔ
`
ÆÕÈÔÔıÄÃбÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔÞ8ÔÐÙ±Ë[ÙÔÐI8 ;µ9ÔÐËÐÊ
ÏÄÙÄÈÔÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÓÔÞÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÃIÆÔÐÙ±È[∈;
uqrbhogojgfбÄÊÄÔÞÔÈÐÒÈÎÕÓÑÐÎÐÛÞàÔÈÐÒÈÎË
i Ä Î È Ù Ä Ï Ë È qÒËÒÄÓÓÎÐÔÒÈÏËËÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÌI;{5P
; µ 5ÅÝÍÐÆËÇÏÐÆÙÄÓÔÏÐÓÔËÙÔÐÓÑÈØËÖ˱ÕÒÃÇÄÆÐÑÒÐÓÐÆ
ÎÐÉÏÐÆÇÐÓÔÄÔÐÙÏÐÌÎÈÒÈÕÓÎÐÔÒÈÔÞÕÉÈÏÄÑÒËÎÈÒÈÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈ
ÏËÌ ÑÍÐÓ±Ë× ËÍË ÍÈÉÄÛË× Æ ÔÒÈ×ÎÈÒÏÐÎ ÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÈ ÎÏÐ
ÉÈÓÔÆ Ä ÓÑÈØËÖË±Õ ÖÕϱØËÌ ÎÏÐË× ÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÝ× ÏÄ ÑÒËÎÈÒÈ
ÖÕϱØËÌÇÆÕ×ËÍËÔÒÈ×ÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÝ×cÍÄÐÇÄÒÃÕÇÄÙÏÐÆÝÅÒÄÏ
ÏÝÎ ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËÃÎ Ë ÐÅÐÊÏÄÙÈÏËÃÎ ÇбÄÊÄÔÈÍÞÓÔÆÄ ÔÈÐÒÈÎ ÇÍÃ
Õ±ÄÊÄÏÏÝ×ÙÄÓÔÏÝ×ÓÍÕÙÄÈÆÅÈÊÐÓÐÅÐÐÔÒÕÇÄÑÈÒÈÏÐÓÃÔÓÃÏÄÐÅ
ÛËÌÓÍÕÙÄÌdÎÈÓÔÈÓÔÈÎÇбÄÊÄÔÈÍÞÓÔÆÄÆßÔË×ÙÄÓÔÏÝ×ÓÍÕÙÄ
Ã×ËÎÈàÔÑÒÈËÎÕÛÈÓÔÆÐÏÄÍÃÇÏÐÓÔËËÑÒÐÓÔÐÔÝÊÄÑËÓËqÐßÔÐ
ÎÕÆÇÄÍÞÏÈÌÚÈÎÅÕÇÈÎËÏÐÇÄÇÍÃÅÐÍÞÚÈÌÃÓÏÐÓÔËËÑÒÐÓÔÐÔÝ
ËÊÍÐÉÈÏËÃ ÐÒÄÏËÙËÆÄÔÞÓÃ ÑÐÇÒÐÅÏÝÎ ÒÄÓÓÎÐÔÒÈÏËÈÎ ÍËÚÞ
ÇÆÕÎÈÒÏÐÐ ËÍË ÔÒÈ×ÎÈÒÏÐÐ ÓÍÕÙÄÃ Ä Æ ÐÅÛÈÎ ÓÍÕÙÄÈ ÅÕÇÈÎ
ÔÐÍޱРÖÐÒÎÕÍËÒÐÆÄÔÞ ÓÐÐÔÆÈÔÓÔÆÕàÛËÈ ÒÈÊÕÍÞÔÄÔÝ ËÍË ÇÄÉÈ
ÐÒÄÏËÙËÆÄÔÞÓÃÕ±ÄÊÄÏËÈÎÏÄÆÐÊÎÐÉÏÐÓÔÞË×ÐÅÐÅÛÈÏËÃpÇÏÄ
±ÐÈÓÍËÑÒËËÊÕÙÈÏË˱ıÐÐÍËÅÐÆÐÑÒÐÓÄÆÎÏÐÐÎÈÒÏÐÎÓÍÕ
ÙÄÈÆÐÊÏ˱ÄàԱıËÈÔÐÓÑÈØËÖËÙÈÓ±ËÈÔÒÕÇÏÐÓÔËÔÐßÔÐÔÆÐÑ
ÒÐÓÅÕÇÈÔÇÈÔÄÍÞÏÐÒÄÓÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄÔÞÓÃÆÐÅÛÈÎÓÍÕÙÄÈ
i Ä Î È Ù Ä Ï Ë È fÍà ÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÌ I ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆ ËÊ ±ÐÎÑ
ÍȱÓÏÐÐÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÄ&QƱÐÎÑÍȱÓÏÐÈÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÐ&PÔ È
ÇÍÃÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÌI;{&P;µ&QÎÐÉÏÐÆÆÈÓÔËÎÏÐËÈÑÐ
ÏÃÔËÃ ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏÏÝÈ ÏÄÎË ÇÍÃ ÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÌ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆ ÇÈÌÓÔ
ÆËÔÈÍÞÏÐÐÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÄ5QÆÇÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÐÈÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÐ5P
oÄÑÒËÎÈÒ ÑÐÏÃÔËÈ ÑÒÈÇÈÍÄ ÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÃ ÈÐ ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÓÔË
ÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐÌ ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÓÔË ÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËà ±ÐÍÈÅÄÏËà ÐÔÐÅÒÄ
ÉÈÏËÃÈÐÎÐÇÕÍÃÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÓÔËdÓÍÕÙÄÈÏÈÐÅ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔËÙË
ÔÄÔÈÍÞ ÓÎÐÉÈÔ ÅÈÊ ÔÒÕÇÄ ÓÖÐÒÎÕÍËÒÐÆÄÔÞ ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËÈ ÑÐÇÐÅ
ÏÝ×ÏÕÉÏÝ×ÈÎÕÑÐÏÃÔËÌ
fÍÃÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÌI;{&P;µ&QÓÑÒÄÆÈÇÍËÆÝËÄÏÄÍÐ
Ë ÎÏÐË× ËÊ ÇбÄÊÄÏÏÝ× ÆÝÚÈ ÔÈÐÒÈÎ ÏÄÑÒËÎÈÒ Ð ÔÐÎ ÙÔÐ
ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÝÌÐÅÒÄʱÐÎÑıÔÄÃÆÍÃÈÔÓñÐÎÑıÔÐÎÙÔÐÏÈÑÒÈ
ÒÝÆÏÐÈ ÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÈ ±ÐÎÑıÔÄ ÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐ ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐ ÓÍÈ
ÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐ Ë Ë× ÙÄÓÔÏÝÈ ÓÍÕÙÄË ÇÍà ±ÐÎÑÍȱÓÏÐÊÏÄÙÏÝ×
ÖÕϱØËÌÎÏÐË×±ÐÎÑÍȱÓÏÝ×ÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÝ×ÏÄÑÒËÎÈÒÐÔÐÎ
ÙÔÐÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÄÃÏıÐÎÑıÔÈÖÕϱØËÃÐÒÄÏËÙÈÏÄ
sÑÒÄÆÈÇÍËÆÐÓÔÞ ÆÓÈÐ ßÔÐÐ ÓÍÈÇÕÈÔ ËÊ ÔÐÐ ÙÔÐ ÇÍÃ ÒÄÓ
ÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄÈÎÝ×ÆÐÑÒÐÓÐÆË×ËÊÕÙÈÏËÈƱÐÎÑÍȱÓÏÝ×ÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏ
ÓÔÆÄ× &Q ÓÐÓÔÐÃÛË× ËÊ ÔÐÙȱ ] ] ] ]Q ]N [N L\N
[N\N∈5N QÎÐÉÏÐÊÄÎÈÏËÔÞËÊÕÙÈÏËÈÎÆÇÈÌÓÔÆË
ÔÈÍÞÏÝ×ÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÄ×5QÓÔÐÙ±ÄÎË
[\ [[[Q\\\Q
¹ÂÓÔÏÝÇÑÒÐÊÉÄÐÆÏÝÇ
¦ÊÖÖÇÒÇÏØÊÒÕÇÎÐÓÔÞÖÕÏÌØÊË
ÎÏÐÅÊ×ÑÇÒÇÎÇÏÏÝ×
¹ÂÓÔÏÝÇÑÒÐÊÉÄÐÆÏÝÇÊÙÂÓÔÏÝÇÆÊÖÖÇÒÇÏØÊÂÍÝ
rÄÓÓÎÐÔÒËÎÓÏÄÙÄÍÄÓÍÕÙÄÌÖÕϱØËÌÔÒÈ×ÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÝ×
°ÑÒÇÆÇÍÇÏÊÇ qÖÔÕß Ç ÐɲÑÕÑÓÑÍ Ñ²ÓÉÔÕÐÑÔÕÌ ÕÑÚ²Ì
[ \ ] ËÅÈÅÐÅ ×ÖвÙÌÄ X X[ \ ] v̲ÔÌÓÖÄ ÒÉÓÉ
ÏÉÐÐÞÉ\Ì]\ \] ]ÒÑÎÖÚÌÏ×ÖвÙÌáÑÈÐÑÑÒÉÓÉÏÉÐ
ÐÑÑ[X X[\]pÆÞÚÐÅÄÒÓÑÌËÇÑÈÐÅÄÓÎÔ Ñ
àÕÑÍ×ÖвÙÌÌÇÕÑÚ²É[ [ÐÅËÞÇÅÉÕÔÄÚÅÔÕÐÑÍÒÓÑÌËÇÑÈ
ÐÑÍ×ÖвÙÌÌX[\]ÇÕÑÚ²É[\]ÒÑ[ÌÑÆÑËÐÅÚÅÉÕÔÄ
∂X ( [ \ ] )
ÚÉÓÉË
∂[
tıËÎÐÅÒÄÊÐÎ
∂X ( [ \ ] ) GHI GX ( [\ ] )
∂[ G[ [ [
iÄÎÈÔËÎ ÙÔÐ ÐÅÐÊÏÄÙÈÏËÈ ÙÄÓÔÏÐÌ ÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇÏÐÌ ÑÐ ÑÈÒÈ
∂X ( [ \ ] )
ÎÈÏÏÐÌ [ ÙÈÒÈÊ ÔÒÄÇËØËÐÏÏÐ qÒÄÆËÍÞÏÈÈ ÅÝÍÐ
∂[
ÅÝ ÑËÓÄÔÞ ∂X ∂X
[ \ ] Ôı ±Ä± ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓà ÈÇËÏÝÎ ÓËÎÆÐ
∂[ ∂[
ÍÐÎÐÅÐÊÏÄÙÄàÛËÎÏÐÆÕàÖÕϱØËàÊÏÄÙÈÏËȱÐÔÐÒÐÌËÒÄÓ
ÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄÈÔÓÃÆÔÐÙ±È[\]
GX
gÓÍËÆÓÑÐÎÏËÔÞÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËÈÐÅÝÙÏÐÌÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇÏÐÌ
ÓÎ
G[
Ñ ÔÐÓÐÍÄÓÏÐßÔÐÎÕÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËàÎÐÉÏÐÏÄÑËÓÄÔÞ
∂X ( [ \ ] ) X ( [ ∆[ \ ] ) µ X ( [ \ ] )
OLP
∂[ ∆[ → ∆[
∂X ∆[X
OLP
∂[ ∆[ → ∆[
bÏÄÍÐËÙÏÐÆÆÐÇÃÔÓÃÙÄÓÔÏÝÈÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇÏÝÈÑÐ\Ë]
∂X ( [ \ ] )
GX ( [ \ ] )
∂\ G\ \ \
∂X ( [ \ ] ) GX ( [ \ ] )
∂] G] ] ]
ËÍ˱ÐÒÐÙÈ
∂X ∆\X ∂X ∆]X
OLP
OLP
∂\ ∆\ → ∆ \ ∂] ∆] → ∆]
ÇÈ∆\XË∆]X µÑÒËÒÄÛÈÏËÃÖÕϱØËËÓÐÐÔÆÈÔÓÔÆÈÏÏÐÑÐÑÈÒÈ
ÎÈÏÏÝÎ\Ë]
yÅÔÕÐÞÏ ÈÌ××ÉÓÉÐÙÌÅÎÑÏ G[Ì ×ÖвÙÌÌ X[\]Ç ÈÅÐ
ÐÑÍ ÕÑÚ²É ÐÅËÞÇÅÉÕÔÄ ÉÉ ÈÌ××ÉÓÉÐÙÌÅÎ ÒÑ ÒÉÓÉÏÉÐÐÑÍ [
ÒÓÌÖÔÎÑÇÌÌÚÕÑÒÉÓÉÏÉÐÐÞÉ\Ì]×̲ÔÌÓÑÇÅÐÞ
jÊ ÓÆÐÌÓÔÆ ÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÄÍÄ ÖÕϱØËË ÐÇÏÐÐ ÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÐÐ
ÓÍÈÇÕÈÔÙÔÐG[X ∂X
G[
∂[
bÏÄÍÐËÙÏÐ ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÃàÔÓÃ ÙÄÓÔÏÝÈ ÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÄÍÝ G\X
G]XfÍÃÏË×ËÎÈàÔÎÈÓÔÐÖÐÒÎÕÍÝG\X ∂X ∂X
G\G]X G]
∂\ ∂]
qÐÇÐÅÏÝÈÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËÃËÎÈàÔÎÈÓÔÐÇÍÃÍàÅÐÐÙËÓÍÄÑÈ
ÒÈÎÈÏÏÝ×
gÓÍËÖÕϱØËÃ\ I[ [QÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏÄÆÏȱÐÔÐÒÐÌб
ÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔËÔÐÙ±Ë[ [ ( ) [ Q( )ÔÐÑÐÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËà
∂I ( [ ( ) [ Q( ) ) GHI GI ( [ ( ) [ L( µ) [ L [ L( ) [ Q( ) )
∂[ L G[ L
[L [ L( )
ËÍËÙÔÐÔÐÉÈÈÓÍËÐÑÕÓÔËÔÞÐÅÐÊÏÄÙÈÏËÈÄÒÕÎÈÏÔÄ
∂\ ∆[ \
OLP
L
∂[ L ∆[ L → ∆ [ L
ÆÝÙËÓÍÈÏËà ÐÅÝÙÏÝ× ÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇÏÝ× qÕÓÔÞ ÏÄÑÒËÎÈÒ ÔÒÈÅÕ
∂]
ÖÕϱØËË] [\H[\fÍÃßÔÐÐÊÄ
ÈÔÓÃÏÄÌÔËÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇÏÕà
∂\
Ö˱ÓËÒÐÆÄÆÆßÔÐÌÖÐÒÎÕÍÈ[ÑÐÍÕÙËÎÖÕϱØËàÐÇÏÐÌÑÈÒÈ
ÎÈÏÏÐÌ\ÆÝÙËÓÍÃÃÈÈÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇÏÕàÅÕÇÈÎËÎÈÔÞ
∂] ∂ [ [ ( \ µ [ )H [ \
[H[ \[\H[ \
∂\ ∂\ \ \
dÊıÍàÙÈÏËÈßÔÐÐÑÕϱÔÄÐÔÎÈÔËÎÙÔÐËÊÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÓÔËÆ
ÇÄÏÏÐÌ ÔÐÙ±È ÖÕϱØËË Q ÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÝ× ÏÈ ÆÝÔȱÄÈÔ ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÐÆÄ
ÏËÈÕÏÈÈÆßÔÐÌÔÐÙ±ÈÙÄÓÔÏÝ×ÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇÏÝ×sÐÐÔÆÈÔÓÔÆÕàÛËÌ
ÑÒËÎÈÒÆÓÍÕÙÄÈQ ÅÝÍÑÒËÆÈÇÈÏÒÄÏÈÈÓÎÑ dÄÉÏÐÊÄ
ÎÈÔËÔÞÙÔÐÑÒËQOËÊÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÐÆÄÏËÃÇÄÉÈÆÓÈ×ÙÄÓÔÏÝ×ÑÒÐ
ËÊÆÐÇÏÝ×ÆÏȱÐÔÐÒÐÌÔÐÙ±ÈÏÈÓÍÈÇÕÈÔÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÓÔÞÖÕϱØËË
ÆßÔÐÌÔÐÙ±È
ÔÐÈÓÔÈÓÔÆÈÏÏÐÑÐÓ±ÐÍÞ±ÕÕÓÍÐÆËÈÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÓ
ÔËÖÕϱØËËÏÈÓ±ÐÍÞ±Ë×ÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÝ×ÆÔÐÙ±ÈÏıÍÄÇÝÆÄÈÔÐÑÒÈ
ÇÈÍÈÏÏÐÈÐÒÄÏËÙÈÏËÈÏÄÈÈÑÐÆÈÇÈÏËÈÑÒËÑÒËÅÍËÉÈÏË˱ßÔÐÌ
ÔÐÙ±ÈÑ ÐÆ Ó È ÎÏÄÑÒÄÆÍÈÏËÃÎÆÔÐÆÒÈÎñıÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÐÆÄÏËÈ
ÙÄÓÔÏÝ×ÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇÏÝ×ÆÔÐÙ±ÈÐÊÏÄÙÄÈÔÙÔÐÖÕϱØËÃÕÇÐÆÍÈÔÆÐ
ÒÃÈÔ ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏÏÝÎ ÕÓÍÐÆËÃÎ ÑÒË ÑÒËÅÍËÉÈÏËË ± Õ±ÄÊÄÏÏÐÌ
ÔÐÙ±ÈÍËÚÞÆÏÄÑÒÄÆÍÈÏË˱ÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔÏÝ×ÐÓÈÌ
yÔÐÅÝ Æ ßÔÐÎ ÏÄÍÃÇÏÐ ÕÅÈÇËÔÞÓà ÒÄÓÓÎÐÔÒËÎ ÖÕϱØËà
I[\ÒÄÆÏÕàÏÕÍàÈÓÍË[\ ËÈÇËÏËØÈÈÓÍË[\ pÙÈ
ÆËÇÏÐI[I\ËÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐ
∂I ( ) ∂I ( )
∂[ ∂\
¦ÊÖÖÇÒÇÏØÊÒÕÇÎÐÓÔÞ
ÖÕÏÌØÊËÄÔÐÙÌÇ
\
ρ ρ00 ∆[ ∆\ δ
0[\
qÕÓÔÞÏıÐÏÈØ
δ ρ ∆\
∆[ ∆] I[∆[\∆\´I[\
0[\
pÅÝÙÏÐ ∆] ÏÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÓÃ ÒÑÎÐÞÏ ÒÓÌÓÅ
ÜÉÐÌÉÏ×ÖвÙÌÌßÔÐÏÄÊÆÄÏËÈÐÅÜÃÓÏÃÈÔÓÃ
ÔÈÎÙÔÐÊÇÈÓÞÆÐÐÅÛÈÐÆÐÒÃÆÓÈÏÈÊÄÆËÓË
[ ÎÝÈÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÝÈÑÐÍÕÙÄàÔÑÒËÒÄÛÈÏËÃÐÔ
rËÓ ÍËÙÏÝÈÐÔÏÕÍÃ
°ÑÒÇÆÇÍÇÏÊÇ vÖвÙÌÄ ] I[ \ ÐÅËÞÇÅÉÕÔÄ ÈÌ××ÉÓÉÐÙÌ
ÓÖÉÏÑÍ Ç ÕÑÚ²É[\ÉÔÎÌ ÔÖÜÉÔÕÇÖáÕ ÈÇÅ ÕŲÌÉ ÚÌÔÎÅ
$ Ì%ÚÕÑ
∆] $∆[%∆\Rρ ρ{
°ÑÒÇÆÇÍÇÏÊÇ d ÔÎÖÚÅÉ ÈÌ××ÉÓÉÐÙÌÓÖÉÏÑÔÕÌ ×ÖвÙÌÌ I Ç
ÕÑÚ²É [ \ ÎÌÐÉÍÐÅÄ ×ÖвÙÌÄ $∆[ %∆\ ÒÉÓÉÏÉÐÐÞØ ∆[
Ì∆\ÐÅËÞÇÅÉÕÔÄ ÒÑÎÐÞÏ ÈÌ××ÉÓÉÐÙÌÅÎÑÏ ÌÎÌ ÒÓÑÔÕÑ ÈÌ×
×ÉÓÉÐÙÌÅÎÑÏ ×ÖвÙÌÌ I Ç ÕÑÚ²É[\Ì ÑÆÑËÐÅÚÅÉÕÔÄ ÚÉ
ÓÉËG]
tıËÎÐÅÒÄÊÐÎG] $∆[%∆\
dÎÈÓÔÐ∆[Ë∆\ËÓÑÐÍÞÊÕàÔÔıÉÈÒÄÆÏÐÊÏÄÙÏÝÈÐÅÐÊÏÄÙÈÏËÃ
GHI GHI
G[ËG\Ô ÈG[ ∆[G\ ∆\tıËÎÐÅÒÄÊÐÎG] $G[%G\
ÖÕϱØËàRρÓÐÍÄÓÏÐÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËàÓËÎÆÐÍÄ«RÎÄÍÐȬÎÐÉÏÐ
ÑÒÈÇÓÔÄÆËÔÞÆÆËÇÈRρ ε∆[∆\ρÇÈ
OLP ε∆[∆\
ρ→
Ë ÖÕϱØËà ε∆[ ∆\ ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏÄ ÓÐÍÄÓÏÐ ÔÐÎÕ ÉÈ ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈ
ÏËàÆÔÐÙ±ÈÔı±Ä±ÆßÔÐÌÔÐÙ±ÈÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏÝÖÕϱØËË
ρËRρ ∆]´$∆[´%∆\qÐßÔÐÎÕ
ε
tıËÎÐÅÒÄÊÐÎ
∆] $∆[%∆\ε∆[∆\ρ
ÑÒËÙÈÎÆÝÑÐÍÏÃÈÔÓÃÕÓÍÐÆËÈÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐËÕÓÍÐÆËÈ
iÄÑËÚÈÎÓÐÐÔÏÐÚÈÏËÈÆÇÒÕÐÌÖÐÒÎÈÑÒËßÔÐÎÆÓÈ
ÏËÉÈÏÄÑËÓÄÏÏÝÈÑÒÈÇÈÍÝÅÕÇÕÔÅÒÄÔÞÓÃÑÐØÈÍÐÌбÒÈÓÔÏÐÓ
ÔËÔÐÙ±Ë
§ ® ® ¢ uÔÎÑÇÌÉà²ÇÌÇÅÎÉÐÕÐÑÖÔÎÑÇÌá
∆[ ∆\ ∆[
ÇÈε ε
ε ε iÄÎÈÔËÆÙÔÐ P
∆[ ∆\ ∆[ ∆\ ∆[ ∆\
∆\
PËÎÈÈÎ_ε_P_ε__ε_P_ε_ÑÒËρ gÓÍËÉÈρ ÔÐ
∆[ ∆\
∆[ ∆\
α ε ε ∆[ ∆\ ερ
∆[ ∆\ ∆[ ∆\
∆[ ∆\
ÇÈε ε εËÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐ_ε_P_ε__ε_
∆[ ∆\ ∆[ ∆\
ÑÒËρ gÓÍËÉÈρ ÔÐÑÐÍÐÉËÎε dÒÈÊÕÍÞÔÄÔÈÑÐÍÕ
ÙËÎÙÔÐε{ÑÒËρ{ÄßÔÐÐÊÏÄÙÄÈÔÙÔÐÖÕϱØËÃαÑÒÈÇ
ÓÔÄÆÍÈÏÄÆÆËÇÈα ερ OLP ε
ρ→
´ § ° ² § ® ¢ gÔÎÌ ×ÖвÙÌÄ ] I[ \ ÈÌ××ÉÓÉÐÙÌÓÖÉÏÅ Ç
ÕÑÚ²É[\ÕÑÑÐÅÐÉÒÓÉÓÞÇÐÅÇàÕÑÍÕÑÚ²É
fÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÐ Ôı ±Ä± _∆[_ P ρ Ë _∆\_ P ρ ÔÐ ËÊ ÖÐÒÎÕÍÝ
ËÓÍÈÇÕÈÔÙÔÐÑÒËρ{ËÎÈÈÔÎÈÓÔÐ∆]{ÔÐËÐÊÏÄ
ÙÄÈÔÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÓÔÞÖÕϱØËËIÆÔÐÙ±È[\
´ § ° ² § ® ¢ gÔÎÌ ×ÖвÙÌÄ ] I[ \ ÈÌ××ÉÓÉÐÙÌÓÖÉÏÅ Ç
ÕÑÚ²É [ \ Ì G] $G[ %G\ µ ÉÉ ÈÌ××ÉÓÉÐÙÌÅÎ Ç àÕÑÍ
ÕÑÚ²ÉÕÑÇÕÑÚ²É[\Ö×ÖвÙÌÌIÔÖÜÉÔÕÇÖáÕÇÔÉÚÅ
ÔÕÐÞÉÒÓÑÌËÇÑÈÐÞÉÌ
∂I ( [ \ ) ∂I ( [ \ )
$
%
∂[ ∂\
tŲÌÏÑÆÓÅËÑÏ
∂] ∂]
G] G[
G\
∂[ ∂\
gÓÍË∆\ ÔÐ∆] ∆[] $∆[ε∆[ÇÈ OLP ε ßÔÐÓÍÈ
∆[ →
ÇÕÈÔËÊÑÐÓ±ÐÍÞ±ÕÑÐÍÄÄÃ∆\ ÑÐÍÕÙËÎρ _∆[_
pÔÓàÇÄÒÄÊÇÈÍËÆÏÄ∆[ÑÒË∆[ ËÎÈÈÎ
∆[ ]
$ε
∆[
ÇÈÑÒË∆[{ÑÒÄÆÄÃÙÄÓÔÞÓÔÒÈÎËÔÓñÑÒÈÇÈÍÕÒÄÆÏÐÎÕ$
ÑÐßÔÐÎÕËÍÈÆÄÃÙÄÓÔÞÑÒË∆[{ËÎÈÈÔÔÐÔÉÈÑÒÈÇÈÍÔÐÐÊ
ÏÄÙÄÈÔÓÎÙÔÐÆÔÐÙ±È[\ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇÏÄÃ
∂]
$bÏÄÍÐËÙÏÐÑÐÍÄÄÃÆ∆[ ÑÐÇÈÍËÆÏÄ∆\Ë
∂[
∂]
ÑÈÒÈÌÇñÑÒÈÇÈÍÕÑÒË∆\{∆\ ÑÐÍÕÙËÎ %
∂\
gÔÎÌ×ÖвÙÌÄI[\ÈÌ××ÉÓÉÐÙÌÓÖÉÏÅÇÕÑÚ²É
³ § ¦ ³ ´ ¤ ª §
[\ÕÑÑÐÅÌÏÉÉÕÉÈÌÐÔÕÇÉÐÐÞÍÈÌ××ÉÓÉÐÙÌÅÎ
gÇËÏÓÔÆÈÏÏÐÓÔÞÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÄÍÄÏÈÑÐÓÒÈÇÓÔÆÈÏÏÐÆÝÔȱÄÈÔ
ËÊÖÐÒÎÕÍÔı±Ä±ÙÄÓÔÏÝÈÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇÏÝÈÆÇÄÏÏÐÌÔÐÙ
±ÈÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÃàÔÓÃÐÇÏÐÊÏÄÙÏÐ
dÓÑÐÎËÏÄà ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËà ÙÄÓÔÏÝ× ÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÄÍÐÆ ÓÎ
ÖÐÒÎÕÍÕÎÐÉÏÐÑÈÒÈÑËÓÄÔÞÆÆËÇÈG] G[]G\]
Ô ÈÑÐÍÏÝÌÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÄÍÖÕϱØË˱ÐÇÄÐÏÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔÃÆ
ÍÃÈÔÓÃÓÕÎÎÐÌÈÈÙÄÓÔÏÝ×ÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÄÍÐÆ
iÄÎÈÔËÎ ÙÔÐ ÕÔÆÈÒÉÇÈÏËÈ ÐÅÒÄÔÏÐÈ ÔÈÐÒÈÎÈ ÏÈ ËÎÈÈÔ
ÎÈÓÔÄÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕàÔÖÕϱØËËËÎÈàÛËÈÆÓÈÙÄÓÔÏÝÈÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇ
ÏÝÈÆÐÆÓÈ×ÔÐÙ±Ä×ÑÍÐÓ±ÐÓÔËÏÐÏÈÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÕÈÎÝÈÆÏÈ
±ÐÔÐÒÐÌ ÔÐÙ±È qÒËÎÈÒÐÎ ÎÐÉÈÔ ÓÍÕÉËÔÞ ÖÕϱØËÃ
ÑÒËÆÈÇÈÏÏÄÃ Æ ±ÐÏØÈ ÑÒÈÇÝÇÕÛÈÐ ÑÕϱÔÄ Æ ÔÐÙ±È ßÔÄ
ÖÕϱØËÃÏÈÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÄÐÔ±ÕÇÄÆÓËÍÕÔÈÐÒÈÎÝ ÆÝÔȱÄÈÔ
ÙÔÐÆÔÐÙ±ÈÐÏÄËÏÈÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÕÈÎÄ
jÊÓ±ÄÊÄÏÏÐÐÓÍÈÇÕÈÔÙÔÐÏÈÆÓÈÇÄÆÝÒÄÉÈÏËÈG[]G\]
±ÐÇÄ ÐÏÐ ËÎÈÈÔ ÓÎÝÓÍ ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓà ÑÐÍÏÝÎ ÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÄÍÐÎ
ÖÕϱØËËsÆÃÊÞÎÈÉÇÕÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÕÈÎÐÓÔÞàÖÕϱØËËÆÔÐÙ
±ÈËÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÐÆÄÏËÈÎÆßÔÐÌÔÐÙ±ÈÙÄÓÔÏÝ×ÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇÏÝ×ÓÍÐÉ
ÏÈÈÙÈÎÓÆÃÊÞÎÈÉÇÕÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÕÈÎÐÓÔÞàËÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÐÆÄÏË
ÈÎÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇÏÐÌÖÕϱØËËÐÇÏÐÌÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÐÌ
sÖÐÒÎÕÍËÒÕÈÎ ÇÐÓÔÄÔÐÙÏÝÈ ÕÓÍÐÆËÃ Æ ÔÈÒÎËÏÄ× ÓÆÐÌÓÔÆ
ÙÄÓÔÏÝ×ÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇÏÝ×ÇÍÃÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÕÈÎÐÓÔËÖÕϱØËË
´ § ° ² § ® ¢ qÖÔÕß ×ÖвÙÌÄ ] I[ \ Ç ÐɲÑÕÑÓÑÍ Ñ²
∂]
ÓÉÔÕÐÑÔÕÌ ÕÑÚ²Ì [ \ ÌÏÉÉÕ ÚÅÔÕÐÞÉ ÒÓÑÌËÇÑÈÐÞÉ Ì
∂[
∂]
²ÑÕÑÓÞÉÐÉÒÓÉÓÞÇÐÞÇÔÅÏÑÍÕÑÚ²É[\ÕÑÈÅ×Öв
∂\
ÙÌÄ] I[\ÈÌ××ÉÓÉÐÙÌÓÖÉÏÅÇàÕÑÍÕÑÚ²É
³ § ¦ ³ ´ ¤ ª § gÔÎÌ×ÖвÙÌÄ] I[\ÌÏÉÉÕÇÐɲÑÕÑÓÑÍѲ
∂] ∂]
ÓÉÔÕÐÑÔÕÌÕÑÚ²Ì[\ÚÅÔÕÐÞÉÒÓÑÌËÇÑÈÐÞÉ Ì
ÒÓÌ
∂[ ∂\
ÚÉÏ àÕÌ ÚÅÔÕÐÞÉ ÒÓÑÌËÇÑÈÐÞÉ ÐÉÒÓÉÓÞÇÐÞ Ç ÔÅÏÑÍ ÕÑÚ²É
[\ÕÑÌ×ÖвÙÌÄ] I[\ÕŲÊÉÐÉÒÓÉÓÞÇÐÅÇàÕÑÍ
ÕÑÚ²É
¦ Ð Ì Â É Â Ô Ç Í Þ Ó Ô Ä Ð Ô Ç Ð Ò Ç Î Ý pÅÐÊÏÄÙËÎÙÈÒÈÊ8δδб
ÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔÞÔÐÙ±Ë[\ƱÐÔÐÒÐÌÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏÄÆÎÈÓÔÈÓÐÓÆÐË
ÎËÙÄÓÔÏÝÎËÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇÏÝÎËI[ËI\ÖÕϱØËÃIdÝÅÈÒÈÎ∆[Ë
∆\ÔıÙÔÐÅÝ[∆[\∆\∈8δiÄÎÈÙÄÃÙÔÐ
∆] I[∆[\∆\´I[\
>I[∆[\∆\´I[\∆\@>I[\∆\´I[\@
ÑÒËÎÈÏËαÆÝÒÄÉÈÏËÃÎƱÆÄÇÒÄÔÏÝ×Ó±ÐűÄ×ÃÆÍÃàÛËÎ
ÓÃÑÒËÒÄÛÈÏËÃÎËÖÕϱØËÌÔÐÍÞ±ÐÐÇÏÐÌÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÐÌÖÐÒÎÕ
ÍÕ±ÐÏÈÙÏÝ×ÑÒËÒÄÛÈÏËÌmÄÒÄÏÉÄÓÎÑ ÔÐÆÐÊÎÐÉ
ÏÐ ÑÐÓ±ÐÍÞ±Õ ÖÕϱØËà I[ \ ∆\ ÒÄÓÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄÈÎÄà ±Ä±
ÖÕϱØËÃÐÇÏÐÐÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÐÐ[ËÎÈÈÔÏÄÐÔÒÈʱÈÓ±ÐÏØÄÎËÆ
ÔÐÙ±Ä×[Ë[∆[ÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇÏÕàÃÆÍÃàÛÕàÓÃÙÄÓÔÏÐÌÑÒÐËÊ
ÆÐÇÏÐÌ ÑÐ [ ÖÕϱØËË I ÐÔ±ÕÇÄ ÓÍÈÇÕÈÔ ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÓÔÞ ßÔÐÌ
ÖÕϱØËË ÏÄ Õ±ÄÊÄÏÏÐÎ ÐÔÒÈÊ±È Ë ÔıËÎ ÐÅÒÄÊÐÎ ÖÕϱØËÃ
I[\∆\ÕÇÐÆÍÈÔÆÐÒÃÈÔÆÓÈÎÕÓÍÐÆËÃÎÑÒ˱ÐÔÐÒÝ×ÅÝÍÄ
ÇбÄÊÄÏÄ ÖÐÒÎÕÍÄ ±ÐÏÈÙÏÝ× ÑÒËÒÄÛÈÏËÌ mÄÒÄÏÉÄ bÏÄÍÐ
ËÙÏÐÑÒÐÆÈÒÃÈÔÓÃËÆÐÊÎÐÉÏÐÓÔÞÑÒËÎÈÏÈÏËÃÖÐÒÎÕÍÝmÄ
ÒÄÏÉıÖÕϱØËËI[\ÒÄÓÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄÈÎÐ̱ıÖÕϱØËÃÐÇ
ÏÐÐÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÐÐ\ÏÄÐÔÒÈʱÈÓ±ÐÏØÄÎËÆÔÐÙ±Ä×\Ë\∆\
dÒÈÊÕÍÞÔÄÔÈÑÐÍÕÙËÎ
∆] I[[θ∆[\∆\∆[I\[\θ∆\∆\
θθ
ÑÒËÙÈÎθËθÊÄÆËÓÃÔÐÔÆÝÅÐÒÄÔÐÙ±Ë[∆[\∆\Ô È
ÐÔ∆[Ë∆\
gÓÍË
I[[θ∆[\∆\´I[[\ ε
I\[\θ∆\´I\[\ ε
ÇÈε ε∆[∆\ε ε∆[∆\ÔÐÆÓËÍÕÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÓÔËÙÄ
ÓÔÏÝ×ÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇÏÝ×I[ËI\ÆÔÐÙ±È[\ËÎÈÈÎ
OLP ε OLP ε
ρ→ ρ→
oÄÌÇÃ ËÊ ÆÝÒÄÉÈÏËÃ ÇÍÃ I[[ θ∆[ \ ∆\ Ë
I\[\θ∆\ËÑÐÇÓÔÄÆËÆË×ÆÑÐÍÕÙËÎ
∆] I[[\∆[I\[\∆\ε∆[ε∆\
ÙÔÐÆÓËÍÕÆÝÑÐÍÏÈÏËÃÕÓÍÐÆËÌËÐÊÏÄÙÄÈÔÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏ
ØËÒÕÈÎÐÓÔÞÖÕϱØËËIÆÔÐÙ±È[\ÓÎË
sÍÈÇÓÔÆËÈËÊÔÈÐÒÈÎÝÆÝÔȱÄÈÔËÊÔÐÐÐÅÓÔÐÃÔÈÍÞÓÔÆÄÙÔÐ
ÖÕϱØËà ÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÕÈÎÄÃ Æ ÏȱÐÔÐÒÐÌ ÔÐÙ±È ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓà Ë
ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÌÆÏÈÌÓÎÔÈÐÒÈÎÕ
tÈÐÒÈÎÄ ËÎÈÈÔÆÄÉÏÐÈÊÏÄÙÈÏËÈÑÐÓ±ÐÍÞ±ÕÑÐÏÃÔËÈÇËÖ
ÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÕÈÎÐÓÔËÖÕϱØËËËÒÄÈÔÑÈÒÆÐÓÔÈÑÈÏÏÕàÒÐÍÞÆÒÃÇÈ
ÒÄÊÇÈÍÐÆ ÔÈÐÒËË ÖÕϱØËÌ ÎÏÐË× ÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÝ× pÇÏıРÏÈÑÐ
ÓÒÈÇÓÔÆÈÏÏÄÃÑÒÐÆÈÒ±ÄÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÕÈÎÐÓÔËÖÕϱØËËÏÄÑÒË
ÎÈÒ ÇÍà ÆÝÃÓÏÈÏËà ÆÐÊÎÐÉÏÐÓÔË ÑÒËÎÈÏÈÏËà ÔÈ× ËÍË ËÏÝ×
ÔÈÐÒÈÎ ÙÄÓÔÐ ÅÝÆÄÈÔ ÊÄÔÒÕÇÏËÔÈÍÞÏÄ ÑÒÐÆÈÒ±Ä ÉÈ ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆ
ÏÐÓÔËÙÄÓÔÏÝ×ÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇÏÝ×ÇÍÃÆÝÙËÓÍÈÏË̱ÐÔÐÒÝ×ËÎÈÈÔ
ÓÃÕÇÐÅÏÝÌÄÏÄÍËÔËÙÈÓ±ËÌÄÑÑÄÒÄÔбÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÓÃÑÒÐÛÈ
°ÑÒÇÆÇÍÇÏÊÇ vÖвÙÌÄ ÌÏÉáÜÅÄ Ç ÐɲÑÕÑÓÑÍ ÕÑÚ²É ÐÅ
ÐɲÑÕÑÓÑÏÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÉÐÉÒÓÉÓÞÇÐÞÉÚÅÔÕÐÞÉÒÓÑÌËÇÑÈÐÞÉ
ÐÅËÞÇÅÉÕÔÄ ÐÉÒÓÉÓÞÇÐÑ ÈÌ××ÉÓÉÐÙÌÓÖÉÏÑÍ Ç àÕÑÍ ÕÑÚ²É
ÐÅàÕÑÏÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÉ
sÐÑÐÓÔÄÆËÎ ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËÈ ÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÕÈÎÐÓÔË ÖÕϱØËË
ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËÈ Ë ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËÈ ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÌ ÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÕ
ÈÎÐÓÔËÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËÈ fËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÕÈÎÐÓÔÞÖÕϱØËËÆÔÐÙ
±ÈÐÊÏÄÙÄÈÔÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÐÆÄÏËÈÆßÔÐÌÔÐÙ±ÈÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÄÍÄÔ È
ÓÑÒÄÆÈÇÍËÆÐÓÔÞÇÍÃßÔÐÌÔÐÙ±ËÖÐÒÎÕÍÝoÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÄÃ
ÉÈÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÕÈÎÐÓÔÞÖÕϱØËËÆÔÐÙ±ÈÐÊÏÄÙÄÈÔÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆ
ÏÐÓÔÞ Æ ßÔÐÌ ÔÐÙ±È ÈÈ ÙÄÓÔÏÝ× ÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇÏÝ× tıËÎ ÐÅÒÄÊÐÎ
ÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÕÈÎÐÓÔÞÖÕϱØËËÓÆÃÊÄÏÄÓÑÐÏÃÔËÈÎÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏ
ØËÄÍÄÄÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÄÃÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÕÈÎÐÓÔÞ µÓÑÐÏÃÔËÈÎÙÄ
ÓÔÏÝ×ÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇÏÝ×dÎÈÓÔÈÓÔÈÎËÊÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÌÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏ
ØËÒÕÈÎÐÓÔËÆÔÐÙ±ÈÏÄÐÔ±ÒÝÔÐÎÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÈÓÍÈÇÕÈÔÇËÖÖÈ
ÒÈÏØËÒÕÈÎÐÓÔÞ Æ ßÔÐÌ ÔÐÙ±È ÏÄ ßÔÐÎ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÈ Æ ßÔÐÎ
ÓÐÓÔÐËÔÕÔÆÈÒÉÇÈÏËÈÔÈÐÒÈÎÝ
d ÇÄÍÞÏÈÌÚÈÎ ÑÐÏÄÇÐÅÃÔÓà ÏȱÐÔÐÒÝÈ ÇÐÑÐÍÏËÔÈÍÞÏÝÈ
ÓÆÐÌÓÔÆÄÖÕϱØËËεËεËÊÖÐÒÎÕÍÝ
°ÑÒÇÆÇÍÇÏÊÇ qÖÔÕß $ Ì % µ ÈÇÅ ÒÎÑÔ²ÌØ ÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÅ
%µ 5 ÌÒÖÔÕß×ÖвÙÌÄI I[\XYÑÒÓÉÈÉÎÉ
$µ 5 [\ XY
ÐÅÈÎÄ[\∈ $XY∈%
vÖвÙÌÄIÐÅËÞÇÅÉÕÔÄÓÅÇÐÑÏÉÓÐÑÔÕÓÉÏÄÜÉÍÔIJÐÖÎá
ÐÅÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÉ$ÕÑÚɲ[\ÒÓÌXY{XYÉÔÎÌÈÎÄÎá
ÆÑÑε!ÔÖÜÉÔÕÇÖÉÕ ÕŲÑÉδ!ÚÕÑ ÈÎÄ ÇÔÉØXY ∈%
ÖÈÑÇÎÉÕÇÑÓÄáÜÌØ ÖÔÎÑÇÌá ( X µ X ) ( Y µ Y ) δ Ì ÇÔÉØ
[\∈$ÇÞÒÑÎÐÄÉÕÔÄÖÔÎÑÇÌÉ_I[\XY_ε
pÅÛÈÈ ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËÈ ÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐÐ ÓÔÒÈÎÍÈÏËà ÖÕϱØËË ±
ÑÒÈÇÈÍÕÅÕÇÈÔÇÄÏÐÆÑ
´ § ° ² § ® ¢ qÖÔÕß×ÖвÙÌÄ] I[\ÐÉÒÓÉÓÞÇÐÑÈÌ××É
ÓÉÐÙÌÓÖÉÏÅÐÅÑÕ²ÓÞÕÑÏÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÉ*µ5tÑÈÅ
∆] I[[\∆[I\[\∆\ε∆[ε∆\
ÈÉ×ÖвÙÌÌε ε[\∆[∆\Ìε ε[\∆[∆\ÓÅÇÐÑÏÉÓ
ÐÑÔÕÓÉÏÄÕÔIJÐÖÎáÒÓÌρ ∆[ ∆\ {ÐÅÎáÆÑϲÑÏ
ÒŲÕÉ$µ*
¦ Ð Ì Â É Â Ô Ç Í Þ Ó Ô Ä Ð qÕÓÔÞ$ µ±ÐÎÑıÔÍÈÉÄÛËÌÆ*tÐ
ÇÄ ÊÄαÏÕÔÝÈ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ $ Ë 5?* ÏÈ ÑÈÒÈÓȱÄàÔÓÃ Ë Ôı
±Ä±$ÐÒÄÏËÙÈÏÐÓÎÔÈÐÒÈÎÕ Ñ ÔÐG ρ$5?*!
ÓÎÍÈÎÎÕ Ñ
nÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐ $G ^[ \ ρ[ \ $ P G` ÓÐÇÈÒÉËÔÓÃ Æ
ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÈ*ËÃÆÍÃÈÔÓñÐÎÑıÔÐÎÓÎÍÈÎÎÕ Ñ
qÕÓÔÞ ÔÈÑÈÒÞ ρ ∆[ ∆\ G
qÐÓ±ÐÍÞ±Õ ÔÐÙ±Ë
[ θ∆[\∆\Ë[\θ∆\ÏÄ×ÐÇÃÔÓÃÐÔÔÐÙ±Ë[\
ÏÄÒÄÓÓÔÐÃÏËËÎÈÏÞÚÈÎ G
ÑÒË[\∈$ËÎÈÈÎ
[θ∆[\∆\∈$G [\θ∆\∈$G
θ θ
ËÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÐÍÄÓÏÐÖÐÒÎÕÍÄÎËÎÈÈÎÏÈÒÄÆÈÏ
ÓÔÆÄ_ε_PωρI[$G_ε_PωρI\$GÇÈÆË×ÑÒÄÆÝ×ÙÄÓ
ÔÃ× ÓÔÐÃÔ ÓÐÐÔÆÈÔÓÔÆÈÏÏÐ ÎÐÇÕÍË ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÓÔË ÖÕϱØËÌ I[
Ë I\ jÊ ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÓÔË ÙÄÓÔÏÝ× ÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇÏÝ× I[ Ë I\ ÏÄ ±ÐÎ
ÑıÔÈ$GÓÍÈÇÕÈÔÙÔÐ
OLP ωρI[$G Ë OLP ωρI\$G
ρ→ ρ→
qÐßÔÐÎÕÇÍÃÍàÅÐÐε!ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔδ!ÔıÐÈÙÔÐÇÍÃÆÓÈ×
ρδÆÝÑÐÍÏÃàÔÓÃÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÄωρI[$GεωρI\$Gε
sÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÇÍÃÆÓÈ×ρδËÆÓÈ×[\∈$ÓÑÒÄÆÈÇÍËÆÝÏÈ
ÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÄ_ε_ε_ε_ε
ÔÐËÐÊÏÄÙÄÈÔÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐÈÓÔÒÈÎÍÈÏËȱÏÕÍàÑÒËρ{
ÖÕϱØËÌεËεÏıÐÎÑıÔÈ$
i Ä Î È Ù Ä Ï Ë È d ÑÒÈÇÑÐÍÐÉÈÏËÃ× ÔÈÐÒÈÎÝ ÑÒËÒÄÛÈ
ÏËÈÖÕϱØËË∆]ÑÒÈÇÓÔÄÆËÎÐÔıÉÈÆÆËÇÈ
∆] I[[\∆[I\[\∆\ερ
ÇÈε ε[\∆[∆\ÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐÏıÄÉÇÐαÐÎÑıÔÈ$µ*Ë
ÓÔÒÈÎËÔÓñÏÕÍà±ÐÇÄρ ∆[ ∆\ {fÍÃÇбÄÊÄÔÈÍÞ
ÓÔÆÄ ÇÐÓÔÄÔÐÙÏÐ Æ ÖÐÒÎÕÍÈ ÑÐÍÐÉËÔÞ ε ε ∆ [ ∆\
ε
ρ ρ
ÑÒËρ Ëε ÑÒËρ ÓÒÄÆÏËÔÈÓÇбÄÊÄÔÈÍÞÓÔÆÐÎÍÈÎÎÝ
ÆÏÄÙÄÍÈßÔÐÐÑÕϱÔÄ
dÓÈÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËÃËÕÔÆÈÒÉÇÈÏËÃßÔÐÐÑÕϱÔÄÑÈÒÈÏÐÓÃÔÓÃË
ÏÄÓÍÕÙÄÌÖÕϱØËË\ I[[ [ [QÍàÅÐÐÙËÓÍÄQÑÈ
ÒÈÎÈÏÏÝ× ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏÏÐÌ Æ ÏȱÐÔÐÒÐÌ Ð±ÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔË ÔÐÙ±Ë [
oÄÑÒËÎÈÒÕÓÍÐÆËÈÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÕÈÎÐÓÔËÆÇÄÏÏÐÌÔÐÙ±È[Æ
ÐÅÛÈÎÓÍÕÙÄÈÆÝÍÃÇËÔÔı
∆\ $∆[$Q∆[QRρ ρ{
ÇÈ
Q
ρ ∑ ∆[ L ∆\ I[[Q´I[ ( )[ Q( )
L
ÙÔË ÍËÏÈÌÏĬ Æ Ð±ÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔË ßÔÐÌ ÔÐÙ±Ë ÔÐÙÏÝÌ ÓÎÝÓÍ ÆÝÒÄ
ÉÈÏËëÑÐÙÔËÍËÏÈÌÏĬÊıÍàÙÄÈÔÓÃÆÖÐÒÎÕÍÈ
gÓÍËÖÕϱØËÃIÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÕÈÎÄÔ ÈËÎÈÈÔÎÈÓÔÐÒÄÆÈÏ
ÓÔÆÐ ÔÐ Õ ÏÈÈ ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕàÔ ÆÓÈ ÙÄÓÔÏÝÈ ÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇÏÝÈ
∂I ( [ ( ) )
ËÐÏËÒÄÆÏݱÐßÖÖËØËÈÏÔÄÎ$L
∂[ L
∂I ( [ ( ) )
$L L Q
∂[ L
∂I ( [ ) ∂I ( [ )
∆[ ∆[Q ÐÔ ÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÝ×
mËÏÈÌÏÄà ÖÕϱØËÃ
∂[ ∂[ Q
∆[ ∆[Q ÊÇÈÓÞ ÆÎÈÓÔÐ [ ÏÄÑËÓÄÏÐ [ ÏÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÓà ÈÌ×
×ÉÓÉÐÙÌÅÎÑÏÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÕÈÎÐÌÖÕϱØËËËÍËÑÐÇÒÐÅÏÈÈÈÈ
ÑÐÍÏÝÎ ÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÄÍÐÎ Æ ÇÄÏÏÐÌ ÔÐÙ±È [ Ë ÐÅÐÊÏÄÙÄÈÔ
ÓÃGI[
GI[ ∂
I( [) ∂I ( [ )
∆[ ∆[Q
∂[ ∂[ Q
GI[ ∂
I([) ∂I ( [ )
G[ G[Q
∂[ ∂[ Q
pÙÈÆËÇÏÐÙÔÐ∆I[ GI[RρÑÒËρ{
gÓÍË ÖÕϱØËà I ÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÕÈÎÄ Æ ÇÄÏÏÐÌ ÔÐÙ±È ÔÐ ÈÈ
ÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÄÍ ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓà ÓÕÎÎÐÌ ÆÓÈ× ÈÈ ÙÄÓÔÏÝ× ÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏ
ØËÄÍÐÆÓÎÑ ÆßÔÐÌÔÐÙ±È
Q
GI[ ∑ G [ I[
L L
gÓÍË ÉÈ ÒÄÓÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄÔÞ ÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÄÍ Ë ÑÒË ËÊÎÈÏÈÏËË
ÔÐÙ±Ë[ [ [QÔÐÐÏÕÉÈÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃÖÕϱØËÈÌÐÔQÑÈ
ÒÈÎÈÏÏÝ×[ [QG[ G[Q
tÈÐÒÈÎݵßÔÐÐÑÄÒÄÒÄÖÄÐÙÈÆËÇÏÝÎÐÅÒÄÊÐÎÐÅÐÅÛÄ
àÔÓÃÏÄÖÕϱØËËÍàÅÐÐÙËÓÍÄQÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÝ×Q
ÑÐßÔÐÎÕË×ÖÐÒÎÕÍËÒÐƱËÏÈÑÒËÆÐÇÃÔÓÃ
¦ÊÖÖÇÒÇÏØÊÒÐÄÂÏÊÇÓÍÐÈÏÐËÖÕÏÌØÊÊ
qÕÓÔÞ ÔÈÑÈÒÞ ∆W µ ÑÒËÒÄÛÈÏËÈ ÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÐÌ W Ë ∆[
[W ∆W ´ [W ∆\ \W ∆[ ´ \W rÄÊÇÈÍËÎ ÐÅÈ ÙÄÓ
ÔËÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÄÏÄ∆W
∆] ∂] ∆[ ∂] ∆\ ∆[ ∆\
¥ε
∆W ∂[ ∆W ∂\ ∆W ∆W ∆W
ÑÒË ∆W ! ÅÈÒÈÔÓà ÊÏı ÑÍàÓ Ä ÑÒË ∆W µ ÊÏı ÎËÏÕÓ
qÒË∆W{ÆÓËÍÕÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÓÔËÖÕϱØËÌ[WË\WÆÔÐÙ±È
WÑÐÍÕÙËÎ∆[{Ë∆\{ÄÊÏÄÙËÔ OLP ρ pÔÓàÇÄÑÐ
∆W →
ÔÈÐÒÈÎÈÐÑÒÈÇÈÍȱÐÎÑÐÊËØËÌÖÕϱØËË OLP ε∆[∆\ iÄ
∆W →
ÎÈÔËÎÏıÐÏÈØÙÔÐÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔ±ÐÏÈÙÏÝÌÑÒÈÇÈÍ
∆[
∆\
OLP [′ W \′ W
∆W → ∆W ∆W
jÊÆÓÈÐßÔÐÐÓÍÈÇÕÈÔÙÔÐÑÒË∆W{ÑÒÄÆÄÃÙÄÓÔÞÖÐÒÎÕÍÝ
∂] G[ ∂] G\
ÓÔÒÈÎËÔÓà ± ±ÐÏÈÙÏÐÎÕ ÑÒÈÇÈÍÕ Æ ÔÐÙ±È
∂\ GW ∂[ GW
W WÑÐßÔÐÎÕËÍÈÆÄÃÙÄÓÔÞßÔÐÌÖÐÒÎÕÍÝÔ È ∆ ]
ÓÔÒÈÎËÔ
∆W
ÓñÔÐÎÕÉÈÑÒÈÇÈÍÕÄßÔÐËÐÊÏÄÙÄÈÔÙÔÐÆÔÐÙ±ÈWÓÕÛÈÓÔ
ÆÕÈÔÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇÏÄÃ G]
ËÆÝÒÄÉÄÈÔÓÃÖÐÒÎÕÍÐÌ
GW
pÔÎÈÔËÎÙÔÐ×ÐÔÃÆбÐÏÙÄÔÈÍÞÏÕàÖÐÒÎÕÍÕÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇÏÐÌ
ÓÍÐÉÏÐÌÖÕϱØËËÆ×ÐÇÃÔÔÐÍÞ±ÐÙÄÓÔÏÝÈÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇÏÝÈ
∂] ∂]
Ë ÖÕϱØËË] I[\ÑÐ×ÐÇÕÇбÄÊÄÔÈÍÞÓÔÆÄËÓÑÐÍÞÊÐ
∂[ ∂\
ÆÄÍÐÓÞÅÐÍÈÈÓËÍÞÏÐÈÓÆÐÌÓÔÆÐßÔÐÌÖÕϱØËËÙÈÎÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÐÆÄ
ÏËÈÙÄÓÔÏÝ×ÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇÏÝ×ÄËÎÈÏÏÐÈÈÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÕÈÎÐÓÔÞ
uqrbhogojg qбÄÊÄÔÞ ÙÔÐ ÑÒË ÐÔ±ÄÊÈ ÐÔ ÔÒÈÅÐÆÄÏËà ÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏ
ØËÒÕÈÎÐÓÔË ÖÕϱØËË ] I[ \ Æ ÔÐÙ±È [ \ ÍËÚÞ ÑÒË ÑÒÈÇÑÐÍÐ
∂] ∂]
ÉÈÏËË ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÐÆÄÏËÃ Æ ßÔÐÌ ÔÐÙ±È ÙÄÓÔÏÝ× ÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇÏÝ×
Ë Ë ÓÕ
∂[ ∂\
G[ G\
ÛÈÓÔÆÐÆÄÏËÃÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇÏÝ×Ë ÆÔÐÙ±ÈWÖÐÒÎÕÍÄÆÐÐÅÛÈÐ
GW GW
ÆÐÒÃÏÈÓÑÒÄÆÈÇÍËÆÄËÅÐÍÈÈÔÐÐÓÍÐÉÏÄÃÖÕϱØËÃI [W\WÑÒÈÇ
ÑÐÍÄÄÈÔÓÃÙÔÐÐÏÄËÎÈÈÔÓÎÝÓÍÆÐÐÅÛÈÐÆÐÒÃÏÈËÎÈÈÔÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇÏÐÌ
ÆÔÐÙ±ÈW
∂]
ÔÕÐÅÄÒÓÑÌËÇÑÈÐÅÄ ÔÎÑÊÐÑÍ×ÖвÙÌÌ] I[XY\XY
∂X
ÒÓÌÚÉÏ
∂] ∂] ∂[ ∂] ∂\
∂X ∂[ ∂X ∂\ ∂X
¦ Ð Ì Â É Â Ô Ç Í Þ Ó Ô Ä Ð vÕϱØËà I ÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÕÈÎÄ Æ ÔÐÙ
±È[\ËÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏÄÆÏȱÐÔÐÒÐÌÈÈбÒÈÓÔ
ÏÐÓÔËdÓËÍÕÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÓÔËÖÕϱØËË[XY\XYÆÔÐÙ±È
XYÆÏȱÐÔÐÒÐÌбÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔËßÔÐÌÔÐÙ±ËËÎÈÈÔÓÎÝÓÍÓÍÐÉ
ÏÄÃÖÕϱØËÃI[XY\XYÓÎÑ
iÄÖ˱ÓËÒÕÈÎ Y Y Ë ÒÄÓÓÎÐÔÒËÎ ÓÍÐÉÏÕà ÖÕϱØËà ]
I[XY\XYÐÇÏÐÐÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÐÐXsÐÍÄÓÏÐÔÈÐÒÈÎÈ
ßÔÄ ÖÕϱØËà ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏÄ Æ ÏȱÐÔÐÒÐÌ Ð±ÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔË ÔÐÙ±Ë X Ë
ËÎÈÈÔÆßÔÐÌÔÐÙ±ÈÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇÏÕàtıËÎÐÅÒÄÊÐÎÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇÏÄÃ
∂]
ÆÔÐÙ±ÈXYÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔËËÊÖÐÒÎÕÍÝÆÝÔȱÄÈÔ
∂X
ÖÐÒÎÕÍÄ
bÏÄÍÐËÙÏÐÈÓÍËÆÔÐÙ±ÈXYÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕàÔÙÄÓÔÏÝÈÑÒÐ
ËÊÆÐÇÏÝÈ ∂[ ∂\
Ë ÔÐÕÓÍÐÉÏÐÌÖÕϱØËË] I[XY\XY
∂Y ∂Y
ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔÆÔÐÙ±ÈXYÙÄÓÔÏÄÃÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇÏÄÃÑÐYËÇÍÃÏÈÈ
ÓÑÒÄÆÈÇÍËÆÄÖÐÒÎÕÍÄ
∂] ∂] ∂[ ∂] ∂\
∂Y ∂[ ∂Y ∂\ ∂Y
i Ä Î È Ù Ä Ï Ë È rÄÓÓÎÐÔÒËÎ ÐÅÛËÌ QÎÈÒÏÝÌ ÓÍÕÙÄÌ
qÖÔÕß Ç Ñ²ÓÉÔÕÐÑÔÕÌ ÕÑÚ²Ì [ [ ( ) [ Q( ) ËÅÈÅÐÅ
×ÖвÙÌÄ \ \ [ [ [ [Q Å ÐÅ ÐɲÑÕÑÓÑÍ
ѲÓÉÔÕÐÑÔÕÌ ÕÑÚ²Ì W W WN ∈ 5N µ ×ÖвÙÌÌ
[L [L WW WWNL QÕŲÌÉÚÕÑ[LW [ L( )
gÔÎÌ×ÖвÙÌÄ\ \[ÈÌ××ÉÓÉÐÙÌÓÖÉÏÅÇÕÑÚ²É[ÌÉÔÎÌÇ
∂[
ÕÑÚ²ÉWÔÖÜÉÔÕÇÖáÕÚÅÔÕÐÞÉÒÓÑÌËÇÑÈÐÞÉL M N
∂W M
L QÕÑÔÎÑÊÐÅÄ×ÖвÙÌÄ\[WÌÏÉÉÕÇÕÑÚ²ÉW
∂\
ÚÅÔÕÐÞÉÒÓÑÌËÇÑÈÐÞÉ
M NÒÓÌÚÉÏ
∂W M
∂\ Q
∂\ ∂[
∑ L M N
∂W M L ∂[ L ∂W M
ÒÝÆÏÝÓÐÐÔÆÈÔÓÔÆÈÏÏÐÆÔÐÙ±Ä×[ËWÔÐÆÓËÍÕÖÐÒÎÕÍÝ
ÙÄÓÔÏÝÈ ÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇÏÝÈ ÓÍÐÉÏÐÌ ÖÕϱØËË \ \[W
ÔıÉÈ ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÝ Æ ÔÐÙ±È W Ë ÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐ ÐÏÄ ÅÕÇÈÔ
ÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÕÈÎÐÌÆßÔÐÌÔÐÙ±ÈÓÎÔÈÐÒÈÎÕ Ñ dÓÍÈ
ÇÕàÛÈÎ ÑÕϱÔÈ ÅÕÇÈÔ ÇбÄÊÄÏÄ ÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÕÈÎÐÓÔÞ ±ÐÎÑÐ
ÊËØËÌÖÕϱØËÌÑÒËÅÐÍÈÈÓÍÄÅÝ×ÑÒÈÇÑÐÍÐÉÈÏËÃ×
ªÏÄÂÒÊÂÏÔÏÐÓÔÞÖÐÒÎÝÑÇÒÄÐÅÐÆÊÖÖÇÒÇÏØÊÂÍÂ
ÐÔÏÐÓÊÔÇÍÞÏÐÄÝÃÐÒÂÑÇÒÇÎÇÏÏÝ×
±ÒÂÄÊÍÂÄÝÙÊÓÍÇÏÊáÆÊÖÖÇÒÇÏØÊÂÍÐÄ
ÏÐδÊÄÆËÓËÔÐÔÆÝÅÐÒÄηÅÝÍÄÑбÄÊÄÏÄÆÑ vÕϱØËÃI[
Q
ÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÕÈÎÄÆÔÐÙ±È[ÑÐßÔÐÎÕÑÒËU ∑ ∆[ LηËÎÈÈÎ
L
fбÄÉÈÎ ÐÒÄÏËÙÈÏÏÐÓÔÞ ÐÔÏÐÚÈÏËà U jÓÑÐÍÞÊÐÆÄÆ ÖÐÒ
ρ
ÎÕÍÝÑÐÍÕÙËÎ
U Q
Q Q N
∂[ L ( W ( ) ) ∆W M
P ∑ ∑
∑ ∆[LPρ L ∑ _∆[L_
( εL
ρ ρ L ) L M ∂W M ρ
Q Q
nÝÆÐÓÑÐÍÞÊÐÆÄÍËÓÞÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐÎ ∑ D LP L ∑ _DL_±ÐÔÐÒÐÈÃÆÍÃÈÔ
L
Q Q
ÓÃÓÍÈÇÓÔÆËÈÎÐÙÈÆËÇÏÐÐÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÄ ∑ D LP ∑ _DL_ ÓÎ
L L
ÏÝ ÓÐÐÔÆÈÔÓÔÆÕàÛËÎ ÙÄÓÔÏÝÎ ÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇÏÝÎ ÑÐßÔÐÎÕ ÓÒÄÆÏË
ÆÄÃßÔÕÖÐÒÎÕÍÕÓÖÐÒÎÕÍÐÌÑÐÍÕÙÄÈÎ
∂I Q
∂I ( [ ( ) ) ∂[ L ( W ( ) )
∑
∂W L L ∂[ L ∂W M
Ô È ÓÏÐÆÄ ÖÐÒÎÕÍÕ qÒÄÆÇÄ ÐÏÄ ÆÝÆÈÇÈÏÄ ÑÒË ÅÐÍÈÈ
ÓËÍÞÏÝ× ÐÒÄÏËÙÈÏËÃ× ÙÈÎ ÒÄÏÞÚÈ ÏÄ ßÔÐÔ ÒÄÊ ÑÒÈÇÑÐÍÄÄ
ÍÄÓÞÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÕÈÎÐÓÔÞÖÕϱØËÌ[LWL QÆÔÐ
ÆÒÈÎà ±Ä± Æ Ñ µ ÍËÚÞ ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÐÆÄÏËÈ Õ ßÔË× ÖÕϱØËÌ
ÓÐÐÔÆÈÔÓÔÆÕàÛË×ÙÄÓÔÏÝ×ÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇÏÝ×
i Ä Î È Ù Ä Ï Ë È gÓÍË ÖÕϱØËË I[ [Q Ë [L [LW
W WWN∈5NL QËÎÈàÔÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÝÈÙÄÓÔÏÝÈ
ÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇÏÝÈÓÐÐÔÆÈÔÓÔÆÈÏÏÐÆÔÐÙ±È[ ( )[ Q( )∈5QËÆÔÐÙ±È
W∈5NÇÈ[ L( ) [LWÔÐßÔËÖÕϱØËËÅÕÇÕÙËÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÕ
ÈÎÝ Æ Õ±ÄÊÄÏÏÝ× ÔÐÙ±Ä× ÕÇÐÆÍÈÔÆÐÒÃàÔ ÕÓÍÐÆËÃÎ ÔÈÐÒÈÎÝ
sÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏбıßÔÐÕÉÈÐÔÎÈÙÄÍÐÓÞƱÐÏØÈÑÇÍÃÏË×
ÓÑÒÄÆÈÇÍËÆÝÕÔÆÈÒÉÇÈÏËÈßÔÐÌÔÈÐÒÈÎÝËÆÝÔȱÄàÛÄÃËÊÏÈÐ
ÖÐÒÎÕÍÄ ÇÍà ÆÝÙËÓÍÈÏËà ÙÄÓÔÏÐÌ ÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇÏÐÌ ÓÍÐÉÏÐÌ ÖÕϱ
ØËËÓÎÑÒÈÇÝÇÕÛÈÈÊÄÎÈÙÄÏËÈ
jÏÆÄÒËÄÏÔÏÐÓÔÞ ÖÐÒÎÝ ÑÈÒÆÐÐ ÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÄÍÄ ÚËÒбÐ
ËÓÑÐÍÞÊÕÈÔÓÃÑÒËÑÒıÔËÙÈÓ±ÐÎÆÝÙËÓÍÈÏËËÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÄÍÐÆ
ËÙÄÓÔÏÝ×ÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇÏÝ×gÓÍËXËY µÖÕϱØË˱ıÐÐÔÐÙËÓ
ÍÄÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÝ×ÔÐÓÑÐÎÐÛÞàÖÐÒÎÕÍÝÍȱÐÑÐÍÕÙÄ
àÔÓÃÓÍÈÇÕàÛËÈÖÐÒÎÕÍÝ
GXY GXGY
GXY YGXXGY
G X YGX µ XGY
Y Y
oÄÑÒËÎÈÒÈÓÍË\ VLQ XÔÐG\ FRV X GXÈÓÍË\ OQ XÔÐ
G\ GX GX
ÈÓÍË\ DUFWJ XÔÐG\ ËÔ ÇÑÐÇÙÈÒ±ÏÈÎÙÔÐ
X X
ÊÇÈÓÞÆÈÊÇÈX X[ [Q
d ±ÄÙÈÓÔÆÈ ÑÒËÎÈÒÄ ÏÄÌÇÈÎ ÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÄÍ ÖÕϱØËË ]
DUFWJ \ dÝÙËÓÍÈÏËÃÑÒÐËÊÆÈÇÈÎÆÓÍÈÇÕàÛÈÎÑÐÒÃDZÈ
[
[ [G\ µ \G[
G] G DUFWJ \ G \
[G\ µ \G[
[ \ [ [ \
[ [ \
[
qÒËÆÝÙËÓÍÈÏËËÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÄÍÄG \ ÎÝÆÐÓÑÐÍÞÊÐÆÄÍËÓÞ
[
X YGX µ XGY
ÖÐÒÎÕÍÐÌG
ÇбÄÊÄÏÏÐÌÆÝÚÈÇÍÃÓÍÕÙÄñÐ
Y Y
ÇÄXËYÃÆÍÃàÔÓÃÖÕϱØËÃÎËÐÇÏË×ËÔÈ×ÉÈÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÝ×jÓ
ÑÐÍÞÊÐÆÄÏËÈ ßÔÐÌ ÖÐÒÎÕÍÝ Æ Õ±ÄÊÄÏÏÐÎ ÓÍÕÙÄÈ ÑÒÄÆÐÎÈÒÏÐ
Ôı±Ä±ÎÐÉÏÐÓÙËÔÄÔÞÙÔÐÕÇÒÐÅË \ ËÙËÓÍËÔÈÍÞËÊÏÄÎÈÏÄ
[
ÔÈÍÞÃÆÍÃàÔÓÃÖÕϱØËÃÎËÐÇÏË×ËÔÈ×ÉÈÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÝ×[Ë\
ÙÔÐÎÐÉÏÐÇÄÉÈÆÝÒÄÊËÔÞÏÄÑÒËÎÈÒÓÍÈÇÕàÛÈÌÖÐÒÎÕÍÐÌ
\ \ [
[ [ \
gÓÍËÔÒÈÅÕÈÔÓÃÏÄÌÔËÙÄÓÔÏÝÈÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇÏÝÈÖÕϱØËËÎÏÐ
Ë×ÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÝ×ÐÓÐÅÈÏÏÐÈÓÍËÏÄÇÐÆÝÙËÓÍËÔÞÆÓÈÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇ
ÏÝÈ ÔÐ ØÈÍÈÓÐÐÅÒÄÊÏÐ ÆÝÙËÓÍËÔÞ ÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÄÍ ßÔÐÌ ÖÕϱ
ØËË ÔÐÇÄ ËÓ±ÐÎÝÎË ÙÄÓÔÏÝÎË ÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇÏÝÎË ÃÆÍÃàÔÓà ±Ð
ßÖÖËØËÈÏÔÝÑÒËÓÐÐÔÆÈÔÓÔÆÕàÛË×ÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÄÍÄ×
tıÆÒÄÓÓÎÐÔÒÈÏÏÐÎÑÒËÎÈÒÈ] DUFWJ \ ÅÈÒñÐßÖÖËØË
[
ÈÏÔÝÑÒËG[ËG\ËÊÏÄÌÇÈÏÏÐÐÇÍÃÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÄÍÄÆÝÒÄÉÈ
ÏËÃÑÐÍÕÙËÎ
∂] \ ∂] [
´
∂[ [ \ ∂\ [ \
i Ä Î È Ù Ä Ï Ë È dÔIJÖá×ÖвÙÌá\ I[[QÑÕQÒÉ
ÓÉÏÉÐÐÞØÏÑÊÐÑÓÅÔÔÏÅÕÓÌÇÅÕßÇÑÒÓÉÈÉÎÉÐÐÑÏÔÏÞÔÎÉ̲Ų
×ÖвÙÌá ÑÕ ÎáÆÑÑ ÚÌÔÎÅ Q P ! Q ÒÉÓÉÏÉÐÐÞØ [ [
[Q[Q PjÎÈÏÏÐÇÍÃÆÓñÐÌ ÖÕϱØËË I[ [Q
ÊÄÇÄÏÏÐÌÏÄÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÈ; µ 5QÐÑÒÈÇÈÍËÎÖÕϱØËàI
[
[Q [QPÏÄÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÈÔÐÙȱ[[Q[QPÔÄ
±Ë×ÙÔÐ[[Q∈;´[MM QQPÓÍÈ
ÇÕàÛËÎÐÅÒÄÊÐÎ
I
[[Q[QP I[[Q
tıËÎÐÅÒÄÊÐÎÒÄÓÓÎÐÔÒÈÏËÈÖÕϱØËËQÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÝױı
ÖÕϱØËË Q P ÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÝ× ÐÊÏÄÙÄÈÔ ÖıÔËÙÈÓ±Ë ÑÒÐÇÐÍÉÈ
ÏËÈÑÐÖÐÒÎÕÍÈÖÕϱØËËIÓÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄÈÈÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËÃ
;µ5QÏÄÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐ
;
^[[QP [[Q∈; ´[M
M QQP`
ÍÈÉÄÛÈÈÕÉÈÆÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÈ5QPfÍÃÖÕϱØËËI
ÑÐÍÕÙÈÏ
ÏÐÌÑÐÓÍÈÔıÐÐÑÒÐÇÐÍÉÈÏËÃËÎÈÈÎ
∂I
( [ [ Q P ) ∂I ( [ [ Q )
L Q
∂[ L ∂[ L
∂I
( [ [ Q P )
M QQP
∂[ M
ÑÐßÔÐÎÕ
QP
QP ∂I
( [ [ )
GI
[[QP ∑
G[L
∂[ L L
Q ∂I ( [ [ Q )
∑ G[L GI[[Q
L ∂[ L
oÄÑÒËÎÈÒ±ÐÇÄÎÝÐÆÐÒËÎÙÔÐÖÕϱØËàÐÇÏÐÐÑÈÒÈÎÈÏ
ÏÐÐ ] I[ ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏÏÕà ÏÄ ÏȱÐÔÐÒÐÎ ËÏÔÈÒÆÄÍÈ D E ÎÝ
ÒÄÓÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄÈÎ ±Ä± ÖÕϱØËà ÇÆÕ× ÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÝ× I[ )[ \
[∈DE´\ßÔÐÐÊÏÄÙÄÈÔÙÔÐÖÕϱØËÃ)[\ÃÆÍÃÈÔ
ÓÃÑÐÓÔÐÃÏÏÐÌÒÄÆÏÐÌI[ÏÄÍàÅÐÌÑÒÃÎÐÌÑÒÐ×ÐÇÃÛÈÌÙÈÒÈÊ
ÔÐÙ±Õ[ËÏÔÈÒÆÄÍÄDEÐÓË2[ÑÄÒÄÍÍÈÍÞÏÐÐÓË2\qÒËßÔÐÎ
∂) ( [\ ) ∂) ( [\ )
I′[
∂[ ∂\
G)[\ GI[ D[E ´\
qÐÍÈÊÏÐÇÍÃÇÄÍÞÏÈÌÚÈÐÐÔÎÈÔËÔÞÐÅÒÄÔÏÝÌÖıÔqÕÓÔÞ
;µ5QgÓÍËÖÕϱØËÃI
[[Q[QÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏÄÏÄÎÏÐ
ÉÈÓÔÆÈ
;
^[[Q[Q [[Q∈; D[QE`
Ë
∂I
( [ [ Q [ Q )
∂[ Q
µÏÄ;
ÔÐÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔÔıÄÃÖÕϱØËÃI[[QÐÔQÑÈÒÈÎÈÏ
ÏÝ×ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏÏÄÃÏÄÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÈ;ÙÔÐI
[[Q[Q
I[[QÇÍÃÆÓÈ×[[Q∈;[Q∈DEdßÔÐÎÓÍÕ
ÙÄÈÐÆÐÒÃÔÙÔÐÖÕϱØËÃI
ÖıÔËÙÈÓ±ËÏ ÈÊ Ä Æ Ë Ó Ë ÔÐ Ô
Ñ È Ò È Î È Ï Ï Ð Ì[QdÓÄÎÐÎÇÈÍÈËÊÕÓÍÐÆËÃÓÍÈ
ÇÕÈÔ ÙÔÐ ÖÕϱØËà I
ÑÐÓÔÐÃÏÏÄ ±Ä± ÖÕϱØËà [Q ÓÎ
ÓÍÈÇÓÔÆËÈ ÔÈÐÒÈÎÝ ËÊ Ñ ÑÒË Ö˱ÓËÒÐÆÄÏÏÐÌ ÔÐÙ±È
[[QÔ ÈÊÄÖ˱ÓËÒÐÆÄƱıÐÈÍËÅÐF∈DEÇÍÃÍàÅÐÌ
ÔÐÙ±Ë[[Q∈;Ë[Q∈DEËÎÈÈÎI
[[Q[Q
I
[[QFjÓ±ÐÎÄÃÖÕϱØËÃIÐÙÈÆËÇÏÐÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÃÈÔ
ÓÃÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐÎI[[Q I
[[QFÑÒËÙÈÎÐÏÄÏÈÊÄ
ÆËÓËÔÐÔÆÝÅÐÒÄF∈DE
jÊÓ±ÄÊÄÏÏÐÐÆÙÄÓÔÏÐÓÔËÓÍÈÇÕÈÔÙÔÐÖÐÒÎÕÍÝ
ÇÍÃÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÄÍÐÆÐÓÔÄàÔÓÃÓÑÒÄÆÈÇÍËÆÝÎËËÆÔÐÎÓÍÕÙÄÈ
±ÐÇÄ ÖÕϱØËË X Ë Y ÊÄÆËÓÃÔ ÐÔ ÒÄÊÏÐÐ ÙËÓÍÄ ÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÝ×
Ôı±Ä±ÆÓÈÇÄÆÓËÍÕÕ±ÄÊÄÏÏÐÐÑÒËÈÎÄßÔÐÔÓÍÕÙÄÌÎÐÉÏÐ
ÓÆÈÓÔË ± ÒÄÊÐÅÒÄÏÏÐÎÕ ÆÝÚÈ ÓÍÕÙÄà ÖÕϱØËÌ ÐÇÏÐÐ ÙËÓÍÄ
ÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÝ×
¥ÇÐÎÇÔÒÊÙÇÓÌÊËÓÎÝÓÍ
ÙÂÓÔÏÝ×ÑÒÐÊÉÄÐÆÏÝ×ÊÑÐÍÏÐÅÐÆÊÖÖÇÒÇÏØÊÂÍÂ
fÍà ÅÐÍÞÚÈÌ ÈÐÎÈÔÒËÙÈÓ±ÐÌ ÏÄÍÃÇÏÐÓÔË Ë ÇÍà ÔÐÐ ÙÔÐÅÝ
ÏÈ ÆÆÐÇËÔÞ ÏÐÆÝ× ÑÐÏÃÔËÌ Æ ßÔÐÎ ÑÕϱÔÈ ÐÒÄÏËÙËÎÓà ÒÄÓ
ÓÎÐÔÒÈÏËÈÎÖÕϱØËÌÇÆÕ×ÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÝ×
rÄÓÓÎÐÔÒËÎÖÕϱØËà] I[\ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏÏÕàÏÄÑÍÐÓ±ÐÎ
ÐÔ±ÒÝÔÐÎÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÈ*Ô ÈÐÔ±ÒÝÔÐÎÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÈ*ÍÈÉÄÛÈÎ
ÏÄÑÍÐÓ±ÐÓÔË5qÕÓÔÞ[\∈*ËÑÕÓÔÞÆÔÐÙ±È[\ÓÕ
∂]
ÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔ ÙÄÓÔÏÄà ÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇÏÄà gÈ ÈÐÎÈÔÒËÙÈÓ±ËÌ ÓÎÝÓÍ
∂[
∂]
ÓÒÄÊÕÑÐÍÕÙÄÈÔÓÃËÊÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËÃÙÄÓÔÏÐÌÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇÏÐÌ ±Ä±
∂[
ÐÅÝÙÏÐÌ ÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇÏÐÌ ÖÕϱØËË I[ \ ÑÐ [ ÑÒË Ö˱ÓËÒÐÆÄÏ
ÏÐÎ\ËËÊÈÐÎÈÔÒËÙÈÓ±ÐÐÓÎÝÓÍÄÐÅÝÙÏÐÌÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇÏÐÌÓÎ
Ñ dÓÄÎÐÎÇÈÍÈÆÐÊÞÎÈÎÊÄαÏÕÔÝ̱ÒÕ4ÒÄÇËÕÓÄUÓ
ØÈÏÔÒÐÎ Æ ÔÐÙ±È [ \ Ë ÍÈÉÄÛËÌ Æ *
qÕÓÔÞ Γ µ ±ÒËÆÄÃ
ÊÄÇÄÏÏÄÃÑÒÈÇÓÔÄÆÍÈÏËÈÎ] I[\\ \[´UP[P[U
Ô È±ÒËÆÄñÐÔÐÒÄÃÑÐÍÕÙÄÈÔÓÃÆÒÈÊÕÍÞÔÄÔÈÓÈÙÈÏËÃÒÄÖË
±Ä ÖÕϱØËË ] I[ \ [ \∈4 ÑÍÐÓ±ÐÓÔÞà \ \ ÒËÓ
∂I ( [ \ ) GI ( [\ )
lı ËÊÆÈÓÔÏÐ
WJ α ÇÈ α µ ÕÐÍ
∂[ G[ [ [
tıÐ̱ÒÕ4ÆÓÈÇÄÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔfÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÐÆÓËÍÕÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËÃ
ÐÔ±ÒÝÔÐÐ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔ ÔıÄà δбÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔÞ 8 ÔÐÙ±Ë [ \
ÙÔÐ8µ*tÐÇÄÊÄαÏÕÔÝ̱ÒÕ4ÒÄÇËÕÓÄδÓØÈÏÔÒÐÎÆÔÐÙ±È[\
ÅÕÇÈÔÊÄÆÈÇÐÎÐÍÈÉÄÔÞÆ*
]
\
[´U \
[
[U
rËÓ
ρ ( [ µ [ ) ( \ µ \ ) ] I[\
uÒÄÆÏÈÏËÈ
] ]$[´[%\´\
ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓà ÕÒÄÆÏÈÏËÈÎ ÑÍÐÓ±ÐÓÔË ÑÒÐ×ÐÇÃÛÈÌ ÙÈÒÈÊ ÔÐÙ±Õ
[\]ËÏÈÑÄÒÄÍÍÈÍÞÏÐÌÐÓË2]lıËÊÆÈÓÔÏбÐßÖÖËØË
ÈÏÔÝ$Ë%ÐÇÏÐÊÏÄÙÏÐÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÃàÔÓÃËÊÓÐÐÔÏÐÚÈÏËÃ
ÑÒËÙÈÎ
∂I ( [ \ )
∂I ( [ \ )
$
%
∂[ ∂\
ËÊÏÄÙËÔÑÍÐÓ±ÐÓÔÞÐÇÏÐÊÏÄÙÏÐÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏÄÓÐÐÔÏÐÚÈ
ÏËÈÎÔÄÑÍÐÓ±ÐÓÔÞÏÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÓòÅÔÅÕÉÎßÐÑÍ ÒÎÑÔ²Ñ
ÔÕßá±ÒÄÖ˱ÕÖÕϱØËË] I[\ÆÔÐÙ±È[\]
tıËÎÐÅÒÄÊÐÎÎÝÑÒËÚÍ˱ÓÍÈÇÕàÛÈÎÕÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËà
°ÑÒÇÆÇÍÇÏÊÇ lÅÔÅÕÉÎßÐÑÍÒÎÑÔ²ÑÔÕßá²ÓÅ×̲Ö×ÖвÙÌÌ
I[ \ Ç ÈÅÐÐÑÍ ÕÑÚ²É ÐÅËÞÇÅÉÕÔÄ ÕŲÅÄ ÒÎÑÔ²ÑÔÕß ÚÕÑ
ÓÅËÐÑÔÕßÉÉÅÒÒÎ̲ÅÕÞÌËÐÅÚÉÐÌÄ×ÖвÙÌÌI[\ÄÇÎÄÉÕ
ÔÄÇÉÎÌÚÌÐÑÍÆÉÔ²ÑÐÉÚÐÑÏÅÎÑÍÒÑÔÓÅÇÐÉÐÌáÔρÒÓÌρ{
dÓËÍÕÕÒÄÆÏÈÏËÈßÔÐ̱ÄÓÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÌÑÍÐÓ±ÐÓÔËËÎÈ
ÈÔÆËÇ
∂I ( [ \ )
∂I ( [ \ )
]´]
[´[
\´\
∂[ ∂\
ÔÐÈÓÔÞÐÅÝÙÏÄÃÊÄÑËÓÞÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÄÍÄG]ÖÕϱØËË] I[\
ÆÔÐÙ±È[\ÑÐßÔÐÎÕÕÒÄÆÏÈÏËÈÎÐÉÏÐÑÈÒÈÑËÓÄÔÞÆ
ÆËÇÈ]´] G]
tıËÎ ÐÅÒÄÊÐÎ ÈÐÎÈÔÒËÙÈÓ±ËÌ
] ÓÎÝÓÍÑÐÍÏÐÐÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÄÍÄÖÕϱ
ØËËÆÔÐÙ±È[\ÓÐÓÔÐËÔÆÔÐÎÙÔÐ
ÐÏ ÒÄÆÈÏ ÑÒËÒÄÛÈÏËà ÄÑÑÍ˱ÄÔÝ
ÑÍÐÓ±ÐÓÔË ±ÄÓÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÌ ± ÒÄÖ˱Õ
∆]
G] ÖÕϱØËËÒËÓ
cÐÍÈÈÑÐÇÒÐÅÏÐÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÄÍ
∂I ( [ \ ) ∂I ( [ \ )
]
∆[
G]
∆\
∂[ ∂[
\
∆[ [´[∆\ \´\
[\ ÓÐÆÑÄÇÄÈÔ Ó ÑÒËÒÄÛÈÏËÈÎ Æ ÔÐÙ±È
[ [∆[\ \∆\ÄÑÑÍ˱ÄÔÝ
[∆[\∆\
ÑÍÐÓ±ÐÓÔË ±ÄÓÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÌ ± ÒÄÖ˱Õ
[ ÖÕϱØËËÆÔÐÙ±È
rËÓ [\I[\
¥ÒÂÆÊÇÏÔÖÕÏÌØÊÊ
±ÒÐÊÉÄÐÆÏÂáÑÐÏÂÑÒÂÄÍÇÏÊà
ÆȱÔÐÒOpÅÐÊÏÄÙËÎÙÈÒÈÊFRV αFRV βFRV γÏÄÑÒÄÆÍÃàÛËȱÐ
ÓËÏÕÓÝÆȱÔÐÒÄOlıËÊÆÈÓÔÏÐ
FRV αFRV βFRV γ
ËÈÓÍËO µÈÇËÏËÙÏÝÌÆȱÔÐÒÆÏÄÑÒÄÆÍÈÏËËÆȱÔÐÒÄOÔÐ
_00_ ( [ µ [ ) ( \ µ \ ) ( ] µ ] )
ÆÇÐÍÞÍÕÙÄ G[ G\ G]
FRV α FRV β FRV γËÑÒÐÇËÖ
GW GW GW
ÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÐÆÄÆÑÐWÆÔÐÙ±ÈW ÓÍÐÉÏÕàÖÕϱØËàI[WFRV α
\WFRV β]WFRV γÑÐÍÕÙËÎ
∂I ( 0 ) ∂I ( 0 ) G[ ∂I ( 0 ) G\ ∂I ( 0 ) G]
∂O ( ) ∂[ GW ∂\ GW ∂] GW
∂I ( 0 ) ∂I ( 0 ) ∂I ( 0 )
FRV α
FRV γ
FRV β
∂[ ∂\ ∂]
ËÍ˱ÐÒÐÙÈÐÑÕÓÔËÆÐÅÐÊÏÄÙÈÏËÃÄÒÕÎÈÏÔÄ
∂I ∂I ∂I ∂I
FRV α FRV β FRV γ
∂O ∂[ ∂\ ∂]
ÔÄÖÐÒÎÕÍÄÑÒËÓÇÈÍÄÏÏÝ×ÑÒÈÇÑÐÍÐÉÈÏËÃ×ËÎÈÈÔÎÈÓÔÐ
ÇÍÃÍàÅÐÐÏÈÏÕÍÈÆÐÐÆȱÔÐÒÄOsÈÈÑÐÎÐÛÞàÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇÏÄÃ
ÑÐ ÏÄÑÒÄÆÍÈÏËà ÆȱÔÐÒÄ O ÆÝÒÄÉÄÈÔÓà ÙÈÒÈÊ ÙÄÓÔÏÝÈ ÑÒÐËÊ
ÆÐÇÏÝÈÑбÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔÄÎ[\]ËÏÄÑÒÄÆÍÃàÛËȱÐÓËÏÕÓÝÆȱ
ÔÐÒÄOÓ±ÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔÏÝÎËÐÓÃÎË
tıËÎÐÅÒÄÊÐÎÇбÄÊÄÏÄÓÍÈÇÕàÛÄÃÔÈÐÒÈÎÄ
´ § ° ² § ® ¢ qÖÔÕß ×ÖвÙÌÄ I ÈÌ××ÉÓÉÐÙÌÓÖÉÏÅ Ç ÕÑÚ²É
[\]tÑÈÅ Ç àÕÑÍ ÕÑÚ²É ×ÖвÙÌÄ I ÌÏÉÉÕ ÒÓÑÌËÇÑÈ
ÐÖáÒÑÎáÆÑÏÖÐÅÒÓÅÇÎÉÐÌáÌàÕÅÒÓÑÌËÇÑÈÐÅÄÐÅØÑÈÌÕÔÄ
ÒÑ×ÑÓÏÖÎÉ
màÅÐÑÝÔÏÐÐÔÎÈÔËÔÞÙÔÐËÊÑÐÍÕÙÈÏÏÐÌÖÐÒÎÕÍÝ
ÇÍÃÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇÏÐÌÑÐÏÄÑÒÄÆÍÈÏËàÓÒÄÊÕÏÈÆËÇÏÐÙÔÐßÔÄÑÒÐ
ËÊÆÐÇÏÄà ÏÈ ÊÄÆËÓËÔ ÐÔ ÆÝÅÐÒÄ ÓËÓÔÈÎÝ ±ÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔ ÔÄ ÏÈÊÄ
ÆËÓËÎÐÓÔÞ ÏÈÑÐÓÒÈÇÓÔÆÈÏÏÐ ÓÍÈÇÕÈÔ ËÊ ÓÄÎÐÐ ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËÃ
ÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇÏÐÌÑÐÏÄÑÒÄÆÍÈÏËàÐÔ±ÕÇÄÆÓÆÐàÐÙÈÒÈÇÞÆÝÔȱÄ
ÈÔ ÙÔÐ ÑÒÄÆÄÃ ÙÄÓÔÞ ÖÐÒÎÕÍÝ ÏÈ ÊÄÆËÓËÔ ÐÔ ÆÝÅÐÒÄ
ÑÒÃÎÐÕÐÍÞÏÐÌÇȱÄÒÔÐÆÐÌÓËÓÔÈÎݱÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔÄÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÃÈÔ
ÓÃÔÐÍÞ±ÐÆȱÔÐÒÐÎO
∂I ( 0 ) ∂I ( 0 ) ∂I ( 0 )
dȱÔÐÒ Ó ±ÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔÄÎË
ÏÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÓÃ
∂[ ∂\ ∂]
±Ä±ÐÔÎÈÙÄÍÐÓÞÆÝÚÈÓÅÈÌÉÐÕÑÏÖÕϱØËËI0ÆÔÐÙ±È0Ë
ÐÅÐÊÏÄÙÄÈÔÓÃ JUDG I nÝ ÕÉÈ ÆÓÔÒÈÙÄÍËÓÞ Ó ÑÐÏÃÔËÈÎ ÒÄÇË
ÈÏÔÄÖÕϱØËÌÑÒËÒÄÓÓÎÐÔÒÈÏË˱ÒËÆÝ×ÊÄÇÄÏÏÝ×ÏÈÃÆÏÝÎ
ÐÅÒÄÊÐÎ ÓÎÑ
tıËÎÐÅÒÄÊÐÎÈÓÍËLMËN µ±ÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔÏÝÈÐÒÔÝÔÐ
∂I ∂I ∂I
JUDG I
L M N
∂[ ∂\ ∂]
yÄÓÔРбÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÓà ÕÇÐÅÏÐ ËÓÑÐÍÞÊÐÆÄÔÞ ÓËÎÆÐÍËÙÈÓ±ËÌ
ÆȱÔÐÒeÄÎËÍÞÔÐÏÄ
∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂
M N
∇ L
∂[ ∂\ ∂] ∂[ ∂\ ∂]
ÏÄÊÝÆÄÈÎÝÌÐÅÆÎÑÍoÄÅÍÄÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃÐÅÐÊÏÄÙÈÏËÈÎÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏ
ÏÐÌÐÑÈÒÄØË˱ÐÔÐÒÕàÓÍÈÇÕÈÔÑÒÐËÊÆÈÓÔËÏÄÇÔÐÌËÍËËÏÐÌ
ÖÕϱØËÈÌ
fÍÃÖÕϱØËËIÑÐÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËàÑÐÍÄÄÈÎ
∂I ∂I ∂I
∇I L
M N
∂[ ∂\ ∂]
vÐÒÎÄÍÞÏÐßÔÐÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐÎÐÉÏÐÒÄÓÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄÔޱı«ÑÒÐËÊÆÈ
ÇÈÏËȬÆȱÔÐÒÄ∇ÏÄÙËÓÍÐIjÔıJUDG IË∇IÃÆÍÃàÔÓÃÐÅÐ
ÊÏÄÙÈÏËÃÎËÐÇÏÐÐËÔÐÐÉÈÆÝÒÄÉÈÏËÃ
qÕÓÔÞÔÈÑÈÒÞÆȱÔÐÒOÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃÈÇËÏËÙÏÝÎËÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞ
ÏÐO FRV αFRV βFRV γsÑÐÎÐÛÞàÒÄÇËÈÏÔÄÖÐÒÎÕÍÄÇÍÃ
ÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇÏÐÌÖÕϱØËËIÑÐÏÄÑÒÄÆÍÈÏËàÆȱÔÐÒÄOÊÄÑËÚÈÔÓÃ
ÓÍÈÇÕàÛËÎÐÅÒÄÊÐÎ
∂I ∂I ∂I ∂I
FRV α FRV β FRV γ OJUDG I
∂O ∂[ ∂\ ∂]
ÇÈ Æ ÑÒÄÆÐÌ ÙÄÓÔË ÓÔÐËÔ Ó±ÄÍÃÒÏÐÈ ÑÒÐËÊÆÈÇÈÏËÈ ÆȱÔÐÒÐÆ O
ËJUDG IpÔÓàÇÄÑÐÓ±ÐÍÞ±ÕO µÈÇËÏËÙÏÝÌÆȱÔÐÒ
∂I
_JUDG I_FRV ϕ
∂O
ÇÈϕ µÕÐÍÐÅÒÄÊÐÆÄÏÏÝÌÆȱÔÐÒÐÎOËJUDG IjÊßÔÐÌÖÐÒ
ÎÕÍÝÆËÇÏÐÙÔÐÈÓÍËÆÇÄÏÏÐÌÔÐÙ±È
∂I ∂I ∂I
_JUDG I_
∂[
∂\ ∂]
ÔÐÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇÏÄÃÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÕÈÎÐÌÖÕϱØËËÑÐÏÄÑÒÄÆÍÈÏËà
ÇÐÓÔËÄÈÔ ÏÄËÅÐÍÞÚÈÐ ÊÏÄÙÈÏËÃ Æ ÈÇËÏÓÔÆÈÏÏÐÎ ÏÄÑÒÄÆÍÈ
ÏËËÄËÎÈÏÏÐÔÐÎÑÒ˱ÐÔÐÒÐÎFRVϕ Ô ÈÆÏÄÑÒÄÆÍÈÏËË
ÒÄÇËÈÏÔÄjÊßÔÐÐÓÍÈÇÕÈÔÙÔÐÇÍÃÊÄÇÄÏÏÐÌÖÕϱØËËÔÐÙ±Ë
I0ÒÄÇËÈÏÔƱÄÉÇÐÌÔÐÙ±ÈÐÇÏÐÊÏÄÙÏÐÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÃÈÔÓÃÓÄÎÐÌ
ÖÕϱØËÈÌËÏÈÊÄÆËÓËÔÐÔÆÝÅÐÒÄÓËÓÔÈÎݱÐÐÒÇËÏÄԱıßÔÐ
ÎÐÍÐÅÝÓÏÄÙÄÍÄÑбÄÊÄÔÞÓÃËÊÖÐÒÎÕÍÝ
fÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÐ ÑÒÈÉÇÈ ÆÓÈÐ ÈÓÍË ÒÄÇËÈÏÔ ÒÄÆÈÏ ÏÕÍà
Æ ÐÇÏÐÌ ÇȱÄÒÔÐÆÐÌ ÓËÓÔÈÎÈ ±ÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔ ÔÐ ÐÏ ÒÄÆÈÏ ÏÕÍà Ë
Æ ±ÄÉÇÐÌÇÒÕÐÌ ÑÐÇÐÅÏÐÌÓËÓÔÈÎÈ ±ÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔ d ÓÄÎÐÎ ÇÈÍÈ
ÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐÏÕÍàÒÄÇËÈÏÔÄÆÏȱÐÔÐÒÐÌÔÐÙ±ÈÓÐÍÄÓÏÐÖÐÒÎÕ
ÍÈ ÒÄÆÏÐÓËÍÞÏÐ ÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÕ ÏÕÍà Æ ßÔÐÌ ÔÐÙ±È ÑÒÐËÊ
ÆÐÇÏÝ×ÑÐÆÓÈÎÏÄÑÒÄÆÍÈÏËÃÎÑÐÓÍÈÇÏÈÈÉÈÏÈÊÄÆËÓËÔÐÔÆÝ
ÅÐÒÄÇȱÄÒÔÐÆÐÌÓËÓÔÈÎݱÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔÑÐÓ±ÐÍÞ±ÕÐÔßÔÐÐÆÝÅÐ
ÒÄÏÈÊÄÆËÓËÔÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇÏÄÃÑÐÏÄÑÒÄÆÍÈÏËàgÓÍËÉÈÒÄÇËÈÏÔ
ÏÈ ÒÄÆÈÏ ÏÕÍà ÔÐ ÈÐ ÏÈÊÄÆËÓËÎÐÓÔÞ ÐÔ ÆÝÅÐÒÄ ÇȱÄÒÔÐÆÐÌ
ÓËÓÔÈÎÝ ±ÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔ ÓÍÈÇÕÈÔ ÏÈÑÐÓÒÈÇÓÔÆÈÏÏÐ ËÊ ÇбÄÊÄÏÏÐÐ
ÆÝÚÈÈÐÈÐÎÈÔÒËÙÈÓ±ÐÐÓÎÝÓÍÄÏÄÑÒÄÆÍÈÏËÈÒÄÇËÈÏÔÄÑÐ
±ÄÊÝÆÄÈÔ ÏÄÑÒÄÆÍÈÏËÈ ÏÄËÅÝÓÔÒÈÌÚÈÐ ÒÐÓÔÄ ÖÕϱØËË ÐÏÐ
ÈÇËÏÓÔÆÈÏÏÐ Ä ÈÐ ÆÈÍËÙËÏÄ ÒÄÆÏÄ ÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇÏÐÌ Æ ßÔÐÎ ÏÄ
ÑÒÄÆÍÈÏËË
dÐÊÞÎÈÎ ÔÈÑÈÒÞ ÍàÅÕà ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐ ÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÕÈÎÕà
±ÒËÆÕàÅÈÊÐÓÐÅÝ×ÔÐÙȱÑÒÐ×ÐÇÃÛË×ÙÈÒÈÊÔÐÙ±Õ[\]
ËÔıÕàÙÔÐÆȱÔÐÒOÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃÈȱÄÓÄÔÈÍÞÏÝÎÆȱÔÐÒÐÎpÅÐ
ÊÏÄÙËÎÙÈÒÈÊVÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÕàÇÍËÏÕÇÕËßÔÐ̱ÒËÆÐÌÐÔÓÙËÔÝ
ÆÄÈÎÕàÐÔÔÐÙ±Ë0ÆÔıÐÎÏÄÑÒÄÆÍÈÏËËÙÔÐÅÝÆȱÔÐÒOÇÄ
ÆÄÍÑÐÍÐÉËÔÈÍÞÏÐÈÏÄÑÒÄÆÍÈÏËÈÏıÄÓÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÌgÓÍË[ [V
\ \V] ]V µÑÒÈÇÓÔÄÆÍÈÏËÈßÔÐ̱ÒËÆÐÌÔбıËÊÆÈÓÔ
ÏÐÓÎÑ G[ G\ G]
FRV α FRV β FRV γÔ ÈÓÑÒÄÆÈÇ
GV GV GV
ÍËÆÝ ÔÈ ÉÈ ÖÐÒÎÕÍÝ ÙÔÐ Ë ÇÍÃ ÍÕÙÄ qÐßÔÐÎÕ ÈÓÍË
ÆÊÃÔÞ ÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇÏÕà Æ ÔÐÙ±È 0[ \ ] ÐÔ ÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÕÈ
ÎÐÌ ÖÕϱØËË I[ \ ] ÑÐ ÇÄÏÏÐÌ ±ÒËÆÐÌ Æ ÏÄÑÒÄÆÍÈÏËË ÆÐÊ
ÒÄÓÔÄÏËÃÇÍËÏÝÇÕËVÔ ÈÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇÏÕàÑÐVÓÍÐÉÏÐÌÖÕϱ
ØËËI[V\V]VVOÑÒËV ÔÐÇÍÃßÔÐÌÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇÏÐÌ
ÈÓÍËÈÈÔıÉÈÐÅÐÊÏÄÙËÔÞÙÈÒÈÊ ∂I ÓÑÒÄÆÈÇÍËÆÄÖÐÒÎÕÍÄ
∂O
ÔÐ ÐÊÏÄÙÄÈÔ ÙÔÐ ÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇÏÄÃ Æ ÏȱÐÔÐÒÐÌ ÔÐÙ±È ÐÔ ÖÕϱØËË
ÆÇÐÍÞ±ÒËÆÐÌÑÒÐ×ÐÇÃÛÈÌÙÈÒÈÊÕ±ÄÊÄÏÏÕàÔÐÙ±ÕÓÐÆÑÄÇÄÈÔÓ
ÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇÏÐÌ ÑÐ ÏÄÑÒÄÆÍÈÏËà ±ÄÓÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÌ ± ±ÒËÆÐÌ Æ ÔÐÌ ÉÈ
ÔÐÙ±È
dÓÈÓ±ÄÊÄÏÏÐÈÑÈÒÈÏÐÓËÔÓÃÏÄÖÕϱØËËÍàÅÐÐÙËÓÍÄQÑÈ
ÒÈÎÈÏÏÝ×QOsÖÐÒÎÕÍËÒÕÈÎÍËÚÞÇÍÃßÔÐÐÓÍÕÙÄÃÐÑÒÈ
ÇÈÍÈÏËÈÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇÏÐÌÑÐÏÄÑÒÄÆÍÈÏËà
qÕÓÔÞÆÏȱÐÔÐÒÐÌбÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔËÔÐÙ±Ë[ [ ( ) [ Q( )
ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏÄÖÕϱØËÃI[ËÑÕÓÔÞ[ [ ( ) [ Q( ) µÔÐÙ±Ä
ßÔÐÌбÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔË[ [
qÒÐÆÈÇÈÎÑÒÃÎÕàÙÈÒÈÊÔÐÙ±Ë[Ë[gÈÕÒÄÆÏÈÏËÈÓÎ
ËËÎÈÈÔÆËÇ
[L [ L( )W FRV αL L Q ´W
ÇÈFRV αL µÏÄÑÒÄÆÍÃàÛËȱÐÓËÏÕÓÝÆȱÔÐÒÄ
I[\
I
ÈÓÍË\ [Ë[\!
±ÒÊÎÇÒÊÓÓÍÇÆÐÄÂÏÊáÖÕÏÌØÊËÆÄÕ×ÑÇÒÇÎÇÏÏÝ×
s ÑÐÎÐÛÞà ÙÄÓÔÏÝ× ÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇÏÝ× ÎÐÉÏÐ ËÊÕÙÄÔÞ ÑÐÆÈÇÈÏËÈ
ÖÕϱØËÌ ÎÏÐË× ÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÝ× ÑÐÇÐÅÏÐ ÔÐÎÕ ±Ä± ËÓÓÍÈÇÐÆÄ
ÍÐÓÞÑÐÆÈÇÈÏËÈÖÕϱØËËÐÇÏÐÌÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÐÌÓÑÐÎÐÛÞàÈÈÑÒÐ
ËÊÆÐÇÏÐÌdÐÑÒÐÓÐÔÝÓ±ÄÏËÃÏÄËÅÐÍÞÚË×ËÏÄËÎÈÏÞÚË×ÊÏÄ
ÙÈÏËÌ ÒÄÓÓÎÐÔÒÈÏ Æ Ë ÊÇÈÓÞ ÉÈ ÐÒÄÏËÙËÎÓÃ ÐÇÏËÎ
ÑÒËÎÈÒÐÎ ËÊÕÙÈÏËà ÖÕϱØËË ÇÆÕ× ÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÝ× Ó ÑÐÎÐÛÞà
±ÐÔÐÒÐÐ ÑÐÍÕÙËÎ ÈÛÈ ÐÇÏÐ ÇбÄÊÄÔÈÍÞÓÔÆÐ ÕÓÔÄÏÐÆÍÈÏÏÐÐ Æ
Ñ
ÙËÓÍÐÆÐÐÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÄoÄÑÐÎÏËÎÈÐ
qÕÓÔÞS!ËÙËÓÍÐTÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÃÈÔÓÃÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐÎ
S T
tÐÇÄÇÍÃÍàÅÝ×ÙËÓÈÍDOËEOËÎÈÈÔÎÈÓÔÐÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐ
S T
DEPD
E
S T
qÒÈÉÇÈ ÆÓÈÐ ÐÔÎÈÔËÎ ÙÔÐ ÕÒÄÆÏÈÏËÈ ÓÆÃÊÝÆÄàÛÈÈ
ÙËÓÍÄSËTÒÄÆÏÐÓËÍÞÏÐÓÐÐÔÏÐÚÈÏËà
S´T´
±ÐÔÐÒÐÈß±ÆËÆÄÍÈÏÔÏÐÕÓÍÐÆËà
S
T
Sµ
ÔÐÕÓÔÄÏÄÆÍËÆÄÈÔÓÃÏÈÑÐÓÒÈÇÓÔÆÈÏÏÐÌÑÒÐÆÈÒ±ÐÌ
fÍÃÇбÄÊÄÔÈÍÞÓÔÆÄÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÄÒÄÓÓÎÐÔÒËÎÖÕϱØËà
S T
)[\ [\´[ \
´ [O \O
S T
dÝÙËÓÍËÎÈÈÙÄÓÔÏÝÈÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇÏÝÈ
∂) ( [\ ) ∂) ( [\ )
\´[S´ [´\T´
∂[ ∂\
jÊÓÍÈÇÕÈÔÙÔÐÑÒË[OË\OÕÒÄÆÏÈÏËÃ
\´[S´
Ë
[´\T´
ÒÄÆÏÐÓËÍÞÏÝtıËÎÐÅÒÄÊÐÎÔÐÙ±Ë[\ÕÇÐÆÍÈÔÆÐÒÃàÛËÈ
±Ä±ÕÓÍÐÆËà ∂
) ( [\ )
ÔıËÕÓÍÐÆËà ∂
) ( [\ )
ÍÈÉÄÔÏÄ
∂[ ∂\
±ÒËÆÐÌËÍËÙÔÐÔÐÉÈÏıÒËÆÐÌ
dÓËÍÕËÆÇÐÍÞ±ÒËÆÐÌËÎÈÈÎ
S ( S µ )T S S
)[[ S´ [ S´[ [ [ [
´ [ S´´
S T S T
pÅÐÊÏÄÙËÎÔÈÑÈÒÞÙÈÒÈÊ*ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐÆÓÈ×ÔÐÙȱÒÄÓÑÐÍÐ
ÉÈÏÏÝ×ÆÝÚȱÒËÆÐÌËÏÄÓÄÎÐ̱ÒËÆÐÌ
GHI
* ^[\ \O[ S´ [O`
ÄÙÈÒÈÊ*´ µÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐÆÓÈ×ÔÐÙȱÑÈÒÆÐ̱ÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔÏÐÌÙÈÔ
ÆÈÒÔËƱÍàÙÄÃËÔÐÙ±ËÐÓË2[ÍÈÉÄÛË×ÏËÉÈßÔÐ̱ÒËÆÐÌË
ÏÄÏÈÌÓÄÎÐÌ
GHI
*´ ^[\ P\P[S´ [O`
sÐÍÄÓÏÐÖÐÒÎÕÍÄÎÑÒË[\∈*\ [ S´ËÎÈÈÎ
∂) ( [\ ) ∂) ( [\ )
!ÄÑÒË[\∈*´\ [ S´ÓÐÐÔÆÈÔÓÔÆÈÏÏÐ !
∂[ ∂\
ÊÇÈÓÞ ËÓÑÐÍÞÊÐÆÄÏÄ ß±ÆËÆÄÍÈÏÔÏÐÓÔÞ ÕÒÄÆÏÈÏËÌ Ë
qÐßÔÐÎÕÆÇÐÍÞÍàÅÐÐÐÔÒÈʱÄÍÈÉÄÛÈÐÏÄÎÏÐÉÈ
ÓÔÆÈ * Ë ÑÄÒÄÍÍÈÍÞÏÐÐ ÐÓË 2[ ÒËÓ ÖÕϱØËà )[ \
ÓÔÒÐÐÆÐÊÒÄÓÔÄÈÔsÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÈÓÍË[\ ∈*\ [ S´ÔÐ
ÓÎ
)[\)[[ S´
bÏÄÍÐËÙÏÐÏÄÍàÅÐÎÐÔÒÈʱÈÍÈÉÄÛÈÎÏÄÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÈ*´
ËÑÄÒÄÍÍÈÍÞÏÐÎÐÓË2\ÖÕϱØËÃ)[\ÔıÉÈÓÔÒÐÐÆÐÊÒÄÓ
ÔÄÈÔqÐßÔÐÎÕÈÓÍË[\∈*´Ë\ [ S´ÔÐÐÑÃÔÞ
)[\)[[ S´
\ tıËÎÐÅÒÄÊÐÎÈÓÍË\ [S´[O
\ [ S ´ \OÔÐÆÓÈÇÄ)[\jÔıÆÓÑÐ
ÎËÏÄà ÆËÇ ÖÕϱØËË ) ÓÎ
ËÎÈÈÎÈÓÍËDOEOÔÐ
*
S T
E
DE D
ÑÒËE D S´
S T
*´
S T
)
E
DE D
ÑÒËE D S´
S T
[ tÈÎÓÄÎÝÎÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐÇбÄ
rËÓ ÊÄÏÐ
¹ÂÓÔÏÝÇÑÒÐÊÉÄÐÆÏÝÇ
ÊÆÊÖÖÇÒÇÏØÊÂÍÝÄÝÓÚÊ×ÑÐÒáÆÌÐÄ
¹ÂÓÔÏÝÇÑÒÐÊÉÄÐÆÏÝÇÄÝÓÚÊ×ÑÐÒáÆÌÐÄ
yÅÔÕÐÑÍÒÓÑÌËÇÑÈÐÑÍÐÖÎÉÇÑÑÒÑÓÄȲÅÇÍÃÕÇÐÅÓÔÆÄÐÅÐÊÏÄÙÈÏËÌ
ÓÙËÔÄàÔÓÄÎÕÖÕϱØËà
yËÓÍÐÒÄÊÍËÙÏÝ×ÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇÏÝ×ÑÒËÕÆÈÍËÙÈÏËËPÐÙÈÆËÇ
ÏÐ ÆÐÊÒÄÓÔÄÈÔ ÐÇÏıРбÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÓà ÙÔÐ ÑÒË ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏÏÝ×
ÑÒÈÇÑÐÍÐÉÈÏËÃ×ÎÏÐËÈËÊÏË×ÓÐÆÑÄÇÄàÔÄËÎÈÏÏÐÓÎÈÚÄÏ
ÏÝÈÙÄÓÔÏÝÈÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇÏÝÈÑÐÐÇÏËÎËÔÈÎÉÈÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÝÎÏÈ
ÊÄÆËÓÃÔÐÔÑÐÒÃDZÄÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÐÆÄÏËÃ
cÐÍÈÈÔÐÙÏÐËÎÈÈÔÎÈÓÔÐÓÍÈÇÕàÛÄÃÔÈÐÒÈÎÄ
´ § ° ² § ® ¢ qÖÔÕß ×ÖвÙÌÄ I[ \ ÑÒÓÉÈÉÎÉÐÅ ÇÏÉÔÕÉ ÔÑ
ÔÇÑÌÏÌÚÅÔÕÐÞÏÌÒÓÑÌËÇÑÈÐÞÏÌI[I\I[\ÌI\[ÇÐɲÑÕÑÓÑÍѲ
ÓÉÔÕÐÑÔÕÌÕÑÚ²Ì[\ÒÓÌÚÉÏI[\ÌI\[ÐÉÒÓÉÓÞÇÐÞÇàÕÑÍ
ÕÑÚ²ÉÕÑÈÅ
I[\[\ I\[[\
¦ Ð Ì Â É Â Ô Ç Í Þ Ó Ô Ä Ð qÕÓÔÞ ÖÕϱØËà I[ \ ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏÄ
ÆÎÈÓÔÈ Ó ÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇÏÝÎË I[ I\ I[\ Ë I\[ Æ δбÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔË ÔÐÙ±Ë
[\ËÑÕÓÔÞ∆[Ë∆\Ö˱ÓËÒÐÆÄÏÝÔıÙÔÐ∆[∆\δ
cÕÇÈÎÐÅÐÊÏÄÙÄÔޱıËÒÄÏÞÚÈÓÎÑ ÓËÎÆÐÍÐÎ∆[ÓÐ
ÐÔÆÈÔÓÔÆÈÏÏÐ∆\ÑÒËÒÄÛÈÏËÈÖÕϱØËËIÑÐÄÒÕÎÈÏÔÕ[ÓÐÐÔ
ÆÈÔÓÔÆÈÏÏÐ \ Æ ÔÐÙ±È [ \
dÆÈÇÈÎ ÐÅÐÊÏÄÙÈÏËÃ ∆[\I
∆[∆\I∆\[I ∆\∆[IËÑбÄÉÈÎÙÔÐ
∆[\ ∆\[I
fÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÐ
∆[\I ∆[∆\I ∆[>I[\∆\´I[\@ I[∆[\∆\´
´I[∆[\@´>I[\∆\´I[\@
ÄÏÄÍÐËÙÏÐ
∆\[I ∆\∆[I >I[∆[\∆\´I[\∆\@´
´>I[∆[\´I[\@
sÒÄÆÏËÆÄÃËÕÅÈÉÇÄÈÎÓÃÆÓÑÒÄÆÈÇÍËÆÐÓÔËÓÐÐÔ
ÏÐÚÈÏËÃ
qÐÍÐÉËÎÔÈÑÈÒÞϕ[ I[\∆\´I[\ÔÐÇÄ
ÎÐÉÏÐÑÈÒÈÑËÓÄÔÞÆÆËÇÈ
∆[\I ϕ[∆[´ϕ[
dÓËÍÕÔÐÐÙÔÐÆÒÄÓÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄÈÎÐÌбÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔËÔÐÙ±Ë[\
ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔ ÙÄÓÔÏÄà ÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇÏÄà I[ ÖÕϱØËà ϕ[ ÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏ
ØËÒÕÈÎÄÏÄÐÔÒÈʱÈÓ±ÐÏØÄÎËÆÔÐÙ±Ä×[Ë[∆[jÊÔÈÐÒÈ
ÎÝmÄÒÄÏÉÄбÐÏÈÙÏÝ×ÑÒËÒÄÛÈÏËÃ×ÓÍÈÇÕÈÔÙÔÐ
∆[\I ϕ′[θ∆[∆[ θ
oÐϕ′[ I[[\∆\´I[[\ÑÐßÔÐÎÕ
∆[\I >I[[θ∆[\∆\´I[[θ∆[\@∆[
qÒËÎÈÏÃÃÈÛÈÒÄÊÔÕÉÈÔÈÐÒÈÎÕбÐÏÈÙÏÝ×ÑÒËÒÄÛÈÏË
Ã×ÏÐÔÈÑÈÒÞÕÉÈÑÐÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÐÌ\ËÎÈÈÎ
∆[\I I[\[θ∆[\θ∆\∆[∆\
θ θ
bÏÄÍÐËÙÏÐÑÐÍÄÄÃψ\ I[∆[\´I[\ËÎÈÈÎ
∆\[I ψ\∆\´ψ\ ψ′\θ∆\∆\
>I\[∆[\θ∆\´I\[\θ∆\@∆\
I\[[θ∆[\θ∆\∆[∆\ θ θ
sÐÍÄÓÏÐÍÈÆÝÈÙÄÓÔËÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÄËÒÄÆ
ÏÝ ÎÈÉÇÕ ÓÐÅÐÌ ÊÏÄÙËÔ ÒÄÆÏÝ Ë ÑÒÄÆÝÈ ÑÒËÒÄÆÏËÆÄà Ë× Ë
ÓбÒÄÛÄÃÏÄ∆[∆\ÑÒË∆[ Ë∆\ ÑÐÍÕÙÄÈÎ
I[\[θ∆[\θ∆\ I\[[θ∆[\θ∆\
θL L
dÓËÍÕÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÓÔËÙÄÓÔÏÝ×ÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇÏÝ×I[\ËI\[ÆÔÐÙ
±È[\ÑÈÒÈ×ÐÇÃƱÑÒÈÇÈÍÕÑÒË∆[∆\{ÑÐÍÕ
ÙÄÈÎ
i Ä Î È Ù Ä Ï Ë È jÊÇбÄÊÄÏÏÐÌÔÈÐÒÈÎÝÑÐËÏÇÕ±ØËËÓÍÈ
ÇÕÈÔ ÙÔÐ ÈÓÍË Õ ÖÕϱØËË Q ÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÝ× ÓÎÈÚÄÏÏÝÈ ÙÄÓÔÏÝÈ
ÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇÏÝÈ PÐ ÑÐÒÃÇ±Ä ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÝ Æ ÏȱÐÔÐÒÐÌ ÔÐÙ±È Ä
ÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇÏÝÈ ÏËÊÚË× ÑÐÒÃDZÐÆ ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÝ Æ ÈÈ Ð±ÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔË
ÔÐÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇÏÝÈÑÐÒÃDZÄPÆßÔÐÌÔÐÙ±ÈÏÈÊÄÆËÓÃÔÐÔÑÐÒÃDZÄ
ÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÐÆÄÏËÃÔÐÓÍÈÇÕÈÔËÊÔÐÐÙÔÐÍàÅÝÈÇÆÈÑÐÓÍÈ
ÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔË ÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÐÆÄÏËà ÐÔÍËÙÄàÛËÈÓà ÔÐÍޱРÑÐ
ÒÃDZÐÎÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÐÆÄÏËÃÔ ÈÔıËÈÙÔÐÑбÄÉÇÐÎÕÖ˱
ÓËÒÐÆÄÏÏÐÎÕ ÄÒÕÎÈÏÔÕ ÐÏË ÓÐÇÈÒÉÄÔ ÐÇÏÐ Ë ÔÐ ÉÈ ÓÕÎÎÄÒÏÐÈ
ÙËÓÍÐ ÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÐÆÄÏËÌ ÎÐÉÏÐ ÑÈÒÈÆÈÓÔË ÐÇÏÕ Æ ÇÒÕÕà
±ÐÏÈÙÏÝÎÙËÓÍÐÎÚÄÐÆÑÒ˱ÄÉÇÐÎËʱÐÔÐÒÝ×ÎÈÏÃÈÔÓÃÑÐ
ÒÃÇбÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÐÆÄÏËÃÔÐÍÞ±ÐÑÐÇÆÕÎÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÝÎÄÇÒÕ
ËÈÐÓÔÄàÔÓÃÖ˱ÓËÒÐÆÄÏÏÝÎËtıËÎÐÅÒÄÊÐÎÑÒ˱ÄÉÇÐÎÚÄ
È ÖıÔËÙÈÓ±Ë ÒÄÓÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄÈÔÓà ËÊÎÈÏÈÏËÈ ÑÐÒÃÇ±Ä ÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏ
ØËÒÐÆÄÏËÃÕÖÕϱØËËÍËÚÞÇÆÕ×ÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÝ×ÄÆßÔÐÎÓÍÕÙÄÈ
ÆÝÑÐÍÏÃàÔÓà ÕÓÍÐÆËà ÇбÄÊÄÏÏÐÌ ÆÝÚÈ ÔÈÐÒÈÎÝ tÈÎ ÓÄÎÝÎ
ÐÅÛËÌÓÍÕÙÄÌËÓÆÐÇËÔÓñÓÍÕÙÄàÖÕϱØËÌÇÆÕ×ÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÝ×
qÐÃÓÏËÎßÔÐÏÄÑÒËÎÈÒÈfбÄÉÈÎÏÄÑÒËÎÈÒÙÔÐI[\] I]\[
sÐÍÄÓÏÐÓ±ÄÊÄÏÏÐÎÕÆÝÚÈÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐËÎÈÈÎ
I[\] I[\] I[]\ I[]\ I][\ I][\ I]\[ I]\[
i Ä Î È Ù Ä Ï Ë È d ÊıÍàÙÈÏËÈ ßÔÐÐ ÑÕϱÔÄ ÐÔÎÈÔËÎ
ÙÔÐ ÏÄ ÑÈÒÆÝÌ ÆÊÍÃÇ ÇбÄÊÄÏÏÄà ÔÈÐÒÈÎÄ ÎÐÉÈÔ ÑбÄÊÄÔÞÓÃ
ÏÈÐÙÈÏÞÓÐÇÈÒÉÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÌÇÍÃÔÐÐÙÔÐÅÝÓÕÇËÔÞÐÔÐÎËÎÈÈÔ
ÍËÎÈÓÔÐÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐI[\ I\[ÏÄÇÐÓÐÍÄÓÏÐßÔÐÌÔÈÐÒÈÎÈÑÒÐ
ÆÈÒËÔÞÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÓÔÞÖÕϱØËÌI[\ËI\[ÄÇÍÃßÔÐÐÏÄÇбÄ
ÊÄÍÐÓÞÅÝË×ÊÏÄÔÞÏÐÈÓÍËÐÏËÕÉÈËÊÆÈÓÔÏÝÔÐÅÈÊÆÓñÐÌ
ÔÈÐÒÈÎÝ ÎÐÉÏÐ Ó±ÄÊÄÔÞ ÒÄÆÏÝ ÐÏË ËÍË ÏÈÔ tÈÎ ÏÈ ÎÈÏÈÈ
ÔÈÐÒÈÎÄ ÆÓÈÔÄ±Ë ÓÐÇÈÒÉÄÔÈÍÞÏÄ fÈÍÐ Æ ÔÐÎ ÙÔÐ Ð ÏÈÑÒÈ
ÒÝÆÏÐÓÔË ÖÕϱØËË ÎÐÉÏÐ ËÏÐÇÄ ÓÕÇËÔÞ ÏÄ ÐÓÏÐÆÄÏËË ÏȱÐ
ÔÐÒÝ×ÐÅÛË×ÔÈÐÒÈÎÏÈÑÒËÅÈÄñ±ÐϱÒÈÔÏÐÎÕÆÝÙËÓÍÈÏËà
ËËÓÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÏËàÓÄÎÐÌÖÕϱØËËtıÆÓÈßÍÈÎÈÏÔÄÒÏÝÈÖÕϱ
ØËËÎÏÐË×ÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÝ×ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÝÆÓÆÐÈÌÐÅÍÄÓÔËÐÑÒÈÇÈ
ÍÈÏËÃ ÓÎ Ñ s ÇÒÕÐÌ ÓÔÐÒÐÏÝ ÙÄÓÔÏÝÈ ÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇÏÝÈ
ßÍÈÎÈÏÔÄÒÏÝ× ÖÕϱØËÌ ÓÄÎË ÃÆÍÃàÔÓà ßÍÈÎÈÏÔÄÒÏÝÎË ÑÐ
ßÔÐÎÕ ÈÓÍË ÏÄÑÒËÎÈÒ ÙÄÓÔÏÄà ÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇÏÄà ÏȱÐÔÐÒÐÌ ßÍÈ
ÎÈÏÔÄÒÏÐÌÖÕϱØËËÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏÄÏÄÏȱÐÔÐÒÐÌбÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔ˱Ä
±ÐÌÍËÅÐ ÔÐÙ±Ë ÔÐ ßÔÄ ÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇÏÄÃ Ë ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÄ Æ ±ÄÉÇÐÌ
ÔÐÙ±ÈÕ±ÄÊÄÏÏÐÌбÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔË
iÇÊÇÛÇ fбÄÊÄÔÞÙÔÐÈÓÍËÖÕϱØËÃI[\ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏÄÆÎÈÓÔÈÓÐ
ÓÆÐËÎËÙÄÓÔÏÝÎËÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇÏÝÎËI[I\ËI[\ÆÏȱÐÔÐÒÐÌбÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔËÔÐÙ
±Ë[\ÑÒËÙÈÎÙÄÓÔÏÄÃÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇÏÄÃI[\ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÄÆÔÐÙ±È[\ÔÐ
ÆßÔÐÌÔÐÙ±ÈÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔÙÄÓÔÏÄÃÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇÏÄÃI\[ËI\[[\ I[\[\
vÕϱØËÃËÎÈàÛÄÃÆÏȱÐÔÐÒÐÌÔÐÙ±ÈÏÄÏȱÐÔÐÒÐÎÐÔ±ÒÝ
ÔÐÎ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÈ ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÝÈ ÙÄÓÔÏÝÈ ÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇÏÝÈ ÆÓÈ× ÑÐÒÃÇ
±ÐÆ ÇÐ ÏȱÐÔÐÒÐÐ ÑÐÒÃÇ±Ä P ƱÍàÙËÔÈÍÞÏÐ ÏÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÓà P ÓÅË
ÐÉÒÓÉÓÞÇÐÑÈÌ××ÉÓÉÐÙÌÓÖÉÏÑÍÆßÔÐÌÔÐÙ±ÈÏÄßÔÐÎÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÈ
iÄÎÈÔËÎÙÔÐÇÍÃÔÐÐÙÔÐÅÝÖÕϱØËÃËÎÈÍÄÆÔÐÙ±ÈÏÄÐÔ
±ÒÝÔÐÎ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÈ ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÝÈ ÙÄÓÔÏÝÈ ÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇÏÝÈ ÆÓÈ×
ÑÐÒÃDZÐÆÇÐÏȱÐÔÐÒÐÐÑÐÒÃDZÄPƱÍàÙËÔÈÍÞÏÐÇÐÓÔÄÔÐÙÏÐ
ÙÔÐÅÝ ÐÏÄ ËÎÈÍÄ Æ ßÔÐÌ ÔÐÙ±È ÏÄ ßÔÐÎ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÈ ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆ
ÏÝÈ ÙÄÓÔÏÝÈ ÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇÏÝÈ ÑÐÒÃÇ±Ä P fÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÐ ËÊ ÏÈ
ÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÓÔËÆÓÈ×ÙÄÓÔÏÝ×ÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇÏÝ×ÑÐÒÃDZÄPÆÔÐÙ±ÈÏÄ
ÐÔ±ÒÝÔÐÎ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÈ ÓÐÍÄÓÏÐ ÓÍÈÇÓÔÆËà ËÊ ÔÈÐÒÈÎÝ Æ
Ñ ÆÝÔȱÄÈÔ ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÓÔÞ ÆÓÈ× ÙÄÓÔÏÝ× ÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇÏÝ×
ÑÐÒÃDZÄP´ÆÒÄÓÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄÈÎÐÌÔÐÙ±ÈÏÄÒÄÓÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄÈÎÐÎ
ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÈ jÊ ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÓÔË ÉÈ ÙÄÓÔÏÝ× ÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇÏÝ× ÑÐ
ÒÃDZÄP´ÆÝÔȱÄÈÔÆÓÍÕÙÄÈP!ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÓÔÞÙÄÓÔÏÝ×
ÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇÏÝ×ÑÐÒÃDZÄP´ËÔ Ç
¦ÊÖÖÇÒÇÏØÊÂÍÝÄÝÓÚÊ×ÑÐÒáÆÌÐÄ
vÕϱØËÃÐÔQÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÝ×[[Q\\QËÍËÙÔÐÔÐ
ÉÈÐÔÕÑÐÒÃÇÐÙÈÏÏÐÌÑÄÒÝ[\ÔÐÙȱQÎÈÒÏÐÐÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔ
ÆÄ[ [[Q\ \\QÆËÇÄ
Q
$[\ $[[Q\\Q ∑ DLN[L\N
LN
qÕÓÔÞÖÕϱØËÃ] ][\ËÎÈÈÔÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÝÈÑÈÒÆÝÈËÆÔÐ
ÒÝÈÙÄÓÔÏÝÈÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇÏÝÈÏÄÏȱÐÔÐÒÐÎÐÔ±ÒÝÔÐÎÑÍÐÓ±ÐÎÎÏÐ
ÉÈÓÔÆÈ * ÔıËÈ ÖÕϱØËË ÓÐÍÄÓÏÐ ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËà ÑÒÈÇÝÇÕÛÈÐ
ÑÕϱÔÄ ÏÄÊÝÆÄàÔÓà ÇÆÄÉÇÝ ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐ ÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÕÈÎÝÎË
ÏÄ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÈ * jÊ ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÓÔË ÏÄ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÈ * ÙÄÓÔÏÝ×
∂] ∂]
ÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇÏÝ× Ë
ÓÍÈÇÕÈÔ ±Ä± ÎÝ ÊÏÄÈÎ ÓÎ ÔÈÐÒÈÎÕ Æ
∂[ ∂\
Ñ ÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÕÈÎÐÓÔÞ ÓÄÎÐÌ ÖÕϱØËË][ \ Æ ±ÄÉÇÐÌ
ÔÐÙ±ÈßÔÐÐÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄtıËÎÐÅÒÄÊÐÎÇÍÃÆÓÈ×ÔÐÙȱ[\∈*
ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÄÍ
∂] ( [\ )
G] ∂
] ( [\ )
G[ G\
∂[ ∂\
sÐÍÄÓÏÐ ÓÇÈÍÄÏÏÝÎÑÒÈÇÑÐÍÐÉÈÏËÃÎ ÙÄÓÔÏÝÈ ÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇ
∂] ∂]
ÏÝÈ Ë
ËÎÈàÔÏÄÐÔ±ÒÝÔÐÎÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÈÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÝÈÙÄÓÔ
∂[ ∂\
ÏÝÈÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇÏÝÈ
∂ ∂] ∂ ] ∂] ∂] ∂ ] ∂ ∂] ∂] ∂] ∂] ∂]
Ë
∂[ ∂[ ∂[ ∂\ ∂[ ∂\ ∂[ ∂[ ∂\ ∂[ ∂\ ∂\ ∂\ ∂\
∂] ∂]
ÑÐßÔÐÎÕ Æ ÓËÍÕ ÔÐÌ ÉÈ ÔÈÐÒÈÎÝ ËÊ Ñ Ë ÔıÉÈ
∂[ ∂\
ÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÕÈÎÝ ÏÄ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÈ * qÐßÔÐÎÕ ÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÄÍ
G]ÒÄÓÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄÈÎÝ̱ıÖÕϱØËÃÔÐÍÞ±ÐÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÝ×[Ë\Æ
ÓÆÐà ÐÙÈÒÈÇÞ ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃ ÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÕÈÎÐÌ ÏÄ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÈ *
ÖÕϱØËÈÌdÝÙËÓÍËÎÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÄÍÐÔÑÈÒÆÐÐÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØË
ÄÍÄG]ÓÙËÔÄÃG[ËG\Ö˱ÓËÒÐÆÄÏÏÝÎËÄÔÐÙ±Õ[\ µÑÒË
ÏÄÇÍÈÉÄÛÈÌÐÅÍÄÓÔË*[\∈*ÑÒËßÔÐÎÏÐÆÐÈÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØË
ÒÐÆÄÏËÈÐÅÐÊÏÄÙËÎÓËÎÆÐÍÐÎδ
∂] ∂] ∂] ∂]
δG] δ
G[ G\ δ G[ δ G\
∂[ ∂\
∂[ ∂\
∂ ]
∂ ] ∂ ] ∂ ]
δ[ δ\ G[ δ[ δ\ G\
∂[ ∂\ ∂[ ∂[ ∂\ ∂\
∂ ] ∂ ] ∂ ]
G[ δ[ G[ δ\δ[ G\ G\ δ\
∂[ ∂[ ∂\ ∂\
pÅÒÄÔËÎÆÏËÎÄÏËÈÏÄÔÐÙÔÐÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÓÔÞÆÔÐÒÝ×ÑÒÐËÊ
ÆÐÇÏÝ× ÅÝÍÄ ËÓÑÐÍÞÊÐÆÄÏÄ ÏÈ ÔÐÍޱРÇÍà ÔÐÐ ÙÔÐÅÝ ÑÒÐÆÈ
ÇÈÏÏÝÈÆÝÙËÓÍÈÏËÃËÎÈÍËÓÎÝÓÍ Ô ÈÇÍÃÔÐÐÙÔÐÅÝÆÐÆÓÈ×
∂]
ÒÄÓÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄÈÎÝ× ÔÐÙ±Ä× ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÐÆÄÍË ÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÄÍÝ δ
∂[
∂]
Ëδ ÏÐËÇÍÃÔÐÐÙÔÐÅÝÆÑÒÐØÈÓÓÈÆÝÙËÓÍÈÏËÌÏÈÐÅÒÄÛÄÔÞ
∂\
ÆÏËÎÄÏËà ÏÄ ÑÐÒÃÇб ÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÐÆÄÏËà fÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÐ
ÅÝÍÐÑбÄÊÄÏÐÓÎÑ ÙÔÐÆÓÍÕÙÄÈÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÓÔËÓÎÈ
∂ ] ∂ ]
ÚÄÏÏÝ×ÙÄÓÔÏÝ×ÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇÏÝ×
Ë ÐÏËÓÐÆÑÄÇÄàÔÑÐ
∂[ ∂\ ∂\ ∂[
ßÔÐÎÕÇÍÃË×ÐÅÐÊÏÄÙÈÏËÃÎÐÉÈÔÅÝÔÞËÓÑÐÍÞÊÐÆÄÏÐÇËÏËÔÐÔ
ÉÈÓËÎÆÐÍÙÔÐËÅÝÍÐÓÇÈÍÄÏÐÑÒËÕ±ÄÊÄÏÏÝ×ÆÝÙËÓÍÈÏËÃ×
dÒÈÊÕÍÞÔÄÔÈÑÐÍÕÙËÍÄÓÞÓËÎÎÈÔÒËÙÏÄÃÅËÍËÏÈÌÏÄÃÖÐÒÎÄ
ÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÝ×G[G\δ[δ\qÐÍÄÄÃδ[ G[δ\ G\ÑÐÍÕÙËÎ
ÓÐÐÔÆÈÔÓÔÆÕàÛÕàÈ̱ÆÄÇÒÄÔËÙÏÕàÖÐÒÎÕ±ÐÔÐÒÄÃËÏÄÊÝÆÄ
ÈÔÓà ÇÕÑÓÞÏ ÈÌ××ÉÓÉÐÙÌÅÎÑÏ ÖÕϱØËË ] ][ \ Æ ÇÄÏÏÐÌ
ÔÐÙ±È[\∈*ËÐÅÐÊÏÄÙÄÈÔÓÃG]
tıËÎÐÅÒÄÊÐÎÎÝÑÒËÚÍ˱ÓÍÈÇÕàÛÈÎÕÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËà
°ÑÒÇÆÇÍÇÏÊÇ dÕÑÓÞÏÈÌ××ÉÓÉÐÙÌÅÎÑÏG]×ÖвÙÌÌ] I[\
ÇÈÅÐÐÑÍÕÑÚ²ÉÐÅËÞÇÅÉÕÔIJÇÅÈÓÅÕÌÚÐÅÄ×ÑÓÏÅÑÕÈÌ××É
ÓÉÐÙÌÅÎÑÇ G[ Ì G\ ÐÉËÅÇÌÔÌÏÞØ ÒÉÓÉÏÉÐÐÞØ ÔÑÑÕÇÉÕÔÕÇÖá
ÜÅÄ ÆÌÎÌÐÉÍÐÑÍ ×ÑÓÏÉ ÈÌ××ÉÓÉÐÙÌÅÎÅ ÑÕ ÒÉÓÇÑÑ ÈÌ××ÉÓÉÐ
ÙÌÅÎÅÕ É
∂] ∂] ∂]
G]
G[ G[ G\G\
∂[ ∂[ ∂\ ∂\
oÄÑÒıÔ˱ÈÑÒ˱ÐϱÒÈÔÏÐÎÆÝÙËÓÍÈÏËËÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÄÍÐÆ
ÐÅÝÙÏÐ ÓÐÆÎÈÛÄàÔÓÃ ÐÅÄ ÚÄÄ µ ÆÝÙËÓÍÈÏËÈ ÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÄÍÄ
ÐÔ ÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÄÍÄ δG] Ë ÑÒËÒÄÆÏËÆÄÏËÈ ÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÄÍÐÆ ÄÒ
ÕÎÈÏÔÐÆÑÒËÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÝ×ÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÐÆÄÏËÃ×δ[ G[
δ\ G\oÄÑÒËÎÈÒÑÕÓÔÞ] [FRV \ËÔÒÈÅÕÈÔÓÃÏÄÌÔËG]
qÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐËÎÈÈÎ
G] [FRV \ G[´[VLQ \ G\
G] [ FRV \ G[´[VLQ \ G[ G\´[VLQ \ G[ G\´
´[FRV \ G\ [ FRV \ G[´[VLQ \ G[ G\´[FRV \ G\
bÏÄÍÐËÙÏÝÎÐÅÒÄÊÐÎÑÒËÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÓÔËÙÄÓÔÏÝ×ÑÒÐËÊ
ÆÐÇÏÝ× ÔÒÈÔÞÈÐ ÑÐÒÃÇ±Ä ÎÐÉÏÐ ÆÝÙËÓÍËÔÞ Ë ÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÄÍ
ÐÔÆÔÐÒÐÐÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÄÍÄδG]ÑÐÓÍÈÙÈÐÑÐÍÄÄÃδ[ G[
Ëδ\ G\ÎÝÑÐÍÕÙËÎÑÐÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËàÔÒÈÔËÌÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÄÍ
qÐËÏÇÕ±ØËËÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÃÈÔÓÃËÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÄÍPÐÑÐÒÃÇ
±ÄGP]P jÎÈÏÏÐÙÔÐÅÝÆÑÒÈÇÑÐÍÐÉÈÏËËÏÈ
ÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÓÔËÕÒÄÓÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄÈÎÐÌÖÕϱØËË][\ÆÓÈ×ÈÈÙÄÓÔ
ÏÝ×ÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇÏÝ×ÇÐÑÐÒÃDZÄPƱÍàÙËÔÈÍÞÏÐÏÄÏȱÐÔÐ
ÒÐÎ ÐÔ±ÒÝÔÐÎ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÈ ÑÐÍÕÙËÔÞ ÈÈ ÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÄÍ GP ]
ÏÄÇÐ ÆÊÃÔÞ ÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÄÍ ÐÔ ÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÄÍÄ GP] ÑÐÒÃÇ±Ä P
δGP]ËÑÐÍÐÉËÔÞ δ[ G[δ\ G\qÒËßÔÐÎÇÍÃÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏ
ØËÄÍÐÆÑÐÒÃDZÄP ÓÑÒÄÆÈÇÍËÆÄÖÐÒÎÕÍÄ
P
∂ ] P
N
GP] ∑ & P G[P´N G\N
N ∂[ P µ N ∂\ N
ÈÈ ÐÅÝÙÏÐ ÓËÎÆÐÍËÙÈÓ±Ë ÊÄÑËÓÝÆÄàÔ Ó ÑÐÎÐÛÞà «ÓËÎÆÐÍË
ÙÈÓ±Ð̬ ÓÔÈÑÈÏË ^P` ÓÎ Ñ Æ ÓÍÈÇÕàÛÈÎ ÆËÇÈ ÅÐÍÈÈ
ÕÇÐÅÏÐÎÇÍÃÊÄÑÐÎËÏÄÏËÃ
{P}
∂ ∂
G[ G\
GP] I[\
∂[ ∂\
fбÄÉÈÎÖÐÒÎÕÍÕÑÐËÏÇÕ±ØËËqÒËP ÐÏÄÐÙÈ
ÆËÇÏÐÆÈÒÏÄqÕÓÔÞÐÏÄÓÑÒÄÆÈÇÍËÆÄÑÒËÏȱÐÔÐÒÐÎPÑбÄ
ÉÈÎÈÈÓÑÒÄÆÈÇÍËÆÐÓÔÞÑÒËPjÎÈÈÎ
δGP]
P
∂ P ]
N ∂ P ]
∑ &P G[P´N δ\ G\N
δ[ G[P´N G\N
N ∂[ P µ N ∂\ N ∂[ P µ N ∂\ N
qÐÍÐÉËÎδ[ G[Ëδ\ G\ÔÐÇÄ
P
∂ P ]
N
GP] ∑ & P G[P´N G\N
N ∂[ P µ N ∂\ N
P
∂ P
]
S
∑ & P G[P´S G\S
S ∂ [ P µ S ∂\ S
iÄÎÈÏËÎÆÐÆÔÐÒÐÌÓÕÎÎÈËÏÇȱÓÓÕÎÎËÒÐÆÄÏËÃSÏÄN´
N & N µ & N
ËÊÄÎÈÔËÎÙÔÐ& P P P бÐÏÙÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÑÐÍÕÙËÎ
P
∂ P ]
N
GP] ∑ & P G[P´N G\N
N ∂[ P µ N ∂\ N
P
∂ P ]
N µ
∑ & P G[P´N G\N
N ∂[ P µ N ∂\ N
P
N ∂ P
∑ & P G[P´N G\N
N ∂[ P µ N ∂\ N
i Ä Î È Ù Ä Ï Ë È sÍÈÇÕÈÔËÎÈÔÞÆÆËÇÕÙÔбıËÆÓÍÕÙÄÈ
ÖÕϱØËÌ ÐÇÏÐÐ ÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÐÐ ÇÍà ÖÕϱØËÌ ÅÐÍÞÚÈÐ ÙËÓÍÄ
ÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÝ×ÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÄÍÝÑÐÒÃDZÄÆÝÚÈÑÈÒÆÐÐÏÈÐÅÍÄÇÄ
àÔÓÆÐÌÓÔÆÐÎËÏÆÄÒËÄÏÔÏÐÓÔËÖÐÒÎÝÊÄÑËÓËÐÔÏÐÓËÔÈÍÞÏÐÆÝ
ÅÐÒÄÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÝ×oÄÑÒËÎÈÒÇÍÃÓÍÐÉÏÐÌÖÕϱØËË] I[\
ÇÈ [ [X Y \ \X Y ÆÔÐÒÐÌ ÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÄÍ ÖÕϱØËËI
ÊÄÑËÓÄÏÏÝÌÙÈÒÈÊÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÄÍÝÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÝ×[Ë\ÕÉÈÏÈ
ÅÕÇÈÔÆÐÐÅÛÈÐÆÐÒÃËÎÈÔÞÆËÇııÑÒÄÆËÍÐÆÝÍÃ
ÇËÔÓÍÐÉÏÈÈyÔÐÅÝÆßÔÐÎÕÅÈÇËÔÞÓÃÆÝÙËÓÍËÎÆÒÄÓÓÎÄÔÒË
ÆÄÈÎÐÎÓÍÕÙÄÈÆÔÐÒÐÌÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÄÍÖÕϱØËË] I[\ÇÈ
[ [XY\ \XYdÓËÍÕËÏÆÄÒËÄÏÔÏÐÓÔËÖÐÒÎÝÑÈÒÆÐÐ
ÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÄÍÄËÎÈÈÎ
∂] ∂]
G] G[
G\
∂[ ∂\
fÄÍÈÈÆÝÙËÓÍËÎÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÄÍδG]ÓÙËÔÄÃÙÔÐδX GX
δY GY jÓÑÐÍÞÊÐÆÄÆ ËÏÆÄÒËÄÏÔÏÐÓÔÞ ÖÐÒÎÝ ÑÈÒÆÐÐ ÇËÖÖÈ
ÒÈÏØËÄÍÄ ÐÔÏÐÓËÔÈÍÞÏÐ ÆÝÅÐÒÄ ÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÝ× ÑÒË ÆÝÙËÓÍÈÏËË
∂] ∂]
δ
Ëδ ËÎÈÈÎ
∂[ ∂\
∂] ∂ ] ∂]
δ
δ[ δ\
∂[ ∂[ ∂\ ∂[
δ δ[∂] δ\
∂] ∂]
∂\ ∂[ ∂\ ∂\
ÊÄÎÈÔËÆ ÙÔÐ ÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÄÍ δG[ ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃ ÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÄÍÐÎ
ÖÕϱØËËËÊÏÄÙËÔÆÐÐÅÛÈÐÆÐÒÃÏÈÏÕÍÞÑÐÍÕÙËÎ
∂] ∂]
G] δG] G[ G\
δ
δX GX ∂[ ∂\ δX GX
δY GY δY GY
∂ ]
∂ ] ∂ ] ∂] ∂]
G[ G[ G\ G\ G[ G\
∂[ ∂[ ∂\ ∂\ ∂[ ∂\
oÄÑÒıÔ˱ÈË Æ ßÔÐÎÓÍÕÙÄÈÐÅÈ ÐÑÈÒÄØËË ÆÝÙËÓÍÈÏËÈ ÇËÖ
ÖÈÒÈÏØËÄÍÐÆËÑÒËÒÄÆÏËÆÄÏËÈÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÄÍÐÆδX GXδY
GY µÆÝÑÐÍÏÃàÔÐÇÏÐÆÒÈÎÈÏÏÐÔ ÈÊÄÑËÓÞδG] δ[ G[ ÓÙË
δ\ G\
ÔÄÈÔÓÃÒÄÆÏÐÑÒÄÆÏÐÌÊÄÑËÓËGG]
dÓÈÓ±ÄÊÄÏÏÐÈÆÙÄÓÔÏÐÓÔËÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËÈÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÄÍÐÆÆÝÓ
ÚË× ÑÐÒÃDZÐÆ ÈÓÔÈÓÔÆÈÏÏÝÎ ÐÅÒÄÊÐÎ ÑÈÒÈÏÐÓËÔÓà ÏÄ ÖÕϱØËË
ÅÐÍÞÚÈÐ ÙËÓÍÄ ÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÝ× pÔÎÈÔËÎ ÙÔÐ ÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÄÍ PÐ
ÑÐÒÃDZÄÐÔÖÕϱØËÌQÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÝ×\ \[[QËÎÈÈÔÆËÇ
P ∂P\ P P
GP\ ∑ G[ G[ Q Q
P P P P ′ P Q ∂\ P ∂\ PQ
Q Q
ËÍËÆÓËÎÆÐÍËÙÈÓ±ÐÌÊÄÑËÓË
∂ ∂ {P}
GP\
G[ G[ \[[Q
∂[ ∂[ Q
fбÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÓÃßÔÄÖÐÒÎÕÍÄÄÏÄÍÐËÙÏÐÖÐÒÎÕÍÈ
¶ÐÒÎÕÍ´ÇËÍÐÒÂÊÒáÆ´ÇËÍÐÒÂ
ÆÍáÖÕÏÌØÊËÎÏÐÅÊ×ÑÇÒÇÎÇÏÏÝ×
¶ÐÒÎÕÍ´ÇËÍÐÒÂ
ÆÍáÖÕÏÌØÊËÎÏÐÅÊ×ÑÇÒÇÎÇÏÏÝ×
gÓÍË ÖÕϱØËà ÎÏÐË× ÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÝ× ËÎÈÈÔ ÇÐÓÔÄÔÐÙÏÐÈ ÙËÓÍÐ
ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÝ×ÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇÏÝ×ÆбÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔËÏȱÐÔÐÒÐÌÔÐÙ±ËÔÐ
ßÔÕÖÕϱØËàÆÕ±ÄÊÄÏÏÐÌбÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔËÎÐÉÏÐÑÐÇÐÅÏÐÔÐÎÕ
±Ä±ßÔÐÅÝÍÐÓÇÈÍÄÏÐÇÍÃÖÕϱØËÌÐÇÏÐÐÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÐÐÑÒÈÇ
ÓÔÄÆËÔÞÆÆËÇÈÓÕÎÎÝÏȱÐÔÐÒÐÐÎÏÐÐÙÍÈÏÄËÐÓÔÄԱıÐÔÐ
ÒÝÌ«ÎÄͬÆÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏÏÐÎÓÎÝÓÍÈ
´ § ° ² § ® ¢ qÖÔÕß×ÖвÙÌÄ] I[\ÑÒÓÉÈÉÎÉÐÅÌÐÉÒÓÉ
ÓÞÇÐÅÇÏÉÔÕÉÔÑÇÔÉÏÌÔÇÑÌÏÌÚÅÔÕÐÞÏÌÒÓÑÌËÇÑÈÐÞÏÌÈÑ
ÒÑÓÄȲŠP DzÎáÚÌÕÉÎßÐÑ P O Ç ÐɲÑÕÑÓÑÍ δѲÓÉÔÕÐÑÔ
ÕÌÕÑÚ²Ì[\tÑÈÅÈÎÄÇÔÉØ∆[Ì∆\ÖÈÑÇÎÉÕÇÑÓÄáÜÌØ
ÖÔÎÑÇÌáρ ∆[ ∆\ δÔÖÜÉÔÕÇÖÉÕÕŲÑÉθ θ∆[∆\
θÚÕÑÔÒÓÅÇÉÈÎÌÇÅ×ÑÓÏÖÎÅ
∂I ( [ \ ) ∂I ( [ \ )
∆[
∆] I[∆[\∆\´I[\
∆\
∂[ ∂\
∂ ∂ {}
∆[ ∆\
I[\
∂[ ∂\
∂ ∂ {P µ }
∆[
∆\ I[\UP´∆[∆\
( P µ ) ∂[ ∂\
ÌÎ̲ÑÓÑÚÉ
Pµ
∂ ∂ {N}
∆[ ∆\
∆] ∑ I[\UP´∆[∆\
N N ∂[ ∂\
ÈÉ
∂ ∂ {P}
∆[ ∆\
UP´∆[∆\ I[θ∆[\θ∆\
P ∂[ ∂\
vÐÒÎÕÍÄ ÏÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÓà ×ÑÓÏÖÎÑÍ tÉÍÎÑÓÅ ÑÐÒÃDZÄ
P´ÇÍÃÖÕϱØËËI
qÕÓÔÞ[ [∆[\ \∆\nÏÐÐÙÍÈÏ
Q {N}
∂ ∂
[´[ \´\
3Q[\ ∑ I[\Q
N N ∂[ ∂\
ÏÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÓÃÏÐÑÑÚÎÉÐÑÏtÉÍÎÑÓÅÓÔÈÑÈÏËQÖÕϱØËËIÆÔÐÙ±È
[\ÒÄÊÏÐÓÔÞI[\´3Q[\ µÐÓÔÄÔÐÙÏÝÎÙÍÈÏÐÎUQ[\
ÖÐÒÎÕÍÝ tÈÌÍÐÒÄ tıËÎ ÐÅÒÄÊÐÎ ÖÐÒÎÕÍÄ tÈÌÍÐÒÄ
ËÎÈÈÔÆËÇ
I[\ 3P´[\UP´[\
iÄÑËÓÞ UP ´ ∆[ ∆\ Æ ÆËÇÈ ÏÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÓÃ ÐÓÔÄÔÐÙÏÝÎ
ÙÍÈÏÐÎÖÐÒÎÕÍÝtÈÌÍÐÒÄÆ×ÑÓÏÉmÅÓÅÐÊÅ
qÒËP ÆÔÒÈÅÕÈÔÒÄÊÜÃÓÏÈÏËÃÓÎÝÓÍÑÈÒÆÐÐÙÍÈÏÄ
ÑÒÄÆÐÌÙÄÓÔËÑÐÓ±ÐÍÞ±ÕÆßÔÐÎÓÍÕÙÄÈÆÈÒ×ÏËÌËÏÇȱÓÓÕÎÎË
ÒÐÆÄÏËÃÒÄÆÈÏÏÕÍàdßÔÐÎÓÍÕÙÄÈÑÐÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËàÑÐÍÄÄÈÔ
ÓÃÙÔÐßÔÐÔÙÍÈÏÒÄÆÈÏÏÕÍàÔ ÈÙÔÐÖÐÒÎÕÍÄËÎÈÈÔÆËÇ
∆] U∆[∆\
dÇÄÍÞÏÈÌÚÈÎÆÓÈÇıÐÇÄÆÓÔÒÈÔËÔÓÃÆÝÒÄÉÈÏËÈÊÄÑË
ÓÄÏÏÐÈ Ó ÑÐÎÐÛÞà ÓËÎÆÐÍÄ Σ Õ ±ÐÔÐÒÐÐ ÊÏÄÙÈÏËÈ ÆÈÒ×ÏÈÐ
ËÏÇȱÓÄ ÓÕÎÎËÒÐÆÄÏËà ÎÈÏÞÚÈ ÊÏÄÙÈÏËà ÏËÉÏÈÐ ËÏÇȱÓÄ
ÅÕÇÈÎÔıÉÈÓÙËÔÄÔÞÙÔÐßÔÐÆÝÒÄÉÈÏËÈÒÄÆÏÐÏÕÍà
¦ Ð Ì Â É Â Ô Ç Í Þ Ó Ô Ä Ð qÕÓÔÞ∆[Ë∆\ÊÄÖ˱ÓËÒÐÆÄÏÝÔıÙÔÐ
ρ ∆[ ∆\ δÔÐÇÄÆÓÈÔÐÙ±ËÆËÇÄ[W∆[\W∆\ÇÈ
P W P ÍÈÉÄÔ ÏÄ ÐÔÒÈÊ±È ÓÐÈÇËÏÃàÛÈÎ ÔÐÙ±Ë [ \ Ë
[∆[\∆\ËÑÐßÔÐÎÕÆÓÈÐÏËÑÒËÏÄÇÍÈÉÄÔδбÒÈÓÔÏÐÓ
ÔË ÔÐÙ±Ë [ \ dÓÍÈÇÓÔÆËÈ ßÔÐÐ ËÎÈÈÔ ÓÎÝÓÍ ±ÐÎÑÐÊËØËÃ
ÖÕϱØËÌ] I[\Ë[ [W∆[\ \W∆\PWPÔ È
ÓÍÐÉÏÄÃÖÕϱØËÃ
)W I[W∆[\W∆\ PWP
pÙÈÆËÇÏÐÙÔÐ
∆] I[∆[\∆\´I[\ )´)
qÐÓ±ÐÍÞ±Õ ÖÕϱØËà I ËÎÈÈÔ Æ δбÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔË ÔÐÙ±Ë [ \
PÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÝ×ÙÄÓÔÏÝ×ÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇÏÝ×ÓÐÍÄÓÏÐÔÈÐÒÈÎÈÐÑÒÐ
ËÊÆÐÇÏÝ× ÓÍÐÉÏÐÌ ÖÕϱØËË ÓÎ Ñ ÖÕϱØËà ) ÔıÉÈ
ËÎÈÈÔÏÄÐÔÒÈʱÈ>@PÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÝ×ÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇÏÝ×ËÑÐßÔÐÎÕ
ÇÍÃÏÈÈÓÑÒÄÆÈÇÍËÆÄÖÐÒÎÕÍÄtÈÌÍÐÒÄÑÐÒÃDZÄP´ÓÐÓÔÄÔÐÙ
ÏÝÎÙÍÈÏÐÎÆÖÐÒÎÈmÄÒÄÏÉÄ
) θW (P µ ) (P)
)W´) )′W )″ )
W WP´ WP
( P µ ) P
θ
ËÆÒÄÓÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄÈÎÐÌбÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔËÔÐÙ±Ë[\ÖÕϱØËà
ÎÐÉÏÐ P ÒÄÊ ÑÒÐÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÐÆÄÔÞ ÑÐ ÑÒÄÆËÍÕ ÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØË
ÒÐÆÄÏËÃÓÍÐÉÏÐÌÖÕϱØËËÓÎÊÄÎÈÙÄÏËÈ ÆÑ ÑÒËÙÈÎ
ÊÏÄÙÈÏËà ÑÐÍÕÙÄàÛË×Óà ÓÎÈÚÄÏÏÝ× ÙÄÓÔÏÝ× ÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇÏÝ×
Ï ÈÊ Ä Æ Ë Ó Ã ÔÐÔÑÐÒÃDZÄÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÐÆÄÏËÃÓÎÑ
dÝÒÄÊËÆ ÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇÏÝÈ )NW ÙÈÒÈÊ ÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇÏÝÈ ÖÕϱØËË
I[\ËÑÐÍÐÉËÆÆÖÐÒÎÕÍÈW ÓÎÑÐÍÕÙËÎ
ÔÒÈÅÕÈÎÕà ÖÐÒÎÕÍÕ tÈÌÍÐÒÄ ÇÍà ÖÕϱØËË I[ \ fÈÌÓÔÆË
ÔÈÍÞÏÐËÊÓÍÈÇÕÈÔÙÔÐ
∂I G[ ∂I G\ ∂I ( [ W ∆[ \ W ∆\ ) ∂I ( [ W ∆[ \ W ∆\ )
∆[
)′W ∆\
∂[ GW ∂\ GW ∂[ ∂\
pÔÓàÇÄ ÇÍà )′′W ÐÑÕÓÔËÆ ÇÍà ±ÒÄÔ±ÐÓÔË ÐÅÐÊÏÄÙÈÏËà ÄÒÕ
ÎÈÏÔÐÆÑÐÍÕÙËÎ
G ∂I ∂I ∂ I ∂ I ∂ I
∆[ ∆\ ∆[ ∆[∆\ ∆\
)′′W GW ∂[ ∂\ ∂[ ∂[ ∂\ ∂\
dÐÐÅÛÈÑÐËÏÇÕ±ØËËÍȱÐÕÓÔÄÏÐÆËÔÞÙÔÐ
∂ ∂ {N}
)NW ∆[
∆\
I[W∆[\W∆[
∂[ ∂\
N P
qÐÍÐÉËÆÆÖÐÒÎÕÍÄ×W ÑÒËN P´ÅÕÇÈÎ
ËÎÈÔÞ
∂I ( [ \ ) ∂I ( [ \ )
∆[
)′
∆\
∂[ ∂\
∂ I ( [ \ ) ∂ I ( [ \ ) ∂ I ( [ \ )
∆[
)′′
∆[∆\
∆\
∂[ ∂[ ∂\ ∂\
ËÆÐÐÅÛÈ
∂ ∂ {N}
)N ∆[
∆\
I[\ N P´
∂[ ∂\
qÒËN PÊÄÎÈÏËÆWÏÄθWÑÐÍÕÙËÎ
∂ ∂ {P}
)PθW ∆[
∆\
I[θW∆[\θW∆\
∂[ ∂\
qÐÇÓÔÄÆËÎÔÈÑÈÒÞËÆËÑÐÍÐÉËÎW
ÔÐÇÄÆÓËÍÕÓÐÐÔÏÐÚÈÏËÃÑÐÍÕÙËÎ
Pµ
) ( N ) )(P)( θ )
∆] )´) ∑
N N P
Pµ
∂ ∂ {N}
∆[ ∆\
∑ I[\
N N ∂[ ∂\
∂ ∂ {P}
∆[ ∆\
I[θ∆[\θ∆\ θ
P ∂[ ∂\
³ § ¦ ³ ´ ¤ ª § dÒÓÉÈÒÑÎÑÊÉÐÌÄØÕÉÑÓÉÏÞ ÔÒÓÅÇÉÈÎÌÇÅ×ÑÓ
ÏÖÎÅ
P {N}
∂ ∂
∆[ ∆\ I[\UP∆[∆\
∆] ∑
N N ∂[ ∂\
ÒÓÌÚÉÏÑÔÕÅÕÑÚÐÞÍÚÎÉÐUP∆[∆\ÏÑÊÉÕÆÞÕßËÅÒÌÔÅвŲ
ÇÇÌÈÉ
P
UP∆[∆\ ∑ εN∆[∆\∆[N∆\P´N
N
ÈÉ
OLP εN∆[∆\ N Pρ ∆[ ∆\
ρ→
ÕŲÌÇÇÌÈÉ
UP∆[∆\ ε∆[∆\ρP
ÈÉ OLP ε∆[∆\ Õ É
ρ→
UP∆[∆\ RρP ρ →
qÒÈÇÓÔÄÆÍÈÏËÈÐÓÔÄÔÐÙÏÐÐÙÍÈÏÄÖÐÒÎÕÍÝtÈÌÍÐÒÄÆÖÐÒ
ÎÈÏÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÓÃÈÐÊÄÑËÓÞàÆ×ÑÓÏÉqÉÅÐÑ
¦ Ð Ì Â É Â Ô Ç Í Þ Ó Ô Ä Ð qÐÍÐÉËÎ
∂ P I ( [ θ ∆[\ θ ∆\ ) ∂ P I ( [ \ )
ε N′ ∆[∆\
´
∂[ ∂\ N PµN ∂[ ∂\ N PµN
dÓËÍÕÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÓÔËÆÓÈ×ÙÄÓÔÏÝ×ÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇÏÝ×ÑÐÒÃDZÄP
ËÎÈÈÎ OLP ε N′ ∆[∆\
ρ→
qÒÈÐÅÒÄÊÕÈÎÐÓÔÄÔбUP´∆[∆\ÓÎËÓÑÐÍÞÊÐÆÄÆ
ÆÝÒÄÉÈÏËÈÓÍÈÇÕàÛËÎÐÅÒÄÊÐÎ
P ∂ P I ( [ θ ∆[\ θ ∆\ )
UP´∆[∆\
∆[N∆\P´N
N
&P
P ∑
N ∂[ N ∂\ P µ N
P ∂ P I ( [ \ ) N P´N P
&P ∆[ ∆\
N & N ε ′ ∆[∆\∆[N∆\P´N
P ∑ P N∑ P N
N ∂[ ∂\ N P µ N
{P} P
∂ ∂
∆[ ∆\
I[\ ∑ εN∆[∆\∆[N∆\P´N
P ∂[ ∂\ N
&N
P
ε N′ ∆[∆\ÑÐßÔÐÎÕ
ÇÈεN∆[∆\
P
OLP εN∆[∆\
ρ→
ËÔı±Ä± ∆ [ ∆\
PË PÔÐËÊÓÍÈÇÕÈÔÙÔÐ
ρ ρ
OLP ε∆[∆\
ρ→
jÓÑÐÍÞÊÕà ÑÐÏÃÔËÈ ÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÄÍÐÆ ÆÝÓÚË× ÑÐÒÃDZÐÆ
ÖÐÒÎÕÍÈtÈÌÍÐÒÄÇÍÃÖÕϱØËÌÇÆÕ×ÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÝ×ÎÐÉÏÐÑÒË
ÇÄÔÞ ÅÐÍÈÈ ±ÐÎÑıÔÏÕà ÖÐÒÎÕ ÆÏÈÚÏÈ ËÇÈÏÔËÙÏÕà ÖÐÒÎÕ
ÍÈ tÈÌÍÐÒÄ ÇÍà ÖÕϱØËÌ ÐÇÏÐÌ ÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÐÌ ÊÄÑËÓÄÏÏÐÌ
ÔıÉÈ Ó ÑÐÎÐÛÞà ÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÄÍÐÆ d ÓÄÎÐÎ ÇÈÍÈ Ôı ±Ä±
ÓÎÑ
∂ ∂ {N}
GNI[\ ∆[
∆\ I[\ N P
∂[ ∂\
ÔÄÖÐÒÎÄÊÄÑËÓËÖÐÒÎÕÍÝtÈÌÍÐÒÄÏÄËÅÐÍÈÈÑÒÐÓÔÄËÑÐ
ßÔÐÎÕÕÇÐÅÏÄÇÍÃÊÄÑÐÎËÏÄÏËÃ
sÇÈÍÄÈÎ ÏÈÓ±ÐÍޱРÊÄÎÈÙÄÏËÌ ± ÇбÄÊÄÔÈÍÞÓÔÆÄÎ ÔÈÐÒÈ
ÎÝ Ë ÈÈ ÓÍÈÇÓÔÆËà qÒÈÉÇÈ ÆÓÈÐ Æ ÕÓÍÐÆËÃ× ßÔÐÌ ÔÈÐÒÈ
ÎÝ ÅÝÍÐ ÑÐÔÒÈÅÐÆÄÏÐ ÙÔÐÅÝ ÖÕϱØËà I ËÎÈÍÄ ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÝÈ
ÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇÏÝÈ ÇÐ ÑÐÒÃÇ±Ä P ƱÍàÙËÔÈÍÞÏÐ Æ ÏȱÐÔÐÒÐÌ δб
ÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔË ÔÐÙ±Ë [ \ nÐÉÏÐ ÅÝÍÐ ÅÝ ÑÐÔÒÈÅÐÆÄÔÞ ÏÈ
ÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÓÔÞÆÕ±ÄÊÄÏÏÐÌбÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔË Ô Ð Í Þ ± Ð ÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇÏÝ×
ÑÐÒÃDZÄPÑÐÓ±ÐÍÞ±ÕËÊË×ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÓÔËÆÝÔȱÄÈÔËÏÈÑÒÈ
ÒÝÆÏÐÓÔÞÆßÔÐÌбÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔËÆÓÈ×ÎÍÄÇÚË×ÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇÏÝ×ÇÄÏ
ÏÐÌÖÕϱØËËÔ ÈÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇÏÝ×ÑÐÒÃDZÐÆ N P´
ÓÎÑ
qÐÇÙÈÒ±ÏÈÎ ÙÔÐ ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÓÔÞ ÙÄÓÔÏÝ× ÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇÏÝ× Æ
δбÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔË ÔÐÙ±Ë [ \ ÅÝÍÄ ËÓÑÐÍÞÊÐÆÄÏÄ ÆÐÑÈÒÆÝ×
ÇÍÃÔÐÐÙÔÐÅÝÆÓÔÒÈÙÄàÛËÈÓÃÙÄÓÔÏÝÈÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇÏÝÈÏÈÊÄÆË
ÓÈÍË ÐÔ ÑÐÒÃÇ±Ä ÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÐÆÄÏËà ßÔÐ ÅÝÍÐ ËÓÑÐÍÞÊÐÆÄÏÐ
±Ä± ÑÒË ÇбÄÊÄÔÈÍÞÓÔÆÈ ÖÐÒÎÕÍÝ tÈÌÍÐÒÄ Ôı Ë Æ ÓÄ
ÎÐÌÖÐÒÎÈÊÄÑËÓËßÔÐÌÖÐÒÎÕÍÝËÆÐÆÔÐÒÝ×ÇÍÃÔÐÐÙÔÐ
ÅÝ ÖÕϱØËà ÎÐÉÏÐ ÅÝÍÐ P ÒÄÊ ÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÐÆÄÔÞ ÑÐ
ÑÒÄÆËÍÕ ÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÐÆÄÏËà ÓÍÐÉÏÐÌ ÖÕϱØËË pÅÒÄÔËÎ
ÆÏËÎÄÏËÈÏÄÔÐÙÔÐÑÒËP ÓÎÈÚÄÏÏÝÈÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇÏÝÈÐÔÓÕÔ
ÓÔÆÕàÔ ÇÍÃ ÆÐÊÎÐÉÏÐÓÔË ÉÈ ÐÇËÏ ÒÄÊ ÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÐÆÄÔÞ
ÖÕϱØËàÑÐÑÒÄÆËÍÕÓÍÐÉÏÐÌÖÕϱØËËÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐ
Ë ÇÍÃ ÓÑÒÄÆÈÇÍËÆÐÓÔË ÔÈÐÒÈÎÝ ÇÐÓÔÄÔÐÙÏÐ ÅÐÍÈÈ ÓÍÄÅÐÐ
ÑÒÈÇÑÐÍÐÉÈÏËà РÒÄÓÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄÈÎÐÌ ÖÕϱØËË I jÎÈÏÏÐ ÆÎÈ
ÓÔÐÑÒÈÇÑÐÍÐÉÈÏËÃÐÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÌÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÕÈÎÐÓÔËÆÆÝ
ÚÈÕ±ÄÊÄÏÏÐÌδбÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔËÔÐÙ±Ë[\ÖÕϱØËËIÇÐÓÔÄÔÐÙ
ÏÐ ÈÈ ÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÕÈÎÐÓÔË Æ ßÔÐÌ Ð±ÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔË ÓÎÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈ
ÏËÃËÆÑ
oÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÓÔÞ ÙÄÓÔÏÝ× ÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇÏÝ× ÑÐÒÃDZÄP Æ ÔÐÙ±È
[ \ ËÓÑÐÍÞÊÐÆÄÏÄ ÔıÉÈ ÑÒË ÇбÄÊÄÔÈÍÞÓÔÆÈ ÓÍÈÇÓÔÆËÃ
ÔÈÐÒÈÎÝ ÐÏÄÏÕÉÏÄÇÍÃÔÐÐÙÔÐÅÝÖÕϱØËË ε N′ ∆[∆\ÐÑ
ÒÈÇÈÍÈÏÏÝÈÖÐÒÎÕÍÄÎËÓÔÒÈÎËÍËÓÞ±ÏÕÍàÑÒËρ{
qÐÇÙÈÒ±ÏÈÎÈÛÈÙÔÐÑÒËÓÇÈÍÄÏÏÝ×ÑÒÈÇÑÐÍÐÉÈÏËÃ×ÆÖÐÒ
ÎÕÍÈ ÇбÄÊÄÏÐ ÙÔÐ UP∆[ ∆\ RρP ÑÒË ρ { ÏÈ Æ
ÓÎÝÓÍÈÑÒÈÇÈÍÄÑÐÍàÅÐÎÕÖ˱ÓËÒÐÆÄÏÏÐÎÕÏÄÑÒÄÆÍÈÏËà±Ä±
ÎÐÉÈÔ ÑбÄÊÄÔÞÓà ÏÄ ÑÈÒÆÝÌ ÆÊÍÃÇ ËÊ ÑÒËÆÈÇÈÏÏÐÐ ÇбÄÊÄ
ÔÈÍÞÓÔÆÄÄÆÅÐÍÈÈÓËÍÞÏÐÎÓÎÝÓÍÈ µÆÓÎÝÓÍÈÑÒÈÇÈÍÄÆÔÐÙ±È
[\ÑÐÙÈÎÕ"
vÐÒÎÕÍÕ ÎÐÉÏÐ ÏÈÓ±ÐÍޱРÐÅÐÅÛËÔÞ ÈÓÍË ÏÈ ÓÔÒÈ
ÎËÔÞÓà ± ÔÐÎÕ ÙÔÐÅÝ ÐÏÄ ÅÝÍÄ ÓÑÒÄÆÈÇÍËÆÐÌ ÇÍà ÆÓÈ× ÔÐÙȱ
[ ∆[ \ ∆\ δбÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔË ÔÐÙ±Ë [ \ Ä ÒÄÓÓÎÄÔÒË
ÆÄÔÞßÔÕÖÐÒÎÕÍÕÍËÚÞÑÒËÖ˱ÓËÒÐÆÄÏÏÝ×∆[Ë∆\jÎÈÏÏÐ
ÈÓÍË ÖÕϱØËà I ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏÄ Ë ËÎÈÈÔ ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÝÈ ÙÄÓÔÏÝÈ
ÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇÏÝÈ ÑÐÒÃÇ±Ä P ÏÄ ÐÔ±ÒÝÔÐÎ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÈ ÓÐÇÈÒÉÄ
ÛÈÎÐÔÒÈÊбӱÐÏØÄÎË[\Ë[∆[\∆\ÔÐÖÐÒÎÕÍÄ
ÔıÉÈ ÐÓÔÄÈÔÓà ÓÑÒÄÆÈÇÍËÆÐÌ ÆÎÈÓÔÈ Ó ÈÈ ÇбÄÊÄÔÈÍÞ
ÓÔÆÐÎ jÊ ßÔÐÐ ÓÍÈÇÕÈÔ ÙÔÐ ÈÓÍË ÖÕϱØËà I ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏÄ Æ
ÆÝÑÕ±ÍÐÌ ÐÅÍÄÓÔË * ÓÎ Ñ Ë ËÎÈÈÔ Æ * ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÝÈ
ÙÄÓÔÏÝÈ ÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇÏÝÈ ÑÐÒÃÇ±Ä P ÔÐ ÇÍà ÍàÅÝ× ÇÆÕ× ÔÐÙȱ
[\∈*Ë[∆[\∆\∈*ÓÑÒÄÆÈÇÍËÆÄÖÐÒÎÕÍÄtÈÌÍÐ
ÒÄ
dÓÈ Ó±ÄÊÄÏÏÐÈ ÑÈÒÈÏÐÓËÔÓÃ Ë ÏÄ ÓÍÕÙÄÌ ÖÕϱØËË ÍàÅÐÐ
ÙËÓÍÄÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÝ×
´ § ° ² § ® ¢ ′. gÔÎÌ×ÖвÙÌÄQÒÉÓÉÏÉÐÐÞØ\ I[[Q
ÑÒÓÉÈÉÎÉÐÅÌÐÉÒÓÉÓÞÇÐÅÇÏÉÔÕÉÔÑÇÔÉÏÌÔÇÑÌÏÌÚÅÔÕÐÞÏÌ
ÒÓÑÌËÇÑÈÐÞÏÌÈÑÒÑÓÄȲÅPPODzÎáÚÌÕÉÎßÐÑÇÐɲÑÕÑ
ÓÑÍδѲÓÉÔÕÐÑÔÕÌÕÑÚ²Ì[ [ ( )[ Q( Q )ÕÑÔÒÓÅÇÉÈÎÌ
ÇÅ×ÑÓÏÖÎÅ
ÈÉ
∂ ∂ {P}
∆[ ∆[Q
UP´∆[ I[ ( ) θ∆[ [ Q( ) θ∆[Q
P ∂[ ∂[ Q
ÈÉUP∆[ÏÑÊÐÑËÅÒÌÔÅÕ߲ŲÇÇÌÈÉ
P P
UP∆[ ∑ εP ∆[∆[ ∆[ Q Q
P P P P Q
Q
Q
ÈÉ OLP ε P ∆[ ρ ∑ ∆[ LÕŲÌÇÇÌÈÉ
ρ→ P Q L
fÍÃÔÐÐÙÔÐÅݱÐÒÐÙÈÊÄÑËÓÄÔÞÒÈÊÕÍÞÔÄÔÆÆÈÇÈÎÏÐÆÝÈÐÅÐÊÏÄ
ÙÈÏËÃqÐÍÐÉËÎN NNQ_N_ NNPN NNQ
N ∂ I N N
N N N
[´[N [´ [ ( ) ) [Q´ [ Q( ) ) Q
IN
∂[ ∂[ ∂[ QQ
N NNQÏÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÓÃÏÖÎßÕÌÌÐÈɲÔÑÏ
d ßÔË× ÐÅÐÊÏÄÙÈÏËÃ× ÖÐÒÎÕÍÄ tÈÌÍÐÒÄ Ó ÐÓÔÄÔÐÙ
ÏÝÎÙÍÈÏÐÎÆÆËÇÈÑÈÒÈÑËÚÈÔÓÃÆÆËÇÈ
I(N)( [() ) I(N)( [() θ( [ µ [() ) )
[´[N ∑ [´[N
I[ ∑
N P N N P N
iÇÈÓޱıÆÓÈÇÄ[ [[Q[ [ ( )[ Q( )Ë
N
' I[θ[´[[´[N
∑ θ
NN P
qбÄÉÈÎÈÇËÏÓÔÆÈÏÏÐÓÔÞÑÒÈÇÓÔÄÆÍÈÏËÃÖÕϱØËËIÆÆËÇÈ
I[∆[ 3P∆[RρP ρ{
ÇÈ
P
3P∆[ ∑ DN∆[N
N
µ ÎÏÐÐÙÍÈÏÓÔÈÑÈÏËÏÈÆÝÚÈPÐÔQÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÝ×∆[∆[Q
§ ® ® ¢gÔÎÌÏÐÑÑÚÎÉÐ
P
3P[ ∑ DN[N
N
N N
[ [[Q [N [ [ QQ N NNQ
ÕÑÊÈÉÔÕÇÉÐÐÑÓÅÇÉÐÐÖÎá
3P[
Ç ÐɲÑÕÑÓÑÍ Ñ²ÓÉÔÕÐÑÔÕÌ ÐÖÎÄ ÕÑ ÇÔÉ ÉÑ ²Ñà××ÌÙÌÉÐÕÞ
ÓÅÇÐÞÐÖÎá
¦ Ð Ì Â É Â Ô Ç Í Þ Ó Ô Ä Ð jÊ ÓÍÈÇÕÈÔ ÙÔÐ ÇÍà ÍàÅÐÐ
N NNQËÎÈÈÔÎÈÓÔÐÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐ3(PN ) oÐÈÓÍËP_N_PP
( N ) N D jÊ ÇÆÕ× ÑÐÓÍÈÇÏË× ÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆ ÓÍÈÇÕÈÔ ÙÔÐ
ÔÐ 3 P N
ÇÍà ÆÓÈ× N ÔıË× ÙÔÐ P _N_ P P ÆÝÑÐÍÏÃàÔÓà ÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÄ
DN
´ § ° ² § ® ¢ gÔÎÌ×ÖвÙÌÄIËÅÈÅÐÅÇѲÓÉÔÕÐÑÔÕÌÕÑÚ²Ì[
ÕÑÉÉÒÓÉÈÔÕÅÇÎÉÐÌÉÇÇÌÈÉÉÈÌÐÔÕÇÉÐÐÑ
¦ Ð Ì Â É Â Ô Ç Í Þ Ó Ô Ä Ð qÕÓÔÞÙËÓÍÐδ!ÆÝÅÒÄÏÐÔıËÎÐÅÒÄ
ÊÐÎÙÔÐÇÍÃÆÓÈ×∆[_∆[_δÕÖÕϱØËËIÏÄÒÃÇÕÓÑÒÈÇÓÔÄÆÍÈ
ÏËÈÎËÎÈÈÔÎÈÓÔÐÑÒÈÇÓÔÄÆÍÈÏËÈ
P
I[∆[ ∑ EN∆[NRρP ρ{
N
tÐÇÄÑÐÍÐÉËÆ
FN EN´DN_N_ P
Ë ÆÝÙÔÃ ËÊ ÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÄ ÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐ ÑÐÍÕÙËÎ
ÙÔÐ
P
∑ FN∆[NRρP ρ{
N
iÄÖ˱ÓËÒÕÈÎÑÒÐËÊÆÐÍÞÏÐ∆[_∆[_δÔÐÇÄÈÓÍËPWP
ÔÐ_W∆[_δËÆÎÐÉÏÐÆÎÈÓÔÐ∆[ÑÐÇÓÔÄÆËÔÞW∆[dÝÑÐÍ
ÏËÆßÔÕÑÐÇÓÔÄÏÐƱÕÅÕÇÈÎËÎÈÔÞ
P
∑ FNW_N_∆[NR ( ρ WP )
N
Q
ρW ∑ ( W ∆[ M ) Wρ{ ÑÒË W{
M
¶ÐÒÎÕÍÂÌÐÏÇÙÏÝ×ÑÒÊÒÂÛÇÏÊË
ÆÍáÖÕÏÌØÊËÎÏÐÅÊ×ÑÇÒÇÎÇÏÏÝ×
d±ÄÙÈÓÔÆÈÑÒËÎÈÒÄÑÒËÎÈÏÈÏËÃÖÐÒÎÕÍÝÇбÄÉÈÎ
ÓÍÈÇÕàÛÈÈÕÔÆÈÒÉÇÈÏËÈ
´ § ° ² § ® ¢ gÔÎÌ×ÖвÙÌÄÈÌ××ÉÓÉÐÙÌÓÖÉÏÅDzÅÊÈÑÍÕÑÚ
²É ÇÞÒÖ²ÎÑÍ ÑÆÎÅÔÕÌ * Ì ÌÏÉÉÕ Ç * ÑÓÅÐÌÚÉÐÐÞÉ ÚÅÔÕÐÞÉ
ÒÓÑÌËÇÑÈÐÞÉÕÑÑÐÅÓÅÇÐÑÏÉÓÐÑÐÉÒÓÉÓÞÇÐÅÇàÕÑÍÑÆÎÅÔÕÌ
¦ Ð Ì Â É Â Ô Ç Í Þ Ó Ô Ä Ð gÓÍË
∂I ( [ ) PF L Q [∈*
∂[ L
F µÑÐÓÔÐÃÏÏÄÃÔÐÇÍÃÍàÅÝ×ÇÆÕ×ÔÐÙȱ[′ [ ′ [ Q′ Ë
[′′ [ ″[ Q″ËÊÓÍÈÇÕÈÔÙÔÐ
Q
_I[′′´I[′_P ∑ ∂
I ( ξ ) _[″´[ ′ _PFQρ[′[′′
L L
L ∂[ L
ÊÇÈÓÞξ µÏȱÐÔÐÒÄÃÔÐÙ±ÄÐÔÒÈʱÄÓ±ÐÏØÄÎËÆÔÐÙ±Ä×[′Ë[′′
ε
qÐßÔÐÎÕÈÓÍËÊÄÇÄÏÐε!ÇÐÓÔÄÔÐÙÏÐÆÊÃÔÞδ ÙÔÐÅÝÇÍÃ
FQ
ÍàÅÝ×ÔÐÙȱ[′∈*Ë[′′∈*ÔıË×ÙÔÐρ[′[′′δÆÝÑÐÍÏÃÍÐÓÞ
ÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐ
_I[′′´I[′_ε
ÄßÔÐËÐÊÏÄÙÄÈÔÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÕàÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÓÔÞÖÕϱØËËIÆÐÅ
ÍÄÓÔË*
°ØÇÏÌÂÐÓÔÂÔÐÙÏÐÅÐÙÍÇÏÂÖÐÒÎÕÍÝ´ÇËÍÐÒÂ
ÄÐÄÓÇËÐÃÍÂÓÔÊÐÑÒÇÆÇÍÇÏÊáÖÕÏÌØÊÊ
pÓÔÄÔÐÙÏÝÌ ÙÍÈÏ Æ ÖÐÒÎÕÍÈ tÈÌÍÐÒÄ ÐÙÈÆËÇÏÐ ÊÄÆËÓËÔ ÏÈ
ÔÐÍÞ±ÐÐÔÑÒËÒÄÛÈÏËÌÄÒÕÎÈÏÔÐÆÏÐËÐÔÓÄÎÐÌÔÐÙ±ËÆб
ÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔË ±ÐÔÐÒÐÌ ÒÄÓÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄÈÔÓà ÒÄÊÍÐÉÈÏËÈ ÖÕϱØËË Ë
±ÐÔÐÒÕàÎÝÆÑ ÓÙËÔÄÍËÖ˱ÓËÒÐÆÄÏÏÐÌtÈÑÈÒÞÏÄÓÅÕ
ÇÕÔ ËÏÔÈÒÈÓÐÆÄÔÞ ÑÐÆÈÇÈÏËÈ Ë ÐØÈ챀 ÐÓÔÄÔÐÙÏÐÐ ÙÍÈÏÄ Æ ÊÄ
ÆËÓËÎÐÓÔË ÐÔ ËÊÎÈÏÈÏËà ձÄÊÄÏÏÐÌ ÔÐÙ±Ë yÔÐÅÝ ÑÐÇÙÈÒ±
ÏÕÔÞ ßÔÕ ÊÄÆËÓËÎÐÓÔÞ ÎÝ Æ ßÔÐÎ ÑÕϱÔÈ ÅÕÇÈÎ ÐÓÔÄÔÐÙÏÝÌ
ÙÍÈÏ ÑÐÒÃÇ±Ä P ÐÅÐÊÏÄÙÄÔÞ UP[ ∆[ ÇÈ [ [ [Q µ
ÔÐÙ±Ä Æ Ð±ÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔË ±ÐÔÐÒÐÌ ÒÄÓ±ÍÄÇÝÆÄÈÔÓà ÇÄÏÏÄà ÖÕϱ
ØËÃÑÐÖÐÒÎÕÍÈtÈÌÍÐÒÄlıËÒÄÏÞÚÈ∆[ ∆[∆[Q
d ÖÐÒÎÕÍÄ× Ë ÅÕÇÈÎ ÆÎÈÓÔÐ ε P P ∆[ Ë
Q
ε∆[ ÓÐÐÔÆÈÔÓÔÆÈÏÏÐ ÑËÓÄÔÞ ε P P [∆[Ëε[∆[ d ÇÄÍÞ
Q
ÏÈÌÚÈÎ ÏÄÎ ÑÐÔÒÈÅÕÈÔÓà ÐØÈ챀 ÐÓÔÄÔÐÙÏÐÐ ÙÍÈÏÄ ÖÐÒÎÕÍÝ
tÈÌÍÐÒÄÆÖÐÒÎÈqÈÄÏÐÓÒÄÊÕÇÍÃÆÓÈÌÐÅÍÄÓÔËÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÐÆÄÏËÃ
ÒÄÊÍÐÉÈÏËÃÑÐÕ±ÄÊÄÏÏÐÌÖÐÒÎÕÍÈ
dÆÈÇÈÎ ÓÏÄÙÄÍÄ ÑÐÏÃÔËÈ ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÓÔË \
0
ÙÄÓÔÏÝ× ÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇÏÝ× Æ ÊÄÎݱÄÏËË ÐÔ±ÒÝ
ÔÐÐ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ ÔÐ ÔÒÈÅÕÈÔ ÓÑÈØËÄÍÞÏÐÐ
ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËÃÔı±Ä±ÆÒÄÏËÙÏÐÌÔÐÙ±ÈÐÔ *
±ÒÝÔÐÐ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ * ÇÄÉÈ Æ ÓÍÕÙÄÈ ±ÐÇÄ
ÖÕϱØËà ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏÄ ÏÄ ÊÄÎݱÄÏËË * ÎÏÐ
ÉÈÓÔÆÄ*ÑÐÏÃÔËÈÙÄÓÔÏÐÌÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇÏÐÌÆÐ [
ÐÅÛÈ ÐÆÐÒÃ ÏÈ ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏÐ ÓÎ ÏÄÑÒËÎÈÒ rËÓ
ÔÐÙ±Õ0ÒÄÏËØÝÐÅÍÄÓÔË*ÏÄÒËÓ
°ÑÒÇÆÇÍÇÏÊÇ vÖвÙÌÄIÑÒÓÉÈÉÎÉÐÐÅÄÐÅÑÕ²ÓÞÕÑÏÏÐÑ
ÊÉÔÕÇÉ * µ 5Q ÐÅËÞÇÅÉÕÔÄ ÐÉÒÓÉÓÞÇÐÑ ÒÓÑÈÑÎÊÅÉÏÑÍ ÐÅ
ÉÑËÅÏÞ²ÅÐÌÉ * ÉÔÎÌÔÖÜÉÔÕÇÖÉÕÕŲÅÄÐÉÒÓÉÓÞÇÐÅÄÐÅ
* ×ÖвÙÌÄ)ÚÕÑ) IÐÅ*
vÖвÙÌÄ ) ÐÅËÞÇÅÉÕÔÄ ÐÉÒÓÉÓÞÇÐÞÏ ÒÓÑÈÑÎÊÉÐÌÉÏ
×ÖвÙÌÌIÐÅ*ÌÈÎÄÒÓÑÔÕÑÕÞÆÖÈÉÕÕŲÊÉÑÆÑËÐÅÚÅÕß
ÔÄÔÌÏÇÑÎÑÏI
pÙÈÆËÇÏÐÆÓËÍÕÈÇËÏÓÔÆÈÏÏÐÓÔËÑÒÈÇÈÍÄÖÕϱØËËÈÓÍËÕ
ÖÕϱØËË ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏÏÐÌ ÏÄ * ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔ ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÈ ÑÒÐ
ÇÐÍÉÈÏËÈÏÄ* ÔÐÐÏÐÈÇËÏÓÔÆÈÏÏÐ
°ÑÒÇÆÇÍÇÏÊÇ vÖвÙÌÄIÐÅËÞÇÅÉÕÔÄÐÉÒÓÉÓÞÇÐÑÈÌ××ÉÓÉÐ
ÙÌÓÖÉÏÑÍ ÔÑÑÕÇÉÕÔÕÇÉÐÐÑ P ÓÅË ÐÉÒÓÉÓÞÇÐÑ ÈÌ××ÉÓÉÐÙÌ
ÓÖÉÏÑÍÐÅËÅÏÞ²ÅÐÌÌ * ÑÆÎÅÔÕÌ*Õ ÉÐÅËÅϲÐÖÕÑÍÑÆ
ÎÅÔÕÌ ÉÔÎÌ ×ÖвÙÌÄ I ÑÒÓÉÈÉÎÉÐÅ ÐÅ * Ì ÇÔÉ ÉÉ ÚÅÔÕÐÞÉ
ÒÓÑÌËÇÑÈÐÞÉÒÉÓÇÑÑÒÑÓÄȲÅÔÑÑÕÇÉÕÔÕÇÉÐÐÑÚÅÔÕÐÞÉÒÓÑ
ÌËÇÑÈÐÞÉÈÑÒÑÓÄȲÅPDzÎáÚÌÕÉÎßÐÑÐÉÒÓÉÓÞÇÐÑÒÓÑÈÑÎÊÅ
ÉÏÞÔ*ÐÅ*
uqrbhogoj fбÄÊÄÔÞ ÙÔÐ ÈÓÍË ÖÕϱØËà I ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏÄ ÏÄ ÐÔ±ÒÝ
ÔÐÎÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÈ*µ5QËÎÈÈÔÏÄÏÈÎÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÑÒÐÇÐÍÉÄÈÎÕàÏÄÈÐÊÄ
∂I
ÎݱÄÏËÈ *ÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇÏÕà
ËÆÏȱÐÔÐÒÐÌÔÐÙ±ÈÒÄÏËØÝÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ*ÓÕ
∂[
∂I
ÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔÐÇÏÐÓÔÐÒÐÏÏÃÃÙÄÓÔÏÄÃÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇÏÄÃ
ÔÐÐÏÄÓÐÆÑÄÇÄÈÔÓÏÈ
∂[
∂I
ÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÝÎÑÒÐÇÐÍÉÈÏËÈÎÆßÔÕÔÐÙ±ÕÙÄÓÔÏÐÌÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇÏÐÌ
∂[
u ± Ä Ê Ä Ï Ë È dÐÓÑÐÍÞÊÐÆÄÔÞÓÃÓÍÈÇÓÔÆËÈÎ ËÊÔÈÐÒÈÎÝ ÆÑ
fбÄÊÄÔÞÙÔÐÇÍÃÔÐÐÙÔÐÅÝÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÄÃÖÕϱØËÃÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏÏÄÃÏÄÐ
ÒÄÏËÙÈÏÏÐÎÐÔ±ÒÝÔÐÎÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÈ*µ5QÅÝÍÄÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÑÒÐÇÐÍÉÄÈÎÐÌ
ÏÄÈÐÊÄÎݱÄÏËÈÏÈÐÅ×ÐÇËÎÐËÇÐÓÔÄÔÐÙÏÐÙÔÐÅÝÐÏÄÅÝÍÄÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐÏÈ
ÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÌÏÄ*qбÄÊÄÔÞÙÔÐÆÓÍÕÙÄÈÏÈÐÒÄÏËÙÈÏÏÐÐÐÔ±ÒÝÔÐÐÎÏÐÉÈ
ÓÔÆÄÕÓÍÐÆËÈÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐÌÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÓÔËÑÒÐÇÐÍÉÄÈÎÐÌÖÕϱØËËÃÆÍÃÃÓÞ
ÇÐÓÔÄÔÐÙÏÝÎÇÍÃÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÐÑÒÐÇÐÍÉÈÏËÃÏÈÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃÏÈÐÅ×ÐÇËÎÝÎ
qÐÓÔÒÐËÔÞ ÑÒËÎÈÒ ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÌ Ë ÐÒÄÏËÙÈÏÏÐÌ Æ ÐÅÍÄÓÔË ÖÕϱØËË
±ÐÔÐÒÕàÏÈÍÞÊÃÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÑÒÐÇÐÍÉËÔÞÏÄÊÄÎݱÄÏËÈßÔÐÌÐÅÍÄÓÔË
dÈÒÏÈÎÓà ÔÈÑÈÒÞ ± ÖÐÒÎÕÍÈ tÈÌÍÐÒÄ qÕÓÔÞ ÖÕϱØËà I ÏÈ
ÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÕÈÎÄPÒÄÊÏÄÊÄÎݱÄÏËË * ÐÔ±ÒÝÔÐÐ
ÐÒÄÏËÙÈÏÏÐÐ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ * tÐÇÄ ÓÐÍÄÓÏÐ ÒÈÊÕÍÞÔÄÔÄÎ
Ñ Æ ±ÄÉÇÐÌ ÔÐÙ±È [∈* ÇÍà ÏȱÐÔÐÒÐÌ ÈÈ Ð±ÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔË
ËÎÈÈÔ ÎÈÓÔÐ ÒÄÊÍÐÉÈÏËÈ ÖÕϱØËË I ÑÐ ÖÐÒÎÕÍÈ tÈÌ
ÍÐÒÄ ÑÒËÙÈÎ ÔÕÓÉÏÎÉÐÌÉ ² ÐÖÎá ε P P [ ∆[ Ç ×ÑÓÏÖÎÉ
Q
Ìε[∆[Ç×ÑÓÏÖÎÉÒÓÌρ{ÓÅÇÐÑÏÉÓÐÑ ÐÅ
ÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÉ*ÓÎÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËÈÆÑ Ô ÈÇÍÃÍàÅÐÐε!
ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔÔıÐÈδ δε!ÙÔÐÈÓÍË
Q
ρ _∆[_ ∑ ∆[ Lδ
L
P PPQ
iÇÈÓÞ ÑÒÄÆÄÃ ÙÄÓÔÞ ÎÐÇÕÍÞ ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÓÔË ÓÐÐÔÆÈÔÓÔÆÕàÛÈÌ
ÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇÏÐÌ ÏÈ ÊÄÆËÓËÔ ÐÔ ÔÐÙ±Ë ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ * Ë ÓÔÒÈÎËÔÓÃ
± ÏÕÍà ÑÒË δ { qÐßÔÐÎÕ ËÊ ÓÍÈÇÕÈÔ ÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐÈ
ÓÔÒÈÎÍÈÏËÈ ε P P ±ÏÕÍàÏÄ*ÑÒË∆[{
Q
tÈÑÈÒÞ ÎÐÉÏÐ ÐØÈÏËÔÞ ÅÈÓ±ÐÏÈÙÏÐ ÎÄÍÕà ε∆[ ∆\ Æ ÖÐÒ
ÎÕÍÈ fÍÃ ÑÒÐËÊÆÐÍÞÏÐÐ ÏÄÔÕÒÄÍÞÏÐÐ Q ÈÈ ÎÐÉÏÐ
ÄÏÄÍÐËÙÏÐÓÍÕÙÄàQ ÓÎÑÒÈÇÓÔÄÆËÔÞÆÆËÇÈ
∆[ ∆[
P PQ
ε[∆[ ∑ εP [∆[ Q
P P P P Q ρ ρ
Q
pÔÓàÇÄËÎÈÈÎ
_ε[∆[_P ∑ _εP [∆[_
P P Q P P Q
ØËË ε P [∆[ÇÍÃÍàÅÐÐÊÄÇÄÏÏÐÐε!ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔÔÄ
P Q
±ÐÈδ δε!ÙÔÐÈÓÍËÆÝÑÐÍÏÈÏÐÕÓÍÐÆËÈ_∆[_δÔÐ
ε
_εP [∆[_
PPQ P
P Q 1
pÔÓàÇÄËËÊÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÄÓÍÈÇÕÈÔÙÔÐ_ε[∆[_ε
pÔÎÈÔËÎÈÛÈÐÇÏÕÐØÈϱÕÆØÈÍÐÎÐÓÔÄÔÐÙÏÐÐÙÍÈÏÄÖÐÒ
ÎÕÍÝtÈÌÍÐÒÄÑÐÍÕÙÄàÛÕàÓÃËÊÊÄÑËÓËÈÐÆÖÐÒÎÈmÄÒÄÏ
ÉÄ
gÓÍË ÖÕϱØËà I ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏÄ ÏÄ ÐÔ±ÒÝÔÐÎ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÈ * Ë
ËÎÈÈÔ ÏÄ * ÐÒÄÏËÙÈÏÏÝÈ ÙÄÓÔÏÝÈ ÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇÏÝÈ ÑÐÒÃÇ±Ä P
Ô ÈÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔÔıÄÃÑÐÓÔÐÃÏÏÄÃ0!ÙÔÐ
∂PI( [ )
PF
P P
PPQ P [∈*
∂[ ∂[ Q
ÔÐÑÒËÆÝÑÐÍÏÈÏËËÕÓÍÐÆËÃ_∆[_δÇÍÃÆÓÈ×[∈*ÓÑÒÄÆÈÇÍËÆÐ
ÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐ
δP P
_UP´[∆[_P FQ
P
ÔÐÓÒÄÊÕÓÍÈÇÕÈÔËÊÖÐÒÎÕÍÝÈÓÍËÄÅÓÐÍàÔÏÝÈÆÈÍË
ÙËÏݱÄÉÇÐÐÓÍÄÄÈÎÐÐÈÈÑÒÄÆÐÌÙÄÓÔËÐØÈÏËÔÞÓÑÐÎÐÛÞà
ÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÄËÐÙÈÆËÇÏÐÐÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÄ_∆[L_Pδ
²ÂÄÏÐÎÇÒÏÂáÓ×ÐÆÊÎÐÓÔÞ
ÑÐÑÂÒÂÎÇÔÒÕÓÇÎÇËÓÔÄÂÖÕÏÌØÊË
dÑÒÈÇÝÇÕÛÈÎÑÕϱÔÈÎÝÆÓÔÒÈÔËÍËÓÞÓÑÐÏÃÔËÈÎÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒ
ÏÐÌÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔËÏÄÇÄÏÏÐÎÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÈÓÈÎÈÌÓÔÆÄÖÕϱØËÌÊÄ
ÆËÓÃÛË×ÐÔ ÏȱÐÔÐÒÐÐÑÄÒÄÎÈÔÒÄ ±ÐÇÄßÔÐÔÑÄÒÄÎÈÔÒÓÔÒÈ
ÎËÔÓà ± ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏÏÝÎ ÊÏÄÙÈÏËÃÎ tıËÎË ÖÕϱØËÃÎË Æ ÏÄ
ÚÈÎ ÓÍÕÙÄÈ ÃÆÍÃÍËÓÞ ε P P [ ∆[ Ë ε[ ∆[ ÇÈ ÒÐÍÞ
Q
ÑÄÒÄÎÈÔÒÄ ËÒÄÍÐ ∆[ d ÑÒÐÓÔÈÌÚÈÎ ÆËÇÈ ßÔÐÔ ÓÍÕÙÄÌ ÆÓÔÒÈ
ÙÄÍÓÃÈÛÈÒÄÏÞÚÈÆÑ
sÖÐÒÎÕÍËÒÕÈÎ ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËÈ ÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐÌ Ó×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔË ÓÈ
ÎÈÌÓÔÆÄÖÕϱØËÌÆÐÅÛÈÎÓÍÕÙÄÈ
°ÑÒÇÆÇÍÇÏÊÇ qÖÔÕß;µ5Q<µ5P\ µÕÑÚ²ÅÒÓ̲ÑÔ
ÐÑÇÉÐÌÄ ÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÅ < ²ÑÐÉÚÐÅÄ ÌÎÌ ÆÉÔ²ÑÐÉÚÐÑ ÖÈÅÎÉÐÐÅÄ
´ÒÑÔÎÉÈÐÌÉÈÇÉÆÉÔ²ÑÐÉÚÐÑÔÕÌÌÏÉÉÕÔÏÞÔÎÓÅÔ
ÔÏÅÕÓÌÇÅÕßÕÑÎß²ÑÒÓÌP qÖÔÕßÈÅÎÉÉ×ÖвÙÌÄϕ[
ÑÒÓÉÈÉÎÉÐÅÈÎÄÇÔÉØ[∈;ÅI[\ÈÎÄÇÔÉØ[∈;Ì\∈<
vÖвÙÌá I[ \ ÐÅËÞÇÅáÕ ÓÅÇÐÑÏÉÓÐÑ ÔÕÓÉÏÄÜÉÍÔÄ ÐÅ
ÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÉ;²×ÖвÙÌÌϕ[ÒÓÌ\{\ÌÒÌÛÖÕ
I[\{
{ ϕ[\{\
;
ÉÔÎÌÈÎÄÎáÆÑÑε!ÔÖÜÉÔÕÇÖÉÕÕŲÅÄѲÓÉÔÕÐÑÔÕß8\
`
ÕÑÚ²Ì\ÚÕÑÈÎÄÇÔÉØ[∈;ÌÇÔÉØ\∈< 8\ÇÞÒÑÎÐÄÉÕ
ÔÄÐÉÓÅÇÉÐÔÕÇÑ
_I[\´ϕ[_ε
qÉÓÉÏÉÐÐÅÄ\ÚÅÔÕÑÐÅËÞÇÅÉÕÔÄÇàÕÑÏÔÎÖÚÅÉÒÅÓÅÏÉÕ
ÓÑÏ Å ×ÖвÙÌÄI[\\∈< µ«ÔÉÏÉÍÔÕÇÑÏ ×ÖвÙÌÍ ÑÕ [¬
ÇÕÑÏÔÏÞÔÎÉÚÕÑàÕÅ×ÖвÙÌÄÒÓÌÓÅËÎÌÚÐÞØ×̲ÔÌÓÑÇÅÐ
ÐÞØËÐÅÚÉÐÌÄØÒÅÓÅÏÉÕÓÅ\∈<ËÅÈÅÉÕ×ÖвÙÌÌÒÉÓÉÏÉÐÐÑÍ[
qÐÇÐÅÏÐ ÓÍÕÙÄà ÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐÌ Ó×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔË ÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞ
ÏÐÓÔËÖÕϱØËÌÓÎÑ ÕÓÍÐÆËÈÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐÌÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔË
ÖÕϱØËÌÑÐÑÄÒÄÎÈÔÒÕÎÐÉÏÐÓÖÐÒÎÕÍËÒÐÆÄÔÞËÓÑÐÍÞÊÕÃÑÐ
ÏÃÔËÈÑÒÈÇÈÍÄÖÕϱØËËÓÍÈÇÕàÛËÎÐÅÒÄÊÐÎ
vÖвÙÌÄI[\ÓÅÇÐÑÏÉÓÐÑÔÕÓÉÏÌÕÔÄÐÅÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÉ;
²×ÖвÙÌÌϕ[ÒÓÌ\{\ÕÑÈÅÌÕÑÎß²ÑÕÑÈŲÑÈÅ
OLP VXS _I[\´ϕ[_
\ → \( ) [ ∈ ;
tıËÎÐÅÒÄÊÐÎÕÓÍÐÆËÈI[\{
{ ϕ[\{\ÒÄÆÏÐÓËÍÞÏÐ
;
ÓÔÒÈÎÍÈÏËà±ÏÕÍàÑÒË\{\ÖÕϱØËË
GHI
)\ VXS _I[\´ϕ[_
[∈;
fбÄÊÄÔÈÍÞÓÔÆÐßÔÐÐÕÔÆÈÒÉÇÈÏËÃÓÐÆÓÈÎÏÈÓÍÐÉÏÐËÄÏÄ
ÍÐËÙÏÐ ÓÍÕÙÄà ÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐÌ Ó×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔË ÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔË
ÖÕϱØËÌgÐÑÒÐÆÈÇÈÏËÈÑÒÈÇÐÓÔÄÆÍÃÈÔÓÃÙËÔÄÔÈÍà
sÑÒÄÆÈÇÍËÆ Æ ÒÄÓÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄÈÎÐÎ ÓÍÕÙÄÈ Ë ÄÏÄÍÐ ±ÒËÔÈÒËÃ
lÐÚËÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐÌÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔËÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÈÌ
´ § ° ² § ® ¢ ÌÒÊÔÇÒÊˬÐÚÊ fÎÄÕÑÑÚÕÑÆÞ×ÖвÙÌÄI[\
ÒÓÌ\{\ÓÅÇÐÑÏÉÓÐÑÔÕÓÉÏÌÎÅÔßÐÅÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÉ;²ÐɲÑ
ÕÑÓÑÍ×ÖвÙÌÌÐÉÑÆØÑÈÌÏÑÌÈÑÔÕÅÕÑÚÐÑÚÕÑÆÞÈÎÄÎáÆÑ
Ñε ! ÐÅÛÎÅÔß ÕŲÅÄ Ñ²ÓÉÔÕÐÑÔÕß 8\ ÕÑÚ²Ì \ÚÕÑ
` `
ÈÎÄÎáÆÞØ\′∈8\ <Ì\′′∈8\ <ÌÎáÆÑÑ[∈;ÇÞÒÑÎ
ÐÄÎÑÔßÐÉÓÅÇÉÐÔÕÇÑ
_I[\′′´I[\′_ε
fÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÐÏÈÐÅ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔÞÕÓÍÐÆËñıÆÓÈÇÄ
ÆÑÐÇÐÅÏÝ×ÓËÔÕÄØËÃ×ÍȱÐÓÍÈÇÕÈÔËÊÕÓÍÐÆËÃfÍÃ
ÇбÄÊÄÔÈÍÞÓÔÆÄÉÈÇÐÓÔÄÔÐÙÏÐÓÔËÓÍÈÇÕÈÔÑбÄÊÄÔÞÙÔÐËÊÕÓ
ÍÐÆËÃÆÝÔȱÄÈÔÙÔÐÇÍÃÍàÅÐÐÖ˱ÓËÒÐÆÄÏÏÐÐ[∈;
ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔ OLP I[ \ Ë ÙÔÐ ÓÔÒÈÎÍÈÏËÈ ÖÕϱØËË I[ \ ±
\ → \( )
ßÔÐÎÕÑÒÈÇÈÍÕÑÒË\{\ÑÒÐËÓ×ÐÇËÔÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐ
dÓÈ ßÔÐ ÔıÉÈ ÒȱÐÎÈÏÇÕÈÔÓà ÑÒÐÇÈÍÄÔÞ ÙËÔÄÔÈÍà ÓÄÎÐ
ÓÔÐÃÔÈÍÞÏÐ
uqrbhogojg fбÄÊÄÔÞÇÍÃÔÐÐÙÔÐÅÝÖÕϱØËÃI[\[∈;\∈;
ÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐÏÄÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÈ;ÓÔÒÈÎËÍÄÓÞÑÒË\{\±ÖÕϱØËËϕ[[∈;
ÏÈÐÅ×ÐÇËÎÐ Ë ÇÐÓÔÄÔÐÙÏÐ ÙÔÐÅÝ ÇÍà ÍàÅÐÌ ÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔË \Q∈<
Q ÓÔÒÈÎÃÛÈÌÓñ\ÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞI[\QQ
ÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐÏÄÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÈ;Ó×ÐÇËÍÄÓÞ±ÖÕϱØËËϕ[
± Ò Ê Î Ç Ò Ý rÄÓÓÎÐÔÒËÎ ÓÈÎÈÌÓÔÆÐ ÖÕϱØËÌ I[ \
H´[\ÇÈP[PP\pÙÈÆËÇÏÐ
ÈÓÍË[!
OLP I[\
\ → ÈÓÍË[
ÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÄà \ ÈÓÍË ËÓÑÐÍÞÊÐÆÄÔÞ Õ±ÄÊÄÏÏÕà ÆÝÚÈ ÔÈÒÎËÏÐ
ÍÐËà ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃ ÊÇÈÓÞ ÑÄÒÄÎÈÔÒÐÎ pÅÐÊÏÄÙËÎ ÑÒÈÇÈÍÞÏÕà
ÖÕϱØËàÙÈÒÈÊϕ[
ÈÓÍË[!
ϕ[ ÈÓÍË[
fбÄÉÈÎÙÔÐÓÔÒÈÎÍÈÏËÈÖÕϱØËËI[\±ϕ[ÑÒË\{
ÑÒÐËÓ×ÐÇËÔÏÈÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐfÍÃßÔÐÐÇÐÓÔÄÔÐÙÏÐÑбÄÊÄÔÞÙÔÐ
ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔÔıÐÈε!ÙÔбıÕàÅÝбÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔÞ8ÏË
ÆÊÃÔÞÏÄÌÇÕÔÓÃÔıËÈ[∈>@Ë\∈8ÙÔÐÅÕÇÈÔÆÝÑÐÍÏÈ
ÏÐÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐ_H´[\´ϕ[_OεdÐÊÞÎÈÎεÔıÐÈÙÔÐε
ËÑÒÐËÊÆÐÍÞÏÕàбÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔÞ8tÐÇııÐÈÅÝ\∈8
ÏË ÆÊÃÔÞ ÇÍà ÏÈÐ OLP H´[\ ÑÐßÔÐÎÕ ÏÄÌÇÈÔÓà ÔıÐÈ
[→
[∈@ÙÔÐ
_H´[\´ϕ[_ _H´[\´_!ε
tıËÎÐÅÒÄÊÐÎÆÇÄÏÏÐÎÓÍÕÙÄÈÕÓÍÐÆËÃÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐÌÓ×ÐÇË
ÎÐÓÔËÏÈÆÝÑÐÍÏÃàÔÓÃ
pÇÏıÐÑÒËÍàÅÐÎDDÓÈÎÈÌÓÔÆÐÖÕϱØËÌI[\
H´[\ÑÒË\{ÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐÓÔÒÈÎËÔÓñÏÕÍàÏÄÐÔÒÈʱÈ>D@
qÒÐÆÈÒËÎ Æ ßÔÐÎ ÓÍÕÙÄÈ ÆÝÑÐÍÏÈÏËÈ ÕÓÍÐÆËÌ ÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐÌ
Ó×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔËfÍÃÍàÅÐÐε!ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔÙËÓÍÐηε!ÔıÐÈ
± Dη OQ ε
ÙÔÐ H ε ε ÇÐÓÔÄÔÐÙÏÐ ÆÊÃÔÞ ÍàÅÐÈ η !
ÑÐßÔÐÎÕ ÇÍÃ
D
ÆÓÈ×\!ηεËÆÓÈ×[∈>D@ÅÕÇÈÎËÎÈÔÞ
± Dη ε
_H´[\´_ H´[\H ε
lÐÏÈÙÏÐ ËÓÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÏËÈ ÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐÌ Ó×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔË ÒÄÓÓÎÄÔ
ÒËÆÄÈÎÐÐÓÈÎÈÌÓÔÆÄÖÕϱØËÌÎÐÉÏÐÆÝÑÐÍÏËÔÞËÑÒËÎÈÏËÆ
±ÒËÔÈÒËÌfÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÐËÓÑÐÍÞÊÐÆÄÆÖÐÒÎÕÍÕ
ÑÐÍÕÙËÎ
VXS _H´[\´ϕ[_O VXS H´[\
P[P [ P
ÑÐßÔÐÎÕ ÕÓÍÐÆËÈ ÊÄÆÈÇÐÎÐ ÏÈ ÆÝÑÐÍÏÃÈÔÓÃ gÓÍË ÉÈ
DÔÐ
OLP VXS _H´[\´ϕ[_ \ OLP
\ → D P [ P →
VXS H´[\ \ OLP
→
H´D\
DP[P
tıËÎÐÅÒÄÊÐÎ
H´[\ {
{ ϕ[ H´[\ {{ D \{
[ ] [ D ]
©ÂÎÇÙÂÏÊáÐÒáÆÂ×´ÇËÍÐÒÂ
ÆÍáÖÕÏÌØÊËÎÏÐÅÊ×ÑÇÒÇÎÇÏÏÝ×
gÓÍËÖÕϱØËÃI[ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏÄËÅÈÓ±ÐÏÈÙÏÐÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÕÈÎÄ
ÆÏȱÐÔÐÒÐÌδбÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔËÔÐÙ±Ë[ [ ( )[ Q( )∈5QÔÐÇÍÃ
ßÔÐÌÖÕϱØËËÖÐÒÎÕÍÄtÈÌÍÐÒÄÅÕÇÈÔÐÙÈÆËÇÏÐÓÑÒÄ
Q
ÆÈÇÍËÆÐÌÑÒËÍàÅÐÎÏÄÔÕÒÄÍÞÏÐÎQ Ë ∑ ∆[ LδgÓ
L
ÍËÑÒËßÔÐÎÒÃÇ
∂ ∂ {N}
∑ ∆[∆[Q I[
N N ∂[ ∂[ Q
Ó×ÐÇËÔÓñ∆\ I[´I[ÓÎÑ ÔÐÑÐÍÕÙËÎÖÐÒÎÕÍÕ
∂ ∂ {N}
∆[ ∆[Q
∆\ I[´I[ ∑ I[
N N ∂[ ∂[ Q
¿ÌÓÔÒÇÎÕÎÝÖÕÏÌØÊËÎÏÐÅÊ×ÑÇÒÇÎÇÏÏÝ×
¯ÇÐÃ×ÐÆÊÎÝÇÕÓÍÐÄÊáßÌÓÔÒÇÎÕÎÂ
jÊÕÙÄÈÎÝÈÆÏÄÓÔÐÃÛÈÎËÏȱÐÔÐÒÝ×ÓÍÈÇÕàÛË×ÑÄÒÄÒÄÖÄ×
ÆÐÑÒÐÓÝÏÐÓÃÔÄÏÄÍËÔËÙÈÓ±ËÌ×ÄÒıÔÈÒË Ë×ÇбÄÊÄÔÈÍÞÓÔÆÄ
ÏÈÕÓÍÐÉÏÃàÔÓÃÑÒËÕÆÈÍËÙÈÏËËÙËÓÍÄÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÝ×qÐßÔÐÎÕ
ÎÝÑÒÐÆÈÇÈÎË×ÒÄÓÓÎÐÔÒÈÏËÈÓÒÄÊÕÆÐÅÛÈÎQÎÈÒÏÐÎÓÍÕÙÄÈ
Õ±ÄÊÝÆÄà ÑÒË ÏÈÐÅ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔË Ë× ÓÑÈØËÖËÙÈÓ±ËÈ ÐÓÐÅÈÏÏÐÓÔË
ÇÍÃÓÍÕÙÄÈÆQ ËQ
°ÑÒÇÆÇÍÇÏÊÇ qÖÔÕß×ÖвÙÌÄI[ÑÒÓÉÈÉÎÉÐÅÐÅÏÐÑÊÉÔÕ
ÇÉ;µ5QtÑÚ²Å[∈;ÐÅËÞÇÅÉÕÔÄÕÑÚ²ÑÍÔÕÓÑÑÑÏŲÔÌ
ÏÖÏÅÔÑÑÕÇÉÕÔÕÇÉÐÐÑÔÕÓÑÑÑÏÌÐÌÏÖÏÅÉÔÎÌÔÖÜÉÔÕÇÖ
ÉÕ ÕŲÅÄ Ñ²ÓÉÔÕÐÑÔÕß 8[ ÕÑÚ²Ì [ ÚÕÑ ÈÎÄ ÇÔÉØ
`
[∈8[ ;[ [ÇÞÒÑÎÐÄÉÕÔÄÐÉÓÅÇÉÐÔÕÇÑI[I[
ÔÑÑÕÇÉÕÔÕÇÉÐÐÑÐÉÓÅÇÉÐÔÕÇÑI[!I[
jÔı ÔÐÙ±Ä ÓÔÒÐÐÐ ÎıÓËÎÕÎÄ ÓÐÐÔÆÈÔÓÔÆÈÏÏÐ ÓÔÒÐÐÐ
ÎËÏËÎÕÎÄ×ÄÒıÔÈÒËÊÕÈÔÓÃÔÈÎÙÔÐ∆I I[´I[ÓÐÐÔ
`
ÆÈÔÓÔÆÈÏÏÐ∆I!ÑÒËÆÓÈ×[∈8[ ;[ [ÒËÓ
gÔÎÌÊÉÈÎÄÕÑÚ²Ì[ÔÖÜÉÔÕÇÖÉÕÕŲÅÄѲÓÉÔÕÐÑÔÕß
`
8[ÚÕÑÒÓÌÇÔÉØ[∈8[ ;ÇÞÒÑÎÐÄÉÕÔÄÖÔÎÑÇÌÉI[P
P I[ ÔÑÑÕÇÉÕÔÕÇÉÐÐÑ I[ O I[ ÕÑ [ ÐÅËÞÇÅÉÕÔÄ
ÒÓÑÔÕÑÕÑÚ²ÑÍÏŲÔÌÏÖÏÅÔÑÑÕÇÉÕÔÕÇÉÐÐÑÏÌÐÌÏÖÏÅ
°ÑÒÇÆÇÍÇÏÊÇ tÑÚ²ÌÔÕÓÑÑÑÏŲÔÌÏÖÏÅÌÏÌÐÌÏÖÏÅ×Öв
ÙÌÌÐÅËÞÇÅáÕÔÄÕÑÚ²ÅÏÌÔÕÓÑÑÑà²ÔÕÓÉÏÖÏÅ
´ § ° ² § ® ¢ qÖÔÕß×ÖвÙÌÄI[[ [[[QÑÒÓÉÈÉÎÉ
ÐÅ Ç ÐɲÑÕÑÓÑÍ Ñ²ÓÉÔÕÐÑÔÕÌ ÕÑÚ²Ì [ ÉÔÎÌ ÑÐÅ ÄÇÎÄÉÕÔÄ
ÕÑÚ²ÑÍà²ÔÕÓÉÏÖÏÅ×ÖвÙÌÌI[ÌÉÔÎÌÇÐÉÍÔÖÜÉÔÕÇÖÉÕ²Å
∂I
²ÅÄÕÑÌËÒÓÑÌËÇÑÈÐÞØ
MÏÑÊÉÕÒÓÌÐÌÏÅÕßÑÈÐÑÌËËÐÅÚÉ
∂[ M
ÐÌÍQÕÑÑÐÅÓÅÇÐÅÐÖÎá∂
I[ ()
∂[ M
] \
[
\ [
[
[
[ [
( [
[ [
rËÓ rËÓ
ÔÐÙ±Ä [ ( ) ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓà ÆÏÕÔÒÈÏÏÈÌ ÇÍà ÐÅÍÄÓÔË ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËÃ
ÖÕϱØËË I[ [ ( ) [ Q( ) qÐßÔÐÎÕ ÈÓÍË Æ ßÔÐÌ ÔÐÙ±È ÓÕ
∂I
ÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔ ÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇÏÄÃ
ÔÐ ÑÐ ÔÈÐÒÈÎÈ vÈÒÎÄ ÓÎ Ñ
∂[
ÐÏÄÒÄÆÏÄÏÕÍàÔ È
∂I[ ( ) GI ( [ [ ( ) [ Q( ) )
∂[ G[
[ [ ( )
± Ò Ê Î Ç Ò Ý oÄÌÇÈÎÔÐÙ±Ëß±ÓÔÒÈÎÕÎÄÖÕϱØËË] [
\ tÐÙ±Ë ß±ÓÔÒÈÎÕÎÄ Æ ÓËÍÕ ÇбÄÊÄÏÏÐÐ ÏÄ×ÐÇÃÔÓà ÓÒÈÇË
ÔÈ×ÇÍñÐÔÐÒÝ×G] tı±Ä±G] [ G[\ G\ÔÐÕÓÍÐÆËÈ
G] ÆÝÑÐÍÏÃÈÔÓÃ Æ ÈÇËÏÓÔÆÈÏÏÐÌ ÔÐÙ±È d ßÔÐÌ ÔÐÙ±È
] ÆÐÆÓÈ×ÉÈÇÒÕË×ÔÐÙ±Ä×] [\!qÐßÔÐÎÕÔÐÙ±Ä
ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃÔÐÙ±ÐÌÓÔÒÐÐÐÎËÏËÎÕÎÄÇÍÃÖÕϱØËË] [
\ÒËÓ
jÓÓÍÈÇÕÈÎÔÐÙ±Ëß±ÓÔÒÈÎÕÎÄÖÕϱØËË] [´\qÐÓÔÕ
ÑÄà ÄÏÄÍÐËÙÏÐ ÑÒÈÇÝÇÕÛÈÎÕ ÓÍÕÙÄà ÏÄ×ÐÇËÎ ÙÔÐ ÕÓÍÐÆËÈ
G] ÓÏÐÆÄÆÝÑÐÍÏÃÈÔÓÃÆÔÐÙ±ÈËÆßÔÐÌÔÐÙ±È]
pÇÏıÐÊÇÈÓÞÑÒË\ ËÍàÅÝ×[ ËÎÈÈÎ]!ÄÑÒË[ Ë
ÍàÅÐÎ\ ËÎÈÈÎ]qÐßÔÐÎÕÔÐÙ±ÄÏÈÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃÔÐÙ
±ÐÌß±ÓÔÒÈÎÕÎÄËÊÏÄÙËÔÖÕϱØËÃ] [´\ÆÐÐÅÛÈÏÈËÎÈ
ÈÔß±ÓÔÒÈÎÄÍÞÏÝ×ÔÐÙȱÒËÓ
] ]
\
[
\
[
rËÓ rËÓ
¦ÐÓÔÂÔÐÙÏÝÇÕÓÍÐÄÊáÓÔÒÐÅÐÅÐßÌÓÔÒÇÎÕÎÂ
oÄÑÐÎÏËÎÏÈÓ±ÐÍÞ±ÐÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËÌËʱÕÒÓÄÄÍÈÅÒÝ
°ÑÒÇÆÇÍÇÏÊÇ lÇÅÈÓÅÕÌÚÐÅÄ ×ÑÓÏÅ $[ $[ [Q
Q
∑ DLM[L[M DML DLM L M Q ÐÅËÞÇÅÉÕÔÄ ÒÑÎÑÊÌ
LM
ÕÉÎßÐÑÔÑÑÕÇÉÕÔÕÇÉÐÐÑÑÕÓÌÙÅÕÉÎßÐÑÑÒÓÉÈÉÎÉÐÐÑÍÉÔÎÌ
$[!ÔÑÑÕÇÉÕÔÕÇÉÐÐÑ $[ ÈÎÄ ÎáÆÑÍ ÕÑÚ²Ì[∈5Q
[
lÇÅÈÓÅÕÌÚÐÅÄ ×ÑÓÏÅ ÄÇÎÄáÜÅÄÔÄ ÒÑÎÑÊÌÕÉÎßÐÑ ÌÎÌ
ÑÕÓÌÙÅÕÉÎßÐÑÑÒÓÉÈÉÎÉÐÐÑÍÐÅËÞÇÅÉÕÔÄÕŲÊÉÒÓÑÔÕÑÑÒ
ÓÉÈÉÎÉÐÐÑÍÌÎÌËÐŲÑÑÒÓÉÈÉÎÉÐÐÑͲÇÅÈÓÅÕÌÚÐÑÍ×ÑÓÏÑÍ
°ÑÒÇÆÇÍÇÏÊÇ lÇÅÈÓÅÕÌÚÐÅÄ×ÑÓÏÅÒÓÌÐÌÏÅáÜÅIJŲÒÑÎÑ
ÊÌÕÉÎßÐÞÉ ÕŲ Ì ÑÕÓÌÙÅÕÉÎßÐÞÉ ËÐÅÚÉÐÌÄ ÐÅËÞÇÅÉÕÔÄ
ÐÉÑÒÓÉÈÉÎÉÐÐÑÍ
§ ® ® ¢ qÖÔÕß6 µÉÈÌÐÌÚÐÅÄÔ×ÉÓÅÇ5Q
sÐÍÄÓÏÐÓÍÈÇÓÔÆËàËÊÔÈÐÒÈÎÝ ÔÐÙ±Äß±ÓÔÒÈÎÕÎÄƱÐ
ÔÐÒÐÌ ÖÕϱØËà I ÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÕÈÎÄ ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓà ÓÔÄØËÐÏÄÒÏÐÌ
ÐÅÒÄÔÏÐÈ ±ÐÏÈÙÏÐ ÆÐÐÅÛÈ ÐÆÐÒà ÏÈÆÈÒÏÐ ÏÈ ÆÓñÄà ÓÔÄØË
ÐÏÄÒÏÄÃÔÐÙ±ÄƱÐÔÐÒÐÌÖÕϱØËÃÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÕÈÎÄÃÆÍÃÈÔ
ÓÃÔÐÙ±ÐÌß±ÓÔÒÈÎÕÎÄÓÎÑÒËÎÈÒ Æ±ÐÏØÈÑ
´ § ° ² § ® ¢ ÆÐÓÔÂÔÐÙÏÝÇ ÕÓÍÐÄÊá ÓÔÒÐÅÐÅÐ ßÌÓÔÒÇÎÕÎÂ
qÖÔÕß×ÖвÙÌÄIÑÒÓÉÈÉÎÉÐÅÌÌÏÉÉÕÐÉÒÓÉÓÞÇÐÞÉÒÓÑÌËÇÑÈ
ÐÞÉ ÇÕÑÓÑÑ ÒÑÓÄÈ²Å Ç ÐɲÑÕÑÓÑÍ Ñ²ÓÉÔÕÐÑÔÕÌ ÕÑÚ²Ì [
qÖÔÕß[ÄÇÎÄÉÕÔÄÔÕÅÙÌÑÐÅÓÐÑÍÕÑÚ²ÑÍ×ÖвÙÌÌIÕÑÈÅ
ÉÔÎ̲ÇÅÈÓÅÕÌÚÐÅÄ×ÑÓÏÅ
Q
∂I( [() )
G[L G[M
$G[G[Q ∑
LM ∂[ L ∂[ M
Õ ÉÇÕÑÓÑÍÈÌ××ÉÓÉÐÙÌÅÎ×ÖвÙÌÌIÇÕÑÚ²É[ÒÑÎÑÊÌ
ÕÉÎßÐÑÑÒÓÉÈÉÎÉÐÐÅÑÕÓÌÙÅÕÉÎßÐÑÑÒÓÉÈÉÎÉÐÐÅÕÑ[ÄÇ
ÎÄÉÕÔÄ ÕÑÚ²ÑÍ ÔÕÓÑÑÑ ÏÌÐÌÏÖÏÅ ÔÑÑÕÇÉÕÔÕÇÉÐÐÑ ÔÕÓÑ
ÑÑÏŲÔÌÏÖÏÅÉÔÎÌÊɲÇÅÈÓÅÕÌÚÐÅÄ×ÑÓÏÅÐÉÑÒÓÉ
ÈÉÎÉÐÐÅÕÑÇÕÑÚ²É[ÐÉÕà²ÔÕÓÉÏÖÏÅ
¦ Ð Ì Â É Â Ô Ç Í Þ Ó Ô Ä Ð qÕÓÔÞ 8[ δ µ δбÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔÞ ÓÔÄ
ØËÐÏÄÒÏÐÌÇÍÃÖÕϱØËËIÔÐÙ±Ë[ƱÐÔÐÒÐÌÖÕϱØËÃIËÎÈ
ÈÔÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÝÈÆÔÐÒÝÈÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇÏÝÈqÕÓÔÞÔÐÙ±Ä
[G[ [ ( )G[[ Q( )G[Q
ÑÒËÏÄÇÍÈÉËÔßÔÐÌбÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔË
qÐ ÖÐÒÎÕÍÈ tÈÌÍÐÒÄ ÓÎ ÕÙËÔÝÆÄÃ ÕÓÍÐÆËÃ ÓÔÄ
ØËÐÏÄÒÏÐÓÔËÑÐÍÕÙËÎ
Q
∆I I[G[´I[ ∑ ∂
I( [() )
G[L G[MεG[ρ
LM ∂[ L ∂[ M
ÇÈG[ G[G[Qρ G [ G[ QË
OLP ε G[
ρ→
ËÍË
ρ Q ∂ I ( [ ( ) ) G[ L G[ M
∆I
LM∑ ∂[ L ∂[ M ρ ρ
ε G[
ρ G[ G[
$ Q εG[ ρ
ρ ρ
G[ G[
tÐÙ±Ä Q ÍÈÉËÔÏÄÈÇËÏËÙÏÐÌÓÖÈÒÈ6Ô ÈÏÄÓÖÈ
ρ ρ
ÒÈÓØÈÏÔÒÐÎÆÏÄÙÄÍȱÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔËÒÄÇËÕÓÐÎÒÄÆÏÝÎÔı
G[ G[
±Ä± Q
ρ ρ
qÕÓÔÞ±ÆÄÇÒÄÔËÙÏÄÃÖÐÒÎÄÊÏıÐÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏÏÄtÐÇÄ
ÓÐÍÄÓÏÐÍÈÎÎÈ LQI _$_ µ!dÝÅÈÒÈÎδδδÔıÙÔÐÅÝ
6
_εG[_µÑÒËρδtÐÇÄÑÒËρδÔ ÈÑÒË[G[∈8[δ
ËG[ ÆÓÈÆÝÒÄÉÈÏËÈƱÆÄÇÒÄÔÏÝ×Ó±ÐűÄ×ÆÑÒÄÆÐÌÙÄÓÔË
ÖÐÒÎÕÍÝÅÕÇÈÔËÎÈÔÞÔÐÔÉÈÊÏıÙÔÐËÑÈÒÆÐÈÓÍÄÄÈÎÐÈ
G[ G[
$ Q
ρ ρ
G[ G[
VLJQ ∆I VLJQ $ Q
ρ ρ
qÐßÔÐÎÕ ÈÓÍË ±ÆÄÇÒÄÔËÙÏÄà ÖÐÒÎÄ ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓà ÑÐÍÐÉË
ÔÈÍÞÏÐ ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏÏÐÌ ÔÐ ∆I ! Ä ÈÓÍË ÐÔÒËØÄÔÈÍÞÏÐ ÐÑÒÈÇÈ
R
ÍÈÏÏÐÌ ÔÐ ∆I ÑÒË [ G[∈8 [ δ iÏÄÙËÔ Æ ÑÈÒÆÐÎ
ÓÍÕÙÄÈ[ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃÔÐÙ±ÐÌÓÔÒÐÐÐÎËÏËÎÕÎÄÄÆÐÆÔÐÒÐÎ µ
ÔÐÙ±ÐÌÓÔÒÐÐÐÎıÓËÎÕÎÄ
qÕÓÔÞÔÈÑÈÒÞ±ÆÄÇÒÄÔËÙÏÄÃÖÐÒÎÄÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃÏÈÐÑÒÈ
ÇÈÍÈÏÏÐÌßÔÐÐÊÏÄÙÄÈÔÙÔÐÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕàÔÇÆÈÔıËÈÔÐÙ±ËG[′
G [ ′ G[ Q′ ËG[′′ (G[ ″G[ Q″ÙÔÐ$ G [ ′ G[ Q′ !
Ä$ G[ ″G[ Q″nÝÏÈÎÐÉÈÎÏÄÐÓÏÐÆÄÏËËßÔÐÐÓÒÄÊÕ
Ó±ÄÊÄÔÞÙÔÐÑÒËÒÄÛÈÏËÈÖÕϱØËË∆IÎÈÏÃÈÔÊÏıÆÍàÅÐÌб
ÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔËÔÐÙ±Ë[Ôı±Ä±ÔÐÙ±Ë[G[′ [ ( )G [ ′
[ Q( )G[ Q′ Ë[G[′′ [ ( )G[ ″[ Q( )G[ Q″ÎÐÕÔÆÐ
ÐÅÛÈ ÐÆÐÒÃ ÇÄÉÈ Ë ÏÈ ÑÒËÏÄÇÍÈÉÄÔÞ ÐÅÍÄÓÔË ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËÃ
ÖÕϱØËËIpÇÏıÐÏÕÉÏÝÌÏÄÎÒÈÊÕÍÞÔÄÔÅÕÇÈÔÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÞËÊ
ÔÐÐÙÔбÆÄÇÒÄÔËÙÏÄÃÖÐÒÎÄ$G[ÓÐ×ÒÄÏÃÈÔÐÇËÏËÔÐÔÉÈ
ÊÏıËÍËÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐÏÕÍàÏıÄÉÇÐÌÑÒÃÎÐÌÑÒÐ×ÐÇÃÛÈÌÙÈ
ÒÈÊÔÐÙ±Õ[ËʱÐÔÐÒÐÌÕÇÄÍÈÏÄÓÄÎÄßÔÄÔÐÙ±ÄÄÊÏÄÙÈÏËÈ
$ G[
G[ ÆÐÐÅÛÈÏÈÊÄÆËÓËÔÐÔÆÝÅÐÒÄÔÐÙ±ËÏÄßÔÐÌÑÒÃÎÐÌ
ρ
Q
rÄÓÓÎÐÔÒËÎÔÐÙ±ÕG[′ G[ ′ G[ Q′ ËÑÕÓÔÞρ′ ∑ G[ L′
L
qÒÐÆÈÇÈÎÑÐÍÕÑÒÃÎÕàÏÄÙËÏÄàÛÕàÓÃÆÔÐÙ±È[ËÑÒÐ×ÐÇÃ
ÛÕàÙÈÒÈÊÔÐÙ±Õ[G[′fÍÃÍà
[Q [ ÅÐÌ ÔÐÙ±Ë [ [ [Q ßÔÐÌ ÑÐ
ρ ÍÕÑÒÃÎÐÌ ÑÐÍÐÉËÎ G[L [L ´ [ L( )
Q
αL [L L QËρ ∑ G[ LtÐÇÄ
[ G[ L L
ÒËÓ
G[ L
[ FRV αL L Q
rËÓ ρ
ÇÈ FRV αL ÓÕÔÞ ÏÄÑÒÄÆÍÃàÛËÈ ±ÐÓËÏÕÓÝ ÒÄÓÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄÈÎÐÌ ÑÐ
ÍÕÑÒÃÎÐÌqÐßÔÐÎÕÔÐÙ±Ä
G[ G[
Q FRV αFRV αQ
ρ ρ
ÍÈÉÄÛÄÃÐÙÈÆËÇÏÐÏÄÈÇËÏËÙÏÐÌÓÖÈÒÈ
6ÓØÈÏÔÒÐÎ[ÅÕ
ÇÈÔ ÐÇÏÐÌ Ë ÔÐÌ ÉÈ ÇÍà ÆÓÈ× ÔÐÙȱ [ ßÔÐÌ ÑÐÍÕÑÒÃÎÐÌ Ô È
ÔÐÙ±ÄÏÈÊÄÆËÓËÔÐÔÒÄÓÓÔÐÃÏËÃρÎÈÉÇÕ[Ë[Ë
G[ G[ G[ ′ G[ Q′
Q
ρ ρ ρ′ ρ′
sÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐ Ë ÊÏÄÙÈÏËÈ ±ÆÄÇÒÄÔËÙÏÐÌ ÖÐÒÎÝ Æ
G[ G[
ÔÐÙ±ÈÔ È$ Q ÏÈÊÄÆËÓËÔÐÔρpÔÓàÇÄÇÍÃ
ρ ρ
ÍàÅÐÌÔÐÙ±ËËÎÈÈÎ
G[ G[ G[ ′ G[ Q′
$ Q $ $G [ ′ G[ Q′ !
ρ ρ ρ′ ρ′ ρ′
G[ G[
qÕÓÔÞ$ Q µ′!dÝÅÈÒÈÎρ!ÔıÙÔÐÅÝ
ρ ρ
ÑÒËρρËÎÈÍÐÎÈÓÔÐÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐ_εG[_µ′ÙÔÐÆÐÊÎÐÉÏÐÆ
ÓËÍÕtÐÇÄÇÍÃÍàÅÐÌÔÐÙ±Ë[G[ÍÈÉÄÛÈÌÏÄÑÐÍÕ
Q
ÑÒÃÎÐÌ Ë ÔıÐÌ ÙÔÐ ρ ∑ G[ L ρ Æ ÖÐÒÎÕÍÈ
L
ÆÝÒÄÉÈÏËÈƱÆÄÇÒÄÔÏÝ×Ó±ÐűÄ×ÅÕÇÈÔËÎÈÔÞÊÏıÑÈÒ
ÆÐÐÙÍÈÏÄËÑÐßÔÐÎÕ∆I!jÔıÆÍàÅÐÌбÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔËÔÐÙ±Ë
[ËÎÈàÔÓÃÔÐÙ±ËÇÍñÐÔÐÒÝ×∆I!
bÏÄÍÐËÙÏÐ ËÓ×ÐÇà ËÊ ÐÔÒËØÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÐ ÊÏÄÙÈÏËà ±ÆÄÇÒÄ
ÔËÙÏÐÌÖÐÒÎÝÆÔÐÙ±ÈG[L′′ÇбÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÓÃÙÔÐÆÍàÅÐÌ
бÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔËÔÐÙ±Ë[ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕàÔÔÐÙ±ËÇÍñÐÔÐÒÝ×∆I
bßÔÐËÐÊÏÄÙÄÈÔÙÔÐÆÒÄÓÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄÈÎÐÎÓÍÕÙÄÈ[ÏÈÃÆÍÃÈÔ
ÓÃÔÐÙ±ÐÌß±ÓÔÒÈÎÕÎÄ
qÒË ÑÒıÔËÙÈÓ±ÐÎ ÑÒËÎÈÏÈÏËË ßÔÐÌ ÔÈÐÒÈÎÝ ÆÐÊÏ˱ÄÈÔ
ÆÐÑÒÐÓ ±Ä± ÕÓÔÄÏÐÆËÔÞ ÅÕÇÈÔ ÍË ±ÆÄÇÒÄÔËÙÏÄà ÖÐÒÎÄ
ÑÐÍÐÉËÔÈÍÞÏÐ ËÍË ÐÔÒËØÄÔÈÍÞÏÐ ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏÏÐÌ fÍÃ ßÔÐÌ ØÈ
ÍËÎÐÉÈÔÓÍÕÉËÔÞÏÄÑÒËÎÈÒÔıÏÄÊÝÆÄÈÎÝ̱ Ò Ë Ô È Ò Ë Ì
s Ë Í Þ Æ È Ó Ô Ò Ä
ÑÐÍÐÉËÔÈÍÞÏÐÌÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏÏÐÓÔ˱ÆÄÇÒÄÔËÙ
oÄÑÐÎÏËÎÙÔÐÇÍÃÏÄÑÒÄÆÍÃàÛË×±ÐÓËÏÕÓÐÆÓÑÒÄÆÈÇÍËÆÐÒÄÆÈÏÓÔ
ÆÐFRV αFRV αQ
f f sËÍÞÆÈÓÔÒµ µÄÏÍËÌÓ±ËÌÎÄÔÈÎÄÔ˱
ÏÐÌÖÐÒÎÝÇбÄÊÝÆÄÈÎÝÌƱÕÒÓÄ×ÄÍÈÅÒÝpÏÓÐÓÔÐËÔÆÓÍÈ
ÇÕàÛÈÎ
fÎÄÕÑÑÚÕÑÆÞ²ÇÅÈÓÅÕÌÚÐÅÄ×ÑÓÏÅ
Q
$[ $[[Q ∑ DLM[L[M
LM
ÕÑÑÐÅÄÇÎÄÉÕÔÄÕÑÚ²ÑÍÔÕÓÑÑÑà²ÔÕÓÉÏÖÏÅÅÌÏÉÐÐÑÔÕÓÑ
ÑÑÏŲÔÌÏÖÏÅÉÔÎÌÇÐÉÍI[[
ÌÔÕÓÑÑÑÏÌÐÌÏÖÏÅÉÔÎÌ
I[[!gÔÎÌÊÉÇÕÑÚ²É[\ÇÞÒÑÎÐÄÉÕÔÄÐÉÓÅÇÉÐÔÕÇÑ
I[[I\\´I [\
ÕÑà²ÔÕÓÉÏÖÏÅÇÐÉÍÐÉÕ
oŲÑÐÉÙ²ÑÈÅÇÕÑÚ²É[\ÇÞÒÑÎÐÄÉÕÔÄÓÅÇÉÐÔÕÇÑ
I[[I\\´I [\
ÕÑÏÑÊÉÕÔÎÖÚÌÕßÔÄÚÕÑà²ÔÕÓÉÏÖÏÇÐÉÍÉÔÕßÌÏÑÊÉÕ
ÔÎÖÚÌÕßÔÄÚÕÑà²ÔÕÓÉÏÖÏÅÐÉÕ
fÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÐÈÓÍËI[[ ÆÔÐÙ±È[\ÔбÆÄÇÒÄÔËÙ
ÏÕàÖÐÒÎÕÆÏÄÚÈÎÓÍÕÙÄÈÎÐÉÏÐÊÄÑËÓÄÔÞÆÆËÇÈ
$G[G\ I[[G[I[\ G[ G\I\\ G\
G\@
>I[[ G[I[\ G\I[[I\\´I [\
I [[
dÓÈÙÄÓÔÏÝÈÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇÏÝÈÊÇÈÓÞËÏËÉÈÆÊÃÔÝÆÔÐÙ±È[\
nÝÏÈÑÐÓÒÈÇÓÔÆÈÏÏÐÆËÇËÎÙÔÐÑÒËÆÝÑÐÍÏÈÏËËÕÓÍÐÆËÃ
ÆÝÒÄÉÈÏËÈƱÆÄÇÒÄÔÏÝ×Ó±ÐűÄ×ÆÖÐÒÎÕÍÈÑÐ
ÍÐÉËÔÈÍÞÏÐÑÒËG[G\!Ô È$G[G\ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃÐÑÒÈÇÈ
ÍÈÏÏÐÌ ±ÆÄÇÒÄÔËÙÏÐÌ ÖÐÒÎÐÌ Ä ËÎÈÏÏÐ ÑÐÍÐÉËÔÈÍÞÏÐÐÑÒÈ
ÇÈÍÈÏÏÐÌÑÒËI[[!ËÐÔÒËØÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏÏÐÌÑÒËI[[
ÔбÐÏÈÙÏÐÓÍÈÇÕÈÔËËÊÑÒËÆÈÇÈÏÏÐÐÆÝÚȱÒËÔÈÒËÃsËÍÞ
ÆÈÓÔÒÄdÑÈÒÆÐÎÓÍÕÙÄÈÓÐÍÄÓÏÐÔÈÐÒÈÎÈ ÔÐÙ±Ä[\ÃÆ
ÍÃÈÔÓÃÔÐÙ±ÐÌÓÔÒÐÐÐÎËÏËÎÕÎÄÄÆÐÆÔÐÒÐÎ µÔÐÙ±ÐÌÓÔÒÐ
ÐÐÎıÓËÎÕÎÄgÓÍËÉÈÆÝÑÐÍÏÈÏÐÕÓÍÐÆËÈËI[[
ÔÐÑÒËG\ G[ ËÊËÎÈÈÎVLJQ $G[ VLJQ I[[
ÄÑÒËG[ I[\G\ ´I[[ÑÐÍÕÙËÎVLJQ $I[\´I[[ ´VLJQ I[[
ÐÔ±ÕÇÄÓÍÈÇÕÈÔÙÔбÆÄÇÒÄÔËÙÏÄÃÖÐÒÎÄ$G[G\ÑÒËÆÝÑÐÍ
ÏÈÏËËÕÓÍÐÆËÃÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃÏÈÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏÏÐÌ
jÔıÑÐÍÏÐÓÔÞàÒÄÊÐÅÒÄÏÓÍÕÙÄÌI[[ ËI[[I\\´ I [\
ËÓÓÍÈÇÕÈÔÓÃÄÏÄÍÐËÙÏÐ
sÍÕÙÄÌI[[ I\\ ËI[[I\\´I [\
ÔÐÐÙÈ
gÓÍËÉÈI[[ I\\ ÏÐÑÐÑÒÈÉÏÈÎÕI[[I\\´I [\
ÆËÇÏÐI[\ ÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÆßÔÐÎÓÍÕÙÄÈÆÝÑÐÍÏÃÈÔÓÃÕÓÍÐÆËÈ
Ë$G[G\ I[\ G[ G\pÔÓàÇÄÓÒÄÊÕÆËÇÏÐÙÔбÆÄÇÒÄ
ÔËÙÏÄÃÖÐÒÎÄ$G[G\ÑÒËÓÇÈÍÄÏÏÝ×ÑÒÈÇÑÐÍÐÉÈÏËÃ×ÃÆÍÃ
ÈÔÓÃÏÈÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏÏÐÌÔı±Ä±VLJQ $G[G\ ´VLJQ $G[´G\
qÐßÔÐÎÕÇÐÓÔÄÔÐÙÏÐÆÊÃÔÞÓÏÄÙÄÍÄG[ËG\ÐÇÏÐÐÊÏıÄÄÊÄÔÈÎ
ÒÄÊÏÝ×ÊÏıÐÆÙÔÐÅÝÑÐÍÕÙËÔÞÊÏÄÙÈÏËñÆÄÇÒÄÔËÙÏÐÌÖÐÒÎÝ
ÒÄÊÏÝ× ÊÏıÐÆ qÐ ÔÈÐÒÈÎÈ ÔÐÙ±Ä [ \ ÏÈ ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃ Æ ßÔÐÎ
ÓÍÕÙÄÈÔÐÙ±ÐÌß±ÓÔÒÈÎÕÎÄ
oıÐÏÈØÓÍÕÙÄÌI[[ I\\ I[\ ÏÈÓÐÆÎÈÓÔËÎÓÑÒÈÇÑÐÍÐ
tıËÎÐÅÒÄÊÐÎÒÄÊÐÅÒÄÏÝÆÓÈÆÐÊÎÐÉ
ÉÈÏËÈÎI[[I\\´I [\
ÏÝÈÓÍÕÙÄËÑÒËÆÝÑÐÍÏÈÏËËÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÄI[[I[\´I [\
fÍÃÊÄÆÈÒÚÈÏËÃÇбÄÊÄÔÈÍÞÓÔÆÄÔÈÐÒÈÎÝÇÐÓÔÄÔÐÙÏÐÑбÄ
ÊÄÔÞ ÏÄ ÑÒËÎÈÒÄ× ÙÔÐ ±ÐÇÄ ËÎÈÈÔ ÎÈÓÔÐ ÓÐÐÔÏÐÚÈÏËÈ
ß±ÓÔÒÈÎÕÎÎÐÉÈÔÅÝÔÞÄÎÐÉÈÔËÏÈÅÝÔÞ
u ÖÕϱØËË ] [ [\ \ ÔÐÙ±Ä ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓà ÓÔÄØË
ÐÏÄÒÏÐÌËÆÏÈÌ][[ ][\ ]\\ ËÊÏÄÙËÔÆÝÑÐÍÏÃÈÔÓÃÕÓ
ÍÐÆËÈiÄÎÈÙÄÃÙÔÐ] [\ÆËÇËÎÙÔÐÆÓàÇÕ]O
ÑÒËÙÈÎ] ÏÄÑÒÃÎÐÌ[\ ÑÐßÔÐÎÕÔÐÙ±ÄÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃ
ÔÐÙ±ÐÌß±ÓÔÒÈÎÕÎÄÑÒÄÆÇÄÏÈÓÔÒÐÐÐ
fÍà ÖÕϱØËË ] [\ ÔÐÙ±Ä ÔıÉÈ ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓà ÓÔÄØË
ÐÏÄÒÏÐÌ Ë Æ ÏÈÌ ][[ ]\\ ][\ ÑÐßÔÐÎÕ ÕÓÍÐÆËÈ
ÔıÉÈ ÆÝÑÐÍÏÃÈÔÓà pÇÏÄ±Ð Æ ÓËÍÕ ÔÐÐ ÙÔÐ Æ ÖÐÒÎÕÍÕ ÊÄ
ÇÄàÛÕà ßÔÕ ÖÕϱØËà ÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÝÈ [ Ë \ Æ×ÐÇÃÔ Æ ÏÈÙÈÔÏÝ×
ÓÔÈÑÈÏÃ× ÖÕϱØËà ÎÈÏÃÈÔ ÊÏı Æ ÍàÅÐÌ Ð±ÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔË ÏÕÍÃ
ÊÏÄÙËÔÏÈÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃÔÐÙ±ÐÌß±ÓÔÒÈÎÕÎÄ
©ÂÎÇÙÂÏÊáÐÃßÌÓÔÒÇÎÕÎÂ×ÏÂÎÏÐÈÇÓÔÄÂ×
qÕÓÔÞ ÖÕϱØËà I ÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÕÈÎÄ ÏÄ ÐÔ±ÒÝÔÐÎ ÐÒÄÏËÙÈÏ
ÏÐÎÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÈ*ËÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÄÏÄÈÐÊÄÎݱÄÏËË* qÕÓÔÞÔÒÈ
ÅÕÈÔÓà ÏÄÌÔË ÏÄËÅÐÍÞÚÈÈ Ë ÏÄËÎÈÏÞÚÈÈ ÊÏÄÙÈÏËà ÖÕϱØËË I
ÏÄ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÈ * ÐÏË ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕàÔ ÑÐ ÔÈÐÒÈÎÈ Ñ fÍÃ
ßÔÐÐÎÐÉÏÐÏÄÑÒËÎÈÒÏÄÌÔËÆÓÈÓÔÄØËÐÏÄÒÏÝÈÔÐÙ±ËÖÕϱ
ØËËIÆ*ÆÝÙËÓÍËÔÞÆÏË×ÊÏÄÙÈÏËÃÖÕϱØËËËÆÝÅÒÄÔÞÈÓÍË
±ÐÏÈÙÏÐ ßÔÐ ÆÐÊÎÐÉÏÐ Ä ÔÈÐÒÈÔËÙÈÓ±Ë ÆÐÊÎÐÉÏÐ ßÔÐ ÏÄÑÒË
ÎÈÒ±ÐÇÄÙËÓÍÐÓÔÄØËÐÏÄÒÏÝ×ÔÐÙȱ±ÐÏÈÙÏÐÔÐÙ±ËƱÐÔÐ
ÒÝ×ÖÕϱØËÃÑÒËÏËÎÄÈÔÏÄËÅÐÍÞÚÈÈËÏÄËÎÈÏÞÚÈÈÊÏÄÙÈÏËÃ
ËÊÆÓÈ×ÊÏÄÙÈÏËÌÆÓÔÄØËÐÏÄÒÏÝ×ÔÐÙ±Ä×qÐÓÍÈßÔÐÐÓÍÈÇÕÈÔ
ÓÒÄÆÏËÔÞßÔËÊÏÄÙÈÏËÃÓÐÊÏÄÙÈÏËÃÎ˱ÐÔÐÒÝÈÖÕϱØËÃÑÒË
ÏËÎÄÈÔ ÏÄ ÒÄÏËØÈ ÐÔ±ÒÝÔÐÐ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ * ÏÄÑÒËÎÈÒ ÏÄÌÇÃ
ÈÓÍËßÔÐÕÇÄÈÔÓÃÓÇÈÍÄÔÞÏÄËÅÐÍÞÚÈÈËÏÄËÎÈÏÞÚÈÈÊÏÄÙÈÏËÃ
ÖÕϱØËË I ÏÄ ÒÄÏËØÈ ÐÅÍÄÓÔË * sÒÄÆÏËÆ ÏÄËÅÐÍÞÚÈÈ Ë ÏÄ
ËÎÈÏÞÚÈÈ ÊÏÄÙÈÏËÃ Æ ÓÔÄØËÐÏÄÒÏÝ× ÔÐÙ±Ä× Ó ÏÄËÅÐÍÞÚËÎ Ë
ÏÄËÎÈÏÞÚËÎÊÏÄÙÈÏËÃÎËÏÄÒÄÏËØÈÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ*ÎÝÎÐÉÈÎ
ÐÙÈÆËÇÏÐÏÄÌÔËËÓ±ÐÎÝÌÎıÓËÎÕÎËÎËÏËÎÕÎIÏÄ*
dÔÐÎÓÍÕÙÄȱÐÇÄ* µÑÍÐÓ±ÄÃÐÅÍÄÓÔÞËÈÈÒÄÏËØÄÃÆ
ÍÃÈÔÓñÒËÆÐÌÊÄÇÄÏÏÐÌÏȱÐÔÐÒÝÎÑÒÈÇÓÔÄÆÍÈÏËÈÎ[ [W
\ \WαPWPβÆÐÑÒÐÓÐÏÄ×ÐÉÇÈÏËËß±ÓÔÒÈÎÄÍÞÏÝ×ÊÏÄÙÈ
ÏËÌÖÕϱØËËI[\ÏÄÒÄÏËØÈ*ÓÆÐÇËÔÓñËÓÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÏËàÏÄ
ß±ÓÔÒÈÎÕÎÖÕϱØËËÐÇÏÐÐÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÐÐI[W\WÙÔÐÇÈÍÄ
ÈÔÓÃÕÉÈËÊÆÈÓÔÏÝÎËÎÈÔÐÇÄÎË
nÈÔÐÇݱÐÔÐÒÝÈÎÐÉÏÐÑÒËÎÈÏÃÔÞÆÎÏÐÐÎÈÒÏÐÎÓÍÕÙÄÈ
ÇÍÃÐÔÝÓ±ÄÏËÃß±ÓÔÒÈÎÄÍÞÏÝ×ÔÐÙȱÏÄÒÄÏËØÈÐÅÍÄÓÔËÅÕ
ÇÕÔÒÄÓÓÎÐÔÒÈÏÝÆ
¯ÇáÄÏÝÇÖÕÏÌØÊÊ°ÔÐÃÒÂÈÇÏÊá
¯ÇáÄÏÝÇÖÕÏÌØÊÊ
ÐÑÒÇÆÇÍáÇÎÝÇÐÆÏÊÎÕÒÂÄÏÇÏÊÇÎ
dÝÃÓÏËÎÕÓÍÐÆËÃÑÒ˱ÐÔÐÒÝ×ÐÇÏÐÕÒÄÆÏÈÏËÈÓÏÈÓ±ÐÍÞ±Ë
ÎËÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÝÎËÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÃÈÔÐÇÏÐÊÏÄÙÏÕàÖÕϱØËàÔ ÈÐÑ
ÒÈÇÈÍÃÈÔ ÐÇÏÕ ËÊ ßÔË× ÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÝ× ±Ä± ÖÕϱØËà ÐÓÔÄÍÞÏÝ×
oÄÙÏÈÎÒÄÓÓÎÐÔÒÈÏËÈÓËÊÕÙÈÏËÃÕÒÄÆÏÈÏËÃÓÐÇÈÒÉÄÛÈÐÇÆÄ
ÏÈËÊÆÈÓÔÏÝ×)[\
gÓÍËÖÕϱØËÃÇÆÕ×ÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÝ×)[\ÊÄÇÄÏÄÏÄÏȱÐÔÐ
ÒÐÎÑÐÇÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÈ$ÑÍÐÓ±ÐÓÔË 5 [\ $µ 5 ËÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔÔÄ
[\
±ÄÃÖÕϱØËÃÐÇÏÐÌÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÐÌ\ I[ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏÏÄÃÏÄÎÏÐ
ÉÈÓÔÆÈ%µ5[ÓÐÇÈÒÉÄÛÈÎÓÃÆÑÒÐȱØËËÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ$ÏÄÐÓÞ
2[ ÙÔÐ ÇÍà ÆÓÈ× [∈% ËÎÈÈÔ ÎÈÓÔÐ [ I[∈$ Ë ÓÑÒÄÆÈÇÍËÆÐ
ÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐ )[ I[ ÔÐ I ÏÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÓà ÏÈÃÆÏÐÌ ÖÕϱØËÈÌ
ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÃÈÎÐÌÕÒÄÆÏÈÏËÈÎ)[\
oÄÑÒËÎÈÒ ÈÓÍË ÊÄÇÄÏÐ ÕÒÄÆÏÈÏËÈ [ \ ÔÐ ÖÕϱØËË
I[ µ [ I[ ´ µ [ ´P[PÃÆÍÃàÔÓÃÏÈÃÆÏÝÎË
ÖÕϱØËÃÎË ÊÄÇÄÆÄÈÎÝÎË ßÔËÎ ÕÒÄÆÏÈÏËÈÎ lÒÐÎÈ ÏË× ÓÕ
ÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔ ÅÈÓÙËÓÍÈÏÏÐÈ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐ ÇÒÕË× ÏÈÃÆÏÝ× ÖÕϱØËÌ
ÊÄÇÄÆÄÈÎÝ×ßÔËÎÕÒÄÆÏÈÏËÈÎoÄÑÒËÎÈÒÇÍÃÍàÅÐÐ[∈>´@
ÖÕϱØËÃ
I [ÈÓÍË[ [
I[
I[ÈÓÍË[ [
ÔıÉÈ ÑÒÈÇÓÔÄÆÍÃÈÔ ÓÐÅÐÌ ÏÈÃÆÏÕà ÖÕϱØËà ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÃÈÎÕà
ÔÈÎÉÈÕÒÄÆÏÈÏËÈÎ
gÓÍËÑÐÔÒÈÅÐÆÄÔÞÙÔÐÅÝÏÈÃÆÏÄÃÖÕϱØËÃÕÇÐÆÍÈÔÆÐÒÃÍÄ
ÏȱÐÔÐÒÝÎ ÇÐÑÐÍÏËÔÈÍÞÏÝÎ ÕÓÍÐÆËÃÎ ÔÐ ÎÐÉÈÔ ÓÍÕÙËÔÞÓÃ
ÙÔÐ ÔıÄà ÖÕϱØËà ÅÕÇÈÔ ÈÇËÏÓÔÆÈÏÏÐÌ tı ÈÓÍË ÑÐÔÒÈÅÐ
ÆÄÔÞ ÙÔÐÅÝ ÊÏÄÙÈÏËà ÏÈÃÆÏÐÌ ÖÕϱØËË ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÃÈÎÐÌ ÕÒÄÆ
ÏÈÏËÈÎ[\ ÏÄÐÔÒÈʱÈ>´@ÅÝÍËÏÈÐÔÒËØÄÔÈÍÞÏÝÔÐ
ËÎÈÈÔÓÃÔÐÍÞ±ÐÐÇÏÄÔıÄÃÏÈÃÆÏÄÃÖÕϱØËÃÄËÎÈÏÏÐ
I[ µ [ ´P[P
fÒÕÐÌÑÒËÎÈÒÈÓÍ˱ÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔÝÔÐÙ±Ë[\\ ÕÇÐÆ
ÍÈÔÆÐÒÃàÔßÔÐÎÕÉÈÕÒÄÆÏÈÏËà [ \ Ë8 8[\ µ
±Ä±ÄÃÍËÅÐεбÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔÞÔÐÙ±Ë[\ÏÈÑÈÒÈÓȱÄàÛÄÃÓÃÓ
ÐÓÞà2[ÒËÓ ÔÐÓÏÐÆÄÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔÈÇËÏÓÔÆÈÏÏÄÃÏÈÃÆÏÄÃ
ÖÕϱØËà I ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏÏÄà ÕÒÄÆÏÈÏËÈÎ [ \ ÏÄ ÐÒÔÐÐ
ÏÄÍÞÏÐÌÑÒÐȱØËËбÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔË8ÏÄÐÓÞ2[ËÔıÄÃÙÔÐÈÈÒÄ
Ö˱ÓÐÇÈÒÉËÔÓÃÆбÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔË8
sÖÐÒÎÕÍËÒÕÈÎ Æ ÆËÇÈ ÍÈÎÎÝ ÐÇÏÐ ÐÅÛÈÈ ÕÔÆÈÒÉÇÈÏËÈ
ÑÒÈÇÓÔÄÆÍÃàÛÈÈÓÐÅÐÌÕÓÍÐÆËÈÑÒ˱ÐÔÐÒÐÎÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔÈÇËÏ
ÓÔÆÈÏÏÄà ÏÈÃÆÏÄà ÖÕϱØËà ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÃÈÎÄà ÊÄÇÄÏÏÝÎ ÕÒÄÆÏÈ
ÏËÈÎ
§ ® ® ¢ qÖÔÕß ×ÖвÙÌÄ )[ \ ÐÉÒÓÉÓÞÇÐÅ ÐÅ ÐɲÑÕÑÓÑÍ
ÒÓÄÏÑÖÑÎßÐÑÍѲÓÉÔÕÐÑÔÕÌ
8[\ ^[\ _[´[_ξ_\´\η`
ÕÑÚ²Ì[\ÌÒÓ̲ÅÊÈÑÏ×̲ÔÌÓÑÇÅÐÐÑÏ[∈[´ξ[ξ
ÔÕÓÑÑÏÑÐÑÕÑÐÐÅÒÑ\ÐÅÌÐÕÉÓÇÅÎÉ\´η\ηtÑÈÅÉÔÎÌ
)[\
ÕÑÔÖÜÉÔÕÇÖáÕѲÓÉÔÕÐÑÔÕÌ8[ [´δ[δÕÑÚ²Ì[Ì
8\ \´ε\εÕÑÚ²Ì\ÕŲÌÉÚÕÑÈÎIJÅÊÈÑÑ[∈8[
ÌÏÉÉÕÔÄÌÒÓÌÕÑÏÉÈÌÐÔÕÇÉÐÐÑÉÓÉÛÉÐÌÉ\∈8\ÖÓÅÇÐÉÐÌÄ
)[\ ÕÑÓÉÛÉÐÌÉÄÇÎÄáÜÉÉÔÄ×ÖвÙÌÉÍÑÕ[ÌÑÆÑËÐÅ
ÚÅÉÏÑÉ\ I[ÐÉÒÓÉÓÞÇÐÑÇÕÑÚ²É[ÌI[ \
tıËÎ ÐÅÒÄÊÐÎ ÍÈÎÎÄ Æ ÙÄÓÔÏÐÓÔË ÕÔÆÈÒÉÇÄÈÔ ÙÔÐ ÑÒË
ÓÇÈÍÄÏÏÝ×ÑÒÈÇÑÐÍÐÉÈÏËÃ×ÏÈÃÆÏÄÃÖÕϱØËÃ\ I[ÐÑÒÈÇÈ
ÍÃÈÎÄÃÕÒÄÆÏÈÏËÈÎ)[\ ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔËÐÅÍÄÇÄÈÔÔÈÎÓÆÐÌ
ÓÔÆÐÎÙÔÐÑÒËÕÓÍÐÆËË[∈8[\∈8\ÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÄ)[\ Ë
\ I[ÒÄÆÏÐÓËÍÞÏÝ
\
\η
)!
\ \ε
[\
) [
\ I
\
\
[ [ \´ε
)
\´η
[ ´ ξ [ ´ δ [ [ [ δ [ ξ
rËÓ rËÓ
tıËÎÐÅÒÄÊÐÎÑÐÍÕÙÈÏÐÐÇÏÐÊÏÄÙÏÐÈÓÐÐÔÆÈÔÓÔÆËÈÐÇÏÐ
ÊÏÄÙÏÄà ÖÕϱØËà [ m \
[∈8[ \
∈8\ ±ÐÔÐÒÐÈ ÅÕÇÈÎ
ÐÅÐÊÏÄÙÄÔÞÙÈÒÈÊI\
I[
qÐÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËàßÔÐÐÓÐÐÔÆÈÔÓÔÆËÃÇÍÃÍàÅÐÐ[∈8[Ë
\ I[ ËÎÈÈÎ )[ \
\
∈8\ ÑÒËÙÈÎ ÔÐÙ±Ä \
ÐÅ
dßÔÐÎÓÍÕÙÄÈÐÆÐÒÃÔÔıÉÈÙÔÐÕÒÄÆÏÈÏËÈ)[\ ÐÇÏÐÊÏÄÙÏÐÒÄÊ
ÒÈÚËÎÐÆбÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔË8[\ ^[\ [∈8[\∈8\`ÔÐÙ±Ë[\
¦ Ð Ì Â É Â Ô Ç Í Þ Ó Ô Ä Ð dÓËÍÕÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÓÔËÖÕϱØËË)[\
ÆÏȱÐÔÐÒÐÌбÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔËÔÐÙ±Ë[\ËÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÓÔËÙÄÓÔ
ÏÐÌ ÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇÏÐÌ )\[ \ Æ ÔÐÙ±È [ \ ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔ ÑÒÃÎÐ
ÕÐÍÞÏÄÃбÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔÞ8[\ ^[\ _[´[_ξ_\´\_η`
ÔÐÙ±Ë[\ƱÐÔÐÒÐÌÓÄÎÄÖÕϱØËÃ)[\ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÄÄ
ÊÏÄÙÈÏËÃÙÄÓÔÏÐÌÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇÏÐÌ)\[\ËÎÈàÔÔÐÔÉÈÊÏıÙÔÐ
ËÈÈÊÏÄÙÈÏËÈÆÔÐÙ±È[\qÐßÔÐÎÕÑÒ˱ÄÉÇÐÎÖ˱ÓËÒÐ
GHI
ÆÄÏÏÐÎ[∈[´ξ[ξÖÕϱØËÃϕ\ )[\ÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØË
ÒÕÈÎÄ ÏÄ ËÏÔÈÒÆÄÍÈ \ ´ η \ η Ä ÈÈ ÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇÏÄÃ ϕ′\
)\[ \ ÓÐ×ÒÄÏÃÈÔ ÑÐÓÔÐÃÏÏÝÌ ÊÏı sÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐ ÖÕϱ
ØËÃϕ\ÓÔÒÐÐÎÐÏÐÔÐÏÏÄÏÄÕ±ÄÊÄÏÏÐÎËÏÔÈÒÆÄÍÈ
tıËÎ ÐÅÒÄÊÐÎ ÆÓÈ ÕÓÍÐÆËà ÍÈÎÎÝ ÇÍà ÖÕϱØËË )[ \ Æ
ÑÐÓÔÒÐÈÏÏÐÌÑÒÃÎÐÕÐÍÞÏÐÌбÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔË8[\ÆÝÑÐÍÏÈÏÝ
sÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕàÔбÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔË8[ [´δ[δ
8\ \´ε\εËÈÇËÏÓÔÆÈÏÏÄÃÖÕϱØËÃ\ I[ÐÑÒÈÇÈ
ÍÈÏÏÄà ÏÄ 8[ ÔıËÈ ÙÔÐ ÑÒË ±ÄÉÇÐÎ [∈8[ ËÎÈàÔ ÎÈÓÔÐ
ƱÍàÙÈÏËÈI[∈8\ËÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐ)[I[ ÑÒËÙÈÎÖÕϱ
ØËÃIÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÄÆÔÐÙ±È[
qÐÓ±ÐÍÞ±ÕÇÍñÄÉÇÐÌÔÐÙ±Ë[\ÇÍñÐÔÐÒÐÌ[∈8[
\∈8\ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔÈÈÑÒÃÎÐÕÐÍÞÏÄÃбÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔÞ8[\ÓÐ
ÇÈÒÉÄÛÄÃÓÃÆÑÒÃÎÐÕÐÍÞÏÐÌбÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔË
8[\ ^[\ _[´[_δ_\´\_ε`
ÒËÓ ÔÐÇÍÃ8[\ÔıÉÈÆÝÑÐÍÏÃàÔÓÃÆÓÈÕÓÍÐÆËÃÍÈÎ
ÎÝsÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÆÓËÍÕÈÇËÏÓÔÆÈÏÏÐÓÔËÒÈÚÈÏËÃI[ÕÒÄÆ
ÏÈÏËà )[ \ Æ Ð±ÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔË 8[ \ ÓÐÍÄÓÏÐ ÔÐÌ ÉÈ
ÍÈÎÎÈÖÕϱØËÃ\ I[ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÄƱÄÉÇÐÌÔÐÙ±È[∈8[
[\
\
8[\
[\
\
I[ 8[\
[ [
rËÓ
fбÄÉÈÎ ÔÈÑÈÒÞ ÑÐÓÍÈÇÏÈÈ ÕÔÆÈÒÉÇÈÏËÈ ÔÈÐÒÈÎÝ d ÓËÍÕ
ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÓÔËÙÄÓÔÏÝ×ÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇÏÝ×)[Ë)\ÆÔÐÙ±È[\
ÖÕϱØËÃ)ÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÕÈÎÄÆßÔÐÌÔÐÙ±È
)[∆[\∆\´)[\
)[[\∆[)\[\∆\ε∆[ε∆\
ÇÈ
OLP ε OLP ε ρ ∆[ ∆\
ρ→ ρ→
dÐÊÞÎÈÎÆÖÐÒÎÕÍÈ
[∆[∈8[ ∆\ I[∆[´I[
tÐÇÄÆÓËÍÕÕÓÍÐÆËÃ)[I[ ÑÐÍÕÙËÎ
)[∆[\∆\ )[∆[I[∆[
ËÔı±Ä±)[\ ÔÐËÊËÎÈÈÎ
)[[\∆[)\[\∆\ε∆[ε2∆\
pÔÓàÇÄ
∆\ ) [[ \ ε
´
∆[ ) \[ \ ε
qÕÓÔÞ ÔÈÑÈÒÞ ∆[ { ÔÐÇÄ ËÊ ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÓÔË ÖÕϱØËË I
ÓÍÈÇÕÈÔ ÙÔÐ ∆\ { Ä ÊÏÄÙËÔ ÑÒË ∆[ { ËÎÈÈÎ ρ
∆[ ∆\ { d ÓËÍÕ ßÔÐÐ Æ ÖÐÒÎÕÍÈ OLP ε
∆[ →
OLP ε qÐßÔÐÎÕ ÑÒË ∆[ { ÑÒÈÇÈÍ ÑÒÄÆÐÌ ÙÄÓÔË ÒÄ
∆[ →
[ ) [ \
ÆÈÏÓÔÆÄ ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔ Ë ÒÄÆÈÏ ´
ÏÄÑÐÎÏËÎ ÙÔÐ
) \[ \
)\[\ ÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÑÒË∆[{ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔËÑÒÈÇÈÍ
ÍÈÆÐÌÙÄÓÔËÔ ÈÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇÏÄÃ
[ ) [ \
I′[ ´
) \[ \
i Ä Î È Ù Ä Ï Ë È gÓÍË ÖÕϱØËË )[ Ë )\ ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÝ Æ Ð±
ÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔË8[\ÔÐÙ±Ë[\ÔÐÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇÏÄÃI′ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆ
ÏÄ ÏÄ ËÏÔÈÒÆÄÍÈ 8[ fÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÐ ÑÒËÎÈÏËÆ ÖÐÒÎÕÍÕ
±ÑÒÐËÊÆÐÍÞÏÐÌÔÐÙ±È[∈8[ÑÐÍÕÙËÎ
[ ) [I[
I′[ ´
) \[I[
ÐÔ±ÕÇÄÑÐÔÈÐÒÈÎÈбÐÎÑÐÊËØËËÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÝ×ÖÕϱØËÌÆÝÔÈ
±ÄÈÔÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÓÔÞÖÕϱØËËI′[ÏÄ8[
bÏÄÍÐËÙÏÝÎ ÐÅÒÄÊÐÎ ÆÆÐÇËÔÓà ÑÐÏÃÔËÈ ÏÈÃÆÏÐÌ ÖÕϱ
ØËËÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÃÈÎÐÌÕÒÄÆÏÈÏËÈÎ
)[ [Q\
ÄÔıÉÈÖÐÒÎÕÍËÒÕÈÔÓÃËÇбÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÓÃÔÈÐÒÈÎÄÄÏÄÍÐËÙÏÄÃ
ÔÈÐÒÈÎÈ yÔÐÅÝ ÑÐÍÕÙËÔÞ ÈÈ ÖÐÒÎÕÍËÒÐÆ±Õ ÇÐÓÔÄÔÐÙÏÐ Æ
ÖÐÒÎÕÍËÒÐƱÈÔÈÐÒÈÎÝ ÑÐÇ[ÑÐÏËÎÄÔÞÔÐÙ±ÕQÎÈÒÏÐÐÑÒÐ
ÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÄ[ [ [Q∈5QÆÙÄÓÔÏÐÓÔË[ [ [ Q( )
´ § ° ² § ® ¢ ′ qÖÔÕß×ÖвÙÌÄ)[\)[[Q\ÐÉÒÓÉ
ÓÞÇÐÅ Ç ÐɲÑÕÑÓÑÍ Ñ²ÓÉÔÕÐÑÔÕÌ ÕÑÚ²Ì [ \ Ì ÌÏÉÉÕ
Ç àÕÑÍѲÓÉÔÕÐÑÔÕÌÚÅÔÕÐÖáÒÓÑÌËÇÑÈÐÖá)\ÐÉÒÓÉÓÞÇÐÖá
ÇÕÑÚ²É[\
gÔÎÌ)[\ Å)\[\ ÕÑÐÅÍÈÖÕÔÄÕŲÌÉ
ѲÓÉÔÕÐÑÔÕÌ8[Ì8\ÔÑÑÕÇÉÕÔÕÇÉÐÐÑ ÕÑÚɲ [Ì \ÚÕÑ
ÈÎÄ ²ÅÊÈÑÑ [∈8[ ÔÖÜÉÔÕÇÖÉÕ Ì ÒÓÌÕÑÏ ÉÈÌÐÔÕÇÉÐÐÑÉ
ÓÉÛÉÐÌÉ\ I[ I[[Q∈8\ÖÓÅÇÐÉÐÌÄ)[\
ÒÓÌ
ÚÉÏàÕÑÓÉÛÉÐÌÉ\ I[ÐÉÒÓÉÓÞÇÐÑÐÅ8[Ì\ I[
gÔÎ̲ÓÑÏÉÕÑÑÇÐɲÑÕÑÓÑÍѲÓÉÔÕÐÑÔÕÌÕÑÚ²Ì[\
ÔÖÜÉÔÕÇÖáÕ ÇÔÉ ÚÅÔÕÐÞÉ ÒÓÑÌËÇÑÈÐÞÉ ) [ ÐÉÒÓÉÓÞÇÐÞÉ Ç
L
ÕÑÚ²É[\ÕÑÇÕÑÚ²É[ÔÖÜÉÔÕÇÖáÕÌÚÅÔÕÐÞÉÒÓÑ
ÌËÇÑÈÐÞÉ I [ L QÒÓÌÚÉÏÉÔÎÌÚÅÔÕÐÞÉÒÓÑÌËÇÑÈ
L
uqrbhogoj sÖÐÒÎÕÍËÒÐÆÄÔÞÕÓÍÐÆËÃÑÒ˱ÐÔÐÒÝ×ÖÕϱØËÃI[
ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÃÈÎÄÃÕÒÄÆÏÈÏËÈÎ)[\ ÔÈÐÒÈÎÄ ËÎÈÈÔÆ ÔÐÙ±È [\
ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÝÈÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇÏÝÈÇÐQÐÑÐÒÃDZÄƱÍàÙËÔÈÍÞÏÐoÄÌÔËÖÐÒÎÕ
ÍÝÇÍÃI′′[ËI′′′[
sÑÐÎÐÛÞàÔÈÐÒÈÎÝ ËÐÔÆÈÔÄÏÄÑÒÈÇÝÇÕÛËÈÕÑÒÄÉÏÈÏËÃÏÄÌÔËÇÐ
ÓÔÄÔÐÙÏÝÈÕÓÍÐÆËÃÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÐÆÄÏËÃÖÕϱØËË[ ϕ\ÐÅÒÄÔÏÐ̱\ I[
ËËÎÈàÛÈÌÆÔÐÙ±È\ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÝÈÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇÏÝÈÇÐQÐÑÐÒÃDZÄƱÍà
ÙËÔÈÍÞÏÐfбÄÊÄÔÞÙÔÐ
G [ I″[ G [ [ I″[ ] µ I′[I′′′[
´
G\ [ I′[ ] G\ [ I′[ ]
±ÒÐÊÉÄÇÆÇÏÊáÎÏÐÈÇÓÔÄ
qÒÈÉÇÈÙÈÎÒÄÓÓÎÐÔÒÈÔÞÆÐÑÒÐÓÐÒÄÊÒÈÚËÎÐÓÔËÓËÓÔÈÎÕÒÄÆ
ÏÈÏËÌÆÆÈÇÈÎÏȱÐÔÐÒÝÈÏÐÆÝÈÑÐÏÃÔËÃ
qÕÓÔÞ 5 [Q µQÎÈÒÏÐÈÈƱÍËÇÐÆÐÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÐÔÐٱ˱ÐÔÐ
ÒÐÐÅÕÇÈÎÐÅÐÊÏÄÙÄÔÞ[ [[Q 5 \P µPÎÈÒÏÐÈÈƱÍË
ÇÐÆÐ ÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÐ ÔÐÙ±Ë ±ÐÔÐÒÐÐ ÅÕÇÈÎ ÐÅÐÊÏÄÙÄÔÞ \
Q P µQPÎÈÒÏÐÈÈƱÍËÇÐÆÐÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏ
\\PÄ 5 [\
ÓÔÆÐÔÐÙȱ[\ [[Q\\P
°ÑÒÇÆÇÍÇÏÊÇ qÖÔÕß$µ 5 [QÌ%µ 5 \PnÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÑÕÑÚɲ
Q PÕŲÌØ ÚÕÑ[∈$ Ì\∈% ÐÅËÞÇÅ
[\ÒÓÑÔÕÓÅÐÔÕÇÅ 5 [\
ÉÕÔÄÒÓÑÌËÇÉÈÉÐÌÉÏ
ÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇ$Ì%ÌÑÆÑËÐÅÚÅÉÕÔÄ$¨%
ÓÎÑ
tŲÌÏÑÆÓÅËÑÏ
$¨% ^[\ [∈$\∈%`
] ± Ò Ê Î Ç Ò Ý gÓÍË $ 5 [Q %
5 \PÔÐ
% $¨% 5 [Q¨ 5 \P 5 [\
Q P
qÒËÎÈÏÃÈÔÓÃÔıÉÈÔÈÒÎËÏÈɲÅÓÕÑÇÑÒÓÑÌËÇÉÈÉÐÌÉ
L Q` µÑÒÃÎÐÕÐÍÞÏÄÃбÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔÞÔÐÙ±Ë[ÑÕÓÔÞ
\ \ ( )\ P
( )∈ 5 P Ë% 3\η η ^\ _\ ´\ ( )_
\ P M M
ηMM P` µÑÒÃÎÐÕÐÍÞÏÄÃбÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔÞÔÐÙ±Ë\
tÐÇÄ
$¨% ^[\ _[L´[ L( )δL L Q
ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃÑÒÃÎÐÕÐÍÞÏÐÌбÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔÞàÔÐÙ±Ë[\
pÙÈÆËÇÏÐËÐÅÒÄÔÏÐÈÑÐÓ±ÐÍÞ±ÕÆÓñÄÃÑÒÃÎÐÕÐÍÞÏÄÃб
ÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔÞ ÔÐÙ±Ë [ \ ÊÄÑËÓÝÆÄÈÔÓà ÖÐÒÎÕÍÐÌ ÓÔÐÃÛÈÌ Æ
ÓÈÒÈÇËÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÄÐÏÄÆÓÈÇÄÎÐÉÈÔÅÝÔÞÑÒÈÇÓÔÄÆÍÈÏÄ
±Ä±ÑÒÐËÊÆÈÇÈÏËÈÑÒÃÎÐÕÐÍÞÏÝ×бÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔÈÌÔÐÙȱ[Ë\
uqrbhogojgfбÄÊÄÔÞÙÔÐÈÓÍËÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ$µ 5 [QË%µ5 \PÃÆÍÃ
àÔÓÃÐÔ±ÒÝÔÝÎËÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄÎËÓÐÐÔÆÈÔÓÔÆÈÏÏÐÆÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÄ× 5 [QË 5 \P
Q P
ÔÐËË×ÑÒÐËÊÆÈÇÈÏËÈ$×% µÐÔ±ÒÝÔÐÈÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐÆÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÈ 5 [\
¯ÇáÄÏÝÇÖÕÏÌØÊÊ
ÐÑÒÇÆÇÍáÇÎÝÇÓÊÓÔÇÎÐËÕÒÂÄÏÇÏÊË
rÄÓÓÎÐÔÒËÎÕÓÍÐÆËÃÑÒ˱ÐÔÐÒÝ×ÓËÓÔÈÎÄÕÒÄÆÏÈÏËÌ
)L[\ L P[∈5Q\∈5P
ËÍËÑÐÇÒÐÅÏÈÈ
)[[Q\\P
)[[Q\\P
)P[[Q\\P
ÐÇÏÐÊÏÄÙÏÐÒÄÊÒÈÚËÎÄÐÔÏÐÓËÔÈÍÞÏÐ\\PÆÏȱÐÔÐÒÐÌб
ÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔËÔÐÙ±Ë[\ƱÐÔÐÒÐÌÖÕϱØËÃ)L[\
L P
°ÑÒÇÆÇÍÇÏÊÇqÖÔÕßËÅÈÅÐÅÔÌÔÕÉÏÅ×ÖвÙÌÍXL XLWWQ
L PÌÏÉáÜÌØÇÐɲÑÕÑÓÑÍÕÑÚ²ÉWÇÔÉÚÅÔÕÐÞÉ
ÒÓÑÌËÇÑÈÐÞÉÒÉÓÇÑÑÒÑÓÄȲÅtÑÈÅÏÅÕÓÌÙÅÔÑÔÕÅÇÎÉÐÐÅÄ
ÌËÚÅÔÕÐÞØÒÓÑÌËÇÑÈÐÞØàÕÌØ×ÖвÙÌÍÇÕÑÚ²ÉW
∂X ∂X ∂X
∂W ∂W ∂W Q
∂
X ∂ X ∂ X
∂W ∂W ∂W Q
∂X P ∂X P ∂X P
∂W ∂W ∂W Q
ÌÎ̲ÑÓÑÚÉ
∂X L
L PM Q
∂W M
ÐÅËÞÇÅÉÕÔÄÏÅÕÓÌÙÉͲÑÆÌ
ÈÅÐÐÑÍÔÌÔÕÉÏÞ×ÖвÙÌÍ
gÓÍËP QÔÐÐÑÒÈÇÈÍËÔÈÍÞÎÄÔÒËØݱÐÅËÏÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÓÃÑÒÓÉ
ÈÉÎÌÕÉÎÉÏ ²ÑÆÌËÍËIJÑÆÌÅÐÑÏÓËÓÔÈÎÝÖÕϱØËÌX XQ
Q ∂( X X )
ÑÐÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÝÎWWQËÐÅÐÊÏÄÙÄÈÔÓÃ
∂( W W Q )
nÝÕÆËÇËÎÆÇÄÍÞÏÈÌÚÈÎÙÔÐñÐÅËÄÏÓËÓÔÈÎÝÖÕϱØËÌ
ÈÓÔÈÓÔÆÈÏÏÝÎ ÐÅÒÄÊÐÎ ÆÐÊÏ˱ÄÈÔ Æ ÒÄÊÍËÙÏÝ× ÆÐÑÒÐÓÄ× ÔÈ
ÐÒËËÖÕϱØËËÎÏÐË×ÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÝ×
qÒÈÉÇÈ ÙÈÎ ÑÈÒÈÌÔË ± ËÊÍÐÉÈÏËà ÐÓÏÐÆÏÐÌ ÔÈÐÒÈÎÝ
±ÒÄÔ±ÐÑÐÃÓÏËÎÏÄÑÒÐÓÔÐÎÑÒËÎÈÒÈÏÈÐÐÆÄÒËÆÄÃÆÓÈÇÈÔÄ
ÍËËÇÈàÈÈÇбÄÊÄÔÈÍÞÓÔÆÄËÑбÄÉÈαıËÎÐÅÒÄÊÐÎÆÈÈÕÓ
ÍÐÆËÃ×ÆÐÊÏ˱ÄÈÔñÐÅËÄÏÒÄÓÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄÈÎÐÌÓËÓÔÈÎÝqÕÓÔÞÆ
±Ä±ÐÌÔРбÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔË ÔÐÙ±Ë [ \ ] ÊÄÇÄÏÝ ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐ
ÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÕÈÎÝÈ ÖÕϱØËË ) Ë Φ ÑÒËÙÈÎ )[ \ ]
Φ[ \ ] fÐÑÕÓÔËÎ ÙÔÐ ÏÈÐÅ×ÐÇËÎÐ ÒÈÚËÔÞ ÓËÓÔÈÎÕ
ÕÒÄÆÏÈÏËÌ )[ \ ] Φ[ \ ] Æ ÏȱÐÔÐÒÐÌ Ð±ÒÈÓÔ
ÏÐÓÔË Õ±ÄÊÄÏÏÐÌ ÔÐÙ±Ë ÏÄÌÇà ËÊ ÏÈÈ ÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÝÈ \ ϕ[ Ë
] ψ[±Ä±ÔıËÈÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÝÈÖÕϱØËËϕËψÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÐÌ[
ÙÔÐϕ[ \ψ[ ]rÄÊÒÈÚËÆÇÍÃßÔÐÐÏÄÑÒËÎÈÒÑÈÒ
ÆÐÈÕÒÄÆÏÈÏËÈÐÔÏÐÓËÔÈÍÞÏÐ]ÑÐÍÕÙËÎ] I[\qÐÇÓÔÄÆËÆ
ßÔÐ ÆÝÒÄÉÈÏËÈ ÆÐ ÆÔÐÒÐÈ ÕÒÄÆÏÈÏËÈ Ë ÒÄÊÒÈÚËÆ ÈÐ ÐÔÏÐÓË
ÔÈÍÞÏÐ\ÅÕÇÈÎËÎÈÔÞ\ ϕ[qÐÍÄÄÃψ[ I>[ϕ[@ÑÐÍÕ
ÙËÎËÓ±ÐÎÐÈÒÈÚÈÏËÈ\ ϕ[] ψ[
dÐÊÏ˱ÄÈÔ±ÐÏÈÙÏÐÆÐÑÒÐÓÐÔÐÎÑÒËÆÝÑÐÍÏÈÏË˱ıË×
ÕÓÍÐÆËÌ ÆÐÊÎÐÉÏÐ ÑÒÐÇÈÍÄÔÞ Õ±ÄÊÄÏÏÝÈ ÐÑÈÒÄØËË ËÍË ÔÐÙ
ÏÈȱÐÇÄÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕàÔËÐÇÏÐÊÏÄÙÏÐÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏÝÆÓÈÕÑÐÎÃÏÕ
ÔÝÈ ÆÝÚÈ ÖÕϱØËË gÓÔÈÓÔÆÈÏÏÐ ÑÒË ßÔÐÎ ÏÄÇÐ ÆÝÃÓÏËÔÞ
ÇÈ Ô È ÇÍà ±Ä±Ë× ÊÏÄÙÈÏËÌ ÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÝ× [ Ë \ ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏÝ
ßÔËÖÕϱØËËÔÐÔÆÐÑÒÐÓÎÝÓÈÌÙÄÓÏÈÅÕÇÈÎÑÐÇÒÐÅÏÐÄÏÄÍË
ÊËÒÐÆÄÔÞ ÙÔÐÅÝ ÏÈ ÐÔÆÍȱÄÔÞÓà ÐÔ ÐÓÏÐÆÏÐÌ ËÇÈË pÏ ÅÕÇÈÔ
ÒÄÓÓÎÐÔÒÈÏÑÒËÇбÄÊÄÔÈÍÞÓÔÆÈÔÈÐÒÈÎÝ ßÔÐÐÑÕϱÔÄ
fÍÃÔÐÐÙÔÐÅÝÐÇÏÐËÊÇÄÏÏÝ×ÕÒÄÆÏÈÏËÌÏÄÑÒËÎÈÒÑÈÒÆÐÈ
ÅÝÍÐ ÒÄÊÒÈÚËÎÝÎ Æ ÏȱÐÔÐÒÐÌ Ð±ÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔË ÔÐÙ±Ë [ \ ]
ÐÔÏÐÓËÔÈÍÞÏÐÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÐÌ]ÇÐÓÔÄÔÐÙÏÐÙÔÐÅÝÓÎÔÈÐÒÈÎÕ ′
∂) ( [ \ ] )
ÆÑ gÓÍË] I[\ µÓÐÐÔÆÈÔÓÔÆÕàÛÈÈ
∂]
ÒÈÚÈÏËÈ ÔÐ ÇÍÃ ÔÐÐ ÙÔÐÅÝ ÕÒÄÆÏÈÏËÈ ÑÐÍÕÙÄàÛÈÈÓÃ Æ ÒÈ
ÊÕÍÞÔÄÔÈ ÑÐÇÓÔÄÏÐÆ±Ë ßÔÐÐ ÒÈÚÈÏËà ÆÐ ÆÔÐÒÐÈ ÕÒÄÆÏÈÏËÈ
Φ>[ \ I[ \@ ÅÝÍÐ ÒÄÊÒÈÚËÎÝÎ ÐÔÏÐÓËÔÈÍÞÏÐ ÑÈÒÈÎÈÏ
ÏÐÌ\ÇÐÓÔÄÔÐÙÏÐÙÔÐÅÝÑÐÍÏÄÃÙÄÓÔÏÄÃÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇÏÄÃÑÐ\ÍÈ
ÆÐÌ ÙÄÓÔË ÑÐÍÕÙËÆÚÈÐÓÃ ÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÄ ÏÈ ÐÅÒÄÛÄÍÄÓÞ Æ ÏÕÍÞ Æ
ÔÐÙ±È[\Ô ÈÙÔÐÅÝÆßÔÐÌÔÐÙ±È
∂Φ ∂Φ ∂I
∂\ ∂] ∂\
oÐÓÐÍÄÓÏÐÑ
∂)
∂I ∂\
´
∂\ ∂)
∂]
ÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÑÐÇÓÔÄÆÍÃÃßÔÐÆÝÒÄÉÈÏËÈÆÑÒÈÇÝÇÕÛÈÈÏÈÒÄ
ÆÈÏÓÔÆÐÑÐÍÕÙËÎÙÔÐÕÓÍÐÆËÈÒÄÊÒÈÚËÎÐÓÔËÎÐÉÏÐÊÄÑËÓÄÔÞ
ÆÓÍÈÇÕàÛÈÎÆËÇÈ
∂( )Φ ) ∂) ∂Φ ∂) ∂Φ
´ ÆÔÐÙ±È[\]
∂( \] ) ∂\ ∂] ∂] ∂\
jÊßÔÐÐÕÓÍÐÆËÃÐÙÈÆËÇÏÐÆÝÔȱÄÈÔÙÔÐÆÔÐÙ±È[\]ÍË
ÅÐ ∂
)
ÍËÅÐ ∂
Φ
Ô ÈÐÇÏÐËÊÊÄÇÄÏÏÝ×ÕÒÄÆÏÈÏËÌÒÄÊÒÈ
∂] ∂]
ÚËÎÐÐÔÏÐÓËÔÈÍÞÏÐ]
tıËÎÐÅÒÄÊÐÎÇÍÃÊÄÇÄÏÏÐÌÓËÓÔÈÎÝÕÒÄÆÏÈÏËÌÏÈÒÄÆÈÏ
ÓÔÆÐÏÕÍàÆÔÐÙ±È[\]ñÐÅËÄÏÄ ∂
( )Φ )
ÐÅÈÓÑÈÙËÆÄÈÔÓÕ
∂( \] )
ÛÈÓÔÆÐÆÄÏËÈÆÏȱÐÔÐÒÐÌбÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔËÔÐÙ±Ë[\]ÒÈÚÈ
ÏËÃÆËÇÄ\ ϕ[] ψ[
rÄÓÓÎÐÔÒËÎ ÔÈÑÈÒÞ ÐÅÛËÌ ÓÍÕÙÄÌ Ô È ÒÈÚÈÏËÈ ÓËÓÔÈÎÝ
ÕÒÄÆÏÈÏËÌ
sÖÐÒÎÕÍËÒÕÈÎÕÓÍÐÆËÃÇÐÓÔÄÔÐÙÏÝÈÇÍÃÔÐÐÙÔÐÅÝßÔÕÓËÓ
ÔÈÎÕÎÐÉÏÐÅÝÍÐÒÄÊÒÈÚËÔÞÐÔÏÐÓËÔÈÍÞÏÐÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÝ×\\Q
ÆÒÈÊÕÍÞÔÄÔÈÙÈÐÑÐÍÕÙÄÈÔÓÃÓËÓÔÈÎÄÖÕϱØËÌ
\ I[[Q
\P IP[[Q
ÊÄÇÄàÛÄÃÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÈ\ I[ÏȱÐÔÐÒÐÌбÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔËÔÐÙ±Ë
[∈5QÆPÎÈÒÏÐÎÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÈ5P
´ § ° ² § ® ¢ gÔÎÌ ×ÖвÙÌÌ )L[ [Q \ \P L
PÐÉÒÓÉÓÞÇÐÑÈÌ××ÉÓÉÐÙÌÓÖÉÏÞÇÐɲÑÕÑÓÑÍѲ
ÓÉÔÕÐÑÔÕÌÕÑÚ²Ì[\ [ ( ) [ Q( ) \ ( ) \ P
( ) Ì
¦ Ð Ì Â É Â Ô Ç Í Þ Ó Ô Ä Ð qÒÈÉÇÈ ÆÓÈÐ ÊÄÎÈÔËÎ ÙÔÐ ÕÔÆÈÒÉÇÈ
ÏËÈÒÈÚÈÏËÈ\ I[ÓËÓÔÈÎÝÕÒÄÆÏÈÏËÌÕÇÐÆÍÈÔÆÐÒÃÈÔ
ÕÓÍÐÆËàI[ \ÐÙÈÆËÇÏÐÏÈÑÐÓÒÈÇÓÔÆÈÏÏÐÓÍÈÇÕÈÔËÊÕÔ
ÆÈÒÉÇÈÏËÃÐÈÇËÏÓÔÆÈÏÏÐÓÔËÒÈÚÈÏËÃ\ I[∈8\ÑÒË[∈8[Ë
ÕÓÍÐÆËÌ)L[\ L P[∈8[\∈8\
fÍà ÇбÄÊÄÔÈÍÞÓÔÆÄ ÔÈÐÒÈÎÝ ÑÒËÎÈÏËÎ ÎÈÔÐÇ ÎÄÔÈÎÄÔËÙÈ
Ó±ÐÌËÏÇÕ±ØËËfÍÃÓÍÕÙÄÃÐÇÏÐÐÕÒÄÆÏÈÏËÃÔ È±ÐÇÄP
ÔÈÐÒÈÎÄÅÝÍÄÕÓÔÄÏÐÆÍÈÏÄÏÄÎËÆÑ qÕÓÔÞÔÈÑÈÒÞÐÏÄÆÈÒ
ÏÄÇÍÃP´ÕÒÄÆÏÈÏËÌP!fбÄÉÈÎÙÔÐÔÐÇÄÐÏÄËÎÈÈÔ
ÎÈÓÔÐËÇÍÃPÕÒÄÆÏÈÏËÌ
qбÄÉÈÎ ÓÏÄÙÄÍÄ ÙÔÐ ±ÄÉÇÐÈ ËÊ ÕÒÄÆÏÈÏËÌ ÏÄÑÒË
ÎÈÒ)P[[Q\\P ÎÐÉÏÐÒÄÊÒÈÚËÔÞÆбÒÈÓÔÏÐÓ
ÔË ÔÐÙ±Ë [ \ÑÐ ±ÒÄÌÏÈÌ ÎÈÒÈ ÐÔÏÐÓËÔÈÍÞÏÐ ÐÇÏÐÐÑÈÒÈ
ÎÈÏÏÐÐfÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÐÑÐÕÓÍÐÆËàÔÈÐÒÈÎÝÆÔÐÙ±È[\
∂) ∂)
∂\ ∂\ P
∂( ) ) P )
∂( \ \ P )
∂) P ∂) P
∂\ ∂\ P
ÑÐßÔÐÎÕÆßÔÐÌÔÐÙ±È×ÐÔÃÅÝÐÇËÏßÍÈÎÈÏÔÑÐÓÍÈÇÏÈÌÓÔÒÐÙ±Ë
ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍËÔÈÍà ±ÐÅË ÐÔÍËÙÈÏ ÐÔ ÏÕÍà qÕÓÔÞ ÇÍà ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏ
ÏÐÓÔËßÔÐÑÐÓÍÈÇÏËÌßÍÈÎÈÏÔ
∂) P[ ( ) \ ( )
∂\ P
pÔÓàÇÄ Æ ÓËÍÕ ÔÈÐÒÈÎÝ ′ Ñ ÓÍÈÇÕÈÔ ÙÔÐ ÕÒÄÆÏÈÏËÈ
)P[\ ÎÐÉÈÔÅÝÔÞÒÄÊÒÈÚÈÏÐÐÔÏÐÓËÔÈÍÞÏÐ\PÆÏȱÐÔÐ
ÒÐÌбÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔËÔÐÙ±Ë[\sÖÐÒÎÕÍËÒÕÈÎßÔÐÅÐÍÈÈÔÐÙÏÐ
pÅÐÊÏÄÙËÎ ÙÈÒÈÊ 8 бÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔÞ ÔÐÙ±Ë [ \ Æ ±ÐÔÐÒÐÌ
ÖÕϱØËË)LL PÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÕÈÎÝË
GHI
ÑÐÍÐÉËÎ \ \\P´tÐÇÄÏÄÌÇÕÔÓÃÑÒÃÎÐÕÐÍÞÏÄÃ
бÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔÞ8PQ´ÔÐÙ±Ë
[\ [ ( )[ Q( ) \ ( ) \ P
()
µ
( )ÔıËÈÙÔÐ8PQ´¨8µ8ËÓÕ
ËбÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔÞ8ÔÐÙ±Ë\ P
ÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔÈÇËÏÓÔÆÈÏÏÄÃÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏÏÄÃÏÄ8PQ´ÖÕϱØËÃ
\P ϕ[[Q\\P´
ÕÇÐÆÍÈÔÆÐÒÃàÛÄÃÓÍÈÇÕàÛËÎÕÓÍÐÆËÃÎÈÓÍË
[\ [[Q\\P´ ∈ 8PQ´
ÔÐ
ϕ[\ ϕ[[Q\\P´ ∈ 8
)P[[Q\\P´ϕ[\
lÒÐÎÈ ÔÐÐ ÓÐÍÄÓÏÐ ÔÐÌ ÉÈ ÔÈÐÒÈÎÈ ′ ÖÕϱØËà ϕ[ \ ÏÈ
ÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÕÈÎÄÏÄ8PQ´Ë
( )
ϕ[\ \ P
qÒËßÔÐÎÈÓÍË[ \∈8PQ´Ë\P∈8ÔÐÓËÓÔÈÎÄß±ÆË
ÆÄÍÈÏÔÏÄÓËÓÔÈÎÈ
)M [\ M P´
\P ϕ[\
qÐÇÓÔÄÆËÎÆÑÈÒÆÝÈP´ÕÒÄÆÏÈÏËÃÓËÓÔÈÎÝÆÝÒÄÉÈ
ÏËÈtÐÇÄÆÆÈÇÃÐÅÐÊÏÄÙÈÏËÈ
ΦL[[Q\\P´
)L [[Q\\P´ϕ[[Q\\P´
L P´
ÑÐÍÕÙËÎÓÍÈÇÕàÛÕàÓËÓÔÈÎÕP´ÕÒÄÆÏÈÏËÌÓPQ´ÏÈ
ËÊÆÈÓÔÏÝÎË
Φ[[Q\\P´
ΦP´[[Q\\P´
qÒËßÔÐÎÇÍÃ[\∈8PQ´\P∈8ÓËÓÔÈÎÄÕÒÄÆÏÈÏËÌ
ΦM[\ M P´
\P ϕ[\
ß±ÆËÆÄÍÈÏÔÏÄÓËÓÔÈÎÈ
qбÄÉÈÎÙÔÐÓËÓÔÈÎÄÕÇÐÆÍÈÔÆÐÒÃÈÔÕÓÍÐÆËÃÎÐÔÍË
ÙÄàÛËÎÓÃÐÔÔÈ×±ÐÔÐÒÝÎÕÇÐÆÍÈÔÆÐÒÃÈÔÓËÓÔÈÎÄÔÐÍÞ±Ð
ÔÈÎ ÙÔÐ P ´ ÊÄÎÈÏÈÏÐ ÏÄ P fÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÐ ÖÕϱØËË ΦN
N P´ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÕÈÎÝÆбÒÈÓÔÏÐÓ
ÔË 8P Q ´ ±Ä± ±ÐÎÑÐÊËØËË ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐ ÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÕÈÎÝ×
ÖÕϱØËÌjÊÕÓÍÐÆËÌ)L[\ L PË
ÓÍÈÇÕÈÔÙÔÐΦN[ \ N P´
fбÄÉÈÎÙÔÐÆÔÐÙ±È[\ÓÎ
∂( Φ Φ P µ )
∂( \ \ P µ )
P ∂( ) ) )
tÈÑÈÒÞÆÐÑÒÈÇÈÍËÔÈÍÈ
±NÎÕÓÔÐÍÅØÕÑÒËÅÄÆËÎ
∂( \ \ P )
∂ϕ
ÑÐÓÍÈÇÏËÌÓÔÐÍÅÈØÕÎÏÐÉÈÏÏÝÌÏÄ N P´ÐÔÙÈ
∂\ N
бıËÊÆÈÓÔÏÐÊÏÄÙÈÏËÈÐÑÒÈÇÈÍËÔÈÍÃÏÈËÊÎÈÏËÔÓÃqÐßÔÐ
ÎÕ ËÓÑÐÍÞÊÐÆÄÆ Ë Ë ÒÄÊÍÐÉËÆ ÑÐÍÕÙËÆÚËÌÓÃ
ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍËÔÈÍÞÑÐßÍÈÎÈÏÔÄÎÑÐÓÍÈÇÏÈÌÓÔÒбËÑÐÍÕÙËÎ
∂( ) ) P )
∂( \ \ P )
( [ ( ) \ ( ) )
∂) ∂) ∂ϕ ∂) ∂) ∂ϕ ∂)
∂\ ∂\ P ∂\ ∂\ P µ ∂\ P ∂\ P µ ∂\ P
∂) P ∂) P ∂ϕ ∂) P ∂) P ∂ϕ ∂) P
G\ ∂\ P ∂\ ∂\ P µ ∂\ P ∂\ P µ ∂\ P ( [ ( ) \ ( ) )
∂Φ ∂Φ ∂)
∂\ ∂\ P µ ∂\ P
∂Φ P µ ∂Φ P µ ∂) P µ
∂\ ∂\ P µ ∂\ P
∂) P
∂\ P ( [ ( ) \ ( ) )
∂) ( [ ( ) \ ( ) ) ∂( Φ Φ
P )
Pµ
∂\ P ∂( \ \ P µ )
( [ ( ) \ ( ) )
ËÔı±Ä±ÍÈÆÄÃÙÄÓÔÞÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÄÐÔÍËÙÏÄÐÔÏÕÍÃÔÐÐÔÍËÙÏÄ
ÐÔÏÕÍÃËÑÒÄÆÄÃÐÔ±ÕÇÄ
∂( Φ Φ P µ )
∂( \ \ P µ )
( [ ( ) \ ( ) )
dÓËÍÕÆÝÑÐÍÏÈÏËÃÇÍÃÖÕϱØËÌΦLL P´ÕÓÍÐ
ÆËÌÄÏÄÍÐËÙÏÝ×ÕÓÍÐÆËÃÎÇÍÃÖÕϱØËÌ)LL PË
ÓÐÍÄÓÏÐ ÑÒÈÇÑÐÍÐÉÈÏËà ËÏÇÕ±ØËË ÓËÓÔÈÎÄ ÕÒÄÆÏÈÏËÌ
ÐÇÏÐÊÏÄÙÏÐÒÄÊÒÈÚËÎÄÐÔÏÐÓËÔÈÍÞÏÐÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÝ×\\P´Æ
ÏȱÐÔÐÒÐÌбÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔËÔÐÙ±Ë[\ tÐÙÏÈÈÑÕÓÔÞ8PQ´ µ
ÑÒÃÎÐÕÐÍÞÏÄÃбÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔÞÔÐÙ±Ë[\ÑÐÍÕÙÈÏÏÄÃÑÒËÒÄÊ
ÒÈÚÈÏËËÕÒÄÆÏÈÏËÃ)P ÐÔÏÐÓËÔÈÍÞÏÐÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÐÌ\PrÄÊÍÐ
ÉËÎÈÈÆÑÒÐËÊÆÈÇÈÏËÈÑÒÃÎÐÕÐÍÞÏÝ×бÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔÈÌ8 [′ Ë8 \′ ÔÐ
Ùȱ[ [ ( )[ Q( )Ë \ ( ) \ ( ) \ P
( ) ÓÐÐÔÆÈÔÓÔÆÈÏÏÐÆ
µ
ÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÄ×5 [QË 5 \P µ 8PQ´ 8 [′ ¨8 \′ tÐÇÄÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕ
ÈÔбÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔÞ8[µ8 [′ ÔÐÙ±Ë[бÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔÞ8 \µ8 \′ ÔÐÙ±Ë\
ËÈÇËÏÓÔÆÈÏÏÄÃÓËÓÔÈÎÄÖÕϱØËÌ
\ I[ I[[Q
\P´ IP´[ IP´[[Q
ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏÏÝ× ÏÄ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÈ 8[ Ë ÕÇÐÆÍÈÔÆÐÒÃàÛË× ÓÍÈÇÕà
ÛËÎÕÓÍÐÆËÃÎÈÓÍË[∈8[ÔÐ
I[IP´[∈8 \
Ë ÏÄ 8[ ÖÕϱØËË ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐ ÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÕÈÎÝ Ë
ÕÇÐÆÍÈÔÆÐÒÃàÔÓËÓÔÈÎÈÕÒÄÆÏÈÏËÌ
ΦL[[QI[IP´[ L P´
dÄÉÏÐÊÄÎÈÔËÔÞÙÔÐÆÓËÍÕÈÇËÏÓÔÆÈÏÏÐÓÔËÒÈÚÈÏËÃ
ÓËÓÔÈÎÝÑÒË[∈8[\∈8 \Ë\P∈8ÓËÓÔÈÎÄÕÒÄÆÏÈÏËÌ
\N IN[N P´\P ϕ[ \
ß±ÆËÆÄÍÈÏÔÏÄÓËÓÔÈÎÈ
qÐÇÓÔÄÆËÆÆÝÒÄÉÈÏËÃÆÑÐÍÕÙËÎÖÕϱØËà
ÐÔ[ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏÏÕàÏÄ8[ÐÅÐÊÏÄÙËÎÈÈÙÈÒÈÊIP
\P ϕ[[QI[IP´[
IP[[Q IP[
qбÄÉÈÎÙÔÐÓËÓÔÈÎÄÖÕϱØËÌ
\N IN[[Q N P
ÓÎËËÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃËÓ±ÐÎÐÌÓËÓÔÈÎÐÌÖÕϱØËÌ
ÕÇÐÆÍÈÔÆÐÒÃàÛÈÌÔÒÈÅÐÆÄÏËÃÎÓÖÐÒÎÕÍËÒÐÆÄÏÏÝÎÆÔÈÐÒÈÎÈ
dÓÄÎÐÎÇÈÍÈÑÕÓÔÞ8\ 8 \¨8ÔÐÇÄÈÓÍË[∈8[ÔÐÆÓËÍÕ
ËI[ I[IP[∈8\jÊ
ËÓÍÈÇÕÈÔÙÔÐ)L[I[ L PÇÍÃ
ÆÓÈ× [∈8[ d ÓËÍÕ ÔÈÐÒÈÎÝ ′ Ë ÑÒÈÇÑÐÍÐÉÈÏËà ËÏÇÕ±ØËË
ÖÕϱØËË Ë ÑÐßÔÐÎÕ Ë ÖÕϱØËà ÏÈÑÒÈ
ÒÝÆÏÐÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÕÈÎÝ
tıËÎ ÐÅÒÄÊÐÎ ÇбÄÊÄÏÐ ÙÔÐ ÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÈ I[ ÊÄÇÄÆÄÈ
ÎÐÈ ÖÕϱØËÃÎË ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓà ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐ ÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØË
ÒÕÈÎÝÎÒÈÚÈÏËÈÎÓËÓÔÈÎÝÕÒÄÆÏÈÏËÌÏÄÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÈ8[
ÑÒËÙÈÎ ÈÓÍË [∈8[ ÔÐ \ I[∈8\ pÔÎÈÔËÎ ÈÛÈ ÙÔÐ ÈÓÍË
[∈8[ÔÐÓËÓÔÈÎÄß±ÆËÆÄÍÈÏÔÏÄÓËÓÔÈÎÈ
pÓÔÄÈÔÓÃÇбÄÊÄÔÞÈÇËÏÓÔÆÈÏÏÐÓÔÞÒÈÚÈÏËÃÓËÓÔÈÎÝÕÒÄÆ
ÏÈÏËÌ fÍà ÇбÄÊÄÔÈÍÞÓÔÆÄ ËÊÐÅÒÄÊËÎ ÑÒÐÇÈÍÄÏÏÝÈ Æ
ÑÒÐØÈÓÓÈÇбÄÊÄÔÈÍÞÓÔÆÄÑÈÒÈ×ÐÇÝÐÔÐÇÏË×ÓËÓÔÈÎÕÒÄÆÏÈÏËÌ
±ÇÒÕËÎËÎß±ÆËÆÄÍÈÏÔÏÝÎÔ ÈËÎÈàÛËÎÔÐÙÏÐÔÈÉÈÒÈ
ÚÈÏËÃÓËÓÔÈÎÄÎÆÆËÇÈÓ×ÈÎÝÓÍÈÇÕàÛËÎÐÅÒÄÊÐÎ
)L[\ L P
)M[\ M P´
\P ϕ[ \
ΦM[ \)M[ \ϕ[ \
M P´
ΦM[ \ M P´
\P ϕ[ \
\M IM[ M P´
\P ϕ[ \
IP[ϕ[I[IP´[
\L IL[ L P
fÆÐÌÏÝÈ ÓÔÒÈÍ±Ë ÐÅÐÊÏÄÙÄàÔ ß±ÆËÆÄÍÈÏÔÏÐÓÔÞ ÒÄÓÓÎÄÔÒË
ÆÄÈÎÝ×ÓËÓÔÈÎÕÒÄÆÏÈÏË̱ÐÔÐÒÄÃËÎÈÈÔÎÈÓÔÐÆÐÆÓñÐÎÓÍÕ
ÙÄÈÇÍÃ[∈8[\∈8\jÊßÔÐÌß±ÆËÆÄÍÈÏÔÏÐÓÔËËÓÍÈÇÕÈÔÈÇËÏ
ÓÔÆÈÏÏÐÓÔÞÒÈÚÈÏËÃÓËÓÔÈÎÝÆÒÄÓÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄÈÎÝ×
бÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔÃ× ÐÔ±ÕÇÄ ±Ä± ÅÝÍÐ ÐÔÎÈÙÈÏÐ ÆÝÚÈ Æ ÓËÍÕ ÕÓÍÐ
ÆËÃ)L[\ L PÆÝÔȱÄÈÔÙÔÐI[ \
fбÄÊÄÏÏÄà ÔÈÐÒÈÎÄ Ð ÏÈÃÆÏÝ× ÖÕϱØËÃ× ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓà ÐÇÏÐÌ
ËÊ ÐÓÏÐÆÏÝ× ÔÈÐÒÈÎ ÎÄÔÈÎÄÔËÙÈÓ±ÐÐ ÄÏÄÍËÊÄ Ë ËÎÈÈÔ ÎÏÐÐ
ÒÄÊÏÐÐÅÒÄÊÏÝ×ÑÒËÍÐÉÈÏËÌÆÒÄÊÍËÙÏÝ×ÈÐÒÄÊÇÈÍÄ×sÏȱÐ
ÔÐÒÝÎËËÊÏË×ÎÝÑÐÊÏıÐÎËÎÓÃÆÑÐÓÍÈÇÕàÛË×ÙÄÓÔÃ×ÏÄÚÈ
бÕÒÓÄpÏÄÃÆÍÃÈÔÓëÙËÓÔÐÌÔÈÐÒÈÎÐÌÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÐÆÄÏËìÏË
ËÊÈÈÖÐÒÎÕÍËÒÐƱËÏËËÊÑÒËÆÈÇÈÏÏÐÐÈÈÇбÄÊÄÔÈÍÞÓÔÆÄÏÈ
ÓÍÈÇÕÈÔÆÐÐÅÛÈÐÆÐÒÃÏ˱ıÐбÐϱÒÈÔÏÐÐÎÈÔÐÇÄÇÍÃÒÈ
ÚÈÏËÃÓËÓÔÈÎÝoÄÑÒËÎÈÒÈÓÍËÆÓÈ)NN P
Æ Õ±ÄÊÄÏÏÐÌÓËÓÔÈÎÈÕÒÄÆÏÈÏËÌÃÆÍÃàÔÓÃßÍÈÎÈÏÔÄÒÏÝÎËÖÕϱ
ØËÃÎËÔÐÓÍÈÇÕÃÓ×ÈÎÈÇбÄÊÄÔÈÍÞÓÔÆÄÔÈÐÒÈÎÝÆÐÐÅÛÈÐÆÐ
Òà ÏÈ ÕÇÄÓÔÓà «ÏÄÌÔË Æ ÃÆÏÐÎ ÆËÇȬ ÆÓÈ ÔÈ ÖÕϱØËË ÓÕÛÈÓÔ
ÆÐÆÄÏËÈ ±ÐÔÐÒÝ× ËÓÑÐÍÞÊÐÆÄÍÐÓÞ ÑÒË ÑÒÐÆÈÇÈÏËË Õ±ÄÊÄÏÏÐÐ
ÇбÄÊÄÔÈÍÞÓÔÆÄËÑÐÍÕÙËÔÞÒÈÚÈÏËÈÓËÓÔÈÎÝÔıÉÈÆÆËÇÈßÍÈ
ÎÈÏÔÄÒÏÝ×ÖÕϱØËÌjÆÇÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔËÆßÔÐÎÓÍÕÙÄÈÒÈÚÈ
ÏËÈÓËÓÔÈÎÝÕÒÄÆÏÈÏË̱ÐÔÐÒÐÈÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔÆÓËÍÕÕ±Ä
ÊÄÏÏÐÌ ÔÈÐÒÈÎÝ ÏÈ ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓà ÆÐÐÅÛÈ ÐÆÐÒà ÏÄÅÐÒÐÎ ßÍÈÎÈÏ
ÔÄÒÏÝ× ÖÕϱØËÌ ÇÄÉÈ ÈÓÍË ßÔÄ ÓËÓÔÈÎÄ ÓÐÓÔÐËÔ ËÊ ÐÇÏÐÐ
ÕÒÄÆÏÈÏËÃ
lÐÏÈÙÏÐÈÓÍËÖÕϱØËË)NßÍÈÎÈÏÔÄÒÏÝÈËÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐ
ÊÄÇÄàÔÓà ÏȱÐÔÐÒÝÎË ÖÐÒÎÕÍÄÎË ÔÐ ÒÈÚÈÏËÈ ÓËÓÔÈÎÝ
ÎÐÉÈÔÅÝÔÞÏÄÌÇÈÏÐÓÍàÅÐÌÓÔÈÑÈÏÞàÔÐÙÏÐÓÔËÔ ÈÑÒËÏØË
ÑËÄÍÞÏÐÓÍàÅÐÌÓÔÈÑÈÏÞàÔÐÙÏÐÓÔËÎÐÉÏÐÓÐÓÔÄÆËÔÞÔÄÅÍËØÝ
ÊÏÄÙÈÏËÌßÔË×ÒÈÚÈÏËÌvıÔËÙÈÓ±ÄÃÉÈÔÐÙÏÐÓÔÞÓ±ÐÔÐÒÐÌ
ÆÝÙËÓÍÃàÔÓà ÒÈÚÈÏËà ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÃÈÔÓà ±ÐÏÈÙÏÐ ±ÐϱÒÈÔÏÐÌ
ØÈÍÞàÇÍñÐÔÐÒÐÌÒÈÚÄÈÔÓÃÒÄÓÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄÈÎÄÃÓËÓÔÈÎÄsÄÎÄ
ÔÈÐÒÈÎÄ Æ ßÔÐÎ ÓÍÕÙÄÈ ÇÄÈÔ ÐÅÜȱÔËÆÏÕà ÕÆÈÒÈÏÏÐÓÔÞ ÙÔÐ
ÑÒÐÆÐÇÃÑÒÄÆËÍÞÏÐÓÐÐÔÆÈÔÓÔÆÕàÛËÈÆÝÙËÓÍÈÏËÃÎÝÇÈÌÓÔÆË
ÔÈÍÞÏÐÆÝÙËÓÍÃÈÎËÓ±ÐÎÐÈÒÈÚÈÏËÈÓËÓÔÈÎÝnÝÏÈÅÕÇÈÎÐÓ
ÔÄÏÄÆÍËÆÄÔÞÓÃÏÄÙËÓÍÈÏÏÝ×ÎÈÔÐÇÄ×ÒÈÚÈÏËÃÓËÓÔÈÎÕÒÄÆÏÈ
ÏËÌÍËÚÞÏȱÐÔÐÒÝÈÆÐÑÒÐÓÝÙËÓÍÈÏÏÐÐÒÈÚÈÏËÃÕÒÄÆÏÈÏËÌ
ÒÄÓÓÎÐÔÒÈÏÝÆ«fÐÑÐÍÏÈÏËˬƱÐÏØÈÔÒÈÔÞÈÐÔÐÎÄ
sÕÛÈÓÔÆÈÏÏÝÎÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃÔıÉÈÔÐÐÅÓÔÐÃÔÈÍÞÓÔÆÐÙÔÐÔÈÐ
ÒÈÎııËÆÐÐÅÛÈÔÈÐÒÈÎÝÑÐÇÐÅÏÐÐÔËÑÄÇÄÈÔ±ÄÙÈÓÔÆÈÏ
ÏÝÈ ÎÈÔÐÇÝ Æ ÇÄÏÏÐÎ ÓÍÕÙÄÈ ÇÍÃ ËÊÕÙÈÏËÃ ÓÆÐÌÓÔÆ ÒÈÚÈÏËÌ
ÓËÓÔÈÎÝÕÒÄÆÏÈÏËÌ
jÏÔÈÒÈÓÏÐ ÐÔÎÈÔËÔÞ ÙÔÐ ÙÄÓÔÏÝÈ ÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇÏÝÈ ÒÈÚÈÏËÃ
ÓËÓÔÈÎÝ ÑÒË ÆÝÑÐÍÏÈÏËË ÕÓÍÐÆËÌ ÔÈÐÒÈÎÝ ÍȱÐ
ÆÝÒÄÉÄàÔÓÃ Æ ÃÆÏÐÎ ÆËÇÈ ÙÈÒÈÊ ÙÄÓÔÏÝÈ ÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇÏÝÈ
ÖÕϱØËÌ)NN PfÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÐÙÔÐÅÝÏÄÌÔËÙÄÓÔ
∂\
ÏÕà ÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇÏÕà M ÏÄÇÐ ÑÒÐÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÐÆÄÔÞ ÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÄ
∂[ L
ÑÐ[LÓÙËÔÄÃË×ÔÐÉÇÈÓÔÆÄÎËÑÐ[[QÔ ÈÑÐÇÓÔÄ
ÆËÆÆÏË×Ë×ÒÈÚÈÏËÃ\M \M[[QM PtÐÇÄÑÐ
ÍÕÙËÎ
∂) N P ∂) ∂\
∑ N M N P
∂[ L M ∂\ M ∂[ L
∂\
ÔÄÓËÓÔÈÎÄÕÒÄÆÏÈÏËÌÍËÏÈÌÏÝ×ÐÔÏÐÓËÔÈÍÞÏÐ M ÆÓËÍÕ
∂[ L
ÔÐÐ ÙÔÐ Æ ÒÄÓÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄÈÎÐÌ ÔÐÙ±È ÈÈ ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍËÔÈÍÞ ÏÈ ÒÄÆÈÏ
ÏÕÍà
∂( ) ) P )
∂( \ \ P )
ËÎÈÈÔËÑÒËÔÐÎÈÇËÏÓÔÆÈÏÏÐÈÒÈÚÈÏËȱÐÔÐÒÐÈÎÐÉÈÔÅÝÔÞ
ÏÄÌÇÈÏÐÏÄÑÒËÎÈÒÑÐÑÒÄÆËÍÕlÒÄÎÈÒÄ
∂\
dÓÍÕÙÄÈÈÓÍËÏÕÉÏÐÏÄÌÔËÆÓÈÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇÏÝÈML Q
∂[ L
M PØÈÍÈÓÐÐÅÒÄÊÏÐÆÝÙËÓÍËÔÞÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÄÍÝÐÅÈ
Ë× ÙÄÓÔÈÌ Õ±ÄÊÄÏÏÝ× ÆÝÚÈ ÔÐÉÇÈÓÔÆ jÓÑÐÍÞÊÐÆÄÆ ËÏ
ÆÄÒËÄÏÔÏÐÓÔÞ ÖÐÒÎÝ ÑÈÒÆÐÐ ÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÄÍÄ ÐÔÏÐÓËÔÈÍÞÏÐ
ÆÝÅÐÒÄÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÝ×ÑÐÍÕÙËÎ
Q ∂) N P ∂)
∑ G[L ∑ N G\M N P
L ∂[ L L ∂\ M
ÔÄÓËÓÔÈÎÄÍËÏÈÌÏÝ×ÐÔÏÐÓËÔÈÍÞÏÐG\G\PÕÒÄÆÏÈÏËÌÆ
∂( ) ) )
P
ÓËÍÕÔÐÐÉÈÕÓÍÐÆËÃ
ËÎÈÈÔËÑÒËÔÐÎÈÇËÏÓÔ
∂( \ \ P )
ÆÈÏÏÐÈ ÒÈÚÈÏËÈ gÓÍË ÈÐ ÏÄÌÔË ÔÐ ±ÐßÖÖËØËÈÏÔ ÑÒË G[L Æ
∂\
ÆÝÒÄÉÈÏËËÇÍÃG\LËÅÕÇÈÔÙÄÓÔÏÐÌÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇÏÐÌ M
∂[ L
pÅÄ ßÔË ÎÈÔÐÇÄ ÑÒËÎÈÏËÎÝ Ë ÇÍÃ ÆÝÙËÓÍÈÏËÃ ÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇ
ÏÝ×ÆÝÓÚË×ÑÐÒÃDZÐÆÖÕϱØËÌ\[[QÃÆÍÃàÛË×ÓÃÒÈ
ÚÈÏËÃÎËÓËÓÔÈÎÝÕÒÄÆÏÈÏËÌÏÄÑÒËÎÈÒÆÑÒÈÇÑÐÍÐÉÈ
ÏËËÙÔÐÆÓÈÖÕϱØËË)NN PËÎÈàÔÓÐÐÔÆÈÔÓÔÆÕà
ÛË× ÑÐÒÃDZÐÆ ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÝÈ ÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇÏÝÈ qÒËÎÈÏÃà ÎÈÔÐÇ
ÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÄÍÐÆ ÓÍÈÇÕÈÔ ±ÐÏÈÙÏÐ ÑÐÎÏËÔÞ ÙÔÐ ÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏ
ØËÄÍÝÑÐÒÃDZÄÆÝÚÈÑÈÒÆÐÐÆÓÍÕÙÄȱÐÇÄÐÏËÆÝÒÄÉÄàÔÓÃ
ÙÈÒÈÊ ÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÄÍÝ ÖÕϱØËÌ ËÎÈàÔ ÅÐÍÈÈ ÓÍÐÉÏÝÌ ÆËÇ
ÙÈÎ ±ÐÇÄ ÐÏË ÆÝÒÄÉÄàÔÓà ÔÐÍޱРÙÈÒÈÊ ÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÄÍÝ ÏÈ
ÊÄÆËÓËÎÝ×ÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÝ×ÓÎÑ
qÒÐËÊÆÐÇÏÝÈ ÆÝÓÚË× ÑÐÒÃDZÐÆ ÖÕϱØËÌ \M[ [Q
ÎÐÉÏÐ ÑÐÍÕÙËÔÞ ÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÝÎ ÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÐÆÄÏËÈÎ Ë
∂\
ËÊ ÆÝÒÄÉÈÏËÌ ÇÍà ÑÈÒÆÝ× ÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇÏÝ× M ÏÄÌÇÈÏÏÝ× ÑÐ
∂[ L
ÖÐÒÎÕÍÄÎlÒÄÎÈÒÄËÊÕ±ÄÊÄÏÏÐÌÒÄÏÈÈÓËÓÔÈÎÝÕÒÄÆÏÈÏËÌ
∂) N P ∂) ∂\
∑ N M N P
∂[ L M ∂\ M ∂[ L
ÆÆËÇÈÐÔÏÐÚÈÏËÃÇÆÕ×ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍËÔÈÍÈÌÔÐÐÔÏÐÚÈÏËÈÎÐÉÏÐ
ÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÐÆÄÔÞ ÓÔÐÍޱРÒÄÊ Ó±ÐÍޱРÒÄÊ ÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÕ
ÈÎÝÖÕϱØËË)NN PqÒËßÔÐÎÈÓÍËÆÓÈÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇÏÝÈ
ÖÕϱØËÌ)NN PÇÐÑÐÒÃDZÄUƱÍàÙËÔÈÍÞÏÐÏÈÑÒÈ
ÒÝÆÏÝ ÔÐ ÅÕÇÕÔ ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÝÎË Ë ÆÓÈ ÙÄÓÔÏÝÈ ÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇÏÝÈ
ÖÕϱØËÌ\M[[QM PÇÐÔÐÐÉÈÑÐÒÃDZÄU
nÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐÏÄÊÝÆÄÈÎÐÈÔıÉÈÙÄÓÔбÍÄÓÓÐÎÆÓÈ×UÒÄÊÏÈ
ÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÕÈÎÝ×ÆÐÅÍÄÓÔË*ÖÕϱØËÌÐÅÐÊÏÄÙÄ
ÈÔÓÃÙÈÒÈÊ&U*tıËÎÐÅÒÄÊÐÎÉÔÎÌ ÈÑÒÑÎÐÌÕÉÎßÐÑ ² ÖÔÎÑ
ÇÌÄÏÕÉÑÓÉÏÞ )N∈&U8N PÈÉ8 µÐɲÑÕÑÓÅÄ
ѲÓÉÔÕÐÑÔÕß ÕÑÚ²Ì [ \ ÕÑ ÓÉÛÉÐÌÄ \M \M[ [Q
ÔÌÔÕÉÏÞÖÓÅÇÐÉÐÌÍÕŲÊÉÒÓÌÐÅÈÎÉÊÅÕ²ÎÅÔÔÖ&U8[
ÐÅÐɲÑÕÑÓÑÍѲÓÉÔÕÐÑÔÕÌ8[µ8ÕÑÚ²Ì[
¤ÇÌÔÐÒÏÝÇÐÔÐÃÒÂÈÇÏÊá
qÒËËÊÕÙÈÏËËÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÕÈÎÝ×ÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÌË×ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈ
ÏËÈÅÕÇÈÔÇÄÏÐÏËÉÈÆÑ ÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÐ5QƱÐÔÐÒÐÎÍÈ
ÉËÔ ÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÄÈÎÐÈ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐ Ë ÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÐ 5P Æ ±ÐÔÐÒÐÈ
ÑÒÐËÓ×ÐÇËÔ ÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÈ ÕÇÐÅÏÈÈ ÒÄÓÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄÔÞ ±Ä± ÆȱÔÐÒ
ÏÝÈ ÈƱÍËÇÐÆÝ ÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÄ ÓÎ Ñ fÍà ÑÒÐÓÔÐÔÝ
QÎÈÒÏÝÌÆȱÔÐÒÓ±ÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔÄÎË[[QÅÕÇÈÎÐÅÐÊÏÄÙÄÔÞ
ÔÈÎÉÈÓËÎÆÐÍÐÎ[±ÐÔÐÒÝÎÎÝÐÅÐÊÏÄÙÄÍËÔÐÙ±ÕQÎÈÒÏÐÐ
ÔÐÙÈÙÏÐÐÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÄÓÔÈÎËÉȱÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔÄÎËÔбÐÏÈÙ
ÏÐÏÈÑÒËÆÈÇÈÔ±ÏÈÇÐÒÄÊÕÎÈÏËÃÎÔı±Ä±ËÔÐÙ±ÄQÎÈÒÏÐÐ
ÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÄËQÎÈÒÏÝÌÆȱÔÐÒÑÒÈÇÓÔÄÆÍÃàÔÓÐÅÐÌÕÑÐÒÃÇÐ
ÙÈÏÏÝÌÏÄÅÐÒQÇÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÝ×ÙËÓÈÍ
qÕÓÔÞ;µ5QËI;{5PÇÈÔÈÑÈÒÞÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÈIÓÔÄÆËÔ
Æ ÓÐÐÔÆÈÔÓÔÆËÈ ±ÄÉÇÐÎÕ ÆȱÔÐÒÕ [∈; ÏȱÐÔÐÒÝÌ ÆȱÔÐÒ \
I[∈5PtıËÈÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÃÅÕÇÈÎÏÄÊÝÆÄÔÞÇɲÕÑÓÐÞÏÌ
gÓÍËH HQ µ±ÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔÏÝÈÆȱÔÐÒÝÆÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÈ5Q
ÓÎÑ ε εP µ±ÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔÏÝÈÆȱÔÐÒÝÆÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔ
Q P
ÆÈ 5P [ [ [Q ∑ [LHL \ \ \P ∑ \MεM Ë
L M
\ I[ ÔÐ ±ÄÉÇÄà ±ÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔÄ \M M P ÆȱÔÐÒÄ \
ÔıÉÈ ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓà ÖÕϱØËÈÌ ÐÔ ÆȱÔÐÒÄ [∈; Ë ÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐ
ÖÕϱØËÈÌÐÔÈбÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔ[[Q
\M IM[ IM[[Q M P
lı Ë Æ ÓÍÕÙÄÈ ÔÐÙÈÙÏÐÐ ÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÄ ÓÎ Ñ
ÖÕϱØËËÏÄÊÝÆÄàÔ²ÑÑÓÈÌÐÅÕÐÞÏÌ×ÖвÙÌÄÏÌÑÕÑ
ÆÓÅÊÉÐÌÄIËÑËÚÕÔI IIP
jÏÔÈÒÑÒÈÔÄØËÃQÎÈÒÏÝ×ÔÐÙȱ[[Q±Ä±ÆȱÔÐÒÐÆÏÈ
ÑÒÈÑÃÔÓÔÆÕÈÔ±ÐÏÈÙÏÐÒÄÓÓÎÐÔÒÈÏËàÔıË×ÓÆÐÌÓÔÆÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈ
ÏË̱ıË×ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÓÔÞËÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÄÃÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÓÔÞqÐ
ßÔÐÎÕ ÆÓÈ Ó±ÄÊÄÏÏÐÈ Ð ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÝ× ÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÃ× ÔÐÙÈÙÏÝ×
ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÆÑ ËÐÓÔÄÈÔÓÃÆÓËÍÈÑÒËÈÓÔÈÓÔÆÈÏÏÐÌËÏ
ÔÈÒÑÒÈÔÄØËË Ë ÇÍà ÆȱÔÐÒÏÝ× ÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÌ oÄÑÐÎÏËÎ ÈÛÈ
ÙÔÐÇÍÃÒÄÓÓÔÐÃÏËÃρ[\ÎÈÉÇÕÆȱÔÐÒÄÎË[Ë\ÓÑÒÄÆÈÇÍËÆÄ
ÖÐÒÎÕÍÄÓÎÖÐÒÎÕÍÕρ[\ _[´\_
d ±ÄÙÈÓÔÆÈ ÑÒËÎÈÒÄ ÐÔÎÈÔËÎ ÙÔÐ ÇÍËÏÄ _[_ ÆȱÔÐÒÄ [∈5Q
ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÌÖÕϱØËÈÌÆ5QÔÐÓÍÈÇÕÈÔËÊÏÈÒÄÆÈÏ
ÓÔÆÄÑÐÓ±ÐÍÞ±ÕÇÍÃÍàÅÝ×[∈5QË[∈5QÓÑÒÄÆÈÇÍËÆÐ
ÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐ
__[_´_[ __P_[´[ _
ÔÐ
OLP _[_ OLP _[_ _[ _
[ → [ [ µ [ →
ÊÏÇËÏÝÇÐÔÐÃÒÂÈÇÏÊá
rÄÓÓÎÐÔÒËÎ ÓÑÈØËÄÍÞÏÝÌ ±ÍÄÓÓ ÆȱÔÐÒÝ× ÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÌ ÑÒÐ
ÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÄ5QÆ5PÏÄÊÝÆÄÈÎÝ×ÍËÏÈÌÏÝÎË
°ÑÒÇÆÇÍÇÏÊÇ pÕÑÆÓÅÊÉÐÌÉ I5Q{5PÐÅËÞÇÅÉÕÔÄ ÎÌÐÉÍ
ÐÞÏÌÎÌÆÑÎÉÉÒÑÎÐÑÎÌÐÉÍÐÞÏÑÈÐÑÓÑÈÐÞÏÉÔÎÌÈÎÄÎá
ÆÞØ ÈÇÖØ ÇɲÕÑÓÑÇ [′∈5Q[′′∈5Q Ì ÎáÆÞØ ÈÇÖØ ÚÌÔÉÎλ′∈5
λ′′∈ 5ÇÞÒÑÎÐÄÉÕÔÄÓÅÇÉÐÔÕÇÑ
Iλ′[′λ′′[′′ λ′I[′λ′′I[′′
jÊßÔÐÐÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËÃÑÐËÏÇÕ±ØËËÓÍÈÇÕÈÔÙÔÐÑÒËÍËÏÈÌ
ÏÐÎ ÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËË I ÍàÅÄà ±ÐÏÈÙÏÄà ÍËÏÈÌÏÄà ±ÐÎÅËÏÄØËÃ
ÆȱÔÐÒÐÆ[M∈5QÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÄÈÔÓÃÆÔıÕàÉÈÍËÏÈÌÏÕà±ÐÎÅËÏÄ
ØËàÐÅÒÄÊÐÆI[MM NßÔË×ÆȱÔÐÒÐÆ
N N
I ∑ λM[M ∑ λMI[M
M M
tÐÇÄÆÓËÍÕÍËÏÈÌÏÐÓÔËÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÃIÑÐÍÕÙËÎ
Q Q Q P
\ I[ I ∑ [MHM ∑ [MIHM ∑ [M ∑ DLMεL
M M M L
P Q
∑ ∑ DLM[M εL
L M
sÒÄÆÏËƱÐßÖÖËØËÈÏÔÝÒÄÊÍÐÉÈÏËÃÆȱÔÐÒÄ\ÑбÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔ
ÏÝÎÆȱÔÐÒÄÎεεPÆËÑÐÍÕÙËÎ
\ D[DQ[Q
\P DP[DPQ[Q
oÄÐÅÐÒÐÔÍȱÐÑÒÐÆÈÒËÔÞÙÔÐÆÓñÐÈÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÈI5Q{5P
±ÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔÏÝÈ ÖÕϱØËË ±ÐÔÐÒÐÐ ËÎÈàÔ ÆËÇ ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃ
ÍËÏÈÌÏÝÎÐÑÈÒÄÔÐÒÐÎ
nÄÔÒËØÄ
D Q
D
D P D PQ
ÏÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÓÃÏÅÕÓÌÙÉÍÎÌÐÉÍÐÑÑÑÒÉÓÅÕÑÓÅI
pÙÈÆËÇÏÐ ÙÔÐ ÈÓÍË ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃ ÎÄÔÒËØÈÌ ÍËÏÈÌÏÐÐ
Q
ÐÑÈÒÄÔÐÒÄIÔÐÇÍÃÍàÅÐÐ[ ∑ [M HMËÎÈÈÔÎÈÓÔÐÓÎ
M
ÒÄÊÍÐÉÈÏËÈ
P Q
I[ ∑ ∑ DLM[M εL
L M
± Ò Ê Î Ç Ò qÕÓÔÞπL µÐÑÈÒÄÔÐÒÑÒÐȱÔËÒÐÆÄÏËÃÏÄLà±ÐÐÒ
ÇËÏÄÔÏÕàÐÓÞÔ È
πL\ πL\ \P \L
L µ Ö˱ÓËÒÐÆÄÏÏÐÈ ÙËÓÍÐ ÓÒÈÇË ÙËÓÈÍ P tÐÇÄ πL
ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓà ÍËÏÈÌÏÝÎ ÐÑÈÒÄÔÐÒÐÎ Ó ±ÆÄÇÒÄÔÏÐÌ ÎÄÔÒËØÈÌ ÑÐ
ÒÃDZÄPÓÐÓÔÐÃÛÈÌËÊÐÇÏË×ÍËÚÞÏÕÍÈ̱ÒÐÎÈLÐßÍÈÎÈÏÔÄ
ÍÄÆÏÐÌÇËÄÐÏÄÍËÒÄÆÏÐÐÈÇËÏËØÈ
s ÑÐÎÐÛÞà ÐÑÈÒÄÔÐÒÐÆ ÑÒÐȱÔËÒÐÆÄÏËà πL L Q
ÍȱÐÕÓÔÄÏÄÆÍËÆÄÈÔÓÃÓÆÃÊÞÎÈÉÇÕÑÒÐËÊÆÐÍÞÏÝÎÆȱÔÐÒÏÝÎ
ÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÈÎI;{5P;µ5QËÈбÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔÏÝÎËÖÕϱ
ØËÃÎËILÓÎ
IL πLªI
Ô È±ÄÉÇÄñÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔÏÄÃÖÕϱØËÃILL PÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃ
±ÐÎÑÐÊËØËÈÌÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÃIÓÐÑÈÒÄÔÐÒÐÎÑÒÐȱÔËÒÐÆÄÏËÃπL
gÓÍË P ÔÐ ÍËÏÈÌÏÝÌ ÐÑÈÒÄÔÐÒ I 5Q { 5 ÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÄÈÔ
ÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÐ 5Q ÆÐ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐ ÆÓÈ× ÇÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÝ× ÙËÓÈÍ Ë
ÏÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÓÃÐÅÝÙÏÐÎÌÐÉÍÐÞÏ×ÖвÙÌÑÐÅÎÑÏ
dÓËÍÕÆÓñËÌÍËÏÈÌÏÝÌÖÕϱØËÐÏÄÍËÎÈÈÔÆËÇ
\ D[DQ[Q
ÇÈD DQ µÏȱÐÔÐÒÝÈÇÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÝÈÙËÓÍÄ
pÅÐÊÏÄÙËÆÙÈÒÈÊDÆȱÔÐÒÓ±ÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔÄÎËD DQÑÐ
ÍÕÙËÎÙÔÐÆÓñËÌÍËÏÈÌÏÝÌÖÕϱØËÐÏÄÍI5Q{5ËÎÈÈÔÆËÇ
I[ D[ÇÈÙÈÒÈÊD[ÐÅÐÊÏÄÙÈÏÐÓ±ÄÍÃÒÏÐÈÑÒÐËÊÆÈÇÈ
ÏËÈÆȱÔÐÒÐÆDË[pÙÈÆËÇÏÐËÐÅÒÄÔÏÐȱÄÉÇÐÈÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÈ
ÆËÇÄ[mD[ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃÍËÏÈÌÏÝÎÖÕϱØËÐÏÄÍÐÎI5Q{5
oÄÑÐÎÏËÎÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËÃÏȱÐÔÐÒÝ×ÐÑÈÒÄØËÌÓÎÄÔÒËØÄÎË
ËÊÆÈÓÔÏÝ× ËÊ ÄÍÈÅÒÝ gÓÍË $ DLM Ë % ELM µ ÑÒÃ
ÎÐÕÐÍÞÏÝÈÎÄÔÒËØÝÓÐÇËÏıÐÆÝÎÙËÓÍÐÎÓÔÒбËÓÔÐÍÅØÐÆ
L PM QÔÐË×ÔÖÏÏÅ& $%ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÃ
ÈÔÓà ±Ä± ÎÄÔÒËØÄ ßÍÈÎÈÏÔFLM ±ÐÔÐÒÐÌ ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓà ÓÕÎÎÐÌ ÓÐÐÔ
ÆÈÔÓÔÆÕàÛË×ßÍÈÎÈÏÔÐÆÎÄÔÒËØ$Ë%Ô È
GHI
FLM DLMELM L P M Q
qÓÑÌËÇÉÈÉÐÌÉÏ& λ$ÏÅÕÓÌÙÞ$ÐÅÚÌÔÎÑλÏÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÓÃ
ÎÄÔÒËØÄ ÆÓÈ ßÍÈÎÈÏÔÝ FLM ±ÐÔÐÒÐÌ ÑÐÍÕÙÄàÔÓà ËÊ ÓÐÐÔÆÈÔÓÔ
ÆÕàÛË×ßÍÈÎÈÏÔÐÆÎÄÔÒËØÝ$ÕÎÏÐÉÈÏËÈÎË×ÏÄλ
GHI
FLM λDLM L P M Q
gÓÍËÙËÓÍÐÓÔÐÍÅØÐÆÎÄÔÒËØÝ$ DLMÒÄÆÏÐÙËÓÍÕÓÔÒбÎÄÔ
ÒËØÝ% EMNL PM QN VÔÐÒÓÑ
ÌËÇÉÈÉÐÌÉ & $%ÎÄÔÒËØ$Ë%ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÃÈÔÓñıÎÄÔÒËØÄÓÐ
ÓÔÐÃÛÄÃËÊßÍÈÎÈÏÔÐÆFLN±ÐÔÐÒÝÈÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÃàÔÓÃÑÐÖÐÒÎÕÍÄÎ
Q
FLN ∑ DLMEMN L P N V
M
µ ±ÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔÏÝÈÖÕϱØËËÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÃIÄ
Q
]L ∑ ELM[M L P
M
ÏËËËÕÎÏÐÉÈÏËËÏÄÙËÓÍÄÆȱÔÐÒÐÆË×±ÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔÝÓ±ÍÄÇÝÆÄ
àÔÓÃËÕÎÏÐÉÄàÔÓÃÏÄÔÈÉÈÙËÓÍÄ
Q Q Q
λ\Lµ]L λ ∑ DLM[Mµ ∑ ELM[M ∑ λDLMµELM[M
M M M
µ ±ÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔÏÝÈÖÕϱØËËÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÃIÄ
P
]N ∑ ENL \L N V
L
µ ±ÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔÏÝÈÖÕϱØËËÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÃJÔÐ
P P Q Q P
]N ∑ ENL \L ∑ ENL ∑ DLM [M ∑ ∑ ENL DLM [M
L L M M L
Ô ÈÆÐÑÈÒÆÝ×±ÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔÏÝÈÖÕϱØË˱ÐÎÑÐÊËØËËJªIÓÕÔÞ
ÍËÏÈÌÏÝÈ ÖÕϱØËË Ä ÆÐÆÔÐÒÝ× ßÍÈÎÈÏÔÝ FNM ÈÈ ÎÄÔÒËØÝ &
ÑÐÍÕÙÄàÔÓà ËÊ ßÍÈÎÈÏÔÐÆ ÎÄÔÒËØ DLM Ë ENL ÐÑÈÒÄÔÐÒÐÆ I Ë J ÑÐ
ÑÒÄÆËÍÕ
P
FNM ∑ ENLDLM
L
qÐÓ±ÐÍÞ±Õ ÈÇËÏËÙÏÝÌ ÚÄÒ 4Q ^[∈5Q _[_ P ` ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃ
±ÐÎÑıÔÐÎ ÇÍà ÆÓñÐÐ ÍËÏÈÌÏÐÐ ÐÑÈÒÄÔÐÒÄ I 5Q { 5P ÓÕ
ÉÈÏËÈÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÌÖÕϱØËË_I_5Q{5ÏÄÚÄÒ4QÔ ÈÖÕϱ
ØËÃ_I_4Q{5ÐÒÄÏËÙÈÏÐ
VXS _I[_
[ P
°ÑÒÇÆÇÍÇÏÊÇ fÎÄÎÌÐÉÍÐÑÑÑÒÉÓÅÕÑÓÅÇÚÅÔÕÐÑÔÕÌÒÓÌ
P ¶ ÈÎÄ ÎÌÐÉÍÐÑÑ ×ÖвÙÌÑÐÅÎÅ I 5Q { 5P ÚÌÔÎÑ
VXS _I[_ÐÅËÞÇÅÉÕÔÄÉÑÐÑÓÏÑÍ
ÌÑÆÑËÐÅÚÅÉÕÔÄÚÉÓÉË__I__
[ P
GHI
__I__ VXS _I[_
[ P
dÓËÍÕÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÄÏÐÒÎÄÍàÅÐÐÍËÏÈÌÏÐÐÐÑÈÒÄÔÐ
ÒıÐÏÈÙÏÄ
pØÈÏËÎ ÇÍËÏÕ ÐÅÒÄÊÄ ÆȱÔÐÒÄ [∈5Q ÙÈÒÈÊ ÏÐÒÎÕ ÐÑÈÒÄÔÐ
ÒÄIËÇÍËÏÕ[ÓÄÎÐÐÆȱÔÐÒÄfÍÃÍàÅÐÐ[ [∈5QÆȱÔÐÒ
[
[
ξ ËÎÈÈÔÇÍËÏÕ _ξ_
_[_ qÐßÔÐÎÕËÓÑÐÍÞÊÐÆÄÆ
[ [ [
ÍËÏÈÌÏÐÓÔÞÐÑÈÒÄÔÐÒÄIÓÆÐÌÓÔÆÐÇÍËÏÝÆȱÔÐÒÄËÐÑ
ÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËÈÑÐÍÕÙËÎ
[ [ [
_[_I _[_ I P_[_ VXS _Iξ_ _[_ __I__
_I[_ _I _[_
[ [ [
ξ P
Ô È
_I[_P__I__ _[_
jÊ ßÔÐÐ ÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÄ ÓÍÈÇÕÈÔ ÙÔÐ ÑÒË _[_ ÓÑÒÄÆÈÇÍËÆÐ
ÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐ_I[___I__dÓÑÐÎÏËÎÙÔÐÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÄÃÏıÐÎÑı
ÔÈÖÕϱØËÃÇÐÓÔËÄÈÔÏÄÏÈÎÓÆÐÈÐÏÄËÅÐÍÞÚÈÐÊÏÄÙÈÏËÃÓÎ
ÓÍÈÇÓÔÆËÈ ÔÈÐÒÈÎÝ Æ Ñ qÐßÔÐÎÕ ÖÕϱØËà _I_ 4Q { 5
ÅÕÇÕÙËÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÌÏıÐÎÑıÔÈ4QÇÐÓÔËÄÈÔÏÄÏÈÎÓÆÐÈÐ
ÏÄËÅÐÍÞÚÈÐÊÏÄÙÈÏËÃ
__I__ VXS _I[_ PD[ _I[_
[ P [ P
ÄÑÐÓ±ÐÍÞ±ÕÑÒË_[_ËÎÈÈÔÎÈÓÔÐÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐ_I[___I__ÔÐ
Õ±ÄÊÄÏÏÝÌÎıÓËÎÕÎÇÐÓÔËÄÈÔÓÃÑÒË_[_ Ô ÈÏÄÈÇËÏËÙ
ÏÐÌÓÖÈÒÈ6Q´ ^[ _[_ `tıËÎÐÅÒÄÊÐÎ
__I__ PD[ _I[_
[
pÅÛÈÈÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËÈÏÐÒÎÝÅÕÇÈÔÇÄÏÐÆÑ
pÔÎÈÔËÎÈÛÈÐÇÏÐÑÐÍÈÊÏÐÈÆÝÒÄÉÈÏËÈÇÍÃÏÐÒÎÝÍËÏÈÌ
ÏÐÐÐÑÈÒÄÔÐÒÄ
I[
__I__ VXS
[ ∈ 5 Q [n [
fбÄÉÈÎÈÐjÓÑÐÍÞÊÕÃÓÏÐÆÄÓÆÐÌÓÔÆÐÇÍËÏÝÆȱ
ÔÐÒÄÍËÏÈÌÏÐÓÔÞÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÃIËÖÐÒÎÕÍÕÑÐÍÕÙËÎ
I[
VXS VXS I[
[ ∈ 5 Q [n [ Q
[ ∈ 5 [n [
[
VXS I
VXS _Iξ_ __I__
[ ∈ 5 Q [n [ ξ
oÈÔÒÕÇÏÐÐØÈÏËÔÞÏÐÒÎÕ__I__ÍËÏÈÌÏÐÐÐÑÈÒÄÔÐÒÄIÙÈÒÈÊßÍÈ
ÎÈÏÔÝÈÐÎÄÔÒËØÝiÄÎÈÙÄÃÙÔбÆÄÇÒÄÔÇÍËÏÝÆȱ
ÔÐÒÄÒÄÆÈÏÓÕÎÎȱÆÄÇÒÄÔÐÆÈбÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔÑÒËÎÈÏÃÃÖÐÒÎÕ
ÍÕËÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐlÐÚ˵zÆÄÒØÄÅÕÇÈÎËÎÈÔÞ
P Q P Q
_I[_ ∑ ∑ DLM[M εL ∑ ∑ DLM[M P
L M L M
P Q Q P Q
P ∑ ∑ D LM ∑ [M ∑ ∑ D LM [
L M M L M
pÔÓàÇÄÇÍñÄÉÇÐÐ[ [∈5Q
P Q
I[
P
[ ∑ ∑ DLM
L M
qÐßÔÐÎÕÆÓËÍÕ
P Q
I[
__I__ VXS P
[ ∑ ∑ DLM
[ ∈ 5 Q [n L M
¦ÊÖÖÇÒÇÏØÊÒÕÇÎÝÇÐÔÐÃÒÂÈÇÏÊá
ÈÓÍË ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔ ÔıÐÈ ÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÈ ε ; { 5P ÙÔÐ ÇÍà ÆÓÈ×
ÔÐÙȱ [∈; ÑÒËÏÄÇÍÈÉÄÛË× ÏȱÐÔÐÒÐÌ Ö˱ÓËÒÐÆÄÏÏÐÌ Ð±
ÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔË ÔÐÙ±Ë [ ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏÝ ÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËà α[ Ë ε[ Æ
ÙÄÓÔÏÐÓÔËÇÍÃ[ [ËÎÈÈÔÎÈÓÔÐÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐ
α[ ε[ _[´[_Q
Ë
OLP ε[
[ → [
ÇȵÏÕÍÈÆÐÌßÍÈÎÈÏÔÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÄ5P
pÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÈ α[ ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏÐ Æ ÔÐÙ±È [∈; ÑÐßÔÐÎÕ ÐÔÐ
ÅÒÄÉÈÏËÈ ε[ ÔıÉÈ ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏÐ Æ ßÔÐÌ ÔÐÙ±È ÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐ
ÓÐÍÄÓÏÐÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËàÑÒÈÇÈÍÄËÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÆÏÈÌε[
ÍÈÎÈÏÔÝ QÎÈÒÏÝ× ÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆ ÅÕÇÈÎ ÒÄÓÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄÔÞ
ÊÇÈÓÞ ±Ä± ÆȱÔÐÒÝ fÍà ÆȱÔÐÒÏÝ× ÆÝÒÄÉÈÏËÌ Ó ÓËÎÆÐÍÐÎ
«R ÎÄÍÐȬ ÓÐ×ÒÄÏÃàÔÓà ÐÅÝÙÏÝÈ ÑÒÄÆËÍÄ ÇÈÌÓÔÆËÌ Ó ÏËÎË
ÏÄÑÒËÎÈÒR[R[ R[ÑÒË[{[ËÔ Ñ
qÈÒÈÌÇÈÎÔÈÑÈÒÞ±ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËàÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÕÈÎÝ×ÆȱÔÐÒ
ÏÝ× ÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÌ qÒÈÇÆÄÒËÔÈÍÞÏÐ ÏÄÑÐÎÏËÎ ÙÔÐ ÖÕϱØËà Q
ÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÝ×I;{5;µ5Q
ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏÏÄÃÆбÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔËÔÐÙ
±Ë[ [ [Q∈;ÏÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÓÃÈÌ××ÉÓÉÐÙÌÓÖÉÏÑÍÆßÔÐÌÔÐÙ
±ÈÈÓÍËÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕàÔÔıËÈÑÐÓÔÐÃÏÏÝÈD DQ ÐÏËÃÆÍÃàÔÓÃ
ÙÄÓÔÏÝÎËÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇÏÝÎËÖÕϱØËËIÆßÔÐÌÔÐÙ±ÈDL ∂
I[
ÙÔÐ
G[ L
I[K[QKQ´I[[Q
DKDQKQRKK{
ÇÈK K KQ
mËÏÈÌÏÐÈÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÈÍËÏÈÌÏÝÌÖÕϱØËÐÏÄÍK KQm
m DK DQKQ Æ ÖÐÒÎÕÍÈ ÏÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÓÃ ÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏ
ØËÄÍÐÎÖÕϱØËËIÆÔÐÙ±È[pÅÐÊÏÄÙËÆÈÐÙÈÒÈÊ'I 'I[
ÑÐÍÕÙËÎ
'I[K DKDQKQ
tıËÎÐÅÒÄÊÐÎÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËÈÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÕÈÎÐÓÔË
ÎÐÉÏÐÑÒÈÇÓÔÄÆËÔÞÆÆËÇÈ
I[K I['I[KRK K{
bÏÄÍÐËÙÏÐ ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÃÈÔÓÃ Ë ÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÕÈÎÐÓÔÞ ÐÔÐÅÒÄ
ÉÈÏËÃÆÐÅÛÈÎÓÍÕÙÄÈ
yÈÒÈÊ5±Ä±ÆÓÈÇÄÐÅÐÊÏÄÙÄÈÔÓÃÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐÆÓÈ×ÇÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÝ×
ÙËÓÈÍ
°ÑÒÇÆÇÍÇÏÊÇ pÕÑÆÓÅÊÉÐÌÉI;{5P;µ5QÑÒÓÉÈÉÎÉÐ
ÐÑÉÇÐɲÑÕÑÓÑÍѲÓÉÔÕÐÑÔÕÌÕÑÚ²Ì[∈;ÐÅËÞÇÅÉÕÔÄÈÌ×
×ÉÓÉÐÙÌÓÖÉÏÞÏ Ç àÕÑÍ ÕÑÚ²É ÉÔÎÌ ÔÖÜÉÔÕÇÖÉÕ ÕŲÑÉ ÎÌ
ÐÉÍÐÑÉÑÕÑÆÓÅÊÉÐÌÉÎÌÐÉÍÐÞÍÑÒÉÓÅÕÑÓO O[5Q{5P
ÚÕÑ
I[K I[O[KRK K{ K∈5Q
mËÏÈÌÏÝÌÐÑÈÒÄÔÐÒO[ÏÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÓÃÈÌ××ÉÓÉÐÙÌÅÎÑÏÑÕÑ
ÆÓÅÊÉÐÌÄIÇÕÑÚ²É[ÌÑÆÑËÐÅÚÅÉÕÔÄÚÉÓÉË'I[ÌÎÌÆÑÎÉÉ
ÒÑÈÓÑÆÐÑ 'I[ jÓÑÐÍÞÊÕÃ ßÔÐ ÐÅÐÊÏÄÙÈÏËÈ ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËÈ
ÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÕÈÎÐÓÔËÎÐÉÏÐÑÈÒÈÑËÓÄÔÞÆÆËÇÈ
I[K I['I[KRK K{
nÄÔÒËØÄ ÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÄÍÄ 'I[ ÓÎ ÐÅËÞÇÅÉÕÔÄ ÒÓÑ
ÌËÇÑÈÐÑÍ ÑÕÑÆÓÅÊÉÐÌÄ I Ç ÕÑÚ²É [ Ì ÑÆÑËÐÅÚÅÉÕÔÄ ÚÉ
ÓÉËI′[
pÔÎÈÔËÎ ÙÔÐ ËÊ ÖÐÒÎÕÍÝ ÓÒÄÊÕ ÓÍÈÇÕÈÔ ÙÔÐ ÐÔÐ
ÅÒÄÉÈÏËÈÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÕÈÎÐÈÆÔÐÙ±È[ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÆÏÈÌ
OLP I[K I[
K→
´ § ° ² § ® ¢ gÔÎÌÑÕÑÆÓÅÊÉÐÌÉI;{5P;µ5QÈÌ××É
ÓÉÐÙÌÓÖÉÏÑÇÕÑÚ²É[∈;ÕÑÉÑÈÌ××ÉÓÉÐÙÌÅÎÇàÕÑÍÕÑÚ²É
ÑÒÓÉÈÉÎÄÉÕÔÄÑÈÐÑËÐÅÚÐÑ
³ § ¦ ³ ´ ¤ ª § fÌ××ÉÓÉÐÙÌÅÎ ÎÌÐÉÍÐÑÑ ÑÕÑÆÓÅÊÉÐÌÄ ÔÑÇÒÅ
ÈÅÉÕÔÔÅÏÌÏÑÕÑÆÓÅÊÉÐÌÉÏ
¦ Ð Ì Â É Â Ô Ç Í Þ Ó Ô Ä Ð Ô Ç Ð Ò Ç Î Ý qÕÓÔÞÏÄÒÃÇÕÓÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐÎ
Æ ±ÐÔÐÒÐÎ ÇÍà ÑÒÐÓÔÐÔÝ ÊÄÑËÓË ÆÎÈÓÔÐ O[ ÅÕÇÈÎ
ÑËÓÄÔÞÔÐÍÞ±ÐOÆÝÑÐÍÏÃÈÔÓÃÔıÉÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐ
I[K I[OKRK K{
ÇÈ O 5Q { 5P O µ ÍËÏÈÌÏÝÌ ÐÑÈÒÄÔÐÒ dÝÙËÔÄÃ ÐÇÏÐ ËÊ
ßÔË×ÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆËÊÇÒÕÐÐÑÐÍÕÙËÎ
OK´OK RK ÑÒË K{
Ô ÈÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔÔıÐÈÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÈεKÏÄÏȱÐÔÐÒÐÌбÒÈÓÔÏÐÓ
ÔË9ÏÕÍÃÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÄ5QÆÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÐ5PÔ Èε9{5PÙÔÐ
OLP εK ËÇÍÃÆÓÈ×K∈9ËÎÈÈÔÎÈÓÔÐÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐ
K→
dÐÊÞÎÈÎ ÔÈÑÈÒÞ ÑÒÐËÊÆÐÍÞÏÐÈ N∈5Q ÔÐÇÄ ÇÍà ÆÓÈ× ÇÐÓÔÄ
ÔÐÙÏÐÎÄÍÝ×ÙËÓÈÍWÅÕÇÈÎËÎÈÔÞWN∈9qÐßÔÐÎÕÆÇÍÃ
ÔıË×WÎÐÉÏÐÆÊÃÔÞK WN
_OWN´OWN_ _εWN_ _WN_
qÐÓ±ÐÍÞ±Õ_WN_ _W_ _N_ËÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÃOËOÍËÏÈÌÏÝÅÕÇÈÎËÎÈÔÞ
OWN´OWN W>ON´ON@
ÑÐßÔÐÎÕ
_ON´ON_ _εWN_ _N_
oÐ OLP WN ÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÆÓËÍÕÓÆÐÌÓÔÆÄÖÕϱØËËεËÎÈ
W→
ÈÎÔıÉÈ OLP εWN qÈÒÈ×ÐÇñÑÒÈÇÈÍÕÑÒËW{Æ
W→
ÑÐÍÕÙËÎ_ON´ON_ Ô ÈÇÍÃÍàÅÐÐN∈5QÑÐÍÕÙËÎ
ON ON
ÔÐËÐÊÏÄÙÄÈÔÙÔÐO O
¦ Ð Ì Â É Â Ô Ç Í Þ Ó Ô Ä Ð Ó Í Ç Æ Ó Ô Ä Ê á qÕÓÔÞI5Q{5P µÍË
ÏÈÌÏÝÌ ÐÑÈÒÄÔÐÒ tÐÇÄ Æ ÓËÍÕ ÈÐ ÍËÏÈÌÏÐÓÔË ÇÍà ÍàÅÝ×
[∈5QËK∈5Q
I[K I[IK
Ô ÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐÆÝÑÐÍÏÃÈÔÓÃÑÒËO IËRKdÓËÍÕ
ÈÇËÏÓÔÆÈÏÏÐÓÔËÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÄÍÄ'I[ I
´ § ° ² § ® ¢ ÍÊÏÇËÏÐÓÔÞ ÆÊÖÖÇÒÇÏØÊÂÍÂ ÐÔÏÐÓÊÔÇÍÞÏÐ ÐÔÐ
ÃÒÂÈÇÏÊËgÔÎÌÑÕÑÆÓÅÊÉÐÌÄI;{5PÌJ;{5P;µ5Q
ÈÌ××ÉÓÉÐÙÌÓÖÉÏÞÇÕÑÚ²É[∈;ÕÑÒÓÌÎáÆÞØÚÌÔÎÅØλ̵
ÎÌÐÉÍÐÅÄ ²ÑÏÆÌÐÅÙÌÄ λI µJ ÕŲÊÉ ÈÌ××ÉÓÉÐÙÌÓÖÉÏÅ Ç
ÕÑÚ²É[Ì
'λIµJ[ λ'I[µ'J[
¦ Ð Ì Â É Â Ô Ç Í Þ Ó Ô Ä Ð dÓËÍÕÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÕÈÎÐÓÔËÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈ
ÏËÌIËJÆÔÐÙ±È[ËÎÈÈÎÓÎ
I[K I['I[KRKK{
J[K J['J[KRKK{
ÐÔÓàÇÄ
λI[KµJ[K
>λI[µJ[@>λ'I[µ'J[@KRKK{
tı ±Ä± λ'I[ µ'J[ ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓà ÍËÏÈÌÏÝÎ ÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏË
ÈÎÓÎÑ ÔÐÆÓËÍÕÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËÃÐÏÐÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃÇËÖÖÈ
ÒÈÏØËÄÍÐÎÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÃλIµJ
´ § ° ² § ® ¢ qÖÔÕß ; µ 5Q < µ 5P I ; { < J < { 5V
ÒÓÌÚÉÏÑÕÑÆÓÅÊÉÐÌÉIÈÌ××ÉÓÉÐÙÌÓÖÉÏÑÇÕÑÚ²É[∈;ÅJ µ
ÇÕÑÚ²ÉI[tÑÈŲÑÏÒÑËÌÙÌÄJªIÈÌ××ÉÓÉÐÙÌÓÖÉÏÅÇÕÑÚ
²É[ÌÉÉÈÌ××ÉÓÉÐÙÌÅÎÇàÕÑÍÕÑÚ²ÉÓÅÇÉвÑÏÒÑËÌÙÌÌÈÌ×
×ÉÓÉÐÙÌÅÎÑÇÑÕÑÆÓÅÊÉÐÌÍIÌJ
'JªI[ 'JI[ª'I[
³ § ¦ ³ ´ ¤ ª § gÔÎÌ ÇÞÒÑÎÐÉÐÞ ÖÔÎÑÇÌÄ ÕÉÑÓÉÏÞ ÕÑ ÒÓÑÌË
ÇÑÈÐÅIJÑÏÒÑËÌÙÌÌÑÕÑÆÓÅÊÉÐÌÍÓÅÇÐÅÒÓÑÌËÇÉÈÉÐÌáÒÓÑÌË
ÇÑÈÐÞØ
JªI′ [ J′I[I′[
lı ÆËÇÏÐ ËÊ ÑÒËÆÈÇÈÏÏÝ× ÖÐÒÎÕÍ ÅÍÄÐÇÄÒà ÕÇÄÙÏÐÎÕ
ÆÝÅÐÒÕ ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËÌ Ë ÓËÎÆÐÍË±Ë Æ ÖÐÒÎÕÍËÒÐƱÄ× ÔÈÐÒÈÎ
ËÎÈÈÔÎÈÓÔÐÑÐÍÏÄÃÄÏÄÍÐËÃÓÐÇÏÐÎÈÒÏÝÎÓÍÕÙÄÈÎ
¦ Ð Ì Â É Â Ô Ç Í Þ Ó Ô Ä Ð dÓËÍÕÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÕÈÎÐÓÔËÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈ
ÏËÃIËÎÈÈÎ
JªI [K JI[K
JI['I[KRKK{
tıËÎÐÅÒÄÊÐÎÄÒÕÎÈÏÔÖÕϱØËËJÆÔÐÙ±È\ I[ÑÐÍÕÙËÍ
ÑÒËÒÄÛÈÏËÈ
N 'I[KRK
qÐßÔÐÎÕ ËÊ Æ ÓËÍÕ ÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÕÈÎÐÓÔË ÖÕϱØËË J
ËÎÈÈÎ
JªI[K J\N J\'J\NRNN{
qÐÓ±ÐÍÞ±ÕÓÎÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐ
_'I[K_P__'I[__ _K_
ÇÈÏÐÒÎÄ__'I[__ÍËÏÈÌÏÐÐÐÑÈÒÄÔÐÒÄ'I[ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃÏÈÐÔÒË
ØÄÔÈÍÞÏÝÎÙËÓÍÐÎÔÐÇÍÃÖÕϱØËËN NKÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏÏÐÌÒÄ
ÆÈÏÓÔÆÐÎÑÐÍÕÙËÎ
OLP N
K→
cÐÍÈÈÔÐÐÓÑÒÄÆÈÇÍËÆÄÐØÈϱÄ
_N_P__'I[__ _K__RK_ K{
Ä Ôı ±Ä± ÑÒË ÇÐÓÔÄÔÐÙÏÐ ÎÄÍÝ× K ËÎÈÈÔ ÎÈÓÔÐ ÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐ
_RK__K_ÔÐÇÍÃÔıË×KÓÑÒÄÆÈÇÍËÆÄËÐØÈϱÄ
_N_P__'I[___K_
fÄÍÈÈ ËÊ ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËÃ RN ÓÎ ÃÆÓÔÆÕÈÔ ÙÔÐ ÓÕÛÈÓÔ
ÆÕÈÔÔıÄÃÖÕϱØËÃεNÙÔÐ
OLP εN
N→
ËRN εN_N_qÐßÔÐÎÕÆÓËÍÕÇÍÃÕ±ÄÊÄÏÏÝ×ÇÐÓÔÄ
ÔÐÙÏÐÎÄÍÝ×KÆÝÑÐÍÏÃÈÔÓÃÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐ
_RN_ |εN_ _N_PεN__'I[___K_
bÑÐÓ±ÐÍÞ±ÕËÊËÆÝÔȱÄÈÔÙÔÐ OLP εN Ë
K→
ÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐ
εN__'I[___K_ RK ÑÒË K{
ËÊËÎÈÈÎ
RN RK ÑÒË K{
ÔÐÐÊÏÄÙÄÈÔÙÔÐÖÐÒÎÕÍÕÎÐÉÏÐÑÈÒÈÑËÓÄÔÞÆÆËÇÈ
JªI[K J\'J\NRK K{
ÇÈNÊÄÇÄÈÔÓÃÑÐÖÐÒÎÕÍÈ
rÄÓÓÎÐÔÒËÎ ÔÈÑÈÒÞ ÓÒÈÇÏÈÈ ÓÍÄÄÈÎÐÈ Æ ÑÒÄÆÐÌ ÙÄÓÔË ÒÄ
ÆÈÏÓÔÆÄdÓËÍÕÍËÏÈÌÏÐÓÔËÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÃ'J\ËÎÈÈÎ
'J\N 'J\'I[KRK
'J\'I[K'J\RK K{
dÓÍÈÇÓÔÆËÈ ÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÄ ÅÕÇÈÎ ËÎÈÔÞ _'J\RK_ P
P__'J\__ _RK_ÑÐßÔÐÎÕ
'J\RK RKK{
ÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐËÊÑÐÍÕÙËÎ
'J\N 'J\'I[KRK
'J\ª'I[KRK K{
qÐÇÓÔÄÆÍÃÃÑÐÍÕÙÈÏÏÐÈÇÍÃ'J\ÆÝÒÄÉÈÏËÈÆËÑÒË
ÏËÎÄÃÆÐÆÏËÎÄÏËÈÙÔÐ\ I[ÅÕÇÈÎбÐÏÙÄÔÈÍÞÏÐËÎÈÔÞ
JªI[K JI['JI[ª'I[KRK K{
lÐÎÑÐÊËØËà ÍËÏÈÌÏÝ× ÐÑÈÒÄÔÐÒÐÆ ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓà ÍËÏÈÌÏÝÎ
ÐÑÈÒÄÔÐÒÐÎÑÐßÔÐÎÕÆÓËÍÕÈÇËÏÓÔÆÈÏÏÐÓÔËÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÄÍÄ
ÐÑÈÒÄÔÐÒ'JI[ª'I[ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÄÍÐαÐÎÑÐÊË
ØËËIªJÔ ÈÖÐÒÎÕÍÄÇбÄÊÄÏÄ
vÐÒÎÕÍÄÓÒÄÊÕÓÍÈÇÕÈÔËÊÏÈÈÑÐÓ±ÐÍÞ±ÕÑÒ˱ÐÎ
ÑÐÊËØËËÍËÏÈÌÏÝ×ÐÑÈÒÄÔÐÒÐÆË×ÎÄÔÒËØÝÑÈÒÈÎÏÐÉÄàÔÓÃ
´ § ° ² § ® ¢ pÕÑÆÓÅÊÉÐÌÉI IIP;{5P;µ5Q
ÈÌ××ÉÓÉÐÙÌÓÖÉÏÑÇÕÑÚ²É[∈;ÇÕÑÏÌÕÑÎß²ÑÇÕÑÏÔÎÖÚÅÉ
²ÑÈÅÇÔÉÉѲÑÑÓÈÌÐÅÕÐÞÉ×ÖвÙÌÌIL;{5L P
ÈÌ××ÉÓÉÐÙÌÓÖÉÏÞÇàÕÑÍÕÑÚ²ÉdàÕÑÏÔÎÖÚÅÉàÎÉÏÉÐÕÞDLM
ÏÅÕÓÌÙÞ ÈÌ××ÉÓÉÐÙÌÅÎÅ 'I[ ÄÇÎÄáÕÔÄ ÔÑÑÕÇÉÕÔÕÇÖáÜÌ
ÏÌÚÅÔÕÐÞÏÌÒÓÑÌËÇÑÈÐÞÏ̲ÑÑÓÈÌÐÅÕÐÞØ×ÖвÙÌÍ
∂I [
L
DLM
L P M Q
∂[ M
jÏÄÙÈÐÆÐÒÃÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇÏÄÃI′[ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃÎÄÔÒËØÈ̱ÐÅË
ÓËÓÔÈÎÝÖÕϱØËËILÓÎÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËÈ Ñ
∂I [ ∂I [
∂[
∂[ Q
I′[
∂I P[ ∂I P[
∂[ ∂[ Q
ËÏÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÓÃÔıÉÈÏÅÕÓÌÙÉͲÑÆÌÑÕÑÆÓÅÊÉÐÌÄIÆÔÐÙ±È[
¦ Ð Ì Â É Â Ô Ç Í Þ Ó Ô Ä Ð lÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔÏÝÈ ÖÕϱØËË IL πL ª I
ÓÎÃÆÍÃàÔÓñÐÎÑÐÊËØËÈÌÇÆÕ×ÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÕÈÎÝ×
ÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÌ ÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËà I ±ÐÔÐÒÐÈ ÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÕÈÎÐ Æ
ÔÐÙ±È[ÑÐÕÓÍÐÆËàËÑÒÐȱØËËπLÓαÐÔÐÒÄñı
ÆÓñËÌ ÍËÏÈÌÏÝÌ ÐÑÈÒÄÔÐÒ 5P { 5 ÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÕÈÎÄ ÏÄ
ÆÓÈÎ ÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÈ 5P sÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐ ÓÐÍÄÓÏÐ ÔÈÐÒÈÎÈ
ÖÕϱØËËILL PÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÕÈÎÝÆÔÐÙ±È[
qÕÓÔÞÆÓȱÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔÏÝÈÖÕϱØËËIL πLªIÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÃÇËÖ
ÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÕÈÎÝ Æ ÔÐÙ±È [ d ÓËÍÕ ßÔÐ ÐÊÏÄÙÄÈÔ ÙÔÐ ÓÕ
ÛÈÓÔÆÕàÔÔıËÈÑÐÓÔÐÃÏÏÝÈDLML PM QÙÔÐ
IL[K IL[DLKDLQKQRLK K{
L P
pÔÓàÇııËÊÆÈÓÔÏÐÓÎÓÍÈÇÕÈÔÙÔбÐßÖÖËØË
ÈÏÔÝDLMÑÒËÑÒËÒÄÛÈÏËÃ×KMÄÒÕÎÈÏÔÐÆ[MÃÆÍÃàÔÓÃÓÐÐÔÆÈÔ
ÓÔÆÕàÛËÎËÙÄÓÔÏÝÎËÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇÏÝÎËÖÕϱØËÌIL
∂I [
L
DLM
L P M Q
∂[ M
pÅÐÊÏÄÙËÎ ÙÈÒÈÊ O 5P { 5P ÍËÏÈÌÏÝÌ ÐÑÈÒÄÔÐÒ Ó ÎÄÔÒË
ØÈÌDLMtı±Ä±RK RK RQK
ÔÐÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÄ
ÎÐÉÏÐÊÄÑËÓÄÔÞÆÆËÇÈ
I[K I[OKRK K{
ÔÐ Ë ÐÊÏÄÙÄÈÔ ÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÕÈÎÐÓÔÞ ÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÃ I ÑÒËÙÈÎ
ËÊÓÍÈÇÕÈÔÓÑÒÄÆÈÇÍËÆÐÓÔÞÖÐÒÎÕÍÝ
i Ä Î È Ù Ä Ï Ë È dÓËÍÕÖÐÒÎÕÍËÓÍÈÇÓÔ
ÆËÈ ËÊ ÔÈÐÒÈÎÝ ÐÊÏÄÙÄÈÔ ÙÔÐ ÎÄÔÒËØÄ ±ÐÅË ±ÐÎÑÐÊËØËË
ÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÌ I Ë J ÒÄÆÏÄ ÑÒÐËÊÆÈÇÈÏËà ÎÄÔÒËØ ±ÐÅË ßÔË×
ÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÌ
ÔÐÆÑÒÐÙÈÎÏÈÑÐÓÒÈÇÓÔÆÈÏÏÐÓÍÈÇÕÈÔËËÊÖÐÒÎÕÍÝÇËÖ
ÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÐÆÄÏËà ÓÍÐÉÏÐÌ ÖÕϱØËË ÈÓÍË ]N JN\ \P
N VÄ\L IL[ [QL PÔÐÓÎ
∂] N P ∂] ∂\
∑ N L N V M Q
∂[ M L ∂\ L ∂[ M
∂
] N ∂] N ∂\ L
∂[ M ∂\ L ∂[ M
∂I L[
°ÑÒÇÆÇÍÇÏÊÇ dÔÎÖÚÅÉP QÑÒÓÉÈÉÎÌÕÉÎßGHW
ÏÅÕ
∂[ M
ÓÌÙÞ ²ÑÆÌ ÐÅËÞÇÅÉÕÔÄ ÑÒÓÉÈÉÎÌÕÉÎÉÏ ²ÑÆÌ ÌÎÌ
IJÑÆÌÅÐÑÏ ÑÕÑÆÓÅÊÉÐÌÄ I ; { 5Q ; µ 5Q Ç ÕÑÚ²É [∈; Ì
ÑÆÑËÐÅÚÅÉÕÔÄÓÎÑ
∂( I I Q ) ' ( I I Q )
ÌÎÌ
∂( [ [ Q ) ' ( [ [ Q )
i Ä Î È Ù Ä Ï Ë È jÊ ÄÍÈÅÒÝ ËÊÆÈÓÔÏÐ ÙÔÐ ÑÒË ÕÎÏÐÉÈ
ÏË˱ÆÄÇÒÄÔÏÝ×ÎÄÔÒËØË×ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍËÔÈÍËÑÈÒÈÎÏÐÉÄàÔÓÃÑÐ
ßÔÐÎÕÑÒËÆÝÑÐÍÏÈÏËËÕÓÍÐÆËÌÔÈÐÒÈÎÝ ÆÓÍÕÙÄÈP Q V
ñÐÅËÄÏ ±ÐÎÑÐÊËØËË ÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÌ I Ë J ÒÄÆÈÏ ÑÒÐËÊÆÈÇÈÏËà
ñÐÅËÄÏÐÆÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÌIËJ
∂( ] ] Q ) ∂( ] ] Q ) ∂( \ \ Q )
∂( [ [ Q ) ∂( \ \ Q ) ∂( [ [ Q )
fÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÐ
∂( ] ] Q ) ∂] ∂] ∂\
GHW N GHW N L
∂( [ [ Q ) ∂[ M ∂\ L ∂[ M
∂] ∂\ ∂( ] ] ) ∂( \ \ )
GHW N GHW L
Q Q
∂\ L ∂[ M ∂( \ \ Q ) ∂( [ [ Q )
i Ä Î È Ù Ä Ï Ë È qÕÓÔÞ; µ 5QË,G;{; µÔÐÉÇÈÓÔ
ÆÈÏÏÐÈ ÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÈ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ ; ÏÄ ÓÈÅà d ±ÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔÏÐÌ
ÖÐÒÎÈ ÐÏÐ ÊÄÑËÓÝÆÄÈÔÓà ÆÆËÇÈ ÕÓÍÐÆËà ÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆıÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔ
ÔÐÙȱÐÅÒÄÊÄËÑÒÐÐÅÒÄÊÄÑÒËßÔÐÎÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËËÔ È±ÐÐÒÇË
ÏÄÔÏÝÈÖÕϱØËËËÎÈàÔÆËÇ
IL[ [L L Q [ [Q∈;
gÓÍË [ µ ÆÏÕÔÒÈÏÏÃà ÔÐÙ±Ä ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ ; ÔÐ ßÔË ÖÕϱØËË
∂[
ÎÐÉÏÐ ÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÐÆÄÔÞ Æ ßÔÐÌ ÔÐÙ±È Ë ÑÐÓ±ÐÍÞ±Õ L
∂[ M
∂[
ÑÒËL MË L ÎÄÔÒËØıÐÅËÔÐÉÇÈÓÔÆÈÏÏÐÐÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈ
∂[ L
ÏËÃÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃÈÇËÏËÙÏÐÌÎÄÔÒËØÈÌ
(
qÕÓÔÞÔÈÑÈÒÞ8µ5Q9µ5QËI8{9 µÆÊÄËÎÏÐÐÇÏÐ
ÊÏÄÙÏÐÈËÏÜȱÔËÆÏÐÈÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÈÄI´I8{8 µÐÅÒÄÔ
ÏÐÈÈÎÕtÐÇÄÇÍÃÍàÅÐÌÔÐÙ±Ë[∈8ËÎÈÈÎI´I[ [Ô È
±ÐÎÑÐÊËØËÃI ´ªIÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃÔÐÉÇÈÓÔÆÈÏÏÝÎÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÈÎ
qÕÓÔÞÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÈIÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÕÈÎÐÆÔÐÙ±È[∈8ÓÍÈ
ÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐ[ µÆÏÕÔÒÈÏÏÃÃÔÐÙ±ÄÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ8ËÅÐÔÐÍÞ±Ð
ÇÍÃÔıË×ÔÐÙȱÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏÐÑÐÏÃÔËÈÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÕÈÎÐÓÔËÄ
ÐÅÒÄÔÏÐÈÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÈI ´ÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÕÈÎÐÆÔÐÙ±ÈI[qÐ
Ó±ÐÍÞ±ÕI ´ªIµÔÐÉÇÈÓÔÆÈÏÏÐÈÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÈÔÐÆÓËÍÕÖÐÒ
ÎÕÍÝËÎÈÈÎ
I ´′I′ I ´ªI′ ,G′ (
qÈÒÈÌÇÃÐÔßÔÐÐÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÄÎÄÔÒËرË×ñÐÅËÄÏÄÎÑÐÍÕÙËÎ
GHW I´′ GHW I′
Ôı±Ä±GHW (
gÓÍË ÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÈ I ÊÄÇÄÏÐ ±ÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔÏÝÎË ÖÕϱØËÃÎË
ÔÐÖÐÒÎÕÍÕÎÐÉÏÐÑÈÒÈÑËÓÄÔÞÆÆËÇÈ
∂( [ [ Q ) ∂( \ \ Q )
∂( \ \ Q ) ∂( [ [ Q )
jÊßÔÐÌÖÐÒÎÕÍÝÓÍÈÇÕÈÔÙÔÐÑÒËÓÇÈÍÄÏÏÝ×ÑÒÈÇÑÐÍÐÉÈÏË
ÃױıñÐÅËÄÏÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÃIÆÔÐÙ±È[ÔıËñÐÅËÄÏÐÅÒÄÔ
ÏÐÐÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÃI ´ÆÔÐÙ±ÈI[ÏÈÐÅÒÄÛÄàÔÓÃÆÏÕÍÞË
∂( [ [ Q )
∂( \ \ Q ) ∂( \ \ Q )
∂( [ [ Q )
°ÔÐÃÒÂÈÇÏÊáÓÏÇÒÂÄÏÝÎÏÕÍàáÌÐÃÊÂÏÐÎ
±ÒÊÏØÊÑÓÐ×ÒÂÏÇÏÊáÐÃÍÂÓÔÊ
pÙÈÆËÇÏÐÈÓÍËÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÈÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÕÈÎÐÏÄÎÏÐÉÈ
ÓÔÆÈ;ÔбıÐÆÄÅÝÏËÅÝÍÄÔÐÙ±Ä[∈;ÓÐÍÄÓÏÐÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈ
ÏËàÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÈIÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏÐÆÏȱÐÔÐÒÐÌÈÈбÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔË
Ô È; µÐÔ±ÒÝÔÐÈÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐ
sÐÍÄÓÏÐÔÈÐÒÈÎÈ ÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÈI I IQÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏ
ØËÒÕÈÎÐÏÄÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÈ;ÔÐÇÄËÔÐÍÞ±ÐÔÐÇıÐÇÄÏÄßÔÐÎ
ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÈÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÕÈÎÝÆÓÈÈбÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔÏÝÈÖÕϱØËË
I IQ gÓÍË ÆÓÈ ±ÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔÏÝÈ ÖÕϱØËË ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐ ÇËÖ
ÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÕÈÎÝÏÄ;Ô ÈÆÓÈË×ÑÈÒÆÝÈÙÄÓÔÏÝÈÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇÏÝÈ
ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÝ ÏÄ ; ÔÐ ÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÈ I ÏÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÓÃ ÐÉÒÓÉÓÞÇÐÑ
ÈÌ××ÉÓÉÐÙÌÓÖÉÏÞÏÑÕÑÆÓÅÊÉÐÌÉÏÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÅ;
ÓÏÐ ÙÔÐ ËÊ ÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÕÈÎÐÓÔË ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐ ÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏ
ØËÒÕÈÎÝ× ÖÕϱØËÌ ÓÎ ÔÈÐÒÈÎÕ Æ Ñ ÓÍÈÇÕÈÔ ÇËÖ
ÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÕÈÎÐÓÔÞ ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐ ÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÕÈÎÝ× ÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈ
ÏËÌ
oÄÑÐÎÏËÎÙÔÐÆÊÄËÎÏÐÐÇÏÐÊÏÄÙÏÐÈÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÈÐÔÐÅÒÄ
ÉÈÏËÈ Õ ±ÐÔÐÒÐÐ ÐÅÒÄÔÏÐÈ ÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÈ ÔıÉÈ ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐ
ÏÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÓÃÐÎÈÐÎÐÒÖËÊÎÐÎÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËÈ ÆÑ
°ÑÒÇÆÇÍÇÏÊÇ eÑÏÉÑÏÑÓ×ÐÑÉ ÑÕÑÆÓÅÊÉÐÌÉ I ÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÅ *
ÐÅ ÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÅ ' ÈÉ * Ì ' µ ÑÕ²ÓÞÕÞÉ ÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÅ ÒÓÑ
ÔÕÓÅÐÔÕÇÅ5QÐÅËÞÇÅÉÕÔÄÈÌ××ÉÑÏÑÓ×ÐÞÏÑÕÑÆÓÅÊÉÐÌÉÏ
ÌÎÌÈÌ××ÉÑÏÑÓ×ÌËÏÑÏÉÔÎ̲ŲÑÐÑÔÅÏÑÕŲÌÑÆÓÅÕÐÑÉ
ÉÏÖÑÕÑÆÓÅÊÉÐÌÉI´'{*ÐÉÒÓÉÓÞÇÐÑÈÌ××ÉÓÉÐÙÌÓÖÉÏÞ
°ÑÒÇÆÇÍÇÏÊÇ pÕÑÆÓÅÊÉÐÌÉÐÅËÞÇÅÉÕÔÄÎѲÅÎßÐÑÑÏÉÑÏÑÓ×
ÐÞÏ ÎѲÅÎßÐÑ ÈÌ××ÉÑÏÑÓ×ÐÞÏ Ç ÐɲÑÕÑÓÑÍ ÕÑÚ²É ÉÔÎÌ Ö
àÕÑÍ ÕÑÚ²Ì Ì Ö ÉÉ ÑÆÓÅËÅ ÔÖÜÉÔÕÇÖáÕ Ñ²ÓÉÔÕÐÑÔÕÌ ÑÏÉ
ÑÏÑÓ×ÐÑ ÈÌ××ÉÑÏÑÓ×ÐÑ ÑÕÑÆÓÅÊÅáÜÌÉÔÄ ÈÓÖ ÐÅ ÈÓÖÅ ÒÓÌ
ÈÅÐÐÑÏÑÕÑÆÓÅÊÉÐÌÌ
´ § ° ² § ® ¢ gÔÎÌ Ö ÐÉÒÓÉÓÞÇÐÑ ÈÌ××ÉÓÉÐÙÌÓÖÉÏÑÑ ÑÕÑ
ÆÓÅÊÉÐÌÄÉÑIJÑÆÌÅÐÇÐɲÑÕÑÓÑÍÕÑÚ²ÉÐÉÓÅÇÉÐÐÖÎáÕÑ
ÇàÕÑÍÕÑÚ²ÉÑÕÑÆÓÅÊÉÐÌÉÎѲÅÎßÐÑÈÌ××ÉÑÏÑÓ×ÐÑ
oÉÒÓÉÓÞÇÐÑ ÈÌ××ÉÓÉÐÙÌÓÖÉÏÑÉ ÑÕÑÆÓÅÊÉÐÌÉ
³ § ¦ ³ ´ ¤ ª §
Ô Ä²ÑÆÌÅÐÑÏ ÐÉ ÓÅÇÐÞÏ ÐÖÎá ÑÕÑÆÓÅÊÅÉÕ ÑÕ²ÓÞÕÑÉ ÏÐÑ
ÊÉÔÕÇÑÐÅÑÕ²ÓÞÕÑÉ
³ § ¦ ³ ´ ¤ ª § ÑÒÊÏØÊÑÓÐ×ÒÂÏÇÏÊáÐÃÍÂÓÔÊ pÆÓÅËÑÆÎÅÔÕÌÒÓÌ
ÐÉÒÓÉÓÞÇÐÑ ÈÌ××ÉÓÉÐÙÌÓÖÉÏÑÏ ÑÕÑÆÓÅÊÉÐÌÌ Ô Ä²ÑÆÌÅÐÑÏ
ÐÉÓÅÇÐÞÏÐÖÎáÄÇÎÄÉÕÔÄÑÆÎÅÔÕßá
¦ Ð Ì Â É Â Ô Ç Í Þ Ó Ô Ä Ð qÕÓÔÞ* µÐÔ±ÒÝÔÐÈÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐÆÑÒÐ
ÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÈ 5 [Q\ I[ µÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÕÈÎÐÈÐÔÐ
ÅÒÄÉÈÏËÈÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ*ÆÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÐ 5 \Q [ [[ [Q
\ \ \ \Q ÑÕÓÔÞ IL µ ±ÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔÏÝÈ ÖÕϱØËË ßÔÐÐ
ÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÃL Q
dÆÈÇÈÎÐÅÐÊÏÄÙÈÏËÃ
)L[\ IL[[ [Q´\M L Q
\ I[
vÕϱØËË )L ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏÝ ÏÄ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÈ * ¨ 5Q Ë
∂( ) ) ) Q ) ∂( I I I )
Q
ÑÒË ßÔÐÎ ÆÝÑÐÍÏÃàÔÓÃ ÓÍÈ
∂( [ [ [ Q ) ∂( [ [ [ Q )
ÇÕàÛËÈÕÓÍÐÆËÃ
)L[\
rÄÓÓÎÐÔÒËÎÓËÓÔÈÎÕÕÒÄÆÏÈÏËÌ
)L[\ L Q
dÓËÍÕÖÐÒÎÕÍßÔÄÓËÓÔÈÎÄÒÄÆÏÐÓËÍÞÏÄÓËÓÔÈÎÈ
IL[[ [Q´\L L Q
ËÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÕÒÄÆÏÈÏËà
\ I[
jÊÔÈÐÒÈÎÝÐÏÈÃÆÏÝ×ÖÕϱØËÃ×ÓÎÑ ÓÍÈÇÕÈÔÙÔÐ
ÓËÓÔÈÎÕ ÕÒÄÆÏÈÏËÌ ËÍË ÙÔÐ ÔÐ ÉÈ ÓÄÎÐÈ ÕÒÄÆÏÈÏËÈ
ÎÐÉÏÐ ÒÄÊÒÈÚËÔÞ ÐÔÏÐÓËÔÈÍÞÏÐ [ [ [ [Q Æ
ÏȱÐÔÐÒÐÌ Ð±ÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔË ÔÐÙ±Ë [ ÐÔÎÈÔËÎ ÙÔÐ Æ ÓËÓÔÈÎÈ
ÒÐÍËÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÝ×[Ë\ÑÐÓÒÄÆÏÈÏËàÓÓËÓÔÈÎÐÌ
ÑÐÎÈÏÃÍËÓÞ ÎÈÓÔÄÎË ÔÄÎ ÓËÓÔÈÎÄ ÒÄÊÒÈÚÄÍÄÓÞ ÐÔÏÐÓËÔÈÍÞÏÐ
\ÄÊÇÈÓÞ µÐÔÏÐÓËÔÈÍÞÏÐ[ÔÐÐÊÏÄÙÄÈÔÙÔÐÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕàÔÔÄ
±ËÈбÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔË8Ë9ÓÐÐÔÆÈÔÓÔÆÈÏÏÐÔÐÙȱ[Ë\
[∈8 \∈9
ËÇÍñÄÉÇÐÌÔÐÙ±Ë\∈9ÕÒÄÆÏÈÏËÈËÎÈÈÔÆбÒÈÓÔÏÐÓ
ÔË 8 ÈÇËÏÓÔÆÈÏÏÐÈ ÒÈÚÈÏËÈ ±ÐÔÐÒÐÈ ÐÅÐÊÏÄÙËÎ [ J\ ÔÐ
ÒÈÚÈÏËÈÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÕÈÎÐ
tıËÎ ÐÅÒÄÊÐÎ ÇÍà ÍàÅÐÌ ÔÐÙ±Ë \∈9 ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔ Ë ÑÒË
ßÔÐÎÈÇËÏÓÔÆÈÏÏÄÃÔÐÙ±Ä[∈8ÄËÎÈÏÏÐ[ J\ÔıÄÃÙÔÐ
IJ\ \
ËÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐI8¬ 9
rÄÓÓÎÐÔÒËÎÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÈIÔÐÍÞ±ÐÏÄÐÔ±ÒÝÔÐÎÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÈ8
ËÏÄÙÈ ÐÆÐÒÃ ÒÄÓÓÎÐÔÒËÎ ÓÕÉÈÏËÈ I8 ÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÃ I ÏÄ ÎÏÐ
ÉÈÓÔÆÐ8pÅÐÊÏÄÙËÎÙÈÒÈÊ8ÑÒÐÐÅÒÄÊÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ9ÑÒËßÔÐÎ
ÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËË
±
8 I 8 9
±
jÔıÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÈ I 8 ÐÅÒÄÔÏÐÈÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËà I 8 ÐÇÏÐÊÏÄÙ
ÏÐ Ë ÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÕÈÎÐ ÏÄ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÈ 9 ÔÐ Ë ÐÊÏÄÙÄÈÔ ÙÔÐ
ÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÈIÍбÄÍÞÏÐÇËÖÖÈÐÎÐÒÖÏÐÆÔÐÙ±È[
qÈÒÆÐÈ ÓÍÈÇÓÔÆËÈ ËÊ ÔÈÐÒÈÎÝ ÆÝÔȱÄÈÔ ËÊ ÔÐÐ ÙÔÐ ÑÒË
ÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÈÏÕÍàñÐÅËÄÏÄÆÐÆÓÈ×ÔÐÙ±Ä×ÐÔ±ÒÝÔÐÐÎÏÐÉÈ
ÓÔÆıÄÉÇÄÃÔÐÙ±ÄÐÅÒÄÊÄßÔÐÐÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄÓÐÍÄÓÏÐÇбÄÊÄÏ
ÏÐÌ ÔÈÐÒÈÎÈ ËÎÈÈÔ Ð±ÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔÞ ÏÄ ±ÐÔÐÒÕà ÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÄÈÔÓÃ
ÏȱÐÔÐÒÄÃбÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔÞÑÒÐÐÅÒÄÊÄßÔÐÌÔÐÙ±ËtıËÎÐÅÒÄÊÐÎ
Æ ßÔÐÎ ÓÍÕÙÄÈ ±ÄÉÇÄà ÔÐÙ±Ä ÐÅÒÄÊÄ ËÎÈÈÔ Ð±ÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔÞ ÑÒË
ÏÄÇÍÈÉÄÛÕà ÐÅÒÄÊÕ ÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÄÈÎÐÐ ÐÔ±ÒÝÔÐÐ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ
ÔÐËÐÊÏÄÙÄÈÔÙÔÐßÔÐÔÐÅÒÄÊÔıÉÈÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃÐÔ±ÒÝÔÝÎÎÏÐ
ÉÈÓÔÆÐÎ
qÐÓ±ÐÍÞ±ÕÐÅÍÄÓÔÞÈÓÔÞÍËÏÈÌÏÐÓÆÃÊÏÐÈÐÔ±ÒÝÔÐÈÎÏÐÉÈ
ÓÔÆÐËÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÝÌÐÅÒÄÊÍËÏÈÌÏÐÓÆÃÊÏÐÐÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄÔıÉÈ
ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃÍËÏÈÌÏÐÓÆÃÊÏÝÎÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐÎÔÈÐÒÈÎÄ ÆÑ
ÆÔÐÒÐÈÓÍÈÇÓÔÆËÈÆÝÔȱÄÈÔËÊÑÈÒÆÐÐ
i Ä Î È Ù Ä Ï Ë Ã uÓÍÐÆËÈÔÐÐÙÔÐñÐÅËÄÏÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÏÕ
ÍàÆÒÄÓÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄÈÎÐÌÔÐÙ±ÈÐÔ±ÒÝÔÐÐÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÈÏ
ÏÐÇÍÃÓÑÒÄÆÈÇÍËÆÐÓÔËÕÔÆÈÒÉÇÈÏËÃÇбÄÊÄÏÏÐÌÔÈÐÒÈÎÝfÈÌ
ÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÐÏÄÑÒËÎÈÒÕÉÈÇÍÃÓÍÕÙÄÃQ ÖÕϱØËÃI[ [
ÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÄÈÔ ÐÔ±ÒÝÔÐÈ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐ ´ Æ ÏÈÐÔ±ÒÝÔÐÈ >
ÊÇÈÓÞñÐÅËÄÏÐÎÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇÏÄÃËI′
cÝÍÐÇбÄÊÄÏÐÙÔÐÐÇÏÐÊÏÄÙÏÐÈÐÅÒÄÔÏÐÈÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÈ
ÇÍà ÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÃ Ó ÏÈÒÄÆÏÝÎ ÏÕÍà ñÐÅËÄÏÐÎ ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔ
ÔÐÍޱРÍбÄÍÞÏÐ Ô È Æ Ð±ÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔË ±ÄÉÇÐÌ ÔÐÙ±Ë d ØÈÍÐÎ
ÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÈ Ó ÏÈÒÄÆÏÝÎ ÏÕÍà ñÐÅËÄÏÐÎ ÏÈ ËÎÈÈÔ ÆÐÐÅÛÈ
ÐÆÐÒÃÐÇÏÐÊÏÄÙÏÐÐÐÅÒÄÔÏÐÐÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÃ
qбÄÉÈÎ ßÔÐ ÏÄ ÑÒËÎÈÒÈ ÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËà Z ] ]∈& Z∈&
ÈÇËÏËÙÏÐÐ ±ÒÕÄ Ó ÆݱÐÍÐÔÝÎ ØÈÏÔÒÐÎ _]_ ±ÐÔÐÒÐÈ
ÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÄÈÔ ßÔÐ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐ ÏÄ ÓÈÅà tıÐÈ ÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÈ ÏÈ ÆÊÄ
ËÎÏÐÐÇÏÐÊÏÄÙÏÐ Ôı ±Ä± ÐÅÒÄÔÏÐÈ ÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÈ ] Z ÇÆÕ
ÊÏÄÙÏÐÇÍÃÍàÅÐÐZ_Z_ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔÇÆÄÊÏÄÙÈÏËñÐÒ
ÏÃ] Z _]_qбÄÉÈÎÙÔÐñÐÅËÄÏßÔÐÐÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÃ
ÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÏÕÍàqÕÓÔÞ] [L\Z XLYÔÐÇÄXLY [L\
ÑÐßÔÐÎÕX [´\Y [\pÔÓàÇÄ
∂( XY )
[ ± \ [\ ÑÒË ]
∂( [\ ) \ [
¯ÇáÄÏÝÇÖÕÏÌØÊÊÐÑÒÇÆÇÍáÇÎÝÇÕÒÂÄÏÇÏÊÇÎ
ÄÌÐÔÐÒÐÎÏÂÒÕÚÂàÔÓáÕÓÍÐÄÊáÇÆÊÏÓÔÄÇÏÏÐÓÔÊ
°ÓÐÃÝÇÔÐÙÌÊÑÍÐÓÌÊ×ÌÒÊÄÝ×
nÝ ÕÉÈ ÊÏÄÈÎ ÙÔÐ ÈÓÍË ±ÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔÝ ÏȱÐÔÐÒÐÌ ÔÐÙ±Ë [
[ ( ) [ Q( )ÕÇÐÆÍÈÔÆÐÒÃàÔÕÒÄÆÏÈÏËà
)[ [Q
∂)
ËÆßÔÐÌÔÐÙ±ÈÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇÏÄÃ
ÏÈÒÄÆÏÄÏÕÍàÔÐÑÒËÓÐÐÔÆÈÔ
∂[ L
ÓÔÆÕàÛË× ÕÓÍÐÆËÃ× ÏÄÍÄÄÈÎÝ× ÏÄ ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÓÔÞ ÓÄÎÐÌ
ÖÕϱØËË ) Ë Õ±ÄÊÄÏÏÐÌ ÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇÏÐÌ ÕÒÄÆÏÈÏËÈ ÒÄÊ
ÒÈÚËÎÐÆÏȱÐÔÐÒÐÌбÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔËÔÐÙ±Ë[ÐÔÏÐÓËÔÈÍÞÏÐ[LË
ÒÈÚÈÏËÈ ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓà ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐ ÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÕÈÎÐÌ ÖÕϱØËÈÌ
ÐÓÔÄÍÞÏÝ×±ÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔ
gÓÔÈÓÔÆÈÏÏÐ ÆÐÊÏ˱ÄÈÔ ÆÐÑÒÐÓ ÙÔÐ ÅÕÇÈÔ Æ ÓÍÕÙÄÈ ±ÐÇÄ Æ
ÔÐÙ±È[ÙÄÓÔÏÝÈÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇÏÝÈÑÐÆÓÈÎÄÒÕÎÈÏÔÄÎÐÅÒÄÛÄàÔÓÃ
ÆÏÕÍÞ µÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÃÈÔÆßÔÐÎÓÍÕÙÄÈÕÒÄÆÏÈÏËȱıËÈÍËÅÐ
ÖÕϱØËË ËÍË ÏÈÔ" pÓÔÄÏÐÆËÎÓà ÏÄ ßÔÐÎ ÆÐÑÒÐÓÈ dÆËÇÕ ÈÐ
ÓÍÐÉÏÐÓÔË ÐÒÄÏËÙËÎÓÃ ÒÄÓÓÎÐÔÒÈÏËÈÎ ÇÆÕÎÈÒÏÐÐ ÓÍÕÙÄÃ
jÔıÅÕÇÈÎÒÄÓÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄÔÞÕÒÄÆÏÈÏËÈ
)[\
ÇÈÖÕϱØËÃ)ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏÄËÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÕÈÎÄÆ
ÏȱÐÔÐÒÐÌбÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔËÔÐÙ±Ë[\ÔıÐÌÙÔÐ
)[\
Ë
)[[\ )\[\
qбÄÉÈÎÙÔÐËÑÒËÆÝÑÐÍÏÈÏËËßÔË×ÕÓÍÐÆËÌÕÒÄÆÏÈÏËÈ
ËÏÐÇÄÎÐÉÈÔÅÝÔÞÒÄÊÒÈÚÈÏÐÆбÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔËÔÐÙ±Ë[\ÐÔÏÐ
ÓËÔÈÍÞÏÐ ÐÇÏÐÌ ËÊ ÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÝ× Ôı ÙÔÐ ÑÐÍÕÙËÔÓà ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐ
ÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÕÈÎÄÃÖÕϱØËÃÐÇÏıÐßÔÐÎÐÉÏÐÓÇÈÍÄÔÞÆÐÐÅÛÈ
ÐÆÐÒÃÏÈÈÇËÏÓÔÆÈÏÏÝÎÐÅÒÄÊÐÎtıËÎÐÅÒÄÊÐÎÕÓÍÐÆËÈ
) [[\ ) \[\
±ÐÔÐÒÐÈÆÏÄÚÈÎÓÍÕÙÄÈÓÎÏÈÆÝÑÐÍÏÃÈÔÓÃ˱ÐÔÐÒÐÈ
ÑÐÊÆÐÍÃÈÔ ÑÒËÎÈÏËÔÞ ÔÈÐÒÈÎÕ Ð ÏÈÃÆÏÝ× ÖÕϱØËÃ× ± ÐÇÏÐ
ÎÕËÊÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÝ×ÈÓÔÈÓÔÆÈÏÏÐÏÄÊÆÄÔÞÕÓÍÐÆËÈÎÐÇÏÐÊÏÄÙÏÐÌ
ÒÄÊÒÈÚËÎÐÓÔËÕÒÄÆÏÈÏËÃ
°ÑÒÇÆÇÍÇÏÊÇ tÑÚ²Å[\²ÑÑÓÈÌÐÅÕÞ²ÑÕÑÓÑÍÖÈÑÇÎÉÕ
ÇÑÓÄáÕÖÔÎÑÇÌÄÏÌÐÅËÞÇÅÉÕÔÄÑÔÑÆÑÍÕÑÚ²ÑÍ
ÖÓÅÇÐÉÐÌÄ
pÔÑÆÅÄ ÕÑڲŠÐÅËÞÇÅÉÕÔÄ ÌËÑÎÌÓÑÇÅÐÐÑÍ ÉÔÎÌ ÔÖÜÉÔÕ
ÇÖÉÕ ÉÉ Ñ²ÓÉÔÕÐÑÔÕß Ç ²ÑÕÑÓÑÍ ÑÐÅ ÄÇÎÄÉÕÔÄ ÉÈÌÐÔÕÇÉÐ
ÐÑÍÑÔÑÆÑÍÕÑÚ²ÑÍ
eÈÐÎÈÔÒËÙÈÓ±ËßÔÐÐÊÏÄÙÄÈÔÙÔÐÈÓÍËÕÒÄÆÏÈÏËÈÃÆÍÃ
ÈÔÓà ÏÈÃÆÏÝÎ ÑÒÈÇÓÔÄÆÍÈÏËÈÎ ±Ä±ÐÌÍËÅÐ ±ÒËÆÐÌ ÔÐ Æ Ð±ÒÈÓÔ
ÏÐÓÔËÐÓÐÅÝ×ÔÐÙȱÕÒÄÆÏÈÏËñÒËÆÄÃÆÐÐÅÛÈÐÆÐÒÃÏÈÃÆÍÃÈÔ
Óà ÒÄÖ˱ÐÎ ÏȱÐÔÐÒÐÌ ÍÄDZÐÌ ÐÇÏÐÊÏÄÙÏÐÌ ÖÕϱØËË ±Ä± ßÔÐ
ËÎÈÈÔ ÎÈÓÔÐ ÑÒË ÆÝÑÐÍÏÈÏËË ÕÓÍÐÆËÃ ÊÇÈÓÞ ÆÐÊÎÐÉÏÝ
ÒÄÊÏÝÈÐÓÐÅÈÏÏÐÓÔ˱ÐÔÐÒÝÈÎÝÓÈÌÙÄÓËÒÄÓÓÎÐÔÒËÎ
dÆÈÇÈÎÇÍñÒÄÔ±ÐÓÔËÊÄÑËÓËÐÅÐÊÏÄÙÈÏËÃ
) [ \ ) ) [ \ )
)[[[\ ) [[ [\ [\ \\ \\
´ § ° ² § ® ¢ qÖÔÕß ×ÖвÙÌÄ )[ \ ÑÒÓÉÈÉÎÉÐÅ Ì ÈÇÅÊÈÞ
ÐÉÒÓÉÓÞÇÐÑÈÌ××ÉÓÉÐÙÌÓÖÉÏÅÇÐɲÑÕÑÓÑÍѲÓÉÔÕÐÑÔÕÌÌËÑ
ÎÌÓÑÇÅÐÐÑÍÑÔÑÆÑÍÕÑÚ²Ì[\ÖÓÅÇÐÉÐÌÄÌÒÖÔÕß
) ´ )
) [[ [\ [\
tÑÈÅÉÔÎÌ
) ´ ) !
) [[ \\ [\
ÕÑ [ \ ÄÇÎÄÉÕÔÄ ÌËÑÎÌÓÑÇÅÐÐÞÏ ÓÉÛÉÐÌÉÏ ÖÓÅÇÐÉÐÌÄ
Õ ÉÔÖÜÉÔÕÇÖÉÕѲÓÉÔÕÐÑÔÕßÕÑÚ²Ì[\Ð̲Å
²ÅÄÕÑڲŲÑÕÑÓÑͲÓÑÏÉ[\ÐÉÖÈÑÇÎÉÕÇÑÓÄÉÕÖÓÅÇÐÉ
ÐÌáÉÔÎÌÊÉ
) ´ )
) [[
\\ [\
ÕÑ ÖÓÅÇÐÉÐÌÉ ÓÅËÓÉÛÌÏÑ Ç ÐɲÑÕÑÓÑÍ Ñ²ÓÉÔÕÐÑÔÕÌ
ÕÑÚ²Ì [ \ ÐÑ ÐÉ ÑÈÐÑËÐÅÚÐÑ ÌÏÉáÕÔÄ ÈÇÉ ÓÅËÎÌÚÐÞÉ
ÐÉÒÓÉÓÞÇÐÑ ÈÌ××ÉÓÉÐÙÌÓÖÉÏÞÉ ×ÖвÙÌÌ ÖÈÑÇÎÉÕÇÑÓÄáÜÌÉ
ÖÓÅÇÐÉÐÌá tÑڲŠ[ \ ÐÅËÞÇÅÉÕÔÄ Ç àÕÑÏ ÔÎÖÚÅÉ
ÈÇÑÍÐÑÍÕÑÚ²ÑÍ
oÄÑÒËÎÈÒÈÓÍË
) \\
ÔÐ ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕàÔ ÇÆÈ ÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÕÈÎÝÈ ÖÕϱØËË I[ Ë I[
ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏÏÝÈÆÏȱÐÔÐÒÐÌбÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔËÔÐÙ±Ë[ËÔıËÈÙÔÐ
Æ ßÔÐÌ Ð±ÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔË )[ I[ )[ I[ ÑÒËÙÈÎ
I[ I[ \ÄÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇÏÝÈÖÕϱØËÌI[ËI[ÆÔÐÙ±È[
ÃÆÍÃàÔÓÃÒÄÊÍËÙÏÝÎ˱ÐÒÏÃÎËÕÒÄÆÏÈÏËÃ
) N ) N
) [[
[\ \\
ËÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÝ
¦ Ð Ì Â É Â Ô Ç Í Þ Ó Ô Ä Ð qÕÓÔÞ ÆÝÑÐÍÏÈÏÐ ÕÓÍÐÆËÈ
dÎÈÓÔÈÓÐÏÐÇÐÓÔÄÔÐÙÏÐÇÍÃÏÄÍËÙËÃÓÔÒÐÐÐß±ÓÔÒÈ
ÎÕÎÄÖÕϱØËË)[\ÆÔÐÙ±È[\ÓÎÔÈÐÒÈÎÕÆÑ
qÐßÔÐÎÕ ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔ Ð±ÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔÞ 8 ÔÐÙ±Ë [ \ ÔıÄà ÙÔÐ
ÑÒË[\∈8Ë[\ [\ÍËÅÐÆÓÈÇÄ)[\!)[\ÍË
ÅÐÆÓÈÇÄ)[\)[\ËÔı±Ä±)[\ ÔÐ)[\
ÇÍÃÆÓÈ×[\∈8[\ [\Ô È[\ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃËÊÐÍË
ÒÐÆÄÏÏÝÎÒÈÚÈÏËÈÎÕÒÄÆÏÈÏËÃ
qÕÓÔÞÔÈÑÈÒÞÆÝÑÐÍÏÈÏÐÕÓÍÐÆËÈrÄÊÍÐÉËÎÖÕϱ
ØËà)[\ÑÐÖÐÒÎÕÍÈtÈÌÍÐÒÄÆбÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔËÔÐÙ±Ë[\ÇÐ
ÓÍÄÄÈÎÝ×ÆÔÐÒÐÐÑÐÒÃDZÄÔÐÇÄÑÒËÏÃÆÆÐÆÏËÎÄÏËÈÕÓÍÐ
ÆËÃËÑÐÍÕÙËÎ
qÒÈÇÑÐÍÐÉËÎÔÈÑÈÒÞÙÔÐÆÝÑÐÍÏÈÏÐÔıÉÈËÕÓÍÐÆËÈ
gÓÍËϕ ¥ π ÔÐ3ϕ ) \\
Ë
U
) \\RUU{
)[\
sÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÆÏȱÐÔÐÒÐÌбÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔËÔÐÙ±Ë[\ÑÒËU
Ë ϕ ¥ π ËÎÈÈÎ )[ \
qÐßÔÐÎÕ ÑÒË ÐÔÝÓ±ÄÏËË ÒÈÚÈ
ÏËÌ ÕÒÄÆÏÈÏËà )[ \ Æ ÇÐÓÔÄÔÐÙÏÐ ÎÄÍÐÌ Ð±ÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔË
dÇÄÍÞÏÈÌÚÈÎÅÕÇÈÎÑÒÈÇÑÐÍÄÄÔÞÙÔÐбÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔÞÔÐÙ±Ë[\
ÆÝÅÒÄÏÄÔıËÎÐÅÒÄÊÐÎÙÔÐßÔÐÕÓÍÐÆËÈÆÝÑÐÍÏÃÈÔÓÃ
ÔÐÙ±Ë[\ÎÐÉÏÐÑÒÈÇÑÐÍÐÉËÔÞÙÔÐϕ π PP
¥¥tÐÇÄ
3ϕ FRV ϕ ) [[
) WJ ϕ ) WJ ϕ
[\ \\
qÕÓÔÞNËN µ±ÐÒÏËÕÒÄÆÏÈÏËÃËÑÕÓÔÞϕ DUFWJ N
Ëϕ DUFWJ NtÐÇÄ
ϕ ¥π ϕ ¥π
ËËÊÓÍÈÇÕÈÔÙÔÐ
3ϕ FRV ϕWJ ϕ´WJ ϕWJ ϕ´WJ ϕ
jÊ ÖÐÒÎÕÍÝ ÆËÇÏÐ ÙÔÐ 3ϕ ÑÒË ϕ π P
P ¥¥ ÐÅÒÄÛÄÈÔÓÃÆÏÕÍÞÔÐÍÞ±ÐÇÍÃϕ ϕPπË
ϕ ϕPπP ¥¥ ÑÒËÙÈÎÑÒËÑÈÒÈ×ÐÇÈÄÒÕÎÈÏÔÄ
ÙÈÒÈÊßÔËÊÏÄÙÈÏËÃÐÏÄÎÈÏÃÈÔÊÏıoÄÎÅÕÇÈÔÕÇÐÅÏÐËÏÔÈÒÑÒÈ
ÔËÒÐÆÄÔÞ 3ϕ ±Ä± ÖÕϱØËà ÔÐÙ±Ë Ð±ÒÕÉÏÐÓÔË & Ó ØÈÏÔÒÐÎ Æ
ÔÐÙ±È[\ËÒÄÇËÕÓÄÒÄÆÏÐÐÔıÐÌÒÄÇËÕÓÆÝÅËÒÄÈÔÓÃÇÍÃ
ÑÒÐÓÔÐÔÝÙÔÐÅÝÇÍËÏÝÇÕÓÐÆÑÄÇÄÍËÓÕÍÄÎËϕ
qÕÓÔÞε!pÅÐÊÏÄÙËÎÙÈÒÈÊ8 8εÐÔ±ÒÝÔÝÌÕÐÍÐÑ
ÒÈÇÈÍÃÈÎÝÌÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐÎϕ´εϕϕεÔ È
8 ^Uϕ ϕ´εϕϕε`
ÓÐÐÔÆÈÔÓÔÆÈÏÏÐÑÐÍÐÉËÎ
8 ^Uϕ ϕ´εϕϕε`
ÑÒËßÔÐÎÆÝÅÈÒÈÎε!ÓÔÐÍÞÎÄÍÝÎÙÔÐÅÝ8Ë8ÏÈÑÈÒÈÓÈ
±ÄÍËÓÞËÏÈÓÐÇÈÒÉÄÍËÆÓÈÅÈÑÐÍÕÐÓËÐÒÇËÏÄÔÄÊÏÄÙËÔËÆÐ
ÐÅÛÈÆÈÒÔ˱ÄÍÞÏÝ×ÑÐÍÕÑÒÃÎÝ×ÑÐÓÍÈÇÏÈÈÆÓÈÇÄÎÐÉÏÐÆÝ
ÑÐÍÏËÔÞÆÓÍÈÇÓÔÆËÈÕÓÍÐÆËÌ
qÕÓÔÞ 8
Ë 8
µ ÕÍÝ ØÈÏÔÒÄÍÞÏÐÓËÎÎÈÔÒËÙÏÝÈ Ó 8 Ë
8ÐÔÏÐÓËÔÈÍÞÏÐÔÐÙ±Ë[\
8
^Uϕ ϕπ´εϕϕπε`
8
^Uϕ ϕπ´εϕϕπε`
dÓËÍÕÆÝÅÐÒÄÙËÓÍÄεÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ88 8
Ë 8
ÑÐÑÄÒÏÐ
ÏÈÑÈÒÈÓȱÄàÔÓÃÒËÓ
rÄÓÓÎÐÔÒËÎ ÔÈÑÈÒÞ 3ϕ ±Ä± ÖÕϱØËà ÔÐÙ±Ë Õ±ÄÊÄÏÏÐÌ
ÆÝÚÈбÒÕÉÏÐÓÔË&tÐÙ±ÕбÒÕÉÏÐÓÔË&±ÐÔÐÒÐÌÓÐÐÔÆÈÔÓÔ
ÆÕÈÔÑÐÍÃÒÏÝÌÕÐÍϕÅÕÇÈÎÇÍÃÑÒÐÓÔÐÔÝÔıÉÈÐÅÐÊÏÄÙÄÔÞ
ÙÈÒÈÊϕuÇÄÍËÎËÊÕ±ÄÊÄÏÏÐÌбÒÕÉÏÐÓÔËËÏÔÈÒÆÄÍÝÓØÈÏÔ
\
ϕ´ε ϕε
ϕ ϕ
.ρ
ϕε ϕ´ε
ρFRVϕ ε [
´
ϕπ ϕπ
rËÓ
ÒÄÎËÆÔÐÙ±Ä×ϕϕϕπËϕπÇÍËÏÝε
ÆÓËÍÕÆÝÅÐÒÄ
ε!ßÔËËÏÔÈÒÆÄÍÝÏÈËÎÈàÔÐÅÛË×ÔÐÙȱpÓÔÄÆÚÈÈÓÃÎÏÐ
ÉÈÓÔÆбÐÔÐÒÐÈÐÅÐÊÏÄÙËÎÙÈÒÈÊ%ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃÐÒÄÏËÙÈÏÏÝÎË
ÊÄαÏÕÔÝÎÄÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏбÐÎÑıÔÐÎoÄ%ÖÕϱØËÃ3ϕ
ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÄËÏÈÐÅÒÄÛÄÈÔÓÃÆÏÕÍÞÑÐßÔÐÎÕ
LQI _3ϕ_ µ!
ϕ∈%
pÅÐÊÏÄÙËÎÙÈÒÈÊ.ρÊÄαÏÕÔÝ̱ÒÕÓØÈÏÔÒÐÎÆÔÐÙ±È[\
ËÒÄÇËÕÓÐÎρ.ρ ^Uϕ PUPρ`ÄÙÈÒÈÊ/ρÐÅÐÊÏÄÙËÎÎÏÐÉÈ
ÓÔÆÐ ±ÐÔÐÒÐÈ ÑÐÍÕÙÄÈÔÓà ÆÝÙËÔÄÏËÈÎ Æ ÔÈÐÒÈÔ˱ÐÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÈÏ
ÏÐÎ ÓÎÝÓÍÈ ÓÎ Ñ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆ 8 8 8
Ë 8
ËÊ ±ÒÕÄ .ρ
vÕϱØËÃ3ϕÏÈÊÄÆËÓËÔÐÔUÑÐßÔÐÎÕÏÄÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÈ/ρÆÓËÍÕ
ËÎÈÈÎ
LQI _3ϕ_ µ!
( Uϕ ) ∈ / ρ
jÏÔÈÒÄÍÐÎÇÍËÏÝεÏÄбÒÕÉÏÐÓÔËÓØÈÏÔÒÐÎÆÔÐÙ±ÈÑÐÍÃÒÏÝÌ
ÕÐͱÐÔÐÒÐÌÒÄÆÈÏϕÏÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÓÃÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐÈÈÔÐÙȱÑÐÍÃÒÏÝÈÕÍÝϕ
±ÐÔÐÒÝ×ÕÇÐÆÍÈÔÆÐÒÃàÔÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÕϕ´εϕϕε
tÐÇÄËÊÓÍÈÇÕÈÔÙÔÐÇÍÃÆÓÈ×ÔÐÙȱUϕ∈/ρÆÝÒÄÉÈ
ÏËÈ ÓÔÐÃÛÈÈ Æ ÑÒÄÆÐÌ ÙÄÓÔË ÖÐÒÎÕÍÝ ËÎÈÈÔ ÔÐÔ ÉÈ
ÊÏıÙÔÐË3ϕ
nÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐ/ρÓÐÓÔÐËÔËÊÙÈÔÝÒÈ×ÊÄαÏÕÔÝ×ÓȱÔÐÒÐÆÓÎ
ÒËÓ ÏıÄÉÇÐÎËʱÐÔÐÒÝ×ÊÄÆÝÙÈÔÐÎË×ØÈÏÔÒÄÖÕϱ
ØËÃ3ϕÄÊÏÄÙËÔÆÓËÍÕÆÝÅÐÒÄρËÖÕϱØËÃ)[\ÑÒËÏË
ÎÄàÔ ÊÏÄÙÈÏËà ÐÇÏÐÐ Ë ÔÐÐ ÉÈ ÊÏÄ±Ä Ä ÏÄ ÓÐÓÈÇÏË×
ÓȱÔÐÒÄ× µ ÒÄÊÏÝ× ÊÏıÐÆ pÔÎÈÔËÎ ÙÔÐ ÖÕϱØËà )[ \ Æ
ÓËÍÕ ÓÆÐÈÌ ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÓÔË ÏÈ ÎÈÏÃÈÔ ÊÏı Ë ÑÒË ÑÈÒÈ×ÐÇÈ
ÙÈÒÈÊ ÑÒÃÎÕà [ [ ÓÐÐÔÆÈÔÓÔÆÕàÛÕà ËÓ±ÍàÙÈÏÏÝÎ ËÊ
ÒÄÓÓÎÐÔÒÈÏËà ÊÏÄÙÈÏËÃÎ ϕ ¥ π Ôı ±Ä± ÅÝÍÄ ÆÝÅÒÄÏÄ
ÔıÄà бÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔÞ ÔÐÙ±Ë [ \ ÙÔÐ Æ ßÔÐÌ Ð±ÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔË ÏÄ
ÑÒÃÎÐÌ[ [ÖÕϱØËÃ)[\ÏÈÐÅÒÄÛÄÈÔÓÃÆÏÕÍÞ
rÄÓÓÎÐÔÒËÎ ÔÈÑÈÒÞ ÕÐÍ 8 8ε qÕÓÔÞ ÇÍÃ ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏ
ÏÐÓÔËPϕπqÈÒÈÓÈÙÈÏËÈÊÄÎݱÄÏËÃ8 ÕÍÄ8ÓÆÈÒÔË
±ÄÍÞÏÐÌÑÒÃÎÐÌ[ [
[[
P[ρ FRV ϕεÑÒÈÇÓÔÄÆÍÃ
ÈÔÓÐÅÐÌÐÔÒÈÊбÏÄÆÈÒ×ÏÈÎËÏËÉÏÈαÐÏØÄ×±ÐÔÐÒÐÐÖÕϱ
ØËÃ )[
\ ÑÒËÏËÎÄÈÔ ÊÏÄÙÈÏËà ÒÄÊÏÐÐ ÊÏÄ±Ä vÕϱØËÃ
)[
\ ÒÄÓÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄÈÎÄà ±Ä± ÖÕϱØËà ÐÇÏÐÐ ÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÐÐ
\ ÑÒË Ö˱ÓËÒÐÆÄÏÏÐÎ [
ÅÕÇÕÙË ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÌ ÏÄ Õ±ÄÊÄÏÏÐÎ
ÐÔÒÈʱÈÐÅÒÄÛÄÈÔÓÃÆÏȱÐÔÐÒÐÌÈÐÔÐÙ±È\
ÆÏÕÍÞÔ ÈÇÍÃ
±ÄÉÇÐÐ [
ÇÈ [ [
P [ ρ FRV ϕ ε ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔ ÑÐ
±ÒÄÌÏÈÌÎÈÒÈÐÇÏÄÔÐÙ±Ä\
ÔıÄÃÙÔÐ
`
)[
\
[
\
∈8ε .ρ
pÑÒÈÇÈÍËÎ\ I[ ±Ä± ÖÕϱØËà ÓÔÄÆÃÛÕà Æ ÓÐÐÔÆÈÔÓÔ
ÆËÈÙËÓÍÕ[
ÙËÓÍÐ\
I[
\
[[
P[ρ FRV ϕε
qбÄÉÈÎ ÙÔÐ ÑÒË ÇÐÓÔÄÔÐÙÏÐ ÎÄÍÝ× ε Ë ρ ÖÕϱØËà I ÐÑÒÈÇÈ
ÍÈÏÄÐÇÏÐÊÏÄÙÏÐÔ ÈÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕàÔÔıËÈε!Ëρ!ÙÔÐÑÒË
ÊÄÇÄÏÏÐÎ[
ÕÓÍÐÆËÃÐÇÏÐÊÏÄÙÏÐÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÃàÔ\
fÐÑÕÓ
ÔËÎÑÒÐÔËÆÏÐÈdÐÊÞÎÈÎÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔËεQ{ËρQ{ÑÒË
Q{tÐÇÄÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕàÔÇÆÈÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔËÔÐÙȱÓÐÇËÏÄ
±ÐÆÝÎËÄÅÓØËÓÓÄÎË[QËÒÄÊÏÝÎËÐÒÇËÏÄÔÄÎË\ Q′ Ë\ Q″ ÔıËÈÙÔÐ
[Q \ Q′ ∈8εQ . ρ )[Q \ Q′
`
Q
[Q\ Q″ ∈8εQ . ρ )[Q\ Q″
`
Q
tÐÇÄÆÓËÍÕÔÈÐÒÈÎÝrÐÍÍÃÏÄÐÔÒÈʱÈ> \ Q′ \ Q″ @ÑÒÃÎÐÌ[ [Q
ÏÄÌÇÈÔÓÃÔÐÙ±Ä\QÔıÄÃÙÔÐ
)\[Q\Q
`
ÑÒË ßÔÐÎ ÐÙÈÆËÇÏÐ [Q \Q∈8εQ . ρ ÑÐ ÕÓÍÐÆËà ÓÎ
Q
ÎÝËÎÈÍËÈÛÈ
)\[\
qÐÖÐÒÎÕÍȱÐÏÈÙÏÝ×ÑÒËÒÄÛÈÏËÌÑÒËÎÈÏÈÏÏÐ̱ÖÕϱ
ØËË)\[\
)\[Q\Q´)\[\ )\[ξQηQ[Q´[)\\ξQηQ\Q´\
`
ξQηQ∈8εQ . ρ
Q
ÐÔ±ÕÇÄÆÓËÍÕË
Q \ µ\
)[\ξQηQ)\\ξQηQ
[Q µ [
qÕÓÔÞ [Q \Q UQ ψQ pÙÈÆËÇÏÐ _ψQ ´ ϕ_ εQ ÑÐßÔÐÎÕ
ËÊÕÓÍÐÆËÃεQ{ÓÍÈÇÕÈÔÙÔÐψQ{ϕÑÒËQ{ËÔı±Ä±
\ µ\
WJ ψQ
Q
ÔÐ
[Q µ [
\ µ\
Q
WJ ϕ N
OLP
Q → [Q µ [
qÈÒÈ×ÐÇà ± ÑÒÈÇÈÍÕ Æ ÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÈ ÑÒË Q { Æ ÓËÍÕ
ËÎÈÈÎ
) N )[\
) [\ \\ Ô È N ´
) \\
ÑÐÇÓÔÄÆÍÃÃßÔÐÊÏÄÙÈÏËȱÐÒÏÃÆÕÒÄÆÏÈÏËÈÑÐÍÕÙËÎ
) ´ )
) [[ \\ [\
ÙÔÐÑÒÐÔËÆÐÒÈÙËÔÕÓÍÐÆËà
jÔıÖÕϱØËÃ\ I[ÇÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÐÐÇÏÐÊÏÄÙÏÐÐÑÒÈÇÈ
ÍÃÈÔÓÃÑÒËÇÐÓÔÄÔÐÙÏÐÎÄÍÝ×εËρdÇÄÍÞÏÈÌÚÈÎÅÕÇÈÎÑÒÈÇ
ÑÐÍÄÄÔÞÙÔÐεËρÆÝÅÒÄÏÝËÎÈÏÏÐÔıËÎÐÅÒÄÊÐÎ
fÐÐÑÒÈÇÈÍËÎ ÖÕϱØËà I Æ ÔÐÙ±È [ ÑÐÍÐÉËÆ \ I[
pÙÈÆËÇÏÐÑÐÓÄÎÐÎÕÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËàÖÕϱØËËI[ËÎÈÈÎ
)[I[ [P[P[ρ FRV ϕε
qбÄÉÈÎÙÔÐÆÔÐÙ±È[ÕÖÕϱØËËI[ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔÑÒÄÆÐÓÔÐ
ÒÐÏÏÃÃ ÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇÏÄÃ Ë ÙÔÐ ÐÏÄ ÒÄÆÏÄ N qÕÓÔÞ ÑÒÐËÊÆÐÍÞÏÐ
Ö˱ÓËÒÐÆÄÏÐε!jÊËÊÍÐÉÈÏÏÐÐÆÝÚÈÓÍÈÇÕÈÔÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÐÆÄ
ÏËÈ ÔıÐÐ ρ ρε ! ÙÔÐ ÓÐÐÔÆÈÔÓÔÆÕàÛÄà ÙÄÓÔÞ ÒÄÖ˱Ä`
ÖÕϱØËËI[ØÈÍ˱ÐÎÍÈÉËÔÆ8ε .ρ
`
[I[∈8ε .ρ [P[P[ρ FRV ϕε
dÐÊÞÎÈÎδ ρ FRV ϕεËÑÕÓÔÞ[ÔıÐÆÐÙÔÐ[´[δ
\ I[Ë[\ UϕdÓËÍÕËÎÈÈÎ_ϕ´ϕ_εÔÐ
ÐÊÏÄÙÄÈÔÙÔÐ OLP ϕ ϕËÑÐßÔÐÎÕ OLP WJ ϕ WJ ϕqÐ
[ → [ [ → [
\µ\
Ó±ÐÍÞ±ÕWJ ϕ ËÊÇбÄÊÄÏÏÐÐÓÍÈÇÕÈÔÙÔÐ
[ µ [
I [ µ I [ \µ\
OLP OLP WJ ϕ
[ → [ [ µ [ [ → [ [ µ [
Ô ÈÕÖÕϱØËËI[ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇÏÄÃÓÑÒÄÆÄÆÔÐÙ±È[
ÒÄÆÏÄÃWJ ϕ N
qÐÇÐÅÏÝÎ ÉÈ ÐÅÒÄÊÐÎ ËÊ ÒÄÓÓÎÐÔÒÈÏËà ÑÐÆÈÇÈÏËà ÖÕϱ
ØËË)[\ÆÕÍÈ 8
ÇбÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÓÃÙÔÐÑÒËÏȱÐÔÐÒÐÎδ′!
ÏÄ ÐÔÒÈÊ±È >[ ´ δ′ [@ ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔ ÖÕϱØËà I[ ÔıÄà ÙÔÐ
ÑÒË[´δ′P[[
)[I[ [I[∈8
ËI[ \I ′ [ N
ÑÐÇ ÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇÏÐÌ ÈÓÔÈÓÔÆÈÏÏÐ Æ ÇÄÏÏÐÎ ÓÍÕÙÄÈ ÑÐÏËÎÄÈÔÓÃ
ÍÈÆÐÓÔÐÒÐÏÏÃÃÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇÏÄÃ
gÓÍËÙËÓÍÐρÆÊÃÔÞÓÔÐÍÞÎÄÍÝÎÙÔÐÅÝƱÒÕÐÆÐÌбÒÈÓÔ
ÏÐÓÔËÒÄÇËÕÓÄρÔÐÙ±Ë[\ÏÈÓÐÇÈÒÉÄÍÐÓÞÇÒÕË×ÐÓÐÅÝ×ÔÐ
Ùȱ ÕÒÄÆÏÈÏËà ±ÒÐÎÈ [ \ ÔÐ ÖÕϱØËà I[ ÅÕÇÈÔ
ÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÕÈÎÐÌËÆÐÆÓÈ×ÔÐÙ±Ä×[ [ÔÐÓÒÄÊÕÓÍÈÇÕÈÔËÊ
ÇбÄÊÄÏÏÐÌÆÝÚÈÔÈÐÒÈÎÝÐÏÈÃÆÏÝ×ÖÕϱØËÃ×ÓÎÔÈÐÒÈÎÕ
ÆÑ dÒÈÊÕÍÞÔÄÔÈÎÝËÑÐÍÕÙËÍËÖÕϱØËàI[ÐÑÒÈÇÈ
ÍÈÏÏÕàÆÏȱÐÔÐÒÐÌбÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔËÔÐÙ±Ë[ËÐÅÍÄÇÄàÛÕàÆÓÈÎË
ÔÒÈÅÕÈÎÝÎËÓÆÐÌÓÔÆÄÎË
bÏÄÍÐËÙÏÐ ÇбÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÓà ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÐÆÄÏËÈ ÖÕϱØËË I[
ÔıÉÈÃÆÍÃàÛÈÌÓÃÒÈÚÈÏËÈÎÕÒÄÆÏÈÏËÃËÕÇÐÆÍÈÔÆÐ
ÒÃàÛÈÌ ÕÓÍÐÆËÃÎ ÔÈÐÒÈÎÝ ÑÒËÙÈÎ ÒÄÖ˱ ßÔÐÌ ÖÕϱØËË
ÑÒÐ×ÐÇËÔÆÕÍÄ×8Ë8
ËÙÈÒÈÊÔÐÙ±Õ[\
Ä ) ÔÐ ÆÓÈ ÒÄÓÓÎÐÔÒÈÏËÃ ÑÒÐÆÐÇÃÔÓÃ
gÓÍË ) \\ [[
ÄÏÄÍÐËÙÏÝÎÐÅÒÄÊÐÎÓÍÈÇÕÈÔÔÐÍÞ±ÐÑÐÎÈÏÃÔÞÎÈÓÔÄÎËÒÐÍÞ
ÐÓÈÌ2[Ë2\ÔıÙÔÐÆÒÈÊÕÍÞÔÄÔÈÑÐÍÕÙËÎÒÈÚÈÏËÃÕÒÄÆÏÈ
ÏËÃÆÆËÇÈÖÕϱØËÌÐÔÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÐÌ\ I\ËI\
gÓÍËÏıÐÏÈØ) [[ ) ËÊÏÄÙËÔ ) ÔÐÑÒÐÛÈÆÓÈ
\\ [\
ÐÆÝÑÐÍÏËÔÞÊÄÎÈÏÕÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÝ×[ ξη\ ξ´ηÑÐÆÈÒÏÕÔÞ
ÐÓ˱ÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔÏÄÕÐÍπtÐÇııÍȱÐÕÅÈÇËÔÞÓÃÏÈÑÐÓÒÈÇ
ÓÔÆÈÏÏÐ ÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÐÆÄÏËÈÎ ) ξξ ´ ) ) )
ηη [\ ξη
Ô ÈÆÏÐÆÐ̱ÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔÏÐÌÓËÓÔÈÎÈÑÐÍÕÙËÎÕÉÈËÊÕÙÈÏÏÝÌÓÍÕ
ÙÄÌdÙÄÓÔÏÐÓÔËÕÒÄÆÏÈÏËÈÇÍÃÕÍÐÆÝ×±ÐßÖÖËØËÈÏÔÐÆ
±ÄÓÄÔÈÍÞÏÝ× Æ ÐÓÐÅÐÌ ÔÐÙ±È Æ ±ÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔÏÐÌ ÓËÓÔÈÎÈ ξ η ËÎÈÈÔ
ÆËÇN´ ËÊÏÄÙËÔN ¥jÏÄÙÈÐÆÐÒÃÅËÓÓȱÔÒËÓÝ
±ÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔÏÝ×ÕÍÐÆÃÆÍÃàÛËÈÓñÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔÏÝÎËÐÓÃÎËÆÓÔÄ
ÒÐÌ ÓËÓÔÈÎÈ ±ÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔ [ \ ÓÕÔÞ ±ÄÓÄÔÈÍÞÏÝÈ ± ÒÄÖ˱ÄÎ ÇÆÕ×
ÖÕϱØË̱ÐÔÐÒÝÈÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÃàÔÓÃÕÒÄÆÏÈÏËÈÎÆÏȱÐÔÐÒÐÌ
бÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔËÒÄÓÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄÈÎÐÌÐÓÐÅÐÌÔÐÙ±Ë
gÓÍËÕÒÄÆÏÈÏËÈ)[\ ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃÏÈÃÆÏÝÎÑÒÈÇÓÔÄÆÍÈÏË
ÈÎ ±Ä±ÐÌÍËÅÐ ±ÒËÆÐÌ ÔÐ Æ ÐÓÐÅÐÌ ÔÐÙ±È [ \ ßÔÐÐ ÕÒÄÆÏÈ
ÏËñÒËÆÄÃÎÐÉÈÔ×ÐÔÃËÏÈÐÅÃÊÄÏÄËÎÈÔޱıËÈÍËÅÐÐÓÐÅÈÏ
ÏÐÓÔËÔ ÈÆбÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔËÐÓÐÅÐÌÔÐÙ±ËßÔÐÐÕÒÄÆÏÈÏËñÒËÆÄÃ
ÆÐÐÅÛÈÐÆÐÒÃÏÈÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃÒÄÖ˱ÐÎÏȱÐÔÐÒÐÌÍÄDZÐÌÐÇÏÐ
ÊÏÄÙÏÐÌÖÕϱØËË
sÍÈÇÕÈÔ ÏÄÑÐÎÏËÔÞ ÔıÉÈ ÙÔÐ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐ ÔÐÙȱ ±ÐÐÒÇË
ÏÄÔݱÐÔÐÒÝ×ÕÇÐÆÍÈÔÆÐÒÃàÔÕÒÄÆÏÈÏËàÆÐÐÅÛÈÐÆÐ
ÒÃÏÈÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃÆÓÈÇıÒËÆÐÌÆÓÎÝÓÍÈÇÄÏÏÐÐÒÄÏÈÈÐÑÒÈÇÈ
ÍÈÏËñÒËÆÐÌÓÎÑ
ÊÄÇÄÆÄÈÎÐÌÑÄÒÄÎÈÔÒËÙÈÓ±Ë
± Ò Ê Î Ç Ò Ý qÕÓÔÞ ÇÄÏÐ ÕÒÄÆÏÈÏËÈ \[ \
iÇÈÓÞ)[\ \[\ÑÐßÔÐÎÕ)[ [\)\ [\
\\uÓÍÐÆËÃÏÄÍËÙËÃÐÓÐÅÐÌÔÐÙ±ËËÇÄ
àÔÆßÔÐÎÓÍÕÙÄÈ
[ \
tıËÎ ÐÅÒÄÊÐÎ ÐÓÐÅÐÌ ÔÐÙ±ÐÌ ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓà pÇÏıРÆ
ßÔÐÌ ÔÐÙ±È ±ÒËÆÄà ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÃÈÎÄà ÕÒÄÆÏÈÏËÈÎ ÏÈ ËÎÈÈÔ ÐÓÐ
ÅÈÏÏÐÓÔËÔı±Ä±ÐÏÐÎÏÐÉËÔÈÍÞ[\ÏËÇÈÏÈÐÅÒÄÛÄ
ÈÔÓÃÆÏÕÍÞÒÄÆÏÐÓËÍÞÏÐÕÒÄÆÏÈÏËà\ ËÒÄÓÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄÈÎÄÃ
±ÒËÆÄÃÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃÒÄÖ˱ÐÎÃÆÏÐÌÖÕϱØËË\ I[pÔÎÈ
ÔËÎÙÔбıÍȱÐÕÅÈÇËÔÞÓÃÆßÔÐÎÓÍÕÙÄÈÆÔÐÙ±È
)[[ )\\´ ) [\
fÍÃÕÒÄÆÏÈÏËÃ
[\[\´
ÕÓÍÐÆËÃÑÒÈÆÒÄÛÄàÔÓÃÆÓÍÈÇÕàÛÕàÓËÓÔÈÎÕÕÒÄÆÏÈÏËÌ
[[\´[
\[\´\
sÍÐÉËÆËÆÝÙÔÃßÔËÕÒÄÆÏÈÏËÃÑÐÍÕÙËÎÓËÓÔÈÎÕ
[\[\´
[´\[\´
pÔÓàÇÄÍËÅÐ[ \ ÍËÅÐ[\´ ÐÇÏıÐÔÐÙ±Ä[\
±ÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔÝ ±ÐÔÐÒÐÌ ÕÇÐÆÍÈÔÆÐÒÃàÔ ÑÐÓÍÈÇÏÈÎÕ ÓÐÐÔÏÐÚÈÏËà
ÏÈÃÆÍÃÈÔÓñÐÒÏÈÎÕÒÄÆÏÈÏËà ÇÍÃÏÈÈ[\ Ë
ÊÏÄÙËÔÏËÐÇËÏËÊÓÐÎÏÐÉËÔÈÍÈÌÍÈÆÐÌÙÄÓÔËÏÈÐÅÒÄ
ÛÄÈÔÓÃÆÏÕÍÞ
tıËÎÐÅÒÄÊÐÎÈÇËÏÓÔÆÈÏÏÐÌÐÓÐÅÐÌÔÐÙ±ÐÌÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃ
mȱРÑÒÐÆÈÒËÔÞ ÙÔÐ ÊÇÈÓÞ ÆÝÑÐÍÏÃÈÔÓà ÕÓÍÐÆËÈ Ë
ÊÏÄÙËÔ ÔÐÙ±Ä ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓà ËÊÐÍËÒÐÆÄÏÏÝÎ ±ÐÒÏÈÎ ÕÒÄÆ
ÏÈÏËà eÈÐÎÈÔÒËÙÈÓ±Ë ±Ä± ßÔÐ ÓÒÄÊÕ ÆËÇÏÐ ÕÒÄÆÏÈ
ÏËÈ ÊÄÇÄÈÔ ÈÇËÏËÙÏÕà бÒÕÉÏÐÓÔÞ Ë ÈÈ ØÈÏÔÒ
ßÔÐ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐ ÐÙÈÆËÇÏÐ ÏÈ ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓà ÏÐÓËÔÈÍÈÎ Ï˱ıÐÌ
±ÒËÆÐÌÊÄÇÄÏÏÐÌÑÄÒÄÎÈÔÒËÙÈÓ±ËÆÓÎÝÓÍÈÑ
fÍÃÕÒÄÆÏÈÏËÃ
[\´D[\
ÕÓÍÐÆËà ÏÄÍËÙËà ÐÓÐÅÐÌ ÔÐÙ±Ë ÑÒËÆÐÇÃÔ ± ÓËÓÔÈÎÈ
ÕÒÄÆÏÈÏËÌ
[´D\
\´D[
ÐÔ±ÕÇÄ ÍËÅÐ [ \ Ë ßÔÄ ÔÐÙ±Ä ÕÇÐÆÍÈÔÆÐÒÃÈÔ ÕÒÄÆÏÈÏËà
ÍËÅÐ[ D\ DÏбÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔÝßÔÐÌÔÐÙ±ËÏÈÃÆÍÃàÔ
ÓÃÒÈÚÈÏËÈÎÕÒÄÆÏÈÏËÃsÏÐÆÄÊÇÈÓÞ µÈÇËÏÓÔÆÈÏ
ÏÄÃÐÓÐÅÄÃÔÐÙ±ÄoÈÔÒÕÇÏÐÕÅÈÇËÔÞÓÃÙÔÐÑÒËßÔÐÎÆÝÑÐÍÏÃàÔ
ÓÃÕÓÍÐÆËÃËÊÏÄÙËÔÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃÇÆÐÌÏÐÌÔÐÙ±ÐÌ
eÈÐÎÈÔÒËÙÈÓ±Ë ÇÍà ±ÒËÆÐÌ ÏÈÃÆÏÝÎ ÑÒÈÇÓÔÄÆÍÈÏËÈÎ ±Ð
ÔÐÒÐÌÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃÕÒÄÆÏÈÏËÈÐÏÄÏÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÓëÇȱÄÒÔÐÆ
ÍËÓÔ¬ËÎÝÓÏÈÌÕÉÈÆÓÔÒÈÙÄÍËÓÞÆÑ ÔÐÙ±ÄÃÆÍÃ
ÈÔÓÃÔÐÙ±ÐÌÔÅÏÑÒÉÓÉÔÉÚÉÐÌÄÓÎÒËÓ ÆÑÈÒÆÐÎÔÐÎÈ
fÍÃÕÒÄÆÏÈÏËÃ
\´[
ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃÐÓÐÅÐÌÔÐÙ±ÐÌÆÏÈÌÆÝÑÐÍÏÃÈÔÓÃÕÉÈÕÓÍÐÆËÈ
ËÔÈÎÓÄÎÝÎÆßÔÐÎÓÍÕÙÄÈÏÈÆÝÑÐÍÏÃàÔÓÃÕÓÍÐÆËÃ
ÔÈÐÒÈÎÝ eÈÐÎÈÔÒËÙÈÓ±Ë ±ÒËÆÄà ÆÝÒÄÉÄÈÎÄà ÕÒÄÆÏÈÏËÈÎ
Ë ÏÄÊÝÆÄÈÎÄà ÑÐÍÕ±ÕÅËÙÈÓ±ÐÌ ÑÄÒÄÅÐÍÐÌ \ ¥[
ËÎÈÈÔÆÔÐٱȱÄÓÄÔÈÍÞÏÕàËÒÄÓÑÐÍÐÉÈÏÄÆбÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔË
ßÔÐÌÔÐÙ±ËÑÐÐÇÏÕÓÔÐÒÐÏÕÐÔÏÐÒÎÄÍË
tÐÙ±ËÔıÐÐÔËÑÄÏÄÊÝÆÄàÔÓÃÕÑÚ²ÅÏÌÇÑËÇÓÅÕÅÒËÓ
fÍÃÕÒÄÆÏÈÏËÃ
\´[
ÔıÉÈÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃÐÓÐÅÐÌÔÐÙ±ÐÌËÓÏÐÆÄÊÇÈÓÞÆÝÑÐÍÏÃÈÔ
ÓÃÕÓÍÐÆËÈuÒÄÆÏÈÏËÈÐÙÈÆËÇÏÐÒÄÓÑÄÇÄÈÔ
ÓÃÏÄÇÆÄÕÒÄÆÏÈÏËÃ\ [Ë\ ´[±ÐÔÐÒÝÈÊÄÇÄàÔÇÆÈÑÄÒÄ
ÅÐÍÝËÎÈàÛËÈÆÔÐÙ±ÈÐÅÛÕà±ÄÓÄÔÈÍÞÏÕà
pÓÐÅÝÈ ÔÐÙ±Ë Æ ÏȱÐÔÐÒÐÌ Ð±ÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔË ±ÐÔÐÒÝ× ÕÒÄÆÏÈ
ÏËÈ ÊÄÇÄÈÔ ÇÆÈ ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐ ÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÕÈÎÝÈ ±ÒË
ÆÝÈËÎÈàÛËÈÆÔÐÙ±È[\ÐÅÛÕà±ÄÓÄÔÈÍÞÏÕàÏÄÊÝÆÄàÔ
ÓÃÕÑÚ²ÅÏÌÔÅÏÑÒÓ̲ÑÔÐÑÇÉÐÌÄÒËÓ ßÔË×ÇÆÕ×±ÒËÆÝ×
nÐÉÈÔ ÓÍÕÙËÔÞÓÃ ÙÔÐ ÑÒË ÆÝÑÐÍÏÈÏËË ÕÓÍÐÆËÃ
ÐÓÐÅÄà ÔÐÙ±Ä Ð±ÄÉÈÔÓà ËÊÐÍËÒÐÆÄÏÏÝÎ ÒÈÚÈÏËÈÎ ÕÒÄÆÏÈÏËÃ
ËÍËÈÐÇÆÐÌÏÐÌÔÐÙ±ÐÌ
\ \
[ [
rËÓ rËÓ
ÊÇÈÓÞÙÈÒÈÊ[Ë\ÐÅÐÊÏÄÙÈÏݱÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔÝÔÐÙ±ËÆÏÐÆÐÌÓËÓÔÈ
ÎȱÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔÄËÏÇȱÓÐÎÏÄÆÈÒ×ÕÐÅÐÊÏÄÙÈÏÝÊÏÄÙÈÏËÃÙÄ
ÓÔÏÝ×ÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇÏÝ×ÆÔÐÙ±ÈßÔÐÌÓËÓÔÈÎÝÐÔ±ÕÇÄÓÔÐÙ
ÏÐÓÔÞà ÇÐ ÅÈÓ±ÐÏÈÙÏÐ ÎÄÍÝ× ÅÐÍÈÈ ÆÝÓбÐÐ ÑÐÒÃÇ±Ä ÏÄÚÈ
ÕÒÄÆÏÈÏËÈÎÐÉÏÐÊÄÑËÓÄÔÞÓÍÈÇÕàÛËÎÐÅÒÄÊÐÎ
[ ) [\ ) \
) [[
[\ \\
dÓÍÕÙÄÈÆÝÑÐÍÏÈÏËÃÕÓÍÐÆËÃÍÈÆÄÃÙÄÓÔÞÕÒÄÆÏÈÏËÃ
ÒÄÓÑÄÇÄÈÔÓÃÏÄÇÆÄÇÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÝ×ÎÏÐÉËÔÈÍñÄÉÇÝÌ
ËʱÐÔÐÒÝ×ÑÒËÒÄÆÏÈÏÏÝÌÏÕÍàËÇÄÈÔ±ÄÓÄÔÈÍÞÏÝȱÇÆÕÎÆÈÔ
ÆÃαÒËÆÐÌÆÔÐÙ±ÈÓÎdÓÍÕÙÄÈÉÈÆÝÑÐÍÏÈÏËÃ
ÕÓÍÐÆËÃ ÍÈÆÄÃ ÙÄÓÔÞ ÕÒÄÆÏÈÏËÃ ÒÄÓÑÄÇÄÈÔÓÃ ÏÄ
ÇÆıÐÎÑÍȱÓÏÝ×ÎÏÐÉËÔÈÍë±ÄÓÄÔÈÍÞÏÝÈÎÏËÎݬÔÐÈÓÔÈÓÔ
ÆÈÏÏÐÔı±Ä±ÊÇÈÓÞÐÆÐÒËÔÞбÄÓÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÌÏÈËÎÈÈÔÓÎÝÓÍÄËÅÐ
ÆßÔÐÎÓÍÕÙÄÈÐÓÐÅÄÃÔÐÙ±ÄÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃËÊÐÍËÒÐÆÄÏÏÐÌ
ÔÐÊÄÎÈÙÄÏËÈÐÓÐÅÈÏÏÐÕÇÐÅÏÐËÓÑÐÍÞÊÐÆÄÔÞÇÍÃÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈ
ÏËÃ×ÄÒıÔÈÒÄÐÓÐÅÐÌÔÐÙ±ËÆÓÍÕÙÄÈÄÍÈÅÒÄËÙÈÓ±Ð̱ÒËÆÐÌ
Ô È±ÒËÆÐÌÊÄÇÄÏÏÐÌÕÒÄÆÏÈÏËÈÎ
3[\
ÇÈ3[\ µÎÏÐÐÙÍÈÏÐÔÇÆÕ×ÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÝ×[Ë\gÓÍË µ
ÐÓÐÅÄà ÔÐÙ±Ä ßÔÐÐ ÕÒÄÆÏÈÏËà ÔÐ ËÊ ÕÓÍÐÆËÌ Ë
ÓÍÈÇÕÈÔÙÔÐßÔÐÔÎÏÐÐÙÍÈÏÏÈÓÐÇÈÒÉËÔÏËÓÆÐÅÐÇÏÐÐÙÍÈÏÄ
ÏËÙÍÈÏÐÆÑÈÒÆÐÐÑÐÒÃDZÄÔ ÈÕÒÄÆÏÈÏËÈËÎÈÈÔÆËÇ
D[E[\F\4[\
ÇÈ4[\ µÎÏÐÐÙÍÈÏÆÓÈÙÍÈÏݱÐÔÐÒÐÐÑбÒÄÌÏÈÌÎÈÒÈ
ÔÒÈÔÞÈÐÑÐÒÃDZÄwÄÒıÔÈÒÑÐÆÈÇÈÏËÃÒÈÚÈÏËÌßÔÐÐÕÒÄÆÏÈ
ÏËÃÆÅÍËÊËÏÕÍÃÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÃÈÔÓÃÈÐÍÄÆÏÐÌÙÄÓÔÞàÔ ÈÕÒÄÆ
ÏÈÏËÈÎ
D[E[\F\
±ÐÔÐÒÐÈ ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓà ÕÒÄÆÏÈÏËÈÎ ÇÍà ÇÄÏÏÐÐ ÓÍÕÙÄÃ
E ) ËF )
ËÅбıÍȱÐÆËÇÈÔÞÊÇÈÓÞD ) [[ [\ \\
gÓÍËÉÈÔÐÙ±ÄÕÇÐÆÍÈÔÆÐÒÃÈÔÕÒÄÆÏÈÏËàÏÐ
ÏÈÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃÐÓÐÅÐÌÔÐËÎÈÈÔÆËÇ
$[%\5[\ $%!
ÇÈ 5[ \ µ ÎÏÐÐÙÍÈÏ ÆÓÈ ÙÍÈÏÝ ±ÐÔÐÒÐÐ ËÎÈàÔ ÑÐÒÃÇб
ÏÈ ÏËÉÈ ÆÔÐÒÐÐ jÊ ÔÈÐÒÈÎÝ Ð ÏÈÃÆÏÝ× ÖÕϱØËÃ× ÓÎ
ÔÈÐÒÈÎÕ ÆÑ ÓÍÈÇÕÈÔÙÔÐÕÒÄÆÏÈÏËÈ$[%\ ÃÆÍÃ
ÈÔÓÃ Æ ßÔÐÎ ÓÍÕÙÄÈ ÕÒÄÆÏÈÏËÈÎ ±ÄÓÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÌ Æ ÔÐÙ±È
±ÒÄÖ˱ÕÈÇËÏÓÔÆÈÏÏÐÐÆÏȱÐÔÐÒÐÌбÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔËßÔÐÌÔÐÙ±Ë
ÒÈÚÈÏËÃÕÒÄÆÏÈÏËÃ
©ÂÎÇÏÂÑÇÒÇÎÇÏÏÝ×
yÄÓÔÐ Æ ÒÄÊÍËÙÏÝ× ÆÐÑÒÐÓÄ× ÎÄÔÈÎÄÔËÙÈÓ±ÐÐ ÄÏÄÍËÊÄ Ë Æ ÈÐ
ÑÒËÍÐÉÈÏËÃ× ÑÒË ËÊÕÙÈÏËË ÔÐÌ ËÍË ËÏÐÌ ÖÐÒÎÕÍÝ ÓÐÇÈÒÉÄ
ÛÈ̱ıËÈÍËÅÐÖÕϱØËËËË×ÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇÏÝÈÐÅݱÏÐÆÈÏÏÝÈËÍË
ÙÄÓÔÏÝÈ Ð±ÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÓà ØÈÍÈÓÐÐÅÒÄÊÏÝÎ ÑÈÒÈÌÔË ± ÇÒÕËÎ ÏÈÊÄ
ÆËÓËÎÝÎÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÝÎÄËÏÐÇÄ˱ÇÒÕËÎÖÕϱØËÃαÐÔÐÒÝÈ
ÓÆÃÊÄÏÝ Ó ÖÕϱØËÃÎË Æ×ÐÇÃÛËÎË Æ ÒÄÓÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄÈÎÕà ÖÐÒÎÕ
ÍÕÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏÏÝÎËÓÐÐÔÏÐÚÈÏËÃÎËdÓÈßÔËÑÒÈÐÅÒÄÊÐÆÄÏËÃÇÈ
ÍÄàÔÓÃÏÄÐÓÏÐÆÄÏËËÑÒÄÆËÍÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÐÆÄÏËÃÓÍÐÉÏÝ×ËÏÈ
ÃÆÏÝ×ÖÕϱØËÌrÄÓÓÎÐÔÒËÎÏÈÓ±ÐÍÞ±ÐÑÒËÎÈÒÐÆ
∂X ∂X
qÕÓÔÞX X[\qÒÈÐÅÒÄÊÕÈÎÆÝÒÄÉÈÏËÃ Ë
∂[ ∂\
∂X ∂Y
±ÑÐÍÃÒÏÝαÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔÄÎUËϕqÈÒÆÐÈËÊßÔË×ÆÝÒÄ
∂[ ∂\
ÉÈÏËÌ ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓà ±ÆÄÇÒÄÔÐÎ ÇÍËÏÝ ÒÄÇËÈÏÔÄ ∇X ÖÕϱØËË X
Ô ÈÒÄÆÏÐ_∇X_ÄÆÔÐÒÐÈËÎÈÈÔÓÑÈØËÄÍÞÏÐÈÐÅÐÊÏÄÙÈÏËÈ∆X
∂X ∂X
_∆X_
∂[ ∂\
GHI ∂ X ∂ X
∆X
∂[ ∂\
sËÎÆÐÍ∆Õ±ÄÊÝÆÄàÛËÌÏÄÑÒËÎÈÏÈÏËȱÖÕϱØËËXÐÑÈ
ÒÄØËËÏÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÓÃÐÑÈÒÄÔÐÒÐÎmÄÑÍÄÓÄ
jÊÖÐÒÎÕÍÓÆÃÊÝÆÄàÛË×ÇȱÄÒÔÐÆݱÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔÝÓÑÐÍÃÒ
ÏÝÎË
[ U FRV ϕ\ U VLQ ϕ
ÏÄ×ÐÇËÎ
∂[ ∂[ ∂\ ∂\
FRV ϕ ´U VLQ ϕ VLQ ϕ U FRV ϕ
∂U ∂ϕ ∂U ∂ϕ
qÒËÎÈÏËÎ ± ÖÕϱØËË X[ \ ÖÐÒÎÕÍÝ ÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÐÆÄÏËÃ
ÓÍÐÉÏÐÌÖÕϱØËË
∂X ∂X ∂[ ∂X ∂\ ∂X ∂X
FRV ϕ VLQ ϕ
∂U ∂[ ∂U ∂\ ∂U ∂[ ∂\
∂X ∂X ∂[ ∂X ∂\ ∂X ∂X
´ U VLQ ϕ U FRV ϕ
∂ϕ ∂[ ∂ϕ ∂\ ∂ϕ ∂[ ∂\
qÐÇÓÔÄÆËÆÑÐÍÕÙËÆÚËÈÓÃÆÝÒÄÉÈÏËÃÆÅÕÇÈÎËÎÈÔÞ
∂ X ∂ X
∂X
∆X
∂U U ∂ϕ U ∂U
dÓÍÕÙÄȱÐÇÄÆÑÒÈÐÅÒÄÊÕÈÎÐÈÆÝÒÄÉÈÏËÈÆ×ÐÇËÔÏÈÐÇÏÄ
ÄÏÈÓ±ÐÍÞ±ÐÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇÏÝ×ÇÄÏÏÐÐÑÐÒÃDZÄÕÇÐÅÏÐÑÒËÎÈÏÃÔÞ
ÎÈÔÐÇÆÝÙËÓÍÈÏËÃÏÈÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇÏÝ×ÄÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÄÍÐÆoÄÑÒË
ÎÈÒÓÙËÔÄÃÏÈÊÄÆËÓËÎÝÎËÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÝÎË [Ë\ÏÄÌÇÈÎÆÝÒÄ
ÉÈÏËÃÇÍÃÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÄÍÐÆGUËGϕjÊÖÐÒÎÕÍËÎÈÈÎ
G[ FRV ϕ GU´U VLQ ϕ Gϕ G\ VLQ ϕ GUU FRV ϕ Gϕ
ÐÔÓàÇÄ
VLQ ϕ FRV ϕ
GU FRV ϕ G[VLQ ϕ G\Gϕ ´ G[
G\
U U
ÐÔÎÈÔËÎÙÔÐËÊßÔË×ÖÐÒÎÕÍÔıÉÈÓÒÄÊÕÑÐÍÕÙÄàÔÓÃÖÐÒÎÕ
ÍÝ
fÍÃÖÕϱØËËX X[\ËÎÈÈÎ
GX ∂X GU ∂X Gϕ
∂U ∂ϕ
∂X VLQ ϕ
∂X FRV ϕ´ ∂X ∂X FRV ϕ
G[ VLQ ϕ G\
∂U ∂ϕ U ∂U ∂ϕ U
dÆÝÒÄÉÈÏËËÇÍÃÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÄÍÄGX±ÐßÖÖËØËÈÏÔÝÕG[Ë
∂X ∂X
G\ÃÆÍÃàÔÓÃÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇÏÝÎË
Ë ÑÐßÔÐÎÕËÊÓÒÄÊÕ
∂[ ∂\
ÑÐÍÕÙÄàÔÓÃÐÅÈÖÐÒÎÕÍÝoÄÌÇÈÎÇÄÍÈÈÆÔÐÒÝÈÇËÖ
ÖÈÒÈÏØËÄÍÝGUËGϕËÊ
GU ´VLQ ϕ Gϕ G[FRV ϕ Gϕ G\
VLQ ϕG[ µ FRV ϕ VLQ ϕG[G\ FRV ϕG\
U
FRV ϕ VLQ ϕ VLQ ϕ FRV ϕ
Gϕ ´
G[ G\ Gϕ
U
G\ GU
G[´
U U U
FRV ϕ VLQ ϕG[ µ ( FRV ϕ µ VLQ ϕ )G[G\ µ FRV ϕ VLQ ϕG\
U
tÈÑÈÒÞËÊÇÍÃGXÑÐÍÕÙËÎ
∂X
GX ∂X GU
∂ X ∂ X ∂X
GU Gϕ Gϕ GU Gϕ
∂U ∂U ∂ϕ ∂ϕ ∂U ∂ϕ
∂ X FRV ϕ VLQ ϕ ∂ X
VLQ ϕ ∂ X
VLQ ϕ ∂X
FRV ϕ
´
∂U U ∂U ∂ϕ U ∂ϕ U ∂U
FRV ϕ VLQ ϕ ∂X
G[ G[ G\ G\
U
∂ϕ
∂ X
pÔÓàÇÄËÑÐÍÕÙÄàÔÓÃÆÝÒÄÉÈÏËÃÇÍà ∂X ∂ X
Ë ±Ä±ÓÐÐÔ
∂[ ∂[ ∂\ ∂\
ÆÈÔÓÔÆÈÏÏбÐßÖÖËØËÈÏÔÝÑÒËG[G[ G\ËG\
bÏÄÍÐËÙÏÝÈÎÈÔÐÇÝÑÒËÎÈÏËÎݱÐÏÈÙÏÐËÆÓÍÕÙÄȱÐÇÄ
ÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇËÔÓñıÄÃÍËÅÐÇÒÕÄÃÊÄÎÈÏÄÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÝ×[ [XY
\ \XY±ÐÇÄËÎÈàÔÓÃÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇÏÝÈÆÝÓÚË×ÑÐÒÃDZÐÆÄÔı
ÉȱÐÇÄÒÈÙÞËÇÈÔÐÖÕϱØËÃ×ÅÐÍÞÚÈÐÙËÓÍÄÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÝ×
uqrbhogojgqÒÈÐÅÒÄÊÐÆÄÔÞÆÝÒÄÉÈÏËÈ_∇X_ÇÈX X[\±ÐÒ
ÔÐÐÏÄÍÞÏÝαÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔÄÎξηÔ ÈÔıËαÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔÄÎÙÔÐ
∂[ ∂[ ∂\ ∂\
∂ξ ∂η ∂ξ ∂η
iÇÊÇÛÇ dQÎÈÒÏÐÎÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÈÑÒÈÐÅÒÄÊÐÆÄÔÞÆÝÒÄÉÈÏËÈ_∇X_
ÇÈX X[ [Q±ÐÒÔÐÐÏÄÍÞÏÝαÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔÄÎξ ξQÔ ÈÔıËÎ
±ÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔÄÎÙÔÐÑÒËL NÆÝÑÐÍÏÃÈÔÓÃÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐ
Q ∂[ ∂[
∑ M M
M ∂ξ L ∂ξ N
LN Q
©ÂÄÊÓÊÎÐÓÔÞÖÕÏÌØÊË
±ÐÏáÔÊÇÉÂÄÊÓÊÎÐÓÔÊÖÕÏÌØÊË
¯ÇÐÃ×ÐÆÊÎÐÇÕÓÍÐÄÊÇÉÂÄÊÓÊÎÐÓÔÊÖÕÏÌØÊË
°ÑÒÇÆÇÍÇÏÊÇ qÖÔÕßÐÅÑÕ²ÓÞÕÑÏÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÉ*µ5QËÅÈÅ
ÐÞÐÉÒÓÉÓÞÇÐÑÈÌ××ÉÓÉÐÙÌÓÖÉÏÞÉ×ÖвÙÌÌ
\L ϕL[L P[ [ [Q∈*
gÔÎÌ ÔÖÜÉÔÕÇÖáÕ ÑÕ²ÓÞÕÑÉ ÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÑ ' Ç ÒÓÑÔÕÓÅÐ
µ
ÔÕÇÉ 5 \P \ ÌÐÉÒÓÉÓÞÇÐÑÈÌ××ÉÓÉÐÙÌÓÖÉÏÅÄÐÅ'×Öв
Pµ
ÙÌÄΦ\ \PµÕŲÌÉ ÚÕÑ Ç ÎáÆÑÍ ÕÑÚ²É [∈* ÇÞÒÑÎÐÄ
áÕÔÄ ÖÔÎÑÇÌÄϕ[ ϕP´[∈' ÌΦϕ[ ϕP´[
= ϕP[ÕÑ×ÖвÙÌÄϕPÐÅËÞÇÅÉÕÔÄËÅÇÌÔÌÏÑÍÐÅÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÉ*
ÑÕ×ÖвÙÌÍϕ ϕP´
°ÑÒÇÆÇÍÇÏÊÇ gÔÎÌ ÔÓÉÈÌ ×ÖвÙÌÍ ÔÌÔÕÉÏÞ ÉÔÕß
×ÖвÙÌÄËÅÇÌÔÌÏÅÄÑÕÑÔÕÅÎßÐÞØÐÅÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÉ*ÕÑàÕÅ
ÔÌÔÕÉÏÅÐÅËÞÇÅÉÕÔÄËÅÇÌÔÌÏÑÍÐÅÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÉ*
gÔÎÌÐÌÑÈÐÅ×ÖвÙÌÄÔÌÔÕÉÏÞÐÉËÅÇÌÔÌÕÑÕÑÔ
ÕÅÎßÐÞØÐÅÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÉ*ÕÑàÕÅÔÌÔÕÉÏÅÐÅËÞÇÅÉÕÔÄÐÉ
ËÅÇÌÔÌÏÑÍÐÅ*
jÏÐÇÄÇÍñÒÄÔ±ÐÓÔËÆÎÈÓÔÐÆÝÒÄÉÈÏËëÊÄÆËÓËÎÄÃÏÈ
ÊÄÆËÓËÎÄÃÓËÓÔÈÎÄÖÕϱØË̬ÅÕÇÈÎÑÒÐÓÔÐÐÆÐÒËÔÞ«ÊÄÆËÓË
ÎÝÈÓÐÐÔÆÈÔÓÔÆÈÏÏÐÏÈÊÄÆËÓËÎÝÈÖÕϱØËˬ
dÆÐÑÒÐÓÈÊÄÆËÓËÎÐÓÔËÓËÓÔÈÎÝÖÕϱØËÌÖÕÏÇÄÎÈÏ
ÔÄÍÞÏÕàÒÐÍÞËÒÄÈÔÎÄÔÒËØıÐÅËßÔÐÌÓËÓÔÈÎÝ
∂\ L
L P M Q
∂[ M
oÄÑÐÎÏËÎÙÔÐÒÄÏÐÎÎÄÔÒËØÝÏÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÓÃÎıÓËÎÄÍÞÏÐÈÙËÓÍÐÈÈ
sÍÈÇÓÔÆËÈ ÑÐÍÕÙÄÈÔÓà ÓÒÄÊÕ ËÊ ÇбÄÊÄÏÏÐÌ ÔÈÐÒÈÎÝÑÒË
P Q
sÍÈÇÓÔÆËÈÍȱÐÇбÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÓÃÐÔÑÒÐÔËÆÏÐÐ
qÐÓ±ÐÍÞ±Õ ÓÔÒÐ±Ë ÎÄÔÒËØÝ ±ÐÅË ÃÆÍÃàÔÓà ±ÐÐÒ
ÇËÏÄÔÄÎË ÒÄÇËÈÏÔÐÆ ÖÕϱØËÌ ÔÈÐÒÈÎÕ ÎÐÉÏÐ ÑÈÒÈ
ÖÒÄÊËÒÐÆÄÔÞÓÍÈÇÕàÛËÎÐÅÒÄÊÐÎ
gÔÎÌÔÌÔÕÉÏÅ×ÖвÙÌÍËÅÇÌÔÌÏÅÇÑÆÎÅÔÕÌ*ÕÑ
ÓÅÈÌÉÐÕÞ∇ϕ ∇ϕ àÕÌØ ×ÖвÙÌÍ ÎÌÐÉÍÐÑ ËÅÇÌÔÌÏÞ Ç
P
²ÅÊÈÑÍÕÑÚ²É*
¦ÐÓÔÂÔÐÙÏÝÇÕÓÍÐÄÊáÉÂÄÊÓÊÎÐÓÔÊÖÕÏÌØÊË
∂( \ L \ L )
U
∂( [ M [ M )
U
[( )
ßÔÐÐÆÓÈÇÄÎÐÉÏÐÇÐÅËÔÞÓÃÑÈÒÈÏÕÎÈÒÐÆÄÆÆÓÍÕÙÄÈÏÈÐÅ×Ð
ÇËÎÐÓÔË ÖÕϱØËË Ë ÄÒÕÎÈÏÔÝ ÓËÓÔÈÎÝ Æ ÏÕÉÏÐÎ ÑÐ
ÒÃÇ±È sÐÍÄÓÏÐ ÓÍÈÇÓÔÆËà ËÊ ÔÈÐÒÈÎÝ Ñ ÖÕϱØËË
\ \UÏÈÊÄÆËÓËÎÝÆ*
qбÄÉÈÎÔÈÑÈÒÞÙÔбÄÉÇÄÃËÊÐÓÔÄÍÞÏÝ×ÊÄÆËÓËÔÐÔÏË×
Æ ÏȱÐÔÐÒÐÌ Ð±ÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔË ÔÐÙ±Ë [ [ ( ) [ Q( ) qÕÓÔÞ
\ L( ) ϕL[ L P rÄÓÓÎÐÔÒËÎ ÓËÓÔÈÎÕ ÑÈÒÆÝ× U
ÖÕϱØËÌÓËÓÔÈÎÝ
\ ϕ[[Q
\U ϕU[[Q
qÒÈÉÇÈ ÆÓÈÐ ÆÝÅÈÒÈÎ ÔıÐÈ η ÙÔÐÅÝ ÆÓñÄà ÔÐÙ±Ä [
[ [Q ÑÒËÏÄÇÍÈÉÄÛÄà η±ÕÅËÙÈÓ±ÐÌ Ð±ÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔË
ÔÐÙ±Ë [ Ô È ÆÓñÄà ÔÐÙ±Ä [ ÇÍà ±ÐÔÐÒÐÌ _[L ´ [ L( )_ η
L Q ÑÒËÏÄÇÍÈÉÄÍÄ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÕ * [∈* ÔÐ ÆÓÈÇÄ
ÆÐÊÎÐÉÏÐÆÓËÍÕÈÐÐÔ±ÒÝÔÐÓÔË
fÄÍÈÈÆÓËÍÕÕÓÍÐÆËÃËÔÈÐÒÈÎÝÐÏÈÃÆÏÝ×ÖÕϱØË
Ã×ÓÎÑ ÓËÓÔÈÎÄÒÄÊÒÈÚËÎÄÐÔÏÐÓËÔÈÍÞÏÐÑÈÒÈ
ÎÈÏÏÝ×[ [UÆÏȱÐÔÐÒÐÌбÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔËÔÐÙ±Ë[\
[ I\ \U[U [Q
[U IU\ \U[U [Q
qÒË ßÔÐÎ ÖÕϱØËË I IU ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏÝ Ë ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐ
ÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÕÈÎÝÆÏȱÐÔÐÒÐÌбÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔËÔÐÙ±Ë
\ ( ) \ U( ) [ U( ) [ Q( )
cÐÍÈÈÑÐÇÒÐÅÏÐÈÓÍËƱÄÙÈÓÔÆÈбÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔÈÌÅÒÄÔÞ±ÕÅË
ÙÈÓ±ËÈбÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔËßÔÐÐÊÏÄÙÄÈÔÓÍÈÇÕàÛÈÈÎÐÉÏÐÆÝÅÒÄÔÞ
ÔıËÈÙËÓÍÄδ!Ëη!ÑÒËÙÈÎÇÍÃÕÇÐÅÓÔÆÄÆÊÃÔÞË×ÎÈÏÞ
ÚËÎËηδηηηÙÔÐÈÓÍËÙÈÒÈÊ8ÐÅÐÊÏÄÙËÔÞ±ÕÅËÙÈ
Ó±ÕàбÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔÞÔÐÙ±Ë \ ( ) \ U( )[ U( ) [ Q( )ÊÄÇÄÆÄÈ
ÎÕàÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÄÎË
_\L´ \ L( )_δ L U_[M´[ M( )_δ M U Q
ÔÐ
ÏÄбÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔË8ÖÕϱØËËINN UÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏÝ
ËÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÕÈÎÝ
ÇÍÃÆÓÈ×ÔÐÙȱ\ \U[U [Q∈8ÓÑÒÄÆÈÇÍËÆÝ
ÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÄ
_IN\ \U[U [Q´[ N( )_η N U
ÏÄбÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔË8ÆÝÑÐÍÏÃàÔÓÃÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÄ
ϕLI IU[U [Q \L L U
ÇÈÑÐÇINN UÑÐÏËÎÄàÔÓÃÑÒÄÆÝÈÙÄÓÔËÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆ
rÄÓÓÎÐÔÒËαÐÎÑÐÊËØËàÖÕϱØËÌËϕU[ [Q
Ô ÈÖÕϱØËà
\U ϕUI IU[U [Q
ÇÈIN IN\ \U[U [QN UÔÄÓÍÐÉÏÄÃ
ÖÕϱØËà ÊÄÆÈÇÐÎÐ ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏÄ Ë ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐ ÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÕ
ÈÎÄÏÄÕ±ÄÊÄÏÏÐÌÆÝÚȱÕÅËÙÈÓ±ÐÌбÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔË8ÔÐÙ±Ë
\ ( ) \ U( )[ U( ) [ Q( )
qбÄÉÈÎ ÙÔÐ ÏÄ ÓÄÎÐÎ ÇÈÍÈ ÖÕϱØËÃ Æ ßÔÐÌ Ð±ÒÈÓÔ
ÏÐÓÔË8ÏÈÊÄÆËÓËÔÐÔÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÝ×[U [QÔ ÈÏÈÎÈÏÃÈÔÓÃ
ÑÒË Ë× ËÊÎÈÏÈÏËË Ë ÔÈÎ ÓÄÎÝÎ ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓà ÖıÔËÙÈÓ±Ë ÍËÚÞ
ÖÕϱØËÈÌÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÝ×\ \UfÍÃßÔÐÐÇÐÓÔÄÔÐÙÏÐÑбÄÊÄÔÞ
ÙÔÐÇÍÃÖÕϱØËËÏÄбÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔË8ÆÝÑÐÍÏÃÈÔÓÃÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐ
∂\ U
M U Q
∂[ M
ÓÎ Ñ ËÍË ÖÐÒÎÕÍÕ ±ÐÏÈÙÏÝ× ÑÒËÒÄÛÈÏËÌ mÄÒÄÏÉÄ
Æ Ñ ËÊ ±ÐÔÐÒÐÌ ÓÒÄÊÕ ÓÍÈÇÕÈÔ ÇÐÓÔÄÔÐÙÏÐÓÔÞ ÕÓÍÐÆËÃ
ÇÍÃÏÈÊÄÆËÓËÎÐÓÔËÖÕϱØËËÐÔÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÝ×[U [Q
ÆÆÝÑÕ±ÍÐÌÐÅÍÄÓÔËÄÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐËƱÕÅËÙÈÓ±ÐÌбÒÈÓÔ
ÏÐÓÔË
fÍÃÇбÄÊÄÔÈÍÞÓÔÆÄÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÄÊÄÖ˱ÓËÒÕÈÎÐÇÏÐËÊ
ÊÏÄÙÈÏËÌ M M U Q Ë ±ÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔÝ [N Ó ËÏÇȱÓÄÎË N
ÑÒËÏËÎÄàÛËÎËÊÏÄÙÈÏËÃU M´M QÐÅÐÊÏÄ
ÙËÆË×ÙÈÒÈÊ [ N
ÑÒËÙÈÎÆÝÅÈÒÈÎ [ N
ÔıÙÔÐÅÝ_[ N
´ [ N( )_δ
N U M´M Q
rÄÓÓÎÐÔÒËÎÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÈ
\ \
\U \U
\U ϕUI
I U
[ U
[ M
µ [M[ M
[ Q
ÇÈI N
IN\ \U[ U
[ M
µ [M[ M
[ Q
UÎÈÒ
ÏÐ̱ÕÅËÙÈÓ±ÐÌбÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔË8MÔÐÙ±Ë \ ( ) \ U( ) [ M( )ÊÄ
ÇÄÆÄÈÎÐÌÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÄÎË
_\N´ \ N( ) _δ N U _[M´[ M( )_δ
sËÎÆÐÍËÙÈÓ±Ë ÙÔÐÅÝ ÑÐÇÙÈÒ±ÏÕÔÞ ±Ä±ËÈ ËÎÈÏÏÐ ÑÈ
ÒÈÎÈÏÏÝÈ ÎÈÏÃàÔÓÃ ËÊÐÅÒÄÊËÎ ÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÈ Æ ÆËÇÈ
\\U[M{\\U\UÔÐÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÈÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐ
ÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÕÈÎÐÏÄ8MÈÐÎÄÔÒËØıÐÅËËÎÈÈÔÆËÇ
∂\ U ∂\ U µ ∂\U ∂\U
∂\ ∂\ ∂\ U ∂[ M
ËÑÐßÔÐÎÕ
∂( \ \ U \ U ) ∂\ U
∂( \ \ U [ M ) ∂[ M
Ô È Ã±ÐÅËÄÏ ÒÄÓÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄÈÎÐÐ ÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËà ÒÄÆÈÏ ËÏÔÈÒÈ
ÓÕàÛÈÌÏÄÓÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇÏÐÌ
oÄбÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔË8MßÔÐÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÈÎÐÉÏÐÑÒÈÇÓÔÄÆËÔÞÆ
ÆËÇÈ ±ÐÎÑÐÊËØËË ÇÆÕ× ÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÌ ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐ ÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏ
ØËÒÕÈÎÐÐÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÃ
[ I\\U[ U
[ M
µ [M[ M
[ Q
[U IU\\U[ U
[ M
µ [M[ M
[ Q
[M [M
бÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔË 8M Ë ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐ ÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÕÈÎÐÐ ÐÔÐÅÒÄ
ÉÈÏËÃ
\ ϕ[[U[ U
[ M
µ [M[ M
[ Q
\U ϕU[[U[ U
[ M
µ [M[ M
[ Q
\U ϕU[[U[ U
[ M
µ [M[ M
[ Q
бÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔËÔÐÙ±Ë[ ( ) [ U( ) [ M( )ÊÄÇÄÆÄÈÎÐÌÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔ
ÆÄÎË_[L´[ L( )_ηL U_[M´[ M( )_δ
d ÓËÍÕ ÆÝÅÐÒÄ ÙËÓÈÍ δ Ë η ±ÐÎÑÐÊËØËà ßÔË× ÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÌ
±ÐÔÐÒÕàÇÍÃÏÄÍÃÇÏÐÓÔËÎÐÉÏÐÓËÎÆÐÍËÙÈÓ±ËËÊÐÅÒÄÊËÔÞÆÆË
ÇÈ\ \U[M{[ [U[M{\ \U\UÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏÄ
ËÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÕÈÎÄÏÄбÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔË8MqÈÒÆÐÈËÊ
ßÔË×ÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÌÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÕÈÎÐÆбÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔË
8MÔÐÙ±Ë \ ( ) \ U( ) \ M( )ÄÆÔÐÒÐÈÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØË
ÒÕÈÎÐÆÓÐÐÔÆÈÔÓÔÆÕàÛÈÌбÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔËÔÐÙ±Ë[ ( ) [ U( )[ M( )
qÐßÔÐÎÕ ËÊ Ë ËÊ ÓÆÐÌÓÔÆ Ã±ÐÅËÄÏÐÆ ÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÌ ÓÎ
Ñ ËÎÈÈÎ
∂\ U ∂( \ \ U \ U ) ∂( \ \ U \ U ) ∂( [ [ U [ M )
∂[ M ∂( \ \ U [ M ) ∂( [ [ U [ M ) ∂( \ \ U [ M )
dÓËÍÕÕÓÍÐÆËÃÔÈÐÒÈÎÝÒÄÏÎÄÔÒËØݱÐÅËÏÄÎÏÐÉÈÓÔ
ÆÈ*ÎÈÏÞÚÈËÍËÒÄÆÈÏUÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐ
∂( \ \ U \ U )
∂( [ [ U [ M )
gÔÎÌ ÇÑ ÇÔÉØ ÕÑÚ²ÅØ ÑÆÎÅÔÕÌ * ÓÅÈÌÉÐÕÞ∇ϕ ∇ϕP
ÎÌÐÉÍÐÑ ËÅÇÌÔÌÏÞ ÕÑ Ö ²ÅÊÈÑÍ ÕÑÚ²Ì [∈* ÔÖÜÉÔÕÇÖÉÕ ÉÉ
ѲÓÉÔÕÐÑÔÕß Ç ²ÑÕÑÓÑÍ ×ÖвÙÌÌ ϕ ϕP ËÅÇÌÔÌÏÞ qÓÌ
àÕÑÏÉÔÎÌÐÅÒÓÌÏÉÓÓÅÈÌÉÐÕÞ∇ϕ ∇ϕP´ÎÌÐÉÍÐÑÐÉ
ËÅÇÌÔÌÏÞ Ç ÐɲÑÕÑÓÑÍ ÕÑÚ²É Ì ÔÎÉÈÑÇÅÕÉÎßÐÑ ÓÅÈÌÉÐÕ
∇ϕPÇàÕÑÍÕÑÚ²ÉÄÇÎÄÉÕÔÄÌØÎÌÐÉÍÐÑͲÑÏÆÌÐÅÙÌÉÍÕÑÇ
ѲÓÉÔÕÐÑÔÕÌ ÓÅÔÔÏÅÕÓÌÇÅÉÏÑÍ ÕÑÚ²Ì ×ÖвÙÌÄ ϕP ËÅÇÌÔÌÕ
ÑÕ×ÖвÙÌÍϕ ϕP´
sÍÈÇÕÈÔÐÅÒÄÔËÔÞÆÏËÎÄÏËÈÏÄÔÐÙÔÐÇÐÓÔÄÔÐÙÏÝÈÕÓÍÐÆËÃ
ÊÄÆËÓËÎÐÓÔËÖÕϱØËÌÕÓÔÄÏÐÆÍÈÏÏÝÈÆßÔÐÎÑÕϱÔÈËÎÈàÔÍÐ
±ÄÍÞÏÝÌ×ÄÒıÔÈÒÆÐÔÍËÙËÈÐÔÒÈÊÕÍÞÔÄÔÐÆÑÒÈÇÚÈÓÔÆÕàÛÈÐ
ÑÕϱÔÄËÎÈàÛË×ÍÐÅÄÍÞÏÝÌ×ÄÒıÔÈÒÔÐÐÊÏÄÙÄÈÔÓÍÈÇÕà
ÛÈÈÈÓÍËÓËÓÔÈÎÄPÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÕÈÎÝ×ÖÕϱØËÌ
ÊÄÆËÓËÎÄ ÏÄ ÐÔ±ÒÝÔÐÎ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÈ * µ 5Q ÔÐ ÓÐÍÄÓÏÐ
ÔÈÐÒÈÎÈ Ñ Æ± Ä É Ç Ð ÌÔÐÙ±ÈßÔÐÐÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄÒÄÏÎÄÔ
ÒËØݱÐÅËßÔÐÌÓËÓÔÈÎÝÎÈÏÞÚÈPÓÐÐÔÆÈÔÓÔÆÈÏÏÐÈÓÍË×ÐÔÃ
ÅÝÆÐÇÏÐÌÔÐÙ±ÈÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ*ÒÄÏÒÄÓÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄÈÎÐÌÎÄÔÒËØÝ
ÒÄÆÈÏPÔÐÓËÓÔÈÎÄÏÈÊÄÆËÓËÎÄÏÄÆ Ó È ÎÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÈ *yÔÐ
ÉÈ ±ÄÓÄÈÔÓà ÔÈÐÒÈÎÝ ÏÄÓÔÐÃÛÈÐ ÑÕϱÔÄ ÔÐ ÐÏÄ ÕÔÆÈÒÉÇÄÈÔ
ÍËÚÞ ÙÔÐ ÈÓÍË Æ ±Ä±ÐÌÔÐ ÔÐÙ±È [∈* ÆÝÑÐÍÏÃàÔÓà ÕÓÍÐÆËÃ
ßÔÐÌ ÔÈÐÒÈÎÝ ÔÐ ÔÐÍޱРÏÄ Ï È ± Ð Ô Ð Ò Ð Ì Ð ± Ò È Ó Ô Ï Ð Ó Ô Ë
ßÔÐÌÔÐÙ±ËÄÏÈÏÄÆÓÈÎÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÈ*ÇÄÏÏÄÃÓËÓÔÈÎÄÖÕϱØËÌ
ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓà ÊÄÆËÓËÎÐÌ ÓËÓÔÈÎÐÌ tıËÎ ÐÅÒÄÊÐÎ ÇÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÐ
ÕÔÆÈÒÉÇÈÏËÈÔÈÐÒÈÎÝ ËÎÈÈÔÍбÄÍÞÏÝÌ×ÄÒıÔÈÒ
fÐÅÄÆËÎ ÈÛÈ ÙÔÐ ÈÓÍË Æ ± Ä É Ç Ð Ì ÔÐÙ±È [ ÐÔ±ÒÝÔÐÐ
ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ * ÆÝÑÐÍÏÃàÔÓà ÕÓÍÐÆËà ÔÈÐÒÈÎÝ ÔÐ ±ÐÏÈÙÏÐ Æ
ßÔÐÎÓÍÕÙÄÈÆÏȱÐÔÐÒÐÌбÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔ˱ÄÉÇÐÌÔÐÙ±ËÒÄÓÓÎÄÔÒË
ÆÄÈÎÄÃÓËÓÔÈÎÄÖÕϱØËÌÅÕÇÈÔÊÄÆËÓËÎÐÌpÇÏıÐÔÈÐÒÈÎÄ ÏÈ
ÄÒÄÏÔËÒÕÈÔÙÔÐßÔÄÊÄÆËÓËÎÐÓÔÞÅÕÇÈÔÐÇÏÐÌËÔÐÌÉÈÆÐÆÓÈ×
Õ±ÄÊÄÏÏÝ× Ð±ÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔÃ× Ô È ËÊ ÔÈÐÒÈÎÝ ÏÈ ÓÍÈÇÕÈÔ ÙÔÐ Æ
ÒÄÊÏÝ× ÔÐÙ±Ä× ÐÇÏË Ë ÔÈ ÉÈ ÖÕϱØËË ÅÕÇÕÔ ÊÄÆËÓËÎÝÎË ÐÔ
ÇÒÕË×ËÙÔÐÖÕϱØËËΦ«ÐÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÍÃàÛËȬÊÄÆËÓËÎÐÓÔËÐÇ
ÏË×ËÔÈ×ÉÈÖÕϱØËÌÒÄÓÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄÈÎÝ×ÏÄÒÄÊÏÝ×бÒÈÓÔÏÐÓ
ÔÃ×ÅÕÇÕÔÓÐÆÑÄÇÄÔÞÆÔÐÙ±Ä×ÑÈÒÈÓÈÙÈÏËÃßÔË×бÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔÈÌ
sÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐËÊÔÈÐÒÈÎÝ ÏÈÓÍÈÇÕÈÔÙÔÐÓËÓÔÈÎÄÖÕϱØËÌ
ÕÇÐÆÍÈÔÆÐÒÃàÛÄà ÕÓÍÐÆËÃÎ ßÔÐÌ ÔÈÐÒÈÎÝ ÆÐ ÆÓÈ× ÔÐÙ±Ä× [
ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ * ÅÕÇÈÔ ÊÄÆËÓËÎÐÌ ÏÄ ÆÓÈÎ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÈ * Æ ØÈÍÐÎ
Ô ÈÆÓÎÝÓÍÈÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËÃ ÔÐËÐÊÏÄÙÄÈÔÙÔÐÔÈÐÒÈÎÄ ÏÈ
ËÎÈÈÔÍÐÅÄÍÞÏÐÐ×ÄÒıÔÈÒÄ
iÄÎÈÔËÎÙÔÐÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔÏÈÓ±ÐÍÞ±ÐÅÐÍÈÈÐÅÛËÌÑÐÇ×ÐDZ
ÑÐÏÃÔËàÊÄÆËÓËÎÐÓÔËÖÕϱØËÌÑÐÊÆÐÍÃàÛËÌÑÐÓÔÒÐËÔÞÍÐ
ÅÄÍÞÏÕàÔÈÐÒËàßÔÐÐÆÐÑÒÐÓÄÐÇÏıÐÏÈÅÕÇÈÎÏÄßÔÐÎÐÓÔÄ
ÏÄÆÍËÆÄÔÞÓÃ
± Ò Ê Î Ç Ò rÄÓÓÎÐÔÒËÎÓËÓÔÈÎÕÖÕϱØËÌ
X VLQ [\
Y FRV [\
±ÐÅËÄÏßÔÐÌÓËÓÔÈÎÝÒÄÆÈÏÏÕÍàÏÄÆÓÈÌÑÍÐÓ±ÐÓÔË
FRV ( [ \ ) FRV ( [ \ )
± VLQ ( [ \ ) ± VLQ ( [ \ )
˱ıÍȱÐÆËÇÈÔÞÒÄÏÎÄÔÒËØݱÐÅËßÔÐÌÓËÓÔÈÎÝÒÄÆÈÏ
ÈÇËÏËØÈÆÐÆÓÈ×ÔÐÙ±Ä×ÑÍÐÓ±ÐÓÔË
sÐÍÄÓÏÐ ÔÈÐÒÈÎÈ ÖÕϱØËË ÊÄÆËÓËÎÝ Æ Ð±ÒÈÓÔ
ÏÐÓÔ˱ÄÉÇÐÌÔÐÙ±ËÑÍÐÓ±ÐÓÔËdÇÄÏÏÐÎÓÍÕÙÄÈÊÄÆËÓËÎÐÓÔÞ
ÖÕϱØËÌÍȱРÏÄ×ÐÇËÔÓà ÆÃÆÏÐÎ ÆËÇÈ ÏÄÑÒËÎÈÒÏÄÐÔ±ÒÝ
ÔÐÎ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÈ ÔÐÙȱ [ \ ÇÍà ±ÐÔÐÒÝ× FRV [ \ ! ÐÏÄ
ÎÐÉÈÔÅÝÔÞÊÄÇÄÏÄÖÐÒÎÕÍÐÌY µ X
uqrbhogoj qÕÓÔÞX [\]Y [\\]][Z [\]
fбÄÊÄÔÞÙÔÐÖÕϱØËËXYZÊÄÆËÓËÎÝËÏÄÌÔËÕÒÄÆÏÈÏËÈÆÝÒÄÉÄà
ÛÈÈË×ÊÄÆËÓËÎÐÓÔÞ
jÓÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÞÆÐÑÒÐÓÐÊÄÆËÓËÎÐÓÔËÖÕϱØËÌX ξηζY ξηζ
Z ξηζ] ξηηζζξ
iÇÊÇÛÇ vÕϱØËà X X[ \ ÏÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÓà ÄÒÎÐÏËÙÈÓ±ÐÌ Æ ÑÍÐ
Ó±ÐÌÐÅÍÄÓÔËÈÓÍËÆÐÆÓÈ×ÔÐÙ±Ä×ßÔÐÌÐÅÍÄÓÔËÐÏÄÕÇÐÆÍÈÔÆÐÒÃÈÔÕÒÄÆÏÈ
ÏËà∆X ÓÎfбÄÊÄÔÞÙÔÐÇÆÈÄÒÎÐÏËÙÈÓ±ËÈÖÕϱØËËÊÄÆË
ÓËÎÝÆÑÍÐÓ±ÐÌÐÅÍÄÓÔËÔÐÇÄËÔÐÍÞ±ÐÔÐÇıÐÇÄÐÏËÍËÏÈÌÏÐÊÄÆËÓËÎÝ
µÓÍÐÄÏÝËßÌÓÔÒÇÎÕÎ
±ÐÏáÔÊÇÕÓÍÐÄÏÐÅÐßÌÓÔÒÇÎÕÎÂ
qÕÓÔÞÏÄÐÔ±ÒÝÔÐÎÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÈ*µ5QÊÄÇÄÏÝÖÕϱØËË
\L IL[ L P
[ [ [Q∈*pÅÐÊÏÄÙËÎÙÈÒÈÊ(ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐÔÐÙȱ[∈*Æ
±ÐÔÐÒÝ×ÆÓÈÖÕϱØËËILL PÐÅÒÄÛÄàÔÓÃÆÏÕÍÞ
( ^[IL[ L P [∈*`
uÒÄÆÏÈÏËÃ
IL[ L P
ÅÕÇÈÎÏÄÊÝÆÄÔÞÖÓÅÇÐÉÐÌÄÏÌÔÇÄËÌ
°ÑÒÇÆÇÍÇÏÊÇ qÖÔÕß ÐÅ * ËÅÈÅÐÅ ×ÖвÙÌÄ \ I[ tÑÚ
²Å[∈( ÐÅËÞÇÅÉÕÔÄ ÕÑÚ²ÑÍ ÖÔÎÑÇÐÑÑ à²ÔÕÓÉÏÖÏÅ
×Öв
ÙÌÌI[ÑÕÐÑÔÌÕÉÎßÐÑÌÎÌÒÓÌÇÞÒÑÎÐÉÐÌÌÖÓÅÇÐÉÐÌÍÔÇÄ
ËÌ ÉÔÎÌ ÑÐÅ ÄÇÎÄÉÕÔÄ ÕÑÚ²ÑÍ ÑÆÞÚÐÑÑ à²ÔÕÓÉÏÖÏÅ
àÕÑÍ ×ÖвÙÌÌ ÓÅÔÔÏÅÕÓÌÇÅÉÏÑÍ ÕÑÎß²Ñ ÐÅ ÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÉ (
ÓÎÑ
jÏÄÙÈ ÐÆÐÒà ÊÇÈÓÞ ÊÏÄÙÈÏËÈ ÖÕϱØËË I[ Æ ÔÐÙ±È [
ÓÒÄÆÏËÆÄÈÔÓÃÏÈÓÐÆÓÈÎËÈÈÊÏÄÙÈÏËÃÎËÆÇÐÓÔÄÔÐÙÏÐÎÄÍÐÌб
ÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔËßÔÐÌÔÐÙ±ËÄÔÐÍÞ±ÐÓÐÊÏÄÙÈÏËÃÎËÆÔÐÙ±Ä×ÑÒËÏÄ
ÇÍÈÉÄÛË× ÐÇÏÐÆÒÈÎÈÏÏÐ Õ±ÄÊÄÏÏÐÌ ÇÐÓÔÄÔÐÙÏÐ ÎÄÍÐÌ Ð±ÒÈÓÔ
ÏÐÓÔË Ë ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÕ ( lı Ë Æ ÓÍÕÙÄÈ ÐÅÝÙÏÝ× ß±ÓÔÒÈÎÕÎÐÆ
ÎÐÉÏÐÈÓÔÈÓÔÆÈÏÏÐÒÄÓÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄÔÞÔÐÙ±ËÑÒÐÓÔÐÕÓÍÐÆÏÐÐß±Ó
ÔÒÈÎÕÎÄËÔÐÙ±ËÓÔÒÐÐÐÕÓÍÐÆÏÐÐß±ÓÔÒÈÎÕÎÄtÐÙ±ÄÕÓÍÐÆ
ÏÐÐß±ÓÔÒÈÎÕÎÄÎÐÉÈÔÅÝÔÞÍËÅÐÔÐÙ±ÐÌÕÓÍÐÆÏÐÐÓÔÒÐÐÐ
ÎıÓËÎÕÎÄÍËÅÐÔÐÙ±ÐÌÕÓÍÐÆÏÐÐÓÔÒÐÐÐÎËÏËÎÕÎÄ
± Ò Ê Î Ç Ò Ý rÄÓÓÎÐÔÒËÎÖÕϱØËà
qÒËÏÃÔÔıÉÈÔÈÒÎËÏ«ÐÔÏÐÓËÔÈÍÞÏÝÌß±ÓÔÒÈÎÕά
ÈÐÔÐÙȱÍÈÉÄÛË×ÏÄÇÑÒÃÎÐÌÒËÓ ÔÐÔÑÒËÎÈÒ
ÑбÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÙÔÐÔÐÙ±ÄƱÐÔÐÒÐÌÖÕϱØËÃÇÐÓÔËÄÈÔÕÓÍÐÆÏÐ
Ðß±ÓÔÒÈÎÕÎÄÏÈÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃÆÐÐÅÛÈÐÆÐÒÃÔÐÙ±ÐÌß±ÓÔÒÈÎÕ
ÎÄßÔÐÌÖÕϱØËË
rÄÓÓÎÐÔÒËÎ ÖÕϱØËà I[ \ \ ´ [ Ë ÕÒÄÆÏÈÏËÈ ÓÆÃÊË
\ [jÎÈÈÎI[[ [Ô ÈÑÒËÆÝÑÐÍÏÈÏËËÕÒÄÆÏÈÏËÌ
ÓÆÃÊËÒÄÓÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄÈÎÄÃÖÕϱØËÃÔıÉÈÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃÖÕϱØËÈÌÐÇ
ÏÐÐÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÐÐËÐÙÈÆËÇÏÐÇÐÓÔËÄÈÔÎËÏËÎÕÎÄÑÒË[
ÒËÓ iÏÄÙÈÏËà[ ÓÐÍÄÓÏÐÕÒÄÆÏÈÏËàÓÆÃÊËÓÐÐÔÆÈÔ
ÓÔÆÕÈÔÊÏÄÙÈÏËÈ\ ÄÑÐßÔÐÎÕÖÕϱØËÃI[\ \´[ËÎÈ
ÈÔ Æ ÔÐÙ±È ÕÓÍÐÆÏÝÌ ÎËÏËÎÕÎ ÐÔÏÐÓËÔÈÍÞÏÐ ÕÒÄÆÏÈÏËÃ
ÓÆÃÊË\ [
sÍÈÇÕÈÔ ÊÄÎÈÔËÔÞ ÙÔÐ Æ ßÔÐÎ ÓÍÕÙÄÈ ÓÄÎÄ ÖÕϱØËà I[ \
ÏÈËÎÈÈÔÏËÎıÓËÎÕÎÄÏËÎËÏËÎÕÎÄÏËƱıÐÌÔÐÙ±ÈÑÍÐÓ
±ÐÓÔË tıËÎ ÐÅÒÄÊÐÎ ÒÄÓÓÎÐÔÒÈÏÏÝÌ ÑÒËÎÈÒ ÑбÄÊÝÆÄÈÔ
ÙÔÐ ÖÕϱØËà ÎÐÉÈÔ ÏÈ ËÎÈÔÞ ß±ÓÔÒÈÎÕÎÄ ÏÐ ÑÒË ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏ
ÏÝ×ÕÒÄÆÏÈÏËÃ×ÓÆÃÊËÎÐÉÈÔËÎÈÔÞÕÓÍÐÆÏÝÌß±ÓÔÒÈÎÕÎ
dÇÄÍÞÏÈÌÚÈÎÅÕÇÈÎÑÒÈÇÑÐÍÄÄÔÞÙÔÐ
ÆÓÈ ÖÕϱØËË I I IP ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐ ÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÕ
ÈÎÝÏÄÐÔ±ÒÝÔÐÎÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÈ*
Æ ÒÄÓÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄÈÎÐÌ ÔÐÙ±È [ ÆȱÔÐÒÝ ∇I ∇IP ÍË
ÏÈÌÏÐÏÈÊÄÆËÓËÎÝÔ ÈÒÄÏÎÄÔÒËØݱÐÅË
∂I L
M P L Q
∂[ L
ÒÄÆÈÏ P µ ÙËÓÍÕ ÈÈ ÓÔÒб ÓÔÒÐ±Ë ÎÄÔÒËØÝ ±ÐÅË ÃÆÍÃàÔÓÃ
±ÐÎÑÐÏÈÏÔÄÎËÒÄÇËÈÏÔÐÆ∇I ∇IP
] ]
] [\
] \´[
\ [ \
\
[ [
[\´
rËÓ rËÓ
sÐÍÄÓÏÐÒÈÊÕÍÞÔÄÔÄÎÑÒÈÇÝÇÕÛÈÐÑÄÒÄÒÄÖÄßÔÐÐÊÏÄÙÄ
ÈÔ ÙÔÐ ÖÕϱØËË ÓËÓÔÈÎÝ ÏÈÊÄÆËÓËÎÝ Æ ÏȱÐÔÐÒÐÌ Ð±
ÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔËÔÐÙ±Ë[qÐÓ±ÐÍÞ±ÕÒÄÏÎÄÔÒËØÝÏÈÎÐÉÈÔÅÝÔÞ
ÅÐÍÞÚÈÙËÓÍÄÓÔÐÍÅØÐÆÔÐËÊÕÓÍÐÆËÃÓÍÈÇÕÈÔÙÔÐPPQ
pÔÎÈÔËÎÙÔÐÆÓÍÕÙÄÈP Q±ÐÇÄÔÐÙ±Ä[ÕÇÐÆÍÈÔÆÐÒÃ
ÈÔÕÒÄÆÏÈÏËÃÎÓÆÃÊËÆÏȱÐÔÐÒÐÌбÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔËßÔÐÌÔÐÙ
±Ë ÏÈÔ ÅÐÍÞÚÈ ÔÐÙȱ ÕÇÐÆÍÈÔÆÐÒÃàÛË× ÕÒÄÆÏÈÏËÃÎ ÓÆÃÊË
ÔÐÓÍÈÇÕÈÔËÊÔÐÐÙÔÐÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÈ
I[ I[I[IP[ [ [[Q∈*
∂( I I Q )
Æ ÓËÍÕ ÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÄ ÏÕÍà ñÐÅËÄÏÄ
ÍбÄÍÞ
∂( [ [ Q ) [ [
ÏÐ ÐÎÈÐÎÐÒÖÏÐ ÓÎ Ñ Æ ÔÐÙ±È [ qÐßÔÐÎÕ ÆÐÑÒÐÓ ÐÅ
ÕÓÍÐÆÏÐÎß±ÓÔÒÈÎÕÎÈÆÔÐÙ±È[ÓÆÐÇËÔÓñÆÐÑÒÐÓÕÐÅß±ÓÔÒÈ
ÎÕÎÈÖÕϱØËËÆËÊÐÍËÒÐÆÄÏÏÐÌÔÐÙ±ÈÈÈÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈ
ÏËÃ Ô È ÆÐÑÒÐÓÕ ËÎÈàÛÈÎÕ ÑÒÄÆËÍÞÏÐÈ ÒÈÚÈÏËÈ qÐßÔÐÎÕ
ÆÇÄÍÞÏÈÌÚÈÎÅÕÇÈÎÆÓÈÇÄÑÒÈÇÑÐÍÄÄÔÞÙÔÐPQ
sÐÍÄÓÏÐÕÓÍÐÆËàÆÔÐÙ±È[×ÐÔÃÅÝÐÇËÏËÊÐÑÒÈÇÈÍË
∂( I I )
P
ÔÈÍÈÌÆËÇÄ
ÐÔÍËÙÈÏÐÔÏÕÍÃqÕÓÔÞÇÍÃÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏ
∂( [ L [ L )
P
ÏÐÓÔËÆÔÐÙ±È[
∂( I I P )
∂( [ [ P )
tÐÇÄÑÒËQ!PÑÐÔÈÐÒÈÎÈÐÏÈÃÆÏÝ×ÖÕϱØËÃ×ÓÎÑ
ÓËÓÔÈÎÕÕÒÄÆÏÈÏËÌÆÏȱÐÔÐÒÐÌбÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔËÔÐÙ±Ë
[ [ ( ) [ Q( )
ÎÐÉÏÐÒÄÊÒÈÚËÔÞÐÔÏÐÓËÔÈÍÞÏÐÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÝ×[ [P
[ ϕ[P [Q
[P ϕP[P [Q
a
jÏÄÙÈÐÆÐÒÃÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕàÔÔıËÈбÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔË8 8[Ë8
a ( ) [ ( ) [ ( )ÓÐÐÔÆÈÔÓÔÆÈÏ
8 [ÔÐÙȱ[Ë[ [ P P Q
ÏÐÆÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÄ×5 Ë5Q Q´P ÙÔÐÔÐÙ±Ä[ [[ [Qq8
ÕÇÐÆÍÈÔÆÐÒÃÈÔ ÕÒÄÆÏÈÏËÃÎ ÓÆÃÊË ÔÐÇÄ Ë ÔÐÍޱРÔÐ
ÇÄ ±ÐÇÄ ÐÏÄ ËÎÈÈÔ ÆËÇ [ ϕ[ ϕ[ ϕP[ [
a
[ [P[P [Qq8
qÐÇÓÔÄÆËÆÊÏÄÙÈÏËÃ[ [PÊÄÇÄÏÏÝÈÖÐÒÎÕÍÄÎËÆ
\ I[Ô ÈÒÄÓÓÎÐÔÒÈƱÐÎÑÐÊËØËàÖÕϱØËËIËϕ ϕP
ÑÐÍÕÙËÎÖÕϱØËà
GHI
\ Iϕ[P [Q ϕP[P [Q[P [Q
GHI
J[P [Q
ÐÔ Q ´ P ÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÝ× [P [Q ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏÏÕà Ë ÏÈÑÒÈ
a
ÒÝÆÏÐ ÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÕÈÎÕà Æ Õ±ÄÊÄÏÏÐÌ ÆÝÚÈ Ð±ÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔË 8
ÔÐÙ±Ë[
qÐÓ±ÐÍÞ±Õ ÓÐÍÄÓÏÐ ÔÈÐÒÈÎÈ Ð ÏÈÃÆÏÝ× ÖÕϱØËÃ× ÕÓÍÐ
ÆËÃ Ë ÒÄÆÏÐÓËÍÞÏÝ ÓÑÒÄÆÈÇÍËÆÐ ÓÍÈÇÕàÛÈÈ ÕÔ
ÆÈÒÉÇÈÏËÈ
tÑڲŠ[ ÄÇÎÄÉÕÔÄ ÕÑÚ²ÑÍ ÔÕÓÑÑÑ ÖÔÎÑÇÐÑÑ à²ÔÕÓÉ
ÏÖÏÅ ÈÎÄ ×ÖвÙÌÌ I[ ÑÕÐÑÔÌÕÉÎßÐÑ ÖÓÅÇÐÉÐÌÍ ÔÇÄËÌ
ÇÕÑÏÌÕÑÎß²ÑÇÕÑÏÔÎÖÚÅɲÑÈÅ[ÄÇÎÄÉÕÔÄÕÑÚ
²ÑÍÑÆÞÚÐÑÑÔÕÓÑÑÑà²ÔÕÓÉÏÖÏÅ×ÖвÙÌÍ
gÓÍË[ µÔÐÙ±ÄÐÅÝÙÏÐÐß±ÓÔÒÈÎÕÎÄÖÕϱØËËJÔÐÐÏÄ
ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃÓÔÄØËÐÏÄÒÏÐÌÔÐÙ±ÐÌßÔÐÌÖÕϱØËËÓÎÑ
GJ[
oÄÑÐÎÏËÎÙÔÐÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÄ͵ÍËÏÈÌÏÄÃÐÇÏÐÒÐÇÏÄÃÖÕϱ
ØËÃËÈÐÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐÏÕÍàÐÊÏÄÙÄÈÔÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐÏÕÍàßÔÐÌÖÕϱ
ØËËÑÒËÍàÅÝ×ÊÏÄÙÈÏËÃ×ÈÈÄÒÕÎÈÏÔÐÆÆÇÄÏÏÐÎÓÍÕÙÄÈ µ
ÑÒËÍàÅÝ×G[P G[QÔÐÆÐÊÎÐÉÏÐÐÙÈÆËÇÏÐÆÔÐÎË
ÔÐÍÞ±ÐÆÔÐÎÓÍÕÙÄȱÐÇÄÆÓȱÐßÖÖËØËÈÏÔÝÑÒËßÔË×ÄÒÕ
∂J
ÎÈÏÔÄ×Ô ÈÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇÏÝÈ
N Q´PÐÅÒÄÛÄ
∂[ P N
àÔÓÃÆÏÕÍÞÆÔÐÙ±È[uÓÍÐÆËÈÏÈÐÅ×ÐÇËÎÐÇÍÃÕÓÍÐÆ
ÏÐÐß±ÓÔÒÈÎÕÎÄÆÔÐÙ±È[
tıËÎ ÐÅÒÄÊÐÎ ÎÈÔÐÇ ÐÓÏÐÆÄÏÏÝÌ ÏÄ ÒÈÚÈÏËË ÓËÓÔÈÎÝ
ÕÒÄÆÏÈÏËÌ ÑÐÊÆÐÍÃÈÔ ÓÆÈÓÔË ÆÐÑÒÐÓ Ð ÏÄ×ÐÉÇÈÏËË ÕÓ
ÍÐÆÏÐÐ ß±ÓÔÒÈÎÕÎÄ ± ÕÉÈ ËÊÕÙÈÏÏÐÎÕ ÆÐÑÒÐÓÕ ÐÅ ÐÅÝÙÏÐÎ
ß±ÓÔÒÈÎÕÎÈ jÎÈÏÏÐ ÔıËÎ ÐÅÒÄÊÐÎ ÎÝ Ë ÑÐÓÔÕÑÄÍË Æ ÒÄÓ
ÓÎÐÔÒÈÏÏÝ×ÆÝÚÈÑÒËÎÈÒÄ×pÇÏıÐÏÄÌÔËÒÈÚÈÏËÈÓËÓÔÈÎÝ
Æ ÃÆÏÐÎ ÆËÇÈ ÙÄÓÔÐ ÏÈÆÐÊÎÐÉÏÐ ËÍË ÆÈÓÞÎÄ ÊÄÔÒÕÇÏË
ÔÈÍÞÏÐ ÑÐßÔÐÎÕ ÉÈÍÄÔÈÍÞÏÐ ÒÄÓÑÐÍÄÄÔÞ ÎÈÔÐÇÐÎ ÑÐÊÆÐÍÃà
ÛËÎÏÄ×ÐÇËÔÞÕÓÍÐÆÏÝÌß±ÓÔÒÈÎÕÎÏÈÒÈÚÄÃÓËÓÔÈÎÝ
ÔÐÔÓÑÐÓÐÅËÊÍÐÉÈÏÏËÉÈ
®ÇÔÐÆÎÏÐÈÊÔÇÍÇËÂÅÒÂÏÈÂ
ÆÍáÏÂ×ÐÈÆÇÏÊáÔÐÙÇÌÕÓÍÐÄÏÐÅÐßÌÓÔÒÇÎÕÎÂ
d Ñ ÑÒÈÇÑÐÍÄÄÈÔÓà ÙÔÐ ÆÓÈ ÖÕϱØËË I I IP ÏÈ
ÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÕÈÎÝÏÄÐÔ±ÒÝÔÐÎÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÈ*µ5Q
Q!P
´ § ° ² § ® ¢ qÖÔÕß [ µ ÕÑڲŠÖÔÎÑÇÐÑÑ à²ÔÕÓÉÏÖÏÅ
×ÖвÙÌÌ I ÒÓÌ ÇÞÒÑÎÐÉÐÌÌ ÖÓÅÇÐÉÐÌÍ ÔÇÄËÌ tÑÈÅ
Ç àÕÑÍ ÕÑÚ²É ÓÅÈÌÉÐÕÞ ∇I ∇I ∇IP ÎÌÐÉÍÐÑ ËÅÇÌÔÌ
ÏÞ Õ É ÔÖÜÉÔÕÇÖáÕ ÕŲÌÉ ÐÉ ÇÔÉ ÓÅÇÐÞÉ ÐÖÎá ÚÌÔÎÅ
λλ λPÚÕÑ
λ∇Iλ∇IλP∇IP
gÔÎÌÇÕÑÚ²É[ÖÔÎÑÇÐÑÑà²ÔÕÓÉÏÖÏÅ×Öв
³ § ¦ ³ ´ ¤ ª §
ÙÌÌ I ÑÕÐÑÔÌÕÉÎßÐÑ ÖÓÅÇÐÉÐÌÍ ÔÇÄËÌ ÓÅÈÌÉÐÕÞ
∇I ∇IPÎÌÐÉÍÐÑÐÉËÅÇÌÔÌÏÞÕ ÉÓÅÐÏÅÕÓÌÙÞ ²ÑÆÌ
∂I M
M P L Q
∂[ L
ÓÅÇÉÐPÕÑÔÖÜÉÔÕÇÖáÕÕŲÌÉλ λPÚÕÑÇàÕÑÍÕÑÚ²É
P
∇I ∑ λM ∇IM
M
Õ ÉÓÅÈÌÉÐÕ∇IÄÇÎÄÉÕÔÄÎÌÐÉÍÐÑͲÑÏÆÌÐÅÙÌÉÍÓÅÈÌÉÐ
ÕÑÇ∇I ∇IP
d±ÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔÏÐÌÖÐÒÎÈÕÓÍÐÆËÈËÎÈÈÔÆËÇÇÍÃÍà
ÅÐÐL QÆÔÐÙ±È[
∂I P ∂I
∑ λM M
∂[ L M ∂ [L
vÕϱØËÃ
GHI P
)[ I[ ∑ λMIM[
M
ÊËÔÐÐÏÄÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃÓÔÄØËÐÏÄÒÏÐÌÔÐÙ±ÐÌÇÍÃÖÕϱØËË
mÄÒÄÏÉÄÔ È
∂) ( [ ( ) )
L Q
∂[ L
jÏÄÙÈÐÆÐÒÃ
G)[
qÒÈÉÇÈÙÈÎÇбÄÊÄÔÞÔÈÐÒÈÎÕÒÄÊÜÃÓÏËÎÈÈÓÎÝÓÍËÑбÄ
ÉÈÎ ±Ä± ÈÈ ËÓÑÐÍÞÊÐÆÄÔÞ ÇÍà ÏÄ×ÐÉÇÈÏËà ÔÐÙȱ ÕÓÍÐÆÏÐÐ
ß±ÓÔÒÈÎÕÎÄ qÒÈÉÇÈ ÆÓÈÐ ÐÅÒÄÔËÎ ÆÏËÎÄÏËÈ ÏÄ ÔÐ ÙÔÐ Õ
ÖÕϱØËË ÆËÇÄ ÑÒË ÑÒÐËÊÆÐÍÞÏÝ× ÙËÓÍÄ× λ λP
±ÄÉÇÄÃÔÐÙ±ÄÈÈÕÓÍÐÆÏÐÐß±ÓÔÒÈÎÕÎÄÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃËÔÐÙ±ÐÌÕÓ
ÍÐÆÏÐÐß±ÓÔÒÈÎÕÎÄËÓ×ÐÇÏÐÌÖÕϱØËËIËÏÄÐÅÐÒÐÔnÝÆÝ
ÅËÒÄÈÎÔıËÈÊÏÄÙÈÏËÃλ λQÙÔÐÅÝÆÝÑÐÍÏÃÍËÓÞÕÓÍÐÆËÃ
Ô ÈÙÔÐÅÝÇÄÏÏÄÃÔÐÙ±ÄÕÓÍÐÆÏÐÐß±ÓÔÒÈÎÕÎÄбÄÊÄ
ÍÄÓÞËÓÔÄØËÐÏÄÒÏÐÌÔÐÙ±ÐÌÖÕϱØËË
fÍà ÐÔÝÓ±ÄÏËà ÔÐÙȱ ÕÓÍÐÆÏÐÐ ß±ÓÔÒÈÎÕÎÄ ÓÍÈÇÕÈÔ ÒÄÓ
ÓÎÐÔÒÈÔÞÓËÓÔÈÎÕQPÕÒÄÆÏÈÏËÌËÐÔÏÐÓËÔÈÍÞ
ÏÐÏÈËÊÆÈÓÔÏÝ× [ ( ) [ Q( )λ λPËÒÈÚËÔÞÈÈÈÓÍËßÔÐ
бÄÉÈÔÓÃÆÐÊÎÐÉÏÝÎÏÄÌÇà [ ( ) [ Q( )ËÑÐÆÐÊÎÐÉÏÐÓÔË
ËÓ±ÍàÙËÆλ λPsÖÐÒÎÕÍËÒÐÆÄÏÏÄÃÔÈÐÒÈÎÄÕÔÆÈÒÉÇÄÈÔ
ÙÔÐ ÆÓÈ ÔÐÙ±Ë ÕÓÍÐÆÏÐÐ ß±ÓÔÒÈÎÕÎÄ ÅÕÇÕÔ ÏÄ×ÐÇËÔÞÓà ÓÒÈÇË
ÏÄÌÇÈÏÏÝ×ÔıËÎÐÅÒÄÊÐÎÔÐÙȱ[ ( ) [ Q( )dÐÑÒÐÓÐÔÐÎ
±Ä±ËÈÉÈËÊÏË×ÖıÔËÙÈÓ±ËÅÕÇÕÔÔÐÙ±ÄÎËÕÓÍÐÆÏÐÐß±ÓÔÒÈ
ÎÕÎÄÔÒÈÅÕÈÔ ÇÐÑÐÍÏËÔÈÍÞÏÐÐËÓÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÏËÃ ÐÏÐÅÕÇÈÔ ÑÒÐ
ÆÈÇÈÏÐÆÑÕϱÔÈ
¦ Ð Ì Â É Â Ô Ç Í Þ Ó Ô Ä Ð Ô Ç Ð Ò Ç Î Ý fбÄÉÈÎÕÔÆÈÒÉÇÈÏËÈÒÄÆ
ÏÐÓËÍÞÏÐÈÔÈÐÒÈÎÈÈÓÍËÆÔÐÙ±È[ [ ( ) [ Q( )ÕÇÐÆÍÈÔÆÐ
ÒÃàÛÈÌÕÒÄÆÏÈÏËÃÎÓÆÃÊË
IN[ N P
ÒÄÇËÈÏÔÝ∇I∇I ∇IPÍËÏÈÌÏÐÏÈÊÄÆËÓËÎÝÔÐ[ÏÈÃÆ
ÍÃÈÔÓÃÔÐÙ±ÐÌÕÓÍÐÆÏÐÐß±ÓÔÒÈÎÕÎÄ
jÔıÑÕÓÔÞ∇I∇I ∇IPÍËÏÈÌÏÐÏÈÊÄÆËÓËÎÝËÓÍÈÇÐÆÄ
∂I
ÔÈÍÞÏÐÒÄÏÎÄÔÒËØݱÐÅË M M PL Q
∂[ L
ÒÄÆÈÏPtÐÇÄÆßÔÐÌÎÄÔÒËØÈÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔÎËÏÐÒÑÐÒÃDZÄ
P ÏÈ ÒÄÆÏÝÌ ÏÕÍà fÍÃ ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏÏÐÓÔË ÅÕÇÈÎ ÓÙËÔÄÔÞ
ÙÔÐÐÏÐÅÒÄÊÐÆÄÏÑÈÒÆÝÎËPÓÔÐÍÅØÄÎËÔ È
∂( I I I P )
∂( [ [ [ P )
[ [()
nÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐ* µÐÔ±ÒÝÔÐÄÑÐßÔÐÎÕÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔÔıÐÈδ!ÙÔÐ
ÑÒËÆÓÈ×δδδ±ÕÅ 4 δQ ^[ _[L´ [ L( )_δL Q`
ÍÈÉËÔ Æ * Ë ÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐ ÏÄ ÏÈÎ ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏÝ ÆÓÈ ÖÕϱ
ØËËII IP
( ) [ [ ( )ËÆÆÈÇÈÎÓÍÈÇÕà
iÄÖ˱ÓËÒÕÈÎ[P [ P Q Q
ÛËÈÐÅÐÊÏÄÙÈÏËÃ
[
[ [P
4 δP ^[
_[L´[ L( )_δL P`
( ) [ ( )M P
pÙÈÆËÇÏÐÖÕϱØËËIM[ [P[ P Q
ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏÝ Ë ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐ ÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÕÈÎÝ ÆÓàÇÕ Æ 4 δP
rÄÓÓÎÐÔÒËÎ ÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÈ Φ 4 δP { 5P ÊÄÇÄÆÄÈÎÐÈ ÖÐÒ
ÎÕÍÄÎË
( ) [ ( )
\ I[ [P[ P
Q
( ) [ ( )
\ I[ [P[ P Q
( ) [ ( )
\P IP[ [P[ P Q
\
ε
9
I[´ε I[ I[ε \
´ε
rËÓ
¥ÇÐÎÇÔÒÊÙÇÓÌÂáÊÏÔÇÒÑÒÇÔÂØÊáÎÇÔÐÆÂÂÅÒÂÏÈÂ
fÄÇËÎ ÔÈÑÈÒÞ ÏȱÐÔÐÒÝÈ ÈÐÎÈÔÒËÙÈÓ±ËÈ ÑÐÃÓÏÈÏËà ± ÔÈÐÒÈ
ÎÈ rÄÓÓÎÐÔÒËÎÇÍÃÑÒÐÓÔÐÔÝÓÍÕÙÄÌÕÓÍÐÆÏÐÐß±ÓÔÒÈÎÕÎÄ
ÖÕϱØËËÇÆÕ×ÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÝ×] I[\ÑÒËÆÝÑÐÍÏÈÏËËÕÒÄÆÏÈ
ÏËÃÓÆÃÊËϕ[\
qÕÓÔÞÖÕϱØËËIËϕÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÕÈÎÝÆб
∂ϕ ( [ \ ) ∂ϕ ( [ \ )
ÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔËÔÐÙ±Ë[\∇ϕ[\
∂[ ∂\
Ëϕ[\ dÓËÍÕÕÓÍÐÆËÃ∇ϕ[\ ÓÐÍÄÓÏÐÔÈÐÒÈÎÈ
ÐÏÈÃÆÏÝ×ÖÕϱØËÃ×ÕÒÄÆÏÈÏËÈϕ[\ ÆбÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔËÔÐÙ
±Ë [ \ ÊÄÇÄÈÔ ÏȱÐÔÐÒÕà ÍÄDZÕà ±ÒËÆÕà ÐÅÍÄÇÄàÛÕà
ÃÆÏÝÎÑÒÈÇÓÔÄÆÍÈÏËÈÎÍËÅÐÆËÇÄ\ \[ÍËÅÐÆËÇÄ[ [\
qÐÓ±ÐÍÞ±ÕÏÄÓËÏÔÈÒÈÓÕàÔÔÐÍÞ±ÐÇÐÓÔÄÔÐÙÏÐÅÍËʱËȱ[\
ÔÐÙ±Ë ÔÐ Õ±ÄÊÄÏÏÕà ±ÒËÆÕà ÅÕÇÈÎ ÏÄÊÝÆÄÔÞ ÑÒÐÓÔÐ ±ÒËÆÐÌ
ϕ[\ Ô ÈÑÐÑÒÐÓÔÕÐÆÐÒÃÆÓàÇÕÆÇÄÍÞÏÈÌÚÈÎÅÕÇÈÎ
ÒÄÓÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄÔÞ ÓÕÉÈÏËÈ ÖÕϱØËË I Ë ϕ ÏÄ Õ±ÄÊÄÏÏÕà бÒÈÓÔ
ÏÐÓÔÞÔÐÙ±Ë[\
eÒÄÇËÈÏÔ∇ϕ[\ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃÏÐÒÎÄÍÞà±±ÒËÆÐÌϕ[\
ÆÔÐÙ±È[\Ñ pÅÐÊÏÄÙËÎÙÈÒÈÊτÈÇËÏËÙÏÝ̱ÄÓÄÔÈÍÞ
ÏÝÌÆȱÔÐÒ±±ÒËÆÐÌϕ[\ÆÔÐÙ±È[\qÕÓÔÞÇÍÃÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏ
ÏÐÓÔËÒÄÓÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄÈÎÄñÒËÆÄÃÊÄÇÄÈÔÓÃÕÒÄÆÏÈÏËÈÎ\ \[gÓ
ÍË[\ µÔÐÙ±ÄÕÓÍÐÆÏÐÐß±ÓÔÒÈÎÕÎÄÔÐ[ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃÔÐÙ±ÐÌ
GHI
ÐÅÝÙÏÐÐß±ÓÔÒÈÎÕÎÄÇÍÃÖÕϱØËËJ[ I[\[ÓÎÑ
ËÑÐßÔÐÎÕJ′[ Ô ÈÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇÏÄÃÖÕϱØËËIÆÔÐÙ±È[\
Æ ÏÄÑÒÄÆÍÈÏËË ±ÒËÆÐÌ ϕ[ \ ËÍË ÙÔÐ ÔÐ ÉÈ ÓÎ Ñ
ÆÏÄÑÒÄÆÍÈÏËËÆȱÔÐÒÄτÒÄÆÏÄÏÕÍà
∂I ( [ \ )
∇I[\τ
∂τ
ÔÐ ÐÊÏÄÙÄÈÔ ÐÒÔÐÐÏÄÍÞÏÐÓÔÞ ÒÄÇËÈÏÔÄ ∇I[ \ Ë ±ÄÓÄ
ÔÈÍÞÏÐÐ ÆȱÔÐÒÄ τ ÙÔÐ ÒÄÆÏÐÓËÍÞÏÐ ±ÐÍÍËÏÈÄÒÏÐÓÔË ÆȱÔÐ
ÒÐÆ ∇I[ \ Ë ∇ϕ[ \ ∇I[ \ λ∇ϕ[ \ Ô È ÆÝ
ÑÐÍÏÃÈÔÓÃ ÕÓÍÐÆËÈ dÝÑÐÍÏÈÏËÈ ßÔÐÐ ÕÓÍÐÆËÃ Æ ÔÐÙ
±È ÕÓÍÐÆÏÐÐ ß±ÓÔÒÈÎÕÎÄ ÎÐÉÏÐ ÑÐÃÓÏËÔÞ Ë ÇÒÕËÎ ÑÕÔÈÎ
GHI
qÕÓÔÞI[\ FgÓÍËÆÔÐÙ±È[\ÏÈÆÝÑÐÍÏÃÈÔÓÃÕÓÍÐ
ÆËÈÔ ÈÒÄÇËÈÏÔÝ∇IË∇ϕÏȱÐÍÍËÏÈÄÒÏÝÔÐßÔÐÐÊ
ÏÄÙÄÈÔ ÙÔÐ Æ ßÔÐÌ ÔÐÙ±È ∇I Ë ÍËÏËà ÕÒÐÆÏà I[ \ F Ë
±ÒËÆÄà ϕ[ \ ÑÈÒÈÓȱÄàÔÓÃ Æ ßÔÐÌ ÔÐÙ±È ÑÐÇ ÏȱÐÔÐÒÝÎ
ÕÍÐÎ αÐÔÍËÙÏÝÎ ÐÔ Ë π ÒËÓ
I!F
qÐßÔÐÎÕ Æ ÍàÅÐÌ ÇÐÓÔÄÔÐÙÏÐ ÎÄÍÐÌ
ϕ[\ бÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔË ÔÐÙ±Ë [ \ ÙÄÓÔÞ ±ÒË
α
ÆÐÌϕ[\ бÄÉÈÔÓÃÒÄÓÑÐÍÐÉÈÏ
I[\ F
ÏÐÌ Æ ÐÅÍÄÓÔË I F Æ «ÐÅÍÄÓÔË ÎÈÏÞ
IF
ÚË× ÊÏÄÙÈÏË̬ Ä ÙÄÓÔÞ µ Æ ÐÅÍÄÓÔË
rËÓ I!FÆ«ÐÅÍÄÓÔËÅÐÍÞÚË×ÊÏÄÙÈÏË̬
ϕ[\
I!F
ϕ[\ I!F
I[\ F
IF I[\ F IF
ϕ[\
I[\ F
rËÓ rËÓ
³ÔÂØÊÐÏÂÒÏÝÇÔÐÙÌÊÖÕÏÌØÊÊÂÅÒÂÏÈÂ
dßÔÐÎÑÕϱÔÈÅÕÇÈÔÇÄÏÐÐÑËÓÄÏËÈÓÔÄØËÐÏÄÒÏÝ×ÔÐÙȱÖÕϱ
ØËËmÄÒÄÏÉÄ ÑÐÓÒÈÇÓÔÆÐÎÖÕϱØËË J[P [Q
ÆÆÈÇÈÏÏÐÌÆÑ ÓÎqÒÈÇÆÄÒËÔÈÍÞÏÐÇбÄÉÈÎÐÇ
ÏÕÑÒÐÓÔÕàÍÈÎÎÕËÊÍËÏÈÌÏÐÌÄÍÈÅÒÝ
qÕÓÔÞÊÄÇÄÏÄÓËÓÔÈÎÄÍËÏÈÌÏÝ×ÐÇÏÐÒÐÇÏÝ×ÕÒÄÆÏÈÏËÌ
DL[DLQ[Q L P
ËÈÛÈÐÇÏÐÍËÏÈÌÏÐÈÐÇÏÐÒÐÇÏÐÈÕÒÄÆÏÈÏËÈ
E[EQ[Q
sËÓÔÈÎÕ ÕÒÄÆÏÈÏËÌ ÑÐÍÕÙÄÈÎÕà ÑÒËÓÐÈÇËÏÈÏËÈÎ ± ÓËÓÔÈÎÈ
ÕÒÄÆÏÈÏËÃ ÅÕÇÈÎ ÏÄÊÝÆÄÔÞ ÓÅÔÛÌÓÉÐÐÑÍ ÔÌÔ
ÕÉÏÑ͵
§ ® ® ¢ fÎÄ ÕÑÑ ÚÕÑÆÞ ÓÅÔÛÌÓÉÐÐÅÄ ÔÌÔÕÉÏÅ µ
ÆÞÎÅ ÓÅÇÐÑÔÌÎßÐÅ ÑÔÐÑÇÐÑÍ ÔÌÔÕÉÏÉ ÐÉÑÆØÑ
ÈÌÏÑ Ì ÈÑÔÕÅÕÑÚÐÑ ÚÕÑÆÞ ÖÓÅÇÐÉÐÌÉ ÄÇÎÄÎÑÔß ÎÌ
ÐÉÍÐÑͲÑÏÆÌÐÅÙÌÉÍÖÓÅÇÐÉÐÌÍÔÌÔÕÉÏÞ
fÎÄÕÑÑÚÕÑÆÞÖÓÅÇÐÉÐÌÉÆÞÎÑÎÌÐÉÍÐÑÍ
³ § ¦ ³ ´ ¤ ª §
²ÑÏÆÌÐÅÙÌÉÍÖÓÅÇÐÉÐÌÍÌÎÌÚÕÑÕÑÊÉÚÕÑÆÞÇɲÕÑÓ
GHI
E E EQ
ÆÞÎÎÌÐÉÍÐÑͲÑÏÆÌÐÅÙÌÉÍÇɲÕÑÓÑÇ
GHI
D L DL DLQ L P
ÐÉÑÆØÑÈÌÏÑÌÈÑÔÕÅÕÑÚÐÑÚÕÑÆÞ²ÅÊÈÑÉÓÉÛÉÐÌÉÔÌÔÕÉÏÞ
ÄÇÎÄÎÑÔßÓÉÛÉÐÌÉÏÖÓÅÇÐÉÐÌÄ
¦ Ð Ì Â É Â Ô Ç Í Þ Ó Ô Ä Ð Í Ç Î Î Ý qÕÓÔÞ ÒÄÏ ÎÄÔÒËØÝ DLM ±Ð
ßÖÖËØËÈÏÔÐÆÓËÓÔÈÎÝÒÄÆÈÏPpÙÈÆËÇÏÐÙÔÐPPP
gÓÍËPPÔÐP´PÕÒÄÆÏÈÏËÌÓËÓÔÈÎÝÃÆÍÃàÔÓÃÍË
ÏÈÌÏÝÎ˱ÐÎÅËÏÄØËÃÎËÐÓÔÄÍÞÏÝ×pÔÅÒÐÓËÆÔÈP´PÍËÏÈÌ
ÏÝÈ ÕÒÄÆÏÈÏËà ±ÐÔÐÒÝÈ ÃÆÍÃàÔÓà ÍËÏÈÌÏÝÎË ±ÐÎÅËÏÄØËÃÎË
ÐÓÔÄÆÚË×ÓÃÑÐÍÕÙËÎÓËÓÔÈÎÕËÊPÍËÏÈÌÏÐÏÈÊÄÆËÓËÎÝ×ÕÒÄÆ
ÏÈÏËÌÒÄÆÏÐÓËÍÞÏÕàÓËÓÔÈÎÈÑÒËÙÈÎÕÒÄÆÏÈÏËÈ
ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃÍËÏÈÌÏÐ̱ÐÎÅËÏÄØËÈÌÕÒÄÆÏÈÏËÌÓËÓÔÈÎÝÔÐ
ÇÄ Ë ÔÐÍޱРÔÐÇÄ ±ÐÇÄ ÐÏÐ ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓà ÍËÏÈÌÏÐÌ ±ÐÎÅËÏÄØËÈÌ
Õ±ÄÊÄÏÏÐÌÓËÓÔÈÎÝËÊÐÓÔÄÆÚË×ÓÃPÕÒÄÆÏÈÏËÌqÐßÔÐÎÕÅÕÇÈÎ
ÓÓÄÎÐÐÏÄÙÄÍÄÓÙËÔÄÔÞÙÔÐP PÔ ÈÙÔÐÒÄÏÎÄÔÒËØÝDLM
±ÐßÖÖËØËÈÏÔÐÆ ÓËÓÔÈÎÝ ÒÄÆÈÏ P µ ÙËÓÍÕ ÕÒÄÆÏÈÏËÌ
ßÔÐÌÓËÓÔÈÎÝ
qÕÓÔÞÓËÓÔÈÎÝ˵ÒÄÆÏÐÓËÍÞÏÝÔÐ
ÐÊÏÄÙÄÈÔÙÔÐÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÄË×ÒÈÚÈÏËÌÓÐÆÑÄÇÄàÔqÐÓ±ÐÍÞ±Õ
ÆÓÈÕÒÄÆÏÈÏËÃÐÓÏÐÆÏÐÌÓËÓÔÈÎÝÆ×ÐÇÃÔÆÒÄÓÚËÒÈÏÏÕà
ÓËÓÔÈÎÕµÔбÄÉÇÐÈÒÈÚÈÏËÈÒÄÓÚËÒÈÏÏÐÌÓËÓ
ÔÈÎÝÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃËÒÈÚÈÏËÈÎÐÓÏÐÆÏÐÌÓËÓÔÈÎÝÔ ÈÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔ
ÆÐ ÒÈÚÈÏËÌ ÒÄÓÚËÒÈÏÏÐÌ ÓËÓÔÈÎÝ ÓÐÇÈÒÉËÔÓÃ Æ ÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÈ
ÒÈÚÈÏËÌ ÐÓÏÐÆÏÐÌ ÓËÓÔÈÎÝ sÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐ ÓÐÆÑÄÇÈÏËÈ ßÔË×
ÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÒÄÆÏÐÓËÍÞÏÐÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÕË×ÒÄÊÎÈÒÏÐÓÔÈÌ
rÄÊÎÈÒÏÐÓÔÞVÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÄÒÈÚÈÏËÌÓËÓÔÈÎÝÍËÏÈÌÏÝ×ÐÇ
ÏÐÒÐÇÏÝ×ÕÒÄÆÏÈÏËÌÒÄÆÏııËÊÆÈÓÔÏÐÙËÓÍÕÏÈËÊÆÈÓÔÏÝ×Q
ßÔÐÌÓËÓÔÈÎÝËʱÐÔÐÒÐÐÆÝÙÔÈÏÒÄÏUÎÄÔÒËØݱÐßÖÖËØËÈÏ
ÔÐÆÓËÓÔÈÎÝV Q´UpÔÓàÇÄÓÍÈÇÕÈÔÙÔÐÒÄÆÏÐÓËÍÞÏÐÓÔÞÓËÓ
ÔÈÎ˵ÐÊÏÄÙÄÈÔÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐÒÄÏÐÆË×ÎÄÔ
ÒËØrÄÏÎÄÔÒËØݱÐßÖÖËØËÈÏÔÐÆÓËÓÔÈÎÝÑÐÕÓÍÐÆËà
ÒÄÆÈÏPÔ ÈÆȱÔÐÒÝÍËÏÈÌÏÐÏÈÊÄÆËÓËÎÝ
rÄÏ ÎÄÔÒËØÝ ±ÐßÖÖËØËÈÏÔÐÆ ÒÄÓÚËÒÈÏÏÐÌ ÓËÓÔÈÎÝ
µÓÐÍÄÓÏÐÓ±ÄÊÄÏÏÐÎÕÆÏÄÚË×ÕÓÍÐÆËÃ×Ôı
ÉÈÒÄÆÈÏPqÐßÔÐÎÕÆȱÔÐÒÝÓÎË
ED DP
ÍËÏÈÌÏÐ ÊÄÆËÓËÎÝ ÔÐ ÐÊÏÄÙÄÈÔ ÙÔÐ E ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃ ÍËÏÈÌÏÐÌ
±ÐÎÅËÏÄØËÈÌÆȱÔÐÒÐÆD DP
dÓÄÎÐÎÇÈÍÈÍËÏÈÌÏÄÃÊÄÆËÓËÎÐÓÔÞÆȱÔÐÒÐÆÐÊÏÄ
ÙÄÈÔÙÔÐÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕàÔÔıËÈÙËÓÍĵµ µPÏÈÆÓÈÒÄÆÏÝÈ
ÏÕÍàÙÔÐ
µEµDµPDP
iÇÈÓÞÊÄÆÈÇÐÎе Ôı±Ä±ÆÑÒÐÔËÆÏÐÎÓÍÕÙÄÈÆȱÔÐÒÝ
D DPбÄÊÄÍËÓÞÅÝÍËÏÈÌÏÐÊÄÆËÓËÎÝÎËqÐÇÈÍËÆÒÄÆÈÏ
ÓÔÆÐÏĵÑÐÍÕÙËÎÙÔÐEÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃÍËÏÈÌÏÐ̱ÐÎÅËÏÄ
ØËÈÌÆȱÔÐÒÐÆDDP
pÅÒÄÔÏÐ ÈÓÍË E ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓà ÍËÏÈÌÏÐÌ ±ÐÎÅËÏÄØËÈÌ ÆȱÔÐÒÐÆ
ÔÐÆÓËÓÔÈÎÄ×ÆȱÔÐÒÐÆËËÎÈÈÔÓÃÆÔÐÙÏÐÓ
ÔËÑÐPÍËÏÈÌÏÐÏÈÊÄÆËÓËÎÝ×ÆȱÔÐÒÐÆÔ ÈÒÄÏËÎÄÔÒËرÐßÖ
ÖËØËÈÏÔÐÆÓËÓÔÈÎÕÒÄÆÏÈÏËÌ˵ÒÄÆÏÝ
jÔı ÕÓÍÐÆËÈ ÙÔÐ ÆȱÔÐÒ E ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓà ÍËÏÈÌÏÐÌ ±ÐÎÅËÏÄ
ØËÈÌÆȱÔÐÒÐÆ
E λDλPDP
ß±ÆËÆÄÍÈÏÔÏÐ ÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÕ ÒÄÏÐÆ ÎÄÔÒËØ ±ÐßÖÖËØËÈÏÔÐÆ ÒÄÓ
ÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄÈÎÝ× ÐÓÏÐÆÏÐÌ Ë ÒÄÓÚËÒÈÏÏÐÌ ÓËÓÔÈÎÝ ÕÒÄÆÏÈÏËÌ
ÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐß±ÆËÆÄÍÈÏÔÏÐË×ÒÄÆÏÐÓËÍÞÏÐÓÔË
uÔÆÈÒÉÇÈÏËÈÓÍÈÇÓÔÆËÃÓÒÄÊÕÓÍÈÇÕÈÔËÊÍÈÎÎÝÑÐÓ±ÐÍÞ
±ÕÓËÓÔÈÎÝ˵ÐÙÈÆËÇÏÐÒÄÆÏÐÓËÍÞÏÝ
ÔÐÇÄ Ë ÔÐÍޱРÔÐÇÄ ±ÐÇÄ ±ÄÉÇÐÈ ÒÈÚÈÏËÈ ÓËÓÔÈÎÝ
ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃËÒÈÚÈÏËÈÎÕÒÄÆÏÈÏËà µÐÓÔÄÍÞÏÝÈÕÒÄÆÏÈ
ÏËÃßÔË×ÓËÓÔÈÎÑÒÐÓÔÐÓÐÆÑÄÇÄàÔ
i Ä Î È Ù Ä Ï Ë È fбÄÊÄÏÏÄà ÍÈÎÎÄ Ë ÈÈ ÓÍÈÇÓÔÆËà ËÎÈ
àÔ ÑÒÐÓÔÕà ÈÐÎÈÔÒËÙÈÓ±Õà ËÏÔÈÒÑÒÈÔÄØËà Æ QÎÈÒÏÐÎ È Æ
± Í Ë Ç Ð Æ Ð Î ÆȱÔÐÒÏÐÎ ÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÈ 5Q Ô È Æ QÎÈÒÏÐÎ
ÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÈ ÓÐ Ó±ÄÍÃÒÏÝÎ ÑÒÐËÊÆÈÇÈÏËÈÎ jÓÑÐÍÞÊÕà ÐÅÐ
ÊÏÄÙÈÏËÈÓ±ÄÍÃÒÏÐÐÑÒÐËÊÆÈÇÈÏËÃÓËÓÔÈÎÕÎÐÉÏÐÊÄ
ÑËÓÄÔÞÆÆËÇÈ
DL[ L P
ÄÕÒÄÆÏÈÏËÈ µÆÆËÇÈ
E[
ÇÈ ÆȱÔÐÒÝ D DP Ë E ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏÝ ÖÐÒÎÕÍÄÎË Ë
Ä[ [ [Q
nÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐ ÆÓÈÆÐÊÎÐÉÏÝ× ÍËÏÈÌÏÝ× ±ÐÎÅËÏÄØËÌ ÆȱÔÐ
ÒÐÆD DPÐÅÒÄÊÕÈÔÑÐÇÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÐÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÄ5QËÏÄ
ÊÝÆÄÈÔÓà ÒÑÈÒÓÑÔÕÓÅÐÔÕÇÑÏ ÐÅÕÄÐÖÕÞÏ ÏÄ ßÔË ÇɲÕÑÓÞ
pÅÐÊÏÄÙËÎÈÐÙÈÒÈÊ/D DP
nÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐ ÒÈÚÈÏËÌ ÓËÓÔÈÎÝ ÓÐÓÔÐËÔ ËÊ ÆÓÈ× Æȱ
ÔÐÒÐÆ [ ÐÒÔÐÐÏÄÍÞÏÝ× ÑÐÇÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÕ /D DP pÅÐ
ÊÏÄÙËÎßÔÐÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐÒÈÚÈÏËÌÙÈÒÈÊ 7pÏÐÔıÉÈÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃ
ÑÐÇÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÐÎÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÄ5Q
GHI
qÐÇÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÄ/ /D DPË7ÏÄÊÝÆÄàÔÓÃÑÓÕÑÑ
ÐÅÎßÐÞÏÌÈÑÒÑÎÐÉÐÌÄÏÌÇÒÕ±ÇÒÕÕÆÒÓÑÔÕÓÅÐÔÕÇÉ5Q
qÒÈÇÓÔÄÆËÎÐÓÔÞ ÆȱÔÐÒÄ E Æ ÆËÇÈ ÍËÏÈÌÏÐÌ ±ÐÎÅËÏÄØËË
ÆȱÔÐÒÐÆD DPÒÄÆÏÐÓËÍÞÏÄÈÐÑÒËÏÄÇÍÈÉÏÐÓÔËÑÐÇÑÒÐ
ÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÕ / / D DP ÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÄ5Q E∈/ ÔÐ ÕÓÍÐ
ÆËÈ Æ ÓÆÐà ÐÙÈÒÈÇÞ ÒÄÆÏÐÓËÍÞÏÐ ÐÒÔÐÐÏÄÍÞÏÐÓÔË ÆȱÔÐÒÄ E
ÑÐÇÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÕ7E % 7±ÐÔÐÒÄÃÐÊÏÄÙÄÈÔÙÔÐÇÍÃÆÓÈ×[∈7
ËÎÈÈÔÎÈÓÔÐÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐE[ Ô ÈÙÔÐÍàÅÐÈÒÈÚÈÏËÈ[ÓËÓ
ÔÈÎÝÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃÒÈÚÈÏËÈÎÕÒÄÆÏÈÏËÃÔÐËÃÆ
ÍÃÈÔÓÃÕÔÆÈÒÉÇÈÏËÈÎÓÍÈÇÓÔÆËÃÍÈÎÎÝ
i Ä Î È Ù Ä Ï Ë È oÄÑÐÎÏËÎÎÈÔÐDZÐÔÐÒÝÎÎÐÉÏÐÑÐÍÕ
ÙËÔÞÆÓÈÒÈÚÈÏËÃÐÇÏÐÒÐÇÏÐÌÓËÓÔÈÎÝÍËÏÈÌÏÝ×ÕÒÄÆÏÈÏËÌ
qÕÓÔÞÓËÓÔÈÎÄÓÐÓÔÐËÔËÊÍËÏÈÌÏÐÏÈÊÄÆËÓËÎÝ×ÕÒÄÆ
ÏÈÏËÌ tÐÇÄ ÒÄÏ ÎÄÔÒËØÝ ÈÐ ±ÐßÖÖËØËÈÏÔÐÆ ÒÄÆÈÏ P ÔÐ
ÐÊÏÄÙÄÈÔÙÔÐÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔÎËÏÐÒßÔÐÌÎÄÔÒËØÝÑÐÒÃDZÄPÏÈ
ÒÄÆÏÝÌÏÕÍàqÕÓÔÞÇÍÃÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏÏÐÓÔË
D D P
D P D PP
dßÔÐÎÓÍÕÙÄÈÆÓÈÒÈÚÈÏËÃÓËÓÔÈÎÝÎÐÉÏÐÑÐÍÕÙËÔÞ
ÊÄÇÄÆÄà ÑÒÐËÊÆÐÍÞÏÐ ÑÐÓÍÈÇÏËÈ Q¶P ±ÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔÝ ÆȱÔÐÒÄ
[ [QpÓÔÄÍÞÏÝȱÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔÝÐÇÏÐÊÏÄÙÏÐÏÄ×ÐÇÃÔÓÃËÊ
ÓËÓÔÈÎÝÕÒÄÆÏÈÏËÌdÓÄÎÐÎÇÈÍÈÆÐÊÞÎÈÎÑÒÐËÊÆÐÍÞ
ÏÐÈÒÈÚÈÏËÈ[ ( ) [ Q( )ÓËÓÔÈÎÝqÐÓÍÈÑÐÇÓÔÄÏÐƱË
( ) [ [ ( )ÆÑÐÍÕÙËÔÓÃÓËÓÔÈÎÄËÊPÍË
[P [ P Q Q
ÏÈÌÏÝ×ÕÒÄÆÏÈÏËÌÓPÏÈËÊÆÈÓÔÏÝÎË[ [PÎÄÔÒËØıÐßÖ
ÖËØËÈÏÔÐƱÐÔÐÒÐÌÆÓËÍÕÕÓÍÐÆËÃÏÈÆÝÒÐÉÇÈÏÏÄÃqÐ
ßÔÐÎÕÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕàÔÈÇËÏÓÔÆÈÏÏÝÈÊÏÄÙÈÏËÃ[ [PÕÇÐÆÍÈÔÆÐ
ÒÃàÛËÈÑÐÍÕÙËÆÚÈÌÓÃÓËÓÔÈÎÈqÐÓ±ÐÍÞ±Õ[ ( ) [ Q( )ÔıÉÈ
ÅÝÍÐÒÈÚÈÏËÈÎÓËÓÔÈÎÝÔÐ[ [ ( ) [P [ P
( )
qÈÒÈÌÇÈÎÔÈÑÈÒÞ±ÄÏÄÍËÊÕÓÔÄØËÐÏÄÒÏÝ×ÔÐÙȱÖÕϱØËË
mÄÒÄÏÉÄ
´ § ° ² § ® ¢ qÖÔÕß×ÖвÙÌÌII IPÐÉÒÓÉÓÞÇÐÑÈÌ××É
ÓÉÐÙÌÓÖÉÏÞÇÑÆÎÅÔÕÌ*µ5Q[∈*IL[ L P
ÌÓÅÐÏÅÕÓÌÙÞ²ÑÆÌ×ÖвÙÌÍI IPÇÕÑÚ²É[ÓÅÇÉÐP
fÎÄÕÑÑÚÕÑÆÞÇÕÑÚ²É[ [ ( ) [ Q( )ÓÅÈÌÉÐÕ∇IÄÇÎÄÎ
ÔÄÎÌÐÉÍÐÑͲÑÏÆÌÐÅÙÌÉÍÓÅÈÌÉÐÕÑÇ∇I ∇IPÐÉÑÆØÑÈÌÏÑÌ
( ) [ ( )ÆÞÎÅ ÔÕÅÙÌ
ÈÑÔÕÅÕÑÚÐÑ ÚÕÑÆÞ ÕÑÚ²Å[ [ P Q
ÑÐÅÓÐÑÍÕÑÚ²ÑÍÈÎÄ×ÖвÙÌÌJ[ J[P [QÓÎ
oÄÑÐÎÏËÎÙÔÐÈÓÍËÆÔÐÙ±È[ÒÄÇËÈÏÔ∇IÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃÍË
ÏÈÌÏÐ̱ÐÎÅËÏÄØËÈÌ
∇I λ∇IλP∇IP
ÒÄÇËÈÏÔÐÆ∇I ∇IPÔÐßÔÐÒÄÆÏÐÓËÍÞÏÐÔÐÎÕÙÔÐÓÕÛÈÓÔ
ÆÕÈÔÖÕϱØËÃmÄÒÄÏÉÄ
) I´λI´´λPIP
ÇÍñÐÔÐÒÐÌÔÐÙ±Ä[ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃÓÔÄØËÐÏÄÒÏÐÌ
∂) ( [ )
L Q
∂[ L
¦ Ð Ì Â É Â Ô Ç Í Þ Ó Ô Ä Ð qÐ ÕÓÍÐÆËà ÒÄÏ ÎÄÔÒËØÝ ±ÐÅË ÓËÓ
ÔÈÎÝ ÖÕϱØËÌ I IP Æ ÔÐÙ±È [ ÒÄÆÈÏ P cÕÇÈÎ ÓÙËÔÄÔÞ
ÇÍÃÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏÏÐÓÔ˱ıËÆÑ ÙÔÐ
∂( I I P )
∂( [ [ P )
[()
ÏËÈÓËÓÔÈÎÝÕÒÄÆÏÈÏËÌÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃËÒÈÚÈÏËÈÎÕÒÄÆÏÈ
ÏËÃsÐÍÄÓÏÐÓÍÈÇÓÔÆËàËÊÍÈÎÎÝßÔÐÆÐÊÎÐÉÏÐÔÐ
ÇÄËÔÐÍÞ±ÐÔÐÇıÐÇÄÕÒÄÆÏÈÏËÈÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃÍËÏÈÌÏÐÌ
±ÐÎÅËÏÄØËÈÌ ÕÒÄÆÏÈÏËÌ ÓËÓÔÈÎÝ Ô È ±ÐÇÄ ÓÕÛÈÓÔ
ÆÕàÔÔıËÈÙËÓÍÄλ λPÙÔÐ
∇I λ∇IλP∇IP
i Ä Î È Ù Ä Ï Ë È sÐÍÄÓÏÐ ÊÄÎÈÙÄÏËà ÓÐÆбÕÑÏÐÓÔÞ
ÆÓÈ× ÒÈÚÈÏËÌ ÓËÓÔÈÎÝ ÕÒÄÆÏÈÏËÌ ÐÅÒÄÊÕÈÔ ÑÐÇÑÒÐÓÔ
ÒÄÏÓÔÆÐ 7 ÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÄ 5Q ÃÆÍÃàÛÈÈÓÃ ÐÒÔÐÐÏÄÍÞÏÝÎ ÇÐ
ÑÐÍÏÈÏËÈαÑÐÇÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÕ/ /∇I ∇IPmàÅÐÌÆȱ
ÔÐÒ\∈7ÐÒÔÐÐÏÄÍÈϱÄÉÇÐÎÕÒÄÇËÈÏÔÕ∇ILÄÑÐßÔÐÎÕÈÐÈÓ
ÔÈÓÔÆÈÏÏÐ ÏÄÊÆÄÔÞ ²ÅÔÅÕÉÎßÐÞÏ ÇɲÕÑÓÑÏ Æ ÔÐÙ±È [ ±
ËÑÈÒÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË IL[ ÃÆÍÃàÛÈÌÓà ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐÎ ÕÒÐÆÏÃ
ÓÎ ÖÕϱØËËILL P
tıËÎ ÐÅÒÄÊÐÎ ÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÐ ÒÈÚÈÏËÌ 7 ÓËÓÔÈÎÝ
ÓÐÓÔÐËÔ ËÊ ÆȱÔÐÒÐÆ ±ÄÓÄÔÈÍÞÏÝ× ÐÇÏÐÆÒÈÎÈÏÏÐ ±Ð ÆÓÈÎ Ë
ÑÈÒÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÃÎIL[ L PËÑÐßÔÐÎÕÈÐÏÄÊÝÆÄ
àÔ ±ÄÓÄÔÈÍÞÏÝÎ ÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÐÎ ÑÈÒÈÓÈÙÈÏËà ÆÓÈ× ËÑÈÒÑÐ
ÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÈÌIL[ L P oÄÑÐÎÏËÎ ÙÔÐ ÆȱÔÐÒÝ
±ÄÓÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÐ ÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÄ 7 Ô È ÒÈÚÈÏËà ÓËÓÔÈÎÝ
ÅÝÍËÐÅÐÊÏÄÙÈÏÝÙÈÒÈÊG[ÓÎ
qÐÓ±ÐÍÞ±Õ Æ ÔÐÙ±È ÕÓÍÐÆÏÐÐ ß±ÓÔÒÈÎÕÎÄ ÓÐÍÄÓÏÐ ÔÈÐÒÈ
ÎÈ ËÎÈÈÔÎÈÓÔÐƱÍàÙÈÏËÈ
∇I∈/ /∇I ∇IP ÔÐ ∇I % 7
jÏÄÙÈ ÐÆÐÒÃ ÒÄÇËÈÏÔ ∇I ÐÇÏÐÆÒÈÎÈÏÏÐ ÐÒÔÐÐÏÄÍÈÏ ÆÓÈÎ
±ÄÓÄÔÈÍÞÏÝÎG[±ËÑÈÒÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÃÎIL[ L P
∇IG[
ßÔÐÇÒÕÄÃÊÄÑËÓÞÕÒÄÆÏÈÏËÃÔ ÈÒÄÇËÈÏÔ∇IÑÈÒÑÈÏ
Ç˱ÕÍÃÒÈϱÄÓÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÎÕÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÕ7ÆÔÐÙ±È[oÐÎÏÐÉÈ
ÓÔÆÐÆÓÈ×ÆȱÔÐÒÐÆÐÒÔÐÐÏÄÍÞÏÝ×±∇IÐÅÒÄÊÕÈÔQ´ÎÈÒÏÐÈ
ÑÐÇÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÐ 7 ÏÄÊÝÆÄÈÎÐÈ ±ÄÓÄÔÈÍÞÏÝÎ ÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÐÎ
± ËÑÈÒÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË I[ I[ d ÓËÍÕ Ó±ÄÊÄÏÏÐÐ ÆÝÚÈ
±ÄÉÇÝÌÆȱÔÐÒËÊ7ÅÕÇÕÙËÐÒÔÐÐÏÄÍÈÏÒÄÇËÈÏÔÕ∇IÑÒËÏÄ
ÇÍÈÉËÔ±7Ô È7µ7
jÔıÉÔÎÌ[ µÕÑÚ²ÅÖÔÎÑÇÐÑÑà²ÔÕÓÉÏÖÏÅÕÑ7µ7
Õ É²ÅÔÅÕÉÎßÐÑÉÒÓÑÔÕÓÅÐÔÕÇÑÇÕÑÚ²É[ÒÉÓÉÔÉÚÉÐÌÄÇÔÉØ
ÌÒÉÓÒÑÇÉÓØÐÑÔÕÉÍ ËÅÈÅÇÅÉÏÞØ ÖÓÅÇÐÉÐÌÄÏÌ ÔÇÄËÌ ÔÑÈÉÓ
ÊÌÕÔÄDzÅÔÅÕÉÎßÐÑÏÒÓÑÔÕÓÅÐÔÕÇÉÇÕÑÍÊÉÕÑÚ²ÉÌÒÉÓ
ÒÑÇÉÓØÐÑÔÕÌI[ I[
i Ä Î È Ù Ä Ï Ë È jÊÔÈÐÒÈÎÝÈÛÈÒÄÊÆÝÔȱÄÈÔÓÍÈÇÓÔ
ÆËÈÔÈÐÒÈÎÝ dÓÄÎÐÎÇÈÍÈÈÓÍË[ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃÔÐÙ±ÐÌÕÓÍÐÆ
ÏÐÐß±ÓÔÒÈÎÕÎÄ ÔÐ [ ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓà ÔÐÙ±ÐÌÐÅÝÙÏÐÐ ß±ÓÔÒÈÎÕ
ÎÄÇÍÃÖÕϱØËËJÓÎÑ ËÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÈÈÓÔÄØËÐÏÄÒ
ÏÐÌÔÐÙ±ÐÌqÐßÔÐÎÕÓÐÍÄÓÏÐÔÈÐÒÈÎÈ ÔÐÙ±Ä[ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃ
ÓÔÄØËÐÏÄÒÏÐÌ ÔÐÙ±ÐÌ ÇÍà ÖÕϱØËË mÄÒÄÏÉÄ Ô È ÆÝÑÐÍÏÃ
ÈÔÓÃÕÓÍÐÆËÈËÍËÙÔÐÔÐÉÈÓÄÎÐÈÕÓÍÐÆËÈ
¦ÐÓÔÂÔÐÙÏÝÇÕÓÍÐÄÊá
ÆÍáÔÐÙÇÌÕÓÍÐÄÏÐÅÐßÌÓÔÒÇÎÕÎÂ
d ßÔÐÎ ÑÕϱÔÈ ÔıÉÈ ÅÕÇÈÎ ÑÒÈÇÑÐÍÄÄÔÞ ÆÝÑÐÍÏÈÏÏÝÎË ÆÓÈ
ÑÒÈÇÑÐÍÐÉÈÏËÃÏÄÍÐÉÈÏÏÝÈÏÄÖÕϱØËËIËILL P
ÆÑ qÕÓÔÞ
P
) I ∑ λL IL
L
µ ÖÕϱØËÃmÄÒÄÏÉÄÓÎÇÍÃÖÕϱØËËIËÕÒÄÆÏÈ
ÏËÌÓÆÃÊËqÕÓÔÞ[∈*ÕÇÐÆÍÈÔÆÐÒÃÈÔÕÒÄÆÏÈÏËÃÎÓÆÃ
ÊË Ë ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓà ÓÔÄØËÐÏÄÒÏÐÌ ÔÐÙ±ÐÌ ÖÕϱØËË mÄÒÄÏ
ÉÄÔ ÈÔÐÙ±Ð̱ÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔݱÐÔÐÒÐÌÕÇÐÆÍÈÔÆÐÒÃàÔÓËÓÔÈÎÈ
ÕÒÄÆÏÈÏËÌËoÄÚÈÌØÈÍÞàÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃÑÐÍÕÙÈÏËÈ
ÎÈÔÐÇÄ Ó ÑÐÎÐÛÞà ±ÐÔÐÒÐÐ ÎÐÉÏÐ ÕÓÔÄÏÐÆËÔÞ ÕÓÍÐÆËà ÇÐ
ÓÔÄÔÐÙÏÝÈÇÍÃÔÐÐÙÔÐÅÝ[ÃÆÍÃÍÄÓÞÔÐÙ±ÐÌÕÓÍÐÆÏÐÐß±Ó
ÔÒÈÎÕÎÄÒÄÓÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄÈÎÐÌÊÄÇÄÙË
iÄÎÈÔËÎÑÒÈÉÇÈÆÓÈÐÙÔÐÈÓÍËÔÐÙ±Ä[∈*ÕÇÐÆÍÈÔÆÐÒÃÈÔ
ÕÒÄÆÏÈÏËÃÎÓÆÃÊËÔÐ
∆I I[´I[ )[´)[ ∆)
pÔÓàÇÄÓÒÄÊÕÆËÇÏÐÙÔÐÈÓÍË[ ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃÔÐÙ±ÐÌÐÅÝÙÏÐÐß±Ó
ÔÒÈÎÕÎÄ ÇÍà ÖÕϱØËË ) Ô È ∆) ÏÈ ÎÈÏÃÈÔ ÊÏÄ±Ä Æ ÏȱÐÔÐÒÐÌ
бÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔËÔÐÙ±Ë[ÔÐ[ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃÔÐÙ±ÐÌÕÓÍÐÆÏÐÐß±ÓÔÒÈ
ÎÕÎÄÇÍÃÖÕϱØËËIfÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÐËÊÓÍÈÇÕÈÔÆßÔÐÎ
ÓÍÕÙÄÈ ÙÔÐ ÑÒËÒÄÛÈÏËÈ ∆I ÇÍà ÇÐÑÕÓÔËÎÝ× ÊÏÄÙÈÏËÌ [ Ô È
ÕÇÐÆÍÈÔÆÐÒÃàÛË×ÕÒÄÆÏÈÏËÃÎÓÆÃÊËÔıÉÈÏÈÎÈÏÃÈÔÊÏıÄ
ÔÐÇÐÓÔÄÔÐÙÏÐÈÕÓÍÐÆËÈÐÇÏıÐÏıÍÄÇÝÆÄÈÔÓÍËÚ±ÐÎÓËÍÞ
ÏÐÈÐÒÄÏËÙÈÏËÈÏÄÑÐÆÈÇÈÏËÈÖÕϱØËËmÄÒÄÏÉÄ)[ÆÒÄÓÓÎÄÔ
ÒËÆÄÈÎÐÌ ÔÐÙ±È µ ÐÏÄ ÇÐÍÉÏÄ ËÎÈÔÞ ÐÅÝÙÏÝÌ ß±ÓÔÒÈÎÕÎ ÙÔÐ
ÓËÍÞÏÐÓÕÉÄÈÔÐÅÍÄÓÔÞÆÐÊÎÐÉÏÐÐÑÒËÎÈÏÈÏËÃÕ±ÄÊÄÏÏÐÐÕÓÍÐ
ÆËÃÑÒË ÒÈÚÈÏËË ÊÄÇÄÙ qÐßÔÐÎÕ ØÈÍÈÓÐÐÅÒÄÊÏÐ ÑÐÍÕÙËÔÞ ÅÐÍÈÈ
ÐÅÛËÌÇÐÓÔÄÔÐÙÏÝÌÑÒËÊÏıÕÓÍÐÆÏÐÐß±ÓÔÒÈÎÕÎÄ
qÕÓÔÞÖÕϱØËËII IPÇÆÄÉÇÝÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏ
ØËÒÕÈÎÝÆбÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔËÔÐÙ±Ë[ËÒÄÇËÈÏÔÝ∇I∇I ∇IP
ÍËÏÈÌÏÐÏÈÊÄÆËÓËÎÝÆßÔÐÌÔÐÙ±È
´ § ° ² § ® ¢ ÆÐÓÔÂÔÐÙÏÝÇ ÕÓÍÐÄÊá ÆÍá ÕÓÍÐÄÏÐÅÐ ßÌÓÔÒÇ
ÎÕΠqÖÔÕßÕÑÚ²Å[ÖÈÑÇÎÉÕÇÑÓÄÉÕÖÓÅÇÐÉÐÌÄÏÔÇÄËÌÌ
ÄÇÎÄÉÕÔÄÔÕÅÙÌÑÐÅÓÐÑÍÕÑÚ²ÑÍ×ÖвÙÌÌmÅÓÅÐÊÅÕ É
∂) ( [ ( ) )
L Q
∂[ L
gÔÎÌÇÕÑÓÑÍÈÌ××ÉÓÉÐÙÌÅÎ
Q ∂)( [() )
G)[ ∑ G[L G[M
L, M ∂[ L ∂[ M
×ÖвÙÌÌmÅÓÅÐÊÅÇÕÑÚ²É[ÒÓÌÐÌÏÅÉÕÕÑÎß²ÑÒÑÎÑÊÌ
ÕÉÎßÐÞÉÑÕÓÌÙÅÕÉÎßÐÞÉËÐÅÚÉÐÌÄÒÓÌÇÔÉØËÐÅÚÉÐÌÄØG[
G[ G[QÐÉÓÅÇÐÞØÑÈÐÑÇÓÉÏÉÐÐÑÐÖÎáÌÖÈÑÇÎÉÕÇÑÓÄá
ÜÌØ ÒÓÑÈÌ××ÉÓÉÐÙÌÓÑÇÅÐÐÞÏÖÓÅÇÐÉÐÌÄÏÔÇÄËÌÕ É
ÖÓÅÇÐÉÐÌÄÏ
∂I N[ ( ) ∂I N[ ( ) ∂I N[ ( )
G[ G[ G[Q
∂[ ∂[ ∂[ Q
N Q
ÕÑÕÑÚ²Å[ÄÇÎÄÉÕÔÄÕÑÚ²ÑÍÔÕÓÑÑÑÖÔÎÑÇÐÑÑÏÌÐÌÏÖÏÅ
ÏŲÔÌÏÖÏÅgÔÎÌÒÓÌÕÉØÊÉÑÓÅÐÌÚÉÐÌÄØÐÅËÐÅÚÉÐÌÄÈÌ×
×ÉÓÉÐÙÌÅÎÑÇ G[ G[ G[Q ÇÕÑÓÑÍ ÈÌ××ÉÓÉÐÙÌÅÎ ×ÖвÙÌÌ
mÅÓÅÐÊÅ ÒÓÌÐÌÏÅÉÕ ²Å² ÒÑÎÑÊÌÕÉÎßÐÞÉ ÕŲ Ì ÑÕÓÌÙÅ
ÕÉÎßÐÞÉËÐÅÚÉÐÌÄÕÑÇÕÑÚ²É[ÖÔÎÑÇÐÑÑà²ÔÕÓÉÏÖÏÅÐÉÕ
¦ Ð Ì Â É Â Ô Ç Í Þ Ó Ô Ä Ð jÊ ÍËÏÈÌÏÐÌ ÏÈÊÄÆËÓËÎÐÓÔË ÒÄÇËÈÏ
∂I
ÔÐÆ∇I∇I ∇IPÓÍÈÇÕÈÔÙÔÐÒÄÏÎÄÔÒËØݱÐÅË L ÒÄ
∂[ M
ÆÈÏPÔ ÈÕßÔÐÌÎÄÔÒËØÝÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔÏÈÒÄÆÏÝÌÏÕÍàÎËÏÐÒ
ÑÐÒÃDZÄPqÕÓÔÞÇÍÃÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏÏÐÓÔË
∂( I I I P )
∂( [ [ [ P )
[ [()
tÐÇÄÆÏȱÐÔÐÒÐÌбÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔËÔÐÙ±Ë[ÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÝÈ[[
[PÆÓËÍÕÕÒÄÆÏÈÏËÌÓÆÃÊË
IN N P
ÃÆÍÃàÔÓÃÖÕϱØËÃÎËÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÝ×[P[P [Q
[N ϕN[P[P [Q N P
Ô ÈÃÆÍÃàÔÓÃÒÈÚÈÏËÃÎËÓËÓÔÈÎÝÕÒÄÆÏÈÏËÌ
dÐÓÑÐÍÞÊÕÈÎÓÃÔÈÎÙÔÐÔÐÙ±Ä[ [ ( ) [ ( ) [ Q( )ÃÆ
ÍÃÈÔÓà ÔÐÙ±ÐÌ ÓÔÒÐÐÐ ÕÓÍÐÆÏÐÐ ß±ÓÔÒÈÎÕÎÄ ÖÕϱØËË ÑÒË
ÆÝÑÐÍÏÈÏËË ÕÒÄÆÏÈÏËÌ ÓÆÃÊË ÔÐÇÄ Ë ÔÐÍޱРÔÐÇÄ
( ) [ ( ) [ ( ) ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓà ÔÐÙ±ÐÌ
±ÐÇÄ ÔÐÙ±Ä [ [ P P Q
ÐÅÝÙÏÐÐÓÔÒÐÐÐÍбÄÍÞÏÐÐß±ÓÔÒÈÎÕÎÄÇÍÃÖÕϱØËË
I [ Iϕ[ϕ[ ϕP[[
[ [P[P [Q
ÇÍÃßÔÐÐÓÐÍÄÓÏÐÔÈÐÒÈÎÈ Ñ ÇÐÓÔÄÔÐÙÏÐÙÔÐÅÝ
GI [
Ä ÆÔÐÒÐÌ ÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÄÍ GI [ ÅÝÍ ÊÏıÐÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏÏÐÌ ±ÆÄÇ
ÒÄÔËÙÏÐÌÖÐÒÎÐÌdÝÙËÓÍËÎßÔËÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÄÍÝfÍÃÕÇÐÅÓÔÆÄ
ÖÕϱØËËINN PƱÐÔÐÒÝ×ÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÝÈ[[ [P
ÃÆÍÃàÔÓÃÖÕϱØËÃÎËÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÝ× [P[P [Q
ÅÕÇÈÎÐÅÐÊÏÄÙÄÔÞI N
I N INϕ[ϕ[ ϕP[[P [QN P
qÕÓÔÞ Q
) I ∑ λNIN
N
µ ÖÕϱØËà mÄÒÄÏÉÄ ÇÍà ÔÐÙ±Ë [ Ô È ±ÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔÝ [ ( )
[ ( ) [ Q( )ßÔÐÌÔÐÙ±ËËÙËÓÍÄλλ λPÃÆÍÃàÔÓÃÒÈÚÈÏË
Q
ÈÎÓËÓÔÈÎÝÕÒÄÆÏÈÏËÌËËÑÕÓÔÞ ) I ∑ λNI N
N
d±ÐÏØÈÑÒÐÆÈÇÈÏÏÐÌÆݱÍÄDZËÅÝÍÄÓÏÐÆÄËÓÑÐÍÞÊÐÆÄÏÄÏÈ
ÊÄÆËÓËÎÐÓÔÞÖÐÒÎÝÊÄÑËÓËÑÈÒÆÐÐÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÄÍÄÐÔÆÝÅÐÒÄ
ÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÝ×
fËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÕÃÔÐÉÇÈÓÔÆÄÑÐÍÕÙËÎ
bÏÄÍÐËÙÏÐ Ó ÑÐÎÐÛÞà ÔÐÌ ÉÈ ÔÈÐÒÈÎÝ Ñ ÑÐÍÕÙÄ
àÔÓÃÇÐÓÔÄÔÐÙÏÝÈÕÓÍÐÆËÃÇÍÃÔÐÙ±ËÓÔÒÐÐÐÕÓÍÐÆÏÐÐÎı
ÓËÎÕÎÄËÇÍÃÐÔÓÕÔÓÔÆËÃÕÓÍÐÆÏÐÐß±ÓÔÒÈÎÕÎÄ
tıËÎ ÐÅÒÄÊÐÎ ÙÔÐÅÝ ËÓÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÞ ÓÔÄØËÐÏÄÒÏÕà ÔÐÙ±Õ
ÖÕϱØËË mÄÒÄÏÉÄ ÏÄ ÕÓÍÐÆÏÝÌ ß±ÓÔÒÈÎÕÎ ÏÄÇÐ ËÓ
ÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÞ ÏÄ ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏÏÐÓÔÞ ±ÆÄÇÒÄÔËÙÏÕà ÖÐÒÎÕ
Ô ÈÆÔÐÒÐÌÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÄÍÖÕϱØËËmÄÒÄÏÉÄÆßÔÐÌÔÐÙ±ÈÑÒË
ÆÝÑÐÍÏÈÏËË ÕÓÍÐÆËÌ ÓÆÃÊË ±ÐÇÄ ÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÄÍÝ G[L
L QÓÆÃÊÄÏÝÓÐÐÔÏÐÚÈÏËÃÎËqÒËßÔÐÎÓÍÈ
ÇÕÈÔ ËÎÈÔÞ Æ ÆËÇÕ ÙÔÐ ÈÓÍË ÆÔÐÒÐÌ ÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÄÍ ÖÕϱØËË
mÄÒÄÏÉÄ Æ ÒÄÓÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄÈÎÐÌ ÔÐÙ±È Ð±ÄÉÈÔÓà ÑÐÍÐÉËÔÈÍÞÏÐ
ÐÔÒËØÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏÏÝÎËÅÈÊÆÝÑÐÍÏÈÏËÃÕÓÍÐÆËÌÓÆÃ
ÊËÔÐÐÏÅÕÇÈÔÔıÐÆÝαÐÏÈÙÏÐËÑÒËË×ÆÝÑÐÍÏÈÏËË
qÕÓÔÞÏÄÑÒËÎÈÒÔÒÈÅÕÈÔÓÃÏÄÌÔËÔÐÙ±Ëß±ÓÔÒÈÎÕÎÄÖÕϱ
ØËËI[\ [\±ÐÇÄÔÐÙ±Ä[\ÍÈÉËÔÏÄÑÒÃÎÐÌ[´\
vÕϱØËÈÌ mÄÒÄÏÉÄ Æ ÇÄÏÏÐÎ ÓÍÕÙÄÈ ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓà ÖÕϱØËÃ
)[\ [\´λ[´\ËÔı±Ä±∂
)
\´λ∂
)
[λÔÐÇÍÃÐÑ
∂[ ∂\
ÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËà ÓÔÄØËÐÏÄÒÏÝ× ÔÐÙȱ ÖÕϱØËË )[ \ ÕÇÐÆÍÈÔÆÐ
ÒÃàÛË×ÕÓÍÐÆËÃÎÓÆÃÊËËÎÈÈÎÓËÓÔÈÎÕÕÒÄÆÏÈÏËÌ
[´\ \´λ [λ
ËʱÐÔÐÒÝ×ÓÍÈÇÕÈÔÙÔÐ[ \ λ
jÓÓÍÈÇÕÈÎ Æ ÔÐÙ±È ÆÔÐÒÐÌ ÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÄÍ ÖÕϱØËË
)[\ÑÒËÆÝÑÐÍÏÈÏËËÕÓÍÐÆËÌÓÆÃÊËÔ È±ÐÇÄG[´G\
jÎÈÈÎ
G) G[ G\
ËÊÏÄÙËÔÑÒËÆÝÑÐÍÏÈÏËËÕÓÍÐÆËÌÓÆÃÊË
G) G[O
Ô È ÆÔÐÒÐÌ ÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÄÍ ÃÆÍÃÃÓÞ ÏÈÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏÏÐÌ
±ÆÄÇÒÄÔËÙÏÐÌ ÖÐÒÎÐÌ ÑÒË ÆÝÑÐÍÏÈÏËË ÕÓÍÐÆËÌ ÓÆÃÊË ÑÒÈ
ÆÒÄÛÄÈÔÓÃÆÑÐÍÐÉËÔÈÍÞÏÐÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏÏÕà±ÆÄÇÒÄÔËÙÏÕàÖÐÒ
ÎÕ qÐßÔÐÎÕ ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓà ÔÐÙ±ÐÌ ÓÔÒÐÐ ÕÓÍÐÆÏÐÐ
ÎËÏËÎÕÎÄÇÍÃÒÄÓÓÎÐÔÒÈÏÏÐÌÊÄÇÄÙËdÑÒÐÙÈÎÆÇÄÏÏÐÎÓÍÕ
ÙÄÈßÔÐÍȱÐÕÓÎÐÔÒÈÔÞËÓÒÄÊÕÆÇÐÍÞÑÒÃÎÐÌ[´\ ÖÕϱ
ØËÃI[\ [\ÑÒËÎÈÔÆËÇI[[ [ËÎÈÃÐÙÈÆËÇÏÐÆÔÐÙ
±È[ ÓÔÒÐËÌÎËÏËÎÕÎ
¥ÍÂÄÂ
ªÏÔÇÅÒÂÍÞÏÐÇÊÓÙÊÓÍÇÏÊÇ
ÖÕÏÌØÊËÎÏÐÅÊ×ÑÇÒÇÎÇÏÏÝ×
¬ÒÂÔÏÝÇÊÏÔÇÅÒÂÍÝ
±ÐÏáÔÊÇÐÃÜÇÎÂÄQÎÇÒÏÐÎÑÒÐÓÔÒÂÏÓÔÄÇ
ÎÇÒ¨ÐÒÆÂϪÉÎÇÒÊÎÝÇÎÏÐÈÇÓÔÄÂ
oÄÑÐÎÏËÎ ±ÒÄԱРÐÓÏÐÆÏÝÈ ÑÐÏÃÔËà ÓÆÃÊÄÏÏÝÈ Ó ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈ
ÏËÈÎQÎÈÒÏÐÐÐÅÜÈÎÄÑÍÐÛÄÇËÆÓÍÕÙÄÈQ ËÇÄÇËÎÏÐ
ÆÐÈ ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËÈ ÑÐÏÃÔËà ÐÅÜÈÎÄ ÎÈÒÝ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ ±ÐÔÐÒÐÈ
ÅÕÇÈÔÐÔÍËÙÄÔÞÓÃÐÔÆÆÈÇÈÏÏÐÐÒÄÏÈÈÓÎÑ
qÕÓÔÞ 5Q ¶ QÎÈÒÏÐÈ ÈƱÍËÇÐÆÐ ÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÐ ÔÐÙȱ [
[[QÇÈ[LL Q ¶±ÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔÝÔÐÙ±Ë[Æ
ÏȱÐÔÐÒÐÌÖ˱ÓËÒÐÆÄÏÏÐÌÓËÓÔÈÎȱÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔQ
nÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐÔÐÙȱ[∈5Q±ÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔÝ[LL Q±Ð
ÔÐÒÝ×ÕÇÐÆÍÈÔÆÐÒÃàÔÍËÏÈÌÏÐÎÕÕÒÄÆÏÈÏËàÆËÇÄ
D[DQ[QD D D Q!
DL ¶ Ö˱ÓËÒÐÆÄÏÏÝÈ ÙËÓÍÄ L Q ÏÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÓà ÌÒÉÓ
ÒÎÑÔ²ÑÔÕßáÆÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÈ5QqÒËQ ÑÐÏÃÔËÈËÑÈÒÑÍÐÓ±ÐÓ
ÔËÓÐÆÑÄÇÄÈÔÓÑÐÏÃÔËÈÎÐÅÝÙÏÐÌÑÍÐÓ±ÐÓÔËÆÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÈ5
sÈÎÈÌÓÔÆÐÆÓÈÆÐÊÎÐÉÏÝ×ËÑÈÒÑÍÐÓ±ÐÓÔÈÌ
P
[L
P ¥¥L Q
N
N ¶Ö˱ÓËÒÐÆÄÏÐN «ÒÄÊÅËÆÄÈÔ¬ÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÐ
5QÏÄQÎÈÒÏÝÈÊÄαÏÕÔÝȱÕÅÝÆËÇÄ
P P
4Q [LN P[LP
L
N
L Q
ÇÈPLÑÒËL QÑÒÐÅÈÄàÔÏÈÊÄÆËÓËÎÐÇÒÕÐÔÇÒÕÄ
ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐÆÓÈ×ØÈÍÝ×ÙËÓÈÍ
lÕÅÝ ÏÄÊÝÆÄàÔÓà ²ÖÆÅÏÌ ÓÅÐÅ N Ë Ë× ÓÐÆбÕÑ
ÏÐÓÔÞÐÅÐÊÏÄÙÄÈÔÓÃÙÈÒÈÊ7NN
nÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐ ÆÓÈ× ±ÕÅÐÆ ÒÄÏÄ N ÐÙÈÆËÇÏÐ ÑбÒÝÆÄÈÔ ÆÓÈ
ÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÐÔ È
5Q 4Q` N4Q
∈7
fÆıÕÅÄÐÇÏÐÐÒÄÏÄÎÐÕÔËÎÈÔÞƱÄÙÈÓÔÆÈÐÅÛË×ÔÐÙȱÍËÚÞ
ÏȱÐÔÐÒÝÈÓÆÐËÒÄÏËÙÏÝÈÔÐÙ±ËdÓÍÕÙÄÈQ ±ÕÅÃÆÍÃ
ÈÔÓÃÐÙÈÆËÇÏÐÐÔÒÈʱÐÎÄÆÓÍÕÙÄÈQ µ±ÆÄÇÒÄÔÐÎ
yËÓÍÐ
NQ
ÏÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÓÃ QÎÈÒÏÝÎ ÐÅÜÈÎÐÎ QÎÈÒÏÐÌ ÎÈ
ÒÐ̱ÕÅÄËÐÅÐÊÏÄÙÄÈÔÓÃÙÈÒÈʵ4Q
GHI
µ4Q ´NQ
fÍÃÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ6ÑÒÈÇÓÔÄÆÍÃàÛÈÐÓÐÅÐÌÐÅÜÈÇËÏÈÏËȱÐÏÈÙ
ÏÐÐËÍËÓÙÈÔÏÐÐÙËÓÍÄÒÄÊÍËÙÏÝ×±ÕÅÐÆ4 MQÇÄÏÏÐÐÒÄÏÄN
M
6 ` 4 MQ 4 MQ∈7N
M
pÙÈÆËÇÏе6µÏÈÐÔÒËØÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÈÙËÓÍÐËÍË
nÈÒÄ µ ÑÕÓÔÐÐ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ ÑÐ ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËà ÑÐÍÄÄÈÔÓÃ
ÒÄÆÏÐÌÏÕÍàµ
qÕÓÔÞÔÈÑÈÒÞ( ¶ÑÒÐËÊÆÐÍÞÏÐÈÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐÆ5QpÅÐÊÏÄÙËÎ
ÙÈÒÈÊVN VN(ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐÔÐÙȱÆÓÈ×
QÎÈÒÏÝ×±ÕÅÐÆÒÄÏÄNØÈÍ˱ÐÎÍÈ
ÉÄÛË× Æ ( Ä ÙÈÒÈÊ 6N 6N( ¶
ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐ ÔÐÙȱ ÆÓÈ× QÎÈÒÏÝ× ±Õ
ÅÐÆ ÒÄÏÄ N ±ÄÉÇÝÌ ËÊ ±ÐÔÐÒÝ× ÑÈ
ÒÈÓȱÄÈÔÓÃÓÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐÎ(ÑÐÏÈÑÕÓ
ÔÐÎÕÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÕN
VN( 4Q`
⊂ (
4Q
` 4Q4Q∈7N
6N( 4Q(≠ `
∅
qÒËßÔÐÎÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐ(ÍÈÉËÔ«ÓÔÒÐÐÆÏÕÔÒˬÎÏÐÐÒÄÏ
Ï˱Ä6N 6N(Ô ÈÏÈÑÈÒÈÓȱÄÈÔÓÃÓÈÐÒÄÏËØÈÌ∂6NfÈÌ
`
ÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÐÔÐÙ±Ä[∈( ∂6NÏÈÎÐÉÈÔÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÐÆÄÔÞÔı±Ä±
ÅÕÇÕÙË ÒÄÏËÙÏÐÌ ÇÍà 6N ÐÏÄ ÑÒËÏÄÇÍÈÉÄÍÄ ÅÝ ÒÄÏË ÏȱÐ
ÔÐÒÐÐ ±ÕÅÄ ÒÄÏÄ N qÐÓ±ÐÍÞ±Õ ÒÄÓÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄÈÎÝÈ ±ÕÅÝ ÊÄÎ
±ÏÕÔÝ ÑÐ ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËà ÎÏÐÐÒÄÏÏ豀 6N ± ÏÈÎÕ ÑÒËÏÄÇÍÈ
ÉÄÍË ÅÝ Ë ÆÓÈ ±ÕÅÝ ÒÄÏÄ N ÓÐÇÈÒÉÄÛËÈ Õ±ÄÊÄÏÏÕà ÒÄÏÞ
ËÅÐ ÐÏÄ ÓÐÇÈÒÉËÔ ÔÐÙ±Õ [∈( tÈÎ ÓÄÎÝÎ ßÔÄ ÔÐÙ±Ä ÏÈ ÅÝÍÄ
ÅÝÒÄÏËÙÏÐÌÇÍÃ6N
pÙÈÆËÇÏÐ
VµVµµVNµVNµ6¬6¬¬6N¬6N¬
ËÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÆÓËÍÕÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËÃ
µVPµVPPµVNPµVNP
µ6Oµ6OOµ6NOµ6NO
fÍÃÇÄÍÞÏÈÌÚÈÐÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÈÏÏÐÙÔÐÆÓËÍÕƱÍàÙÈÏËÃVNµ6N
ÇÍÃÆÓÈ×N ÆÝÑÐÍÏÃàÔÓÃÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆĵVNPµ6N
tıËÎ ÐÅÒÄÊÐÎ ÑÐÍÕÙËÍËÓÞ ÇÆÈ ÎÐÏÐÔÐÏÏÝÈ ÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄ
ÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔË ÙÍÈÏÄÎË ±ÐÔÐÒÝ× ÃÆÍÃàÔÓà ßÍÈÎÈÏÔÝ ÒÄÓÚËÒÈÏ
ÏÐÐÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄÇÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÝ×ÙËÓÈÍ 5ÓÎÑ ÄËÎÈÏ
ÏÐ ÍËÅÐ ÏÈÐÔÒËØÄÔÈÍÞÏÝÈ ÇÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÝÈ ÙËÓÍÄ ÍËÅÐ
qÐßÔÐÎÕ ÇÍà ÍàÅÐÐ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ ( µ 5Q ÆÓÈÇÄ ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕàÔ
±ÐÏÈÙÏÝÈËÍËÅÈÓ±ÐÏÈÙÏÝÈÑÒÈÇÈÍÝ
OLP µVN(Ë OLP µ6N(
N→ N→
ÑÒËßÔÐÎÆÓËÍÕÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔƵVNPµ6NÆÝÑÐÍÏÃÈÔÓÃÏÈÒÄÆÈÏ
ÓÔÆÐ
OLP µVN(P OLP µ6N(
N→ N→
ÓÏÐÙÔÐ
P µ
(Pµ
(
gÔÎÌÐÌÊÐÄĵ
(ÌÇÉÓØÐÄĵ
(ÏÉÓÞÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÅ(²ÑÐÉÚ
ÐÞ Ì ÔÑÇÒÅÈÅáÕ ÕÑ ÑÐÑ ÐÅËÞÇÅÉÕÔÄ ÌËÏÉÓÌÏÞÏ ÒÑ hÑÓÈÅ
ÐÖ pÆÜÉÉ ËÐÅÚÉÐÌÉ ÐÌÊÐÉÍ Ì ÇÉÓØÐÉÍ ÏÉÓÞ hÑÓÈÅÐÅ ÌËÏÉ
ÓÌÏÑÑ ÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÅ ( ÑÆÑËÐÅÚÅÉÕÔÄ ÚÉÓÉË µ( Ì ÐÅËÞÇÅÉÕÔÄ
QÏÉÓÐÑÍÏÉÓÑÍhÑÓÈÅÐÅÌÎÌQÏÉÓÐÞÏÑÆÝÉÏÑÏÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÅ(
µ( µ
( µ
(
jÏÐÇÄ ÆÎÈÓÔÐ µ( ÅÕÇÈÎ ÑËÓÄÔÞ µQ( ÇÍÃ ÔÐÐ ÙÔÐÅÝ ÑÐÇ
ÙÈÒ±ÏÕÔÞ ÙÔÐ ÒÈÙÞ ËÇÈÔ Ð ÎÈÒÈ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ g ÒÄÓÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄÈ
ÎÐбıÑÐÇÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐËÎÈÏÏÐQÎÈÒÏÐÐÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÄ
d ÇÄÍÞÏÈÌÚÈÎ ÇÍÃ ÑÒÐÓÔÐÔÝ ÎÈÒÕ hÐÒÇÄÏÄ ÅÕÇÈÎ ÙÄÓÔÐ
ÏÄÊÝÆÄÔÞÑÒÐÓÔÐÏÉÓÑÍÄÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐËÊÎÈÒËÎÐÈÑÐhÐÒÇÄÏÕ
ÑÒÐÓÔÐÌËÏÉÓÌÏÞÏ
qÐÇ ËÊÎÈÒËÎÝÎ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐÎ ±Ä± ßÔÐ ÑбÄÊÝÆÄÈÔ ÓÄÎ
ÓÎÝÓÍ ÓÍÐÆÄ «ËÊÎÈÒËÎÝ̬ Æ ÎÄÔÈÎÄÔË±È ÑÐÇÒÄÊÕÎÈÆÄÈÔÓÃ
ÔıÐÈ ÔÐÙÈÙÏÐÈ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐ Æ 5Q ±ÐÔÐÒÐÈ ÎÐÉÏÐ ±Ä±ËÎÔÐ ÐÅ
ÒÄÊÐÎËÊÎÈÒËÔÞÔ ÈÓÐÑÐÓÔÄÆËÔÞÈÎÕÑÐÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏÏÝÎÑÒÄ
ÆËÍÄÎ ÏȱÐÔÐÒÐÈ ÏÈÐÔÒËØÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÈ ÙËÓÍÐ ÃÆÍÃàÛÈÈÓà ÐÅÜ
ÈÎÐÎ Æ ÔÒÈ×ÎÈÒÏÐÎ ÓÍÕÙÄÈ ÑÍÐÛÄÇÞà Æ ÇÆÕÎÈÒÏÐÎ Ë ÇÍËÏÐÌ
Æ ÐÇÏÐÎÈÒÏÐÎ gÓÍË ÒÄÊÎÈÒÏÐÓÔÞ ÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÄQO ÔÐ ÎÏÐ
ÉÈÓÔÆÐËÊÎÈÒËÎÐÈÑÐhÐÒÇÄÏÕÆßÔÐÎÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÈÏÄÊÝÆÄ
ÈÔÓà ÔıÉÈ ²ÖÆÌÓÖÉÏÞÏ Ä Æ ÓÍÕÙÄÈ Q µ ²ÇÅÈÓÌÓÖÉÏÞÏ
tÈÒÎËÏÝ«±ÕÅËÒÕÈÎÐÈ˱ÆÄÇÒËÒÕÈÎÐÈÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆЬÐÔÒÄÉÄàÔ
ÔÐÔ ÖÄ±Ô ÙÔÐ Õ±ÄÊÄÏÏÐÈ ÆÝÚÈ ËÊÎÈÒÈÏËÈ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ ÐÓÕ
ÛÈÓÔÆÍÃÈÔÓÃÑÐÓÒÈÇÓÔÆÐαÕÅÐÆÓÐÐÔÆÈÔÓÔÆÈÏÏбÆÄÇÒÄÔÐÆ
qÒÐÓÔÝÎÆÝÙËÓÍÈÏËÈÎÏÈÔÒÕÇÏÐÑÒÐÆÈÒËÔÞÙÔÐÈÓÍËÎÏÐ
ÉÈÓÔÆÐ ( ÑÒÈÇÓÔÄÆÍÃÈÔ ÓÐÅÐÌ ÐÅÜÈÇËÏÈÏËÈ ±ÐÏÈÙÏÐÐ ÙËÓÍÄ
ÒÄÊÍËÙÏÝ× QÎÈÒÏÝ× ±ÕÅÐÆ Q ÇÄÏÏÐÐ ÒÄÏÄ ÔÐ
ÐÏÐËÊÎÈÒËÎÐËÈÐÎÈÒÄhÐÒÇÄÏÄÓÐÆÑÄÇÄÈÔÓÎÈÒÐÌÐÑÒÈÇÈ
ÍÈÏÏÐÌÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐÎ
pÔÎÈÔËÎ ÈÛÈ ÙÔÐ ÍȱРÔıÉÈ ÕÓÔÄÏÄÆÍËÆÄÈÔÓà ËÊÎÈÒË
ÎÐÓÔÞ ÐÔ±ÒÝÔÝ× Ë ÑÐÍÕÐÔ±ÒÝÔÝ× QÎÈÒÏÝ× ±ÕÅÐÆ Ó ÒÈÅÒÄÎË
ÇÍËÏÝ K Ô È ±ÕÅÐÆ ÊÄÇÄÆÄÈÎÝ× ÑÒË ±ÄÉÇÐÎ L Q
ÐÇÏËÎ ËÊ ÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆ ÆËÇÄ [ L( ) [L [ L( ) K ËÍË [ L( ) P [L
[ L( )KËÍË [ L( )[LP [ L( )KËÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆе4 KQ
fÍÃÍàÅÐÐÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ(ÑÒ˱ÄÉÇÐÎN ÐÙÈ
ÆËÇÏÐ
µVN(Oµ6N(O
qÈÒÈÌÇñÑÒÈÇÈÍÕÑÒËN{ÑÐÍÕÙËε
(Oµ
(OpÔ
ÓàÇÄÆÝÔȱÄÈÔÓÍÈÇÕàÛÈÈÓÆÐÌÓÔÆÐÎÈÒÝhÐÒÇÄÏÄ
fÎÄ ÇÔIJÑÑ ÌËÏÉÓÌÏÑÑ ÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇŵ(O
fÄÍÈÈÊÄÎÈÔËÎÙÔÐÆÓËÍÕÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËÌËÇÍÃ
ÍàÅÐÐ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ ( ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏÄ ±ÐÏÈÙÏÄà ËÍË ÅÈÓ±ÐÏÈÙÏÄÃ
ÏËÉÏÃÃËÆÈÒ×ÏÃÃÎÈÒÝhÐÒÇÄÏÄÑÒËßÔÐÎ
Pµ
(Pµ
(
pÔÓàÇÄ ÐÙÈÆËÇÏÝÎ ÐÅÒÄÊÐÎ ÓÍÈÇÕÈÔ ÙÔÐ ÈÓÍË ÆÈÒ×ÏÃà ÎÈÒÄ
ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ(ÒÄÆÏÄÏÕÍàµ
( ÔÐÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐ(ËÊÎÈÒËÎÐ
˵(
gÓÍËÕÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ(ËÎÈÈÔÓÃÆÏÕÔÒÈÏÏÃÃÔÐÙ±ÄÔÐÏÄÌÇÈÔ
ÓÃÔıÐÌÏÐÎÈÒNÙÔÐÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐ V N (ÅÕÇÈÔÏÈÑÕÓÔÝÎÓÍÈ
ÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏеV N (!ÐÔ±ÕÇÄÆÓËÍÕË
ÅÕÇÈÔ ÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÞ ÙÔÐ µ
( ! d ÓÄÎÐÎ ÇÈÍÈ ÈÓÍË [ ¶ ÆÏÕÔ
ÒÈÏÏÃà ÔÐÙ±Ä ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ ( ÔÐ ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔ ÔıÐÈ ε ! ÙÔÐ
ÓÖÈÒËÙÈÓ±ÄÃбÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔÞ8[εÓÐÇÈÒÉËÔÓÃÆ(qÐßÔÐÎÕÇÐ
ÓÔÄÔÐÙÏÐ ÆÊÃÔÞ ÔıÐÌ ÒÄÏ N ÙÔÐÅÝ ÇÍËÏÄ ÇËÄÐÏÄÍË ±ÕÅÄ
ÒÄÏÄNÅÝÍÄÎÈÏÞÚÈε
±N
Qε
tÐÇÄ ±ÕÅ 4Q ÒÄÏÄ N ÓÐÇÈÒÉÄÛËÌ ÔÐÙ±Õ [ ÔıÐÌ ±ÕÅ ÑÐ
±ÒÄÌÏÈÌÎÈÒÈÐÇËÏÆÓÈÇÄÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔÅÕÇÈÔØÈÍ˱ÐÎÍÈÉÄÔÞ
ÆÐÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÈV N (ÒËÓ qÐßÔÐÎÕµV N (Oµ4Q!
tıËÎ ÐÅÒÄÊÐÎ ÈÓÍË Õ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ ( ËÎÈÈÔÓà ÆÏÕÔÒÈÏÏÃÃ
ÔÐÙ±Ä ÔÐ ÈÐ ÏËÉÏÃà ÎÈÒÄ ÑÐÍÐÉËÔÈÍÞÏÄ µ
( O µV N ( !
dÙÄÓÔÏÐÓÔËÐÌÊÐÄÄÏÉÓÅhÑÓÈÅÐÅÍàÅÐÐÑÕ²ÓÞÕÑÑÏÐÑ
ÊÉÔÕÇÅ*ÆÓÈÇÄÒÑÎÑÊÌÕÉÎßÐŵ
*!
dÈÒÏÐ Ë ÐÅÒÄÔÏÐÈ ÕÔÆÈÒÉÇÈÏËÈ ÈÓÍË
µ
(!ÔÐÕÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ(ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕàÔÆÏÕÔ
ÒÈÏÏËÈ ÔÐÙ±Ë d ÓÄÎÐÎ ÇÈÍÈ Æ ßÔÐÎ ÓÍÕÙÄÈ 4Q
OLP µVN( µ
( ! ÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐ ÓÕ
N→ [
ÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔ ÔıÐÌ ÏÐÎÈÒ N ÙÔÐ µV N ( !
ÔÐ ÐÊÏÄÙÄÈÔ Æ ÙÄÓÔÏÐÓÔË ÙÔÐ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐ
V N ( ÏÈ ÑÕÓÔÐ Ä Ôı ±Ä± ÐÏÐ ÓÐÓÔÐà ËÊ
QÎÈÒÏÝ× ±ÕÅÐÆ ËÎÈÈÔ ÆÏÕÔÒÈÏÏËÈ ÔÐÙ±Ë Ë (
V N (µ(ÔÐËÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐ(ËÎÈÈÔÆÏÕÔÒÈÏ
ÏËÈÔÐÙ±Ë rËÓ
pÔÎÈÔËÎ ÙÔÐ ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏÏÝÌ ÏÄÎË ÒÄÏÈÈ Æ Ñ ÐÅÜÈÎ
ÐÔ±ÒÝÔÐÐ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ ÓÐÆÑÄÇÄÈÔ Ó ÈÐ ÏËÉÏÈÌ ÎÈÒÐÌ hÐÒÇÄ
ÏÄpÇÏıÐÇÍÃÑÐÓÔÒÐÈÏËÃÇÐÓÔÄÔÐÙÏÐÐÅÛÈÐÄÏÄÍÐÄËÏÔÈ
ÒÄÍÄ rËÎÄÏÄ Æ ÓÍÕÙÄÈ ÖÕϱØËÌ ÎÏÐË× ÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÝ× ÑÐÏÃÔËÈ
ÔÐÍޱРÏËÉÏÈÌ ÎÈÒÝ hÐÒÇÄÏÄ Ð±ÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÓà ÏÈÇÐÓÔÄÔÐÙÏÝÎ
fÍÃßÔÐÌØÈÍËÐÙÈÏÞÕÇÐÅÏÐÑÐÏÃÔËÈËÊÎÈÒËÎÐÐÑÐhÐÒÇÄÏÕ
ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ
gÓÍËÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐ(ÐÒÄÏËÙÈÏÐÔе
(˵
(ÆÓÈÇıÐÏÈÙ
ÏÝfÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÐËÊÐÒÄÏËÙÈÏÏÐÓÔËÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ(ÓÍÈÇÕÈÔ
ÙÔÐ ÐÏÐ ÑÈÒÈÓȱÄÈÔÓà ÔÐÍÞ±Ð Ó ±ÐÏÈÙÏÝÎ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐÎ ±ÕÅÐÆ
ÏÕÍÈÆÐÐ ÒÄÏÄ Ë ÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐ 6( ÓÐÓÔÐËÔ ËÊ ±ÐÏÈÙÏÐÐ
ÙËÓÍıÕÅÐÆqÐßÔÐÎÕÓÐÍÄÓÏе6(oÐÑÒË
ÍàÅÐÎN
VN(µ6N(µ6(
qÐßÔÐÎÕ
PµVN(Pµ6N(Pµ6(
pÔÓàÇÄÑÈÒÈÌÇñÑÒÈÇÈÍÕÑÒËN{ÑÐÍÕÙËÎ
Pµ
(Pµ
(Pµ6(
Ô ÈÎÈÒݵ
(˵
(±ÐÏÈÙÏÝ
gÓÍË ÉÈ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐ ( ÏÈÐÒÄÏËÙÈÏÐ ÔÐ ÇÍà ÍàÅÐÐ N
ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐ 6N( ÓÐÓÔÐËÔ ËÊ ÅÈÓ±ÐÏÈÙÏÐÐ ±ÐÍË
ÙÈÓÔÆÄ ±ÕÅÐÆ ÒÄÏÄ N qÐßÔÐÎÕ Æ ÓËÍÕ ÖÐÒÎÕÍÝ ÇÍÃ
ÆÓÈ×NËÎÈÈε6N( ÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐ˵
( Ô È
ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐ(ÊÄÆÈÇÐÎÐÏÈËÊÎÈÒËÎÐpÔÓàÇÄÉÔÎÌÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÑ
ÌËÏÉÓÌÏÑÒÑhÑÓÈÅÐÖÕÑÑÐÑÑÓÅÐÌÚÉÐÑ
lıÅÝÍÐÐÔÎÈÙÈÏÐÆÝÚÈÆÑ ÑÒËÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËËÑÍÐ
ÛÄÇË ÑÍÐÓ±Ë× ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆ ÎÝ ÐÒÄÏËÙËÍËÓÞ ÍËÚÞ ÆÏÕÔÒÈÏÏÈÌ
ÎÈÒÐÌ ÐÔ±ÒÝÔÝ× ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆ fÍà ÓÍÕÙÄà ËÊÎÈÒËÎÝ× Ë ÓÍÈÇÐ
ÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐ ÐÒÄÏËÙÈÏÏÝ× ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆ ÆÏÕÔÒÈÏÏÃà ÎÈÒÄ ÓÐÆÑÄÇÄ
ÈÔ Ó ÎÈÒÐÌ pÇÏıРÆÏÕÔÒÈÏÏÃà ÎÈÒÄ ÎÐÉÈÔ ÅÝÔÞ ±ÐÏÈÙÏÐÌ Ë
ÇÍà ÏÈÐÒÄÏËÙÈÏÏÝ× ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆ ßÔÐ ÐÅÓÔÐÃÔÈÍÞÓÔÆÐ ËÓÑÐÍÞÊÐ
ÆÄÍÐÓÞ ÑÒË ÆÝÃÓÏÈÏËË ÈÐÎÈÔÒËÙÈÓ±ÐÐ ÓÎÝÓÍÄ ÏÈÓÐÅÓÔÆÈÏ
ÏÝ× ËÏÔÈÒÄÍÐÆ Ë ±ÐÏÈÙÏÐ Æ ßÔÐÎ ÓÍÕÙÄÈ ÆÏÕÔÒÈÏÏÃà ÎÈÒÄ
ÏÈÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃÎÈÒÐÌhÐÒÇÄÏÄ
lı ÏËÉÏÃà Ôı Ë ÆÈÒ×ÏÃà ÎÈÒÝ hÐÒÇÄÏÄ ÐÅÍÄÇÄàÔ Ôı
ÏÄÊÝÆÄÈÎÝÎÓ Æ Ð Ì Ó Ô Æ Ð ÎÎ Ð Ï Ð Ô Ð Ï Ï Ð Ó Ô ËsÖÐÒÎÕÍË
ÒÕÈÎÈÐÆÆËÇÈÍÈÎÎÝ
§ ® ® ¢ gÔÎÌgµ(ÕÑ
ÔÐ ÆÝÔȱÄÈÔ ÏÈÑÐÓÒÈÇÓÔÆÈÏÏÐ ËÊ ÔÐÐ ÙÔÐ ÑÒË ÆÓÈ× N
ÓÑÒÄÆÈÇÍËÆÝƱÍàÙÈÏËÃ
VN(µVN( 6N(µ6N(
Ôı ±Ä± ÑÈÒÆÐÈ ËÊ ÏË× ÐÊÏÄÙÄÈÔ ÙÔÐ ±ÕÅ ÒÄÏÄ N ÍÈÉÄÛËÌ Æ
(ÍÈÉËÔËÆ(ÄÆÔÐÒÐȵÙÔбÕÅÒÄÏÄNÑÈÒÈÓȱÄàÛËÌÓÃ
ÓÐÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐÎ(ÑÈÒÈÓȱÄÈÔÓÃËÓ(jÔÐËÇÒÕÐÈÕÔÆÈÒÉ
ÇÈÏËÈÓÍÈÇÕÈÔËÊƱÍàÙÈÏËÃ(µ(jÊÆÓËÍÕ
ÆÝÔȱÄÈÔÓÑÒÄÆÈÇÍËÆÐÓÔÞÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆ
µVN(PµVN( µ6N(Pµ6N(
uÓÔÒÈÎËÆÊÇÈÓÞN±ÑÐÍÕÙËÎÆÑÒÈÇÈÍÈ
gÔÎÌgµ(̵( Õѵ(
³ § ¦ ³ ´ ¤ ª §
fÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÐÆÓËÍÕÍÈÎÎÝ
Pµ
(Pµ
( µ(
sÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏе
( ÐÔ±ÕÇĵ(
jÊ ÍÈÎÎÝ ÇÍà ËÊÎÈÒËÎÝ× ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆ ÆÝÔȱÄÈÔ ÓÍÈÇÕà
ÛÈÈÓÆÐÌÓÔÆÐ
ÑÓÒÓ×ÓÒÒÓÖ×à ÑËÕß gÔÎÌ ( Ì ( ¶ ÌËÏÉÓÌÏÞÉ ÒÑ
hÑÓÈÅÐÖ ÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÅ Ì(µ (ÕÑ
µ(Pµ(
§ ® ® ¢ ÑÐÍÕÂÆÆÊÔÊÄÏÐÓÔÞ ÄÇÒ×ÏÇË ÎÇÒÝ fÎÄ ÎáÆÑÍ ²ÑÐÉÚ
ÐÑÍÔÑÇѲÖÒÐÑÔÕÌÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇ(((PÌÏÉÉÕÏÉÔÕÑÐÉ
ÓÅÇÉÐÔÕÇÑ
P P
µ
M` (MP ∑ µ
(
M
dÓÄÎÐÎÇÈÍȱÄÉÇÝ̱ÕÅÒÄÏÄN±ÐÔÐÒÝÌÑÈÒÈÓȱÄÈÔÓÃÓÎÏÐ
P
ÉÈÓÔÆÐÎ M` (MÑÈÒÈÓȱÄÈÔÓÃ×ÐÔÃÅÝÓÐÇÏËÎËÊÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆ(MË
ÏÄÐÅÐÒÐÔqÐßÔÐÎÕÆÓËÍÕ
P P P
µ6N M` (M µ M` 6N(MP ∑ µ6N(M
M M
qÈÒÈÌÇÃÊÇÈÓÞ±ÑÒÈÇÈÍÕÑÒËN{ÑÐÍÕÙËÎ
³ § ¦ ³ ´ ¤ ª § pÆÝÉÈÌÐÉÐÌÉ ²ÑÐÉÚÐÑÑ ÚÌÔÎÅ ÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇ ÏÉÓÞ
ÐÖÎßÌÏÉÉÕÏÉÓÖÐÖÎß
fÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÐ ÈÓÍË µ(L M P ÔÐ Æ ÓËÍÕ
P P P
µ
M` (MP M` µ
(M M` µ(M
P
sÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐ M` (M ËÊÎÈÒËÎÐ Ë ÈÐ ÆÈÒ×ÏÃà ÎÈ
ÒÄÑÐßÔÐÎÕËÎÈÒÄÒÄÆÏÝÏÕÍà
P
µ M` (M
uqrbhogoj qбÄÊÄÔÞ ÙÔÐ ÐÅÜÈÇËÏÈÏËÈ ÓÙÈÔÏÐÌ ÓÐÆбÕÑÏÐÓÔË
ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÉÐÒÇÄÏÐÆÐÌÎÈÒÝÏÕÍÞÎÐÉÈÔÏÈËÎÈÔÞÎÈÒÕÏÕÍÞ
fбÄÊÄÔÞÙÔÐÈÓÍË(Ë( ¶ÐÔ±ÒÝÔÝÈÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄÔÐ
µ
(`(Pµ
(µ
(
u ± Ä Ê Ä Ï Ë ÈqÐÍÈÊÏÐÆÐÓÑÐÍÞÊÐÆÄÔÞÓÃÔÈÐÒÈÎÐÌËÊÑ
cÕÇÈÔÍËßÔÐÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐÆÓÈÇÄÓÑÒÄÆÈÇÍËÆÝÎÔ ÈÅÈÊÑÒÈÇÑÐÍÐÉÈ
ÏËÃÐÅÐÔ±ÒÝÔÐÓÔËÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆ(Ë("
qÒËÆÈÓÔËÑÒËÎÈÒÔıË×ÏÈÑÈÒÈÓȱÄàÛË×ÓÃÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆ(Ë(ÙÔÐ
rÄÓÓÎÐÔÒËÎÔÈÑÈÒÞÓÆÃÊÞÎÈÉÇÕËÊÎÈÒËÎÐÓÔÞàÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ
Ë ÎÈÒÐÌ ÈÐ ÒÄÏËØÝ qÒÈÇÆÄÒËÔÈÍÞÏÐ ÓÇÈÍÄÈÎ ÏÈÓ±ÐÍޱРÊÄ
ÎÈÙÄÏËÌ
iÄÎÈÙÄÏËÈmàÅÐÈÐÅÜÈÇËÏÈÏËȱÐÏÈÙÏÐÐËÍËÅÈÓ
±ÐÏÈÙÏÐÐ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ ±ÕÅÐÆ ÇÄÏÏÐÐ ÒÄÏÄ ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓà ÊÄαÏÕ
ÔÝÎÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐÎ
fÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÐ ÑÕÓÔÞ ^4L` µ ±ÐÏÈÙÏÐÈ ËÍË ÅÈÓ±ÐÏÈÙÏÐÈ
ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆбÕÅÐÆÇÄÏÏÐÐÒÄÏÄN
( `
M
4L
qÐÓ±ÐÍÞ±Õ±ÕÅÝ4LÃÆÍÃàÔÓÃÊÄαÏÕÔÝÎËÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄÎËËÐÅÜ
ÈÇËÏÈÏËȱÐÏÈÙÏÐÐÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄÊÄαÏÕÔÝ×ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÓÏÐÆÄÈÓÔÞ
ÊÄαÏÕÔÐÈÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐÔÐ
P P
` 4 L M` 4 L
M
M M
tıËÎÐÅÒÄÊÐÎ
P
[∈ M` 4 L `4L (
`
M L
`
ÐÅÜÈÇËÏÈÏËÈ ±ÕÅÐÆ ÒÄÏÄ N ÓÐÇÈÒÉÄÛË×ÓÃ Æ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÈ 6N
6N(ÏÐÏÈÓÐÇÈÒÉÄÛË×ÓÃÆÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÈVN VN(
GHI
σN σN( `
4∈7N
4
4∈6N4∉VN
ÓÎÑÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÄ
`
( (LQW`∂((LQW ∂( ∅
ÇÈ(LQWµÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐÆÏÕÔÒÈÏÏË×ÔÐÙȱÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ(Ä∂(µ
ÈÐÒÄÏËØÄ
i Ä Î È Ù Ä Ï Ë È fÍà ÍàÅÐÐ ÎÏÐÐÒÄÏÏ豀 6 ÓÐÓÔÐÃ
ÛÈÐËʱÐÏÈÙÏÐÐËÍËÅÈÓ±ÐÏÈÙÏÐÐÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆıÕÅÐÆÐÇÏÐÐ
Ë ÔÐÐ ÉÈ ÒÄÏÄ N ÈÐ ÔÐÙ±Ä [ ËÎÈÈÔ Ð±ÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔÞ ÓÐÇÈÒÉÄ
ÛÕàÓÃÆ 6ÔÐÇÄËÔÐÍÞ±ÐÔÐÇıÐÇÄÆÓȱÕÅÝÒÄÏÄNÓÐ
ÇÈÒÉÄÛËÈ ÔÐÙ±Õ [ ÓÐÇÈÒÉÄÔÓÃ Æ ÎÏÐÐÒÄÏÏË±È 6 pÔÓàÇÄ
ÓÍÈÇÕÈÔ ÙÔÐ ÔÐÙ±Ä ÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÄ 5Q ÑÒËÏÄÇÍÈÉËÔ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÕ
VNLQWÔÐÇÄËÔÐÍÞ±ÐÔÐÇıÐÇÄÆÓȱÕÅÝÒÄÏÄN±±ÐÔÐÒÝÎ
ÐÏÄÑÒËÏÄÇÍÈÉËÔÓÐÇÈÒÉÄÔÓÃÆÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÈVN VN(
i Ä Î È Ù Ä Ï Ë È oÄÒÃÇÕÓÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐÎËÎÈÈÔÎÈÓ
ÔÐÅÐÍÈÈÔÐÙÏÐÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐ
6N VNLQW`σN
ƱÐÔÐÒÐÎÓÍÄÄÈÎÝÈÏÈÑÈÒÈÓȱÄàÔÓÃ
`
VNLQW σN ∅
dÓÄÎÐÎÇÈÍÈÆÓËÍÕÖÐÒÎÕÍËËÎÈÈÎ
6N VNLQW`∂VN`σN
fбÄÉÈÎÙÔÐ
∂VN σN
`
qÕÓÔÞ[∈∂VNtı±Ä±
∂VN V N VN (
`
ÔÐ[∈(ËÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÍàÅÐ̱ÕÅÒÄÏÄNÓÐÇÈÒÉÄÛËÌÔÐÙ
±Õ[ÓÐÇÈÒÉËÔÓÃÆÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÈ6NsÐÍÄÓÏÐÊÄÎÈÙÄÏËà×ÐÔÃ
ÅÝÐÇËϱÕÅ4ËÊßÔË×±ÕÅÐÆÏÈÓÐÇÈÒÉËÔÓÃÆVNÆÑÒÐÔËÆÏÐÎ
ÓÍÕÙÄÈÔÐÙ±Ä[ÃÆÍÃÍÄÓÞÅÝÆÏÕÔÒÈÏÏÈÌÔÐÙ±ÐÌÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄVN
ÔÈ[∈VNLQWÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÏÈÑÒËÏÄÇÍÈÉÄÍÄÅÝÈÐÒÄÏËØÈ
∂VNtıËÎÐÅÒÄÊÐÎ[∈4 6N∉VN
`
dÓËÍÕÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËÃÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄσN±ÕÅ4ÑÐßÔÐÎÕËÔÐÙ±Ä
[ÓÐÇÈÒÉÄÔÓÃÆσNÙÔÐËÐÊÏÄÙÄÈÔÓÑÒÄÆÈÇÍËÆÐÓÔÞƱÍàÙÈÏËÃ
jÊ ßÔÐРƱÍàÙÈÏËà ÓÍÈÇÕÈÔ ÙÔÐ Æ ÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÈ
ÎÐÉÏÐ ÐÔÅÒÐÓËÔÞ ÓÍÄÄÈÎÐÈ ∂VN ÐÏÐ Æ×ÐÇËÔ Æ ÇÒÕÐÈ ÓÍÄÄÈ
ÎÐÈÔÈËÎÈÈÔÎÈÓÔÐÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐ
fбÄÉÈÎ ÔÈÑÈÒÞ ÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐ gÓÍË [∈VNLQW ÔÐ ÓÐ
ÍÄÓÏÐ ÊÄÎÈÙÄÏËàÍàÅÐ̱ÕÅ4ÒÄÏÄNÓÐÇÈÒÉÄÛËÌÔÐÙ
±Õ[4·[ÓÐÇÈÒÉËÔÓÃÆVNËÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÏÈÓÐÇÈÒÉËÔÓÃ
ÆσN 4⊄ σN ÔÐ ÐÊÏÄÙÄÈÔ ÙÔÐ [¶σNÔÈËÎÈÈÔÎÈÓÔÐ ÒÄÆÈÏ
ÓÔÆÐ
§ ® ® ¢ fÎÄÎáÆÑÑÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÅ(µ5QÔÒÓÅÇÉÈÎÌÇÞDzÎá
ÚÉÐÌÄ
∂( σN( 6N∂(
`
¦ Ð Ì Â É Â Ô Ç Í Þ Ó Ô Ä Ð sÏÄÙÄÍÄÇбÄÉÈÎƱÍàÙÈÏËÈ
∂( σN(
`
qÕÓÔÞ [ ∈ ∂( iÄÎÈÔËÆ ÙÔÐ ËÊ Æ±ÍàÙÈÏËà ( µ 6N( ÓÍÈÇÕÈÔ
ÄÏÄÍÐËÙÏÐÈƱÍàÙÈÏËÈÇÍÃÊÄÎݱÄÏËÌßÔË×ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆ
( 6 N ( ( ) 6N(
`
ÑÐÍÕÙËÎ
[∈∂( ⊂ ( 6N(VN(LQW`σN(
`
jÊƱÍàÙÈÏËÃVN( (ËÎÈÈÎ
`
VN(LQW (LQW
`
jÊƱÍàÙÈÏËÃ[∈∂(ÓÍÈÇÕÈÔÙÔÐÔÐÙ±Ä[ÏÈÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃÆÏÕÔÒÈÏÏÈÌ
`
ÔÐÙ±ÐÌÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ([∉(LQWÔı±Ä±(LQW ∂( ∅qÐßÔÐÎÕ
[ ∉ VN(LQW
jÊËÆÝÔȱÄÈÔÙÔÐÔÐÙ±Ä[ÑÒËÏÄÇÍÈÉËÔÎÏÐ
ÉÈÓÔÆÕσN(ÔÈƱÍàÙÈÏËÈÇбÄÊÄÏÐ
qбÄÉÈÎÔÈÑÈÒÞÓÑÒÄÆÈÇÍËÆÐÓÔÞƱÍàÙÈÏËÃ
σN( 6N∂(
`
gÓÍË[∈σN(ÔÐÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔ±ÕÅ4ÒÄÏÄNÓÐÇÈÒÉÄÛËÌÓÃ
ÆÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÈσN(ËÓÐÇÈÒÉÄÛËÌÔÐÙ±Õ[4·[sÐÍÄÓÏÐÐÑ
ÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËà ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ σN( ßÔÐÔ ±ÕÅ ÑÒËÏÄÇÍÈÉËÔ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔ
ÆÕ 6N( Ë ÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐ ÑÈÒÈÓÈÙÈÏËÈ ±ÕÅÄ 4 Ó ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐÎ
( ÏÈ ÑÕÓÔÐ qÐÓ±ÐÍÞ±Õ ßÔÐÔ ±ÕÅ ÓÐÍÄÓÏÐ ÔÐÎÕ ÉÈ ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈ
ÏËàÏÈÓÐÇÈÒÉËÔÓÃÆÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÈVN(ÐÏÓÐÇÈÒÉËÔËÔÐÙ±Ë
ÏÈ ÑÒËÏÄÇÍÈÉÄÛËÈ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÕ ( pÔÓàÇÄ ÓÐÍÄÓÏÐ ÍÈÎÎÈ
ÑÆÝÔȱÄÈÔÙÔбÕÅ4ÅÕÇÕÙËÆÝÑÕ±ÍÝÎÄÔÈÎÓÄÎÝÎ
ËÍËÏÈÌÏÐÓÆÃÊÏÝÎÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐÎÓÐÇÈÒÉËÔÔÐÙ±ËÒÄÏËØÝ∂(
ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ ( ÑÐßÔÐÎÕ ÓÐÍÄÓÏÐ ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËà ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ
6N∂( ±Ä± ÐÅÜÈÇËÏÈÏËÃÆÓÈ×±ÕÅÐÆ ÒÄÏÄN ÑÈÒÈÓȱÄàÛË×ÓÃ
ÓÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐÎ∂(±ÕÅ4ÓÐÇÈÒÉËÔÓÃÆßÔÐÎÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÈjÔı
ÑбÄÊÄÏÐÙÔÐËÊÕÓÍÐÆËÃ[∈σN(ÓÍÈÇÕÈÔÙÔÐ[∈6N∂(ÔÈ
ƱÍàÙÈÏËÈÔıÉÈÇбÄÊÄÏÐ
sÖÐÒÎÕÍËÒÕÈÎ ÔÈÑÈÒÞ Ë ÇбÄÉÈÎ ±ÒËÔÈÒËÌ ËÊÎÈÒËÎÐÓÔË
ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ
´ § ° ² § ® ¢ fÎÄ ÕÑÑ ÚÕÑÆÞ ÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÑ ( ÆÞÎÑ ÌËÏÉÓÌ
ÏÞÏÒÑhÑÓÈÅÐÖÐÉÑÆØÑÈÌÏÑÌÈÑÔÕÅÕÑÚÐÑÚÕÑÆÞÑÐÑÆÞ
ÎÑÑÓÅÐÌÚÉÐÐÞÏÌÚÕÑÆÞÉÑÓÅÐÌÙÅ∂(ÌÏÉÎÅÏÉÓÖhÑÓÈÅ
ÐÅÓÅÇÐÖáÐÖÎá
µ∂(
¦ Ð Ì Â É Â Ô Ç Í Þ Ó Ô Ä Ð Ô Ç Ð Ò Ç Î Ý ¯ Ç Ð Ã × Ð Æ Ê Î Ð Ó Ô Þ qÕÓÔÞ
( ¶ËÊÎÈÒËÎÐÈÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐtÐÇııÇбÄÊÄÏÐÆÝÚÈÐÏÐÐÒÄ
ÏËÙÈÏÐ fÄÍÈÈ ÓÐÍÄÓÏÐ ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËà ËÊÎÈÒËÎÐÐ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ
ÏËÉÏÃÃËÆÈÒ×ÏÃÃÎÈÒÝÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄg±ÐÏÈÙÏÝËÒÄÆÏݵ
(
µ
(Ô È
OLP µVN( OLP µ6N(
N → N →
jÊÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËÃÎÏÐÐÒÄÏÏ˱ÄσN(ÓÍÈÇÕÈÔÓÎ
ÙÔÐ µσN( µ6N( ´ µVN( qÐßÔÐÎÕ ËÊ ÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÄ
ËÎÈÈÎ
OLP µσN(
N →
d ÓËÍÕ Æ±ÍàÙÈÏËÃ Ë ÎÐÏÐÔÐÏÏÐÓÔË ÆÈÒ×ÏÈÌ ÎÈÒÝ
ÓÎÑÒËÍàÅÐÎN ÓÑÒÄÆÈÇÍËÆÐÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐ
µ
∂(Pµ
σN( µσN(
qÈÒÈÌÇÃ ± ÑÒÈÇÈÍÕ ÑÒË N { Æ ÓËÍÕ ÑÐÍÕÙËÎ
µ
∂( sÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐ ∂( ËÊÎÈÒËÎÐ ÑÐ hÐÒÇÄ
ÏÕ˵∂(
¦ Ð Ó Ô Â Ô Ð Ù Ï Ð Ó Ô Þ qÕÓÔÞ ( ¶ ÐÒÄÏËÙÈÏÏÐÈ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐ Ë
µ∂( tÐÇÄÑÐÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËàÎÈÒÝ
OLP µ6N∂(
N →
d ÓËÍÕ Æ±ÍàÙÈÏËÃ Ë ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËà ÓÑÒÄÆÈÇÍËÆÐ
ÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆеσN(Pµ6N∂(ËÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐ
µ6N(´µVN(µσN(Pµ6N∂(
qÐÓ±ÐÍÞ±Õ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐ ( ÐÒÄÏËÙÈÏÐ ÈÐ ÏËÉÏÃà ÎÈÒÄ µ
( Ë
ÆÈÒ×ÏÃõ
(±ÐÏÈÙÏÝËÑÐßÔÐÎÕÓÎËÆÏÈÒÄÆÈÏ
ÓÔÆÈ ÎÐÉÏÐ ÑÈÒÈÌÔË ± ÑÒÈÇÈÍÕ ÑÒËN { d ÓËÍÕ
ÑÐÍÕÙËÎ
µ
(´µ
( Ô Èµ
( µ
(
ÔÐËÐÊÏÄÙÄÈÔËÊÎÈÒËÎÐÓÔÞÑÐhÐÒÇÄÏÕÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ(
i Ä Î È Ù Ä Ï Ë È lÐÎÑÄ±Ô ÒÄÏËØÄ ±ÐÔÐÒÐÐ ËÎÈÈÔ ÎÈÒÕ
ÏÕÍÞÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃËÊÎÈÒËÎÝÎÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐÎ
ÔÐ ÓÒÄÊÕ ÓÍÈÇÕÈÔ ËÊ ÔÈÐÒÈÎÝ Ôı ±Ä± ÆÓñËÌ ±ÐÎÑıÔ
ÈÓÔÞÐÒÄÏËÙÈÏÏÐÈÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐ
i Ä Î È Ù Ä Ï Ë È eÒÄÏËØÄ ËÊÎÈÒËÎÐÐ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ ±Ä±
ÒÄÏËØÄ ÆÓñÐÐ ÐÒÄÏËÙÈÏÏÐÐ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓà ÐÒÄÏË
ÙÈÏÏÝÎÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐÎÄÔı±Ä±ÒÄÏËØÄÆÓÈÇÄÊÄαÏÕÔÐÈÎÏÐ
ÉÈÓÔÆÐ ÔÐ Æ ÇÄÏÏÐÎ ÓÍÕÙÄÈ ÐÏÐ ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓà ±ÐÎÑıÔÐÎ tıËÎ
ÐÅÒÄÊÐÎ ÓÐÍÄÓÏÐ ÔÈÐÒÈÎÈ ÒÄÏËØÄ ËÊÎÈÒËÎÐÐ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ
ÈÓÔÞ±ÐÎÑıÔÎÈÒÝÏÕÍÞ
s ÑÐÎÐÛÞà ÔÈÐÒÈÎÝ ÍȱРÑбÄÊÄÔÞ ÙÔÐ ÑÒË ÔÈÐÒÈÔË
±ÐÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÈÏÏÝ× ÐÑÈÒÄØËÃ× ÐÅÜÈÇËÏÈÏËà ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆ ÑÈÒÈ
ÓÈÙÈÏËÃËÆÝÙËÔÄÏËÃË×ËÊÎÈÒËÎÐÓÔÞÏÈÏÄÒÕÚÄÈÔÓÃ
qÒÈÇÆÄÒËÔÈÍÞÏÐÇбÄÉÈÎÐÇÏÕÈÐÎÈÔÒËÙÈÓ±ÕàÍÈÎÎÕ
§ ® ® ¢ fÎÄÎáÆÞØÈÇÖØÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇbÌdÎÉÊÅÜÌØÇÒÓÑ
ÔÕÓÅÐÔÕÇÉ5QÔÒÓÅÇÉÈÎÌÇÞÔÎÉÈÖáÜÌÉDzÎáÚÉÐÌÄÒËÓ
∂$`%µ∂$`∂%
∂$ %µ∂$`∂%
`
∂$?%µ∂$`∂%
¦ Ð Ì Â É Â Ô Ç Í Þ Ó Ô Ä Ð fбÄÉÈΠƱÍàÙÈÏËÈ gÓÍË
[∈∂$ ` % ÔÐ Æ ÍàÅÐÌ Ð±ÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔË ÔÐÙ±Ë [ ÓÐÇÈÒÉÄÔÓà ±Ä±
ÔÐÙ±ËÑÒËÏÄÇÍÈÉÄÛËÈÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÕ$`%ÔıËÔÐÙ±ËÏÈÑÒË
ÏÄÇÍÈÉÄÛËÈÈÎÕdÐÊÎÐÉÏÝÇÆÄÓÍÕÙÄÃÍËÅÐÆÍàÅÐÌбÒÈÓÔ
ÏÐÓÔËÔÐÙ±Ë[ÓÐÇÈÒÉÄÔÓÃÔÐÙ±ËÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ$ÍËÅÐÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕ
ÈÔбÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔÞ8ÔÐÙ±Ë[ÏÈÓÐÇÈÒÉÄÛÄÃÔÐÙȱÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ$
d ÑÈÒÆÐÎ ÓÍÕÙÄÈ Æ ÍàÅÐÌ Ð±ÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔË ÔÐÙ±Ë [ ËÎÈàÔÓà ÔÐÙ±Ë
±Ä± ÑÒËÏÄÇÍÈÉÄÛËÈ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÕ $ Ôı Ë ÏÈ ÑÒËÏÄÇÍÈÉÄÛËÈ
ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÕ$`%ËÔÈÎÅÐÍÈÈÏÈÑÒËÏÄÇÍÈÉÄÛËÈÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÕ$
ÔÐÐÊÏÄÙÄÈÔÙÔÐ[∈∂$
dÐÆÔÐÒÐÎÓÍÕÙÄȱıÐÆÄÅÝÏËÅÝÍÄбÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔÞ8ÔÐÙ±Ë[
`
бÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔÞ 8 8 ßÔÐÌ ÔÐÙ±Ë ±Ä± Ë ÆÓñÄà ÈÈ Ð±ÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔÞ
ÓÐÇÈÒÉËÔ ÔÐÙ±Ë ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ $ ` % ÑÒËÙÈÎ Æ ßÔÐÎ ÓÍÕÙÄÈ ÆÓÈ
ÐÏËÑÒËÏÄÇÍÈÉÄÔÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÕ%Ôı±Ä±8ÏÈÓÐÇÈÒÉËÔÔÐÙȱ
ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ$ËÓÐÇÈÒÉÄÔÔÐÙ±ËÏÈÑÒËÏÄÇÍÈÉÄÛËÈÎÏÐÉÈÓÔ
ÆÕ $ ` % ÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐ ÏÈ ÑÒËÏÄÇÍÈÉÄÛËÈ Ë ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÕ %
`
qÐÓ±ÐÍÞ±Õ 8 8 µ 8 Æ ÒÄÓÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄÈÎÐÎ ÓÍÕÙÄÈ Æ ÑÒÐËÊ
ÆÐÍÞÏÐÌ Ð±ÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔË 8 ÔÐÙ±Ë [ ËÎÈàÔÓà ÔÐÙ±Ë ±Ä± ÑÒËÏÄ
ÇÍÈÉÄÛËÈ Ôı Ë ÏÈ ÑÒËÏÄÇÍÈÉÄÛËÈ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÕ % ÔÐ ÐÊÏÄ
ÙÄÈÔÙÔÐ[∈∂%
jÔı ËÎÈÈÔ ÎÈÓÔÐ ÑÐ ±ÒÄÌÏÈÌ ÎÈÒÈ ÐÇÏÐ ËÊ Æ±ÍàÙÈÏËÌ
[∈∂$ËÍË[∈∂%Ô È[∈∂$`∂%
fбÄÉÈÎƱÍàÙÈÏËÈ
` $ %
gÓÍË [∈∂$ % ÔÐ Æ ÍàÅÐÌ `
бÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔË ÔÐÙ±Ë [ ÓÐÇÈÒÉÄÔÓà $?% $% %?$
ÔÐÙ±Ë ±Ä± ÑÒËÏÄÇÍÈÉÄÛËÈ ÑÈÒÈ
`
ÓÈÙÈÏËà $ % Ë ÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐ $`%
ÔÐÙ±Ë ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ $ Ë % Ôı Ë
ÔÐÙ±Ë ÏÈ ÑÒËÏÄÇÍÈÉÄÛËÈ ßÔÐÎÕ rËÓ
ÑÈÒÈÓÈÙÈÏËàdÐÊÎÐÉÏÝÇÆÄÓÍÕÙÄÃÍËÅÐÆÍàÅÐÌбÒÈÓÔÏÐÓ
ÔË ÔÐÙ±Ë [ËÎÈàÔÓÃÔÐÙ±ËÏÈ ÑÒËÏÄÇÍÈÉÄÛËÈ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÕ$
ÔÐÇÄ[∈∂$ÍËÅÐÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔбÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔÞ8ÔÐÙ±Ë[ÆÓÈÔÐÙ
±Ë ±ÐÔÐÒÐÌ ÑÒËÏÄÇÍÈÉÄÔ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÕ $ tÐÇÄ ÇÍà ÍàÅÐÌ Ð±
`
ÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔË8ÔÐÙ±Ë[ÆÈÈбÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔË8 8±Ä±ËÆÐÆÓñÐÌ
бÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔË ßÔÐÌ ÔÐÙ±Ë ËÎÈàÔÓà ÔÐÙ±Ë ÑÒËÏÄÇÍÈÉÄÛËÈ ÑÈ
`
ÒÈÓÈÙÈÏËà$ %ÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐË ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÕ%ËÔÐÙ±ËÏÈ
`
ÑÒËÏÄÇÍÈÉÄÛËÈ$ %ÑÐßÔÐÎÕÏÈÑÒËÏÄÇÍÈÉÄÛËÈËÎÏÐÉÈ
ÓÔÆÕ%ËÅÐÆ8ÆÓÈÔÐÙ±ËÑÒËÏÄÇÍÈÉÄÔÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÕ$tıËÎ
`
ÐÅÒÄÊÐÎÆбÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔË8 8ËÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÆÍàÅÐÌб
`
ÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔË8ÔÐÙ±Ë[Ôı±Ä±8 8µ8ËÎÈàÔÓÃÔÐٱ˱ı
ÑÒËÏÄÇÍÈÉÄÛËÈÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÕ%ÔıËÏÈÑÒËÏÄÇÍÈÉÄÛËÈÈÎÕ
ÔÐÐÊÏÄÙÄÈÔÙÔÐ[∈∂% `
jÔıÈÓÍË[∈∂$ %ÔÐ[∈∂$`∂%
fбÄÉÈÎƱÍàÙÈÏËÈgÓÍË[∈∂$?%ÔÐÆÍàÅÐÌ
бÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔË ÔÐÙ±Ë [ ÓÐÇÈÒÉÄÔÓà ±Ä± ÔÐÙ±Ë ÑÒËÏÄÇÍÈÉÄÛËÈ
ÒÄÊÏÐÓÔË $?% Ôı Ë ÏÈ ÑÒËÏÄÇÍÈÉÄÛËÈ ÈÌ dÐÊÎÐÉÏÝ ÇÆÄ
ÓÍÕÙÄÃ
qÈÒÆÝÌ ÓÍÕÙÄÌ Æ ÍàÅÐÌ Ð±ÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔË ÔÐÙ±Ë [ ÓÐÇÈÒÉÄÔÓÃ
ÔÐÙ±Ë ÏÈ ÑÒËÏÄÇÍÈÉÄÛËÈ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÕ $ ÔÐÇÄ Æ ÍàÅÐÌ Ð±
ÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔË ÔÐÙ±Ë [ ËÎÈàÔÓà ÔÐÙ±Ë ±Ä± ÑÒËÏÄÇÍÈÉÄÛËÈ ÎÏÐ
ÉÈÓÔÆÕ$Ôı±Ä±ËÎÈàÔÓÃÔÐÙ±ËËÊÒÄÊÏÐÓÔË$?%ÔıËÏÈ
ÑÒËÏÄÇÍÈÉÄÛËÈ$qÐßÔÐÎÕÆßÔÐÎÓÍÕÙÄÈ[∈∂$
dÔÐÒÐÌ ÓÍÕÙÄÌ Õ ÔÐÙ±Ë [ ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔ Ð±ÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔÞ 8 ÆÓÈ
ÔÐÙ±Ë ±ÐÔÐÒÐÌ ÑÒËÏÄÇÍÈÉÄÔ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÕ $ tÐÇÄ ÇÍà ÍàÅÐÌ
`
бÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔË 8 ÔÐÙ±Ë [ Æ Ð±ÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔË 8 8 ßÔÐÌ ÔÐÙ±Ë ËÎÈ
àÔÓÃÔÐÙ±ËÑÒËÏÄÇÍÈÉÄÛËÈÒÄÊÏÐÓÔË$?%ÄÔı±Ä±8µ8µ
µ $ ÔÐ ßÔË ÔÐÙ±Ë ÏÈ ÑÒËÏÄÇÍÈÉÄÔ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÕ % d бÒÈÓÔ
`
ÏÐÓÔË 8 8 ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕàÔ ÔıÉÈ ÔÐÙ±Ë ÏÈ ÑÒËÏÄÇÍÈÉÄÛËÈ
ÒÄÊÏÐÓÔË $?% Ä Ôı ±Ä± ÐÏË ÑÒËÏÄÇÍÈÉÄÔ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÕ $ ÔÐ
ÐÏË ÑÒËÏÄÇÍÈÉÄÔ Ë ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÕ % Æ ÑÒÐÔËÆÏÐÎ ÓÍÕÙÄÈ ÐÏË `
ÑÒËÏÄÇÍÈÉÄÍËÅÝÒÄÊÏÐÓÔË$?%qÐÓ±ÐÍÞ±Õ8 8µ8ÔÐÆ
бÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔË8ÓÐÇÈÒÉÄÔÓÃÔÐٱ˱ıÑÒËÏÄÇÍÈÉÄÛËÈÎÏÐÉÈ
ÓÔÆÕ%ÔıËÏÈÑÒËÏÄÇÍÈÉÄÛËÈÈÎÕÔÐÐÊÏÄÙÄÈÔÙÔÐ[∈∂%
tıËÎÐÅÒÄÊÐÎÈÓÍË[∈∂$?%ÔÐ[∈∂$`∂%
jÊ Æ±ÍàÙÈÏËÌ Ë ÎÈÔÐÇÐÎ ÎÄÔÈÎÄÔËÙÈÓ±ÐÌ
ËÏÇÕ±ØËË ÇÍà ÍàÅÐÐ ±ÐÏÈÙÏÐÐ ÙËÓÍÄ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆ ÍȱРÕÓÔÄ
ÏÄÆÍËÆÄÈÔÓÃÓÑÒÄÆÈÇÍËÆÐÓÔÞƱÍàÙÈÏËÌ
P P P̀ P
∂ M`(MµM`∂(M∂ M (MµM`∂(M
pÆÝÉÈÌÐÉÐÌÉ Ì ÒÉÓÉÔÉÚÉÐÌÉ ²ÑÐÉÚÐÑÑ ÚÌÔÎÅ ÌËÏÉÓÌ
ÏÞØ ÒÑ hÑÓÈÅÐÖ ÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇ Å ÕŲÊÉ ÓÅËÐÑÔÕß ÈÇÖØ ÕÅ
²ÌØ ÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇ ÄÇÎÄáÕÔÄ ÌËÏÉÓÌÏÞÏÌ ÒÑ hÑÓÈÅÐÖ ÏÐÑÊÉ
ÔÕÇÅÏÌ
d ÓÄÎÐÎ ÇÈÍÈ ÈÓÍË ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ (M ËÊÎÈÒËÎÝ ÔÐ ÓÐÍÄÓÏÐ
ÔÈÐÒÈÎȵ∂(M M PqÐßÔÐÎÕÆÓËÍÕÓÍÈÇÓÔ
P
ÆËÃ ËÊ ÍÈÎÎÝ µ M` ∂(M ÔÐÇÄ ÓÎ ÓÍÈÇÓÔÆËÈ ÍÈÎÎÝ
ËÊƱÍàÙÈÏËÌÓÍÈÇÕÈÔÓÐÐÔÆÈÔÓÔÆÈÏÏÐÙÔÐ
P P̀
µ∂ M`(M µ∂ M (M
P
pÔÓàÇÄËÎÈÈÎÆÓËÍÕÔÐÌÉÈÔÈÐÒÈÎÝÙÔÐÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄM`(MË
P̀
(M ÔıÉÈ ËÊÎÈÒËÎÝ bÏÄÍÐËÙÏÐ ÇбÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÓà ËÊÎÈÒË
M
ÎÐÓÔÞÒÄÊÏÐÓÔËËÊÎÈÒËÎÝ×ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆ
tÈÑÈÒÞÎÐÉÏÐÍȱÐÇбÄÊÄÔÞÙÔÐÇÍÃÎÈÒÝhÐÒÇÄÏÄÓÑÒÄ
ÆÈÇÍËÆÐ ÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐ ÄÏÄÍÐËÙÏÐÈ ÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÕ ÇÍÃ
ÆÈÒ×ÏÈÌÎÈÒÝsÖÐÒÎÕÍËÒÕÈÎÓÐÐÔÆÈÔÓÔÆÕàÛÈÈÕÔÆÈÒÉÇÈÏËÈ
fÎÄ ÎáÆÑÍ ²ÑÐÉÚÐÑÍ ÔÑÇѲÖÒÐÑÔÕÌ ÌËÏÉÓÌÏÞØ ÏÐÑ
ÊÉÔÕÇ ( ( (PÓÑÒÄÆÈÇÍËÆÐÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐ
P P
µL`(LP ∑ µ(L
L
fÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÐ ÈÓÍË ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ (L ËÊÎÈÒËÎÝ ÔÐ µ
(L
P
= µ(LËÓÐÍÄÓÏÐÇбÄÊÄÏÏÐÎÕÆÝÚÈÐÅÜÈÇËÏÈÏËÈ L`(LÔı
P P
ÉÈ ËÊÎÈÒËÎÐ Ë ÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐ µ
L`(L µ L`(L qÐßÔÐÎÕ
ÖÐÒÎÕÍÄ Æ ÒÄÓÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄÈÎÐÎ ÓÍÕÙÄÈ ÓÐÆÑÄÇÄÈÔ Ó ÖÐÒ
ÎÕÍÐÌ
ÇÊÊÎ×ÎÉÒÓÖ×à ÑËÕßnÉÓÅÑÆÝÉÈÌÐÉÐÌIJÑÐÉÚÐÑÑÚÌÔ
ÎÅ ÒÑÒÅÓÐÑ ÐÉÒÉÓÉÔɲÅáÜÌØÔÄ ÌËÏÉÓÌÏÞØ ÒÑ hÑÓÈÅÐÖ ÏÐÑ
ÊÉÔÕÇ ÓÅÇÐÅ ÔÖÏÏÉ ÏÉÓ àÕÌØ ÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇ `
tıËÎÐÅÒÄÊÐÎÈÓÍË(L ¶ËÊÎÈÒËÎÝÈÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ(L (M
L M LM PÔÐ
P P
µL` (L ∑ µ(L
M
gÓÍ˱ÕÅÒÄÏÄNÍÈÉËÔÆÏȱÐÔÐÒÐÎÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÈ(LÔÐÐÏÍÈ
P
ÉËÔËÆÐÅÜÈÇËÏÈÏËËL` (LÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐ
P P
` V (LµVN L` (L
L N
qÈÒÈÌÇñÑÒÈÇÈÍÕÑÒËN{ÑÐÍÕÙËÎ
P P
∑ µ(LPµL`(L
L
pÅÒÄÔÏÐÈ ÕÔÆÈÒÉÇÈÏËÈ ÏÈÆÈÒÏÐ ÔÖÜÉÔÕÇÖáÕ ÐÉÌËÏÉÓÌ
ÏÞÉ ÒÑ hÑÓÈÅÐÖ ÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÅ ËÅÏÞ²ÅÐÌÄ ²ÑÕÑÓÞØ ÌËÏÉÓÌ
ÏÞqÒÐÓÔÝÎÑÒËÎÈÒÐÎÑÐÇÐÅÏÐÐÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃÎÏÐÉÈ
ÓÔÆÐÒÄØËÐÏÄÍÞÏÝ×ÔÐÙȱÏÄÏȱÐÔÐÒÐÎÐÔÒÈʱÈpÏÐÏÈËÊÎÈÒË
ÎÐ ÑÐÙÈÎÕ" Ä ÈÐ ÊÄÎݱÄÏËÈÎ ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓà ÐÔÒÈÊб ±ÐÔÐÒÝÌ
ËÊÎÈÒËÎ
pÔÎÈÔËÎÈÛÈÙÔÐÊÄÎݱÄÏËÈËÊÎÈÒËÎÐÐÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆıı
Ë ÆÓñÐÐ ÐÒÄÏËÙÈÏÏÐÐ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓà ±ÐÎÑıÔÐÎ
tıËÎÐÅÒÄÊÐÎÊÄÎݱÄÏËÈËÊÎÈÒËÎÐÐÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄÈÓÔÞËÊÎÈ
ÒËÎÝ̱ÐÎÑıÔ
nÉÓÅ ÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÅ ÐÉ ÏÉÐÄÉÕÔÄ ÒÓÌ ÒÅÓÅÎÎÉÎßÐÑÏ
ÒÉÓÉÐÑÔÉ
qÒÈÉÇÈ ÙÈÎ ÇбÄÊÝÆÄÔÞ ßÔÐ ÕÔÆÈÒÉÇÈÏËÈ ÇбÄÉÈÎ ÈÛÈ
ÐÇÏÕÍÈÎÎÕ
§ ® ® ¢ gÔÎÌ
$Pµ(µ%P
$P%P ¶ÌËÏÉÓÌÏÞÉÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÅP Ì
OLP µ%P?$P
P→
ÕÑÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÑ(ÕŲÊÉÌËÏÉÓÌÏÑÌ
µ( OLP µ$P OLP µ%P
P→ P→
¦ Ð Ì Â É Â Ô Ç Í Þ Ó Ô Ä Ð nÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ %P ÅÕÇÕÙË ËÊÎÈÒËÎÝÎË
ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄÎËÐÒÄÏËÙÈÏÝjÊƱÍàÙÈÏËÃ( µ%PÓÍÈÇÕÈÔÙÔÐ
Ë ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐ ( ÐÒÄÏËÙÈÏÐ ÑÐßÔÐÎÕ ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕàÔ ±ÐÏÈÙÏÝÈ
ÑÒÈÇÈÍÝ OLP VN( OLP 6N(
N→ N→
iÄÖ˱ÓËÒÕÈÎ ÑÒÐËÊÆÐÍÞÏÐ ε ! d ÓËÍÕ ÕÓÍÐÆËÌ ÍÈÎÎÝ
ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔÔıÐÌÏÐÎÈÒPÙÔÐ
ËÎÈÈÎ
VN $ P VN( 6N( 6N % P
`
ËÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐ
µ $ P ´ εµVN $ P PµVN(Pµ6N(Pµ6N % P µ % P ε
pÔÓàÇÄËÎÈÈÎÙÔÐÇÍÃÆÓÈ×N!NÆÝÑÐÍÏÃàÔÓÃÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÄ
Pµ6N(´µVN(µ % P ε ´µ $ P εε
ÔÐÐÊÏÄÙÄÈÔÙÔÐ
OLP µ6N(´µVN(
N→
sÐÍÄÓÏÐ ÇбÄÊÄÏÏÐÎÕ ÆÝÚÈ ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕàÔ ±ÐÏÈÙÏÝÈ ÑÒÈ
ÇÈÍÝ OLP µVN(Ë OLP µ6N(ÑÐßÔÐÎÕ
N→ N→
OLP µVN( OLP µ6N( µ(
N→ N→
ÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐ ( ËÊÎÈÒËÎÐ tÈÑÈÒÞ ËÊ Æ±ÍàÙÈ
ÏËÃ$P ( %P ÑÐÍÕÙËε$PPµ(Pµ%PÐÔ±ÕÇÄÑÐÍÐÉËÆ
`
P→ÅÕÇÈÎËÎÈÔÞ
OLP µ$P OLP µ%P µ(
P→ P→
Ôı±Ä±ÑÐÕÓÍÐÆËàÍÈÎÎÝ
OLP µ%N´µ$N OLP µ%N?µ$N
N→ N→
jÊÍÈÎÎÝ ÓÍÈÇÕÈÔÙÔÐÇÍÃÑÐÍÕÙÈÏËÃÑÒÈÇÈÍÞÏÝÎÑÈÒÈ
×ÐÇÐÎ ÎÈÒÝ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ ( ÈÐ ÏÈ ÐÅÃÊÄÔÈÍÞÏÐ ÄÑÑÒбÓËÎËÒÐ
ÆÄÔÞ ËÊÏÕÔÒË ÎÏÐÐÒÄÏÏ˱ÄÎË VN( Ä ÓÏÄÒÕÉË ÎÏÐÐÒÄÏ
Ï˱ÄÎË 6N( ÎÐÉÏÐ ÆÎÈÓÔÐ ÏË× ÅÒÄÔÞ ÍàÅÝÈ ËÊÎÈÒËÎÝÈ
ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ $N Ë %N ÕÇÐÆÍÈÔÆÐÒÃàÛËÈ ÕÓÍÐÆËÃÎ $N ( %N
`
`
N OLP µ%N $N
N→
fбÄÉÈÎÔÈÑÈÒÞÓÆÐÌÓÔÆÐÎÈÒÝ
qÕÓÔÞ( 5QD∈5QË
`
±ÐÏÈÙÏÐÐ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ ËÊÎÈÒËÎÝ× ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆ ÆËÇÄ 4 D ÇÈ
4 ¶±ÕÅÒÄÏÄNË
µ$N µVN(µ%N µ6N(
Ôı±Ä±ÎÈÒÝÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆ$NË%NÒÄÆÏÝÓÕÎÎÈÎÈұıÆÖÐÒÎÕ
ÍÈÓÐÓÔÄÆÍÃàÛË×Ë×±ÕÅÐÆ
qÕÓÔÞÔÈÑÈÒÞ( µËÊÎÈÒËÎÐÈÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐËÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐ
OLP µVN( OLP µ6N( µ(
N→ N→
qÐÓ±ÐÍÞ±Õ
$N (D %N
`
Ë
OLP µ%N?$N OLP µ%N´µ$N OLP µ6N(´µVN(
N→ N→ N→
ÔÐÓÐÍÄÓÏÐÍÈÎÎÈÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐ(DËÊÎÈÒËÎÐË
µ(D OLP µ$N OLP µVN( µ(
N→ N→
i Ä Î È Ù Ä Ï Ë È pÔÎÈÔËÎ ÙÔÐ ±Ä± ÏËÉÏÃà Ôı Ë ÆÈÒ×
ÏÃÃ ÎÈÒÝ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆ ÏÈ ÐÅÍÄÇÄàÔ ÓÆÐÌÓÔÆÄÎË ÄÇÇËÔËÆÏÐÓÔË
ÔÐ ÆËÇÏÐ ÕÉÈ Æ ÐÇÏÐÎÈÒÏÐÎ ÓÍÕÙÄÈ oÄÑÒËÎÈÒ ÈÓÍË $ ¶
ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐ ÒÄØËÐÏÄÍÞÏÝ× Ä % ¶ ËÒÒÄØËÐÏÄÍÞÏÝ× ÙËÓÈÍ ÏÄ
ÐÔÒÈʱÈ>@ÔÐ
µ
$ µ
% µ
$`% µ
>@ µ
$µ
%
µ
$ µ
% µ
$`% µ
>@ µ
$µ
%
qÒËÎÈÒÝ ËÊÎÈÒËÎÝ× ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆ Ó±ÐÍÞ ÕÐÇÏÐ ÅÐÍÞÚÐÌ
ÒÄÊÎÈÒÏÐÓÔËÎÐÉÏÐÑÐÍÕÙËÔÞÓÑÐÎÐÛÞàÑÐÓÔÒÐÈÏËÃØËÍËÏÇ
ÒÐÆ ÐÓÏÐÆÄÏËÃÎË ±ÐÔÐÒÝ× ÓÍÕÉÄÔ ÔıÉÈ ËÊÎÈÒËÎÝÈ ÎÏÐÉÈ
ÓÔÆÄsÖÐÒÎÕÍËÒÕÈÎÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËÈØËÍËÏÇÒÄ
°ÑÒÇÆÇÍÇÏÊÇ qÖÔÕß ( ¶ ÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÑ ÎÉÊÅÜÉÉ ÐÅ ÌÒÉÓ
ÒÎÑÔ²ÑÔÕÌ5Qµ ^[[Q `ÒÓÑÔÕÓÅÐÔÕÇÅ5QDÌE ¶ÈÉÍ
ÔÕÇÌÕÉÎßÐÞÉÚÌÔÎÅDPEnÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÑ
( ^[[[ [Qµ ∈ (DP[QPE`
ÐÅËÞÇÅÉÕÔÄ ÙÌÎÌÐÈÓÑÏ Ô ÑÔÐÑÇÅÐÌÉÏ ( Ì ÑÆÓÅËÖáÜÉÍ ÒÅ
ÓÅÎÎÉÎßÐÑͲÑÑÓÈÌÐÅÕÐÑÍÑÔÌ[QÈÎÌÐÞK E´D
pÙÈÆËÇÏÐ ÙÔÐ ËÓÑÐÍÞÊÕÃ ÑÐÏÃÔËÈ ÑÒÐËÊÆÈÇÈÏËÃ ÎÏÐ
ÉÈÓÔÆ ÓÎ Ñ
ËÍË ÎÐÉÏÐ Ó±ÄÊÄÔÞ ÙÔÐ ØËÍËÏÇÒ (
ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓà ÑÒÐËÊÆÈÇÈÏËÈÎ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆ ( Ë ÐÔÒÈ汀 >D E@ (
( ¨ >D E@ gÓÍË ( ¶ ÐÒÄÏËÙÈÏÏÐÈ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐ ÔÐ Ë ØË
ÍËÏÇÒ Ó ÐÓÏÐÆÄÏËÈÎ ( ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃ ÐÒÄÏËÙÈÏÏÝÎ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐÎ
pÔÓàÇÄ ÓÍÈÇÕÈÔ ÙÔÐ ÆÓñËÌ ØËÍËÏÇÒ Æ ÐÓÏÐÆÄÏËË ±ÐÔÐÒÐÐ
ÍÈÉËÔËÊÎÈÒËÎÐÈÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐÐÒÄÏËÙÈÏËÅÐËÊÎÈÒËÎÐÈÎÏÐ
ÉÈÓÔÆÐÐÒÄÏËÙÈÏÐ
´ § ° ² § ® ¢ gÔÎÌ( ¶ÌËÏÉÓÌÏÑÉÒÑhÑÓÈÅÐÖÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÑ
ÒÓÑÔÕÓÅÐÔÕÇÅ 5Q ´ ÕÑ ÇÔIJÌÍÙÌÎÌÐÈÓ(Ô ÑÔÐÑÇÅÐÌÉÏ(
ÄÇÎÄÉÕÔÄÌËÏÉÓÌÏÞÏÒÑhÑÓÈÅÐÖÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÑÏÇÒÓÑÔÕÓÅÐ
ÔÕÇÉ5QÌ
µQ ( KµQµ(
ÈÉK ¶ÈÎÌÐÅÑÆÓÅËÖáÜÉÍÙÌÎÌÐÈÓÅ(
³ § ¦ ³ ´ ¤ ª § gÔÎÌ ÑÔÐÑÇÅÐÌÉ ÙÌÎÌÐÈÓÅ ÌÏÉÉÕ Q µ ÏÉÓ
ÐÖáÏÉÓÖÓÅÇÐÖáÐÖÎáÕÑÔÅÏÙÌÎÌÐÈÓÌÏÉÉÕQÏÉÓÐÖáÏÉ
ÓÖÕŲÊÉÓÅÇÐÖáÐÖÎá
¦ Ð Ì Â É Â Ô Ç Í Þ Ó Ô Ä Ð Ô Ç Ð Ò Ç Î Ý qÒÈÉÇÈÆÓÈÐÊÄÎÈÔËÎÙÔÐ
ÑÒÐȱØËÃ
±ÄÉÇÐÐ QÎÈÒÏÐÐ ±ÕÅÄ 4Q ÒÄÏÄ N ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃ
Q´ÎÈÒÏÝαÕÅÐÎ4QµÔıÉÈÒÄÏÄNË
µ4Q ´N µ4Qµ
pÅÐÊÏÄÙËÎ 4 Q µ 4PQ Nµ Q´ÎÈÒÏÝȱÕÅÝÒÄÏÄNÓÐ
ÓÔÄÆÍÃàÛËÈÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐ6N(Ä T Q µ T OQN µ µQ´ÎÈÒ
ÏÝÈ ±ÕÅÝ ÒÄÏÄ N ÓÐÓÔÄÆÍÃàÛËÈ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐ VN( qÕÓÔÞ
Q 4 Q ÓÕÔÞÔÈÆÓÈQÎÈÒÏÝȱÕÅÝÒÄÏÄNÓÐÇÈÒÉÄÛËÈ
4 L LS N
ÓÃ Æ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÈ 6N( ±ÐÔÐÒÝÈ ÑÒÐȱÔËÒÕàÔÓÃ Æ ÐÇËÏ Ë ÔÐÔ
ÉÈ ±ÕÅ 4 LQ µ 6N( qÐÓ±ÐÍÞ±Õ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐ ( µ ØËÍËÏÇÒ
`
ÙËÓÍÐ SN ÔıË× ±ÕÅÐÆ ÐÇÏÐ Ë ÔÐ ÉÈ ÇÍà ÆÓÈ× L P
ÑÐßÔÐÎÕ
PN SN
Q
6N( L` M` 4 LM
bÏÄÍÐËÙÏÐ ÈÓÍË T LM Q T Q µ ±ÕÅÝ ÒÄÏÄ N ÓÐÇÈÒÉÄ
LU N
ÛËÈÓÃÆÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÈVN(ËÑÒÐȱÔËÒÕàÛËÈÓÃÆÐÇËÏËÔÐÔÉÈ
±ÕÅ T LQ µ VN( ÔÐ ÙËÓÍÐ UN ÔıË× ±ÕÅÐÆ ÐÇÏÐ Ë ÔÐ ÉÈ ÇÍÃ
`
ÆÓÈ×L ONËÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐ
ON UN
Q
VN( L` M`T LM
Q
^[[Q `ÏÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÓÃÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐÔÐÙȱÆËÇÄ[[QµÇÍñÄÉ
ÇÐÌËʱÐÔÐÒÝ×ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔÔıÐÈ[QÙÔÐ[[Qµ[Q∈(
qÒÐȱØËË ÏÄ ±ÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔÏÕà ÐÓÞ [Q ÎÏÐ
SN UN
Q L P Ë ` T Q
ÉÈÓÔÆ M` 4 LM N M LM
L ONÑÒÈÇÓÔÄÆÍÃàÔÓÐÅÐÌÐÔÒÈʱË
N N S U (
ÓÐÐÔÆÈÔÓÔÆÈÏÏÐ ÇÍËÏ
Ë
ÑÒË ßÔÐÎ
N N
ÓÎÒËÓÆÝÑÐÍÏÃàÔÓÃÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÄ
SN UN
PK N
OK´ N
N N (
qÐßÔÐÎÕ
P SN P
N N S rËÓ
µ6N( ∑ ∑ µ 4 LM
Q N
P
∑ N µ4 LQ µ
L M L
P
N
P K
N ∑
µ 4 LQ µ K
µ6N(
N
L
ON UN ON
U
µVN( ∑ ∑ µT LM
Q N
O
∑ N µ TLQ µ
L M L
ON
O K´
N ∑
µ T LQ µ K´
µVN(
N
L
sÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐ
K´
µVN( P µVN(Pµ6N( P
N
P K
µ6N(
N
dÓËÍÕËÊÎÈÒËÎÐÓÔËÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ(ËÎÈÈÎ
OLP µVN( OLP µ6N( µQµ(
N→ N→
qÐßÔÐÎÕÑÈÒÈÌÇñÑÒÈÇÈÍÕÑÒËN→ÆÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÄ×
ÑÐÍÕÙËÎÙÔÐÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔÑÒÈÇÈÍ
OLP µVN( OLP µ6N( KµQµ(
N→ N→
ÙÔÐÐÊÏÄÙÄÈÔËÊÎÈÒËÎÐÓÔÞØËÍËÏÇÒÄ(ËÓÑÒÄÆÈÇÍËÆÐÓÔÞÖÐÒ
ÎÕÍÝ
iÇÊÇÛÇ qÐÓÔÒÐËÔÞÑÒËÎÈÒÏÈËÊÎÈÒËÎÐÌÑÐhÐÒÇÄÏÕÐÅÍÄÓÔË
iÇÊÇÛÇ fбÄÊÄÔÞ ÙÔÐÎÈÒÄhÐÒÇÄÏÄÏÈÊÄÆËÓËÔÐÔ ÆÝÅÐÒÄÇÈ
±ÄÒÔÐÆÐÌÓËÓÔÈÎݱÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔ
®ÏÐÈÇÓÔÄÂÎÇÒÝÏÕÍÞ
dÑÒÈÇÝÇÕÛÈÎÑÕϱÔÈÅÝÍÐÕÓÔÄÏÐÆÍÈÏÐÙÔÐÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐËÊÎÈ
ÒËÎÐÑÐhÐÒÇÄÏÕÔÐÇÄËÔÐÍÞ±ÐÔÐÇıÐÇÄÈÐÒÄÏËØÄËÎÈ
ÈÔ ÎÈÒÕ ÏÕÍÞ qÐßÔÐÎÕ ÑÐÍÈÊÏÐ ËÎÈÔÞ ÑÒËÊÏÄ±Ë ÑÐ ±ÐÔÐÒÝÎ
ÎÐÉÏÐ ÅÝÍÐ ÅÝ ÕÓÔÄÏÐÆËÔÞ ÙÔÐ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐ ËÎÈÈÔ ÎÈÒÕ ÏÕÍÞ
fÐÓÔÄÔÐÙÏÐ ÐÅÛËÎ ÑÒËÎÈÒÐÎ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆ ÎÈÒÝ ÏÕÍÞ ÃÆÍÃàÔÓÃ
ØËÍËÏÇÒÝÆÐÓÏÐÆÄÏË˱ÐÔÐÒÝ×ÍÈÉÄÔÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄÎÈÒÝÏÕÍÞ
ÓÎ ÓÍÈÇÓÔÆËÈ ËÊ ÔÈÐÒÈÎÝ fÒÕÐÌ ÚËÒбËÌ ±ÍÄÓÓ ÎÏÐ
ÉÈÓÔÆÎÈÒÝÏÕÍÞÇÄÈÔÓÃÆÓÍÈÇÕàÛÈÌÏËÉÈÔÈÐÒÈÎÈ
´ § ° ² § ® ¢ eÓÅ×̲ÇÔIJÑÍÐÉÒÓÉÓÞÇÐÑÍÐŲÑÏÒŲÕÉ×Öв
ÙÌÌÌÏÉÉÕÏÉÓÖÐÖÎß
¦ Ð Ì Â É Â Ô Ç Í Þ Ó Ô Ä Ð qÕÓÔÞÖÕϱØËÃ\ I[ I[[Q
ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÄ ÏÄ ±ÐÎÑıÔÈ $ µ 5 [Q qÕÓÔÞ ( ¶ ÈÈ ÒÄÖ˱ Ô È
ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐÔıË×ÔÐÙȱ[\ [[Q\ÆQÎÈÒÏÐÎ
ÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÈ 5 [\ Q ÙÔÐ[ [ ∈$Ä\ I[ [
Q Q
( ^[\[[Q∈$\ I[[Q`
qбÄÉÈÎ ÙÔÐ Q ÎÈÒÏÄà ÎÈÒÄ hÐÒÇÄÏÄ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ (
ÒÄÆÏÄÏÕÍànÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐ$ÅÕÇÕÙ˱ÐÎÑıÔÐÎÐÒÄÏËÙÈÏÐqÐ
ßÔÐÎÕÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔÔıÐÈÏÄÔÕÒÄÍÞÏÐÈÙËÓÍÐPÙÔÐQÎÈÒÏÝ̱ÕÅ
3P ^[´PP[LPPL Q`
ÓÐÇÈÒÉËÔÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐ$3P¬$tÈÎÅÐÍÈȱÕÅ
3P ^[´P´P[LPPL Q`
ÔıÉÈÓÐÇÈÒÉËÔ$3P¬$ËÅÐÍÈÈÔÐбıËÎÅÝÏËÅÝÍ
±ÕÅ 4 ÏȱÐÔÐÒÐÐ ÒÄÏÄ N ÑÈÒÈÓȱÄàÛËÌÓà ÓÐ
ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐÎ$Ô È4µ6N$ÐÏÔıÉÈÓÐÇÈÒÉËÔÓÃÆ3P
4µ3PqÐßÔÐÎÕÑÒËÍàÅÐÎNËÎÈÈÎ6N$µ3PiÇÈÓÞËÆ
ÇÄÍÞÏÈÌÚÈÎ ÙÈÒÈÊ 6N$ 6N( ±Ä± Ë Æ Ñ ÐÅÐÊÏÄÙÄàÔÓÃ
ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ ÔÐÙȱ ÆÓÈ× ±ÕÅÐÆ ÒÄÏÄ N ÓÐÐÔÆÈÔÓÔÆÕàÛË× ÑÒÐ
ÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÑÈÒÈÓȱÄàÛË×ÓÃÓÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄÎË$µ5 [QË(µ5 [\ Q
pÅÐÊÏÄÙËÎ ÙÈÒÈÊ ωδ ÎÐ \
ÇÕÍÞ ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÓÔË ÖÕϱØËË
6NO
I ÏÄ ±ÐÎÑıÔÈ $ iÄÎÈÙÄà ÙÔÐ
ÇËÄÐÏÄÍÞ ÇËÄÎÈÔÒ
QÎÈÒÏÐ
Ð ±ÕÅÄ Ó ÒÈÅÒÐÎ ÇÍËÏÝ N
ÒÄÆÏÄ QN ÇÍÃ ÆÝÓÐÔÝ K N( L )
±ÄÉÇÐÐ ÓÔÐÍÅ豀 6 N( L ) ËÎÈÈÎ 4NO
$ [
ÓÎÒËÓ ÐØÈϱÕ
4P
Q
K N( L )Pω
N
N
rËÓ
fÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÐÇÍÃÐØÈϱËÆÝ
ÓÐÔÝ K N( L ) ± ÒÄÓÓÔÐÃÏËà ω´N Q ÎÈÉÇÕ ÏÄËÅÐÍÞÚËÎ Ë ÏÄ
ËÎÈÏÞÚËÎ ÊÏÄÙÈÏËÃÎË ÖÕϱØËË I[ ÏÄ ±ÕÅÈ 4 N( L ) ÇÐÓÔÄÔÐÙÏÐ
ÇÐÅÄÆËÔÞÇÍËÏÝÒÈÅÈÒÓÄÎÐÐÏËÉÏÈÐËÓÄÎÐÐÆÈÒ×ÏÈбÕÅÐÆ
ÒÄÓÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄÈÎÐÐÓÔÐÍÅ豀 6 N( L )ßÔÄÐØÈϱÄÇÐÓÔËÄÈÔÓñÐÇÄ
ÔÐÙ±Ë ÒÄÖ豀 ÓÐÐÔÆÈÔÓÔÆÕàÛËÈ Õ±ÄÊÄÏÏÝÎ ß±ÓÔÒÈÎÄÍÞÏÝÎ
ÊÏÄÙÈÏËÃΠбÄÉÕÔÓà ÏÄ ÒÄÏÃ× ±ÕÅÐÆ ÒÄÏÄ N jÊ Ë
ÑÐÍÕÙÄÈÎ
PN P P
N N
µ6K( µL`6 N( L ) ∑ µ 6 N( L ) ∑ K N( L )µ 4 LQP
L L
P
N
Q Q
P ω µ 4 LQ P ω
µ3P
N N L ∑
N N
qÐÓ±ÐÍÞ±Õ ÖÕϱØËà I ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÄ ÏÄ ±ÐÎÑıÔÈ ÐÏÄ ÒÄÆ
ÏÐÎÈÒÏÐ ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÄ ÏÄ ÏÈÎ ÑÐßÔÐÎÕ OLP ω´N Q Ë
N →
ÑÐÓ±ÐÍÞ±Õ OLP
ËÊËÎÈÈÎ OLP µ 6N( Ä
N → N N→
ßÔÐËÐÊÏÄÙÄÈÔÙÔе
( ÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐ˵ (
dÓËÍÕÔÈÐÒÈÎËÆÓñÐÈÐÒÄÏËÙÈÏÏÐÈÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐÒÄ
ÏËØÕ±ÐÔÐÒÐÐÎÐÉÏÐÑÒÈÇÓÔÄÆËÔޱıÐÅÜÈÇËÏÈÏËȱÐÏÈÙÏÐÐ
ÙËÓÍÄ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆ ±ÄÉÇÐÈ ËÊ ±ÐÔÐÒÝ× ÑÒÈÇÓÔÄÆÍÃÈÔ ÓÐÅÐÌÍËÅÐ
ÙÄÓÔÞÒÄÖ˱ÄÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÌÏÄÐÒÄÏËÙÈÏÏÐÎÊÄαÏÕÔÐÎÎÏÐ
ÉÈÓÔÆÈ ÖÕϱØËË ÍËÅÐ ÙÄÓÔÞ ØËÍËÏÇÒÄ Ó ÐÓÏÐÆÄÏËÈÎ ÎÈÒÝ
ÏÕÍÞÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃËÊÎÈÒËÎÝÎÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐÎÔı±Ä±ÆÓËÍÕÄÇÇË
ÔËÆÏÐÓÔË ÎÈÒÝ ÎÈÒÄ ÒÄÏËØÝ Õ±ÄÊÄÏÏÐÐ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ ÒÄÆÏÄ
ÏÕÍà Ë ÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐ ÓÐÍÄÓÏÐ ÔÈÐÒÈÎÈ ÐÏÐ ËÊÎÈÒËÎÐ
tıËÎ ÐÅÒÄÊÐÎ ÑÐÍÕÙÈÏÐ ÐÑËÓÄÏËÈ ÇÐÓÔÄÔÐÙÏÐ ÚËÒбÐÐ
±ÍÄÓÓÄ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆ ËÊÎÈÒËÎÝ× ÑÐ hÐÒÇÄÏÕ Ë ÙÄÓÔÐ ÆÓÔÒÈÙÄà
ÛË×ÓÃÆÎÄÔÈÎÄÔËÙÈÓ±ÐÎÄÏÄÍËÊÈËÈÐÑÒËÍÐÉÈÏËÃ×oÄÑÒË
ÎÈÒ ÑÍÐÓ±ËÈ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ ±ÒËÆÐÍËÏÈÌÏÝÈ ÔÒÄÑÈØËË «ÓȱÔÐ
Òݬ±ÒËÆÝ×ÊÄÇÄÏÏÝ×ÆÑÐÍÃÒÏÝ×±ÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔÄ×ÄÔıÉÈÔÈÍÄ
ÆÒÄÛÈÏËÃÑÍÐÛÄÇËËÓÐÐÔÆÈÔÓÔÆÈÏÏÐÐÅÜÈÎݱÐÔÐÒÝ×ÆÝÙËÓ
ÍÃÍËÓÞÆ Ô ÓÑÐÎÐÛÞàÐÇÏÐÎÈÒÏÐÐËÏÔÈÒÄÍÄrËÎÄÏÄ
ÃÆÍÃàÔÓà ËÊÎÈÒËÎÝÎË ÑÐ hÐÒÇÄÏÕ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄÎË ËÅÐ ±Ä±
ÏÈÔÒÕÇÏÐÕÅÈÇËÔÞÓÃË×ÒÄÏËØÝËÎÈàÔÎÈÒÕÏÕÍÞ
qÐÇÐÅÏÝÎ ÉÈ ÐÅÒÄÊÐÎ ËÊÎÈÒËÎÝ ÑÐ hÐÒÇÄÏÕ ÑÄÒÄÍÍÈÍÈ
ÑËÑÈÇÝ Ë ßÍÍËÑÓÐËÇÝ Æ ÙÄÓÔÏÐÓÔË µ ÚÄÒÝ Ôı ±Ä± Ë× ÒÄ
ÏËØÝ ÎÐÉÏÐ ÑÒÈÇÓÔÄÆËÔÞ Æ ÆËÇÈ ÐÅÜÈÇËÏÈÏËà ÒÄÖ˱ÐÆ ÏÈ
ÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÝ×ÏıÐÎÑıÔÄ×ÖÕϱØËÌ
iÄÎÈÔËÎÙÔÐÆ Ô ÅÝÍÐÆÆÈÇÈÏÐÑÐÏÃÔËÈÎÈÒÝPHV*
ÇÍÃÐÔ±ÒÝÔÝ×ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆsÒÄÆÏËÆÄÃÈÈÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËÈÓÐÑÒÈÇÈ
ÍÈÏËÈÎÑÒËÆÈÇÈÏÏÝÎÆÑ ÆËÇËÎÙÔÐPHV* µ
*Ô È
ÆÆÈÇÈÏÏÄÃÆ Ô ÎÈÒııßÔÐÕÉÈÐÔÎÈÙÄÍÐÓÞÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃ
ÏËÉÏÈÌÎÈÒÐÌhÐÒÇÄÏÄpÇÏıÐÆÓËÍÕÓ±ÄÊÄÏÏÐÐÆÝÚÈÆÓÈ
ÒÄÓÓÎÐÔÒÈÏÏÝÈÆÑÒËÎÈÒÄ× Ô ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄÅÝÍËËÊÎÈÒË
ÎÝÎË ÑÐ hÐÒÇÄÏÕ Ë ÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐ ÇÍà ÏË× ÎÈÒÄ PHV * ÃÆ
ÍÃÍÄÓÞÎÈÒÐÌhÐÒÇÄÏÄÔ ÈÇÍÃÏË×ËÎÈÍÐÎÈÓÔÐPHV* µ*
qÒÈÇÓÔÄÆÍÃÈÔ ËÏÔÈÒÈÓ ÐÅÐÅÛËÔÞ ÔÈÐÒÈÎÕ ÏÄ ÓÍÕÙÄÌ ÑÄÒÄ
ÎÈÔÒËÙÈÓ±Ë ÊÄÇÄÏÏÝ× ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆ Æ ÙÄÓÔÏÐÓÔË ÏÄ ÓÍÕÙÄÌ ÑÄÒÄ
ÎÈÔÒËÙÈÓ±Ë× ±ÒËÆÝ× p±ÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÓà ÙÔÐ ÇÄÉÈ Æ ßÔÐÎ ÓÍÕÙÄÈ
ÐÇÏÐÌ ÍËÚÞ ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÓÔË ÒÄÓÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄÈÎÝ× ±ÒËÆÝ× ÏÈÇÐÓÔÄ
ÔÐÙÏÐ ÇÍÃ ÔÐÐ ÙÔÐÅÝ ÐÏË ËÎÈÍË ÎÈÒÕ ÏÕÍÞ sÕÛÈÓÔÆÕàÔ ÏÄ
ÑÒËÎÈÒ±ÒËÆÝÈ[L [LWDPWPEL Q[LW ¶ÏÈ
ÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÝÈ ÏÄ ÏȱÐÔÐÒÐÎ ÐÔÒÈÊ±È >D E@ ÖÕϱØËË ÏÄÊÝÆÄÈÎÝÈ
±ÒËÆÝÎËqÈÄÏбÐÔÐÒÝÈÑÒÐ×ÐÇÃÔÙÈÒÈʱÄÉÇÕàÔÐÙ±ÕÏȱÐÔÐ
ÒÐÐQÎÈÒÏÐбÕÅÄËÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÏÈËÎÈàÔÎÈÒÝÏÕÍÞ
iÇÊÇÛÇ qÐÓÔÒÐËÔÞÑÒËÎÈÒ±ÒËÆÐÌqÈÄÏÐ
´ § ° ² § ® ¢ dÔIJÅÄ ÒÎÑÔ²ÅÄ ÔÒÓÄÏÎÄÉÏÅÄ ²ÓÌÇÅÄ ÌÏÉÉÕ
ÏÉÓÖÐÖÎß
¦ Ð Ì Â É Â Ô Ç Í Þ Ó Ô Ä Ð qÕÓÔÞ ÊÄÇÄÏÄ ÓÑÒÃÎÍÃÈÎÄÃ ±ÒËÆÄÃ Γ
ÇÍËÏıÐÔÐÒÐÌÒÄÆÏÄ6qÕÓÔÞÇÄÍÈÈU U WDPWPE ¶ÏȱÐ
ÔÐÒÐÈ ÑÒÈÇÓÔÄÆÍÈÏËÈ ±ÒËÆÐÌ Γ rÄÊÐÅÞÈÎ ÈÈ ÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐ
Ô ÈÆÑÐÒÃDZÈÆÐÊÒÄÓÔÄÏËÃÑÄÒÄÎÈÔÒÄWÔÐÙ±ÄÎËUWLWL∈>DE@
L PW DWP EÏÄPÒÄÆÏÝ×ÑÐÇÍËÏÈÙÄÓÔÈÌÔ È
ÆÐÊÞÎÈÎÔıÐÈÒÄÊÅËÈÏËÈτ { W L } LL PÐÔÒÈʱÄ>DE@ÙÔÐÅÝÇÍË
ÏıÄÉÇÐÌÙÄÓÔËΓL±ÒËÆÐÌΓÊÄÇÄÆÄÈÎÐÌÑÒÈÇÓÔÄÆÍÈÏËÈÎU
6
UWWL´PWPWLL PËÎÈÍÄÇÍËÏÕ
P
pÅÐÊÏÄÙËÎ ÙÈÒÈÊ .L ÊÄαÏÕÔÝÌ ±ÒÕ Ó ØÈÏÔÒÐÎ Æ ÔÐÙ±È
6 6
UWL´ Ë ÒÄÇËÕÓÐÎ
fÕÄΓLËÎÈÈÔÇÍËÏÕ ËÈÈÏÄÙÄÍÐÃÆÍÃ
P P
ÈÔÓÃ ØÈÏÔÒÐÎ ±ÒÕÄ .L ÑÐßÔÐ .L
ÎÕÆÓÃÐÏÄÍÈÉËÔÆßÔÐαÒÕÈ
U WL´
ÒËÓ pÔÓàÇÄÆÝÔȱÄÈÔÙÔÐ UE
ÆÓñÒËÆÄÃΓÓÐÇÈÒÉËÔÓÃÆÐÅÜ
ÈÇËÏÈÏË˱ÒÕÐÆ.L U WL
U D
P
ΓµL` .L .P
.
sÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÆÓËÍÕÎÐÏÐÔÐÏ
ÏÐÓÔËËÑÐÍÕÄÇÇËÔËÆÏÐÓÔËÆÈÒ× rËÓ
ÏÈÌ ÎÈÒÝ ÓÎ ÍÈÎÎÝ Ë Æ
Ñ
P P
µ
ΓPµ
L` .LP ∑ µ
.L
L
oÐ
6
µ
.L µ.L π
L P
P
ÑÐßÔÐÎÕËÊËÎÈÈε
ΓPπ6PmÈÆÄÃÙÄÓÔÞÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔ
ÆÄÏÈÊÄÆËÓËÔÐÔPÄÑÒÄÆÄÃÓÔÒÈÎËÔÓñÏÕÍàÑÒËP{
ÆÓÍÈÇÓÔÆËÈÙÈеΓ
uqrbhogojg fбÄÊÄÔÞÙÔÐÆÓñÄÃÓÑÒÃÎÍÃÈÎÄñÒËÆÄÃÆÍàÅÐÎ
QÎÈÒÏÐÎÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÈQ ! ËÎÈÈÔÎÈÒÕÏÕÍÞ
jÊÔÈÐÒÈÎËÓÍÈÇÕÈÔÙÔÐÆÓñÐÈÐÒÄÏËÙÈÏÏÐÈÑÍÐÓ±ÐÈ
ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐÒÄÏËØıÐÔÐÒÐÐÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃÓÑÒÃÎÍÃÈÎÐ̱ÒËÆÐÌ
ËÊÎÈÒËÎÐ
iÇÊÇÛÇ qÐÓÔÒÐËÔÞ ÑÒËÎÈÒ ÐÔ±ÒÝÔÐÐ ÏÄ ÙËÓÍÐÆÐÌ ÐÓË ÎÏÐÉÈ
ÓÔÆÄ ÒÄÏËØÄ ±ÐÔÐÒÐÐ ÏÈ ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓà ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐÎ ÍÈÅÈÐÆÐÌ ÎÈÒÝ ÏÕÍÞ
pÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËÈÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄÍÈÅÈÐÆÐÌÎÈÒÝÏÕÍÞÓÎÆÑ
°ÑÒÇÆÇÍÇÏÊÇÌÒÂÔÏÐÅÐÊÏÔÇÅÒÂÍÂ
sÖÐÒÎÕÍËÒÕÈÎÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËȱÒÄÔÏÐÐËÏÔÈÒÄÍÄrËÎÄÏÄfÍÃ
ßÔÐÐ ÑÒÈÉÇÈ ÆÓÈÐ ÆÆÈÇÈÎ ÑÐÏÃÔËÈ ÒÄÊÅËÈÏËÃ ËÊÎÈÒËÎÐÐ
ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄËÑÐÏÃÔËÈÎÈͱÐÓÔËßÔÐÐÒÄÊÅËÈÏËÃ
qÕÓÔÞ ( ¶ ËÊÎÈÒËÎÐÈ ÑÐ hÐÒÇÄÏÕ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐ ( µ 5Q
L Lτ
lÐÏÈÙÏÄÃ ÓËÓÔÈÎÄ τ { ( L } L
ÏÈÑÕÓÔÝ× ËÊÎÈÒËÎÝ× ÑÐ hÐÒ
fÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏРбÒÕÉÏÐÓÔÞ & ÃÆÍÃàÛÕàÓà ÒÄÏËØÈÌ ±ÒÕÄ .
ÎÐÉÏÐÑÒÈÇÓÔÄÆËÔޱıÐÅÜÈÇËÏÈÏËÈÇÆÕ×ÑÐÍÕбÒÕÉÏÐÓÔÈ̱ÄÉÇÄÃËÊ
±ÐÔÐÒÝ× ÑÒÈÇÓÔÄÆÍÃÈÔ ÓÐÅÐÌ ÒÄÖ˱ ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÌ ÏÄ ÐÔÒÈÊ±È ÖÕϱØËË
qÐßÔÐÎÕÓÐÍÄÓÏÐÔÈÐÒÈÎȵ& ÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÆÓñË̱ÒÕ.ÃÆÍÃ
ÈÔÓÃËÊÎÈÒËÎÝÎÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐÎ
ÇÄÏÕÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆ(LL LτÏÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÓÃÓÅËÆÌÉÐÌÉÏÏÐÑ
ÊÉÔÕÇÅ (ÈÓÍË
ÑÐÑÄÒÏÝÈÑÈÒÈÓÈÙÈÏËÃÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆ(LËÎÈàÔÎÈÒÕÏÕÍÞ
µ(L (M L M
`
Lτ
L` (L (
yËÓÍÐ_τ_ PD[ GLDP(LÇÈGLDP(L ¶ÇËÄÎÈÔÒÎÏÐ
L Lτ
ÉÈÓÔÆÄgLÏÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÓÃÏÉβÑÔÕßá ÓÅËÆÌÉÐÌÄτ
d ÓËÍÕ ÄÇÇËÔËÆÏÐÓÔË ÎÈÒÝ hÐÒÇÄÏÄ ÇÍà ÆÓñÐÐ ÒÄÊÅËÈ
L L
ÏËÃτ { ( L } L τÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ(ËÎÈÈÎ
Lτ
µ( L` µ(L
`
fÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÐÑÕÓÔÞÑÒËÖ˱ÓËÒÐÆÄÏÏÐÎL ( L
M≠L
` (L (MË
Lτ
(
L` ( L
tÐÇÄ Æ ÓËÍÕ ÕÓÍÐÆËÃ ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËÃ ÒÄÊÅËÈÏËÃ
ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆĵ(L (M L MÑÐßÔÐÎÕµ ( L
P ∑ µ(L (M
` `
M nL
Lτ
Ô Èµ ( L
pÔÓàÇĵ(
P ∑ µ ( L
ÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏе(
L
lÒÐÎÈÔÐÐÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ(
Ë(L?(
( L
L LτÑÐÑÄÒÏÐ
Lτ Lτ
ÏÈÑÈÒÈÓȱÄàÔÓÃÄÆÓËÍÕÕÓÍÐÆËà L` ( L
`(
L` (L (
tı ±Ä± µ(L µ(L?(
µ ( L
ÔÐ ËÊ ÆÓÈÐ Ó±ÄÊÄÏÏÐÐ Æ
ÓËÍÕÄÇÇËÔËÆÏÐÓÔËÎÈÒÝÓÍÈÇÕÈÔÙÔÐ
Lτ Lτ
µ( ∑ µ ( L
µ(
∑ µ(L
L L
L L
fÍÃ ÑÒÐÓÔÐÔÝ ÐÅÐÊÏÄÙÈÏËÌ ËÏÐÇÄ ÆÎÈÓÔÐ { ( L } L τ ÅÕÇÈÎ
ÑËÓÄÔÞ^(L`
qÕÓÔÞτ ^(L`Ëτ′ ^ ( M′` ¶ÒÄÊÅËÈÏËÃËÊÎÈÒËÎÐÐÎÏÐÉÈÓÔ
ÆÄ ( rÄÊÅËÈÏËÈ τ′ ÏÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÓÃ ÇÒÌÔÅÐÐÞÏ Æ ÒÄÊÅËÈÏËÈ τ ÈÓÍË
ÇÍñÄÉÇÐÐ ( M′∈τ′ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔÔıÐÌßÍÈÎÈÏÔ(L∈τÙÔÐ ( M′µ(L
dßÔÐÎÓÍÕÙÄÈÑËÚÕÔτ 3 τ′ËÍËτ 1 τ′
pÔÎÈÔËÎÇÆÄÓÆÐÌÓÔÆÄÒÄÊÅËÈÏËÌÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ
gÔÎÌτ 1 τ′Ìτ′ 1 τ′′ÕÑτ 1 τ′′
fÎÄÎáÆÞØÈÇÖØÓÅËÆÌÉÐÌÍτ′ ^ (′L`Ëτ′′ ^ ( M″`ÌËÏÉÓÌ
ÏÑÑ ÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÅ ( ÔÖÜÉÔÕÇÖÉÕ ÕŲÑÉ ÉÑ ÓÅËÆÌÉÐÌÉ τ ÙÔÐ
τ 3 τ′Ìτ 3 τ′′
sÆÐÌÓÔÆÐ ÐÙÈÆËÇÏÝÎ ÐÅÒÄÊÐÎ ÓÍÈÇÕÈÔ ËÊ ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËÃ
ÆÑËÓÄÏÏÐÐÒÄÊÅËÈÏËÃd±ÄÙÈÓÔÆÈÉÈÕ±ÄÊÄÏÏÐÐÆÓÆÐÌÓÔÆÈ
ÒÄÊÅËÈÏËà τ ÎÐÉÏÐ ÆÊÃÔÞ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐ ÆÓÈÆÐÊÎÐÉÏÝ× ÏÈÑÕÓÔÝ×
ÑÈÒÈÓÈÙÈÏËÌ (′L ( M″
`
M M
sËÓÔÈÎÄÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆτN { ( M( N ) } L NÐÅÒÄÊÕÈÔÒÄÊÅËÈÏËÈÎÏÐ
ÉÈÓÔÆÄ ( fÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÐ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ ( M( N ) ËÊÎÈÒËÎÝ ±Ä± ÑÈ
ÒÈÓÈÙÈÏËÈÇÆÕ×ËÊÎÈÒËÎÝ×ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆ(Ë 4 M( N )ÄË×ÐÅÜÈÇËÏÈ
ÏËÈÓÐÓÔÄÆÍÃÈÔÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐ(
MN
( M`( M( N )
qÈÒÈÓÈÙÈÏËÃ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆ ( M( N ) ËÎÈàÔ ÎÈÒÕ ÏÕÍÞ d ÓÄÎÐÎ ÇÈÍÈ
ÑÒËL MËÎÈÈÎ
( L( N ) ( M( N )µ4 L( N ) 4 M( N )µ∂4 L( N ) ∂4 M( N )
` ` `
ËÔı±Ä±ÇÍÃÍàÅÐбÕÅÄÎÈÒÄÈÐÒÄÏËØÝÒÄÆÏÄÏÕÍàÔÐ
µ ( L( N ) ( M( N )Pµ∂4 L( N ) ∂4 M( N )Pµ4 M( N ) L M
` `
qÐÇÐÅÏÐ ÓÍÕÙÄà ÖÕϱØËË ÐÇÏÐÐ ÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÐÐ ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈ
ÏËÈ ±ÒÄÔÏÐÐ ËÏÔÈÒÄÍÄ ÎÐÉÏÐ ÓÖÐÒÎÕÍËÒÐÆÄÔÞ ËÓÑÐÍÞÊÕÃ
ÑÐÏÃÔËÈÑÒÈÇÈÍÄÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔËËÍË«ÃÊݱε¶δ¬
°ÑÒÇÆÇÍÇÏÊÇ yÌÔÎÑ$ÐÅËÞÇÅÉÕÔÄÌÐÕÉÓÅÎÑÏrÌÏÅÐÅÑÕ
×ÖвÙÌÌ I ÒÑ ÌËÏÉÓÌÏÑÏÖ ÒÑ hÑÓÈÅÐÖ ÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÖ ( µ 5Q
ÉÔÎ̲ŲÑÇÅÆÞÐÌÆÞÎÅÒÑÔÎÉÈÑÇÅÕÉÎßÐÑÔÕßÓÅËÆÌÉÐÌÍτP
(P)
{ ( L( P ) } LL L P ÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÅ(ÕŲÅÄÚÕÑÏÉβÑÔ
ÕÌÓÅËÆÌÉÐÌÍτPÔÕÓÉÏÄÕÔIJÐÖÎáÒÓÌP{ OLP _τP_
P →
ÏÐÌÔı±Ä±ÔÄÎÒÄÓÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄÍËÓÞÍËÚÞÒÄÊÅËÈÏËÃÐÔÒÈʱÄÏÄ
ÐÔÒÈÊ±Ë Ä ÔÈÑÈÒÞ ÒÄÓÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄàÔÓà ÆÓÈÆÐÊÎÐÉÏÝÈ ÒÄÊÅËÈÏËÃ
ÐÔÒÈ汀 ÏÄ ËÊÎÈÒËÎÝÈ ÑÐ hÐÒÇÄÏÕ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ pÇÏıРÎÐÉÏÐ
ÑбÄÊÄÔÞßÔÐÅÕÇÈÔÓÇÈÍÄÏÐÆÑ
ÙÔÐÑÒËQ ÐÅÄÐÑÒÈ
ÇÈÍÈÏËà ÇÍà ÓÍÕÙÄà ±ÐÇÄ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐ ÑÐ ±ÐÔÐÒÐÎÕ ÑÒÐËÊÆÐ
ÇËÔÓà ËÏÔÈÒËÒÐÆÄÏËÈ ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓà ÐÔÒÈʱÐÎ ÒÄÆÏÐÓËÍÞÏÝ Ô È
ÑÒËÆÐÇÃÔ±ÐÇÏÐÎÕËÔÐÎÕÉÈÑÐÏÃÔËàËÏÔÈÒËÒÕÈÎÐÓÔËÖÕϱ
ØËË˱ÐÇÏÐÎÕËÔÐÎÕÉÈÊÏÄÙÈÏËàËÏÔÈÒÄÍÄ
qÒË ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËË ËÏÔÈÒÄÍÄ ÑÐ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÕ ( µ 5Q ÎÐÉÏÐ
ÇÍà ÓÐÓÔÄÆÍÈÏËà ËÏÔÈÒÄÍÞÏÝ× ÓÕÎÎ ËÓÑÐÍÞÊÐÆÄÔÞ ÏÈ ÆÓÈ ßÍÈ
ÎÈÏÔÝÒÄÊÅËÈÏËÌτÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ(ÄÐÔÅÒÄÓÝÆÄÔÞÔÈÓÍÄÄÈÎÝÈ
±ÐÔÐÒÝÈ ÓÐÐÔÆÈÔÓÔÆÕàÔ ßÍÈÎÈÏÔÄÎ ÒÄÊÅËÈÏËà ÑÈÒÈÓȱÄàÛËÎ
ÓÃÓÏȱÐÔÐÒÝÎÖ˱ÓËÒÐÆÄÏÏÝÎÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐÎÎÈÒÝÏÕÍÞqÒÐ
ÄÏÄÍËÊËÒÕÈÎßÔÐÐÅÓÔÐÃÔÈÍÞÓÔÆÐÑÐÇÒÐÅÏÈÈ
L L
qÕÓÔÞ( ¶ËÊÎÈÒËÎÐÈÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐ(µ(Ëτ { ( L } L τ ¶
ÒÄÊÅËÈÏËÈ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ ( pÅÐÊÏÄÙËÎ ÙÈÒÈÊ τ( ÓÐÆбÕÑÏÐÓÔÞ
ÔÈ×ßÍÈÎÈÏÔÐÆÒÄÊÅËÈÏËÃτ±ÐÔÐÒÝÈÏÈÑÈÒÈÓȱÄàÔÓÃÓÎÏÐÉÈ
ÓÔÆÐÎ(ÓÐÆбÕÑÏÐÓÔÞÉÈÐÓÔÄÆÚË×ÓÃÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆ(LÔ ÈÔÈ×
±ÐÔÐÒÝÈÑÈÒÈÓȱÄàÔÓÃÓÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐÎ(ÐÅÐÊÏÄÙËÎτ(tÄ
±ËÎÐÅÒÄÊÐÎ
τ( ^(L∈τ(L ( `
`
τ( ^(L∈τ(L ( `
`
§ ® ® ¢ qÖÔÕß ( ¶ ÌËÏÉÓÌÏÑÉ ÒÑ hÑÓÈÅÐÖ ÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÑ
ÒÓÑÔÕÓÅÐÔÕÇÅ5Q(µ(̵( = tÑÈÅ
OLP ∑ µ(L
τ → ( ∈ τ (( )
L
nÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐ ( ±Ä± Ë ÆÓñÐÈ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐ Æ 5Q ÓÐÇÈÒÉËÔÓà Æ
ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÈÆÏÕÔÒÈÏÏË×ÔÐÙȱÓÆÐÈÐÎÏÐÐÒÄÏÏ˱Ä6N (
( µ6N ( LQW
ÔÐ ÓÍÈÇÕÈÔ ËÊ ÔÐÐ ÙÔÐ ÇÍà ÔÐÙ±Ë [ ÑÒËÏÄÇÍÈÉÄÛÈÌ
ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÕ ( ÆÓÈÓÐÇÈÒÉÄÛËÈÈȱÕÅÝÒÄÏÄNÓÐÇÈÒÉÄÔÓÃÆ
ÎÏÐÐÒÄÏÏ˱È6N ( ËÑÐßÔÐÎÕÓÐÇÈÒÉÄÔÏȱÐÔÐÒÕàбÒÈÓÔ
ÏÐÓÔÞ ÔÐÙ±Ë [ tıËÎ ÐÅÒÄÊÐÎ ÎÏÐÐÒÄÏÏ˱ 6N ( ÓÐÇÈÒ
ÉËÔбÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔÞÔÐÙ±Ë[∈ ( ÙÔÐËÐÊÏÄÙÄÈÔÑÒËÏÄÇÍÈÉÏÐÓÔÞ
ßÔÐÌÔÐٱ˱ÆÏÕÔÒÈÏÏÐÓÔËÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ6N ( sÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐ
ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐ ( ÏÈ ÑÈÒÈÓȱÄÈÔÓÃ Ó ÇÐÑÐÍÏÈÏËÈÎ 5Q?6N ( LQW ±
ÐÔ±ÒÝÔÐÎÕ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÕ 6N ( LQW ÔÐ ÇÐÑÐÍÏÈÏËÈ ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃ
ÊÄαÏÕÔÝÎ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐÎ ÓÎ ÍÈÎÎÕ Æ Ñ ÏÈ ÑÈÒÈÓÈ
±ÄàÛËÎÓÃÓ±ÐÎÑıÔÐÎ ( ÑÐßÔÐÎÕÓÎÔÄÎÉÈÍÈÎÎÕÏÄ
×ÐÇËÔÓÃÐÔÏÈÐÏÄÑÐÍÐÉËÔÈÍÞÏÐÎÒÄÓÓÔÐÃÏËË
GHI
δ ρ ( 5Q?6N ( LQWM
qÐßÔÐÎÕÆÓñÐÈÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐ'ÇËÄÎÈÔÒÄGLDP'ÎÈÏÞÚÈÐÙÈÎδ
ÑÈÒÈÓȱÄàÛÈÈÓà ÓÐ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐÎ ( µ ( ÅÕÇÈÔ ØÈÍ˱ÐÎ
ÍÈÉÄÔÞÆ6N ( fÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÐÈÓÍËGLDP'δËÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕ
ÈÔ [∈' ( ÔÐ ÓÎ ' µ 8[ δ µ 6N ( ÇÈ ±Ä±
`
ÐÅÝÙÏÐ 8[ δ ¶ ÚÄÒÐÆÄà бÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔÞ ÔÐÙ±Ë Ø ÒÄÇËÕÓÄ δ
ÒËÓ
qÕÓÔÞ ÔÈÑÈÒÞ τ ^(L` ¶ ÒÄÊÅËÈÏËÈ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ ( ÎÈͱÐÓ
ÔË _τ_ δ Ë (L∈τ( Ô È (L ( Ä Ôı ±Ä± ÇËÄÎÈÔÒ
`
GLDP(LδÔÐÆÓËÍÕÓ±ÄÊÄÏÏÐÐÆÝ
'
ÚÈ(Lµ 6N ( qÐßÔÐÎÕ
( ∑ (Lµ6N (
(L ∈ τ ( ( )
sÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÆÓËÍÕ
6 N ( ∑ µ(L µ ( ∈`τ ( (LPµ6N ( ε
L
(L ∈ τ ( ( )
(µ(fÍÃÆÓñÐÌÖÕϱØËËIÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏÏÐÌÏÄ(ÑÐÍÐÉËÎ
ÓÎË
( Lτ )
στ(( σ τ ( ( ) Iξξ ∑ IξLµ(L
)
(L ∈ τ ( ( )
ÔÄÊÄÑËÓÞÐÊÏÄÙÄÈÔÙÔÐÓÕÎÎËÒÐÆÄÏËÈÆÑÒÄÆÐÌÙÄÓÔËÒÄÆÈÏ
ÓÔÆÄ ÑÒÐËÓ×ÐÇËÔ ÔÐÍޱРÑÐ ÔÈÎ ËÏÇȱÓÄÎ L ÇÍà ±ÐÔÐÒÝ×
(L∈τ( lı ÆÓÈÇÄ ξL∈(L fÍà ÓËÎÎÈÔÒËË ÊÄÑËÓË ÐÅÝÙÏÝÈ
ËÏÔÈÒÄÍÞÏÝÈÓÕÎÎÝrËÎÄÏÄÎÐÉÏÐÑÐÄÏÄÍÐËËÊÄÑËÓÝÆÄÔÞ
Æ ÆËÇÈ στ ∑ I ξL µ(L dÎÈÓÔÐ ÓËÎÆÐÍÄ ÓÕÎÎËÒÐÆÄÏËÃ ∑
(L ∈ τ (L ∈ τ
ËÏÐÇÄÇÍñÒÄÔ±ÐÓÔËÅÕÇÈÎÑËÓÄÔÞ∑
τ
´ § ° ² § ® ¢ qÖÔÕßg ¶ÌËÏÉÓÌÏÑÉÒÑhÑÓÈÅÐÖÏÐÑÊÉÔÕ
L L
ÇÑ ÒÓÑÔÕÓÅÐÔÕÇÅ5Qτ { ( L } L τ ¶ÉÑ ÓÅËÆÌÉÐÌÉ(µ (Ì
µ( gÔÎÌ×ÖвÙÌÄIÑÓÅÐÌÚÉÐÅÐÅÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÉ(ÕÑÓÌ
ÏÅÐÑÇÌÐÕÉÓÅÎ∫ I[G(ÔÖÜÉÔÕÇÖÉÕÕÑÈÅÌÕÑÎß²ÑÕÑÈÅ
²ÑÈÅÔÖÜÉÔÕÇÖÉÕ²ÑÐÉÚÐÞÍÒÓÉÈÉÎ OLP σ τ ( ( ) qÓÌàÕÑÏÉÔ
τ →
ÎÌ ÒÑÔÎÉÈÐÌÍ ÒÓÉÈÉÎ ÔÖÜÉÔÕÇÖÉÕ ÕÑ ÑÐ ÓÅÇÉÐ ÌÐÕÉÓÅÎÖ
∫ I[G(
qÒË ÆÝÑÐÍÏÈÏËË ÕÓÍÐÆËÌ ÔÈÐÒÈÎÝ ÓÕÎÎÄ σ τ ( ( ) ÏÄÊÝÆÄÈÔ
ÓÃÐÉÒÑÎÐÑÍ ÌÐÕÉÓÅÎßÐÑÍ ÔÖÏÏÑÍ ÈÎÄ ÌÐÕÉÓÅÎÅ ∫ I[G(
L L
¦ Ð Ì Â É Â Ô Ç Í Þ Ó Ô Ä Ð fÍÃÆÓñÐÐÒÄÊÅËÈÏËÃτ { ( L } L τÎÏÐ
ÉÈÓÔÆÄ(±ÄÉÇÝÌßÍÈÎÈÏÔ(LÒÄÊÅËÈÏËÃÍËÅÐÏÈÑÈÒÈÓȱÄÈÔÓÃÓ
ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐÎ(ËÔÐÇÄ(L∈τ(ÓÎÍËÅÐÑÈÒÈÓȱÄÈÔ
ÓÃÔÐÇÄ(L∈τ(ÓÎsÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐτ τ(`τ(
ÑÒËÙÈÎτ(Ëτ(ÏÈËÎÈàÔÐÅÛË×ßÍÈÎÈÏÔÐÆ
qÐÍÐÉËÎ
σ τ ( ( ) ∑ I(ξL)µ(LξL∈(L
(L ∈ τ ( ( )
bÔı±Ä±ÓÐÍÄÓÏÐÍÈÎÎÈ OLP ∑ µ(L ÔÐ OLP σ τ
τ → ( ∈ τ (( ) τ → (
L
dÓËÍÕßÔÐÐËÊÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÄÓÍÈÇÕÈÔÙÔÐËÏÔÈÒÄÍÞÏÝÈÓÕÎ
ÎÝστË σ τ( ÐÇÏÐÆÒÈÎÈÏÏÐËÎÈàÔËÍËÏÈÔÑÒÈÇÈÍÝÑÒË_τ_{
ÑÒËÙÈÎÈÓÍËßÔËÑÒÈÇÈÍÝÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕàÔÔÐÐÏËÒÄÆÏÝ
jÊ ßÔÐÌ ÔÈÐÒÈÎÝ ÓÍÈÇÕÈÔ ÙÔÐ ÈÓÍË ÖÕϱØËà ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏÄ Ë
ÐÒÄÏËÙÈÏÄÏÄÏȱÐÔÐÒÐÎËÊÎÈÒËÎÐÎÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÈ(ÔÐÑÒËÐÑ
ÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËËËÏÔÈÒÄÍııÑÒÈÇÈÍÄËÏÔÈÒÄÍÞÏÝ×ÓÕÎÎÆÏË×
ÎÐÉÏÐ ÐÔÅÒÄÓÝÆÄÔÞ ÆÓÈ ÓÍÄÄÈÎÝÈ ÓÐÐÔÆÈÔÓÔÆÕàÛËÈ ßÍÈÎÈÏ
ÔÄÎÒÄÊÅËÈÏËñÐÔÐÒÝÈÓÐÇÈÒÉÄÔÒÄÏËÙÏÝÈÔÐÙ±ËËÅÐÎÏÐ
ÉÈÓÔÆÐ( ∂(ËÎÈÈÔÎÈÒÕÏÕÍÞÓÎÔÈÐÒÈÎÕÆÑ
jÊ ÔÈÐÒÈÎÝ ÓÍÈÇÕÈÔ ÔıÉÈ ÙÔÐ ÈÓÍË ÖÕϱØËà I ÐÑÒÈÇÈ
ÍÈÏÄËÐÒÄÏËÙÈÏÄÏÄËÊÎÈÒËÎÐÎÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÈ (ÔÐËÊÎÈÏÈÏËÈ
ÈÈÊÏÄÙÈÏËÌÏÄÏȱÐÔÐÒÐÎÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÈ(µ(ÎÈÒÝÏÕÍÞÆÒÈ
ÊÕÍÞÔÄÔȱÐÔÐÒÐÐÓÏÐÆÄÑÐÍÕÙÄÈÔÓÃÐÒÄÏËÙÈÏÏÄÃÏÄ(ÖÕϱ
ØËÃÏÈÆÍËÃÈÔÏËÏÄËÏÔÈÒËÒÕÈÎÐÓÔÞÖÕϱØËËÏËÏÄÊÏÄÙÈ
ÏËÈ ËÏÔÈÒÄÍÄ ÐÔ ÖÕϱØËË ÈÓÍË ÐÏ ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔ ÔÐ ÓÒÄÊÕ
ÓÍÈÇÕÈÔËÊÔÐÐÙÔÐÑÒËÕ±ÄÊÄÏÏÐÎËÊÎÈÏÈÏËËÖÕϱØËÌÓÕÎ
ÎÄ σ τ( ÏÈÎÈÏÃÈÔÓÃÄÆÓËÍÕÔÈÐÒÈÎÝÈÓÍËÈÈÑÒÈÇÈÍÑÒË
_τ_{ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔÔÐÐÏÒÄÆÈÏËÏÔÈÒÄÍÕ∫I[G(
OLP σ τ( ∫I[G(
τ →
jÊßÔÐÐÊÄÎÈÙÄÏËÃÆÙÄÓÔÏÐÓÔËÓÍÈÇÕÈÔÙÔÐÖÕϱØËÃIÃÆÍÃ
ÈÔÓÃËÏÔÈÒËÒÕÈÎÐÌÏÄËÊÎÈÒËÎÐÎÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÈ(ÔÐÇÄËÔÐÍÞ±Ð
ÔÐÇıÐÇÄÏÄßÔÐÎÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÈ(ËÏÔÈÒËÒÕÈÎÄÆÓñÄÃÖÕϱ
ØËÃ ÑÐÍÕÙÄàÛÄÃÓÃ ËÊ I ÑÒÐËÊÆÐÍÞÏÝÎ ËÊÎÈÏÈÏËÈÎ ÈÈ ÊÏÄÙÈ
`
ÏËÌÆÒÄÏËÙÏÝ×ÔÐÙ±Ä×Ô ÈÏÄÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÈ( ∂(ÔıËÎÙÔÐ
ßÔË ÊÏÄÙÈÏËà ÐÓÔÄàÔÓà ÐÇÏıРÐÒÄÏËÙÈÏÏÝÎË qÒË Õ±ÄÊÄÏ
ÏÐÌ ÐÑÈÒÄØËË ÏÈ ÎÈÏÃÈÔÓÃ Ë ÊÏÄÙÈÏËÈ ËÏÔÈÒÄÍÄ ∫I[G( dÓÈ
ßÔÐÓÍÈÇÕÈÔËÊÔÐÐÙÔÐÒÄÏËØÄËÊÎÈÒËÎÐÐÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄÄÊÏÄ
ÙËÔËÍàÅÄÃÈÈÙÄÓÔÞËÎÈàÔÎÈÒÕÏÕÍÞ
tıËÎÐÅÒÄÊÐÎËÏÔÈÒËÒÕÈÎÐÓÔÞËÊÏÄÙÈÏËÈËÏÔÈÒÄÍÄÐÔ
ÖÕϱØËË ÑÐ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÕ ( ÏÈ ÊÄÆËÓÃÔ ÐÔ ÊÏÄÙÈÏËÌ ÖÕϱØËË Æ
ÒÄÏËÙÏÝ×ÔÐÙ±Ä×ËÊÎÈÒËÎÐÐÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ(ÈÓÍËÔÐÍÞ±ÐßÔË
ÊÏÄÙÈÏËÃÐÒÄÏËÙÈÏÝ
³ÕÛÇÓÔÄÐÄÂÏÊÇÊÏÔÇÅÒÂÍÂ
qÒÐÓÔÈÌÚËÎ ÑÒËÎÈÒÐÎ ËÏÔÈÒËÒÕÈÎÐÌ ÑÐ rËÎÄÏÕ ÖÕϱØËË
ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃÑÒÐËÊÆÐÍÞÏÄÃÙËÓÍÐÆÄÃÖÕϱØËÃIÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏÏÄÃÏÄ
ÏȱÐÔÐÒÐÎ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÈ ( µ 5Q ÎÈÒÄ hÐÒÇÄÏÄ ±ÐÔÐÒÐÐ ÒÄÆÏÄ
L Lτ
ÏÕÍàµ( dßÔÐÎÓÍÕÙÄÈÇÍÃÍàÅÐÐÒÄÊÅËÈÏËÃτ { ( L } L
ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ(ÅÕÇÈÎËÎÈÔÞµ(L ÇÍÃÆÓÈ×L LτÑÐß
ÔÐÎÕ ÑÒË ÍàÅÐÎ ÆÝÅÐÒÈ ÔÐÙȱ ξL∈(L ÑÐÍÕÙËÎ IξLµ(L
ÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÎ
Lτ
( Lτ )
στ στIξξ ∑ IξLµ(L
L
pÔÓàÇÄ ÓÐÍÄÓÏÐ ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËà ËÏÔÈÒÄÍÄ ÐÏ Æ ßÔÐÎ ÓÍÕÙÄÈ
ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔËÒÄÆÈÏÏÕÍà
∫ I[G( τOLP
→
στ
qÐÓ±ÐÍÞ±Õ ÖÕϱØËà I ÑÒÐËÊÆÐÍÞÏÄ Æ ÙÄÓÔÏÐÓÔË ÐÏÄ ÎÐ
ÉÈÔ ÅÝÔÞ Ë ÏÈÐÒÄÏËÙÈÏÏÐÌ jÏÄÙÈ ÐÆÐÒÃ ÕÓÍÐÆËÈ ÐÒÄÏË
ÙÈÏÏÐÓÔËÖÕϱØËËÏÈÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃÏÈÐÅ×ÐÇËÎÝÎÇÍÃÈÈËÏÔÈÒË
ÒÕÈÎÐÓÔË ÑÐ rËÎÄÏÕ ÏÄ ÑÒÐËÊÆÐÍÞÏÐÎ ËÊÎÈÒËÎÐÎ ÑÐ hÐÒÇÄ
ÏÕÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÈdÓÑÐÎÏËÎÙÔÐÇÍÃËÏÔÈÒËÒÕÈÎÐÓÔËÖÕϱØËË
ÑÐrËÎÄÏÕÏÄÐÔÒÈʱÈÕÓÍÐÆËÈÐÒÄÏËÙÈÏÏÐÓÔËÖÕϱØËËÅÝÍÐ
ÏÈÐÅ×ÐÇËÎÝÎ ÓÎ ÔÈÐÒÈÎÕ Æ Ñ pÇÏÄ±Ð Ó ÏȱÐÔÐÒÝÎ
ÆËÇÐËÊÎÈÏÈÏËÈÎ ÔÈÐÒÈÎÄ ÐÅ ÐÒÄÏËÙÈÏÏÐÓÔË ËÏÔÈÒËÒÕÈÎÐÌ
ÖÕϱØËË Ð±ÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÓà ÓÑÒÄÆÈÇÍËÆÐÌ Ë ÇÍà ÒÄÓÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄÈÎÐÐ
ÊÇÈÓÞËÏÔÈÒÄÍÄ
qÒÈÇÆÄÒËÔÈÍÞÏÐÇбÄÉÈÎÍÈÎÎÕ
§ ® ® ¢ qÖÔÕß ×ÖвÙÌÄ I ÑÒÓÉÈÉÎÉÐÅ ÐÅ ÌËÏÉÓÌÏÑÏ ÒÑ
L Lτ
hÑÓÈÅÐÖ ÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÉ(τ { ( L } L
¶ ÓÅËÆÌÉÐÌÉ àÕÑÑ ÏÐÑ
ÊÉÔÕÇÅ Ì ( τ
¶ ÑÆÝÉÈÌÐÉÐÌÉ ÇÔÉØ àÎÉÏÉÐÕÑÇ àÕÑÑ ÓÅËÆÌÉ
ÐÌÄÌÏÉáÜÌØÒÑÎÑÊÌÕÉÎßÐÖáÏÉÓÖ ( τ
µ(`>0 (L
L
gÔÎÌ×ÖвÙÌÄIÐÉÑÓÅÐÌÚÉÐÅÐÅÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÉ ( τ
ÕѲÅ
²ÑÇÑ ÆÞ ÐÌ ÆÞÎÑ ÚÌÔÎÑ 0 ! ÏÑÊÐÑ ÕŲ ÇÞÆÓÅÕß ÕÑÚ²Ì
ξL∈(LÚÕÑ ÆÖÈÉÕ ÔÒÓÅÇÉÈÎÌÇÑ ÐÉÓÅÇÉÐÔÕÇÑ
Lτ
∑ IξLµ(L !0
L
qÖÔÕß×ÖвÙÌÄIÑÒÓÉÈÉÎÉÐÅÐÅÌËÏÉÓÌÏÑÏÒÑ
³ § ¦ ³ ´ ¤ ª §
hÑÓÈÅÐÖ ÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÉ ( gÔÎÌ Ö ÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÅ ( ÔÖÜÉÔÕÇÖáÕ
Ô²ÑÎßÖÑÈÐÑÏÉβÌÉÓÅËÆÌÉÐÌÄÈÎIJÑÕÑÓÞØ×ÖвÙÌÄIÐÉÑ
ÓÅÐÌÚÉÐÅÐÅÑÆÝÉÈÌÐÉÐÌÌÇÔÉØÌØàÎÉÏÉÐÕÑÇÒÑÎÑÊÌÕÉÎßÐÑÍ
ÏÉÓÞÕÑ×ÖвÙÌÄIÐÉÌÐÕÉÓÌÓÖÉÏÅÐÅ(
¦ Ð Ì Â É Â Ô Ç Í Þ Ó Ô Ä Ð Í Ç Î Î Ý qÐÕÓÍÐÆËàÍÈÎÎÝÎÏÐÉÈÓÔ
ÆÐ( τ
ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃÐÅÜÈÇËÏÈÏËÈÎßÍÈÎÈÏÔÐÆ(LÑÐÍÐÉËÔÈÍÞÏÐÌÎÈ
ÒÝ ÒÄÊÅËÈÏËà τ qÐÓ±ÐÍÞ±Õ ÆÓñÐÈ ÒÄÊÅËÈÏËÈ ÓÐÓÔÐËÔ ËÊ ±Ð
ÏÈÙÏÐÐÙËÓÍÄßÍÈÎÈÏÔÐÆ ( τ
ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓñÐÏÈÙÏÐÌÓÕÎÎÐÌÕ±Ä
ÊÄÏÏÝ×ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆ(L∈τqÐßÔÐÎÕÈÓÍËÖÕϱØËÃIÏÈÐÒÄÏËÙÈÏÄ
ÏÄÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÈ ( τ
ÔÐÐÏÄÏÈÐÒÄÏËÙÈÏÄËÏÄÏȱÐÔÐÒÐÎÎÏÐÉÈ
ÓÔÆÈ (L ÑÐÍÐÉËÔÈÍÞÏÐÌ ÎÈÒÝ qÕÓÔÞ ÇÍÃ ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏÏÐÓÔË ßÔÐ
ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐ(dÓËÍÕÏÈÐÒÄÏËÙÈÏÏÐÓÔËÖÕϱØËËIÏÄ(ÎÐÉ
ÏÐÆÝÅÒÄÔÞÔıÕàÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞξ Q( )∈(Q ÙÔÐ
ÅÕÇÈÔËÎÈÔÞÎÈÓÔÐÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐ OLP Iξ Q( ) iÄÖ˱ÓËÒÕÈαÄ
Q→
±ËÎÍËÅÐÐÅÒÄÊÐÎÐÓÔÄÍÞÏÝÈÔÐÙ±ËξL∈(LÑÒËL Lτ
Lτ
qÐÓ±ÐÍÞ±Õ ÓÕÎÎÄ ∑ IξLµ(L ¶ Ö˱ÓËÒÐÆÄÏÏÐÈ ÙËÓÍÐ Ë
L
Lτ
µ(!ÔÐÆÓÕÎÎÈIξ Q( )µ( ∑ IξLµ(L ÑÒËQ{ÑÈÒÆÐÈ
L
ÓÍÄÄÈÎÐÈÓÔÒÈÎËÔÓñÅÈÓ±ÐÏÈÙÏÐÓÔËÄÆÔÐÒÐÈ ¶ÑÐÓÔÐÃÏÏÐÈ
pÔÓàÇÄ
Lτ
OLP I ( ξ Q( ) )µ( ∑ IξLµ(L
Q→ L
qÐßÔÐÎÕÇÍÃÍàÅÐÐÙËÓÍÄ0!ÎÐÉÏÐÑÐÇÐÅÒÄÔÞÔıÐÌÏÐ
ÎÈÒQ Q0ÙÔÐÅÕÇÈÔÓÑÒÄÆÈÇÍËÆÝÎÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐ
Lτ
I ( ξ Q( ) )µ( ∑ IξLµ(L !0
L
∑ IξLµ(L´∫ I[G(
L
ËÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐ
Lτ
Ô ÈÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐÆÓÈ×ËÏÔÈÒÄÍÞÏÝ×ÓÕÎÎστÑÒË_τ_δÐÒÄÏË
ÙÈÏÐ
gÓÍËÉÈÖÕϱØËÃIÕÇÐÆÍÈÔÆÐÒÃÈÔÕÓÍÐÆËÃÎÓÍÈÇÓÔÆËÃÔÐ
Õ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ ( ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔ ÒÄÊÅËÈÏËÈ τ ÎÈͱÐÓÔË _τ_ δ ÇÍÃ
±ÐÔÐÒÐÐ ÖÕϱØËà I ÏÈÐÒÄÏËÙÈÏÄ ÏÄ ÐÅÜÈÇËÏÈÏËË ÆÓÈ× ßÍÈ
ÎÈÏÔÐÆÑÐÍÐÉËÔÈÍÞÏÐÌÎÈÒÝßÔÐÐÒÄÊÅËÈÏËÃtÐÇÄÑÐÍÈÎ
Lτ
ÎÈÓÕÎÎÕ ∑ IξLµ(LÎÐÉÏÐÓÇÈÍÄÔÞÓ±ÐÍÞÕÐÇÏÐÅÐÍÞÚÐÌ
L
ÑÐ ÄÅÓÐÍàÔÏÐÌ ÆÈÍËÙËÏÈ ÊÄ ÓÙÈÔ ÆÝÅÐÒÄ ÔÐÙȱ ξL∈(L∈τ qÐ
ßÔÐÎÕ ÔıÄà ÖÕϱØËà ÏÈ ÎÐÉÈÔ ÅÝÔÞ ËÏÔÈÒËÒÕÈÎÐÌ ¶ ÇÍÃ
ÏÈÈÏÈÆÝÑÐÍÏÃÈÔÓÃÕÓÍÐÆËÈ
qбÄÉÈÎ ÔÈÑÈÒÞ ÙÔÐ ÈÓÍË ÑÒÈÏÈÅÒÈÙÞ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐÎ ÎÈÒÝ
ÏÕÍÞÔÐÆÓñÄÃËÏÔÈÒËÒÕÈÎÄÃÖÕϱØËÃÅÕÇÈÔÐÒÄÏËÙÈÏÏÐÌ
´ § ° ² § ® ¢ gÔÎÌ×ÖвÙÌÄIÌÐÕÉÓÌÓÖÉÏÅÐÅÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÉ(
ÕÑÔÖÜÉÔÕÇÖÉÕÕŲÑÉÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÑ(µ(ÏÉÓÞÐÖÎßµ(
ÚÕÑ×ÖвÙÌÄIÑÓÅÐÌÚÉÐÅÐÅ(?(
¦ Ð Ì Â É Â Ô Ç Í Þ Ó Ô Ä Ð qÕÓÔÞÖÕϱØËÃIËÏÔÈÒËÒÕÈÎÄÏÄ(Ë
Õ±ÄÊÄÏÏÐÐ Æ ÔÈÐÒÈÎÈ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ ( ÏÈ ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔ dÐÊÞÎÈÎ
ÍàÅÐÈδ!˱ıÐÈÍËÅÐÒÄÊÅËÈÏËÈτ ^(L`ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ(ÎÈÍ
±ÐÓÔË_τ_δpÅÐÊÏÄÙËÎÙÈÒÈÊ ( τ
ÐÅÜÈÇËÏÈÏËÈÆÓÈ×ßÍÈÎÈÏÔÐÆ
ÒÄÊÅËÈÏËÃτÑÐÍÐÉËÔÈÍÞÏÐÌÎÈÒÝtÐÇÄÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐ(? ( τ
ÃÆ
ÍÃÈÔÓà ÐÅÜÈÇËÏÈÏËÈÎ ±ÐÏÈÙÏÐÐ ÙËÓÍÄ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆ (L∈τ ÎÈÒÝ
ÏÕÍÞËÑÐßÔÐÎÕÐÏÐÓÄÎÐËÎÈÈÔÎÈÒÕÏÕÍÞµ(? ( τ
dÓÍÈÇ
ÓÔÆËÈßÔÐÐÑÐÓÇÈÍÄÏÏÐÎÕÑÒÈÇÑÐÍÐÉÈÏËàÖÕϱØËÃIÏÈÐÒÄ
ÏËÙÈÏÄÏÄÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÈ ( τ
pÔÓàÇÄÓÐÍÄÓÏÐÓÍÈÇÓÔÆËàËÊÍÈÎ
ÎÝÑÐÍÕÙÄÈÎÙÔÐÖÕϱØËÃIÏÈËÏÔÈÒËÒÕÈÎÄ
qбÄÉÈÎ ÔÈÑÈÒÞ ÙÔÐ ÇÍà ÆÄÉÏÐÐ ±ÍÄÓÓÄ ËÊÎÈÒËÎÝ× ÑÐ
hÐÒÇÄÏÕÐÔ±ÒÝÔÝ×ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÔÈÐÒÈÎÄÐÅÐÒÄÏËÙÈÏÏÐÓÔËËÏ
ÔÈÒËÒÕÈÎÐÌ ÖÕϱØËË ÑÐÍÏÐÓÔÞà ÓÐ×ÒÄÏÃÈÔÓà fÍà ÇбÄÊÄ
ÔÈÍÞÓÔÆÄßÔÐÐÑÐÏÄÇÐÅËÔÓÃÐÇÏÄÈÐÎÈÔÒËÙÈÓ±ÄÃÍÈÎÎÄ
§ ® ® ¢ oÉÒÖÔÕÑÉ ÒÉÓÉÔÉÚÉÐÌÉ ËÅϲÐÖÕÑÑ QÏÉÓÐÑÑ ²Ö
ÆÅ Ô ÑÕ²ÓÞÕÞÏ ÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÑÏ QÏÉÓÐÑÑ ÒÓÑÔÕÓÅÐÔÕÇÅ ÌÏÉ
ÉÕÒÑÎÑÊÌÕÉÎßÐÖáÐÌÊÐááÏÉÓÖhÑÓÈÅÐÅ
³ § ¦ ³ ´ ¤ ª § fÎÄ ÎáÆÑÑ ÑÕ²ÓÞÕÑÑ ÌËÏÉÓÌÏÑÑ ÒÑ hÑÓÈÅ
ÐÖÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÅÔÖÜÉÔÕÇÖáÕÔ²ÑÎßÖÑÈÐÑÏÉβÌÉÓÅËÆÌÉÐÌÄ
ÇÔÉàÎÉÏÉÐÕÞ²ÑÕÑÓÞØÌÏÉáÕÒÑÎÑÊÌÕÉÎßÐÖáÏÉÓÖ
¦ Ð Ì Â É Â Ô Ç Í Þ Ó Ô Ä Ð Í Ç Î Î Ý qÕÓÔÞ4 ¶ÊÄαÏÕÔÝÌQÎÈÒ
`
ÏÝ̱ÕÅ* ¶ÐÔ±ÒÝÔÐÈÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÄ5QË4 *
`
lıÐÆÄÅÝÏËÅÝÍÄÔÐÙ±Ä[∈4 *ÆÓËÍÕÐÔ±ÒÝÔÐÓÔËÎÏÐÉÈÓÔ
ÆÄ*ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔÔıÄÃÈÈбÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔÞ8[ÙÔÐ
8[µ*
oÈÔÒÕÇÏÐÕÅÈÇËÔÞÓÃÙÔÐÆÐ
4 ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÈ 8[ ÆÓÈÇÄ ËÎÈÈÔ
9\ ÓÃÆÏÕÔÒÈÏÏÃÃÔÐÙ±Ä \±ÕÅÄ 4
\ *
d ÓÄÎÐÎ ÇÈÍÈ ÎÐÉÈÔ ÓÍÕÙËÔÞÓÃ
ÙÔÐÓÄÎÄÔÐÙ±Ä[ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃÆÏÕÔ
[ ÒÈÏÏÈÌÇÍñÕÅÄ4ËÔÐÇÄÎÐÉ
8[
ÏÐ ÆÊÃÔÞ \ [ gÓÍË ÉÈ [ ¶
ÒÄÏËÙÏÄÃÔÐٱıÕÅÄ4ÔÐÐÏÄ
rËÓ ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃ ÒÄÏËÙÏÐÌ Ë ÇÍÃ ÎÏÐ
ÉÈÓÔÆÄ ÈÐ ÆÏÕÔÒÈÏÏË× ÔÐÙȱ
qÐßÔÐÎÕ ÈÈ Ð±ÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔÞ 8[ ÊÄÆÈÇÐÎÐ ÓÐÇÈÒÉËÔ ÆÏÕÔÒÈÏÏàà
ÔÐÙ±ÕÖ±ÕÅÄ4ÒËÓ dÓËÍÕÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËÃÆÏÕÔÒÈÏÏÈÌÔÐÙ±Ë
ÓÎÑ ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔÔıÄÃÈÈбÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔÞ9\ÙÔÐ
9\µ4
dÓËÍÕËÓÑÒÄÆÈÇÍËÆÝƱÍàÙÈÏËÃ
` `
8[ 9\µ8[µ*8[ 9\µ4
ÑÐßÔÐÎÕ ` `
8[ 9\µ4 *
`
tı±Ä±\∈8[Ë\∈9\ÔÐÑÈÒÈÓÈÙÈÏËÈ8[ 9\ÏÈÑÕÓÔÐ
ËÅÐÓÐÇÈÒÉËÔÆÐÆÓñÐÎÓÍÕÙÄÈÔÐÙ±Õ\fÄÍÈÈÅÕÇÕÙËÑÈÒÈ
ÓÈÙÈÏËÈÎ ÇÆÕ× ÐÔ±ÒÝÔÝ× ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆ ÐÏÐ ÔıÉÈ ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓà ÐÔ
±ÒÝÔÝÎ Ë ÑÐßÔÐÎÕ ÓÎ Ñ µ
>8[ 9\@ ! d ÓËÍÕ
`
ÓÆÐÌÓÔÆÄÎÐÏÐÔÐÏÏÐÓÔËÏËÉÏÈÌÎÈÒÝÓÎÍÈÎÎÕÆÑ
` `
ËÊËÎÈÈε
>8[ 9\@Pµ
4 *
`
jÊÇÆÕ×ÑÐÓÍÈÇÏË×ÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÃÆÓÔÆÕÈÔÙÔе
4 *!
¦ Ð Ì Â É Â Ô Ç Í Þ Ó Ô Ä Ð Ó Í Ç Æ Ó Ô Ä Ê á qÕÓÔÞ*¶ËÊÎÈÒËÎÐÈÐÔ
±ÒÝÔÐÈÆ5QÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐiÄÖ˱ÓËÒÕÈÎÒÄÊÅËÈÏËÈÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÄ
5Q ÏıÕÅÝÏȱÐÔÐÒÐÐÒÄÏÄNnÏÐÉÈÓÔÆбÕÅÐÆ4ßÔÐÐÒÄÏ
ÄËÎÈàÛË×ÏÈÑÕÓÔÐÈÑÈÒÈÓÈÙÈÏËÈÓÐÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐÎ*ÃÆÍÃÈÔ
ÓñÐÏÈÙÏÝÎËÅÐÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐ*ÆÓËÍÕÈÐËÊÎÈÒËÎÐÓÔËÐÒÄ
ÏËÙÈÏÐ qÈÒÈÏÕÎÈÒÕÈÎ ÆÓÈ Õ±ÄÊÄÏÏÝÈ ±ÕÅÝ 4 4 4 L
` τ
nÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ(L 4L * L LτËÊÎÈÒËÎÝËÐÅÒÄÊÕàÔ
L Lτ
ÒÄÊÅËÈÏËÈ τ { ( L } L
ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ * fÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÐ Ó ÐÇÏÐÌ
` Lτ
ÓÔÐÒÐÏÝ (L 4L * µ * ÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐ L` (L µ * Ä Ó
ÇÒÕÐÌ ¶±ÄÉÇÄÃÔÐÙ±Ä[∈*±Ä±ËÆÓñÄÃÔÐÙ±ÄÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÄ
`
5Q ÑÒËÏÄÇÍÈÉËÔ ×ÐÔà ÅÝ ÐÇÏÐÎÕ ±ÕÅÕ 4 ÒÄÏÄ N [∈4 *
` `
tÐÇÄ4 *∈τÔ È4 4LÑÒËÏȱÐÔÐÒÐÎLÑÐßÔÐÎÕ[∈4L (
Lτ Lτ
(LµL` (LtıËÎÐÅÒÄÊÐÎL` (L *
` ` `
fÄÍÈÈ(L (Mµ4L 4MgÓÍËÑÈÒÈÓÈÙÈÏËÈ4L 4MÏÈÑÕÓÔÐ
ÔÐ ÐÏÐ ÑÒÈÇÓÔÄÆÍÃÈÔ ÓÐÅÐÌ ±ÕÅ ÒÄÊÎÈÒÏÐÓÔË ÎÈÏÞÚÈÌ ÙÈÎ Q
ËÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃÒÄÖ˱ÐÎÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÌÇÄÉÈÍË
ÏÈÌÏÐÌÖÕϱØËËÏıÐÎÑıÔÈqÐßÔÐÎÕÈÐÎÈÒÄÒÄÆÏÄÏÕÍà
µ4L 4M ÐÔ±ÕÇÄ˵(L (M L MoıÐÏÈØÓÐÍÄÓÏÐ
` `
ÍÈÎÎȵ(L!L Lτ
pÙÈÆËÇÏÐÙÔÐÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕàÔÓ±ÐÍÞÕÐÇÏÐÎÈͱËÈÒÄÊÅËÈÏËÃτ
Õ±ÄÊÄÏÏÐÐ ÆËÇÄ fÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÐ ±Ä±ÐÆÐ ÅÝ ÏË ÅÝÍÐ δ ! ÇÐ
Q
δ GLDP 4 ´N Q ¶
ÓÔÄÔÐÙÏÐÆÊÃÔÞÔıÐÌÒÄÏNÙÔÐÅÝ
N
ÇËÄÎÈÔÒ±ÕÅÄ4ÒÄÏÄNÔÐÇÄ
`
GLDP(L GLDP4L *PGLDP4L ´N QδL Lτ
ËÑÐßÔÐÎÕ_τ_δ
´ § ° ² § ® ¢ gÔÎÌ ×ÖвÙÌÄ ÌÐÕÉÓÌÓÖÉÏÅ ÐÅ ÑÕ²ÓÞÕÑÏ
ÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÉÕÑÑÐÅÑÓÅÐÌÚÉÐÅ
¦ Ð Ì Â É Â Ô Ç Í Þ Ó Ô Ä Ð qÕÓÔÞ ÖÕϱØËà I ËÏÔÈÒËÒÕÈÎÄ ÏÄ ÐÔ
±ÒÝÔÐÎ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÈ * tÐÇÄ ÓÐÍÄÓÏÐ ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËà ËÏÔÈÒÄ
ÍÄÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐ*ËÊÎÈÒËÎÐÑÐhÐÒÇÄÏÕÄÏÄÐÓÏÐÆÄÏËËÓÍÈÇ
ÓÔÆËÃËÊÍÈÎÎÝÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕàÔÓ±ÐÍÞÕÐÇÏÐÎÈͱËÈÈÐÒÄÊ
ÅËÈÏËà ÆÓÈ ßÍÈÎÈÏÔÝ ±ÐÔÐÒÝ× ËÎÈàÔ ÑÐÍÐÉËÔÈÍÞÏÕà ÎÈÒÕ
gÓÍË ÖÕϱØËà I ÅÝÍÄ ÅÝ ÏÈÐÒÄÏËÙÈÏÏÐÌ ÏÄ * ÔÐ ÓÐÍÄÓÏÐ
ÓÍÈÇÓÔÆËàËÊÍÈÎÎÝÐÏÄÅÝÍÄÅÝÏÈËÏÔÈÒËÒÕÈÎÐÌ
i Ä Î È Ù Ä Ï Ë ÈlıÆËÇÏÐËÊÑÒËÆÈÇÈÏÏÐÐÇбÄÊÄÔÈÍÞÓÔ
ÆÄ ÔÈÐÒÈÎÝ ÐÔ±ÒÝÔÐÓÔÞ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ * ÑÐÔÒÈÅÐÆÄÍÄÓÞ ÍËÚÞ
ÇÍà ÔÐÐ ÙÔÐÅÝ ÑбÄÊÄÔÞ ÙÔÐ ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕàÔ ÈÐ ÒÄÊÅËÈÏËÃ
Ó±ÐÍÞ ÕÐÇÏÐ ÎÄÍÐÌ ÎÈͱÐÓÔË ÆÓÈ ßÍÈÎÈÏÔÝ ±ÐÔÐÒÝ× ËÎÈàÔ
ÑÐÍÐÉËÔÈÍÞÏÕà ÎÈÒÕ tÈÎ ÓÄÎÝÎ ÇÍà ÆÓÈ× ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆ ÐÅÍÄ
ÇÄàÛË× ßÔËÎ ÓÆÐÌÓÔÆÐÎ ËÏÔÈÒËÒÕÈÎÐÓÔÞ ÏÄ ÏË× ÖÕϱØËÌ
ÆÍÈÙÈÔÊÄÓÐÅÐÌË×ÐÒÄÏËÙÈÏÏÐÓÔÞ
mȱРÏÄÑÒËÎÈÒ ÎÐÉÏÐ ÕÅÈÇËÔÞÓÃ Æ ÔÐÎ ÙÔÐ ÊÄÎݱÄÏËÈ
* ÍàÅÐÐ ËÊÎÈÒËÎÐÐ ÐÔ±ÒÝÔÐÐ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ * ÔıÉÈ ËÎÈÈÔ
Ó±ÐÍÞ ÕÐÇÏÐ ÎÈͱËÈ ÒÄÊÅËÈÏËà ÎÈÒÄ ÆÓÈ× ßÍÈÎÈÏÔÐÆ ±ÐÔÐ
ÒÝ× ÑÐÍÐÉËÔÈÍÞÏÄ fÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÐ ÇÐÓÔÄÔÐÙÏÐ ÓÏÐÆÄ ÆÊÃÔÞ
ÆÓȱÕÅÝ4LÒÄÏÄNËÎÈàÛËÈÓ*ÏÈÑÕÓÔÐÈÑÈÒÈÓÈÙÈÏËÈtÐ
ÇÄÐÏËÅÕÇÕÔËÑÐÇÄÆÏÐËÎÈÔÞÏÈÑÕÓÔÐÈÑÈÒÈÓÈÙÈÏËÈÓÊÄÎݱÄ
` `
ÏËÈÎ *ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ*4L *¬4L * qÒËßÔÐÎÔı±Ä±
6N*µÊÄαÏÕÔÐÈÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐË*µ6N*ÔÐ *µ6N*sÍÈ
` `
ÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐ ÈÓÍË ÑÐÍÐÉËÔÞ (L 4L * ÇÈ 4L * ÔÐ
τ ^(L`ÐÅÒÄÊÕÈÔÑбÒÝÔËÈÊÄÎݱÄÏËà * ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ*ËÅÐÎÏÐ
ÐÒÄÏÏ˱6N*ÓÐÓÔÐËÔÔÐÍÞ±ÐËÊÕ±ÄÊÄÏÏÝ×±ÕÅÐÆ4L
uqrbhogojg qÐÓÔÒÐËÔÞ ÑÒËÎÈÒ ÖÕϱØËËÏÈÐÒÄÏËÙÈÏÏÐÌË ËÏ
ÔÈÒËÒÕÈÎÐÌÏÄÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÈÑÐÍÐÉËÔÈÍÞÏÐÌÎÈÒÝ
gÓÍË ÖÕϱØËà I ÐÒÄÏËÙÈÏÄ ÏÄ ËÊÎÈÒËÎÐÎ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÈ ÔÐ
±Ä±ËÆÐÇÏÐÎÈÒÏÐÎÓÍÕÙÄÈÎÐÉÏÐÐÑÒÈÇÈÍËÔÞÆÈÒ×ÏËÈËÏËÉ
ÏËÈÓÕÎÎÝfÄÒÅÕ
°ÑÒÇÆÇÍÇÏÊÇ qÖÔÕß I ¶ ×ÖвÙÌÄ ÑÓÅÐÌÚÉÐÐÅÄ ÐÅ ÌËÏÉ
L Lτ
ÓÌÏÑÏ ÒÑ hÑÓÈÅÐÖ ÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÉ ( τ { ( L } L
¶ ÓÅËÆÌÉÐÌÉ
ÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÅ(
PL LQI I[0L VXS I[L Lτ.
[ ∈ (L [ ∈ (L
tÑÈÅÔÖÏÏÞ
Lτ Lτ
Vτ ∑ PL µ(L6τ ∑ 0L µ(L
L L
fбÄÊÄÔÈÍÞÓÔÆÐ ßÔÐÌ ÔÈÐÒÈÎÝ ÑÒÐÆÐÇËÔÓà ÄÏÄÍÐËÙÏÐ ÐÇ
ÏÐÎÈÒÏÐÎÕ ÓÍÕÙÄà Ë ÒȱÐÎÈÏÇÕÈÔÓà ÑÒÐÇÈÍÄÔÞ ÙËÔÄÔÈÍà Æ
ÓÍÕÙÄÈÆÏÕÔÒÈÏÏÈÌÑÐÔÒÈÅÏÐÓÔËÓÄÎÐÓÔÐÃÔÈÍÞÏÐ
uqrbhogojg sÖÐÒÎÕÍËÒÐÆÄÔÞ ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËÃ ÑÒÈÇÈÍÐÆ ¶
ÓÑÐÎÐÛÞàÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÈÌËËÓÑÐÍÞÊÕëε¶δÔÈÒÎËÏÐÍÐËà¬
´ § ° ² § ® ¢ gÔÎÌ ×ÖвÙÌÄ ÐÉÒÓÉÓÞÇÐÅ ÐÅ ÌËÏÉÓÌÏÑÏ ÒÑ
hÑÓÈÅÐÖ²ÑÏÒŲÕÉÕÑÑÐÅÌÐÕÉÓÌÓÖÉÏÅÐÅÐÉÏ
¦ Ð Ì Â É Â Ô Ç Í Þ Ó Ô Ä Ð qÕÓÔÞ( ¶ËÊÎÈÒËÎÝ̱ÐÎÑıÔ(µ5Q
ÄI ¶ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÄÃÏÄÏÈÎÖÕϱØËÃdÓñÄÃÖÕϱØËÃÏÈÑÒÈ
ÒÝÆÏÄÃÏıÐÎÑıÔÈÐÒÄÏËÙÈÏÄÓÎÑ ËÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐÏÈ
ÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÄÓÎÑ ÏÄÏÈÎqÐßÔÐÎÕËÊÇÈÓÞÇбÄÊÄÔÈÍÞÓÔÆÐ
ÑÒÐÔȱÄÈÔÄÏÄÍÐËÙÏÐÐÇÏÐÎÈÒÏÐÎÕÓÍÕÙÄàÓÎÑ ÍȱÐ
ÑÐÍÕÙÄÈÔÓÃÐØÈϱÄ
Lτ
°ÃÊÏÔÇÅÒÊÒÕÇÎÐÓÔÊÒÂÉÒÝÄÏÝ×ÖÕÏÌØÊË
oÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÓÔÞÖÕϱØËËÏÈÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃÏÈÐÅ×ÐÇËÎÝÎÕÓÍÐÆËÈÎ
ËÏÔÈÒËÒÕÈÎÐÓÔË ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕàÔ Ë ÒÄÊÒÝÆÏÝÈ ËÏÔÈÒËÒÕÈÎÝÈ
ÖÕϱØËËfÐÓÔÄÔÐÙÏÐÚËÒбË̱ÍÄÓÓÒÄÊÒÝÆÏÝ×ËÏÔÈÒËÒÕÈ
ÎÝ×ÖÕϱØËÌÕÓÔÄÏÄÆÍËÆÄÈÔÓÃÓÍÈÇÕàÛÈÌÔÈÐÒÈÎÐÌ
´ § ° ² § ® ¢ gÔÎÌ ×ÖвÙÌÄ ÑÓÅÐÌÚÉÐÅ ÐÅ ÌËÏÉÓÌÏÑÏ ÒÑ
hÑÓÈÅÐÖ²ÑÏÒŲÕÉÌÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÑÉÉÕÑÚɲÓÅËÓÞÇÅÌÏÉÉÕÊÑÓ
ÈÅÐÑÇÖÏÉÓÖÐÖÎßÕÑàÕÅ×ÖвÙÌÄÌÐÕÉÓÌÓÖÉÏÅÒÑrÌÏÅÐÖ
¦ Ð Ì Â É Â Ô Ç Í Þ Ó Ô Ä Ð qÕÓÔÞÖÕϱØËÃIÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏÄËÐÒÄÏË
ÙÈÏÄÏıÐÎÑıÔÈÔ ÈÏÄÐÒÄÏËÙÈÏÏÐÎÊÄαÏÕÔÐÎÎÏÐÉÈÓÔ
ÆÈ(µ5QdÓËÍÕÐÒÄÏËÙÈÏÏÐÓÔËÖÕϱØËËIÏÄ(ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔ
ÔıÄÃÑÐÓÔÐÃÏÏÄÃ0!ÙÔÐÇÍÃÆÓÈ×[∈(ÆÝÑÐÍÏÃÈÔÓÃÏÈÒÄ
ÆÈÏÓÔÆÐ
_I[_P0
qÕÓÔÞ(µÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐÔÐÙȱÒÄÊÒÝÆÄÖÕϱØËËIqÐÕÓÍÐ
ÆËà ÔÈÐÒÈÎÝ µ( ÑÐßÔÐÎÕ ÇÍà ÍàÅÐÐ Ö˱ÓËÒÐÆÄÏÏÐÐ
ε!ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔÔıÐÌÒÄÏNÙÔÐ
ε
µ6N(
Q
0
ÔÐ ÓÍÈÇÕÈÔ ËÊ ÔÐÐ ÙÔÐ Æ ÇÄÏÏÐÎ ÓÍÕÙÄÈ ÓÐÍÄÓÏÐ ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈ
ÏËà ÎÈÒÝ OLP µ6N( qÕÓÔÞ ÎÏÐÐÒÄÏÏ˱ 6N( ÓÐ
N →
ÓÔÐËÔ ËÊ ±ÕÅÐÆ 4 4 4O pÅÐÊÏÄÙËÎ ÙÈÒÈÊ 3M ±ÕÅ ÑÐÍÕ
ÙÄàÛËÌÓÃËÊ4MÑÒÈÐÅÒÄÊÐÆÄÏËÈÎÑÐÇÐÅËÃÓØÈÏÔÒÐÎÆØÈÏÔÒÈ
±ÕÅÄ4M˱ÐßÖÖËØËÈÏÔÐÎÑÐÇÐÅËÃÒÄÆÏÝÎÔÒÈÎÔÐÇÄ
µ3M Qµ4MM O
O
qÐÍÐÉËÎ3 M`3MdÓËÍÕÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÄËÒÄÆÈÏÓÔ
ÆÄËÎÈÈÎ
O O O
ε
µ3 µ M`3MP ∑ µ3M ∑ Qµ4M Qµ6N(
M M
0
pÔÎÈÔËÎÙÔÐÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐ3ÑÐÍÕÙÄÈÔÓÃËÊ6N(бÄÌÎÍÈÏËÈÎ
ÑÐÓÍÈÇÏÈÐÑÐÍÐÓÐ̱ÕÅÐÆÓÒÈÅÒÄÎËÇÍËÏÝ´NÑÐßÔÐÎÕÆÓÃ
±ÐÈÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐ$ÓÇËÄÎÈÔÒÐÎGLDP$ÎÈÏÞÚËÎÙÈδNÑÈÒÈ
ÓȱÄàÛÈÈÓÃÓÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐÎ6N(ÓÐÇÈÒÉËÔÓÃÆ3ÒËÓ
`
GLDP$´N$ 6N( A $µ3
pÅÐÊÏÄÙËÎ ÔÈÑÈÒÞ ÙÈÒÈÊ * ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐ ÆÏÕÔÒÈÏÏË× ÔÐÙȱ
ÎÏÐÐÒÄÏÏ˱Ä6N(pÙÈÆËÇÏÐ* ¶ÐÔ±ÒÝÔÐÈÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐÄ
ÑÐÓ±ÐÍÞ±ÕÑÐÕÓÍÐÆËÃÎÔÈÐÒÈÎÝ(ÊÄαÏÕÔÐÔÐÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐ)
(?*ÔıÉÈÊÄαÏÕÔÐÑÒËÙÈÎÆÓËÍÕÐÒÄÏËÙÈÏÏÐÓÔË(ÎÏÐ
ÉÈÓÔÆÐ)ÐÒÄÏËÙÈÏÐÑÐßÔÐÎÕ) ¶±ÐÎÑıÔfÄÍÈÈÎÏÐÉÈÓÔ
ÆÐ ( ÍÈÉËÔ ÆÏÕÔÒË ÎÏÐÐÒÄÏÏ豀 6N( Ô È ( µ * ±Ä±
ÐÔÎÈÙÄÍÐÓÞ ÆÝÚÈ ÓÎ Ñ ßÔÐ ÓÑÒÄÆÈÇÍËÆÐ ÆÐÐÅÛÈ ÇÍÃ
ÍàÅÐÐÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ(ËÆÝÔȱÄÈÔËÊ
ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËÃÎÏÐÐÒÄÏÏ˱Ä6N(
ÓÎ ÇбÄÊÄÔÈÍÞÓÔÆÐ ÍÈÎÎÝ
pÔÓàÇÄ ÃÆÓÔÆÕÈÔ ÙÔÐ ÖÕϱØËà I
ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÄ ÏÄ ±ÐÎÑıÔÈ ) Ä
ÑÐÓ±ÐÍÞ±Õ ±ÒÐÎÈ ÔÐÐ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔ
$ ÆÐ)ËÊÎÈÒËÎбıÒÄÊÏÐÓÔÞÇÆÕ×
ËÊÎÈÒËÎÝ× ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆ ( Ë * ÔÐ
ÓÐÍÄÓÏÐ ÔÈÐÒÈÎÈ ÖÕϱØËà I
6N( (
ËÏÔÈÒËÒÕÈÎÄ ÏÄ ) qÐßÔÐÎÕ ÇÍÃ
ÆÝÅÒÄÏÏÐÐ ÆÝÚÈ ε ! ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕ
ÈÔÔıÐÈδ!ÙÔÐÇÍÃÍàÅÐÐÒÄÊ
ÅËÈÏËà τ) ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ ) ÎÈͱÐÓÔË
_τ)_δÆÝÑÐÍÏÃÈÔÓÃÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐ
6 τ ´V τ ε
rËÓ ) )
ÇÈ6 τ Ë V τ ¶ÆÈÒ×ÏËÈËÏËÉÏËÈÓÕÎÎÝfÄÒÅÕÖÕϱØËËIÓÐ
) )
ÐÔÆÈÔÓÔÆÕàÛËÈÒÄÊÅËÈÏËàτ)ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ)
qÕÓÔÞ
δ PLQ^´Nδ`
L
Lτ
τ { ( L } L
¶ ±Ä±ÐÈÍËÅÐ ÒÄÊÅËÈÏËÈ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ ( ÎÈͱÐÓÔË
GHI ` `
_τ_δpÙÈÆËÇÏÐÙÔÐτ) ^(L )`ÇÈ(L ) ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃÒÄÊ
ÅËÈÏËÈÎÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ)ÎÈͱÐÓÔË_τ)_P_τ_δËÑÐßÔÐÎÕÆÓËÍÕ
ÇÍÃτ)ÆÝÑÐÍÏÃÈÔÓÃÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐ
qÐÍÐÉËÎ
0L VXS I[PL LQI I[
[∈( [∈(
L L
Lτ Lτ
6τ ∑ 0L µ(LVτ ∑ PL µ(L
L L
jÓÑÐÍÞÊÕÃÐÙÈÆËÇÏÝÈÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÄ_PL_P0_0L_P0L Lτ
ÏÈÑÐÓÒÈÇÓÔÆÈÏÏÐÆÝÔȱÄàÛËÈËÊËÑÒËÎÈÏÃÃÏÈÒÄÆÈÏ
ÓÔÆÐÅÕÇÈÎËÎÈÔÞ
` ∑ 0L´PLµ(LP ∑ >_0L__PL_@µ(LP `
(L*≠ (L*≠
ε
P 0 ` ∑ µ(L
(L*≠
jÊËÆÝÔȱÄÈÔÙÔÐ
Lτ
6τ´Vτ ∑ 0L´PLµ(L
L
ε ε
`∑ 0L´PLµ(L ∑ 0L´PLµ(L ε
`
(L*= (L*≠
³ÄÐËÓÔÄÂÌÒÂÔÏÐÅÐÊÏÔÇÅÒÂÍÂ
dßÔÐÎÑÕϱÔÈÅÕÇÕÔÒÄÓÓÎÐÔÒÈÏÝÓÆÐÌÓÔÆıÒÄÔÏÐÐËÏÔÈÒÄ
ÍÄ ÄÏÄÍÐËÙÏÝÈ ÓÆÐÌÓÔÆÄÎ ËÏÔÈÒÄÍÄ ÐÔ ÖÕϱØËË ÐÇÏÐÐ ÑÈ
ÒÈÎÈÏÏÐÐ ÑÐ ÐÔÒÈÊ±Õ oÄÑÐÎÏËÎ ÙÔÐ ËÏÔÈÒËÒÕÈÎÐÓÔÞ ±Ä
±ÐÌÍËÅÐÖÕϱØËËÑÐrËÎÄÏÕÏÄÏȱÐÔÐÒÐÎÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÈÑÒÈÇ
ÑÐÍÄÄÈÔÈÐËÊÎÈÒËÎÐÓÔÞÑÐhÐÒÇÄÏÕ
qÖÔÕß ( ¶ ÌËÏÉÓÌÏÑÉ ÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÑ ÕÑÈÅ ∫ G( µ(
fÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÐÆÇÄÏÏÐÎÓÍÕÙÄÈÑÐÇÝÏÔÈÒÄÍÞÏÄÃÖÕϱØËÃ
L Lτ
ÔÐÉÇÈÓÔÆÈÏÏÐÒÄÆÏÄÈÇËÏËØÈqÐßÔÐÎÕÈÓÍËτ { ( L } L
¶ÏÈ
±ÐÔÐÒÐÈÒÄÊÅËÈÏËÈÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ(ÔÐÓÎ
Lτ
∫ G( OLP ∑ µ(L µ(
τ → L
bÊÊÎ×ÎÉÒÓÖ×à ÎÒ×ËÕÇÐÇ ÔÓ ÑÒÓÌËÖ×ÉÇÑ gÔÎÌ (′ `
Ì (′′ ¶ ÌËÏÉÓÌÏÞÉ ÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÅ ( (′ ` (′′ (′ (′′
Ì ×ÖвÙÌÄ I ÑÓÅÐÌÚÉÐÅ Ì ÌÐÕÉÓÌÓÖÉÏÅ ÐÅ ÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÉ (
ÕÑ ÌÐÕÉÓÅÎÞ ∫ I[G(′Ì ∫ I[G(′′ÔÖÜÉÔÕÇÖáÕ Ì
∫ I[G( ∫ I[G(′∫ I[G(′′
sÕÛÈÓÔÆÐÆÄÏËÈ ËÏÔÈÒÄÍÐÆ ∫ I[G(′ Ë ∫ I[G(′′ ÓÍÈÇÕÈÔ ËÊ
ÓÆÐÌÓÔÆÄ ÑÐßÔÐÎÕ ÏÕÉÇÄÈÔÓÃ Æ ÇбÄÊÄÔÈÍÞÓÔÆÈ ÍËÚÞ ÖÐÒ
ÎÕÍÄqÕÓÔÞτ′ ^ (′L`Ëτ′′ ^ (″M `µÒÄÊÅËÈÏËÃÓÐÐÔÆÈÔ
ÓÔÆÈÏÏÐÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆ(′Ë(′′tÐÇÄτ ^ (′L (″M `ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃÒÄÊÅË
ÈÏËÈÎÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ(ËÈÐÎÈͱÐÓÔÞÒÄÆÏÄÏÄËÅÐÍÞÚÈÌËÊÎÈÍ
±ÐÓÔÈÌÒÄÊÅËÈÏËÌτ′Ëτ′′_τ_ PD[^_τ′__τ′′_`
qÕÓÔÞξL∈ (L′ ηM∈ (″M
σ τ′ ∑ IξLµ (′Lστ ∑IηMµ (″M στ σ τ′σ τ″
τ′ τ′′
dÓËÍÕËÏÔÈÒËÒÕÈÎÐÓÔËÖÕϱØËËIÏÄÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÈ((′Ë(′′,
OLP στ ∫I[G( OLP σ τ′ ∫I[G(′ OLP σ τ″ ∫I[G(′′
τ → τ′ → τ″ →
qÐßÔÐÎÕ ÑÈÒÈ×ÐÇà ± ÑÒÈÇÈÍÕ Æ ÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÈ ÑÒË _τ_ {
ÑÐÍÕÙËÎ
i Ä Î È Ù Ä Ï Ë ÈgÓÍËÖÕϱØËÃIËÏÔÈÒËÒÕÈÎÄËÐÒÄÏË
ÙÈÏÄ ÏÄ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÈ ( ÔÐ ÐÏÄ ËÏÔÈÒËÒÕÈÎÄ Ë ÏÄ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÈ
(LQWÈÐÆÏÕÔÒÈÏÏË×ÔÐÙȱÑÒËÙÈÎ
∫ I[G( ∫ I[G(LQW
ÔÐÓÍÈÇÕÈÔËÊÓÆÐÌÓÔÆÄÔı±Ä±
( (LQW`(?(LQWµ(?(LQW
ÓÎÊÄÎÈÙÄÏËÈÆÑ
i Ä Î È Ù Ä Ï Ë È sÍÈÇÕÈÔ ÐÅÒÄÔËÔÞ ÆÏËÎÄÏËÈ ÏÄ ÓÍÈÇÕà
ÛÈÈÐÅÓÔÐÃÔÈÍÞÓÔÆÐÎÐÉÈÔÓÍÕÙËÔÞÓÃÙÔÐÖÕϱØËÃIÐÑÒÈÇÈ
ÍÈÏÄ ÏÄ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÈ ( (′ ` (′′ ÇÈ (′ Ë (′′ ¶ ËÊÎÈÒËÎÝÈ
`
ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ (′ (′′ jÏÔÈÒÄÍÝ ∫ I[G(′ Ë ∫ I[G(′′ ÓÕ
ÛÈÓÔÆÕàÔÄËÏÔÈÒÄÍ ∫ I[G(ÏÈÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔ
qÐÃÓÏËÎ Ó±ÄÊÄÏÏÐÈ ÏÄ ÑÒËÎÈÒÈ qÕÓÔÞ U ϕ ¶ ÑÐÍÃÒÏÝÈ
±ÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔÝÔÐÙ±ËÏÄÑÍÐÓ±ÐÓÔË
ÈÓÍËU
IUϕ ϕ ÈÓÍËU ϕ Pπ
(′ ^Uϕ)U` ¶ÐÔ±ÒÝÔÝ̱ÒÕg′′ ^UϕU ` ¶Ð±ÒÕÉ
ÏÐÓÔÞ pÙÈÆËÇÏÐ µ(′′ ÑÐßÔÐÎÕ ÏÈÓÎÐÔÒà ÏÄ ÔÐ ÙÔÐ ÖÕϱ
ØËÃIÏÈÐÒÄÏËÙÈÏÄÏÄ(′′ÐÏÄËÏÔÈÒËÒÕÈÎÄË ∫ IUϕG(′′
sÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔ Ë ËÏÔÈÒÄÍ ∫ IU ϕG(′ pÇÏıРËÏÔÈÒÄÍ
∫ IU ϕG( ÑÐ ÊÄαÏÕÔÐÎÕ ±ÒÕÕ ( (′ ` (′′ ÏÈ ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔ
fÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÐÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐÑÒÈÇÓÔÄÆÍÃÈÔÓÐÅÐÌÊÄÎݱÄÏËÈÐÅ
ÍÄÓÔË ÑÐßÔÐÎÕ Õ ÏÈÐ ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕàÔ Ó±ÐÍÞ ÕÐÇÏÐ ÎÈͱËÈ ÒÄÊ
ÅËÈÏËà ÆÓÈ ßÍÈÎÈÏÔÝ ±ÐÔÐÒÝ× ËÎÈàÔ ÑÐÍÐÉËÔÈÍÞÏÕà ÎÈÒÕ
sÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐ ÓÎ ÊÄÎÈÙÄÏËÈ ± ÔÈÐÒÈÎÈ ÆÓñÄà ËÏÔÈÒË
ÒÕÈÎÄÃÏÄ(ÖÕϱØËÃÐÒÄÏËÙÈÏÄÄÊÄÇÄÏÏÄÃÖÕϱØËÃIÏÈÐ
ÒÄÏËÙÈÏÄËÑÐßÔÐÎÕÏÈËÏÔÈÒËÒÕÈÎÄ
dÄÉÏÐÐÔÎÈÔËÔÞÐÇÏıÐÙÔÐÇÍÃÐÒÄÏËÙÈÏÏÝ×ÖÕϱØËÌÑÐ
ÇÐÅÏÐÌ ÓËÔÕÄØËË ÅÝÔÞ ÏÈ ÎÐÉÈÔ ÈÓÍË ÖÕϱØËà I ÐÒÄÏËÙÈÏÄ Ë
`
ËÏÔÈÒËÒÕÈÎÄÏÄËÊÎÈÒËÎÝ×ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ×(′Ë(′′(′ (′′ ÔÐ
ÐÏÄËÏÔÈÒËÒÕÈÎÄËÏÄÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÈ( (′`(′′ÑÒËÙÈÎÓÑÒÄÆÈÇ
ÍËÆÄÖÐÒÎÕÍÄÔÐÅÕÇÈÔÇбÄÊÄÏÐÆÑ
iÄÎÈÔËÎ ÍËÚÞ ÙÔÐ Æ ÓÍÕÙÄÈ ±ÐÇÄ ÐÇÏÐ ËÊ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆ (′
ËÍË (′′ ËÎÈÈÔ ÎÈÒÕ ÏÕÍÞ ÔÐ ËÏÔÈÒËÒÕÈÎÐÓÔÞ ÐÒÄÏËÙÈÏÏÐÌ
ÖÕϱØËË I ÏÄ Ë× ÐÅÜÈÇËÏÈÏËË Æ ÑÒÈÇÑÐÍÐÉÈÏËË ÈÈ ËÏÔÈÒË
ÒÕÈÎÐÓÔË ÏÄ ±ÄÉÇÐÎ ËÊ ÏË× ÎÐÉÏÐ ÑÐÍÕÙËÔÞ ÑÐÙÔË ÇÐÓÍÐÆ
ÏÝÎ ÑÐÆÔÐÒÈÏËÈÎ ÒÄÓÓÕÉÇÈÏËÌ ÑÒÐÆÈÇÈÏÏÝ× ÑÒË ÇбÄÊÄ
ÔÈÍÞÓÔÆÈ ÔÈÐÒÈÎÝ d ÓÄÎÐÎ ÇÈÍÈ ÑÕÓÔÞ I ËÏÔÈÒËÒÕÈÎÄ
Ë ÐÒÄÏËÙÈÏÄ ÏÄ ËÊÎÈÒËÎÝ× ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ× (′ Ë (′′ µ(′
( (′ ` (′′ tÐÇÄ ÈÓÍË ±Ä± Ë Æ Õ±ÄÊÄÏÏÐÎ ÇбÄÊÄÔÈÍÞÓÔÆÈ
ÑÐÓÔÒÐËÔÞÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐ*¬(′ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐ(′ËÒÄÈÔÊÇÈÓÞÒÐÍÞ
ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ ( ËÊ ÔÈÐÒÈÎÝ Ë ÑÐÍÐÉËÔÞ ) (?* ÔÐ ÅÕÇÈÎ
ËÎÈÔÞ ) µ (′′ Ë ÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐ Æ ÓËÍÕ ÓÆÐÌÓÔÆÄ ËÏÔÈÒÄ
ÍÐÆÖÕϱØËÃIбÄÉÈÔÓÃËÏÔÈÒËÒÕÈÎÐÌÏÄÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÈ)ÐÔ
±ÕÇÄ±Ä±Ë ÆÝÚÈÆÝÔȱÄÈÔÈÈËÏÔÈÒËÒÕÈÎÐÓÔÞÏÄÎÏÐÉÈÓÔ
ÆÈ(ÄÊÏÄÙËÔÆÓËÍÕÓÆÐÌÓÔÆÄËÓÑÒÄÆÈÇÍËÆÐÓÔÞÖÐÒÎÕÍÝ
ÇÈ ∫ I[G(′
jÊ ÇбÄÊÄÏÏÐÐ ÓÍÈÇÕÈÔ ÙÔÐ ÇÍà ÔÐÐ ÙÔÐÅÝ ÖÕϱØËà I
ÐÒÄÏËÙÈÏÏÄÃÏÄÊÄÎݱÄÏËË (ËÊÎÈÒËÎÐÐÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ(ÅÝ
ÍÄ ËÏÔÈÒËÒÕÈÎÄ ÏÄ ( ÏÈÐÅ×ÐÇËÎÐ Ë ÇÐÓÔÄÔÐÙÏÐ ÙÔÐÅÝ ÐÏÄ
ÅÝÍÄËÏÔÈÒËÒÕÈÎÄÏÄÈÐÊÄÎݱÄÏËË (ÑÒËÙÈÎ
∫ I[G[ ∫ I[G[
( (
fÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÐÈÓÍËËÏÔÈÒÄÍÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔÑÐÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÕgÔÐ
Ôı±Ä±ÒÄÏËØÄ∂gËÊÎÈÒËÎÐÐÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄgËÎÈÈÔÎÈÒÕÒÄÆÏÕà
ÏÕÍàÔÐ˵(?( Ôı±Ä± (?(µ∂(qÐßÔÐÎÕ ∫ I[G[
(?(
ÄÔı±Ä± ( (`(?(ÔÐÆÓËÍÕÓ±ÄÊÄÏÏÐÐÆÝÚÈ
∫ I[G[ ∫ I[G[ ∫ I[G[ ∫ I[G[
( ( (?( (
oÄÐÅÐÒÐÔÈÓÍËÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔËÏÔÈÒÄÍÑÐÊÄÎݱÄÏËà ( ËÊ
ÎÈÒËÔÈÍÞÏÐÐÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ(ÔÐÆÓËÍÕÓÆÐÌÓÔÆÄÐÏÓÕÛÈÓÔ
ÆÕÈÔËÑÐÓÄÎÐÎÕÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÕ
mÎÒËÏÒÓÖ×à ÎÒ×ËÕÇÐÇ gÔÎÌ ×ÖвÙÌÌ I Ì I ÌÐÕÉ
ÓÌÓÖÉÏÞ ÐÅ ÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÉ ( ÕÑ ÈÎÄ ÎáÆÞØ ÚÌÔÉÎ λ Ì λ ÔÖ
ÜÉÔÕÇÖÉÕ ÌÐÕÉÓÅÎ ∫ >λI[ λI[@G( Ì ÔÒÓÅÇÉÈÎÌÇÑ ÓÅ
ÇÉÐÔÕÇÑ
∫ >λI[λI[@G( λ∫ I[G(λ∫ I[G(
gÔÎÌ ×ÖвÙÌÌ I Ì J ÌÐÕÉÓÌÓÖÉÏÞ Ì ÑÓÅÐÌÚÉÐÞ ÐÅ
ÐɲÑÕÑÓÑÏ ÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÉ ÕÑ Ì ÌØ ÒÓÑÌËÇÉÈÉÐÌÉ Ì ÑÕÐÑÛÉÐÌÉ
IJÒÓÌ LQI_J_!ÌÐÕÉÓÌÓÖÉÏÞ ÐÅ àÕÑÏ ÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÉ
(
jÒ×ËÕÎÕÓÉÇÒÎË ÒËÕÇÉËÒÖ×É gÔÎÌ ×ÖвÙÌÌ I Ì J ÌÐ
ÕÉÓÌÓÖÉÏÞ ÐÅ ÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÉ ( Ì ÈÎÄ ÇÔÉØ [∈( ÇÞÒÑÎÐÄÉÕÔÄ
ÐÉÓÅÇÉÐÔÕÇÑI[PJ[ÕÑ
∫I[G(P∫ J[G(
gÔÎÌ ×ÖвÙÌÄ I ÌÐÕÉÓÌÓÖÉÏÅ Ì ÑÓÅÐÌÚÉÐÅ ÐÅ ÏÐÑ
ÊÉÔÕÇÉ ( ÕÑ Ì ÉÉ ÅÆÔÑÎáÕÐÅÄ ÇÉÎÌÚÌÐÅ _I_ ÌÐÕÉÓÌÓÖÉÏÅ
ÐÅ ÐÉÏ ÒÓÌÚÉÏ
_∫I[G(_P∫ _I[_G(
fбÄÊÄÔÈÍÞÓÔÆÐÓÆÐÌÓÔƶÑÒÐÆÐÇËÔÓÃÓÐÆÈÒÚÈÏÏÐÄÏÄ
ÍÐËÙÏÐÐÇÏÐÎÈÒÏÐÎÕÓÍÕÙÄàÓÎÑ
nÓÒÓ×ÓÒÒÓÖ×à ÎÒ×ËÕÇÐÇ Ó× ÒËÓ×ÕÎÚÇ×ËÐàÒß٠ؾұ
ÚÎÏÔÓÑÒÓÌËÖ×ÉÇÑgÔÎÌ(Ì(
¶ÌËÏÉÓÌÏÞÉÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÅ
(
µ(×ÖвÙÌÄIÐÉÑÕÓÌÙÅÕÉÎßÐÅÑÓÅÐÌÚÉÐÅÌÌÐÕÉÓÌ
ÓÖÉÏÅ ÐÅ ( ÕÑ
∫I[G(
P∫ I[G(
fÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÐÆÓËÍÕÓÆÐÌÓÔÆËËÏÔÈÒÄÍÝ ∫ I[G(
Ë ∫ I[G(?(
ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕàÔË
∫ I[G( ∫ I[G(
∫ I[G(?(
qÐÓ±ÐÍÞ±ÕI[OÔÐÆÓËÍÕÓÆÐÌÓÔÆÄ ∫ I[G(?(
OÄÐÔ
ÓàÇÄËÓÍÈÇÕÈÔÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐ
qÖÔÕß ×ÖвÙÌÄ I ÌÐÕÉÓÌÓÖÉÏÅ Ì ÐÉÑÕÓÌÙÅÕÉÎßÐÅ
ÐÅ ÌËÏÉÓÌÏÑÏ ÑÕ²ÓÞÕÑÏ ÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÉ * [∈* ×ÖвÙÌÄ I
ÐÉÒÓÉÓÞÇÐÅ Ç ÕÑÚ²É[ÌI[!tÑÈÅ
∫ I[G*!
fÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÐ Æ ÓËÍÕ ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÓÔË ÖÕϱØËË I Æ ÔÐÙ±È
ÇÍà ÍàÅÐÐ ε ! ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔ ÔıÄà бÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔÞ 8
[
8[ßÔÐÌÔÐÙ±ËÙÔÐÇÍÃÆÓÈ×[∈8ÆÝÑÐÍÏÃÈÔÓÃÏÈÒÄÆÈÏ
ÓÔÆÐI[´εI[I[εqÒËßÔÐÎÆÓËÍÕÐÔ±ÒÝÔÐÓÔË
ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ * бÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔÞ 8 ÆÓÈÇÄ ÎÐÉÏÐ ÆÝÅÒÄÔÞ Ôı ÙÔÐ
ÅÝ8µ*
[ ()
dÝÅÒÄÆε I
ÑÐÍÕÙËÎÇÍÃÏÈÐÔıÕàбÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔÞ8
ÙÔÐ ÇÍà ÆÓÈ× [ ÑÒËÏÄÇÍÈÉÄÛË× ßÔÐÌ Ð±ÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔË ÅÕÇÈÎ
()
I[
ËÎÈÔÞ I[ !
pÔÓàÇÄ ÑÒËÎÈÏÃà ÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐ ÓÆÐÌ
ÓÔÆÄËÏÄÌÇÈÎÙÔÐ
I[ () I[ ()
∫ I[G*O∫I[G8O
∫G8 µ8!
ËÅе8!±Ä±ÎÈÒÄÆÓñÐÐÐÔ±ÒÝÔÐÐÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ
pÔÎÈÔËÎÏÈÑÐÓÒÈÇÓÔÆÈÏÏÐÈÓÍÈÇÓÔÆËÈËÊÓÆÐÌÓÔÆÄ
³ § ¦ ³ ´ ¤ ª § gÔÎÌ×ÖвÙÌÄIÐÉÒÓÉÓÞÇÐÅÌÐÕÉÓÌÓÖÉÏÅÌÐÉ
ÑÕÓÌÙÅÕÉÎßÐÅÐÅÌËÏÉÓÌÏÑÏÑÕ²ÓÞÕÑÏÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÉ*ÌÐÉÄÇ
ÎÄÉÕÔÄÕÑÊÈÉÔÕÇÉÐÐÞÏÐÖÎÉÏÕÑ∫I[G*!
qÓÐÒÇÆ ÇÊÊÎ×ÎÉÒÓÖ×à ÎÒ×ËÕÇÐÇ ÔÓ Ó×±Õß×ßÑ ÑÒÓ
ÌËÖ×ÉÇÑgÔÎÌ**P ¶ÌËÏÉÓÌÏÞÉ ÑÕ²ÓÞÕÞÉ ÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÅ
*Pµ*PP
` *P *
P
Å×ÖвÙÌÄIÌÐÕÉÓÌÓÖÉÕÐÅÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÉ*ÕÑ
OLP ∫ I[G[ ∫ I[G[
P→
*P *
Æ×ÐÇÃÛË× Æ ßÔÐ ±ÐÏÈÙÏÐÈ ÑбÒÝÔËÈ ÔÐ Æ ÓËÍÕ Æ±ÍàÙÈÏËÌ
ËÎÈÈÔÎÈÓÔÐƱÍàÙÈÏËÈ
VN*µ* P
jÊÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÄËƱÍàÙÈÏËÌ
VN*µ* P µ*Pµ*P!P
ËÎÈÈÎÑÒËP!P
µ*´εµVN*Pµ*PPµ*
ÔÐËÐÊÏÄÙÄÈÔÆÝÑÐÍÏÈÏËÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÄ
fбÄÉÈÎÔÈÑÈÒÞÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐvÕϱØËÃIÅÕÇÕÙËËÏ
ÔÈÒËÒÕÈÎÐÌ ÏÄ ÐÔ±ÒÝÔÐÎ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÈ * ÐÒÄÏËÙÈÏÄ ÓÎ ÔÈ
ÐÒÈÎÕÆÑ pÒÄÏËÙÈÏÏÐÓÔÞÖÕϱØËËIÏÄÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÈ*
ÐÊÏÄÙÄÈÔÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÐÆÄÏËÈÔıÐÌÑÐÓÔÐÃÏÏÐÌF!ÙÔÐÇÍÃÆÓÈ×
ÔÐÙȱ[∈*ÆÝÑÐÍÏÃÈÔÓÃÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐ_I[_PFqÐßÔÐÎÕ
qÒËßÔÐÎÑÐÓ±ÐÍÞ±ÕÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ*PËÊÎÈÒËÎÝÔÐÐÏËÐÒÄÏË
ÙÈÏÝ sÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐ ÐÒÄÏËÙÈÏÝ Ë Ë× ÊÄÎݱÄÏËà * P ±ÐÔÐ
ÒÝÈ ÃÆÍÃàÔÓà ÑÐßÔÐÎÕ ±ÐÎÑıÔÄÎË d ±ÄÙÈÓÔÆÈ ÔıË× ÎÏÐ
ÉÈÓÔÆ*PÎÐÉÏÐÆÊÃÔÞÏÄÑÒËÎÈÒÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ
*P VP*LQW
ÇÈ ±Ä± ÐÅÝÙÏÐ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐ VP* ÓÐÓÔÐËÔ ËÊ ±ÕÅÐÆ ÒÄÏÄ P
ÓÐÇÈÒÉÄÛË×ÓÃÆÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÈ*
qÒÐÆÈÒËÎ ÆÝÑÐÍÏÈÏËÈ ÕÓÍÐÆËÌ Ë
ÇÍÃ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆ sÆÐÌÓÔÆÐ Æ ßÔÐÎ ÓÍÕÙÄÈ ÆÝÑÐÍ
ÏÃÈÔÓÃÐÙÈÆËÇÏÝÎÐÅÒÄÊÐÎ
*P VP*LQW VP*LQW *P
`
fбÄÉÈÎÓÆÐÌÓÔÆÐÓÏÐÙÔÐËÊ
*P VP*LQW VP* *
`
ÓÍÈÇÕÈÔÙÔÐ
` *P *
`
P
sÇÒÕÐÌÓÔÐÒÐÏÝÇÍÃÍàÅÐÌÔÐÙ±Ë[∈ * Æ ÓËÍÕ ÐÔ±ÒÝÔÐÓÔË
ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ*ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔÈÈεбÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔÞ8[εε!ÓÐÇÈÒ
ÉÄÛÄÃÓÃÆ*8[ε *gÓÍËÒÄÏP±ÕÅÐÆÔıÐÆÙÔбÕÅ
`
Q
ßÔÐÐÒÄÏÄËÎÈÈÔÇËÄÎÈÔÒÎÈÏÞÚÈεÔÈ
P
εÔÐÆÓȱÕÅÝ
`
ÔÈÕÓÍÐÆËÈÔıÉÈÆÝÑÐÍÏÈÏÐ
i Ä Î È Ù Ä Ï Ë È qÐÃÓÏËÎ ÑÐÙÈÎÕ ÓÆÐÌÓÔÆÐ ÏÄÊÝ
ÆÄÈÔÓÃ ÑÐÍÏÐÌ ÄÇÇËÔËÆÏÐÓÔÞà ËÏÔÈÒÄÍÄ gÓÍË ÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄ
ÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞ ∫ I[G[ ÊÄÎÈÏËÔÞÒÃÇÐÎ
*P
∫ I[G[ P∑ ∫ I[G[
* *P?*P
ÇÍñÐÔÐÒÐÐßÔÄÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞ
ÏÐÓÔÞà ÙÄÓÔËÙÏÝ× ÓÕÎÎ ÔÐ ÖÐÒÎÕÍÕ ÎÐÉÏÐ ÊÄÑËÓÄÔÞ
Æ ÆËÇÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÄ
∫ I[G[ ∫ I[G[ P∑ ∫ I[G[* *`*P?*P
* * *P?*P
sÆÐÌÓÔÆÐËÏÔÈÒÄÍÄÑÐÓÕÎÎÈÓÙÈÔÏÐÌÓÐÆбÕÑÏÐÓÔËÏÈÑÈÒÈÓÈ
±ÄàÛË×ÓÃÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÅÝÔÞÒÄÆÏÝÎÓÕÎÎÈËÏÔÈÒÄÍÐÆÑÐßÔËÎ
ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄÎÏÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÓÃÑÐÍÏÐÌÄÇÇËÔËÆÏÐÓÔÞàËÏÔÈÒÄÍÄ
tËÓÕËÑÇ Ó ÖÕËÊÒËÑ gÔÎÌ ×ÖвÙÌÌ I Ì J ÌÐÕÉÓÌ
ÓÖÉÏÞ ÐÅ ÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÉ ( 5Q P P I [ P 0 [∈( Ì ×Öв
`
ÙÌÄ J[ ÐÉ ÏÉÐÄÉÕ ËÐŲ ÐÅ ( ÕÑ ÔÖÜÉÔÕÇÖÉÕ ÕŲÑÉ ÚÌÔ
ÎѵPPµP0ÚÕÑ
∫ I[J[G[ µ ∫ J[G[
( (
³ § ¦ ³ ´ ¤ ª § gÔÎÌ ÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÑ *µÑÆÎÅÔÕß ×ÖвÙÌÌ I Ì J
ÌÐÕÉÓÌÓÖÉÏÞIÐÉÒÓÉÓÞÇÐÅÅJÐÉÏÉÐÄÉÕËÐŲÐÅ*ÕÑÇ
ÑÆÎÅÔÕÌ*ÔÖÜÉÔÕÇÖÉÕÕŲÅÄÕÑÚ²ÅξÚÕÑ
∫ I[J[G[ Iξ ∫ J[G[
* *
sÆÐÌÓÔÆÐÇбÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÓÃÄÏÄÍÐËÙÏÐËÏÔÈÒÄÍÞÏÐÌÔÈÐÒÈ
ÎÈÐÓÒÈÇÏÈÎÇÍÃËÏÔÈÒÄÍÄÑÐÐÔÒÈʱÕËÏÈÔÒÈÅÕÈÔÑÒÈÇÑÐÍÐ
ÉÈÏËÃÐÅÐÒÄÏËÙÈÏÏÐÓÔËÒÄÓÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄÈÎÝ×ÖÕϱØËÌÔı±Ä±
ÐÓÏÐÆÄÏÐ ÍËÚÞ ÏÄ ËÏÔÈÒËÒÐÆÄÏËË ÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆ ÓÎ Ñ
d ÐÓÏÐÆÈ ÇбÄÊÄÔÈÍÞÓÔÆÄ ÓÍÈÇÓÔÆËà ÍÈÉËÔ ÔÄ ÉÈ ËÇÈà ÙÔÐ Ë Æ
ÐÇÏÐÎÈÒÏÐÎ ÓÍÕÙÄÈ ÐÇÏıРÐÏÐ ËÎÈÈÔ ÏȱÐÔÐÒÝÈ ÐÓÐÅÈÏÏÐÓÔË
ÑÐßÔÐÎÕÑÒËÆÈÇÈÎÈÐ
dÓËÍÕËÏÔÈÒËÒÕÈÎÐÓÔËÖÕϱØËËIÏÄÐÔ±ÒÝÔÐÎÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÈ
ÐÏÄÐÒÄÏËÙÈÏÄÔÈÐÒÈÎÄÑÐßÔÐÎÕÈÈÏËÉÏÃÃP LQI I[Ë
[∈*
ÆÈÒ×ÏÃÃ0 VXS I[ÒÄÏ˱ÐÏÈÙÏÝÏÄÐÅÍÄÓÔË*
[∈*
´PPI[P0[∈*
gÓÍËÙËÓÍеÆÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÈÕÇÐÆÍÈÔÆÐÒÃÈÔÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔ
ÆÕ P µ 0 ÔÐ ÓÐÍÄÓÏÐ ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËà ÏËÉÏÈÌ Ë ÆÈÒ×ÏÈÌ
ÒÄÏÈÌÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕàÔÔıËÈÔÐÙ±Ë[∈*Ë[∈*ÙÔÐ
I[µI[
pÔÓàÇÄÆÓËÍÕÍËÏÈÌÏÐÌÓÆÃÊÏÐÓÔËÐÅÍÄÓÔË*ËÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÓ
ÔËÏÄÏÈÌÖÕϱØËËIÏÄÌÇÈÔÓÃÔıÄÃÔÐÙ±Äξ∈*ÙÔÐIξ µ
ÓÎÑËÖÐÒÎÕÍÄÆßÔÐÎÓÍÕÙÄÈÇбÄÊÄÏÄ
qÕÓÔÞµ PËÍ˵ 0ÏÄÑÒËÎÈÒµ 0tÐÇÄËÊÒÄÆÈÏ
ÓÔÆÄÑÒ˵ 0ÓÍÈÇÕÈÔÙÔÐ
∫ 0´I[J[G[
*
gÓÍË ∫ J [ G[ ÔÐ ÏÄ ÐÓÏÐÆÄÏËË ÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÄ
*
ËÎÈÈÎ ∫ I [ J [ G[ Ë ÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐ ÖÐÒÎÕÍÄ
*
ÓÑÒÄÆÈÇÍËÆÄÑÒËÍàÅÐÎÆÝÅÐÒÈÔÐÙ±ËξÆÐÅÍÄÓÔË*
qÕÓÔÞ ∫ J[G[≠ÏÄÑÒËÎÈÒ
*
∫ J[G[!
*
vÕϱØËÃJÏÈÎÈÏÃÈÔÏÄ*ÓÆÐÌÊÏısÍÕÙÄÌJ[P[∈*
ÑÒÐÔËÆÐÒÈÙËÔÕÓÍÐÆËàqÐßÔÐÎÕÇÍÃÆÓÈ×ÔÐÙȱ[∈*
ÆÝÑÐÍÏÃÈÔÓÃÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐ
J[O
sÐÍÄÓÏÐ ÑÐÍÏÐÌ ÄÇÇËÔËÆÏÐÓÔË ËÏÔÈÒÄÍÄ ÑÐ ÐÔ±ÒÝÔÝÎ
ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄÎÓÎÓÆÐÌÓÔÆÐËÊÄÎÈÙÄÏËàËÊÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÄ
ÓÍÈÇÕÈÔ ÙÔÐ ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔ ÔıÐÈ ÐÔ±ÒÝÔÐÈ ËÊÎÈÒËÎÐÈ
ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐ*ÇÍñÐÔÐÒÐÐ* * *ËÆÝÑÐÍÏÃÈÔÓÃÏÈÒÄ
`
ÆÈÏÓÔÆÐ
∫ J[G[!
*
¬ÒÊÔÇÒÊÊÊÏÔÇÅÒÊÒÕÇÎÐÓÔÊ
ÖÕÏÌØÊ˲ÊÎÂÏÂʦÂÒÃÕÊÊ×ÓÍÇÆÓÔÄÊá
qÕÓÔÞ ÖÕϱØËà I ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏÄ Ë ÐÒÄÏËÙÈÏÄ ÏÄ ËÊÎÈÒËÎÐÎ ÑÐ
L L
hÐÒÇÄÏÕ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÈ ( τ { ( L } L τ ¶ ÈÐ ÒÄÊÅËÈÏËÈ PL
Lτ Lτ
LQII0L VXSIVτ ∑ PL µ(L6τ ∑ 0L µ(L ¶ÏËÉÏÃÃË
( (
L L L L
ÆÈÒ×ÏÃÃÓÕÎÎÝfÄÒÅÕÓÐÐÔÆÈÔÓÔÆÕàÛËÈÒÄÊÅËÈÏËàτqÐÍÐÉËÎ
,
VXSVτ,
LQI 6τ
τ τ
´ § ° ² § ® ¢ gÔÎÌ ×ÖвÙÌÄ I ÑÓÅÐÌÚÉÐÅ ÐÅ ÌËÏÉÓÌÏÑÏ
ÒÑhÑÓÈÅÐÖÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÉ(ÕÑ
,
OLP Vτ,
OLP 6τ.
τ → τ →
¦ Ð Ì Â É Â Ô Ç Í Þ Ó Ô Ä Ð uÓÔÄÏÐÆËÎÓÑÒÄÆÈÇÍËÆÐÓÔÞÑÈÒÆÐÌÖÐÒ
ÎÕÍÝ ÆÔÐÒÄà ÇбÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÓà ÄÏÄÍÐËÙÏÐ qÕÓÔÞ _I[_ P 0
[∈(Äε!ÊÄÇÄÏÐdÓËÍÕÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËÃÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔ
ÔıÐÈÒÄÊÅËÈÏËÈτ
^( L
`ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ(ÙÔÐ
Vτ
!,
´ε
L
τ
iÇÈÓÞVτ
∑ P L
µ ( L
P L
LQIIL Lτ
qÕÓÔÞ(µ
L
(L
ÐÅÜÈÇËÏÈÏËÈÒÄÏËØ∂( L
ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆ( L
Lτ
( L` ∂( L
qÐÓ±ÐÍÞ±Õ±ÄÉÇÐÈÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐ( L
ËÊÎÈÒËÎе∂( L
ÑÐßÔÐÎÕ
µ( sÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔÔıÐÌÒÄÏN NεÙÔÐ
ε
µ6N(
Q
0
L Lτ
qбÄÉÈÎÙÔÐÇÍÃÍàÅÐÐÒÄÊÅËÈÏËÃτ { ( L } L
ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔ
ÆÄ(ÎÈͱÐÓÔË_τ_´NÆÝÑÐÍÏÃÈÔÓÃÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐ
,
´εVτP,
dÓËÍÕÑÒÐËÊÆÐÍÞÏÐÓÔËε!ßÔÐËÐÊÏÄÙÄÈÔÙÔÐ OLP Vτ ,
τ →
oÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐVτP,
ÏÈÑÐÓÒÈÇÓÔÆÈÏÏÐÆÝÔȱÄÈÔËÊÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈ
ÏËÃ ÏËÉÏÈÐ ËÏÔÈÒÄÍÄ ,
ÓÎ qÐßÔÐÎÕ ÏÄÇÐ ÇбÄ
ÊÄÔÞÍËÚÞÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐ
Vτ!,
´ε
ÑÒËÕÓÍÐÆËË_τ_´N
qÕÓÔÞ6N 6N(ÓÐÓÔÐËÔËʱÕÅÐÆ4 4PbÏÄÍÐËÙÏÐ
ÔÐÎÕ ±Ä± ßÔÐ ÅÝÍÐ ÓÇÈÍÄÏÐ ÑÒË ÇбÄÊÄÔÈÍÞÓÔÆÈ ÔÈÐÒÈÎÝ
ÐÅÐÊÏÄÙËÎ ÙÈÒÈÊ 3M ±ÕÅ ÑÐÍÕÙÄàÛËÌÓÃ ËÊ 4M ÑÒÈÐÅÒÄÊÐÆÄÏË
ÈÎ ÑÐÇÐÅËÃ Ó ØÈÏÔÒÐÎ Æ ØÈÏÔÒÈ ±ÕÅÄ 4M Ë ±ÐßÖÖËØËÈÏÔÐÎ ÑÐ
ÇÐÅËÃÒÄÆÏÝÎM PqÐÍÐÉËÎ
P
3 L` 3M* (?3
jÊÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËÌÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆ3Ë*ÓÍÈÇÕÈÔÙÔÐÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐ*
ÐÔÇÈÍÈÏÐÐÔÎÏÐÐÒÄÏÏ˱Ä6N(«ÑÐÍÐÓÐ̬±ÕÅÐÆÓÒÈÅÒÄÎË
ÇÍËÏÝ ´N qÒÈÉÇÈ ÆÓÈÐ ÐØÈÏËÎ ÎÈÒÕ µ3 jÊ ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËÃ
ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ 3 ÓÎ Ë ÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÄ ËÎÈÈÎ ÓÒ
Ó
P P P
ε
µ3 µ L`3MP ∑ µ 3M Q ∑ µ4M Qµ 6N(
M M
0
fÄÍÈÈ ÊÄÎÈÔËÎ ÙÔÐ ÇÍà ÍàÅÐÐ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ $ µ ( Ó ÇËÄ
ÎÈÔÒÐÎ GLDP$ ´N ÑÈÒÈÓȱÄàÛËÎÓà ÓÐ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐÎ *
`
$ * ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔ Ë ÑÒËÔÐÎ ÈÇËÏÓÔÆÈÏÏÐÈ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐ
( L
∈τ
ÔıÐÈÙÔÐ
$µ( L
`
fÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÐÆÝÅÈÒÈαıÕàÍËÅÐÔÐÙ±Õ[∈$ *tı±Ä±
$µ(ÔÐ[∈(ËÑÐßÔÐÎÕÔÐÙ±Ä[ÓÐÇÈÒÉËÔÓÃÆÏȱÐÔÐÒÐÎßÍÈ
ÎÈÏÔÈ ( L
ÒÄÊÅËÈÏËÃ τ
fÍà ßÔÐÐ ßÍÈÎÈÏÔÄ Ë ÆÝÑÐÍÏÃÈÔÓÃ
ƱÍàÙÈÏËÈdÓÄÎÐÎÇÈÍÈÈÓÍËßÔÐƱÍàÙÈÏËÈÏÈËÎÈ
ÍÐ ÎÈÓÔÄ ÔÐ ÏÄÚÍÄÓÞ ÅÝ ÔÐÙ±Ä \∈$?( L
tı ±Ä± [∈$ \∈$ Ë
GDLP$´NÔÐρ[\´NsÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÐÔÒÈÊбӱÐÏ
ØÄÎË Æ ÔÐÙ±Ä× [ Ë \ ËÎÈà ÇÍËÏÕ ÎÈÏÞÚÕà ÙÈÎ ´N Ë ÐÇËÏ
±ÐÏÈØ [ ÆÐ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÈ * ÏÈ ÑÈÒÈÓȱÄÈÔÓà ÓÐ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐÎ
6N(Ôı±Ä±ÐÏÐÐÔÇÈÍÈÏÐÐÔ*ÑÐÍÐÓÐÌÚËÒËÏÝ´NpÇÏÄ
±Ð ËÊ ÔÐÐ ÙÔÐ ÐÇËÏ ±ÐÏÈØ ÐÔÒÈ汀 ÑÒËÏÄÇÍÈÉËÔ ÏȱÐÔÐÒÐÎÕ
ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÕÆÇÄÏÏÐÎÓÍÕÙÄÈÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÕ ( L
ÄÇÒÕÐÌÏÈÔÓÍÈ
ÇÕÈÔ ÓÎ ÍÈÎÎÕ Æ Ñ ÙÔÐ ÏÄ ßÔÐÎ ÐÔÒÈÊ±È ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔ
ÔÐÙ±Ä ]∈∂( L
oÐ ÓÎ ∂( L
µ ( µ 6N( Ô È
]∈6N( sÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐ Õ±ÄÊÄÏÏÝÌ ÐÔÒÈÊб ÑÈÒÈÓȱÄÈÔÓà ÓÐ
ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐÎ 6N( qÐÍÕÙÈÏÏÐÈ ÑÒÐÔËÆÐÒÈÙËÈ Ë ÇбÄÊÝÆÄÈÔ
ÆÍÐÉÈÏËÈ
fбÄÉÈÎÈÇËÏÓÔÆÈÏÏÐÓÔÞÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ ( L
ÕÇÐÆÍÈÔÆÐÒÃàÛÈ
ÐƱÍàÙÈÏËàqÕÓÔÞÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔÈÛÈÐÇÏÐÎÏÐÉÈÓÔ
ÆÐ ( N
∈τ
ÔıÐÈ ÙÔÐ $ µ ( N
N L tÐÇÄ $ µ ( L
( N
gÓÍË
`
`
ÑÈÒÈÓÈÙÈÏËÈ ( L
( N
ÓÐÇÈÒÉÄÍÐ ÅÝ ×ÐÔÞ ÐÇÏÕ ÔÐÙ±Õ ÃÆÍÃà
ÛÕàÓÃ ÐÇÏÐÆÒÈÎÈÏÏÐ ÆÏÕÔÒÈÏÏÈÌ ÇÍÃ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆ ( L
Ë ( N
ÔÐ
`
ßÔÄ ÔÐÙ±Ä ÅÝÍÄ ÅÝ ÆÏÕÔÒÈÏÏÈÌ Ë ÇÍà ÑÈÒÈÓÈÙÈÏËà (
( N
Ä
ÔÐÇÄ ËÎÈÍÐ ÅÝ ÎÈÓÔÐ ÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐ µ( L
( N
! ÔÐ ÏÈÒÄ
`
ÆÈÏÓÔÆÐÑÒÐÔËÆÐÒÈÙËÔÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËàÒÄÊÅËÈÏËÃÓÎÑ Æ
ÓËÍÕ ±ÐÔÐÒÐÐ µ(( L
( N
ÑÒË L N sÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐ ±ÄÉ
`
`
ÇÄÃÔÐÙ±ÄÑÈÒÈÓÈÙÈÏËà ( L
( N
ÑÐßÔÐÎÕ˱ÄÉÇÄÃÔÐÙ±ÄÎÏÐ
ÉÈÓÔÆÄ $ ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓà ÒÄÏËÙÏÐÌ ÔÐÙ±ÐÌ ÑÐ ±ÒÄÌÏÈÌ ÎÈÒÈ ÇÍÃ
Lτ
ÐÇÏÐÐ ËÊ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆ ( L
( N
oÐ ÔÐÇÄ $ µ L`∂( L
( µ
µ6N(ÔÐÏÈÆÐÊÎÐÉÏÐÔı±Ä±ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐ$ÑÈÒÈÓȱÄÈÔÓÃ
ÓÐÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐÎ *±ÐÔÐÒÐÈÏÈÑÈÒÈÓȱÄÈÔÓÃÓ6N(qÒÐÔËÆÐ
ÒÈÙËÈ ÑÐÍÕÙËÍÐÓÞ ËÊ ÑÒÈÇÑÐÍÐÉÈÏËÃ Ð ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÐÆÄÏËË ÆÔÐÒÐ
ÐßÍÈÎÈÏÔÄ ( N
ËÊτ
ÓÐÇÈÒÉÄÛÈÐÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐ$sÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞ
ÏÐÔıÐÌßÍÈÎÈÏÔÈÇËÏÓÔÆÈÏ
M M
dÐÊÞÎÈÎ ÔÈÑÈÒÞ ÑÒÐËÊÆÐÍÞÏÐÈ ÒÄÊÅËÈÏËÈ τ { ( M } M τ ÎÏÐ
ÉÈÓÔÆÄ(ÎÈͱÐÓÔË_τ_´NoËÉÏààÓÕÎÎÕfÄÒÅÕ
Mτ
Vτ ∑ PMµ(MPM LQI I[M Mτ
M
[∈( M
ÒÄÊÐÅÞÈÎÏÄÇÆÄÓÍÄÄÈÎÝ×ÓÐÐÔÆÈÔÓÔÆÕàÛË×ÔÈÎ(M±ÐÔÐÒÝÈ
ÑÈÒÈÓȱÄàÔÓÃÓÐÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐÎ*ËÔÈαÐÔÐÒÝÈÓÏËÎÏÈÑÈÒÈ
ÓȱÄàÔÓÃ Ë ÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐ ØÈÍ˱ÐÎ ÍÈÉÄÔ Æ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÈ 3
ÓÎ
Vτ ∑ PM µ(M ∑ PM µ(M
`
( M * ≠ (M ⊂ 3
jÓÑÐÍÞÊÐÆÄÆÐÙÈÆËÇÏÐÈÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐ
_PM_P0M Mτ
ÇÈ_I[_P0[∈(ËÐØÈϱÕÑÐÍÕÙËÎ
ε ε
∑ PM µ(M P ∑ _PM _µ(MP0 ∑ µ(MP0µ30
0
(M ⊂ 3 (M ⊂ 3 (M ⊂ 3
tÈÑÈÒÞÊÄÎÈÔËÎÙÔÐGLDP (MP_τ_´NÑÐßÔÐÎÕÇÍñÄÉ
ÇÐÐ (M ÑÈÒÈÓȱÄàÛÈÐÓà ÓÐ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐÎ * Æ ÓËÍÕ
ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔ ÔıÐÈ ( L
∈τ
ÙÔÐ (M µ ( L
pÅÐÊÏÄÙËÎ ÙÈÒÈÊ *L
ÐÅÜÈÇËÏÈÏËÈ ÆÓÈ× ÔÈ× (M ±ÐÔÐÒÝÈ ÑÈÒÈÓȱÄàÔÓÃ Ó * Ë ÓÐÇÈÒ
ÉÄÔÓÃÆ ( L
*L `
(M
( ⊂( M
` L
(M *≠ ∅
eÒÕÑÑËÒÕÃÆÓÕÎÎÈ ∑ PMµ(MÓÍÄÄÈÎÝÈÓÐÇÈÒÉÄÛËÈÓÃ
`
( M * ≠
ÆÐÇÏÐÎËÔÐÎÉÈÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÈ*LÊÄÑËÚÈÎÈÈÆÆËÇÈ
Lτ
fÍà ÐØÈÏ±Ë ÆÏÕÔÒÈÏÏÈÌ ÓÕÎÎÝ ÊÄÎÈÔËÎ ÙÔÐ ÇÍà ÍàÅÐÐ
L L τ
ÓÐÍÄÓÏÐÐÙÈÆËÇÏÐÎÕÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÕ
`
( L
( L
*L`( L
?*L *L`( L
?*L
ÆÔÐÒÐÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐÓÍÈÇÕÈÔËÊƱÍàÙÈÏËÃ*Lµ( L ËÎÈÈÎ
P L µ ( L P L µ*LP L µ( L ?*L
P L
µ ( ⊂
`* (MP L
µ( L
?*L P L
∑ µ(MP L
µ( L
?*L
M L
(M ⊂ *M
ÅÕÇÈÎËÎÈÔÞ
P L
µ ( L
P ∑ P L
µ(M0µ ( L
3
`
(M ⊂ *L
P L
µ( L
P ∑ PM µ(M0µ( L
3
`
(M ⊂ *L
ÐÔ±ÕÇÄ
∑ PM µ(MOP L
µ ( L
´0µ( L
3
`
(M ⊂ *L
qÒÐÓÕÎÎËÒÐÆÄÆ ÐÅÈ ÙÄÓÔË ÑÐL ÐÔ ÇÐ L τ
Æ ÓËÍÕ
ÅÕÇÈÎËÎÈÔÞ
L L
τ
τ
PM µ(MO ∑ P L
µ(M´0 ∑ µ ( L
3
`
`∑
( M * ≠ L L
L
τ
Vτ∗´0 ∑ µ ( L
3
`
L
qÐÓ±ÐÍÞ±ÕÓÐÍÄÓÏÐ
L L ∗
τ
ε
τ
∑ µ ( L
3 µL` ( L
3Pµ3
` `
L
0
ÔÐ
ε
∑ PMµ(M!Vτ
´
`
( M * ≠
f Ð Ó Ô Ä Ô Ð Ù Ï Ð Ó Ô Þ Õ Ó Í Ð Æ Ë Ã,
,
gÓÍË,
,
ÔÐ
ÆÓËÍÕÔÈÐÒÈÎÝ
OLP 6τ´Vτ OLP 6τ´ OLP Vτ ,
´,
τ → τ → τ →
ËÑÐßÔÐÎÕÓÐÍÄÓÏÐÔÈÐÒÈÎÈËÊÑ ÖÕϱØËÃIËÏÔÈÒË
ÒÕÈÎÄ
´ § ° ² § ® ¢ ÌÒÊÔÇÒÊË ²ÊÎÂÏ pÓÅÐÌÚÉÐÐÅÄ ÐÅ ÌËÏÉÓÌ
ÏÑÏ ÒÑhÑÓÈÅÐÖ ÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÉ(×ÖвÙÌÄ IÌÐÕÉÓÌÓÖÉÏÅ ÒÑ
rÌÏÅÐÖ ÕÑÈÅ Ì ÕÑÎß²Ñ ÕÑÈÅ ²ÑÈÅ ÈÎÄ ÎáÆÑÑ ε ! ÔÖ
ÜÉÔÕÇÖÉÕÕŲÑÉÓÅËÆÌÉÐÌÉτÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÅ(ÚÕÑ
6τ´Vτε
ÈÉVτÌ6τ¶ÐÌÊÐÄÄÌÇÉÓØÐÄÄÔÖÏÏÞfÅÓÆÖ×ÖвÙÌÌIÔÑ
ÑÕÇÉÕÔÕÇÖáÜÌÉÓÅËÆÌÉÐÌáτ
¦ Ð Ì Â É Â Ô Ç Í Þ Ó Ô Ä Ð gÓÍËÖÕϱØËÃIËÏÔÈÒËÒÕÈÎÄÏÄÎÏÐ
ÉÈÓÔÆÈ(ÔÐÇÍÃÏÈÈÆÝÑÐÍÏÃÈÔÓÃÕÓÍÐÆËÈÓÎÔÈÐÒÈÎÕ
Æ Ñ sÑÒÄÆÈÇÍËÆÐÓÔÞ ÓÍÈÇÕÈÔ ËÊ ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËÃ
ÑÒÈÇÈÍÄÑÒË_τ_{
gÓÍË ÏÄÐÅÐÒÐÔ ÆÝÑÐÍÏÃÈÔÓÃ ÕÓÍÐÆËÈ ÔÐ Æ ÓËÍÕ
ÑÒËÍàÅÐÎε!ÓÑÒÄÆÈÇÍËÆÐÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐP,
´,
ε,ËÑÐßÔÐÎÕ,
,
pÔÓàÇÄÓÐÍÄÓÏÐÔÈÐÒÈÎÈËÆÝÔȱÄ
ÈÔÙÔÐÖÕϱØËÃIËÏÔÈÒËÒÕÈÎÄÏÄÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÈ(
dÓÑÐÎËÏÄÃ ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËÈ ±ÒÄÔÏÐÐ ËÏÔÈÒÄÍÄ ÓÎ Ñ
ÔÈÐÒÈÎÕËÊÑ ËÔÈÐÒÈÎÝËÑÐÍÕÙËÎÇÍÃÐÒÄÏË
ÙÈÏÏÝ× ÖÕϱØËÌ ß±ÆËÆÄÍÈÏÔÏÐÓÔÞ ÓÍÈÇÕàÛË× ÑÃÔË ÕÔÆÈÒÉ
ÇÈÏËÌ
×ÖвÙÌÄ I ÌÐÕÉÓÌÓÖÉÏÅ ÐÅ ÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÉ ( Õ É ÔÖ
ÜÉÔÕÇÖÉÕ ÒÓÉÈÉÎ OLP στ ∫ I[G(
τ →
OLP 6τ´Vτ
τ →
Lτ
L Lτ
OLP ∑ ωI(Lµ(L τ { ( L } L
¶ÓÅËÆÌÉÐÌÉÏÐÑÊÉ
τ → L
ÔÕÇÅ(
ÈÎÄ ÎáÆÑÑ ε ! ÔÖÜÉÔÕÇÖÉÕ ÕŲÑÉ ÓÅËÆÌÉÐÌÉ τ ÏÐÑ
ÊÉÔÕÇÅ(ÚÕÑ6τ´Vτε
,
,
tıËÎÐÅÒÄÊÐÎÆÝÑÐÍÏÈÏËȱÄÉÇÐÐËÊßÔË×ÕÓÍÐÆËÌÒÄÆ
ÏÐÓËÍÞÏÐÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÐÆÄÏËàËÏÔÈÒÄÍÄ ∫ I[G(ÑÒËÙÈÎ
∫ I[G( τOLP
→
στ OLP Vτ OLP 6τ.
τ → τ →
i Ä Î È Ù Ä Ï Ë È fбÄÊÄÏÏÝÈ ÔÈÐÒÈÎÝ ÑÐÊÆÐÍÃàÔ ÔÈÑÈÒÞ
ÅÈÊ ÔÒÕÇÄ ÇбÄÊÄÔÞ ÄÇÇËÔËÆÏÐÓÔÞ ËÏÔÈÒÄÍÄ ÑÐ ËÊÎÈÒËÎÝÎ
ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄÎÇÍÃÐÒÄÏËÙÈÏÏÝ×ÖÕϱØËÌÓÎÑ ÓÆÐÌÓÔ
ÆÐ Æ ÓÍÈÇÕàÛÈÎ ÆËÇÈ ÉÔÎÌ ÑÓÅÐÌÚÉÐÐÅÄ ×ÖвÙÌÄ I ÌÐ
ÕÉÓÌÓÖÉÏÅ ÐÅ ÐÉÒÉÓÉÔɲÅáÜÌØÔÄ ÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÅØ ( Ì ( ÕÑ
ÑÐÅ ÌÐÕÉÓÌÓÖÉÏÅ Ì ÐÅ ÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÉ ( ( ` (
fÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÐ ÈÓÍË ÖÕϱØËà I ÐÒÄÏËÙÈÏÄ Ë ËÏÔÈÒËÒÕ
ÈÎÄÏÄÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ×(Ë(ÔÐÆÓËÍÕÔÈÐÒÈÎÝÇÍÃÍàÅÐ
Ð ε ! ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕàÔ ÒÄÊÅËÈÏËÃ τ Ë τ ÓÐÐÔÆÈÔÓÔÆÈÏÏÐ ÎÏÐ
ÉÈÓÔÆ(Ë(ÔıËÈÙÔÐ
6 τ ´V τ ε 6 τ ´V τ ε
qÐÓ±ÐÍÞ±Õ τ τ ` τ ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓà ÒÄÊÅËÈÏËÈÎ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ (
(`(ËÓÐÐÔÆÈÔÓÔÆÕàÛËÈÈÎÕÆÈÒ×ÏÃÃ6τËÏËÉÏÃÃVτÓÕÎ
ÎÝfÄÒÅÕÆÝÒÄÉÄàÔÓÃÙÈÒÈÊÄÏÄÍÐËÙÏÝÈÓÕÎÎÝfÄÒÅÕÓÐÐÔ
ÆÈÔÓÔÆÕàÛËÈÒÄÊÅËÈÏËÃÎτËτÑÐÖÐÒÎÕÍÄÎ6τ 6 τ 6 τ
Vτ V τ V τ ÔÐÆÝÙËÔÄÃËÊÑÈÒÆÐÐËÊßÔË×ÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÆÔÐÒÐÈ
ÑÐÍÕÙÄÈÎÆÓËÍÕ
6τ´Vτ 6 τ ´V τ 6 τ ´V τ ε
jÊÆÝÑÐÍÏÈÏËÃßÔÐÐÕÓÍÐÆËÃÓÍÈÇÕÈÔÓÏÐÆÄÓÐÍÄÓÏÐÔÈÐÒÈÎÈ
ÙÔÐÖÕϱØËÃIËÏÔÈÒËÒÕÈÎÄÏÄÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÈ(
i Ä Î È Ù Ä Ï Ë ÈlıÕÉÈÐÔÎÈÙÄÍÐÓÞÆÑ ÇÍÃÖÕϱ
ØËÌÐÇÏÐÌÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÐÌÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏÏÝ×ÏÄÐÔÒÈʱÄ×ÎÝÒÄÓÑÐ
ÍÄÄÈÎÇÆÕÎÃÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËÃÎËËÏÔÈÒÄÍÄÄËÎÈÏÏÐÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈ
ÏËÈÎ ÇÄÏÏÝÎ Æ Ñ ¶ Ó ÑÐÎÐÛÞà ÒÄÊÅËÈÏËÌ ÐÔÒÈʱÐÆ
ÔÐÍޱРÏÄ ÐÔÒÈÊ±Ë Ë ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËÈÎ ËÊ Ñ ¶ Ó ÑÐÎÐÛÞà
ÒÄÊÅËÈÏËÌÐÔÒÈʱÐÆÏÄÍàÅÝÈËÊÎÈÒËÎÝÈÑÐhÐÒÇÄÏÕÎÏÐÉÈ
ÓÔÆÄÔËÇÆÄÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËÃß±ÆËÆÄÍÈÏÔÏÝ
fбÄÉÈÎ ßÔÐ j ÑÒË ÑÈÒÆÐÎ Ë ÆÔÐÒÐÎ ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËË ÏÈÐÅ
×ÐÇËÎÝÎ ÕÓÍÐÆËÈÎ ËÏÔÈÒËÒÕÈÎÐÓÔË ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓà ÐÒÄÏËÙÈÏ
ÏÐÓÔÞÒÄÓÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄÈÎÐÌÖÕϱØËË ÓÎÔÈÐÒÈÎÕÆÑ ËÊÄ
ÎÈÙÄÏËÈ ± ÔÈÐÒÈÎÈ Æ Ñ ÐÔÒÈÊб ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓà ÊÄÎݱÄÏËÈÎ
ËÏÔÈÒÆÄÍÄ Ô È ÊÄÎݱÄÏËÈÎ ÐÔ±ÒÝÔÐÐ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ qÐßÔÐÎÕ
ÒÄÓÓÎÐÔÒËÎ ÐÒÄÏËÙÈÏÏÕà ÏÄ ÏȱÐÔÐÒÐÎ ÐÔÒÈÊ±È >D E@ ÖÕϱ
ØËàIqÕÓÔÞÇÍÃßÔÐÌÖÕϱØËËÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔËÏÔÈÒÄÍ
Lτ
, OLP ∑ IξLµ(L
τ → L
L L
ÆÓÎÝÓÍÈÑ Ô ÈÇÍÃÆÓÈÆÐÊÎÐÉÏÝ×ÒÄÊÅËÈÏËÌτ { ( L } L τ
ÐÔÒÈʱÄ>DE@ÏÄËÊÎÈÒËÎÝÈÑÐhÐÒÇÄÏÕÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ(LtÐÇÄ
ÈÓÍËÐÒÄÏËÙËÔÞÓÃÍËÚÞÙÄÓÔÞàÒÄÊÅËÈÏËÌτÇÍñÐÔÐÒÝ×ÆÓÈ
ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ(LÃÆÍÃàÔÓÃÐÔÒÈʱÄÎËÔÐÑÒË_τ_{ÑÒÈÇÈÍËÏÔÈ
Lτ
ÒÄÍÞÏÝ×ÓÕÎÎ ∑ IξLµ(LÑÐÕ±ÄÊÄÏÏÐÌÙÄÓÔËÒÄÊÅËÈÏËÌÔıÉÈ
L
ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔËÅÕÇÈÔÒÄÆÈÏÔÐÎÕÉÈÙËÓÍÕ,sÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÈÓ
ÍËÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔËÏÔÈÒÄÍÆÓÎÝÓÍÈÑ ÔÐÐÏÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔËÆ
ÓÎÝÓÍÈÑ
D
qÕÓÔÞÏÄÐÅÐÒÐÔÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔËÏÔÈÒÄÍ, ∫ I[G[ÆÓÎÝÓÍÈ
E
Ñ tÐÇÄÓÐÍÄÓÏÐÔÈÐÒÈÎÈËÊÑ OLP 6τ´Vτ
τ →
ÇÈ τ ¶ ÒÄÊÅËÈÏËÈ ÐÔÒÈ汀 >D E@ ÏÄ ÐÔÒÈÊ±Ë sÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐ
ÇÍÃÍàÅÐÐε!ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔÔıÐÈδ!ÙÔÐÇÍÃÆÓñÐÐÒÄÊ
ÅËÈÏËÃτÐÔÒÈʱÄ>DE@ÏÄÐÔÒÈʱËÇÍËÏÏÈÑÒÈÆÝÚÄàÛË× δ
ÓÑÒÄÆÈÇÍËÆÐ ÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐ 6τ ´ Vτ ε oÐ ÕÉÈ ËÊ ÔÐÐ ÙÔÐ ÓÕ
ÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔÑбÒÄÌÏÈÌÎÈÒÈÐÇÏÐÒÄÊÅËÈÏËÈτÇÍñÐÔÐÒÐÐÆÝ
ÑÐÍÏÃÈÔÓÃ ÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐ 6τ ´ Vτ ε ÓÍÈÇÕÈÔ ÓÐÍÄÓÏÐ ÔÈÐÒÈÎÈ
ßÔÐÐÑÕϱÔÄÙÔÐÖÕϱØËÃIËÏÔÈÒËÒÕÈÎÄÆÓÎÝÓÍÈÐÑÒÈ
ÇÈÍÈÏËÃÑ jÔıÐÅÄÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËÃËÏÔÈÒÄÍÄÑÐÐÔÒÈʱÕ
ÇÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÐß±ÆËÆÄÍÈÏÔÏÝ
bÏÄÍÐËÙÏÐÐÇÏÐÎÈÒÏÐÎÕÓÍÕÙÄàÇÍÃÖÕϱØËÌÎÏÐË×ÑÈ
ÒÈÎÈÏÏÝ× ÖÐÒÎÕÍËÒÕÈÔÓÃ Ë ÇбÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÓà ±ÒËÔÈÒËÌ ËÏÔÈÒË
ÒÕÈÎÐÓÔËÖÕϱØËËÆÔÈÒÎËÏÄ×ÐÑËÓÄÏËÃÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄÔÐÙȱÒÄÊ
ÒÝÆÄ ÖÕϱØËË ÏÄÊÝÆÄÈÎÝÌ ÔıÉÈ ²ÓÌÕÉÓÌÉÏ mÉÆÉÅ sÖÐÒ
ÎÕÍËÒÕÈÎÈÐ
nÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐÆQÎÈÒÏÐÎÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÈÏÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÓÃÎÏÐÉÈÓÔ
ÆÐÎQÎÈÒÏÐÌÍÈÅÈÐÆÐÌÎÈÒÝÏÕÍÞÈÓÍËÇÍÃÍàÅÐÐÊÄÇÄÏÏÐ
Ð ε ! ßÔÐ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐ ÎÐÉÏÐ ÑбÒÝÔÞ ÓËÓÔÈÎÐÌ ÐÔ±ÒÝÔÝ×
ÚÄÒÐÆÓÕÎÎÄÐÅÜÈÎÐƱÐÔÐÒÝ×ÎÈÏÞÚÈε
± Ò Ê Î Ç Ò Ý nÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐ ÉÐÒÇÄÏÐÆÄ ÎÈÒÄ ±ÐÔÐÒÐÐ ÒÄÆ
ÏÄÏÕÍàÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃËÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐÎÍÈÅÈÐÆÐÌÎÈÒÝÏÕÍÞ
dÓñÐÈÓÙÈÔÏÐÈÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐÎÍÈÅÈÐ
ÆÐÌÎÈÒÝÏÕÍÞ
nÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐÒÄØËÐÏÄÍÞÏÝ×ÙËÓÈÍÏÄÙËÓÍÐÆÐÌÑÒÃÎÐÌÃÆ
ÍÃÈÔÓÃÑÒËÎÈÒÐÎÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄÐÇÏÐÎÈÒÏÐÌÍÈÅÈÐÆÐÌÎÈÒÝÏÕÍÞ
±ÐÔÐÒÐÈ ÏÈ ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓà ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐÎ ÎÈÒÝ ÏÕÍÞ Æ ÓÎÝÓÍÈ ÎÈÒÝ
hÐÒÇÄÏÄ
´ § ° ² § ® ¢ ÌÒÊÔÇÒÊËÇÃÇÅÂfÎÄÕÑÑÚÕÑÆÞÑÓÅÐÌÚÉÐ
ÐÅÄ ×ÖвÙÌÄ ÆÞÎÅ ÌÐÕÉÓÌÓÖÉÏÅ ÒÑ rÌÏÅÐÖ ÐÅ ÌËÏÉÓÌÏÑÏ
ÒÑ hÑÓÈÅÐÖ ÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÉ ÐÉÑÆØÑÈÌÏÑ Ì ÈÑÔÕÅÕÑÚÐÑ ÚÕÑÆÞ
ÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÑÕÑÚɲÉÉÓÅËÓÞÇÅÆÞÎÑÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÑÏÎÉÆÉÑÇÑÍÏÉ
ÓÞÐÖÎß
fбÄÊÄÔÈÍÞÓÔÆÄ ±ÒËÔÈÒËà mÈÅÈÄ ÑÒËÆÐÇÃÔÓà ÑÐ ÔÐÌ ÉÈ
Ó×ÈÎÈÙÔÐËÆÐÇÏÐÎÈÒÏÐÎÓÍÕÙÄÈ
³ÄÇÆÇÏÊÇÌÒÂÔÏÐÅÐÊÏÔÇÅÒÂÍÂÌÑÐÄÔÐÒÏÐÎÕ
³ÄÇÆÇÏÊÇÆÄÐËÏÐÅÐÊÏÔÇÅÒÂÍÂÌÑÐÄÔÐÒÏÐÎÕ
qбÄÉÈÎ ÙÔÐ ËÏÔÈÒËÒÐÆÄÏËÈ ÖÕϱØËÌ ÎÏÐË× ÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÝ×
ÎÐÉÈÔ ÅÝÔÞ ÓÆÈÇÈÏÐ ± ÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÎÕ ËÏÔÈÒËÒÐÆÄÏËà
ÖÕϱØËÌÐÇÏÐÌÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÐÌoÄÙÏÈÎÓÔÐÐÙÔÐÐÑÒÈÇÈÍËÎÑÐ
ÏÃÔËÈÑÐÆÔÐÒÏÐÐËÏÔÈÒÄÍÄ
qÕÓÔÞÏÄÐÔÒÈʱÈ>DE@ÊÄÇÄÏÝÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÝÈÖÕϱØËËϕ[
Ëψ[ÔıËÈÙÔÐϕ[Pψ[DP[PEËÑÕÓÔÞÏÄÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÈ
ÒËÓ
( ^[\DP[PEϕ[P\Pψ[`
ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏÄÖÕϱØËÃI[\
gÓÍËÇÍÃÍàÅÐÐÖ˱ÓËÒÐÆÄÏÏÐÐ[∈>DE@ÖÕϱØËÃI[\
±Ä± ÖÕϱØËà ÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÐÐ \ ËÏÔÈÒËÒÕÈÎÄ ÏÄ ÐÔÒÈʱÈ
>ϕ[ ψ[@ Ô È ÑÒË ÍàÅÐÎ [∈>D E@ ÓÕ
ψ[ \
ÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔËÏÔÈÒÄÍ ∫ I[\G\ËÖÕϱØËÃ
ϕ[ ψ[
ψ[
)[ ∫ I[\G\ (
ϕ[
ËÏÔÈÒËÒÕÈÎÄÏÄÐÔÒÈʱÈ>DE@ÔÐËÏÔÈÒÄÍ ϕ[
E ψ[
∫ ∫ I[\G\ G[ D E [
D ϕ[ rËÓ
ÏÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÓÃÒÑÇÕÑÓÐÞÏÌÐÕÉÓÅÎÑÏËÐÅÐÊÏÄÙÄÈÔÓÃ
E ψ[
fбÄÊÄÔÈÍÞÓÔÆÕÔÈÐÒÈÎÝÑÒÈÇÑÐÚÍÈÎÓÍÈÇÕàÛÕàÍÈÎÎÕ
§ ® ® ¢ d ÒÓÉÈÒÑÎÑÊÉÐÌÄØ ÕÉÑÓÉÏÞ ×ÖвÙÌÄÐÉ
ÒÓÉÓÞÇÐÅÐÅÑÕÓÉ˲É>DE@
¦ Ð Ì Â É Â Ô Ç Í Þ Ó Ô Ä Ð Í Ç Î Î Ý qÒÈÉÇÈÆÓÈÐÊÄÎÈÔËÎÙÔÐËÏ
ÔÈÒÄÍ ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔ ÑÒË ÍàÅÐÎ [∈>D E@ fÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÐ
ÖÕϱØËÃI[\ÅÕÇÕÙËÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÌÑÐÓÐÆбÕÑÏÐÓÔËÑÈÒÈÎÈÏ
ÏÝ×[Ë\ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÄÑбÄÉÇÐÌËÊÏË×qÐßÔÐÎÕÕ±ÄÊÄÏÏÝÌ
ËÏÔÈÒÄÍÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈԱıËÏÔÈÒÄÍÐÔÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÌÑÐ\ÖÕϱ
ØËËÏÄÐÔÒÈʱÈ>ϕ[ψ[@
dÝÑÐÍÏËÆ Æ ßÔÐÎ ËÏÔÈÒÄÍÈ ÊÄÎÈÏÕ ÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÐÌ \ ÏÄ W ÑÐ
ÖÐÒÎÕÍÈ
\ ϕ[ψ[´ϕ[WPWP
ÑÐÍÕÙËÎ
)[ ∫ I[ϕ[ψ[´ϕ[Wψ[´ϕ[GW
qÐÍÐÉËÎ
J[W I[ϕ[ψ[´ϕ[Wψ[´ϕ[
qÐÓ±ÐÍÞ±ÕÖÕϱØËÃJ[WÑÐÍÕÙÄÈÔÓÃÓÑÐÎÐÛÞàÄÒËÖÎÈÔË
ÙÈÓ±Ë× ÐÑÈÒÄØËÌ Ë ±ÐÎÑÐÊËØËË ËÊ ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÝ× ÖÕϱØËÌ
I[ \ ϕ[ ψ[ Ë Æ ÓËÍÕ ÔÈÐÒÈÎÝ Ð ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÝ×
ÖÕϱØËÃ×ÓÎÑ ËÐÏÄÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÄÑÐÓÐÆбÕÑÏÐÓ
ÔËÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÝ×[WÏÄÑÒÃÎÐÕÐÍÞÏ˱È3 ^[WDP[PE
P W P ` tıËÎ ÐÅÒÄÊÐÎ ÇÍà ÖÕϱØËË )[ ÓÎ Æ
ÓËÍÕ ËÎÈÈÔ ÎÈÓÔÐ ÅÐÍÈÈ ÑÒÐÓÔÐÈ ÑÒÈÇÓÔÄÆÍÈÏËÈ )[
∫ J[WGWÅÐÍÈÈÑÒÐÓÔÐÈÆÔÐÎÓÎÝÓÍÈÙÔÐÆÏÈÎÑÐÓÔÐÃÏÏÝ
ÑÒÈÇÈÍÝËÏÔÈÒËÒÐÆÄÏËÃ
qÕÓÔÞ ÔÈÑÈÒÞ [∈>D E@ [ ∆[∈>D E@ pÅÐÊÏÄÙËÎ ÙÈÒÈÊ
ωδ J ÎÐÇÕÍÞ ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÓÔË ÓÎ Ñ ÖÕϱØËË J[ W
tÐÇÄ
_)[∆[´)[_ ∫ J[∆[WGW´∫ J[WGW P
P ∫ _J[∆[W´J[W_GWPω_∆[_J
vÕϱØËà J[ W ÅÕÇÕÙË ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÌ ÏÄ ÑÒÃÎÐÕÐÍÞÏË±È 3
ÃÆÍÃàÛÈÎÓà ÐÙÈÆËÇÏÐ ÐÒÄÏËÙÈÏÏÝÎ ÊÄαÏÕÔÝÎ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔ
ÆÐÎ ÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐ ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÄ ÏÄ ÏÈÎ ÑÐßÔÐÎÕ ÓÎ Ñ
OLP ωδJ pÔÓàÇÄÆÓËÍÕÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÄËÎÈÈÎ
δ →
OLP >)[∆[´)[@
∆[ →
ÙÔÐ Ë ÐÊÏÄÙÄÈÔ ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÓÔÞ ÖÕϱØËË )[ ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏÏÐÌ
ÖÐÒÎÕÍÐÌ
¦ Ð Ì Â É Â Ô Ç Í Þ Ó Ô Ä Ð Ô Ç Ð Ò Ç Î Ý qÒÈÉÇÈ ÆÓÈÐ ÊÄÎÈÔËÎ
ÙÔÐËÏÔÈÒÄÍÓÔÐÃÛËÌÆÑÒÄÆÐÌÙÄÓÔËÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÄÔ È
E E ψ[
ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃËÏÔÈÒÄÍÐÎÐÔÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÌÖÕϱØËËÓÎÍÈÎÎÕË
ÑÐßÔÐÎÕÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔ
fÍà ÇбÄÊÄÔÈÍÞÓÔÆÄ ÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÄ ÒÄÊÐÅÞÈÎ ÐÔÒÈÊб
>DE@ÏÄNÒÄÆÏÝ×ÐÔÒÈʱÐÆÔÐÙ±ÄÎË
[L DE
µD
LL N
N
NÖ˱ÓËÒÐÆÄÏÐËÒÄÓÓÎÐÔÒËÎÖÕϱØËË
ϕ[ ϕ[
ϕ[ ϕ[ ψ [ µ ϕ[
N
ϕM[ ϕ[ ψ [ µ ϕ[
M
N
ϕN[ ϕ[ ψ [ µ ϕ[
N ψ[
N
DP[PE
ÒËÓ pÙÈÆËÇÏÐËÊÖÐÒÎÕÍÓÍÈÇÕÈÔÙÔÐ
ψ[ µ ϕ[
ϕM[ ϕM´[
M N
N
qÐÍÐÉËÎ
jÎÈÈÎ
_[′´[_ P E
µD
N
_\′´\_P_\′´ϕM[′__ϕM[′´ϕM[__ϕM[´\_ P
ωLϕPω E
µD
ϕ ωLϕPω E
µD
ϕ
N N
Ôı±Ä±[ ´[ E µ D
L L´
N
ÑÐßÔÐÎÕ
ωLϕM P ω E
µD
ϕ ω E
µD
ψ
N N
jÊÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÄËÓÍÈÇÕÈÔÐØÈϱÄ
_\′´\_PF
EµD
EµD
ω ϕ ω ψ
N N N
tÈÑÈÒÞÎÐÉÏÐÐØÈÏËÔÞÒÄÓÓÔÐÃÏËÈ
ρ[′\′[\ ( [′ µ [ ) ( \′ µ \ ) P_[′´[__\′´\_ P
EµD F EµD EµD
P ω ϕ ω ψ
N N N N
pÔÓàÇÄ
GLDP ( LM( N ) VXS ρ[′\′[\P
( [\ ), ( [′\′ ) ∈ ( LM
(N)
µ D F
PE ω E
µD
ϕ ω E
µD
ψ LM N
N N N N
qÐÓ±ÐÍÞ±Õ ÖÕϱØËË ϕ Ë ψ ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÝ ÏÄ ÐÔÒÈÊ±È >D E@
ÐÏËËÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÝÏÄÏÈÎÑÐßÔÐÎÕÓÎÔÈÐÒÈÎÕ
ÆÑ
OLP ω E
µD
ϕ OLP ω E
µD
ψ
NN→ N→ N
iÄÇÄÇËÎ ÔÈÑÈÒÞ ÑÒÐËÊÆÐÍÞÏÐ ε ! fÍÃ ÏÈÐ ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔ
ÔıÐÈ ÏÄÔÕÒÄÍÞÏÐÈ ÙËÓÍÐ N ÙÔÐ ÇÍà ÆÓÈ× ÏÐÎÈÒÐÆ N ! N ÆÝ
ÑÐÍÏÃàÔÓÃÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÄ
E µ D ε F ε EµD EµD ε
ω ϕ ω ψ
N N N N
Ë ÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐ ËÊ ÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆ Ë ÓÍÈÇÕÈÔ ÙÔÐ
ÇÍÃÆÓÈ×ÏÐÎÈÒÐÆN!NËÆÓÈ×LM NËÎÈÈÔÎÈÓÔÐÐØÈÏ
(N) (N)
±ÄGLDP ( LM εÄÔı±Ä±ÓÎÑ _τN_ PD[GLDP ( LM
LM
ÔÐÑÒËÆÓÈ×Õ±ÄÊÄÏÏÝ×NËÎÈàÔÎÈÓÔÐÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÄ_τN_εÔÐË
ÐÊÏÄÙÄÈÔÆÝÑÐÍÏÈÏËÈÕÓÍÐÆËÃtÈÑÈÒÞËÎÈÈÎ
E ψ[ [L ψ[
N
∫ G[ ∫ I[\G\ L ∑ ∫ G[ ∫ I[\G\ [Lµ
D ϕ[ ϕ[
[L ϕM[ [L ϕM[
N N N N
∑ ∫ G[ M ∑ ∫ I[\G\
L [
∑ ∑ ∫ G[ ∫ I[\G\
L M [
Lµ ϕMµ[ Lµ ϕMµ[
qÐÍÐÉËÎ
PLM LQI
(
I[\Ë0LM VXSI[\LM N
LM (
LM
iÄÎÈÔËÆÙÔÐÓÎÑ
[L
µ(LM ∫ >ϕM[´ϕM´[@G[
[Lµ
ÑÐÍÕÙËÎ
[L ϕM[ [L ϕM[
ËÄÏÄÍÐËÙÏÐ
[L ϕM[
N N
P ∑ ∑ 0LM µ(LM 6τ
L M N
qÐßÔÐÎÕ ÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞ ÎÈͱÐÓÔÈÌ _τN_ ÒÄÊÅËÈÏËÌ τN
^( LM( N )`ÓÔÒÈÎËÔÓñÏÕÍà OLP _τN_
N→
fÄÍÈÈÒÄÓÓÕÉÇÄÃÔıÉȱıËÑÒËÇбÄÊÄÔÈÍÞÓÔÆÈÔÈÐÒÈ
ÎÝÑÐÍÕÙËÎ
E G
ÄÔı±Ä±ÖÕϱØËÃIÒÄÆÏÄÏÕÍàÆÏÈÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ(ÔÐÆÓËÍÕ
ÄÇÇËÄÔËÆÏÐÓÔËËÏÔÈÒÄÍÄÑÐÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄÎßÔÄÖÐÒÎÕÍÄÒÄÆÏÐ
ÓËÍÞÏÄÖÐÒÎÕÍÈ
G
iÄÎÈÔËÎ ÍËÚÞ ÙÔÐ ÆÓÈ ËÏÔÈÒÄÍÝ ∫ I[ \G\ ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕàÔ
F
Ôı ±Ä± ÑÒË ÍàÅÐÎ Ö˱ÓËÒÐÆÄÏÏÐÎ [∈>D E@ ÖÕϱØËà I[ \
±Ä±ÖÕϱØËÃÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÐÐ\ËÎÈÈÔÏÈÅÐÍÈÈÇÆÕ×ÔÐÙȱÒÄÊÒÝ
ÆÄ Ä ËÎÈÏÏÐ ÏÄ ÑÈÒÈÓÈÙÈÏËË ÐÔÒÈ汀 ÑÐ ±ÐÔÐÒÐÎÕ ÑÒÐËÊÆÐ
ÇËÔÓÃ ËÏÔÈÒËÒÐÆÄÏËÈ Ó ÒÄÏËØÈÌ ∂( sÕÛÈÓÔÆÐÆÄÏËÈ ÉÈ ÑÐ
ÆÔÐÒÏÐÐ ËÏÔÈÒÄÍÄ ÓÍÈÇÕÈÔ ±Ä± Ë ÆÝÚÈ ËÊ ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÓÔË
ÖÕϱØËË
gÓÍË ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐ ( ÔıÐÆÐ ÙÔÐ ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕàÔ ÔıËÈ ÏÈÑÒÈ
ÒÝÆÏÝÈÖÕϱØËËα\Ëβ\α\Pβ\FP\PGÙÔÐ
( ^[\FP\PGα\P[Pβ\`
Ä ÖÕϱØËà I[ \ ±Ä± Ë ÒÄÏÞÚÈ ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÄ ÏÄ ( ÔÐ Æ ÓË
ÍÕ ÒÄÆÏÐÑÒÄÆËà ÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÝ× [ Ë \ ËÊ ÔÈÐÒÈÎÝ ÓÍÈÇÕÈÔ
ÙÔÐ
G β\
\ \ *
\
*
[ *
\
´ [ [
rËÓ rËÓ
∫∫ [ ∫ ∫
\
\G[G\ [G[ \G\
∫ [G[ ∫ ¶[[G[
´
* ´ [ ´ [
gÓÍËÔÒÈÅÕÈÔÓÃÆÝÙËÓÍËÔÞÇÆÐÌÏÐÌËÏÔÈÒÄÍÑÐÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÕ
±ÐÔÐÒÐÈ ÏÈÍÞÊà ÊÄÇÄÔÞ Æ ÆËÇÈ ËÍË ÔÐ ÇÍà ÔÐÐ
ÙÔÐÅÝ ËÓÑÐÍÞÊÐÆÄÔÞ ÑÐÍÕÙÈÏÏÝÈ ÖÐÒÎÕÍÝ ÏÄÇÐ ÑÐÑÝÔÄÔÞÓÃ
ÒÄÊÅËÔÞ ÇÄÏÏÐÈ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐ ÏÄ ÙÄÓÔË ±ÄÉÇÄà ËÊ ±ÐÔÐÒÝ× ÅÕÇÈÔ
ÕÉÈËÎÈÔÞÆËÇËÍËÒËÓ gÓÍËßÔÐÕÇÄÓÔÓÃÓÇÈ
ÍÄÔÞ ÔÐ Æ ÓËÍÕ ÄÇÇËÔËÆÏÐÓÔË ËÏÔÈÒÄÍÄ ÑÐ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄÎ ÓÎ
Ñ ÆÝÙËÓÍÈÏËÈÇÄÏÏÐÐËÏÔÈÒÄÍÄÓÆÈÇÈÔÓñÆÝÙËÓÍÈÏËà
ËÏÔÈÒÄÍÐÆÑÐÕ±ÄÊÄÏÏÝÎÙÄÓÔÃÎÄÑÐÓÍÈÇÏËÈÓÑÐÎÐÛÞàÖÐÒ
ÎÕÍËÎÐÕÔÅÝÔÞÓÆÈÇÈÏݱÐÇÏбÒÄÔÏÝÎ
uqrbhogojgfбÄÊÄÔÞÖÐÒÎÕÍÕfËÒË×ÍÈ
E [ E E
°ÃÐÃÛÇÏÊÇÏÂQÎÇÒÏÝËÓÍÕÙÂË
rÄÓÓÎÐÔÒËÎ ÓÏÄÙÄÍÄ ÔÒÈ×ÎÈÒÏÝÌ ÓÍÕÙÄÌ qÕÓÔÞ ( µ 5 Ë
ÖÕϱØËÃI[\]ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏÄÏÄ(pÅÐÊÏÄÙËÎÙÈÒÈÊ([\ÑÒÐ
ȱØËà ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ ( ÏÄ ±ÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔÏÕà
ÑÍÐÓ±ÐÓÔÞ ÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÝ× [ Ë \ ÒËÓ ] ψ[\
([\ ^[ \ ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔ ÔıÐÈ ] ÙÔÐ
[\]∈(`
gÓÍËÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐ(ËÎÈÈÔÆËÇ (
ÄÖÕϱØËÃI[\]ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÄÏÄËÓ×ÐÇÏÐÎÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÈ(ÔÐ
ÓÑÒÄÆÈÇÍËÆÄÖÐÒÎÕÍÄÄÏÄÍÐËÙÏÄÃÖÐÒÎÕÍÈ
E ψ[ ψ1[\
pÅÜÈÇËÏËÆÆÑÒÄÆÐÌÙÄÓÔËÇÆÄÆÏÈÚÏË×ËÏÔÈÒÄÍÄÎÐÉÏÐÑÈ
ÒÈÑËÓÄÔÞÆÆËÇÈ
ψ1[\
∫ ∫ ∫ I[\]G[G\G] ∫ ∫ G[G\ ∫ I[\]G]
( ( [\ ϕ1([\)
\
ÑÐÍÕÐÓÃÎË D Ë E ÑÐßÔÐÎÕ ÓÎ ÑÒËÎÈÒ Æ
E
Ñ µ(] πDEÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐ
D
K
[
µ( πDE∫ G] πDEK
rËÓ
bÏÄÍÐËÙÏÐ ÔÒÈ×ÎÈÒÏÐÎÕ ÓÍÕÙÄà ±ÒÄÔÏÝÈ ËÏÔÈÒÄÍÝ ÐÔ
ÖÕϱØËÌ ÍàÅÐÐ ÙËÓÍÄ ÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÝ× Q ! ÎÐÉÏÐ ÓÆÈÓÔË ±
ÑÐÆÔÐÒÏÝÎ ËÏÔÈÒÄÍÄÎ qÕÓÔÞ 5Q ¶ QÎÈÒÏÐÈ ÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÐ
5Qµ ¶ËÑÈÒÑÍÐÓ±ÐÓÔÞ[Q (µ5Q ( [ [ ¶ÑÒÐȱØËÃ
Qµ
ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ(ÏÄËÑÈÒÑÍÐÓ±ÐÓÔÞÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÝ×[[QµÔ È
( [ ^[[Qµ[Q[ [Qµ[Q∈(`
[ Q µ
] tıËÎ ÐÅÒÄÊÐÎ Æ ÒÄÓÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄÈÎÐÎ
ÓÍÕÙÄÈ ËÏÔÈÒËÒÐÆÄÏËÈ ÖÕϱØËË ÐÔ Q
ÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÝ× ÓÆÐÇËÔÓà ± ÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞ
ÏÐÎÕ ËÏÔÈÒËÒÐÆÄÏËà Q ÒÄÊ ÖÕϱØËÌ
ÐÇÏÐÌÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÐÌ
[ pÅÐÊÏÄÙËÎ ÔÈÑÈÒÞ ÙÈÒÈÊ ( [ [
P
ÑÒÐȱØËà ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ ( Æ ÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÐ
5 [P [ Ä ÙÈÒÈÊ ([ [P ¶ ÓÈÙÈ
P
] ÏËÈÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ(ËÑÈÒÑÍÐÓ±ÐÓÔÃÎËÒÄÊ
rËÓ ÎÈÒÏÐÓÔË Q ´ P ÑÒÐ×ÐÇÃÛËÎË ÙÈÒÈÊ
ÔÐÙ±Õ[[PËÐÒÔÐÐÏÄÍÞ
ÏÝÎË ÑÐÇÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÕ 5 [P [ pÅÜÈÇËÏËÆ Æ ÖÐÒÎÕÍÈ
P
PÑÈÒÆÝ×ËQ´PÑÐÓÍÈÇÏË×ËÏÔÈÒËÒÐÆÄÏËÌÅÕÇÈÎËÎÈÔÞ
QÒÄÊ
gÓÍË I[ [Q ÏÄ ( ÔÐ ËÊ ßÔÐÌ ÖÐÒÎÕÍÝ ÄÏÄÍÐËÙÏÐ
ÑÐÍÕÙËÎ
µ( ∫ ∫ µ([ [PG[G[P
( [ [
P
°ÃÐÃÛÇÏÏÐÇÊÏÔÇÅÒÂÍÞÏÐÇ
ÏÇÒÂÄÇÏÓÔÄЮÊÏÌÐÄÓÌÐÅÐ
qÕÓÔÞÖÕϱØËÃI[\ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÄÏÄÑÒÃÎÐÕÐÍÞÏ˱È∆
^[\ D P [PEF P \PG`tÐÇÄÐÏÄ ÐÙÈÆËÇÏÐ ÑÒËÍà
ÅÐÎÖ˱ÓËÒÐÆÄÏÏÐÎ\∈>FG@ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÄÑÐ[ÏÄÐÔÒÈʱÈ>DE@
ËÑÒËÍàÅÐÎÖ˱ÓËÒÐÆÄÏÏÐÎ[∈>DE@ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÄÑÐ\ÏÄÐÔ
ÒÈʱÈ>FG@
fÍà ÍàÅÐÐ S ! ÓÑÒÄÆÈÇÍËÆÐ ÑÆÑÆÜÉÐÐÑÉ ÐÉÓÅÇÉÐÔÕÇÑ
nÌвÑÇÔ²ÑÑ
G E S
S E G S
∫ ∫∫ _I[\_G[ G\ P∫ G[ ∫ _I[\_SG\
F D D F
qÐÍÐÉËÎ
E
)\ ∫ _I[\_G[
D
E G S G T
P∫ ∫ _I[\_SG\ ∫)
TSµ\G\ G[
D DF D
F
qÐÇÓÔÄÆÍÃÃ Æ ßÔÐ ÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐ ÑÐÍÕÙÄÈÎ ÏÈÒÄÆÈÏ
ÓÔÆÐ uÓÍÐÆËÈ ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÓÔË ÖÕϱØËË I ÏÈ ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃ
ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÈÏÏÝÎ ÇÍÃ ÓÑÒÄÆÈÇÍËÆÐÓÔË ÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÄ Ë ÎÐ
ÉÈÔÅÝÔÞÐÓÍÄÅÍÈÏÐfÍÃÑÒÐÓÔÐÔÝÇбÄÊÄÔÈÍÞÓÔÆÄƱÄÙÈÓÔÆÈ
ÐÅÍÄÓÔË ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËà ÖÕϱØËË I ÅÝÍ ÆÊÃÔ ÑÒÃÎÐÕÐÍÞÏ˱
qÒËÅÐÍÈÈÐÅÛË×ÑÒÈÇÑÐÍÐÉÈÏËÃ×ÇбÄÊÄÔÈÍÞÓÔÆÐÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔ
ÆÄ nËϱÐÆÓ±ÐÐ ÐÓÏÐÆÄÏÏÐÈ ÏÄ ÔÐÌ ÉÈ ËÇÈÈ ÎÐÉÏÐ ÏÄÌÔË Æ
ÎÐÏÐÒÄÖËË wÅÓÈÌ e e mÌÕÕÎßÇÖÈÅ f g qÑÎÌÅ e oÈÒÄ
ÆÈÏÓÔÆÄn sµ
°ÃÜÇÎQÎÇÒÏÐÅÐÚÂÒÂ
nÈÔÐÇÐÎ ÓÆÈÇÈÏËÃ ±ÒÄÔÏÐÐ ËÏÔÈÒÄÍÄ ± ÑÐÆÔÐÒÏÐÎÕ ËÏÐÇÄ
ÕÇÄÈÔÓÃÆÝÙËÓÍËÔÞÊÏÄÙÈÏËȱÒÄÔ±ÐÐËÏÔÈÒÄÍÄqÐÃÓÏËÎßÔÐ
ÏÄÑÒËÎÈÒÈÑÐÍÕÙÈÏËÃÖÐÒÎÕÍÝÇÍÃÆÈÍËÙËÏÝÐÅÜÈÎÄQÎÈÒ
ÏÐÐÚÄÒÄÒÄÇËÕÓÄUqÕÓÔÞ
9 UQ ^[[ [ [ QPU`
¶QÎÈÒÏÝÌÚÄÒÒÄÇËÕÓÄUÓØÈÏÔÒÐÎÆÏÄÙÄÍȱÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔ
dÓÍÕÙÄÈÑÍÐÓ±ÐÓÔËQ ËÊÆÈÓÔÏÐÙÔÐ
U
µ 9 U ∫ ∫ G[G\ ∫ U µ [ G[ πU
[ \ P U µU
pÔÓàÇÄÎÐÉÏÐÏÄÌÔËÐÅÜÈÎÔÒÈ×ÎÈÒÏÐÐÚÄÒÄÓÍÈÇÕàÛËÎÐÅ
ÒÄÊÐÎ
U U
µ 9 U ∫ µ9 G] π∫ U´]G] U
U µ ]
qÒËÎÈÏËÎßÔÐÔÎÈÔÐÇÇÍÃÆÝÙËÓÍÈÏËÃÐÅÜÈÎĵQ 9 UQ ÚÄÒÄ 9 UQ
ÑÒËÑÒÐËÊÆÐÍÞÏÐÎQ ÑÒÈÇÑÐÍÄÄÃÙÔÐ
µQµ9 UQ µ χQµUQµ
ÇÈχQµ ¶ÏȱÐÔÐÒÄñÐÏÓÔÄÏÔÄ χ πχ π jÎÈÈÎ
µ9 UQ ∫ ∫ ∫ G[G[G[Q
[ [ [ Q P U
U
∫ G[ ∫ ∫ ∫ G[G[G[Q
[ [ [ Q P U µ [
U U
∫ µQµ 9 Q µ G[ χQµ ∫ U ¶ [ ) ( Q µ )G[
U µ [ [ UFRVW
π/ π/
χQµUQ ∫ VLQQWGW χQUQχQ χQµ ∫ VLQQWGW
[ UFRVW
qÐÍÕÙËÆÚËÌÓÃËÏÔÈÒÄÍÅÝÍÆÝÙËÓÍÈÏÒÄÏÞÚÈÓÎÑÒËÎÈÒ
Ñ ÆÔÐÔ±ÕÇÄ
χQµ (
Q µ ) π
ÑÒËQÙÈÔÏÐÎ
Q
χQ
χQµ (
Q µ )
ÑÒËQÏÈÙÈÔÏÐÎ
Q
tıËÎÐÅÒÄÊÐÎÇÍñÐßÖÖËØËÈÏÔÐÆχQÑÐÍÕÙÈÏÄÒȱÕÒÒÈÏÔ
ÏÄÃ ÖÐÒÎÕÍÄ qÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐ ÈÈ ÑÒËÎÈÏÃÃ ÑÐÍÕÙËÎ ÑÒË
Q ÐÙÈÆËÇÏе 9 U UÑÐßÔÐÎÕχ
χP π ( π )
P P
χP
P
P ( P )
¯ÇÉÂÄÊÓÊÎÐÓÔÞÎÇÒÝ
ÐÔÄÝÃÐÒÂÓÊÓÔÇÎÝÌÐÐÒÆÊÏÂÔ
qÒË ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËË ÎÈÒÝ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ Æ Ñ ÐÓÔÄÍÓÃ ÏÈÆÝÃÓ
ÏÈÏÏÝÎÆÐÑÒÐÓÐÏÈÊÄÆËÓËÎÐÓÔËÎÈÒÝ ÐÔÆÝÅÐÒÄÓËÓÔÈÎÝ ±Ð
ÐÒÇËÏÄÔ nÈÒÄ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆ ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÃÈÔÓÃ ÑÐÓÒÈÇÓÔÆÐÎ ÎÏÐÐ
ÒÄÏÏ˱ÐÆ ÓÐÓÔÐÃÛË×ËÊ ±ÕÅÐÆ ÒÈÅÒÄ ±ÐÔÐÒÝ× ÑÄÒÄÍÍÈÍÞÏÝ
±ÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔÏÝÎ ÐÓÃÎ qÐßÔÐÎÕ ÆÐÑÒÐÓ Ð ÏÈÊÄÆËÓËÎÐÓÔË ÎÈÒÝ
ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐÔÆÝÅÐÒÄÓËÓÔÈÎݱÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔÓÆÐÇËÔÓñÏÈÊÄÆËÓË
ÎÐÓÔËÐÅÜÈÎÐƱÕÅÐÆÐÔßÔÐÐÆÝÅÐÒÄpÔÏÐÚÈÏËÈÐÅÐÊÏÄÙËÎ
ÈÐλÐÅÜÈÎÐÆÐÇÏÐÐËÔÐÐÉȱÕÅÄÆÝÙËÓÍÈÏÏÝ×ÆÒÄÊÏÝ×
ÓËÓÔÈÎÄ×±ÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔÏÈÊÄÆËÓËÔÐÔÆÝÅÐÒıÐϱÒÈÔÏÐбÕÅÄ
Ôı ±Ä± ÍàÅÝÈ ÇÆÄ ±ÕÅÄ Ó ÒÈÅÒÄÎË ÑÄÒÄÍÍÈÍÞÏÝÎË ±ÐÐÒÇË
ÏÄÔÏÝÎÐÓÃÎÐÇÏÐÌÓËÓÔÈÎݱÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔÎÐÕÔÅÝÔÞÑÐÍÕÙÈÏÝ
ÐÇËÏËÊÇÒÕÐÐÓÑÐÎÐÛÞàÑÄÒÄÍÍÈÍÞÏÐÐÑÈÒÈÏÐÓÄËÐÎÐÔÈ
ÔËËÓØÈÏÔÒÐÎÆÓÐÆÎÈÛÈÏÏÝ×ØÈÏÔÒÄ×ÓËÎÎÈÔÒË˱ÕÅÐÆgÓÍË
Õ±ÄÊÄÏÏÐÈÐÔÏÐÚÈÏËÈÒÄÆÏÐÈÇËÏËØÈÔÐÎÈÒÄÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄÏÈÊÄ
ÆËÓËÔÐÔÆÝÅÐÒÄÓËÓÔÈÎݱÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔ
qÕÓÔÞ Æ ÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÈ 5Q ÊÄÇÄÏÝ ÇÆÈ ÓËÓÔÈÎÝ ±ÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔ
nÈÒÕ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏÏÕà Ó ÑÐÎÐÛÞà ÑÈÒÆÐÌ ËÊ ÏË×
ÐÅÐÊÏÄÙËÎ ÙÈÒÈÊ µ Ä Ó ÑÐÎÐÛÞà ÆÔÐÒÐÌ ¶ ÙÈÒÈÊ µ qÕÓÔÞ
4 ¶QÎÈÒÏÝ̱ÕÅÓÒÈÅÒÄÎËÑÄÒÄÍÍÈÍÞÏÝÎ˱ÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔÏÝÎ
ÐÓÃÎÑÈÒÆÐ̱ÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔÏÐÌÓËÓÔÈÎÝËÑÕÓÔÞ
µ 4 λµ4
pÔÓàÇÄ ÓÍÈÇÕÈÔ ÙÔÐ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ ÐÇÏÐÆÒÈÎÈÏÏÐ ËÎÈàÔ ÎÈÒÕ
ÏÕÍÞÆÐÅÈË×ÓËÓÔÈÎÄ×±ÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄÐÇ
ÏÐÆÒÈÎÈÏÏÐËÊÎÈÒËÎÝËÍËÏÈÔÑÒËÙÈÎÈÓÍËÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐ;µ 5Q
ËÊÎÈÒËÎÐÔÐ µ ; λµ; fÍà ÇбÄÊÄÔÈÍÞÓÔÆÄ ÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÄλ
ÊÄÎÈÔËÎ ÙÔÐ ÐÅÜÈÎ QÎÈÒÏÐÐ ÚÄÒÄ 9 UQ ÒÄÇËÕÓÄ U ÒÄÆÈÏ χQ UQ
ÓÎ Ñ ÇÈ χQ ¶ ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏÏÐÈ ÙËÓÍÐ dÈÍËÙËÏÄ ÇÍËÏÝ
ÒÄÇËÕÓÄ ÚÄÒÄ ±Ä± Ë ÇÍËÏÄ ÆÓñÐÐ ÐÔÒÈ汀 ËÎÈÈÔ ÐÇÏÐ Ë ÔÐ
ÉÈ ÊÏÄÙÈÏËÈ ÑÒË ÍàÅÐÎ ÆÝÅÐÒÈ ÓËÓÔÈÎÝ ±ÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔ tıËÎ
ÐÅÒÄÊÐÎ ÐÅÜÈÎ QÎÈÒÏÐÐ ÚÄÒÄ 9 UQ ÏÈ ÊÄÆËÓËÔ ÐÔ ÆÝÅÐÒÄ ÓËÓ
ÔÈÎݱÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔ
µ 9 UQ µ 9 UQ
fÍÃÎÏÐÐÒÄÏÏ˱ÄVN9 UQÓÎÖÐÒÎÕÍÕÓÐÓÔÐÃÛÈÐ
ËÊ ±ÕÅÐÆ ÒÄÏÄ N Æ ÑÈÒÆÐÌ ÓËÓÔÈÎÈ ±ÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔ ÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐ
Ó ÒÈÅÒÄÎË ÑÄÒÄÍÍÈÍÞÏÝÎË ÈÈ ±ÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔÏÝÎ ÐÓÃÎ ÅÕÇÈÎ
ËÎÈÔÞ
µ VN 9 UQλµVN 9 UQ
qÐßÔÐÎÕ
OLP µ VN 9 UQ λ OLP µVN 9 UQ λµ 9 UQ
N→ N→
ÏÐÓÎÍÈÎÎÕÆÑ ÑÒË$P VP 9 UQ
OLP µ VN 9 UQ µ 9 UQ µ 9 UQ
N→
Ô Èλµ 9 UQ µ 9 UQÔÐÐÊÏÄÙÄÈÔÙÔÐλ
jÔıÇÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÐÎÈÒÄÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄÏÈÊÄÆËÓËÔÐÔÆÝÅÐÒÄ
ÓËÓÔÈÎÝ ±ÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔ qÐÓ±ÐÍÞ±Õ ÑÈÒÈ×ÐÇ ÐÔ ÐÇÏÐÐ ÐÒÔÐÏÐÒÎË
ÒÐÆÄÏÏÐÐ ÅÄÊËÓÄ ± ÇÒÕÐÎÕ ÐÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÍÃÈÔÓÃ Ó ÑÐÎÐÛÞà ÐÒÔÐ
ÐÏÄÍÞÏÝ× ÎÄÔÒËØ ÎÈÒÄ ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓà ËÏÆÄÒËÄÏÔÐÎ ÑÒË ÍËÏÈÌ
ÏÝ× ÐÒÔÐÐÏÄÍÞÏÝ× ÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÃ× Ô È ÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÃ× ÊÄÇÄ
ÆÄÈÎÝ×ÖÐÒÎÕÍÄÎË
Q
\L ∑ FLM[M L Q
M
¶ÐÒÎÕÍݯÞàÔÐÏÂyÇËÃÏÊØÂÊ´ÇËÍÐÒÂ
qÒËÆÈÇÈÎÓÄÎÝÌÑÒÐÓÔÐÌÆÝÆÐÇÖÐÒÎÕÍÝtÈÌÍÐÒÄÐÏÄÎÐÉÈÔ
ÅÝÔÞÑÐÍÕÙÈÏÄÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÝÎÑÒËÎÈÏÈÏËÈÎÖÐÒÎÕÍÝoÞà
ÔÐÏĵmÈÌÅÏËØıÑÐÍÕÙÄàÛËÎÓÃÑÐÇÝÏÔÈÒÄÍÞÏÝÎ ÖÕϱØË
ÃÎpÓÔÄÔÐÙÏÝÌÙÍÈÏÖÐÒÎÕÍÝtÈÌÍÐÒÄËÎÈÈÔÆËÇÑÐÆÔÐÒÏÐÐ
ËÏÔÈÒÄÍÄ ±ÐÔÐÒÝÌ Ó ÑÐÎÐÛÞà ÖÐÒÎÕÍÝ ÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÝ ÑÐÒÃDZÄ
ËÏÔÈÒËÒÐÆÄÏËÃÓÎÖÐÒÎÕÍÕÎÐÉÏÐÑÒËÆÈÓÔ˱ÕÉÈ
ËÊÆÈÓÔÏÐÎÕÏÄÎÈÐÆËÇÕÆËÏÔÈÒÄÍÞÏÐÌÖÐÒÎÈÓÐÇÏбÒÄÔÏÝÎ
ËÏÔÈÒËÒÐÆÄÏËÈÎÓÎÔÈÐÒÈÎÕÆÑ
´ § ° ² § ® ¢ gÔÎÌ ×ÖвÙÌÄ I ÌÏÉÉÕ ÐÅ ÑÕÓÉË²É >D E@ ÐÉ
ÒÓÉÓÞÇÐÖáÒÓÑÌËÇÑÈÐÖáÒÑÓÄȲÅQÌ[q>DE@ÕÑÈÎÄÎáÆÑÑ
[q>DE@ÌÏÉÉÕÏÉÔÕÑÓÅÇÉÐÔÕÇÑ
Q µ I (N)( [ ) [ W WQ´
I[ ∑ [´[N ∫ GW ∫ GW ∫ I QWQGWQ
N N [ [ [
×ÑÓÏÖÎÅtÉÍÎÑÓÅÔÑÔÕÅÕÑÚÐÞÏÚÎÉÐÑÏÇ×ÑÓÏÉÒÑÇÕÑÓÐÑ
ÑÌÐÕÉÓÅÎÅ
¦ Ð Ì Â É Â Ô Ç Í Þ Ó Ô Ä Ð fбÄÉÈÎ ÖÐÒÎÕÍÕ ÑÐ ËÏÇÕ±
ØËËqÒËQ ÐÏÄÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃÖÐÒÎÕÍÐÌoÞàÔÐÏĵmÈÌÅÏËØÄ
[
I[ I[ ∫ I′WGW
[
gÓÍËÑÒËÏȱÐÔÐÒÐÎP Q´ËÎÈÈÔÎÈÓÔÐÖÐÒÎÕÍÄ
P µ I ( N ) ( [ ) [ W WP´
[´[N ∫ GW ∫ GW ∫ IPWPGWP
I[ ∑
N N [ [ [
ÔÐÑÒËÎÈÏËÆÖÐÒÎÕÍÕoÞàÔÐÏĵmÈÌÅÏËØıÖÕϱØËËIPWP
ÔÈ
WP
I PWP I P[ ∫ I PWPGWP
[
ÑÐÇÓÔÄÆËÆÑÐÍÕÙËÆÚÈÈÓÃÆÝÒÄÉÈÏËÈÆËÏÔÈÒÄÍÞÏÝÌÙÍÈÏÒÄ
ÆÈÏÓÔÆÄËÑÒÐËÏÔÈÒËÒÐÆÄÆÑÈÒÆÐÈÓÍÄÄÈÎÐÈÑÐÍÕÙËÎ
[ W WP´ WP
[ W WP´
I P[ ∫ GW ∫ GW ∫ GWP
[ [ [
[ W WP
I ( P ) ( [ )
∫ GW ∫ GW ∫ I PWPGWP
[´[P
[ [ [ P
[ W WP´ WP
∫ GW ∫ GW ∫ GWP ∫ I PWPGWP
[ [ [ [
qбÄÉÈÎÙÔÐÐÓÔÄÔÐÙÏÝÌÙÍÈÏ
[ W WQ´
UQ[ ∫ GW ∫ GW ∫ I QWQGWQ
[ [ [
E
∫ ϕ[E´[NG[
N D
fÄÍÈÈÓÑÒÄÆÈÇÍËÆÄÖÐÒÎÕÍÄ
E W WN´ E
∫ ϕWE´WN´GW
∫ GW D∫ GW D∫ ϕWNGWN
D ( N µ ) D
N
ÔÄÖÐÒÎÕÍÄÔıÉÈÇбÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÓÃÑÐËÏÇÕ±ØËËÈÓÍËÓÑÒÄÆÈÇ
ÍËÆÐÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐÔÐÑÒËÎÈÏËÆÈбËÏÔÈÒÄÍÕ
W WN
E
D
∫ ϕWE´WNGW
N D
D E [
Ô È ÖÐÒÎÕÍÄ ÐÓÔÄÈÔÓÃ ÆÈÒÏÐÌ ÑÒË
rËÓ ÊÄÎÈÏÈNÏÄN
pÓÔÄÔÐÙÏÝÌÙÍÈÏÖÐÒÎÕÍÝtÈÌÍÐÒÄÆÓËÍÕÖÐÒÎÕ
ÍÝÑÒËϕW I QWD [E [ËN Q ËÎÈÈÔÆËÇ
[
∫ I QW[´WQ´GW
UQ[
( N µ ) [
©ÂÎÇÏÂÑÇÒÇÎÇÏÏÝ×ÄÌÒÂÔÏÝ×ÊÏÔÇÅÒÂÍÂ×
ÊÏÇËÏÝÇÐÔÐÃÒÂÈÇÏÊáÊÉÎÇÒÊÎÝ×ÎÏÐÈÇÓÔÄ
d Ñ ËÊÕÙÄÍËÓÞ ÍËÏÈÌÏÝÈ ÐÇÏÐÒÐÇÏÝÈ ÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËà ÈƱ
ÍËÇÐÆÝ× ÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆ rÄÓÓÎÐÔÒËÎ ÔÈÑÈÒÞ ÐÅÛËÌ ÓÍÕÙÄÌ ÑÒÐ
ËÊÆÐÍÞÏÝ× ÍËÏÈÌÏÝ× ÆÐÐÅÛÈ ÐÆÐÒà ÏÈÐÇÏÐÒÐÇÏÝ× ÍËÏÈÌ
ÏÝ×ÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÌ
mËÏÈÌÏÐÈÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÈ/ 5 [Q { 5 \P ËÎÈÈÔÆËÇ
/[ $[D
ÇÈ$ 5 [Q { 5 \PµÐÇÏÐÒÐÇÏÐÈÍËÏÈÌÏÐÈÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÈÅÕÇÈÎ
ÏÄÊÝÆÄÔÞÈÐÓÐÐÔÆÈÔÓÔÆÕàÛËÎÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËà/
[ [ [Q∈ 5 [Q\ \ \P∈5 \PD D DP∈ 5P
pÅÐÊÏÄÙËÎ ÙÈÒÈÊ 3 ÑÄÒÄÍÍÈÍÞÏÝÌ ÑÈÒÈÏÐÓ Æ PÎÈÒÏÐÎ
ÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÈÏÄÆȱÔÐÒD
3] ]D] ] ]P∈5 \P
tÐÇÄÃÓÏÐÙÔÐ
/ 3$
ËÍ˱ı±ÐÒÐÙÈ
/ 3$
Ô ÈÍËÏÈÌÏÐÈÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÈ/ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓñÐÎÑÐÊËØËÈÌÐÇÏÐÒÐÇ
ÏÐÐÍËÏÈÌÏÐÐÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÃ$ËÑÄÒÄÍÍÈÍÞÏÐÐÑÈÒÈÏÐÓÄ3
gÓÍË DLM L P M Q µ ÎÄÔÒËØÄ ÍË
ÏÈÌÏÐÐ ÐÇÏÐÒÐÇÏÐÐ ÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÃ$ ÔбÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔÏÝÈÖÕϱ
ØËËÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÃ/ËÎÈàÔÆËÇ
Q
\L ∑ DLM[MDLL P
M
ËÃÆÍÃàÔÓÃÙËÓÍÐÆÝÎËÍËÏÈÌÏÝÎËÖÕϱØËÃÎË
dÇÄÍÞÏÈÌÚÈÎÐÒÄÏËÙËÎÓÃÒÄÓÓÎÐÔÒÈÏËÈÎÍËÏÈÌÏÝ×ÐÔÐ
ÅÒÄÉÈÏËÌ ÈƱÍËÇÐÆÄ ÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÄ Æ ÈƱÍËÇÐÆÐ ÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÐ
ÔÐÌ ÉÈ ÒÄÊÎÈÒÏÐÓÔË Ô È ÓÍÕÙÄÈÎ P Q pÑÒÈÇÈÍËÔÈÍÞ ÎÄÔ
ÒËØÝ ÍËÏÈÌÏÐÐ ÐÇÏÐÒÐÇÏÐÐ ÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËà ÑÒË ÏȱÐÔÐÒÐÌ
ÓËÓÔÈÎÈ ±ÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔ ÅÕÇÈÎ ÏÄÊÝÆÄÔÞ Ë ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍËÔÈÍÈÎ ÓÄÎÐÐ
ÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÃ jÊ ÍËÏÈÌÏÐÌ ÄÍÈÅÒÝ ËÊÆÈÓÔÏÐ ÙÔÐ ßÔÐÔ ÐÑÒÈ
ÇÈÍËÔÈÍÞÏÈÊÄÆËÓËÔÐÔÆÝÅÐÒÄÆÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÈÐÒÔÐÐÏÄÍÞÏÐÌ
ÓËÓÔÈÎݱÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔ
§ ® ® ¢ gÔÎÌ
F PD[ _DLM_
Q LM
ÕÑÈÎÄÎáÆÞØÕÑÚɲ[[′∈ 5 [QÇÞÒÑÎÐÄÉÕÔÄÐÉÓÅÇÉÐÔÕÇÑ
_/[′´/[_PQF_[′´[_
¦ Ð Ì Â É Â Ô Ç Í Þ Ó Ô Ä Ð d Ñ ÅÝÍÐ ÇбÄÊÄÏÐ ÙÔÐ ÈÓÍË $ µ
ÍËÏÈÌÏÐÈ ÐÇÏÐÒÐÇÏÐÈ ÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÈ $ 5 [Q { 5 \P ÔÐ ÇÍà ÍàÅÐÐ
ÆȱÔÐÒÄ[q5 [QÆÝÑÐÍÏÃÈÔÓÃÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐ
_$[_P__$___[_
ÇÈ__$__µÏÐÒÎÄÐÑÈÒÄÔÐÒÄ$ÄÔıÉÈÅÝÍÐÇбÄÊÄÏÐÙÔÐ
P Q
__$__P ∑ ∑ D LM
L M
ÇÈDLM¶ÎÄÔÒËØÄ$
qÒËÎÈÏËÆ ßÔË ÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÄ ÇÍÃ ÒÄÓÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄÈÎÐÐ ÓÍÕÙÄÃ
P QÑÐÍÕÙËÎ
_/[′´/[__$[′´$[_ _$[′´[_ P __$__ _[′´[_ P
Q Q
P ∑ ∑ D LM _[′´[_ P FQ_[′´[_
L M
ÈÔ ÙÔÐ GHW % O Ä & µ ÐÒÔÐÐÏÄÍÞÏÐÈ ÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÈ tıËÎ
ÐÅÒÄÊÐÎ
/ 3$ 3%&
qÒËÑÄÒÄÍÍÈÍÞÏÐÎÑÈÒÈÏÐÓÈ3ËÐÒÔÐÐÏÄÍÞÏÐÎÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈ
ÏËË&ÎÈÒÄÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄÏÈÎÈÏÃÈÔÓÃÓÎÑËÑqÐ
ßÔÐÎÕ ÇÐÓÔÄÔÐÙÏÐ ÇбÄÊÄÔÞ ÙÔÐ ÇÍà ÍàÅÐÐ ËÊÎÈÒËÎÐÐ ÎÏÐ
ÉÈÓÔÆÄ(ÆÝÑÐÍÏÃÈÔÓÃÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐ
µ%( _-_µ(
jÊÍËÏÈÌÏÐÌÄÍÈÅÒÝËÊÆÈÓÔÏÐÔıÉÈÙÔÐÇÍÃÓÄÎÐÓÐÑÒÃ
ÉÈÏÏÐÐ ÏÈÐÔÒËØÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÐ ÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÃ ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔ ÓËÓÔÈÎÄ
±ÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔƱÐÔÐÒÐÌÈÐÎÄÔÒËØÄÇËÄÐÏÄÍÞÏÄ
λ
λ
λLO L Q
λ Q
qÕÓÔÞ4µQÎÈÒÏÝ̱ÕÅÒÈÅÒıÐÔÐÒÐÐÑÄÒÄÍÍÈÍÞÏÝÐÓÃÎ
ßÔÐÌ ±ÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔÏÐÌ ÓËÓÔÈÎÝ Ë ËÎÈàÔ ÇÍËÏÕ K pÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÈ %
ÓÆÐÇËÔÓñ«ÒÄÓÔÃÉÈÏËÃάÆÏÄÑÒÄÆÍÈÏËÃ×±ÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔÏÝ×ÐÓÈÌ
Ó±ÐßÖÖËØËÈÏÔÐÎλLÆÏÄÑÒÄÆÍÈÏËËLÌÐÓËL QqÒË
ÔıÐÎÒÄÓÔÃÉÈÏËËÐÅÜÈÎÆÓñÐÐÑÄÒÄÍÍÈÍÈÑËÑÈÇÄÓÒÈÅÒÄÎË
ÑÄÒÄÍÍÈÍÞÏÝÎË ÐÓÃÎ ±ÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔ ËÊÎÈÏÃÈÔÓÃ Ó ±ÐßÖÖËØËÈÏ
ÔÐÎ λL Ä Æ ÒÈÊÕÍÞÔÄÔÈ ±ÐßÖÖËØËÈÏÔ ËÊÎÈÏÈÏËà ÐÅÜÈÎÄ ±ÕÅÄ4
ÑÒËÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËË%ÅÕÇÈÔÒÄÆÈÏλ λλQtıËÎÐÅÒÄÊÐÎ
µ%4 λ λλQµ4 GHW%µ4
fÄÍÈÈËÊÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÄ$ %&ËÎÈÈÎGHW$ GHW %GHW&pÑ
ÒÈÇÈÍËÔÈÍÞÐÒÔÐÐÏÄÍÞÏÐÐÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÃÒÄÆÈÏÄGHW%O
ÑÐßÔÐÎÕ_-_ _GHW-_ GHW%sÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐбÐÏÙÄÔÈÍÞÏÐ
µ%4 _-_µ4
ÔÐ ÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐ ÓÑÒÄÆÈÇÍËÆÐ ÇÍà ÆÓÈ× ±ÕÅÐÆ 4 ÒÈÅÒÄ ±ÐÔÐÒÝ×
ÑÄÒÄÍÍÈÍÞÏÝ ±ÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔÏÝÎ ÐÓÃÎ Æ ±ÐÔÐÒÝ× ÎÄÔÒËØÄ ÑÒÈÐÅ
ÒÄÊÐÆÄÏËÃ%ËÎÈÈÔÇËÄÐÏÄÍÞÏÝÌÆËÇ
qÕÓÔÞ(µËÊÎÈÒËÎÐÈÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐ( 5 [Q ÄVN(Ë6N(µ
`
%VN( %( %6N(
`
pÔÎÈÔËÎÔıÉÈƱÍàÙÈÏËÈ
%6N(?%VN( %6N(?VN(
`
nÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄVN(6N(Ë6N(?VNÑÒÈÇÓÔÄÆÍÃàÔÓÐÅÐÌÐÅÜ
ÈÇËÏÈÏËÈ ±ÐÏÈÙÏÐÐ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ ±ÕÅÐÆ ÒÄÏÄ N Æ ÆÝÅÒÄÏÏÐÌ
ÓËÓÔÈÎȱÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔÙÄÓÔÞßÔË×±ÕÅÐÆÆÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÈ6N(?VN(
ÎÐÉÈÔÅÝÔÞÐÔ±ÒÝÔÝÎËËÍËÑÐÍÕÐÔ±ÒÝÔÝÎËqÐßÔÐÎÕÎÏÐÉÈ
ÓÔÆÄ%VN(%6N(ËÒÄÊÏÐÓÔÞ%6N(?%VN(ÅÕÇÕÔÐÅÜ
ÈÇËÏÈÏËÈαÐÏÈÙÏÐÐÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄÐÅÒÄÊÐÆßÔË×±ÕÅÐÆÑÒËÐÔÐÅÒÄ
ÉÈÏËË%µ«ÑÄÒÄÍÍÈÍÈÑËÑÈÇÐƬÊÄαÏÕÔÝ×ÐÔ±ÒÝÔÝ×ÑÐÍÕ
ÐÔ±ÒÝÔÝ×ËÑÐßÔÐÎÕÃÆÍÃàÔÓÃËÊÎÈÒËÎÝÎËÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄÎË
nÈÒÄÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ6N(?VN(ÒÄÆÏÄÓÕÎÎÈÎÈÒÓÐÓÔÄÆÍÃà
ÛË×ÈбÕÅÐÆÑÐßÔÐÎÕÎÈÒÄÈÐÐÅÒÄÊÄ%6N(?VN(ÒÄÆÏÄ
ÓÕÎÎÈ ÎÈÒ ÐÅÒÄÊÐÆ ßÔË× ±ÕÅÐÆ Ä ÇÍà ÏË× ÓÑÒÄÆÈÇÍËÆÐ ÒÄÆÈÏ
ÓÔÆÐsÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐ
µ%6N(?%VN(Pµ%6N(?VN( _-_µ6N(?VN(
qÐÓ±ÐÍÞ±ÕÆÓËÍÕËÊÎÈÒËÎÐÓÔËÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ(ËÎÈÈÔÎÈÓÔÐÒÄ
ÆÈÏÓÔÆÐ OLP µ6N(?VN( ÔÐ
N→
OLP µ%6N(?%VN(
N→
pÔÓàÇÄËËÊƱÍàÙÈÏËÌÓÐÍÄÓÏÐÍÈÎÎÈÑÃÆ
ÓÔÆÕÈÔÙÔÐÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐ%(ËÊÎÈÒËÎÐÄËÊÔÐÐÙÔÐ
µ%VN( _-_µVN(
ÓÍÈÇÕÈÔÙÔÐ
µ%( OLP µ%VN( _-_ OLP µVN( _-_µ(
N→ N→
mÈÎÎÄÇбÄÊÄÏÄ
®ÇÔÒÊÙÇÓÌÊÇÓÄÐËÓÔÄÂ
ÆÊÖÖÇÒÇÏØÊÒÕÇÎÝ×ÐÔÐÃÒÂÈÇÏÊË
oÄÑÐÎÏËÎ ÙÔÐ ÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÈ ) ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃ ÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÕÈ
ÎÝÎÆÔÐÙ±È[∈*ÓÎÔÈÐÒÈÎÕÆÑ ÈÓÍËÈбÐÐÒÇË
ÏÄÔÏÝÈ ÖÕϱØËË \L \L[ [ [Q ÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÕÈÎÝ Æ
ßÔÐÌÔÐÙ±ÈËÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐË×ÎÐÉÏÐÑÒÈÇÓÔÄÆËÔÞÆÆËÇÈ
Q
\L \ L( ) ∑ DLM [M´[ M( )εL[∆[_∆[_L Q
M
ÇÈ
∂\ [ ( )
L
DLM
LM Q
∂[ M
OLP εL[∆[ L Q
∆[ →
pÅÐÊÏÄÙËÎ ÙÈÒÈÊ / [ ( ) ÍËÏÈÌÏÐÈ ÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÈ ÊÄÇÄÆÄÈÎÐÈ
ÖÐÒÎÕÍÄÎË
Q
\L \ L( ) ∑ DLM[M´[ M( ) L Q
M
§ ® ® ¢ gÔÎÌÑÕÑÆÓÅÊÉÐÌÉÐÉÒÓÉÓÞÇÐÑÈÌ××ÉÓÉÐÙÌ
ÓÖÉÏÑÐÅÑÕ²ÓÞÕÑÏÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÉ*µ 5 [QÕÑ
)[´/ [ ( )[ ε_∆[_ [∈*
ÈÉ ÐÅ ÎáÆÑÏ ²ÑÏÒŲÕÉ(µ *×ÖвÙÌÄε ε[∆[ ÓÅÇÐÑ
ÏÉÓÐÑÔÕÓÉÏÌÕÔIJÐÖÎáÒÓÌ[´[ ∆[{[∈(
tıËÎ ÐÅÒÄÊÐÎ ÏÐÆÐÈ ÙÔÐ ÑÒËÆÏÐÓËÔ ÖÐÒÎÕÍÄ ÑÐ
ÓÒÄÆÏÈÏËà Ó ÖÐÒÎÕÍÐÌ ÓÐÓÔÐËÔ Æ ÔÐÎ ÙÔÐ Æ ÖÐÒÎÕÍÈ
ÔÐÙ±Ä [ ÅÝÍÄ Ö˱ÓËÒÐÆÄÏÄ Ä Æ ÖÐÒÎÕÍÈ ßÔÄ
ÔÐÙ±Ä ÎÐÉÈÔ ÎÈÏÃÔÞÓà ÐÓÔÄÆÄÃÓÞ ÑÒËÏÄÇÍÈÉÄÛÈÌ ÏȱÐÔÐÒÐ
ÎÕ ±ÐÎÑıÔÕ ( qÒË ßÔÐÎ ÓÔÒÈÎÍÈÏËÈ ± ÏÕÍà ÖÕϱØËË
ε[ ∆[ ÑÒÐËÓ×ÐÇËÔ ÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐ ÏÄ ( pÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËÈ ÒÄÆÏÐ
ÎÈÒÏÐÐ ÓÔÒÈÎÍÈÏËà ÖÕϱØËË ± ÏÕÍà ÏÄ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÈ ÅÝÍÐ ÇÄ
ÏÐÆÑ
¦ Ð Ì Â É Â Ô Ç Í Þ Ó Ô Ä Ð jÊ ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÌ ÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÕÈÎÐÓÔË
±ÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔÏÝ× ÖÕϱØËÌ ÓÍÈÇÕÈÔ ÙÔÐ ÖÕϱØËË εL
εL[[L QÆÖÐÒÎÕÍÄ×ÏÄÍàÅÐαÐÎ
ÑıÔÈ(µ*ÑÒË[{[ÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐÓÔÒÈÎÃÔÓñÏÕÍàFÎÔÈ
ÐÒÈÎÕ Æ Ñ sÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐ ÏÄ ÍàÅÐÎ ±ÐÎÑıÔÈ ( µ *
ÑÒË [ { [ [∈ ( ÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐ ÓÔÒÈÎËÔÓà ± ÏÕÍà Ë Æȱ
ÔÐÒÖÕϱØËÃε εεεQÔı±Ä±_ε_ ε ε ε Q
§ ® ® ¢ qÓÌÐÉÒÓÉÓÞÇÐÑÈÌ××ÉÓÉÐÙÌÓÖÉÏÑÏÑÕÑÆÓÅÊÉÐÌÌ
ÑÕ²ÓÞÕÑÑ ÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÅ ²ÑÏÒÅ²Õ ÏÉÓÞ ÐÖÎß ÎÉÊÅÜÌÍ Ç
àÕÑÏÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÉÑÕÑÆÓÅÊÅÉÕÔÄDzÑÏÒŲÕÏÉÓÞÐÖÎß
¦ Ð Ì Â É Â Ô Ç Í Þ Ó Ô Ä Ð oÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐ ÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÕÈÎÐÈ ÐÔÐ
ÅÒÄÉÈÏËÈ ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃ ÐÙÈÆËÇÏÐ Ë ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÝÎ Ä ËÊÆÈÓÔÏÐ
ÙÔÐ ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÝÎ ÐÅÒÄÊÐÎ ±ÐÎÑıÔÄ ÈÓÔÞ ÓÏÐÆÄ ±ÐÎÑÄ±Ô ÓÎ
ÔÈÐÒÈÎÕÆÑ pØÈÏËÎÆÈÒ×ÏààÎÈÒÕÐÅÒÄÊıÐÎÑıÔÄ
qÒÈÇÆÄÒËÔÈÍÞÏÐ ÊÄÎÈÔËÎ ÙÔÐ ÆÓñÐÈ ÐÒÄÏËÙÈÏÏÐÈ ÎÏÐ
ÉÈÓÔÆÐ ( µ 5Q ÓÐÇÈÒÉËÔÓÃ Æ ÏȱÐÔÐÒÐÎ QÎÈÒÏÐÎ ±ÕÅÈ 4( Ó
ÒÈÅÒÐÎ ÇÍËÏÝ K GLDP ( ÓÎ Ñ d ÓËÍÕ Æ±ÍàÙÈÏËÃ
(µ 4(ËÎÈÈÔÎÈÓÔÐÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐ
µ∗(Pµ4( GLDP(Q
qÕÓÔÞÔÈÑÈÒÞ* ¶ÐÔ±ÒÝÔÐÈÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐÆ 5 [Q ( ¶±ÐÎÑıÔ
( µ * tÐÇÄ ÈÐ ÒÄÓÓÔÐÃÏËÈ ÇÐ ÏÈÑÈÒÈÓȱÄàÛÈÐÓÃ Ó ÏËÎ ÊÄÎ
±ÏÕÔÐÐÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ5Q?*ÑÐÍÐÉËÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÎÍÈÎÎÕÆÑ
GHI
δ ρ(5Q?*!
dÝÅÈÒÈÎ ÏÐÎÈÒ N Ôı ÙÔÐÅÝ ÇËÄÎÈÔÒ ±ÕÅÄ ÒÄÏÄ N ÓÎ
Ñ ÅÝÍ ÎÈÏÞÚÈ δ tÐÇÄ ÆÓñËÌ ±ÕÅ ÒÄÏÄ N ÑÈÒÈÓȱÄà
ÛËÌÓÃÓ±ÐÎÑıÔÐÎ(ÅÕÇÈÔÓÐÇÈÒÉÄÔÞÓÃÆÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÈ*nÏÐ
ÐÒÄÏÏ˱ 6 N ( ÓÐÓÔÐÃÛËÌ ËÊ ÆÓÈ× ÔıË× ±ÕÅÐÆ ÓÎ
ÔıÉÈ ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓà ±ÐÎÑıÔÐÎ d ÓÄÎÐÎ ÇÈÍÈ ±ÐÎÑÄ±Ô ( ÈÓÔÞ Ð
ÒÄÏËÙÈÏÏÐÈÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐ ÑÐßÔÐÎÕ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐ 6 N ( ÑÒÈÇÓÔÄÆÍÃ
ÈÔ ÓÐÅÐÌ ÐÅÜÈÇËÏÈÏËÈ ±ÐÏÈÙÏÐÐ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ ±ÕÅÐÆ ÒÄÏÄ N
±ÄÉÇÝÌ ËÊ ±ÐÔÐÒÝ× ÐÙÈÆËÇÏÐ ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓà ±ÐÎÑıÔÐÎ qÕÓÔÞ
\ )[ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÕÈÎÐÈÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÈÎÏÐÉÈÓÔ
ÆÄ*Æ 5 \QqÐÍÐÉËÎ
∂\ L[
F PD[
[ ∈ 6 N ( ∂[ M
LM Q
Q Q ∂\ L[ θ L ∆[ Q Q Q
P ∑ ∑
∑ ∆[ M P F ∑ Q ∑ ∆[ M P
L M ∂ [ M M L M
Q
PQF ∑ ∆[ M QF_[′´[_
M
pÔÓàÇÄÓÍÈÇÕÈÔÙÔÐÇÍÃÍàÅÐÐÆÝÑÕ±ÍÐÐÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ$µ6V N (
ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËÈÆÝÑÕ±ÍÐÐÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ ÓÎÆÑ ÆÝÑÐÍÏÃÈÔÓÃ
ÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐGLDP)$PFQGLDP$fÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÐ
GLDP)$ VXS _)[′´)[_ P
[[
∈ $
ÑÐßÔÐÎÕ
µ
)4K P GLDP)4KQ P
( )
µ
M`)4 (MN ) P ∑ µ
)4 (MN ) P
M
Q M N
P QFQ Q
∑ µ4 (MN ) QFQQ Qµ6N(
M
∂( \ \ \ )
Q
-) -)[
∂( [ [ [ Q )
§ ® ® ¢ gÔÎÌ) ¶ÐÉÒÓÉÓÞÇÐÑÈÌ××ÉÓÉÐÙÌÓÖÉÏÑÉÑÕÑÆÓÅÊÉ
ÐÌÉÔIJÑÆÌÅÐÑÏÐÉÑÆÓÅÜÅáÜÌÏÔÄÇÐÖÎßÑÕ²ÓÞÕÑÑÏÐÑ
ÊÉÔÕÇÅ * µ 5 [Q Ç ÒÓÑÔÕÓÅÐÔÕÇÑ 5 \Q ( ¶²ÑÏÒÅ²Õ ( µ *
4K ¶QÏÉÓÐÞͲÖÆÔÓÉÆÓÑÏÈÎÌÐÞK4Kµ*[∈( 4KÕÑ
`
ÌÏÉÉÕÏÉÔÕÑÐÉÓÅÇÉÐÔÕÇÑ
µ∗)4KP_-)[_µ4KαKKQ OLP αK
K→
qÐÇÙÈÒ±ÏÈÎÙÔÐÆßÔÐÎÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÈÅÈÓ±ÐÏÈÙÏÐÎÄÍÄÃα αK
ÏÈÊÄÆËÓËÔÏËÐÔÆÝÅÐÒÄÔÐÙ±Ë[∈(ÏËÐÔÆÝÅÐÒıÐϱÒÈÔ
ÏÝ×±ÕÅÐÆ4KÄÊÄÆËÓËÔÔÐÍÞ±ÐÐÔÇÍËÏË×ÒÈÅÈÒK˱ÐÏÈÙ
ÏÐÐÔ±ÐÎÑıÔÄ(dßÔÐÎÓÍÕÙÄÈÐÆÐÒÃÔÙÔÐÏıÐÎÑıÔÈ(
ËÎÈÈÔÎÈÓÔÐÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÄÃÐØÈϱÄ
iÄÎÈÔËÆÙÔе4K KQßÔÕÐØÈϱÕÎÐÉÏÐÊÄÑËÓÄÔÞÆÆËÇÈ
µ∗)4KP_-) [_µ4KR(µ4KK→
¦ Ð Ì Â É Â Ô Ç Í Þ Ó Ô Ä Ð fÍÃ ÍËÏÈÌÏÐÐ ÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÃ / [ ( ) ÓÎ
±Ä±ËÇÍÃÆÓñÐÐÍËÏÈÌÏÐÐÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÃÄÅÓÐÍàÔ
ÏÄÃ ÆÈÍËÙËÏÄ ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍËÔÈÍÃ ÎÄÔÒËØÝ DLM ÓÐÍÄÓÏÐ ÍÈÎÎÈ
ÒÄÆÏıÐßÖÖËØËÈÏÔÕËÊÎÈÏÈÏËÃÐÅÜÈÎÐÆÔÈÍÑÒËßÔÐÎÐÔÐÅÒÄ
ÉÈÏËËfÍÃÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÃ/ [ ( )Õ±ÄÊÄÏÏÝÌÐÑÒÈÇÈÍËÔÈÍÞÓÐÆÑÄ
ÇÄÈÔÓñÐÅËÄÏÐÎ-)[ÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÃ)ÆÔÐÙ±È[ËÔıËÎ
ÐÅÒÄÊÐÎ
µ / [ ( )4K_-)[_µ4K
jÓÑÐÍÞÊÕÃ ÓÆÃÊÞ ÎÈÉÇÕ ÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÃÎË ) Ë / [ ( )
ÇбÄÉÈÎ ÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐ qÕÓÔÞ ( ¶ ±ÐÎÑÄ±Ô ( µ *
tÐÇÄδ ρ(5Q?*!dÇÄÍÞÏÈÌÚÈÎÆÓÈÇÄÅÕÇÈÎÑÒÈÇÑÐ
ÍÄÄÔÞ ÙÔÐGLDP4K K Q δd ßÔÐÎÓÍÕÙÄÈÆÓñË̱ÕÅ4K
ÑÈÒÈÓȱÄàÛËÌÓÃÓ±ÐÎÑıÔÐÎ(ÅÕÇÈÔÓÐÇÈÒÉÄÔÞÓÃÆÎÏÐÉÈ
ÓÔÆÈ*4Kµ *
sÐÍÄÓÏÐÍÈÎÎÈÓÎ
_)[´/ [ ( )[_ _ε[∆[__∆[_
ÇÈÖÕϱØËÃε[∆[ÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐÏıÐÎÑıÔÈ(ÓÔÒÈÎËÔÓñ
ÏÕÍàÑÒË[´[ ∆[{[∈(qÐßÔÐÎÕÈÓÍË
ε∆[ VXS _ε[∆[_
[( ) ∈ (
ÔÐ
OLP _ε∆[_
∆[ →
ËÓÑÒÄÆÈÇÍËÆÐÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐ
_)[´/ [ ( )[_Pε∆[_∆[_ [∈( [ [∆[∈*
gÓÍËÔÐÙ±Ë[Ë[ÑÒËÏÄÇÍÈÉÄÔÐÇÏÐÎÕËÔÐÎÕÉȱÕÅÕ4KÔÐ
_∆[_ _[´[_PK Q [∈4K[∈4K
qÐßÔÐÎÕÆÓËÍÕÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÄËÎÈÈÎ
_)[´ / [ ( )[_Pε∆[K Q
qÐÍÐÉËÎ
α αK Q VXS ε∆[
∆[ P K
ÔÐÇÄ
_)[´ / [ ( ) [_PαK[∈( 4K[ [∆[∈4K
`
ÇÈ
OLP αK
K→
qÕÓÔÞ D D DQ µ ÇÍËÏÝ ÒÈÅÈÒ ÑÄÒÄÍÍÈÍÈÑËÑÈÇÄ 3
/ [ ( ) 4K pØÈÏËÎ ÇÍËÏÝ DL ]DL ÒÈÅÈÒ ÑÄÒÄÍÍÈÍÈÑËÑÈÇÄ
3 α K ÑÄÒÄÍÍÈÍÞÏÝ× ÓÐÐÔÆÈÔÓÔÆÈÏÏÐ ÒÈÅÒÄÎ ÇÍËÏ DL ÑÄÒÄÍÍÈÍÈ
ÑËÑÈÇÄ 3 L Q qÕÓÔÞ +L µ ÒÄÓÓÔÐÃÏËÈ ÎÈÉÇÕ ÇÆÕ
ÎÃ ÑÄÒÄÍÍÈÍÞÏÝÎË Q ´ ÎÈÒ
\ ÏÝÎË ÒÄÏÃÎË ÑÄÒÄÍÍÈÍÈÑËÑÈ
3αK ÇÄ 3 ÓÐÇÈÒÉÄÛËÎË ÒÈÅÒÄ ÇÍËÏ
D DL ´ DL DQ tÐ
αK
ÇÄ ÒÄÓÓÔÐÃÏËÈ ÎÈÉÇÕ ÇÆÕÎÃ
)4K ÑÄÒÄÍÍÈÍÞÏÝÎË Q ´ ÎÈÒ
D∆D + 3
D D
ÏÝÎËÒÄÏÃÎËÑÄÒÄÍÍÈÍÈÑËÑÈÇÄ
αK
3 α K ÓÐÇÈÒÉÄÛËÎË ÒÈÅÒÄ ÇÍËÏ
D∆D D ]D DL ´ ]DL ´
DL]DLDQ]DQÆÓË
\ ÍÕ ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËÃ ßÔÐÐ ÑÄÒÄÍÍÈ
rËÓ ÍÈÑËÑÈÇÄÒÄÆÏÐ+LαKjÏÄ
ÙÈ ÐÆÐÒÃ +L Ë +L αK ÃÆÍÃàÔÓÃ ÇÍËÏÄÎË ÆÝÓÐÔ ÓÐÐÔÆÈÔ
ÓÔÆÈÏÏÐÑÄÒÄÍÍÈÍÈÑËÑÈÇÐÆ3Ë 3 α K
pÅÐÊÏÄÙËÎ ϕL P ϕL P π ÕÐÍ ÐÅÒÄÊÐÆÄÏÏÝÌ ÒÈÅÒÐÎ
ÇÍËÏÝ DL ÑÄÒÄÍÍÈÍÈÑËÑÈÇÄ 3 Ó Q ´ ÎÈÒÏÐÌ ËÑÈÒÑÍÐÓ±Ð
ÓÔÞà ÓÐÇÈÒÉÄÛÈÌ ÈÐ ÒÈÅÒÄ ÇÍËÏ D DL ´ DL DQ
ßÔÐÔÕÐÍÐÙÈÆËÇÏÐÒÄÆÈÏÕÍÕÐÅÒÄÊÐÆÄÏÏÐÎÕÒÈÅÒÐÎÇÍËÏÝ
DL ]DL ÑÄÒÄÍÍÈÍÈÑËÑÈÇÄ 3 α K Ó ÓÐÐÔÆÈÔÓÔÆÕàÛÈÌ Q´ ÎÈÒ
ÏÐÌËÑÈÒÑÍÐÓ±ÐÓÔÞàÔÈÕÐÍÎÈÉÇÕÒÄÓÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄÈÎÝÎÒÈÅ
ÒÐÎËÈÐÑÒÐȱØËÈÌÏÄÕ±ÄÊÄÏÏÕàËÑÈÒÑÍÐÓ±ÐÓÔÞ
fÍËÏÝ ÒÈÅÈÒ Ë ÆÝÓÐÔ ÑÄÒÄÍÍÈÍÈÑËÑÈÇÄ 3 Ë 3 α K ÓÆÃÊÄÏÝ
+L + L α K
ÓÕÍÄÎËϕÓÐÐÔÏÐÚÈÏËÃÎËDL
DL]DL
qÐ
VLQ ϕ L VLQ ϕ L
ßÔÐÎÕ
L+ α K + L α K
]DL
´
VLQ ϕ L VLQ ϕ L VLQ ϕ L
∂\ ( [ )
ÍÈÎÈÏÔÝ ÎÄÔÒËØÝ
L
ÓÐÐÔÆÈÔÓÔÆÕàÛÈÌ ÍËÏÈÌÏÐÎÕ
∂[ M
ÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËà / [ ( ) ÃÆÍÃàÔÓà ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÝÎË ÖÕϱØËÃÎË ÏÄ
ÐÔ±ÒÝÔÐÎÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÈ*ÄÕÍÝϕLÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÊÄÆËÓÃÔÐÔßÔË×
ßÍÈÎÈÏÔÐÆ Ë ÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐ ÔıÉÈ ÃÆÍÃàÔÓà ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÝÎË
ÖÕϱØËÃÎË ÔÐÙ±Ë [ ÏÄ * ϕL ϕL[ d ÓËÍÕ ÏÈÆÝÒÐÉÇÈÏ
ÏÐÓÔË ÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÌ / [ ( ) [ ∈ * Ô È ÏÈ ÐÅÒÄÛÈÏËÃ Æ ÏÕÍÞ
ÏÄ * Ë× Ã±ÐÅËÄÏÐÆ ÇÍà ÆÓÈ× ÔÐÙȱ [ ∈ * ËÎÈÈÎϕL[ !
L QqÐßÔÐÎÕ ÏÄËÎÈÏÞÚËÈ ÊÏÄÙÈÏËà ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÝ×
ÏıÐÎÑıÔÈ(ÖÕϱØËÌϕLÔıÉÈÑÐÍÐÉËÔÈÍÞÏÝ
]DLPFαK
rÄÊÏÐÓÔÞ ÊÄαÏÕÔÐÐ ÑÄÒÄÍÍÈÍÈÑËÑÈÇÄ 3 α K Ë ÐÔ±ÒÝÔÐÐ
3LQW «ÒÄαĬ бÄÌÎÍÃàÛÄà ÑÄÒÄÍÍÈÍÈÑËÑÈÇ 3 ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃ
ÐÅÜÈÇËÏÈÏËÈÎ ÑÄÒÄÍÍÈÍÈÑËÑÈÇÐÆ 3L Ë 3L Ó ÒÈÅÒÄÎË ÇÍËÏ
D]DDL´]DL´DL]DLDQ]DQËÆÝ
ÓÐÔÄÎËÇÍËÏÝαKqÐßÔÐÎÕ
Q Q
3 α K 3`L` 3L`L` 3L
`
rÈÅÒÄ ÇÍËÏÝ DL ÑÄÒÄÍÍÈÍÈÑËÑÈÇÄ 3 ÑÐÍÕÙÄàÔÓÃ ÑÒË ÐÔÐ
ÅÒÄÉÈÏËË / [ ( ) ËÊÒÈÅÈÒ±ÕÅÄ4KËÎÈàÛË×ÇÍËÏÕKsÍÈÇÐÆÄ
ÔÈÍÞÏÐÆÓËÍÕÍÈÎÎÝËÎÈÈÔÎÈÓÔÐÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐ
∂\ ( [ )
L
DLPFQKF PD[
LM Q ∂[ M
[∈;
iÄÎÈÔËÆÙÔÐÐÅÜÈÎÍàÅÐÐQÎÈÒÏÐÐÑÄÒÄÍÍÈÍÈÑËÑÈÇÄÏÈÑÒÈ
ÆÐÓ×ÐÇËÔ ÐÅÜÈÎÄ ÑÒÃÎÐÕÐÍÞÏÐÐ ÑÒÄÍÍÈÍÈÑËÑÈÇÄ Ó ÒÈÅÒÄÎË
ÔÐÌÉÈÇÍËÏÝÔÈÑÒÐËÊÆÈÇÈÏËÃÇÍËÏÈÐÒÈÅÈÒËÎÈàÛË×ÐÅ
ÛÕàÆÈÒÚËÏÕËÎÈÈÎ
µ3LMPD]DDL´]DL´DL]DLDQ]DQαKP
PFQKF0αKQ´αK FQFαQ´αKQ
FQFαQ´αµ4KL QM
dÝÚÈ ÅÝÍÐ ÐÔÎÈÙÈÏÐ ÙÔÐ ÓÐÍÄÓÏÐ ÍÈÎÎÈ ËÎÈÈÔ ÎÈÓÔÐ
ÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐ
µ3 µ / [ ( ) 4K _-)[_µ4K
pØÈÏËÎÔÈÑÈÒÞÆÈÒ×ÏààÎÈÒÕÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ)4K
Q Q
µ
)4K P µ 3 α K P µ 3 α K ∑ µ3L ∑ µ3L P
L
L
qÐÍÐÉËÆ
αK QFQFαKQ´αK
бÐÏÙÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÑÐÍÕÙËÎ
µ
)4K P _-)[_µ4KαKµ4K OLP αK
K→
d ÍÈÆÐÌ ÙÄÓÔË ÑÐÍÕÙÈÏÏÐÐ ÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÄ ÓÔÐËÔ ÆÈÒ×ÏÃà ÎÈÒÄ
ÐÅÒÄÊÄ)4K±ÕÅÄ4KÑÒËÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËË)ÄÏÈÈÐÎÈÒÄÔı±Ä±
ÐÓÔÄÍÐÓÞ ÏÈÆÝÃÓÏÈÏÏÝÎ ËÊÎÈÒËÎÐ ÍË ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐ )4K ÑÒË
ÓÇÈÍÄÏÏÝ×ÆÝÚÈÑÒÈÇÑÐÍÐÉÈÏËÃ×fÍÃÇÄÍÞÏÈÌÚÈÐÏÄÎÑÐ
ÏÄÇÐÅËÔÓà ÍËÚÞ ÓÍÕÙÄÌ ÆÊÄËÎÏÐÐÇÏÐÊÏÄÙÏÝ× ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐ
ÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÕÈÎÝ× ÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÌ Ã±ÐÅËÄÏ ±ÐÔÐÒÝ× ÏÈ ÐÅÒÄ
ÛÄÈÔÓÃ Æ ÏÕÍÞ qÐßÔÐÎÕ ÐÒÄÏËÙËÎÓà ÇбÄÊÄÔÈÍÞÓÔÆÐÎ ËÊÎÈ
ÒËÎÐÓÔËÐÅÒÄÊÄËÊÎÈÒËÎÐÐÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄÍËÚÞÆßÔÐÎÓÍÕÙÄÈ
gÓÍË ÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÈ ) ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐ ÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÕÈÎÐ Ë ÈÐ
ñÐÅËÄÏ ÏÈ ÐÅÒÄÛÄÈÔÓÃ Æ ÏÕÍÞ ÏÄ ÐÔ±ÒÝÔÐÎ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÈ * ÑÒÐ
ÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÄ 5 [QÔÐÐÅÒÄÊ)*ßÔÐÐÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄÔıÉÈÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃÐÔ
±ÒÝÔÝÎ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐÎ Ë Õ ÔÐÙȱ [∈* Ë )[∈)* ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕàÔ
Ó±ÐÍÞ ÕÐÇÏÐ ÎÄÍÝÈ Ð±ÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔË ÆÊÄËÎÏÐÐÇÏÐÊÏÄÙÏÐ ÐÔÐÅÒÄ
ÉÄàÛËÈÓÃÇÒÕÏÄÇÒÕÄÓÎÑ gÓÍ˱ÒÐÎÈÔÐÐÐÔÐÅÒÄ
ÉÈÏËÈ)ÆÊÄËÎÏÐÐÇÏÐÊÏÄÙÏÐÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÄÈÔÆÓÈÐÔ±ÒÝÔÐÈÎÏÐÉÈÓÔ
ÆÐ*ÏÄÈÐÐÅÒÄÊ)*ÔÐÇÍÃÍàÅÐÐÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ(µ*ÈÐÆÏÕÔ
ÒÈÏÏÐÓÔÞ(LQWÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÄÈÔÓÃÏÄÆÏÕÔÒÈÏÏÐÓÔÞ)(LQWÈÐÐÅÒÄÊÄ
)(LQW )(LQW
ÄÈÓÍËÒÄÏËØÝ∂(Ë∂)(ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆ(Ë)(ÓÐÇÈÒÉÄÔÓÃÓÐÐÔ
ÆÈÔÓÔÆÈÏÏÐÆÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ×*Ë)*ÔÐÐÏËÔıÉÈÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÄàÔÓÃ
ÇÒÕÏÄÇÒÕÄ
)∂( ∂)(
dßÔÐÎÓÍÕÙÄÈËÎÈÈÔÎÈÓÔÐÔıÉÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐ
) ( )(
dÓÄÎÐÎÇÈÍÈ
( (LQW`∂()( )(LQW`∂)(
ÑÐßÔÐÎÕ
) ( )(LQW`∂( )(LQW`)∂) )(LQW`∂)( )(
§ ® ® ¢ gÔÎÌ ÑÕÑÆÓÅÊÉÐÌÉ ) ÑÕ²ÓÞÕÑÑ ÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÅ * µ
µ5 [QÇÒÓÑÔÕÓÅÐÔÕÇÑ 5 \QÐÉÒÓÉÓÞÇÐÑÈÌ××ÉÓÉÐÙÌÓÖÉÏÑÇËÅÌÏ
ÐÑÑÈÐÑËÐÅÚÐÑÌÉÑIJÑÆÌÅÐÐÉÑÆÓÅÜÅÉÕÔÄÇÐÖÎßÐÅ*ÕÑÑÆ
ÓÅËÇÔIJÑÑÌËÏÉÓÌÏÑÑÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÅÎÉÊÅÜÉÑÇÏÉÔÕÉÔÑÔÇÑÌÏ
ËÅÏÞ²ÅÐÌÉÏÇ*ÕŲÊÉÄÇÎÄÉÕÔÄÌËÏÉÓÌÏÞÏÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÑÏ
¦ Ð Ì Â É Â Ô Ç Í Þ Ó Ô Ä Ð qÕÓÔÞ( ¶ËÊÎÈÒËÎÐÈÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐËÈÐ
ÊÄÎݱÄÏËÈ (ÍÈÉËÔÆ*
(µ(µ*
iÄÎݱÄÏËÈ ( ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ ( ±Ä± ÊÄÎݱÄÏËÈ ±ÄÉÇÐÐ ËÊ
ÎÈÒËÎÐÐÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄÃÆÍÃÈÔÓñÐÎÑıÔÐÎÓÎÊÄÎÈÙÄÏËÈÆ
Ñ Ä ÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÈ ) ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐ ÑÐßÔÐÎÕ ÐÅÒÄÊ ) (
ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ (ÑÒËßÔÐÎÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËËÔıÉÈÃÆÍÃÈÔÓñÐÎÑı
ÔÐÎ Ë ÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐ ÐÒÄÏËÙÈÏÏÝÎ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐÎ oÐ ÑÐ
Ó±ÐÍÞ±Õ)(µ ) (ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐ)(ÔıÉÈÐÒÄÏËÙÈÏÐ
eÒÄÏËØÄ ∂( ËÊÎÈÒËÎÐÐ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ ËÎÈÈÔ ÎÈÒÕ ÏÕÍÞ Ë ÃÆ
ÍÃÈÔÓñÐÎÑıÔÐÎÓÎÊÄÎÈÙÄÏËÈÆÑ qÐßÔÐÎÕËÐÅÒÄÊ
ßÔÐÌÒÄÏËØÝÃÆÍÃÈÔÓñÐÎÑıÔÐÎÎÈÒÝÏÕÍÞÓÎÍÈÎÎÕ
µ)∂(
qÐÓ±ÐÍÞ±ÕÑÒËÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËË)ÒÄÏËØÄÐÅÒÄÊÄÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄÃÆ
ÍÃÈÔÓÃÐÅÒÄÊÐÎÈÐÒÄÏËØÝÓÎÒÄÏËØÄ∂)(ÐÅÒÄ
ÊÄ)(ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ(ËÎÈÈÔÎÈÒÕÏÕÍÞ
µ∂)( µ)∂(
tıËÎÐÅÒÄÊÐÎ)(ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃÐÒÄÏËÙÈÏÏÝÎÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐÎ
ÓÒÄÏËØÈÌÎÈÒÝÏÕÍÞËÑÐßÔÐÎÕËÊÎÈÒËÎÐ
tı ±Ä± QÎÈÒÏÝÌ ÊÄαÏÕÔÝÌ ±ÕÅ ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓà ËÊÎÈÒËÎÝÎ
ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐÎÆÓÍÕÙÄȱÐÇÄßÔÐÔ±ÕÅÍÈÉËÔÆÐÔ±ÒÝÔÐÎÎÏÐ
ÉÈÓÔÆÈ*ÈÐÐÅÒÄÊÑÒËÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÕÈÎÐÎÆÊÄ
ËÎÏÐÐÇÏÐÊÏÄÙÏÐÎ ÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËË ) Ó Ã±ÐÅËÄÏÐÎ ÏÈ ÒÄÆÏÝÎ
ÏÕÍà ÏÄ * ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃ ËÊÎÈÒËÎÝÎ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐÎ qÐßÔÐÎÕ ÇÍÃ
ÔıË× ÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÌ Æ ÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÈ ÓÎ ÍÈÎÎÕ Æ ÈÐ
ÍÈÆÐÌ ÙÄÓÔË ÆÈÒ×Ïàà ÎÈÒÕ ÎÐÉÏÐ ÊÄÎÈÏËÔÞ ÏÄ ÑÒÐÓÔÐ ÎÈÒÕ
Ô ÈÆßÔÐÎÓÍÕÙÄÈÓÑÒÄÆÈÇÍËÆÐÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐ
µ)4KP_-))[_µ4KαKµ4K
ÇÈ
OLP αK
K→
¶ÐÒÎÕÍÂÉÂÎÇÏÝÑÇÒÇÎÇÏÏÝ×
ÄÌÒÂÔÏÐÎÊÏÔÇÅÒÂÍÇ
qÕÓÔÞ) ¶ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÕÈÎÐÈÆÊÄËÎÏÐÐÇÏÐÊÏÄÙ
ÏÐÈÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÈÐÔ±ÒÝÔÐÐÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ*µ 5 [QÆÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÐ
5 \QËÈÐñÐÅËÄÏ-)ÏÈÐÅÒÄÛÄÈÔÓÃÆÏÕÍÞÏÄÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÈ*
´ § ° ² § ® ¢ gÔÎÌ( ¶ÌËÏÉÓÌÏÑÉÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÑÔÑÈÉÓÊÅÜÉÉ
ÔÄÇÏÉÔÕÉÔÑÔÇÑÌÏËÅÏÞ²ÅÐÌÉÏ(ÇÑÕ²ÓÞÕÑÏÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÉ*
(µ ( µ*Å×ÖвÙÌÄIÐÉÒÓÉÓÞÇÐÅÐÅÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÉ )( ÕÑ
ÔÄÖÐÒÎÕÍÄÒÄÆÏÐÓËÍÞÏÄÖÐÒÎÕÍÈ
±ÐÏÈØ Ñ d ÏÄÚÈÎ ÓÍÕÙÄÈ ÖÕϱØËË I\ Ë I)[_-)[_
ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÝ ÓÐÐÔÆÈÔÓÔÆÈÏÏÐ ÏÄ ±ÐÎÑıÔÄ× )( Ë ( ÃÆÍÃà
ÛË×Óà ÊÄÎݱÄÏËÈÎ ËÊÎÈÒËÎÝ× ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆ )( Ë ( ÓÍÈÇÐ
ÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐ ÐÒÄÏËÙÈÏÝ Ë ËÏÔÈÒËÒÕÈÎÝ ÏÄ ÏË× tıËÎ ÐÅÒÄ
ÊÐÎ ÆÓÈ Æ×ÐÇÃÛËÈ Æ ÖÐÒÎÕÍÝ Ë ËÏÔÈÒÄÍÝ
ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕàÔÄÓÄÎËßÔËÖÐÒÎÕÍÝÒÄÆÏÐÓËÍÞÏÝÔËÖÐÒÎÕÍÝ
ÏÄÊÝÆÄàÔÓà ×ÑÓÏÖÎÅÏÌ ËÅÏÉÐÞ ÒÉÓÉÏÉÐÐÞØ Ç ²ÓÅÕÐÑÏ ÌÐ
ÕÉÓÅÎÉ
¦ Ð Ì Â É Â Ô Ç Í Þ Ó Ô Ä Ð fбÄÉÈÎÖÐÒÎÕÍÕqÒÈÉÇÈÆÓÈ
Ð ÊÄÎÈÔËÎ ÙÔÐ ÈÈ ÇÐÓÔÄÔÐÙÏÐ ÇбÄÊÄÔÞ ÍËÚÞ ÑÒË ÇÐÑÐÍÏË
ÔÈÍÞÏÐÎ ÑÒÈÇÑÐÍÐÉÈÏËË ÏÈÐÔÒËØÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔË ÖÕϱØËË I ÏÄ
ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÈ )(
I\O\∈ I(
d ÓÄÎÐÎ ÇÈÍÈ ÖÕϱØËà I ±Ä± ßÔÐ ÕÉÈ ÐÔÎÈÙÄÍÐÓÞ ÆÝÚÈ
ÐÒÄÏËÙÈÏÄ ÏÄ ±ÐÎÑıÔÈ )( qÐßÔÐÎÕ ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔ ÔıÄà ÑÐ
ÓÔÐÃÏÏÄÃF!ÙÔÐI\!´F\∈ )(
gÓÍË ÔÈÐÒÈÎÄ ÓÑÒÄÆÈÇÍËÆÄ ÇÍà ÇÆÕ× ÏÈÐÔÒËØÄÔÈÍÞÏÝ×
ÖÕϱØËÌI\ I\FËI\ FÔÐÐÏÄÆÓËÍÕÓÆÐÌÓÔÆÄÍË
ÏÈÌÏÐÓÔËËÏÔÈÒÄÍÄÓÑÒÄÆÈÇÍËÆÄËÇÍÃÖÕϱØËË
I\ I\´I\
( M( N ) ( 4 M( N )
`
sËÓÔÈÎÝÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆ
(N) M MN
τN { ( M } M
ÐÅÒÄÊÕàÔÒÄÊÅËÈÏËñÐÎÑıÔÄ ( ÎÈͱÐÓÔ˱ÐÔÐÒÝ×ÓÔÒÈÎÃÔ
ÓñÏÕÍà
OLP _τN_
N→
[ \
)
;MN );MN
[ \
rËÓ
ÑÐßÔÐÎÕÓÐÍÄÓÏÐÍÈÎÎÈË×ÐÅÒÄÊÝ) ( M( N ) ÃÆÍÃàÔÓÃËÊÎÈ
MN
ÒËÎÝÎËÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄÎËjÊ ( M` ( M( N ) ÓÍÈÇÕÈÔÙÔÐ
MN MN
)( ) ( ) M` ( M( N ) M`) ( M( N )
oıÐÏÈØ Æ ÓËÍÕ ÆÊÄËÎÏÐÌ ÐÇÏÐÊÏÄÙÏÐÓÔË ÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËà ) ÑÈ
ÒÈÓÈÙÈÏËÈÐÅÒÄÊÐÆ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆ ÑÒËßÔÐÎ ÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËËÒÄÆÏÐÐÅ
ÒÄÊÕË×ÑÈÒÈÓÈÙÈÏËÃÑÐßÔÐÎÕ
) ( L( N ) ) ( M( N ) ) ( L( N ) ( M( N )
` `
qÈÒÈÓÈÙÈÏËÃ ( L( N ) ( M( N ) L MËÎÈàÔÎÈÒÕÏÕÍÞËÃÆÍÃàÔ
`
fÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÐÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÈ)±ÐÎÑıÔÄ ( ÅÕÇÕÙËÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆ
ÏÝÎ ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃ Ë ÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐ ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÝÎ ÓÎ ÔÈÐÒÈÎÕ Æ
Ñ ËÑÐßÔÐÎÕÇÍÃÍàÅÐÐε!ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔÔıÐÈδ!ÙÔÐ
ÇÍÃÆÓÈ×ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆ$µ ( GLDP$δÆÝÑÐÍÏÃÈÔÓÃÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐ
GLDP)$ε
´N Q
dÝÅÒÄÆ ÔıÐÌ ÒÄÏ N ÙÔÐ δ ÑÐÍÕÙËÎ ÙÔÐ ÇÍà ÆÓÈ×
ÏÐÎÈÒÐÆN!NËÎÈÈÔÎÈÓÔÐÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐ
( M( N ) ( 4 M( N ) 4 M( N ) (
`
`
ÔÈÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐ ( M( N ) ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃÆßÔÐÎÓÍÕÙÄȱÕÅÐÎÒÄÏÄN
fÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÐ Æ ÓËÍÕ ÕÓÍÐÆËÃ Æ ±ÕÅÈ 4M ËÎÈÈÔÓÃ
ÔÐÙ±Ä ±ÐÎÑıÔÄ ( gÓÍË ÅÝ ßÔÐÔ ±ÕÅ ÏÈ ÓÐÇÈÒÉÄÍÓÃ Æ ( ÔÐ Æ
ÏÈÎ ÏÄÚÍÄÓÞ ÅÝ ÔÐÙ±Ä ÏÈ ÑÒËÏÄÇÍÈÉÄÛÄà ( ÑÐßÔÐÎÕ Ë ÔÐ
Ù±Ä[ÑÒËÏÄÇÍÈÉÄÛÄÃÈÐÒÄÏËØÈ[∈∂ ( (ÓÎÍÈÎÎÕÆ
`
ÔËÆÐÒÈÙËÔÆÝÅÐÒÕÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ ( M( N )
dÝÅÈÒÈÎÔÈÑÈÒÞÑÒÐËÊÆÐÍÞÏÝÎÐÅÒÄÊÐÎÑÐÔÐÙ±ÈηMNƱÄÉ
ÇÐÎ ËÊ ÐÔÐÅÒÄÏÏÝ× ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆ ) ( M( N ) ÒÄÊÅËÈÏËà )τN d ÓËÍÕ
ƱÍàÙÈÏËÃηMN∈) ( M( N ) ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕàÔÔıËÈÔÐÙ±ËξMNÙÔÐ
)ξMN ηMN
oÈÑÐÍÏÄÃ ËÏÔÈÒÄÍÞÏÄÃ ÓÕÎÎÄ σ ) ( τ ÇÍÃ ËÏÔÈÒÄÍÄ
N ) ( ∂) ( ( ) )
M N
∫ I\G\ÑÒËÆÝÅÒÄÏÏÝ×ÔÐÙ±Ä×η ËÎÈÈÔÆËÇ
)(
∑ IηMNµ) 4 M( N )
4 M( N ) ⊂ (
Fα µ4 M( N )Pσ τ Fα
µ (
N ∑
N
N ( ∂( )
4 M( N ) ⊂ (
qÈÒÆÐÈÓÍÄÄÈÎÐÈÆÑÒÄÆÐÌÙÄÓÔËÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÄÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃÏÈ
ÑÐÍÏÐÌËÏÔÈÒÄÍÞÏÐÌÓÕÎÎÐÌDÆÔÐÒÐÈÆÓËÍÕÆÝÑÐÍ
ÏÈÏËÃ ÕÓÍÐÆËÃ ÓÔÒÈÎËÔÓÃ ± ÏÕÍà ÑÒË N { ÊÇÈÓÞ
K
N
OLP Fα
µ (
N N→
nÈͱÐÓÔË ÒÄÊÅËÈÏËÌ τN Ë )τN ÓÔÒÈÎÃÔÓà ± ÏÕÍà ÑÒË N {
ÑÐßÔÐÎÕÓÐÍÄÓÏÐÔÈÐÒÈÎÈÑ ÒÄÓÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄÈÎÝÈÏÈÑÐÍ
ÏÝÈ ËÏÔÈÒÄÍÞÏÝÈ ÓÕÎÎÝ ÓÔÒÈÎÃÔÓÃ ÑÒË N { ± ÓÐÐÔÆÈÔÓÔ
ÆÕàÛËÎËÏÔÈÒÄÍÄÎ
OLP σ ) ( τ ∫ I\G\
N→ N ) ( ∂)( )
)(
ÇÑ * 5 \Q ÇËÅÌÏÐÑÑÈÐÑËÐÅÚÐÑÐÉÒÓÉÓÞÇÐÑÈÌ××ÉÓÉÐÙÌÓÖÉÏÑ
`
ÉÑIJÑÆÌÅÐÐÉÑÆÓÅÜÅÉÕÔÄÇÐÖÎßÐÅ*ÉÔÎÌÑÕÑÆÓÅÊÉÐÌÉ)
Ì ÉÑIJÑÆÌÅÐÐÉÒÓÉÓÞÇÐÑÒÓÑÈÑÎÊÅÉÏÞÐÅËÅÏÞ²ÅÐÌÉ* ÏÐÑ
ÊÉÔÕÇÅ*Å×ÖвÙÌÄIÐÉÒÓÉÓÞÇÐÅÐÅÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÉ * ÌÐÉÒÓÉ
ÓÞÇÐÑÒÓÑÈÑÎÊÅÉÏÅÐÅÉÑËÅÏÞ²ÅÐÌÉ* ÕÑ
N`*N *
jÊËÓÐÍÄÓÏÐÑÐÍÏÐÌÄÇÇËÔËÆÏÐÓÔËËÏÔÈÒÄÍÄÑÐ
ÐÔ±ÒÝÔÝÎÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄÎÓÎÓÆÐÌÓÔÆÐÆÑÓÍÈÇÕÈÔÙÔÐ
OLP ∫ I)[_-)[_G[ ∫ I)[_-)[_G[
N→
*N *
Ï˱Ä* ¶ÐÔÒÈʱËP[P5ÑÒËϕ Ëϕ πÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÄàÔÓÃÆ
ÐÇËÏËÔÐÔÉÈÐÔÒÈÊбP[P5\ ÄÐÔÒÈÊбU PϕPπ
Ë ÆÐÆÓÈ ÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÄÈÔÓÃ Æ ÔÐÙ±Õ ±ÐÅËÄÏ ÑÒÐÇÐÍÉÈÏÏÐÐ
ÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÃÐÅÒÄÛÄÈÔÓÃÆÏÕÍÞÑÒËU
sÐÍÄÓÏÐ ÔÈÐÒÈÎÈ ÇÍÃ ÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÃ Ë ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆ
ÏÐÌÏıÒÕÈ[\P5ÖÕϱØËËI[\ËÎÈÈÔÎÈÓÔÐÖÐÒÎÕÍÄ
∫∫ I[\G[G\ ∫ ∫ IU FRV ϕU VLQ ϕUGU Gϕ
PϕPπ
[\P5
PUP5
qÒËÆÈÇÈαÐϱÒÈÔÏÝÌÑÒËÎÈÒÆÝÙËÓÍÈÏËÃËÏÔÈÒÄÍÄÑÐßÔÐÌ
ÖÐÒÎÕÍÈ
¥ÇÐÎÇÔÒÊÙÇÓÌÊËÓÎÝÓÍ
ÂÃÓÐÍàÔÏÐËÄÇÍÊÙÊÏÝáÌÐÃÊÂÏÂÐÔÐÃÒÂÈÇÏÊá
qÕÓÔÞ ) µ ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÈ ÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÕÈÎÐÈ ÆÊÄËÎÏÐÐÇÏÐ
ÊÏÄÙÏÐÈÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÈÐÔ±ÒÝÔÐÐÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ* 5 [QÏÄÐÔ±ÒÝ `
ÔÐÈÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐ * 5 \Q)* * qÕÓÔÞñÐÅËÄÏ-)ÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈ
`
ÏËÃ)ÏÈÐÅÒÄÛÄÈÔÓÃÆÏÕÍÞÏÄ*ËÑÕÓÔޱıÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÈ)
ÔıËÈÐñÐÅËÄÏÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÑÒÐÇÐÍÉÄÈÎÝÏÄÊÄÎݱÄÏËÈ *
ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ * lı Ë ÒÄÏÞÚÈ ÅÕÇÈÎ ßÔË ÑÒÐÇÐÍÉÈÏËà ÐÅÐÊÏÄ
ÙÄÔÞÓÐÐÔÆÈÔÓÔÆÈÏÏÐ)Ë-)ÏÄÊÝÆÄÃÑÒÐÇÐÍÉÈÏÏÕàÖÕϱØËà
-)ÑÐÑÒÈÉÏÈÎÕIJÑÆÌÅÐÑÏÑÕÑÆÓÅÊÉÐÌÄ)
qÕÓÔÞ ' µ ËÊÎÈÒËÎÄÃ ÐÅÍÄÓÔÞ Ô È ËÊÎÈÒËÎÐÈ ÍËÏÈÌÏÐ
ÓÆÃÊÏÐÈ ÐÔ±ÒÝÔÐÈ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐ ÓÐÇÈÒÉÄÛÈÈÓÃ Æ ÊÄÎݱÄÏËË *
ÐÔ±ÒÝÔÐÐÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ*
' *
`
ÔıÉÈÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃÐÅÍÄÓÔÞàÓÎÑfÍÃÈÐÎÈÒÝËÎÈÈÔÎÈÓ
ÔÐÖÐÒÎÕÍÄÓÎÓÆÐÌÓÔÆбÒÄÔÏÐÐËÏÔÈÒÄÍÄÆÑ
µ)' ∫ G\
)'
qÒËÎÈÏËÆ ± ËÏÔÈÒÄÍÕ Æ ÑÒÄÆÐÌ ÙÄÓÔË ßÔÐÐ ÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÄ
ÖÐÒÎÕÍÕ ÊÄÎÈÏÝ ÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÐÐ Æ ±ÒÄÔÏÐÎ ËÏÔÈÒÄÍÈ ÊÇÈÓÞ
I\ÑÐÍÕÙËε)' ∫ _-)[_G[
'
qÐÔÈÐÒÈÎÈÐÓÒÈÇÏÈÎÓÎÑ ËÎÈÈÎ ∫ _-)[_G[ _-)ξ_µ'
ξ∈'tıËÎÐÅÒÄÊÐÎ '
µ)'
_-)ξ_ ξ∈'
µ'
gÓÍË ^'` µ ÓÈÎÈÌÓÔÆÐ Õ±ÄÊÄÏÏÝ× ÐÅÍÄÓÔÈÌ ÓÐÇÈÒÉÄÛÈÈ
ÐÅÍÄÓÔË Ó±ÐÍÞ ÕÐÇÏÐ ÎÄÍÐÐ ÇËÄÎÈÔÒÄ Ë ÈÓÍË ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔ
ÔÐÙ±Ä[ÑÒËÏÄÇÍÈÉÄÛÄÃÆÓÈÎÐÅÍÄÓÔÃÎßÔÐÐÓÈÎÈÌÓÔÆÄÔÐ
OLP µ) '
_-)[_[∈'
GLDP' → µ'
fÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÐ ËÊ ÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÄ _ξ ´ [_ P GLDP ' [∈'
ξ∈' ÓÍÈÇÕÈÔ ÙÔÐ OLP ξ [ pÔÓàÇÄ Æ ÓËÍÕ ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆ
GLDP' →
ÏÐÓÔËñÐÅËÄÏÄ-)ÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÃ)ËÎÈÈÎ
OLP -)ξ -)[
GLDP' →
qÐßÔÐÎÕÑÈÒÈÌÇñÑÒÈÇÈÍÕÆÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÈÑÐÍÕÙËÎÖÐÒ
ÎÕÍÕ±ÐÔÐÒÄÃËÆÝÒÄÉÄÈÔÈÐÎÈÔÒËÙÈÓ±ËÌÓÎÝÓÍÄÅÓÐ
ÍàÔÏÐÌÆÈÍËÙËÏÝñÐÅËÄÏÄÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÃlÐÒÐÙÈÐÆÐÒÃÔÙÔÐ
ÄÅÓÐÍàÔÏÄà ÆÈÍËÙËÏÄ Ã±ÐÅËÄÏÄ ÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÃ Æ ÇÄÏÏÐÌ ÔÐÙ±È
ÒÄÆÏıÐßÖÖËØËÈÏÔÕËÊÎÈÏÈÏËÃÎÈÒÝÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄÆßÔÐÌÔÐÙ±È
¬ÒÊÄÐÍÊÏÇËÏÝÇÌÐÐÒÆÊÏÂÔÝ
dÊÄËÎÏÐÐÇÏÐÊÏÄÙÏÐÈÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÈ
\ \[[[Q
\ \[[[Q
\ )[
\Q \Q[[[Q
ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ * µ 5 [Q Æ ÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÐ 5 \Q ÓÔÄÆËÔ Æ ÓÐÐÔÆÈÔÓÔÆËÈ
±ÄÉÇÐÌÔÐÙ±È[ [[[QÏÄÅÐÒQÙËÓÈÍ\\\Q
ÔË ÙËÓÍÄ ÎÐÉÏÐ ÒÄÓÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄÔÞ ±Ä± ÇÒÕËÈ ±ÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔÝ ÔÐÌ
ÉÈ ÔÐÙ±Ë [ ÔË ±ÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔÝ ÏÄÊÝÆÄàÔÓà ÐÅÝÙÏÐ ²ÓÌÇÑÎÌ
ÐÉÍÐÞÏÌ ²ÑÑÓÈÌÐÅÕÅÏÌ Ôı ±Ä± ±ÒËÆÝÈ ÑÐÍÕÙÄàÛËÈÓà ËÊ
ÕÒÄÆÏÈÏËÌ\L \L[[[QL QÑÒËÖ˱ÓËÒÐ
ÆÄÏËËÆÓÈ×ÄÒÕÎÈÏÔÐƱÒÐÎÈÐÇÏÐÐßÔ˱ÒËÆÝÈÏÄÊÝÆÄàÔÓÃ
²ÑÑÓÈÌÐÅÕÐÞÏÌÎÌÐÌÄÏÌÏÈÃÆÍÃàÔÓÃÆÐÐÅÛÈÐÆÐÒÃÑÒÃ
ÎÝÎ˱ıÆÓÍÕÙÄÈÇȱÄÒÔÐÆÝ×±ÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔ
tıËÎ ÐÅÒÄÊÐÎ ÖÐÒÎÕÍÝ ÎÐÉÏÐ ÒÄÓÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄÔÞ ÏÈ
ÔÐÍޱбıÖÐÒÎÕÍÝÊÄÇÄàÛËÈÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÈÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄËÊÐÇ
ÏÐÐÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÄÆÇÒÕÐÈƱÄÉÇÐÎËʱÐÔÐÒÝ×ÊÄÇÄÏÝÇȱÄÒ
ÔÐÆݱÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔÝÓÐÐÔÆÈÔÓÔÆÈÏÏÐ[[ [QË\\ \Q
ÏÐ˱ıÑÈÒÈ×ÐÇÐÔ±ÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔ[[ [Q±ÏÐÆÝαÐÐÒÇËÏÄ
ÔÄÎ\\ \QÔÐÌÉÈÔÐÙ±ËÆÔÐÎÉÈÓÄÎÐÎÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÈ
d ßÔÐÎ ÓÍÕÙÄÈ Æ ÖÐÒÎÕÍÈ ÊÄÎÈÏÝ ÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÝ× Æ ±ÒÄÔÏÐÎ
ËÏÔÈÒÄÍÈ Ô È ÑÒË ÔıÐÌ ËÏÔÈÒÑÒÈÔÄØËË ÓÐÐÔÏÐÚÈ
ÏËÌ Æ ÐÅÈË× ÙÄÓÔÃ× ÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÄ ÓÍÈÇÕÈÔ ÑËÓÄÔÞ ÐÇÏÕ Ë
ÔÕÉÈÐÅÍÄÓÔÞËÏÔÈÒËÒÐÆÄÏËÃ
∫ I[\G\ ∫ I)[_-)[_G[
* *
Ôı ±Ä± ËÏÔÈÒËÒÐÆÄÏËÈ ÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇËÔÓà ÑÐ ÐÇÏÐÎÕ Ë ÔÐÎÕ ÉÈ
ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÕÐÑËÓÝÆÄÈÎÐÎÕÒÄÊÏÝÎËÓÑÐÓÐÅÄÎË
pÅÒÄÔÏÝÌ ÑÈÒÈ×ÐÇ ÐÔ \ \ \Q ± [ [ [Q ÐÓÕ
ÛÈÓÔÆÍÃÈÔÓÃÑÒËÑÐÎÐÛËÐÅÒÄÔÏÐÐÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÃ
[ [\\ \Q
[ [\\ \Q
[ )µ\
[Q [Q\\ \Q
rÄÓÓÎÐÔÒËÎ ÇÍÃ ÏÄÍÃÇÏÐÓÔË ÅÐÍÈÈ ÑÐÇÒÐÅÏÐ ÇÆÕÎÈÒÏÝÌ
ÓÍÕÙÄÌqÕÓÔÞÊÄÇÄÏÐÆÊÄËÎÏÐÐÇÏÐÊÏÄÙÏÐÈÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÈ
X X[\Y Y[\
ÐÔ±ÒÝÔÐÐÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ*ÑÍÐÓ±ÐÓÔË 5 [\ ÆÑÍÐÓ±ÐÓÔÞ 5 cÕÇÈÎ
XY
ÒÄÓÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄÔÞ ÑÄÒÕ X Y ±Ä± ÏÐÆÝÈ ±ÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔÝ ÔÐÙ±Ë [ \
uÒÄÆÏÈÏËñÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔÏÝ×ÍËÏËÌÆßÔÐÎÓÍÕÙÄÈËÎÈàÔÆËÇ
[ [XY\ \XYY µFRQVW
Ë
[ [XY\ \XYX µFRQVW
Ô È ÑÒÈÇÓÔÄÆÍÃàÔ ÓÐÅÐÌ ÑÄÒÄÎÈÔÒËÙÈÓ±Ë ÊÄÇÄÏÏÝÈ ÑÍÐÓ±ËÈ
±ÒËÆÝÈ
cÕÇÈÎ ÑÒÈÇÑÐÍÄÄÔÞ ÙÔÐ ÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÈ ÕÇÐÆÍÈÔÆÐ
ÒÃÈÔÆÓÈÎÕÓÍÐÆËÃÎÑÒ˱ÐÔÐÒÝ×ÅÝÍÄÇбÄÊÄÏÄÖÐÒÎÕÍÄÊÄ
ÎÈÏÝ ÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÝ× Æ ±ÒÄÔÏÝ× ËÏÔÈÒÄÍÄ× ÓÎ ÔÈÐÒÈÎÕ Æ
Ñ ÑÒËQ ËÙÔÐÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÈ
[ [XY\ \XY
ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÈÎÐÅÒÄÔÏÝαÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËà
jÓÓÍÈÇÕÈαıÐÌÓÎÝÓÍÅÕÇÈÔËÎÈÔÞÆßÔÐÎÓÍÕÙÄÈÎÐÇÕÍÞ
ñÐÅËÄÏÄ iÄÖ˱ÓËÒÕÈÎ ±Ä±ËÈÍËÅÐ ÊÏÄÙÈÏËà X ∆X Y ∆Y
qÕÓÔÞ 0 X Y ' ¶ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐ ÆÓÈ× ÔÐÙȱ ±ÒËÆÐÍËÏÈÌ
ÏÝÈ ±ÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔÝ X Y ±ÐÔÐÒÝ× ÕÇÐÆÍÈÔÆÐÒÃàÔ ÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÄÎ
XXX∆XYYY∆YËÑÕÓÔÞ 'µ*nÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐ
' ÏÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÓà ²ÑÑÓÈÌÐÅÕÐÞÏ ²ÓÌÇÑÎÌÐÉÍÐÞÏ ÒÅÓÅÎÎÉÎÑ
ÓÅÏÏÑÏnÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐ'ÐÔ±ÒÝÔÐÑÐÙÈÎÕ"ËÈÐÒÄÏËØÄÑÒÈÇ
ÓÔÄÆÍÃÈÔ ÓÐÅÐÌ ±ÕÓÐÙÏÐÍÄDZËÌ ±ÐÏÔÕÒ ÐÏ ÓÐÓÔÐËÔ ËÊ ±ÒËÆÝ×
ÆËÇÄ[ [XY\ \XYÇÈYPYPY∆YËÔ ÑÑÐßÔÐ
ÎÕ ' ±ÆÄÇÒËÒÕÈÎÄà ÐÅÍÄÓÔÞ dÝÙËÓÍËÎ ÈÈ ÑÍÐÛÄÇÞ ÒËÓ
qÒËÎÈÏËÆ ÖÐÒÎÕÍÕ ÊÄÎÈÏÝ ÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÐÐ Æ ËÏÔÈÒÄÍÈ Ë ËÏÔÈ
ÒÄÍÞÏÕàÔÈÐÒÈÎÕÐÓÒÈÇÏÈÎÓÎÑ ÑÐÍÕÙËÎ
µ' ∫ ∫ G[G\ ∫ ∂( [\ ) GXGY
∫
∂( XY )
X < X < X ∆X
' Y < Y < Y ∆Y
X∆Y Y∆Y
∂( [\ ) ∂( [\ ) ∆X∆Y 0∈'
∂( XY )
∫ GX Y∫ GY
X ∂( XY )
0 0
µ' ∂
( [\ )
∆X∆Yε∆X∆Y
∂( XY ) 0
ÔÄÖÐÒÎÕÍÄÑбÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÙÔÐÎÐÇÕÍÞñÐÅËÄÏÄÆÔÐÙ±ÈXY
ÑÒÈÇÓÔÄÆÍÃÈÔÓÐÅÐ̱ÐßÖÖËØËÈÏÔÕÑÒÐËÊÆÈÇÈÏËÃ∆X∆YÍÄÆÏÐÌ
ÙÄÓÔËÑÍÐÛÄÇ˱ÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔÏÐÐÑÄÒÄÍÍÈÍÐÒÄÎÎÄÓÆÈÒÚËÏÐÌÆ
ÔÐÙ±ÈXYÑÒË∆X∆Y{ÔÐÊÄÎÈÙÄÏËÈÙÄÓÔÐËÓÑÐÍÞÊÕ
ÈÔÓà ÏÄ ÑÒıÔË±È ÑÒË ÆÝÙËÓÍÈÏËË Ã±ÐÅËÄÏÄ ÑÒÈÐÅÒÄÊÐÆÄÏËÃ
±ÒËÆÐÍËÏÈÌÏÝ×±ÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔÆÇȱÄÒÔÐÆÝqбÄÉÈÎßÔÐÏÄÑÒË
ÎÈÒÈ ÑÐÍÃÒÏÝ× ±ÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔ U ϕ iÄÖ˱ÓËÒÕÈÎ ±Ä±ËÈÍËÅÐ ÊÏÄ
ÙÈÏËÃUU∆UϕËϕ∆ϕËÒÄÓÓÎÐÔÒËαÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔÏÝÌÑÄÒÄÍ
ÍÈÍÐÒÄÎÎ ' ÒËÓ ÐÅÒÄÊÐÆÄÏÏÝÌ ±ÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔÏÝÎË ÍËÏËÃ
\
Y Y∆Y
' Y Y '
U ∆ϕ ∆U
X X∆X ∆ϕ
X X U
ϕ
[
rËÓ rËÓ
ÎË U U ∆U ϕ Ë ϕ ∆ϕ fÍËÏÝ ÇÆÕ× ÈÐ ÓÔÐÒÐÏ ÒÄÆÏÝ
ÓÐÐÔÆÈÔÓÔÆÈÏÏÐ∆U Ë U∆ϕ dÝÙËÓÍËÆ ÑÍÐÛÄÇÞ ßÔÐÐ ÑÄÒÄÍÍÈÍÐ
ÒÄÎÎÄÔı±Ä±ÈÓÍËÅÝÐÏÅÝÍÐÅݱÏÐÆÈÏÏÝÎÑÒÃÎÐÕÐÍÞÏË
±ÐÎÅÕÇÈÎËÎÈÔÞµ'≈U∆U∆ϕ
jÔı ±ÐßÖÖËØËÈÏÔ Õ ÑÒÐËÊÆÈÇÈÏËà ∆U∆ϕ бÄÊÄÍÓà ÒÄÆ
ÏÝÎUÐÔ±ÕÇÄÈÓÔÈÓÔÆÈÏÏÐÐÉËÇÄÔÞÙÔÐ ∂
( [\ )
UdÇÈÌÓÔÆË
∂( XY )
ÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔË ÓÎ ÑÒËÎÈÒ Æ Ñ Ôı Ë ÈÓÔÞ ÔÐ ÑÒÐËÊÐÚÍÐ
ÑÐÔÐÎÕ ÙÔÐ ÑÒË ÏÄÚË× ÏÈÔÐÙÏÝ× ÆÝÙËÓÍÈÏËÃ× ÑÍÐÛÄÇË '
ÇÐÑÕÛÈÏÄ ÐÚËÅ±Ä ÅÐÍÈÈ ÆÝÓбÐÐ ÑÐÒÃÇ±Ä ÎÄÍÐÓÔË ÙÈÎ ÑÒÐ
ËÊÆÈÇÈÏËÈ ∆U∆ϕ ÑÒË ∆U ∆ϕ { d ÓÄÎÐÎ ÇÈÍÈ ÆÝÙËÓÍËÆ
µ'±Ä±ÒÄÊÏÐÓÔÞÑÍÐÛÄÇÈÌÇÆÕ×ÓȱÔÐÒÐÆÑÐÍÕÙËÎ
µ' U∆U∆ϕ´U∆ϕ U∆U∆ϕ ∆U∆ϕ
uqrbhogojoÄÑËÓÄÔÞÖÐÒÎÕÍÕÊÄÎÈÏÝÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÐÌÇÍÃÓÍÈÇÕàÛË×
ÑÒÈÐÅÒÄÊÐÆÄÏË̱ÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔ
[ U FRV ψ FRV ϕ \ U FRV ψ VLQ ϕ ] U VLQ ψ P U P ϕ P π
ÓÖÈÒËÙÈÓ±ËȱÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔÝ
[ U FRV ϕ \ U VLQ ϕ ] ] P U P ϕ P π ´ ]
ØËÍËÏÇÒËÙÈÓ±ËȱÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔÝ
¬ÒÊÄÐÍÊÏÇËÏÝÇÊÏÔÇÅÒÂÍÝ
¬ÒÊÄÐÍÊÏÇËÏÝÇÊÏÔÇÅÒÂÍÝÑÇÒÄÐÅÐÒÐÆÂ
qÕÓÔÞÆÔÒÈ×ÎÈÒÏÐÎÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÈ5ÊÄÇÄÏıÒËÆÄÃ
Γ ^UWDPWPE`
ÓÎ nÝÅÕÇÈÎÒÄÓÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄÔÞÐÇÏÐÊÏÄÙÏÝÈ ÖÕϱØËË)
ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏÏÝÈ ÏÄ ÔÐÙ±Ä× UW ßÔÐÌ ±ÒËÆÐÌ ) )UW gÓÍË
ρταPτPβ ¶±Ä±ÐÈÍËÅÐÇÒÕÐÈÑÒÈÇÓÔÄÆÍÈÏËÈÔÐÌÉȱÒË
ÆÐÌΓËW WταPτPβ ¶ÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÈÐÔÒÈʱÄ>αβ@ÏÄÐÔÒÈ
Êб>DE@ÐÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÍÃàÛÈÈß±ÆËÆÄÍÈÏÔÏÐÓÔÞßÔË×ÑÒÈÇÓÔÄÆÍÈ
ÏËÌ Ô È W Wτ α P τ P β ¶ ÇÐÑÕÓÔËÎÐÈ ÑÒÈÐÅÒÄÊÐÆÄÏËÈ
ÑÄÒÄÎÈÔÒÄ ÓÎÑ ÔÐÑÐÓ±ÐÍÞ±ÕÊÏÄÙÈÏËÈÖÕϱØËË)ÐÑ
ÒÈÇÈÍÃÈÔÓÃÍËÚÞÔÐÙ±Ð̱ÒËÆÐÌÅÕÇÈÎËÎÈÔÞ
)ρτ )UWW W τ)αPτPβ
rÄÓÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄÈÎÝÈ ÖÕϱØËË ) ÑÒËÏËÎÄàÔ ÆÐÐÅÛÈ ÐÆÐÒÃ
ÒÄÊÍËÙÏÝÈ ÊÏÄÙÈÏËÃ Æ ÔÐÙ±Ä× ±ÒËÆÐÌ ÓÐÐÔÆÈÔÓÔÆÕàÛË× ÒÄÊ
ÍËÙÏÝÎ ÊÏÄÙÈÏËÃÎ ÑÄÒÄÎÈÔÒÄ ÏÐ ÓÐÆÑÄÇÄàÛË× ±Ä± ÔÐÙ±Ë
ÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÄ ÓÎ ±ÒÄÔÏÝÈ ÔÐÙ±Ë Æ Ñ tıÄà ÔÐÙ±Ä ÊÒÈ
ÏËà ÓÐÐÔÆÈÔÓÔÆÕÈÔ ÖËÊËÙÈÓ±ÐÌ ËÏÔÈÒÑÒÈÔÄØËË ±ÒËÆÐÌ Γ ÏÄ
ÑÒËÎÈÒ ±Ä± ÔÒÄȱÔÐÒËË ÇÆËÉÈÏËà ÎÄÔÈÒËÄÍÞÏÐÌ ÔÐÙ±Ë Ä
ÖÕϱØËË ) ¶ ±Ä± ÏȱÐÔÐÒÐÌ ÓËÍÝÇÈÌÓÔÆÕàÛÈÌÏÄÏÈÈËÊÄ
ÆËÓÃÛÈÌ ÏÈ ÔÐÍޱРÐÔ ÑÐÍÐÉÈÏËà ÔÐÙ±Ë Æ ÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÈ ÏÐ Ë
ÐÔ ÎÐÎÈÏÔÄ Æ ±ÐÔÐÒÐÎ ßÔÄ ÔÐÙ±Ä ÏÄ×ÐÇËÔÓÃ Æ ÇÄÏÏÐÎ ÎÈÓÔÈ
lÒÐÎÈ ÔÐÐ ÔıÐÌ ÑÐÇ×ÐÇ ÇÄÈÔ Ë ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏÏÝÈ ÎÄÔÈÎÄÔËÙÈ
Ó±ËÈÑÒÈËÎÕÛÈÓÔÆıÐÔÐÒÝÈÅÕÇÕÔÆËÇÏÝÆÇÄÍÞÏÈÌÚÈÎ
jÊ Ó±ÄÊÄÏÏÐÐ ÓÍÈÇÕÈÔ ÙÔÐ Õ±ÄÊÄÏÏÝÈÖÕϱØËËÊÄÇÄÏÏÝÈ
ÏıÒËÆÐÌÏÈÍÞÊÃÒÄÓÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄÔޱıÖÕϱØËËÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏÏÝÈ
ÏÄ ÏȱÐÔÐÒÐÎ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÈ ÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÄ 5 Ë ÑÐßÔÐÎÕ ÓÔÒÐÐ
ÐÆÐÒÃË×ÏÈÍÞÊÃÐÅÐÊÏÄÙÄÔÞÙÈÒÈÊ)[\]ÇÈ[\] ¶ÇÈ
±ÄÒÔÐÆÝ ±ÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔÝ ÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÈÏÏÝ× ÔÐÙȱ pÇÏÄ±Ð Æ ÒÄÓ
ÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄÈÎÝ× ÏËÉÈ ÆÐÑÒÐÓÄ× ÔıÐÈ ÐÅÐÊÏÄÙÈÏËÈ ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃ
ÔÒÄÇËØËÐÏÏÝÎÑÐßÔÐÎÕÎÝÅÕÇÈÎÈÐÕÑÐÔÒÈÅÍÃÔÞgÓÍËÆÓÈ
ÇÄÑÐÎÏËÔÞÙÔÐÆßÔË×ÆÐÑÒÐÓÄ×ÒÈÙÞËÇÈÔÐÖÕϱØËÃ×ÐÑÒÈ
ÇÈÍÈÏÏÝ× ÏÄ ÔÐÙ±Ä× ±ÒËÆÝ× ÔÐ ÈÐ ËÓÑÐÍÞÊÐÆÄÏËÈ ÏÈ ÑÒËÆÈ
ÇÈÔ±ÏÈÇÐÒÄÊÕÎÈÏËÃÎ
qÕÓÔÞÔÈÑÈÒÞÊÄÇÄÏÄÓÑÒÃÎÍÃÈÎÄÃÐÒËÈÏÔËÒÐÆÄÏÏÄñÒËÆÄÃ
ΓÑÒËÙÈÎUV ^[V\V]VPVP6` ¶ÈÈÑÒÈÇÓÔÄÆÍÈÏËÈ
ÇÈ Æ ±ÄÙÈÓÔÆÈ ÑÄÒÄÎÈÔÒÄ ÆÊÃÔÄ ÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÄà ÇÍËÏÄ ÇÕË V Ë
ÑÕÓÔÞ $ U Ë % U6 ¶ ÏÄÙÄÍÞÏÄÃ Ë ±ÐÏÈÙÏÄà ÔÐÙ±Ë ßÔÐÌ
±ÒËÆÐÌ
dßÔÐÎÓÍÕÙÄÈÅÕÇÈÎÑËÓÄÔÞΓ $%qÒÐÔËÆÐÑÐÍÐÉÏÐÐÒË
ÈÏÔËÒÐÆÄÏÏÕà±ÒËÆÕàÐÅÐÊÏÄÙËÎ %$
°ÑÒÇÆÇÍÇÏÊÇ qÖÔÕß ÐÅ ÕÑÚ²ÅØUV²ÓÌÇÑÍΓËÅÈÅÐÅ ÐɲÑ
ÕÑÓÅÄ×ÖвÙÌÄ)tÑÈÅÌÐÕÉÓÅÎ ∫ )[\]GVÑÒÓÉÈÉÎÄÉÕÔÄ
ÒÑ×ÑÓÏÖÎÉ 6
$%
pÔÎÈÔËÎ ÏȱÐÔÐÒÝÈ ÓÑÈØËÖËÙÈÓ±ËÈ ÓÆÐÌÓÔÆÄ ËÏÔÈÒÄÍÄ
∫ GV 6
$%
ÔÐÓÆÐÌÓÔÆÐÐÙÈÆËÇÏÐ
gÔÎÌ ×ÖвÙÌÄ ) ÐÉÒÓÉÓÞÇÐÅ Ç ÕÑÚ²ÅØ ²ÓÌÇÑÍ Γ ²Å²
×ÖвÙÌÄ ÒÅÓÅÏÉÕÓÅ V Õ É ÉÔÎÌ ÐÉÒÓÉÓÞÇÐÅÄ ×ÖвÙÌÄ
) UVPVP6ÕÑ ÌÐÕÉÓÅÎ ∫ )GVÔÖÜÉÔÕÇÖÉÕ
e
dÓÄÎÐÎÇÈÍÈÓÐÍÄÓÏÐÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËàËÏÔÈÒÄÍ ∫ )GV
e
6
ÓÆÐÇËÔÓÃ ± ËÏÔÈÒÄÍÕ ∫ )[V \V ]VGV ÐÔ ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÌ
ÖÕϱØËË ÑÐ ÐÔÒÈÊ±Õ Ä ßÔÐÔ ËÏÔÈÒÄÍ ±Ä± ËÊÆÈÓÔÏÐ ÓÕÛÈÓÔ
ÆÕÈÔ
lÓÌÇÑÎÌÐÉÍÐÞÍ ÌÐÕÉÓÅÎ ÒÉÓÇÑÑ ÓÑÈÅ ÐÉ ËÅÇÌÔÌÕ
ÑÕ ÑÓÌÉÐÕÅÙÌÌ ²ÓÌÇÑÍ
∫ )[\]GV ∫ )[\]GV
$% %$
fÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÐ ÑÕÓÔÞ 0 UV ¶ ÔÐÙ±Ä ±ÒËÆÐÌ $% Ë V ¶
àÛË× ËÏÔÈÒÄÍÞÏÝ× ÓÕÎÎ ÓÑÈØËÖ豀 ßÔÐÐ ÓÍÕÙÄà ÓÐÓÔÐËÔ
ÍËÚÞÆÔÐÎÙÔÐßÔËÓÕÎÎÝÎÐÉÏÐÐÑËÓÄÔÞÆÈÐÎÈÔÒËÙÈÓ±Ë×
ÔÈÒÎËÏÄ×ÓÆÃÊÄÏÏÝ×Ó±ÒËÆÐÌΓÑбÐÔÐÒÐÌÆÈÇÈÔÓÃËÏÔÈÒË
ÒÐÆÄÏËÈsÖÐÒÎÕÍËÒÕÈÎßÔÐÅÐÍÈÈÔÐÙÏÐ
L L
qÖÔÕß τ { V L } L τ ¶ ÓÅËÆÌÉÐÌÉ ÑÕÓÉ˲Š> 6@
ξL∈>VL ´VL@∆VL VL´VL´ ¶ÈÎÌÐÅ ÈÖÌ ²ÓÌÇÑÍΓÑÕ ÕÑÚ²Ì
Lτ
UVL ´ÈÑÕÑÚ²ÌUVLL LτÌστ ∑ )UξL∆VtÑ
L
ÈÅ ÉÔÎÌ ×ÖвÙÌÄ)UVÌÐÕÉÓÌÓÖÉÏÅ ÒÑ rÌÏÅÐÖ ÐÅ ÑÕÓÉË
²É>6@ÕÑ
OLP στ ∫ )GV
τ → e
ÎÈÏÏÐÐ V VW Æ ÑÒÄÆÐÌ ÙÄÓÔË ÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÄ Ë ÆÓÑÐÎÏËÆ
ÙÔÐÓÎÑ
GV
[ W′ \ W′ ] W′
GW
ÑÐÍÕÙËÎÖÐÒÎÕÍÕ
jÊÓÍÈÇÕÈÔÙÔÐÇÍÃÇÄÏÏÐ̱ÒËÆÐÌÊÏÄÙÈÏËÈËÏÔÈ
ÒÄÍÄÓÔÐÃÛÈÐÆÑÒÄÆÐÌÙÄÓÔËÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÄÏÈÊÄÆËÓËÔÐÔ
ÆÝÅÐÒÄ ÑÄÒÄÎÈÔÒÄ ÏÄ ±ÒËÆÐÌ Ôı ±Ä± ÑÒË ÍàÅÐÎ ÆÝÅÐÒÈ ÑÄ
ÒÄÎÈÔÒÄ ßÔÐÔ ËÏÔÈÒÄÍ ÒÄÆÈÏ ËÏÔÈÒÄÍÕ ÓÔÐÃÛÈÎÕ Æ ÍÈÆÐÌ
ÙÄÓÔËßÔÐÐÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÄ
¬ÒÊÄÐÍÊÏÇËÏÝÇÊÏÔÇÅÒÂÍÝÄÔÐÒÐÅÐÒÐÆÂ
rÃÇ ÎÄÔÈÎÄÔËÙÈÓ±Ë× Ë ÑÒ˱ÍÄÇÏÝ× ÊÄÇÄÙ ÑÒËÆÐÇËÔ ± ±ÒËÆÐ
ÍËÏÈÌÏÝÎ ËÏÔÈÒÄÍÄÎ ÇÒÕÐÐ ÔËÑÄ oÄÑÒËÎÈÒ ÈÓÍË U UW
ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓà ÒÄÇËÕÓÐÎÆȱÔÐÒÐÎ ÇÆËÉÕÛÈÌÓà ÎÄÔÈÒËÄÍÞÏÐÌ ÔÐÙ
±ËÄ) )W ¶ÓËÍÄÇÈÌÓÔÆÕàÛÄÃÏÄßÔÕÔÐÙ±ÕÔÐÈÓÔÈÓÔÆÈÏ
ÏÐ ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍËÔÞ ÒÄÅÐÔÕ ÓËÍÝ ) ÆÇÐÍÞ ÔÒÄȱÔÐÒËË Γ ÒÄÓÓÎÄÔÒË
ÆÄÈÎÐÌÔÐٱ˱ıËÏÔÈÒÄÍ∫ )GUËÍËÈÓÍË) 345ÄGU
e
G[G\G]ƱÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔÏÐÌÊÄÑËÓ˱ıËÏÔÈÒÄÍ
∫ 3G[4G\5G]
e
dÓÑÐÎËÏÄÃÙÔÐÓÎÑ
G[ G\ G]
FRVα FRVβ FRVγ
GV GV GV
ÇÈW FRVαFRVβFRVγµÈÇËÏËÙÏÝ̱ÄÓÄÔÈÍÞÏÝÌÆȱÔÐÒ
ËÏÔÈÒÄÍÎÐÉÏÐÑÒÈÇÓÔÄÆËÔÞÖÐÒÎÄÍÞÏÐÆÆËÇÈ
∫ 3FRVα4FRVβ5FRVγGV
e
sÖÐÒÎÕÍËÒÕÈÎÔÈÑÈÒÞÓÔÒÐÐÈÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËÈËÏÔÈÒÄÍÐÆÆË
±Ä±ËÆÑÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏÄÏÄÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÈ^UWDPWPE`ÆÓÈ×
ÔÐÙȱ±ÒËÆÐÌΓ
°ÑÒÇÆÇÍÇÏÊÇ jÐÕÉÓÅÎ ∫ )[\]G[ÑÒÓÉÈÉÎÄÉÕÔÄÒÑ×ÑÓ
$%
ÏÖÎÉ
∫ )[\] G[ ∫ )[\] FRV αGV
$% $%
bÐÅÎÑÌÚÐÑÒÑÑÒÓÉÈÉÎÉÐÌáÒÑÎÅÅÉÕÔÄ
∫ )[\] G\ ∫ )[\] FRVβ GV
$% $%
ÏÌÌÐÕÉÓÅÎÅÏÌÇÕÑÓÑÑÓÑÈÅÑÕ×ÖвÙÌÌ)ÒѲÓÌÇÑÍ $%
gÓÔÈÓÔÆÈÏÏÐÓÔÞßÔË×ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËÌÆËÇÏÄËÊÖÐÒÎÕÍ
lı Æ ÓÍÕÙÄÈ ËÏÔÈÒÄÍÄ Ôı Ë Æ ÓÍÕÙÄÃ× ËÏÔÈÒÄÍÐÆ
ÐÆÐÒÃÔ ÙÔÐ ÖÕϱØËà ) ËÏÔÈÒËÒÕÈÔÓà ÑÐ ±ÒË
ÆÐÌ $%
pÔÎÈÔËÎ ÏȱÐÔÐÒÝÈ ÓÆÐÌÓÔÆÄ ±ÒËÆÐÍËÏÈÌÏÝ× ËÏÔÈÒÄÍÐÆ
ÆÔÐÒÐÐ ÒÐÇÄ ÐÒÄÏËÙËÆÄÃÓÞ ÇÍà ±ÒÄÔ±ÐÓÔË ÔÐÍޱРÓÍÕÙÄÈÎ
ËÏÔÈÒÄÍÄ
gÔÎÌ×ÖвÙÌÄ)ÐÉÒÓÉÓÞÇÐÅÐŲÓÌÇÑÍΓÕ ÉÐÉÒÓÉ
ÓÞÇÐÅ×ÖвÙÌÄ)UWDPWPEÕÑÌÐÕÉÓÅÎÔÖÜÉÔÕ
ÇÖÉÕ
fÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÐ ÑÒË ÓÇÈÍÄÏÏÝ× ÐÔÏÐÓËÔÈÍÞÏÐ ±ÒËÆÐÌ Γ
ÑÒÈÇÑÐÍÐÉÈÏËÃ×ÖÕϱØËÃW WVW ¶ÑÄÒÄÎÈÔÒÏıÒËÆÐÌΓ,
V ¶ ÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÄÃ ÇÍËÏÄ ÇÕË ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐ ÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÕÈÎÄ
ÏÄ ÐÔÒÈÊ±È > 6@ ÑÐßÔÐÎÕ ÖÕϱØËà FRV α G[ GW
ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÄ
GW GV
ÏÄßÔÐÎÐÔÒÈʱÈËÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÖÕϱØËÃ)UWVFRVαVÏÈ
ÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÄ ÏÄ > 6@ Ë Æ ÓËÍÕ ±ÒËÆÐÍËÏÈÌÏÝ× ËÏÔÈÒÄÍÐÆ ÑÈÒ
ÆÐÐÒÐÇÄËÏÔÈÒÄÍÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔ
d ÇÄÍÞÏÈÌÚÈÎ Æ ßÔÐÎ ÑÕϱÔÈ ÇÍà ÑÒÐÓÔÐÔÝ ÅÕÇÈÎ ÑÒÈÇÑÐ
ÍÄÄÔÞ ÙÔÐ ÖÕϱØËà ) ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÄ ÏÄ ±ÒËÆÐÌ Γ d ßÔÐÎ ÓÍÕ
ÙÄÈÆÓÈÑÒËÆÈÇÈÏÏÝÈÏËÉÈËÏÔÈÒÄÍÝÊÄÆÈÇÐÎÐÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕàÔ
lÓÌÇÑÎÌÐÉÍÐÞÍ ÌÐÕÉÓÅÎ ÇÕÑÓÑÑ ÓÑÈÅ ÏÉÐÄÉÕ ËÐŲ
ÒÓÌ ÌËÏÉÐÉÐÌÌ ÑÓÌÉÐÕÅÙÌÌ ²ÓÌÇÑÍ Õ É
∫ )[\]G[ ´ ∫ )[\]G[
$% %$
sÄÎÐ ÓÐÅÐÌ ÒÄÊÕÎÈÈÔÓà ÙÔÐ Æ ÓÍÕÙÄÈ ±ÐÇÄ ÒÄÓÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄÈ
ÎÝÌËÏÔÈÒÄÍÒÄÆÈÏÏÕÍàÏ˱ıÐÐËÊÎÈÏÈÏËÃÊÏıÄÏÈÑÒÐËÓ
\ ×ÐÇËÔ Ôı ±Ä± ÈÐ ÑÒÐÓÔÐ ÏÈÔ pÇ
0 ÏıРÏÄÑËÓÄÏÏÐÈ ÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐ ÐÓÔÄÈÔ
% ÓÃÆÈÒÏÝÎ
d ÓÄÎÐÎ ÇÈÍÈ ÈÓÍË α ¶ ÕÐÍ
α′ $ ÐÅÒÄÊÐÆÄÏÏÝÌÑÐÍÐÉËÔÈÍÞÏÝÎÏÄ
α
[ ÑÒÄÆÍÈÏËÈαÄÓÄÔÈÍÞÏÐ̱±ÒËÆÐÌ
rËÓ
$%ÓÐÓÞà2[Äα′ ¶ÕÐÍÐÅÒÄÊÐ
ÆÄÏÏÝÌ ÑÐÍÐÉËÔÈÍÞÏÝÎ ÏÄÑÒÄÆ
ÍÈÏËÈαÄÓÄÔÈÍÞÏÐ̱±ÒËÆÐÌ %$ ÓÐÓÞà2[ÔÐÇÍÃÓÐÐÔÆÈÔÓÔ
ÆÕàÛË× ÔÐÙȱ ËÎÈÈÎ α′ α π ÒËÓ Ë ÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐ
FRVα′ ´FRVα
jÓÑÐÍÞÊÐÆÄÆ ÔÈÑÈÒÞ ÓÆÐÌÓÔÆÐ ÏÈÊÄÆËÓËÎÐÓÔË ±ÒËÆÐÍËÏÈÌ
ÏÐÐ ËÏÔÈÒÄÍÄ ÑÈÒÆÐÐ ÒÐÇÄ ÐÔ ÐÒËÈÏÔÄØËË ±ÒËÆÐÌ ÓÎ
Ñ ÑÐÍÕÙËÎ
∫ )[\]G[ ∫ )[\]FRVα′GV ´ ∫ )[\]FRVαGV
%$ %$ %$
´ ∫ )[\]FRVαGV ´ ∫ )[\]G[
$% $%
tıËÎ ÐÅÒÄÊÐÎ ßÔÐ ÓÆÐÌÓÔÆÐ ±ÒËÆÐÍËÏÈÌÏÐÐ ËÏÔÈÒÄÍÄ
ÆÔÐÒÐÐÒÐÇÄÆÝÔȱÄÈÔËÊÔÐÐÖıÔÄÙÔбÒËÆÐÍËÏÈÌÏÝÈËÏ
ÔÈÒÄÍÝ
∫ )[\]G[Ë ∫ )[\]G[
$% %$
ÒÄÆÏÝ ÓÐÐÔÆÈÔÓÔÆÕàÛËÎ ±ÒËÆÐÍËÏÈÌÏÝÎ ËÏÔÈÒÄÍÄÎ ÑÈÒÆÐÐ
ÒÐÇÄÑÐÇÝÏÔÈÒÄÍÞÏÝÈÆÝÒÄÉÈÏËñÐÔÐÒÝ×ÐÔÍËÙÄàÔÓÃÔÐÍÞ
±ÐÊÏıÐÎ
dÝÑÐÍÏËÆÆËÏÔÈÒÄÍÈÓÔÐÃÛÈÎÆÑÒÄÆÐÌÙÄÓÔËßÔÐÐÒÄÆÈÏÓÔ
ÆÄÊÄÎÈÏÕÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÐÐV VWDPWPEËÊÄÎÈÙÄÃÙÔÐÓÎ
[ W′
FRVα G[
ÑÐÍÕÙËÎ
GV V W′
6 E
[′
W
V ′GW
∫ )[V\VFRVαV GV ∫ )ϕWψWχW
D V W′ W
E
pÔÎÈÔËÎ ÙÔÐ ÎÝ ÇбÄÊÄÍË ÔıÉÈ ÙÔÐ ËÏÔÈÒÄÍ ÓÔÐÃÛËÌ
ÆÑÒÄÆÐÌÙÄÓÔËßÔÐÌÖÐÒÎÕÍÝÏÈÊÄÆËÓËÔÐÔÆÝÅÐÒÄÑÄÒÄÎÈÔ
ÒÄÏıÒËÆÐÌÓÐ×ÒÄÏÃàÛÈÐÈÈÐÒËÈÏÔÄØËà
d ÙÄÓÔÏÐÎ ÓÍÕÙÄÈ ±ÐÇÄ ÊÄ ÑÄÒÄÎÈÔÒ W ÎÐÉÏÐ ÆÊÃÔÞ ÑÈÒÈ
ÎÈÏÏÕà [ Ô È ±ÐÇÄ ±ÒËÆÄÃ Γ ÐÅÍÄÇÄÈÔ ÑÒÈÇÓÔÄÆÍÈÏËÈÎ \
\[] ][DP[PEËÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÏÈËÎÈÈÔ±ÒÄÔÏÝ×
ÔÐÙȱ ÖÕϱØËà ) ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓà ÐÇÏÐÊÏÄÙÏÐÌ ÖÕϱØËÈÌ ÏÈ ÔÐÍÞ
±Ð ÔÐÙȱ ±ÒËÆÐÌ ÏÐ Ë ÓÐÐÔÆÈÔÓÔÆÕàÛË× ÔÐÙȱ ÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÄ
Æ ßÔÐÎ ÓÍÕÙÄÈ ÒÄÊÏÝÎ ÔÐÙ±ÄÎ ±ÒËÆÐÌ ÓÐÐÔÆÈÔÓÔÆÕàÔ ÒÄÊÏÝÈ
ÔÐÙ±ËÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÄËÏÄÐÅÐÒÐÔvÐÒÎÕÍÄÑÒËÏËÎÄÈÔÆ
ßÔÐÎÓÍÕÙÄÈÆËÇ
E
∫ )[\] G[ ∫ )[\[][ G[
$% D
gÓÍËÏÄÍÄDZÐ̱ÒËÆÐÌ
±ÒËÆÐÌe $%ÐÅÐÊÏÄÙËÔÞÙÈÒÈÊDÄÆȱÔÐÒÓ±ÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔÄÎË
G[G\G]µÙÈÒÈÊGUÔÐDGU 3G[4G\5G]ËÇÍÃËÏÔÈ
ÒÄÍÄÑÐÍÕÙËÔÓÃÊÄÑËÓÞ∫DGUÔÈ
∫DGU ∫3G[4G\5G]
mÈÆÄà ÙÄÓÔÞ ßÔÐÐ ÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÄ ÏÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÓà ÆȱÔÐÒÏÐÌ ÊÄ
ÑËÓÞà ±ÒËÆÐÍËÏÈÌÏÐÐ ËÏÔÈÒÄÍÄ ÆÔÐÒÐÐ ÒÐÇÄ Ä ÑÒÄÆÄÃ µ
ÈбÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔÏÐÌÊÄÑËÓÞà
jÐÕÉÓÅÎ ∫ )[ \ ]G[ ÄÇÎÄÉÕÔÄ ÒÓÉÈÉÎÑÏ ÔÑÑÕÇÉÕ
$%
ÔÕÇÖáÜÌØ ÌÐÕÉÓÅÎßÐÞØ ÔÖÏÏ ÑÒÌÔÞÇÅÉÏÞØ Ç ÕÉÓÏÌÐÅØ
L L
ÔÇÄËÅÐÐÞØÔ²ÓÌÇÑÍΓÕÑÚÐÉÉÒÖÔÕßτ { W L } L τ¶ÓÅËÆÌÉÐÌÉ
ÑÕÓÉ˲Å>DE@_τ_ ¶ÉÑÏÉβÑÔÕßξL∈>WL ´WL@L LτÌ
Lτ
∼
σ τ ∑ )U ξL∆[L
L
ÈÉ∆[L ϕWL´ϕWL´ÕÑÈÅ
∼
OLP σ τ ∫ )[\]G[
τ →
$%
∼
sÖÏÏÅ σ τÐÅËÞÇÅÉÕÔÄÌÐÕÉÓÅÎßÐÑÍ ÔÖÏÏÑÍ ²ÓÌÇÑÎÌÐÉÍ
ÐÑÑ ÌÐÕÉÓÅÎÅ ÇÕÑÓÑÑ ÓÑÈÅ
d ÓÄÎÐÎ ÇÈÍÈ ÑÐ ÖÐÒÎÕÍÈ ±ÐÏÈÙÏÝ× ÑÒËÒÄÛÈÏËÌ mÄÒÄÏ
ÉÄ∆[L ϕ′ηL∆WLÇÈηL∈>WL´WL@∆WL WL´WL´M Lτ
ÑÐßÔÐÎÕ
Lτ
∼
σ τ ∑ )U ξLϕ′ηL∆WL
L
qÐÍÐÉËÎ
Lτ
στ ∑ )UξLϕ′ξL∆WL
L
sÕÎÎÄ στ ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓà ËÏÔÈÒÄÍÞÏÐÌ ÓÕÎÎÐÌ rËÎÄÏÄ ÇÍà ÖÕϱ
ØËË)UWϕ′WÑÐßÔÐÎÕ
E
OLP στ ∫ )UWϕ′WGW
τ → D
sÇÒÕÐÌÓÔÐÒÐÏÝ
Lτ
∼
_σ τ´στ_P ∑ _)UξL__ϕ′ηL´ϕ′ξL_∆WLP
L
P ωδτϕ′E´D VXS _)UW_
DPWPE
ÇÈωδτϕ′ ¶ÎÐÇÕÍÞÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÓÔËÖÕϱØËËϕ′tı±Ä±ËÊ
ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÓÔË ÖÕϱØËË )UW ÏÄ ÐÔÒÈÊ±È >D E@ ÓÍÈÇÕÈÔ ÙÔÐ
VXS_)UW_ÄËÊÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÓÔËÖÕϱØËËϕ′ÏÄÔÐÎÉÈÐÔ
ÒÈʱÈÓÍÈÇÕÈÔÙÔÐ OLP ωδτϕ′ ÔÐ OLP _στ´στ_ qÐßÔÐ
τ → τ →
ÎÕÆÓËÍÕÑÐÍÕÙËÎ
E
OLP στ ∫ )UWϕ′WGW
τ → D
pÔÓàÇÄÓÐÍÄÓÏÐÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÕÓÍÈÇÕÈÔÖÐÒÎÕÍÄ
nÝ ÒÄÓÓÎÐÔÒÈÍË ÔÐÍޱРÔÈ ÓÆÐÌÓÔÆÄ ±ÒËÆÐÍËÏÈÌÏÝ× ËÏ
ÔÈÒÄÍÐÆ ±ÐÔÐÒÝÈ ÓÆÃÊÄÏÝ ÓÐ ÓÑÈØËÖ˱ÐÌ Ë× ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËÃ
Ó ±ÒËÆÐÌ ÑÐ ±ÐÔÐÒÐÌ ÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇËÔÓà ËÏÔÈÒËÒÐÆÄÏËÈ gÓÔÈÓÔ
ÆÈÏÏÐ ÙÔÐ Ôı ±Ä± ÒÄÓÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄÈÎÝÈ ËÏÔÈÒÄÍÝ ÓÆÐÇÃÔÓà ±
ÐÅÝÙÏÝÎ ËÏÔÈÒÄÍÄÎ ÑÐ ÐÔÒÈÊ±Õ ÔÐ ÏÈÔÒÕÇÏÐ ÑбÄÊÄÔÞ ÙÔÐ
ÇÍà ÏË× ÓÑÒÄÆÈÇÍËÆÝ ÓÆÐÌÓÔÆÄ ÍËÏÈÌÏÐÓÔË ÄÇÇËÔËÆÏÐÓÔË ÑÐ
ÇÕÄÎÑбÐÔÐÒÝÎÑÒÐËÓ×ÐÇËÔËÏÔÈÒËÒÐÆÄÏËÈÆÐÊÎÐÉÏÐÓÔÞ
ËÏÔÈÒËÒÐÆÄÏËÃÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆËÔ Ñ
²ÂÓÚÊÒÇÏÊÇÌÍÂÓÓÂ
ÆÐÑÕÓÔÊÎÝ×ÑÒÇÐÃÒÂÉÐÄÂÏÊËÑÂÒÂÎÇÔÒÂÌÒÊÄÐË
oÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÕÈÎÄÃÐÒËÈÏÔËÒÐÆÄÏÏÄñÒËÆÄÃÅÈÊ
ÐÓÐÅÝ× ÔÐÙȱ ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÃÍÄÓÞ ÓÎ Ñ ¶ ±Ä± ±ÒËÆÄÃ
ËÎÈàÛÄà ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐ ÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÕÈÎÝÈ ÆȱÔÐÒÏÝÈ ÑÒÈÇ
ÓÔÄÆÍÈÏËÃU WDPWPEÔıËÈÙÔÐU′ W ÏÄÐÔÒÈʱÈ>DE@
d ±ÄÙÈÓÔÆÈ ÇÐÑÕÓÔËÎÝ× ÑÒÈÐÅÒÄÊÐÆÄÏËÌ ÑÄÒÄÎÈÔÒÄ ÑÒË ßÔÐÎ
ÒÄÓÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄÍËÓÞÖÕϱØËËW WταPτPβWα DWβ E
±ÐÔÐÒÝÈ ÅÝÍË ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐ ÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÕÈÎÝÎË Ë ËÎÈÍË ÑÐ
ÍÐÉËÔÈÍÞÏÕàÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇÏÕàÏÄ ÐÔÒÈʱÈ>DE@ÔÐÔÒÈÅÐÆÄÏËÈ
ÐÇÏıРÙÄÓÔРбÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÓà ÓÍËÚ±ÐÎ ÐÅÒÈÎÈÏËÔÈÍÞÏÝÎ oÄ
ÑÒËÎÈÒÇÍÃÇÕËΓÈÇËÏËÙÏÐÌбÒÕÉÏÐÓÔËÓØÈÏÔÒÐÎÆÏÄÙÄÍÈ
±ÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔ ÑÒÈÇÓÔÄÆÍÈÏËà \ µ [ P [ P Ë [ VLQ W
\ FRVWPWPπбÄÊÝÆÄàÔÓÃÏÈß±ÆËÆÄÍÈÏÔÏÝÎËÆßÔÐÎ
ÓÎÝÓÍÈfÄËÓÄÎÐÑÒÈÇÓÔÄÆÍÈÏËÈ\ µ [ P[PÏÈÐÑ
ÒÈÇÈÍÃÈÔ Æ ÏÄÚÈÎ ÓÎÝÓÍÈ ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐ ÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÕÈÎÕà
±ÒËÆÕàÑÐÓ±ÐÍÞ±ÕÕÏÈÐÑÒË[ ÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇÏÄÃÏÈÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕ
ÈÔqÐßÔÐÎÕÈÓÔÈÓÔÆÈÏÏÐÒÄÓÚËÒËÔÞ±ÍÄÓÓÇÐÑÕÓÔËÎÝ×ÑÒÈÐÅ
ÒÄÊÐÆÄÏËÌ ÑÄÒÄÎÈÔÒÐÆ Ë ÇÐÑÕÓÔËÎÝ× ÑÒÈÇÓÔÄÆÍÈÏËÌ ÏÈÑÒÈ
ÒÝÆÏÐ ÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÕÈÎÝ× ±ÒËÆÝ× ÔÐ ÎÐÉÏÐ ÓÇÈÍÄÔÞ ÓÍÈ
ÇÕàÛËÎÐÅÒÄÊÐÎ
rÄÓÓÎÐÔÒËÎ ÓÐÆбÕÑÏÐÓÔÞ ÆȱÔÐÒÏÝ× ÑÒÈÇÓÔÄÆÍÈÏËÌ U
UWDPWPEÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÝ×ÏÄÐÔÒÈʱÈ>DE@ËÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐ
ÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÕÈÎÝ× ÏÄ ËÏÔÈÒÆÄÍÈ D E fÑÒÖÔÕÌÏÞÏ ÒÓÉÑÆ
ÓÅËÑÇÅÐÌÉÏ ÒÅÓÅÏÉÕÓÅÅÕÇÈÎÏÄÊÝÆÄÔÞÆÓñÕàÖÕϱØËàW
Wτ α P τ P β Wα D Wβ E ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÕà ÏÄ ÐÔÒÈʱÈ
>α β@ ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐ ÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÕÈÎÕà Ë ËÎÈàÛÕà ÑÐÍÐÉË
ÔÈÍÞÏÕà ÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇÏÕà ÏÄ ËÏÔÈÒÆÄÍÈ α β lı ÆÓÈÇÄ ÇÆÄ
ÑÒÈÇÓÔÄÆÍÈÏËÃÏÄÊÝÆÄàÔÓÃà²ÇÌÇÅÎÉÐÕÐÞÏÌÈÓÍËÎÐÉÏÐÑÈ
ÒÈÌÔË ÐÔ ÐÇÏÐÐ ± ÇÒÕÐÎÕ Ó ÑÐÎÐÛÞà ÇÐÑÕÓÔËÎÐÐ ÑÒÈÐÅÒÄ
ÊÐÆÄÏËÃÑÄÒÄÎÈÔÒÄ
°ÑÒÇÆÇÍÇÏÊÇ lÎÅÔÔ à²ÇÌÇÅÎÉÐÕÐÞØ ÒÓÉÈÔÕÅÇÎÉÐÌÍ Ö²Å
ËÅÐÐÑÑ ÕÌÒÅ ËÅÈÅÉÕ ÐÉÒÓÉÓÞÇÐÑ ÈÌ××ÉÓÉÐÙÌÓÖÉÏÖá ²ÓÌ
ÇÖáÉÔÎÌÇàÕÑϲÎÅÔÔÉÔÖÜÉÔÕÇÖÉÕÒѲÓÅÍÐÉÍÏÉÓÉÑÈÐÑ
ÒÓÉÈÔÕÅÇÎÉÐÌÉU UWDPWPEÐÉÒÓÉÓÞÇÐÑÈÌ××ÉÓÉÐÙÌÓÖÉ
ÏÑÉÐÅÇÔÉÏÑÕÓÉ˲É>DE@
°ÑÒÇÆÇÍÇÏÊÇ oÉÒÓÉÓÞÇÐÑÈÌ××ÉÓÉÐÙÌÓÖÉÏÅIJÓÌÇÅÄÐÅËÞ
ÇÅÉÕÔÄ ²ÓÌÇÑÍ ÆÉË ÑÔÑÆÞØ ÕÑÚɲ ÌÎÌ ²ÑÓÑÚÉ ÎÅȲÑÍ ²ÓÌ
ÇÑÍÉÔÎÌÒÓÌÐɲÑÕÑÓÑÏÉÉÒÓÉÈÔÕÅÇÎÉÐÌÌU WDPWPEÇÞ
ÒÑÎÐÄÉÕÔÄÖÔÎÑÇÌÉU′W DPWPE
d ÓÎÝÓÍÈ ßÔÐÐ ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËà ÇÍà ձÄÊÄÏÏÝ× ÆÝÚÈ ÑÒÈÇ
ÓÔÄÆÍÈÏËÌÇÕËбÒÕÉÏÐÓÔËбÄÊÝÆÄàÔÓÃß±ÆËÆÄÍÈÏÔÏÝËÊÄ
ÇÄàÔÍÄDZÕà±ÒËÆÕà
eÍÄDZËÈÆÓÎÝÓÍÈÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËñÒËÆÝÈÓÑÒÃÎÍÃÈÎÝÔı
±Ä± ËÎÈàÔ ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐ ÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÕÈÎÐÈ ÏÄ ÐÔÒÈÊ±È ÑÒÈÇ
ÓÔÄÆÍÈÏËÈd±ÄÙÈÓÔÆÈÐÇÏÐÐËÊÑÄÒÄÎÈÔÒÐÆÏÄÔıÐ̱ÒËÆÐÌ
ÎÐÉÈÔÅÝÔÞÆÝÅÒÄÏÄÇÍËÏÄÇÕË
pÓÔÄàÔÓÃÆÓËÍÈËÆÓÈÇÄÏÏÝÈÆÝÚÈÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËñÒËÆÐÍË
ÏÈÌÏÝ×ËÏÔÈÒÄÍÐÆËË×ÓÆÐÌÓÔÆÄoÕÉÏÐÔÐÍÞ±ÐËÎÈÔÞÆÆË
ÇÕ ÙÔÐ ÑÒË ÏȱÐÔÐÒÝ× ÑÒÈÇÓÔÄÆÍÈÏËÃ× ±ÒËÆÝ× Æ ÖÐÒÎÕÍÈ
ÎÐÕÔ ÑÐÍÕÙÄÔÞÓà ÏÈÓÐÅÓÔÆÈÏÏÝÈ ËÏÔÈÒÄÍÝ Ôı ±Ä±
ÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇÏÝÈϕ′Wψ′Wχ′WÓÔÐÃÛËÈÑÐÇÊÏıÐÎËÏÔÈÒÄÍÄ
ÏÈ ÃÆÍÃàÔÓà ÆÐÐÅÛÈ ÐÆÐÒà ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÝÎË ÆÑÍÐÔÞ ÇÐ ±ÐÏ
ØÐÆÑÒÐÎÈÉÕÔ±ÐÆËÏÔÈÒËÒÐÆÄÏËÃ
sÍÈÇÕÈÔÑÐÇÙÈÒ±ÏÕÔÞÙÔÐÒÄÓÚËÒÈÏËȱÍÄÓÓÄÑÒÈÇÓÔÄÆÍÈÏËÌ
±ÒËÆÐÌ ÑÐÊÆÐÍÃÈÔ ÆÝÙËÓÍÃÔÞ ±ÒËÆÐÍËÏÈÌÏÝÌ ËÏÔÈÒÄÍ ÑÒË ÅÐ
ÍÈÈ ÒÄÊÏÐÐÅÒÄÊÏÝ× ÑÒÈÇÓÔÄÆÍÈÏËÃ× ±ÒËÆÐÌ oÄÑÒËÎÈÒ ËÏÔÈ
ÒÄÍ ∫ 3[\G\ÇÈΓ ¶ÒÄÓÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄÈÎÄÃÆÝÚÈÇÕÄÈÇËÏËÙÏÐÌ
e
бÒÕÉÏÐÓÔËÄ3µÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÄÃÏıÒËÆÐÌΓÖÕϱØËÃÎÐÉÏÐ
ÆÝÙËÓÍËÔÞËÓÑÐÍÞÊÕÃÐÅÄÕ±ÄÊÄÏÏÝ×ÑÒÈÇÓÔÄÆÍÈÏËÃ
[G[
∫ 3[\G\ ´∫ 3[ µ [
µ [
e
π
¬ÒÊÄÐÍÊÏÇËÏÝÇÊÏÔÇÅÒÂÍÝ
ÑÐÌÕÓÐÙÏÐÅÍÂÆÌÊÎÌÒÊÄÝÎ
°ÑÒÇÆÇÍÇÏÊÇ gÔÎ̲ÓÌÇÅÄΓ ¶²ÖÔÑÚÐÑÎÅȲÅÄÕ ÉÒÓÉÈ
ÔÕÅÇÌÏÅ Ç ÇÌÈÉ ÑÆÝÉÈÌÐÉÐÌÄ ²ÑÐÉÚÐÑÑ ÚÌÔÎÅ ÎÅȲÌØ ²ÓÌ
ÇÞØΓΓΓNÅ×ÖвÙÌÄ)[\]ÒÑÒÓÉÊÐÉÏÖÑÒÓÉÈÉÎÉ
ÐÅÐÅÕÑÚ²ÅزÓÌÇÑÍΓÕÑÒÑÑÒÓÉÈÉÎÉÐÌáÒÑÎÑÊÌÏ
N
∫ )[\]G[ L ∑ ∫ )[\]G[
e eL
gÓÍË Γ µ ±ÕÓÐÙÏÐÍÄDZÄà ±ÒËÆÄÃ Ä [ [W \ \W
] ]W D P W P E ¶ ÈÈ ±ÕÓÐÙÏÐÍÄDZÐÈ ÑÒÈÇÓÔÄÆÍÈÏËÈ ÔÐ
ÔıÉÈÅÕÇÈÎËÎÈÔÞ
E
ÊÇÈÓÞÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇÏÄÃ[′WÎÐÉÈÔÅÝÔÞÏÈÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏÄƱÐÏÈÙÏÐÎ
ÙËÓÍÈÔÐÙȱÐÔÒÈʱÄ>DE@ËËÏÔÈÒÄÍÓÔÐÃÛËÌÆÑÒÄÆÐÌÙÄÓÔË
ÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÄÓÍÈÇÕÈÔÑÐÏËÎÄÔÞÆÐÐÅÛÈÐÆÐÒÃÆÏÈÓÐÅÓÔÆÈÏÏÐÎ
ÓÎÝÓÍÈ
bÏÄÍÐËÙÏÝÈ ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËÃ ËÎÈàÔ ÎÈÓÔÐ Ë ÇÍÃ ËÏÔÈÒÄÍÐÆ
ÆËÇÄ d ÇÄÍÞÏÈÌÚÈÎ ÑÒËÇÈÔÓÃ ËÎÈÔÞ ÇÈÍÐ Ó ÓÕÎÎÄÎË
ËÏÔÈÒÄÍÐÆ ÆËÇÄ Ë Ô È Ó ËÏÔÈÒÄÍÄÎË ÆËÇÄ
ÇÈ3 4 Ë 5 µ ÏȱÐÔÐÒÝÈ ÖÕϱØËË ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏÏÝÈ ÏÄ
ÔÐÙ±Ä× ±ÒËÆÐÌ Γ sÐÍÄÓÏÐ ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËÃÎ Ë ÇÍÃ
±ÕÓÐÙÏÐÍÄDZË×±ÒËÆÝ×ΓÔıÉÈÓÑÒÄÆÈÇÍËÆÄÖÐÒÎÕÍÄ
∫ 3G[4G\5G] ∫ 3FRVα4FRV β5FRVγGV
e e
i Ä Î È Ù Ä Ï Ë ÈgÓÍËΓµ±ÐÏÈÙÏÄÃÓÐÆбÕÑÏÐÓÔÞ±ÕÓÐÙ
ÏÐÍÄDZË× ÐÒËÈÏÔËÒÐÆÄÏÏÝ× ±ÒËÆÝ× ΓL L N ÔÐ
ÑÐÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËà
N N
∫ )GV L ∑ ∫ )GV ∫ )G[ L ∑ ∫ )G[ËÔ Ç
e eL e eL
ªÏÔÇÅÒÂͳÔÊÍÔÞÇÓÂ
cÐÍÈÈÐÅÛÈÈÑÐÏÃÔËȱÒËÆÐÍËÏÈÌÏÐÐËÏÔÈÒÄÍÄÆÔÐÒÐÐÒÐÇÄ
ÏÈÊÄÆËÓËÎÐÈÐÔÑÐÏÃÔËñÒËÆÐÍËÏÈÌÏÐÐËÏÔÈÒÄÍÄÑÈÒÆÐÐÒÐ
∼
ÇÄÎÐÉÏÐÑÐÍÕÙËÔÞÓÑÐÎÐÛÞàÑÒÈÇÈÍÄËÏÔÈÒÄÍÞÏÝ×ÓÕÎÎσ τ
ÓÎÔ ÈÑÒËÏÃÔÞÊÄÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐqÒË
ßÔÐÎ ÏÈÔ ÏÈÐÅ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔË ÇÈÍÄÔÞ ÑÒÈÇÑÐÍÐÉÈÏËà Р±Ä±ÐÌÍËÅÐ
ÍÄDZÐÓÔ˱ÒËÆÐÌÑбÐÔÐÒÐÌÆÈÇÈÔÓÃËÏÔÈÒËÒÐÆÄÏËÈ
tıÐÌÑÐÇ×ÐDZÑÐÏÃÔËà±ÒËÆÐÍËÏÈÌÏÐÐ ËÏÔÈÒÄÍÄÆÔÐÒÐ
ÐÒÐÇÄÑÒËÆÐÇËÔÈÓÔÈÓÔÆÈÏÏÝÎÐÅÒÄÊÐαÐÅÐÅÛÈÏËàËÏÔÈÒÄ
ÍÄrËÎÄÏıÐÔÐÒÐÈÏÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÓÃÌÐÕÉÓÅÎÑÏsÕÌÎÕßÉÔÅsÖÐÒ
ÎÕÍËÒÕÈÎ ÈÐ ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËÈ Ë ÐÑËÚÈÎ ±ÒÄԱРÈÐ ÓÆÐÌÓÔÆÄ
pÔÎÈÔËÎ ÙÔÐ ËÏÔÈÒÄÍ sÔËÍÔÞÈÓÄ ÏÄ×ÐÇËÔ ÓÆÐÈ ÑÒËÎÈÏÈÏËÈ
ÏÈÔÐÍÞ±ÐÆÔÈÐÒË˱ÒËÆÐÍËÏÈÌÏÝ×ËÏÔÈÒÄÍÐÆÏÐÏÄÑÒËÎÈÒ
ËÆÔÈÐÒËËÆÈÒÐÃÔÏÐÓÔÈÌ
qÕÓÔÞ ÖÕϱØËË I[ Ë J[ ÊÄÇÄÏÝ ÏÄ ÐÔÒÈÊ±È >D E@ τ
L L
{ [ L } L τ ¶ ÒÄÊÅËÈÏËÈ ßÔÐÐ ÐÔÒÈ汀 ξL∈>[L ´ [L@ ∆J[L
J[L´J[L´L LτË
GHI Lτ
στ IJ στ IJξξ L ∑ IξL∆J[L
τ L
GHI E
OLP σ τ IJ ∫ I[ GJ [
Q→ Q D
ÕÑÕÒÓÉÈÉÎÐÅËÞÇÅáÕÌÐÕÉÓÅÎÑÏsÕÌÎÕßÉÔÅ
×ÖвÙÌÌI
ÒÑ×ÖвÙÌÌJÌÒÌÛÖÕ
E
∫ I[GJ [ τOLP
→
στ IJ
D
dÓÍÕÙÄÈJ[[ËÏÔÈÒÄÍsÔËÍÔÞÈÓÄÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃÐÙÈÆËÇÏÐ
ËÏÔÈÒÄÍÐÎrËÎÄÏÄgÓÍËÖÕϱØËÃJ[ ¶ÑÐÓÔÐÃÏÏÄÃÔÐËÏ
ÔÈÒÄÍÐÔÍàÅÐÌÖÕϱØËËÑÐÏÈÌÒÄÆÈÏÏÕÍà
lıÐÅÝÙÏÐÎÐÉÏÐÓÖÐÒÎÕÍËÒÐÆÄÔÞÒÄÆÏÐÓËÍÞÏÐÈÐÑÒÈÇÈ
ÍÈÏËÈËÏÔÈÒÄÍÄsÔËÍÔÞÈÓÄÏÄ«ε¶δ¬ÃÊݱÈsÇÈÍÄÈÎßÔÐ
E
yËÓÍÐ ÐÅÐÊÏÄÙÄÈÎÐÈ ∫ I[ GJ [ ÏÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÓÃ ÌÐÕÉÓÅÎÑÏ
D
sÕÌÎÕßÉÔÅÐÔÖÕϱØËËIÑÐÖÕϱØËËJÏÄÐÔÒÈʱÈ>DE@ÈÓÍË
ÇÍÃÍàÅÐÐε!ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔÔıÐÈδ!ÙÔÐÇÍÃÆÓÈ×ÒÄÊÅËÈ
L L
ÏËÌτ { [ L } L τ ÐÔÒÈʱÄ>DE@ÎÈͱÐÓÔË_τ_δËÇÍÃÆÓÈ×ÔÐ
ÙȱξL∈>[L´[L@L LτÆÝÑÐÍÏÃÈÔÓÃÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐ
E
στIJξ ξ L ´ ∫ I[ GJ [ ε
τ D
jÏÔÈÒÄÍ sÔËÍÔÞÈÓÄ ÐÅÍÄÇÄÈÔ ÓÆÐÌÓÔÆÐÎ ÍËÏÈÌÏÐÓÔË ±Ä±
ÐÔÏÐÓËÔÈÍÞÏÐ ÖÕϱØËÌ I Ôı Ë ÐÔÏÐÓËÔÈÍÞÏÐ ÖÕϱØËÌ J cÐ
ÍÈÈÔÐÙÏÐÓÑÒÄÆÈÇÍËÆÝÓÍÈÇÕàÛËÈÔÈÐÒÈÎÝ
´ § ° ² § ® ¢ gÔÎÌ ÔÖÜÉÔÕÇÖáÕ ÌÐÕÉÓÅÎÞ sÕÌÎÕßÉÔÅ
E
³ÕÛÇÓÔÄÐÄÂÏÊÇÊÏÔÇÅÒÂͳÔÊÍÔÞÇÓÂ
pÔÎÈÔËÎ ÇÆÄ ±ÍÄÓÓÄ ÖÕϱØËÌ ÑÐ ±ÐÔÐÒÝÎ Õ ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÝ×
ÖÕϱØËÌÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕàÔËÏÔÈÒÄÍÝsÔËÍÔÞÈÓÄ
vÕϱØËÃÏÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÓòÖÔÑÚÐÑÒÑÔÕÑÄÐÐÑÍÐÅÑÕÓÉ˲ÉÈÓ
ÍË ÐÏÄ ËÎÈÈÔ ÏÄ ÏÈÎ ±ÐÏÈÙÏÐÈ ÙËÓÍÐ ÔÐÙȱ ÒÄÊÒÝÆÄ Ë ÑÐÓÔÐ
ÃÏÏÄ ÏÄ ±ÄÉÇÐÎ ËÊ ÑÒÐÎÈÉÕÔ±ÐÆ ÐÓÔÄàÛË×Óà ÏÄ ÐÔÒÈʱÈ
ÑÐÓÍÈÕÇÄÍÈÏËÃËÊÏÈÐÔÐÙȱÒÄÊÒÝÆÄÖÕϱØËË
´ § ° ² § ® ¢ oÉÒÓÉÓÞÇÐÅÄ ÐÅÑÕÓÉ˲É>D E@×ÖвÙÌÄ IÌÐ
ÕÉÓÌÓÖÉÏÅ ÒÑ ²ÖÔÑÚÐÑÒÑÔÕÑÄÐÐÑÍ ÐÅ àÕÑÏ ÑÕÓÉË²É ×Öв
ÙÌÌ J Ì ÌÐÕÉÓÅÎ sÕÌÎÕßÉÔÅ ÓÅÇÉÐ ÔÖÏÏÉ ÒÓÑÌËÇÉÈÉÐÌÍ
Ô²ÅÚ²ÑÇFN×ÖвÙÌÌJÇÑÇÔÉØÉÉÕÑÚ²ÅØÓÅËÓÞÇÅDNDPDNPE
N QÐÅËÐÅÚÉÐÌÉ×ÖвÙÌÌIÇàÕÌØÕÑÚ²ÅØ
E Q
∫ I[GJ[ N∑ FNIDN
D
iÇÈÓÞÈÓÍËDDNEÔÐFN JDN´JDN´ÈÓÍËDN DÔÐ
FN JD´JDÄÈÓÍËDN EÔÐFN JE´JE´
¦ Ð Ì Â É Â Ô Ç Í Þ Ó Ô Ä Ð qÕÓÔÞ ÓÏÄÙÄÍÄ ±ÕÓÐÙÏÐÑÐÓÔÐÃÏÏÄÃ
ÖÕϱØËÃJËÎÈÈÔÏÄÐÔÒÈʱÈ>DE@ÔÐÍÞ±ÐÐÇÏÕÔÐÙ±ÕÒÄÊÒÝÆÄ
L L
[ FqÒË[ DÇÍÃÍàÅÐÐÒÄÊÅËÈÏËÃτ { [ L } L τ ÐÔÒÈʱÄ>DE@
ËÔÐÙȱξL∈>[L´[L@L LτÑÒËL LτËÎÈÈÎ
]J[L J[L´J[L´ ËÑÐßÔÐÎÕÆÓËÍÕÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÓÔË
ÖÕϱØËËI
E
∫ I[GJ[ τOLP
→
στIJ OLP IξJ[´JD
τ →
D
IDJD´JD
Ôı±Ä±ÆÓËÍÕÑÐÓÔÐÃÏÓÔÆÄÖÕϱØËËJÏÄÑÐÍÕËÏÔÈÒÆÄÍÈDE@
ËÎÈÈÎJD J[[∈DE@
bÏÄÍÐËÙÏÐ ÈÓÍË ÈÇËÏÓÔÆÈÏÏÐÌ ÔÐÙ±ÐÌ ÒÄÊÒÝÆÄ ÖÕϱØËË
JÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃÔÐÙ±Ä[ EÔÐ
E
qÕÓÔÞÔÈÑÈÒÞÈÇËÏÓÔÆÈÏÏÄÃÔÐÙ±ÄÒÄÊÒÝÆÄ[ FÖÕϱØËËJ
ÍÈÉËÔÎÈÉÇÕÔÐÙ±ÄÎËDËEÔÈDFEgÓÍËτ { [ L } LL Lτ µ
ÔıÐÈÒÄÊÅËÈÏËÈÐÔÒÈʱÄ>D E@ÙÔÐÔÐÙ±Ä[ FÆÏÈÐÏÈÆ×Ð
ÇËÔÔÈÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔÔıÐÌÏÐÎÈÒLÙÔÐ
[L F[ L
µ
ÔÐÆÓËÍÕ±ÕÓÐÙÏÐÐÑÐÓÔÐÃÏÓÔÆÄÖÕϱØËËJÇÍÃÆÓÈ×L≠LËÎÈÈÎ
]J[L J[L´J[L´
ÄÑÒËL LÆÓËÍÕÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÄ
J [ L JF´J [ L JF
µ
ËÑÐßÔÐÎÕ
]J [ L J [ L ´J [ L JF´JF´
µ
gÓÍËξL∈>[L´[L@L LτÔÐËÏÔÈÒÄÍÞÏÝÈÓÕÎÎÝËÎÈ
àÔÆËÇ
Lτ
στ ∑ IξL]JL Iξ L ]J [ L Iξ L JF´JF´
L
pÅÐÊÏÄÙËÎÙÈÒÈÊτ
ÒÄÊÅËÈÏËÈÐÔÒÈʱÄ>D E@ÑÐÍÕÙÄàÛÈÈ
Óà ËÊ ÒÄÊÅËÈÏËà τ ÇÐÅÄÆÍÈÏËÈÎ ± ÏÈÎÕ ÔÐÙ±Ë [ F Ô È τ
τ` ^F`ÓÏÐÙÔÐ_τ
_P_τ_qÕÓÔÞη∈>[L´F@η∈>F[L@Ë
στ
IηJF´JF´IηJF´JF
µ ÏȱÐÔÐÒÄà ËÏÔÈÒÄÍÞÏÄà ÓÕÎÎÄ ÓÐÐÔÆÈÔÓÔÆÕàÛÄà ÒÄÊÅË
ÈÏËàτ
rÄÓÓÎÐÔÒËÎ ÈÛÈ ÙÄÓÔÏÝÌ ÓÍÕÙÄÌ ËÏÔÈÒÄÍÞÏÐÌ ÓÕÎÎÝ
Õ±ÐÔÐÒÐÌη η F
σηF IFJF´JF´IFJF´JF
IFJF´JF´
sÒÄÆÏËÎÓÕÎÎÝστστ
Ëστ
FdÓËÍÕÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÓÔËÖÕϱØËËI
ËÎÈÈÎ
OLP στ´στ
F OLP Iξ L ´IFJF´JF´
τ → τ →
gÓÍËÖÕϱØËÃJµ±ÕÓÐÙÏÐÑÐÓÔÐÃÏÏÄÔÐÐÏÄÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃÓÕÎ
ÎÐ̱ÕÓÐÙÏÐÑÐÓÔÐÃÏÏÝ×ÖÕϱØËÌËÎÈàÛË×ÔÐÍÞ±ÐÐÇÏÕÔÐÙ±Õ
ÒÄÊÒÝÆÄqÒËÎÈÏËƱ±ÄÉÇÐÌËÊÏË×ÖÐÒÎÕÍÕËÓÍÐÉËÆ
ÒÈÊÕÍÞÔÄÔÝÑÐÍÕÙËÎÆÓËÍÕÔÈÐÒÈÎÝÖÐÒÎÕÍÕ
iÄÎÈÙÄÏËÈpÇÏËÎËÊÓÍÈÇÓÔÆËÌÇбÄÊÄÏÏÐÌÔÈÐÒÈÎÝ
ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓà ÆÐÊÎÐÉÏÐÓÔÞ ÑÒÈÇÓÔÄÆËÔÞ ÍàÅÕà ±ÐÏÈÙÏÕà ÓÕÎÎÕ
Q
∑ XL±Ä±ËÏÔÈÒÄÍsÔËÍÔÞÈÓÄfÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏбÕÓÐÙÏÐÑÐÓÔÐ
L
ÃÏÏÄÃÖÕϱØËÃ
ÈÓÍË [
N
J[
∑ XN ÈÓÍË N´NN Q
L
ËÎÈÈÔÑÒËXN ÔÐÙ±ÕÒÄÊÒÝÆÄDN N´N QÓÐ
Ó±ÄÙ±ÐÎFN XNqÐßÔÐÎÕÆ ÓËÍÕ ÖÐÒÎÕÍÝ ÑÒËI
ËÎÈÈÎ
Q Q
∫ GJ [ L ∑XL
tıËÎ ÐÅÒÄÊÐÎ ÑÐÏÃÔËÈ ±ÐÏÈÙÏÐÌ ÓÕÎÎÝ Æ×ÐÇËÔ Æ ÑÐÏÃÔËÈ
ËÏÔÈÒÄÍÄsÔËÍÔÞÈÓÄ
pÅÐÅÛÈÏËÈÎ ÕÔÆÈÒÉÇÈÏËÃ ÐÅ ËÏÔÈÒËÒÕÈÎÐÓÔË ÑÐ rËÎÄ
ÏÕÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÌÏÄÐÔÒÈʱÈÖÕϱØËËÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃÓÍÈÇÕàÛÄÃÔÈÐ
ÒÈÎÄ
´ § ° ² § ® ¢ oÉÒÓÉÓÞÇÐÅÄÐÅÑÕÓÉ˲É×ÖвÙÌÄÌÐÕÉÓÌÓÖ
ÉÏÅÒÑÏÑÐÑÕÑÐÐÑÍÐÅàÕÑÏÑÕÓÉ˲É×ÖвÙÌÌ
¦ Ð Ì Â É Â Ô Ç Í Þ Ó Ô Ä Ð qÕÓÔÞ ÖÕϱØËà I[ ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÄ ÏÄ ÐÔ
ÒÈʱÈ>DE@ÄÖÕϱØËÃJ[ÎÐÏÐÔÐÏÏÄÏÄßÔÐÎÐÔÒÈʱÈfÐÓÔÄ
ÔÐÙÏÐÒÄÓÓÎÐÔÒÈÔÞÓÍÕÙÄÌÔÐÍÞ±ÐÆÐÊÒÄÓÔÄàÛË×ÖÕϱØËÌÔı
±Ä±ÈÓÍËÖÕϱØËÃJ[ÕÅÝÆÄÈÔÔÐÖÕϱØËôJ[ÆÐÊÒÄÓÔÄÈÔË
E
ËÊÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÐÆÄÏËÃËÏÔÈÒÄÍÄsÔËÍÔÞÈÓÄ ∫ I[ G´J [ÓÐÍÄÓÏÐ
D
ÔÈÐÒÈÎÈÓÍÈÇÕÈÔËÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÐÆÄÏËÈËÏÔÈÒÄÍÄsÔËÍÔÞÈÓÄ
E E
∫ I[ GJ [ ´ ∫ I[ G´J [
D D
tıËÎ ÐÅÒÄÊÐÎ ÓÍÕÙÄÌ ÕÅÝÆÄàÛÈÌ ÖÕϱØËË ÓÆÐÇËÔÓà ± ÓÍÕ
ÙÄàÆÐÊÒÄÓÔÄàÛÈÌ
jÔı ÑÕÓÔÞ I ¶ ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÄà J ¶ ÆÐÊÒÄÓÔÄàÛÄà ÖÕϱ
ØËË
E
fбÄÊÄÔÈÍÞÓÔÆÐ ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÐÆÄÏËà ËÏÔÈÒÄÍÄ ∫ I[GJ[ ÑÒÐ
D
ÆÈÇÈÎÎÈÔÐÇÐÎÄÏÄÍÐËÙÏÝÎÎÈÔÐÇÕÇбÄÊÄÔÈÍÞÓÔÆÄËÏÔÈÒË
ÒÕÈÎÐÓÔËÑÐrËÎÄÏÕÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÌÏÄÐÔÒÈʱÈÖÕϱØËË
L L
qÕÓÔÞτ { [ } L τ ¶ÒÄÊÅËÈÏËÈÐÔÒÈʱÄ>DE@∆J[L J[Lµ
µ J[L´OvÕϱØËÃIÅÕÇÕÙËÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÌÏÄÐÔÒÈʱÈ>DE@
ÑÒËÏËÎÄÈÔÏÄÐÔÒÈʱÄ×∆L >[L ´[L@ÆÏȱÐÔÐÒÝ×ÔÐÙ±Ä×ÏÄ
ËÅÐÍÞÚËÈ Ë ÏÄËÎÈÏÞÚËÈ ÊÏÄÙÈÏËà pÅÐÊÏÄÙËÎ ßÔË ÔÐÙ±Ë ÓÐ
ÐÔÆÈÔÓÔÆÈÏÏÐηLËζL
PL PLQI[ IξL0L PD[I[ IηLL Lτ
] ]
L L
qÐÍÐÉËÎ
Lτ Lτ
Vτ ∑ PL∆J[L6τ ∑ 0L∆J[L
L L
pÙÈÆËÇÏÐ
VτP6τ
qбÄÉÈÎÙÔÐ
OLP 6τ´Vτ
τ →
jÎÈÈÎ
Lτ
P 6τ´Vτ P ∑ >IηL´IξL@∆J[LP
L
Lτ Lτ
P ∑ ωI∆L∆J[LPωI_τ_ ∑ J[L´J[L´@
L L
ωI_τ_JE´JD
qÐÓ±ÐÍÞ±ÕÖÕϱØËÃIÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÄÏÄÐÔÒÈʱÈ>DE@ÐÏÄÒÄÆÏÐ
ÎÈÒÏÐÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÄÏÄÏÈÎÑÐßÔÐÎÕÈÈÎÐÇÕÍÞÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÓÔË
ωI_τ_ÓÔÒÈÎËÔÓñÏÕÍàÑÒË_τ_{
OLP ωI_τ_
τ →
jÊÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÄËÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÄÓÍÈÇÕÈÔÕÔÆÈÒÉÇÈ
ÏËÈ
qбÄÉÈÎÔÈÑÈÒÞÙÔÐÇÍÃÍàÅÝ×ÇÆÕ×ÒÄÊÅËÈÏËÌτËτÐÔ
ÒÈʱÄ>DE@ÆÝÑÐÍÏÃÈÔÓÃÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐ
V τ P6 τ
M M
qÕÓÔÞÓÏÄÙÄÍÄÒÄÊÅËÈÏËÈτ
{ [ M
} M τ ÐÔÒÈʱÄ>DE@ÆÑËÓÄÏÐÆ
ÒÄÊÅËÈÏËÈτ ] M
>[ M
µ [ M
@∆J[ M
J[ M
´J[ M
µ
pÅÐÊÏÄÙËÎ ÙÈÒÈÊ ] M
ÔÈ ÐÔÒÈÊ±Ë ÒÄÊÅËÈÏËà τ
±ÐÔÐÒÝÈ ÓÐ
L
ÇÈÒÉÄÔÓÃÆÐÔÒÈʱÈ∆LÒÄÊÅËÈÏËÃτL LτtÐÇÄ
∆L `
M
] M
∆JL ∑ ∆J[ M
L L L
ML
Lτ L
τ
P ∑ ∑ P M
∆J[ M
∑ P M
∆J [ M
Vτ
L
L L M L
L
bÏÄÍÐËÙÏÐÇбÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÓÃÙÔÐ
6τP6τ
qÐßÔÐÎÕ ÇÍà ÍàÅÝ× ÇÆÕ× ÒÄÊÅËÈÏËÌ τ Ë τ ÐÔÒÈ汀 >D E@
ÆÊÃÆÒÄÊÅËÈÏËÈτßÔÐÐÐÔÒÈʱÄÆÑËÓÄÏÏÐÈÆÒÄÊÅËÈÏËÃτËτ
ÑÐÍÕÙËÎ
V τ P Vτ P 6τ P 6 τ
qÐÍÐÉËÎ
,
VXSVτ,
LQI6τ
τ τ
jÊÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÄÓÍÈÇÕÈÔÙÔÐ
,
P,
qбÄÉÈÎÙÔÐÏÄÓÄÎÐÎÇÈÍÈ
,
,
jÊÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËÃËÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÄÓÍÈÇÕÈÔÙÔÐ
VτP,
P,
P6τ
ÑÐßÔÐÎÕËÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐ
P,
´,
P6τ´Vτ
pÔÓàÇÄÆÓËÍÕÓÔÒÈÎÍÈÏËÃÑÒÄÆÐÌÙÄÓÔËÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆıÏÕÍà
ÑÒË_τ_{ÓÎËÓÍÈÇÕÈÔÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐ
gÓÍË , ,
,
ÔÐ ËÊ ËÎÈÈÎ Vτ P , P 6τ ÓÍÈÇÐÆÄ
ÔÈÍÞÏÐ
P,´VτP6τ´VτP6τ´,P6τ´Vτ
jÊßÔË×ÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÓÏÐÆÄÆÓËÍÕÓÔÒÈÎÍÈÏËñÏÕÍàË×ÑÒÄ
ÆÝ×ÙÄÓÔÈÌÑÒË_τ_{ÓÍÈÇÕÈÔÙÔÐÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕàÔÑÒÈÇÈÍÝ
OLP Vτ OLP 6τ ,
τ → τ →
fÍÃÍàÅÐÌËÏÔÈÒÄÍÞÏÐÌÓÕÎÎÝsÔËÍÔÞÈÓÄ
Lτ
στ ∑ I ζL∆J[L[L´PζLP[LL Lτ
L
ÆÓËÍÕÐÙÈÆËÇÏÝ×ÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆIζL P IζL P IηLL
LτËÎÈÈÎVτPστP6τpÔÓàÇÄËËÊÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÄÓÍÈÇÕ
ÈÔÙÔÐÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔ±ÐÏÈÙÏÝÌÑÒÈÇÈÍ OLP στ ,Ô ÈÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕ
τ →
ÈÔËÏÔÈÒÄÍsÔËÍÔÞÈÓÄÐÔÖÕϱØËËIÑÐÖÕϱØËËJ
u±ÄÉÈÎ ÓÍÕÙÄÌ ±ÐÇÄ ËÏÔÈÒÄÍ sÔËÍÔÞÈÓÄ ÑÒÈÆÒÄÛÄÈÔÓÃ
ÆËÏÔÈÒÄÍrËÎÄÏÄ
´ § ° ² § ® ¢ gÔÎÌ×ÖвÙÌÄIÐÉÒÓÉÓÞÇÐÅÅ×ÖвÙÌÄJÐÉ
ÒÓÉÓÞÇÐÑÈÌ××ÉÓÉÐÙÌÓÖÉÏÅÐÅÑÕÓÉ˲É>DE@ÕÑ×ÖвÙÌÄI
ÌÐÕÉÓÌÓÖÉÏÅÐÅàÕÑÏÑÕÓÉ˲ÉÒÑ×ÖвÙÌÌJÌ
E E
ÔÄ ÔÈÐÒÈÎÄ ÒÄÆÏÐÓËÍÞÏÄ ÇбÄÊÄÏÏÐÎÕ ÆÝÚÈ ÓÆÐÌÓÔÆÕ
±ÒËÆÐÍËÏÈÌÏÐÐ ËÏÔÈÒÄÍÄ ÆÔÐÒÐÐ ÒÐÇÄ ÓÎ Ñ ÑÒË
IW )UWJW ϕW
oÄÎÑÐÏÄÇÐÅËÔÓÃÓÍÈÇÕàÛÄÃÍÈÎÎÄ
E
§ ® ® ¢ gÔÎÌÔÖÜÉÔÕÇÖÉÕÌÐÕÉÓÅÎsÕÌÎÕßÉÔÅ∫ I[GJ[Ì
D
∫ I[GJ[qÒËÔıÐÌÊÄÑËÓËßÔÄÖÐÒÎÕÍÄÑÒËÏËÎÄÈÔÆËÇ
E
D E
∫ I[ GJ[ ´ ∫ I[ GJ[
E D
L Lτ
¦ Ð Ì Â É Â Ô Ç Í Þ Ó Ô Ä Ð gÓÍË τ { [ } L ¶ ÒÄÊÅËÈÏËÈ ÐÔÒÈʱÄ
>DE@ξL∈>[L´[L@L Lτ
[ M
DE´[LLM LτL Lτ
ξ M
DE´ ξ L LM LτL Lτ´
M Lτ
ÔÐτ
{ [ M
} M ¶ÔıÉÈÒÄÊÅËÈÏËÈÐÔÒÈʱÄ>DE@
_τ
_ _τ_ξ M
∈>[ M
µ [ M
@M Lτ
I
ξ M
IDE´ξ M
Iξ L LM Lτ
M Lτ
∆J
[ M
J
[ M
´J
[ M
µ JDE´[ M
´JDE´[ M
µ
J[L´J[L ´∆J[L
LM LτM Lτ
qÐßÔÐÎÕ
Mτ
στ
I
J
∑ I
ξ M
∆J
[ M
M
Lτ ´
´ ∑ IξL´∆J[LL N´
L
Lτ
L N´
´ ∑ IξN∆J[N ´στIJ
N
pÔÓàÇÄ
E
στ
I
J
∫ I [GJ [ τOLP
→
D
E
´ OLP στ IJ ´ ∫ I[GJ[
τ → D
E
jÏÔÈÒÄÍsÔËÍÔÞÈÓÄ∫ I[GJ[ÐÅÍÄÇÄÈÔËÒÃÇÐÎÇÒÕË×ÓÆÐÌÓÔÆ
D
ÄÏÄÍÐËÙÏÝ× ÓÆÐÌÓÔÆÄÎ ËÏÔÈÒÄÍÄ rËÎÄÏÄ oÄÑÒËÎÈÒ ÓÆÐÌÓÔ
ÆÐÎÄÇÇËÔËÆÏÐÓÔËÑÐÐÔÒÈʱÄÎËÏÔÈÒËÒÐÆÄÏËÃnÝÏÈÅÕÇÈÎÐÓ
ÔÄÏÄÆÍËÆÄÔÞÓà ÏË ÏÄ ÑÐÇÒÐÅÏÝ× ÖÐÒÎÕÍËÒÐƱÄ× ßÔË× ÓÆÐÌÓÔÆ
ÏËÏÄË×ÇбÄÊÄÔÈÍÞÓÔÆÄ×ÑÒÈÇÐÓÔÄÆÍÃÃßÔÐÑÒÐÇÈÍÝÆÄÔÞÙËÔÄ
ÔÈÍàÑÐÎÈÒÈÆÏÕÔÒÈÏÏÈÌÑÐÔÒÈÅÏÐÓÔË
°ÃÐÃÛÇÏÊÇÑÐÏáÔÊá
ÌÒÊÄÐÍÊÏÇËÏÐÅÐÊÏÔÇÅÒÂÍÂÄÔÐÒÐÅÐÒÐÆÂ
jÓÑÐÍÞÊÕÃ ÑÐÏÃÔËÈ ËÏÔÈÒÄÍÄ sÔËÍÔÞÈÓÄ ÇÄÇËÎ ÔÈÑÈÒÞ ÅÐÍÈÈ
ÐÅÛÈÈ ÙÈÎ ÒÄÏÞÚÈ ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËÈ ±ÒËÆÐÍËÏÈÌÏÐÐ ËÏÔÈÒÄÍÄ
ÆÔÐÒÐÐÒÐÇÄ ∫ 3G[4G\5G]ÑбÒËÆÐÌΓ
e
qÕÓÔÞΓ ¶ÑÄÒÄÎÈÔÒËÙÈÓ±ËÊÄÇÄÏÏÄñÒËÆÄÃΓ ^UWDP
P W P E` UW ϕW ψW χW Ë ÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐ ÖÕϱØËË ϕ
ψ χ ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÝ ÏÄ ÐÔÒÈÊ±È >D E@ Ë ÑÕÓÔÞ ÏÄ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÈ ÔÐ
Ùȱ ßÔÐÌ ±ÒËÆÐÌ ÊÄÇÄÏÄ ÖÕϱØËà ) Ô È ÏÄ ÐÔÒÈÊ±È >D E@ ÊÄ
ÇÄÏÄÖÕϱØËÃ)UW )ϕWψWχW
°ÑÒÇÆÇÍÇÏÊÇ
lÓÌÇÑÎÌÐÉÍÐÞÏ ÌÐÕÉÓÅÎÑÏ ÇÕÑÓÑÑ ÓÑÈÅ
∫ )G[ ÑÕ ×ÖвÙÌÌ ) ÒÑ ²ÓÌÇÑÍ Γ ÐÅËÞÇÅÉÕÔÄ ÌÐÕÉÓÅÎ
e
sÕÌÎÕßÉÔÅ
E
∫ )UWGϕW
D
ßÔÐÎÕ ÖÕϱØËà [ ϕW ËÎÈÈÔ ÏÄ ÐÔÒÈÊ±È >D E@ ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÕà
ÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇÏÕàϕ′WÔÐÓÐÍÄÓÏÐÔÈÐÒÈÎÈÑ ËÎÈÈÎ
E E
ÔÐÇÍÃÑÒÈÇÓÔÄÆÍÈÏËÌUWDPWPEËUIXαPXPβ,±ÒË
ÆÐÌΓÑÐÍÐÉËÆÓÎ
στ στ) U Iϕ Iστ
στ
) UϕËÎÈÈÎ
Lτ
στ ∑ )UIξL>ϕIXL´ϕIXL´@
L
Lτ
L
∑ )UηL>ϕWL´ϕWL´@ στ
∼
qÐßÔÐÎÕ ËÊ ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÐÆÄÏËà ±ÐÏÈÙÏÐÐ ÑÒÈÇÈÍÄ OLP σ τ Ë ÆÝ
τ →
ÑÐÍÏÈÏËà ÕÓÍÐÆËà ÓÍÈÇÕÈÔ ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÐÆÄÏËÈ ±ÐÏÈÙÏÐÐ
ÑÒÈÇÈÍÄ OLP σ τ
ËÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐ
τ
→
OLP σ OLP σ τ
τ → τ τ →
∫ )UIXGϕIX ∫ )UWGϕW
α D
ÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇËÔÓÃ ËÏÔÈÒËÒÐÆÄÏËÈ ÔÐ ÓÒÄÊÕ ÓÍÈÇÕÈÔ ËÊ
Ôı±Ä±ËÊÎÈÏÈÏËÈÐÒËÈÏÔÄØË˱ÒËÆÐÌÓÐÐÔÆÈÔÓÔÆÕÈÔÑÒÈÐÅÒÄ
ÊÐÆÄÏËÈ ÑÄÒÄÎÈÔÒÄ W D E ´ W
D P W P E ÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐ
ÑÈÒÈ×ÐÇ ÐÔ ÖÕϱØËÌ )UW ϕW ± ÖÕϱØËÃÎ )UD E ´ W
ϕDE´W
DPW
PE
oıÒËÆÐÍËÏÈÌÏÝÌËÏÔÈÒÄÍÆÓÎÝÓÍÈÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËÃ
ÑÈ
ÒÈÏÐÓÃÔÓÃ Ë ÇÒÕËÈ ÓÆÐÌÓÔÆÄ ËÏÔÈÒÄÍÄ ÔıËÈ ±Ä± ÍË
ÏÈÌÏÐÓÔÞÄÇÇËÔËÆÏÐÓÔÞÑÐÇÕÄÎËÏÔÈÒËÒÐÆÄÏËÈÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆ
ËÔ Ñ
bÏÄÍÐËÙÏÐ ËÏÔÈÒÄÍÕ ∫ )[ \ ]G[ ÐÅÐÅÛÄàÔÓÃ Ë ÑÐÏÃ
e
ÔËñÒËÆÐÍËÏÈÌÏÝ×ËÏÔÈÒÄÍÐÆÆÔÐÒÐÐÒÐÇÄÆËÇÄ
±ÐÔÐÒÝÌÆßÔÐÎÓÍÕÙÄÈÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃËÏÔÈÒÄÍÐÎrËÎÄÏÄÐÔÏÈÑÒÈ
ÒÝÆÏÐÌ ÏÄ ÐÔÒÈÊ±È >D E@ ÖÕϱØËË )[ \[ ][ Ë ÑÐßÔÐÎÕ
ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔ
jÔı ÇÍà ±ÒËÆÐÍËÏÈÌÏÐÐ ËÏÔÈÒÄÍÄ Æ ÓÎÝÓÍÈ ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈ
ÏËÃ
ÑÒË ÓÇÈÍÄÏÏÝ× ÑÒÈÇÑÐÍÐÉÈÏËÃ× ±Ä± Ë ÇÍà ±ÒËÆÐÍË
ÏÈÌÏÐÐËÏÔÈÒÄÍÄÆÓÎÝÓÍÈÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËñÐÇÄËÏÔÈÒËÒÐ
ÆÄÏËÈ ÆÈÇÈÔÓà ÑÐ ±ÕÓÐÙÏÐÍÄDZÐÌ ±ÒËÆÐÌ ËÎÈÈÔ ÎÈÓÔÐ ÖÐÒ
ÎÕÍÄ
E
ÔÐÓÍÈÇÕÈÔËÊÔÐÐÙÔÐËÏÔÈÒÄÍsÔËÍÔÞÈÓııßÔÐÅÝÍÐ
ÐÔÎÈÙÈÏÐÆÝÚÈÐÔÍàÅÐÌÖÕϱØËËÑÐÑÐÓÔÐÃÏÏÐÌÒÄÆÈÏÏÕÍà
lÒËÆÐÍËÏÈÌÏÝÌËÏÔÈÒÄÍÆÔÐÒÐÐÒÐÇÄÆÏÐÆÐÎÒÄÓÚËÒÈÏ
ÏÐÎ ÓÎÝÓÍÈ ÆÓÔÒÈÔËÔÓà ÆÐÑÈÒÆÝ× ÔÐÇÄ ±ÐÇÄ ±ÒËÆÄà Γ
ËÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐ
E
ÆÐÆÔÐÒÝ×ÔÐÇıÐÇıÒËÆÄÃΓÍÈÉËÔÆÑÍÐÓ±ÐÓÔËÑÈÒÈÎÈÏ
ÏÝ×[\ËÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃÐÔÒÈʱÐÎÑÄÒÄÍÍÈÍÞÏÝÎÐÇÏÐÌËʱÐÐÒÇË
ÏÄÔÏÝ×ÐÓÈÌÏÄÑÒËÎÈÒÐÓË2\[ [FP\PGdßÔÐÎÓÍÕÙÄÈ
¶ÐÒÎÕÍÂ¥ÒÊÏÂ
e e
* *
qÐÍÐÉËÔÈÍÞÏÄÃ pÔÒËØÄÔÈÍÞÏÄÃ
ÐÒËÈÏÔÄØËÃ ÐÒËÈÏÔÄØËÃ
rËÓ
\ ÏÝÌ ±ÐÏÔÕÒ τ ¶ ÈÇËÏËÙÏÝÌ
G
' & ±ÄÓÄÔÈÍÞÏÝÌ ÆȱÔÐÒ ÊÄÇÄàÛËÌ
'
ψ[
& ÈÐ ÐÒËÈÏÔÄØËà ÓÎ Ñ Ë
α\ * β\ Q ¶ÈÇËÏËÙÏÄÃÏÐÒÎÄÍÞÏÄÑÒÄÆ
$ ϕ[ % ÍÈÏÏÄÃ Æ ÓÔÐÒÐÏÕ ±ÐÏÈÙÏÐÌ ÐÅ
F
$ % ÍÄÓÔË ÐÒÄÏËÙÈÏÏÐÌ ±ÐÏÔÕÒÐÎ Γ
ßÔÄ ÏÐÒÎÄÍÞ ÏÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÓÃ ÆÏÕÔ
D E [ ÒÈÏÏÈÌ ÏÐÒÎÄÍÞà lÐÏÔÕÒ Γ ÏÄ
ÊÝÆÄÈÔÓà ÒÑÎÑÊÌÕÉÎßÐÑ ÑÓÌÉÐ
rËÓ ÕÌÓÑÇÅÐÐÞÏ ÐÔÏÐÓËÔÈÍÞÏÐ ÊÄ
ÇÄÏÏÐÌÓËÓÔÈÎݱÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔÈÓÍË
ÕÑÐÒÃÇÐÙÈÏÏÄÃÑÄÒÄÆȱÔÐÒÐÆWQËÎÈÈÔÔÕÉÈÐÒËÈÏÔÄØËàÙÔÐ
ËÑÄÒıÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔÏÝ×ÐÒÔÐÆLMÔÐÐÊÏÄÙÄÈÔÙÔÐÐÑÒÈÇÈÍËÔÈÍÞ
ÎÄÔÒËØÝÑÈÒÈ×ÐÇÄÐÔÆȱÔÐÒÐÆWQ±ÅÄÊËÓÕLMÑÐÍÐÉËÔÈÍÈÏ
d ÇÄÍÞÏÈÌÚÈÎ ÑÍÐÓ±Õà ÐÅÍÄÓÔÞ * µ 5[\ ÊÄÎݱÄÏËÈ ±ÐÔÐ
ÒÐÌ ÎÐÉÈÔ ÅÝÔÞ ÑÒÈÇÓÔÄÆÍÈÏÐ ÐÇÏÐÆÒÈÎÈÏÏÐ Æ ÆËÇÈ Ë
Ô ÈÐÅÍÄÓÔÞÒÄÏËØıÐÔÐÒÐÌÎÐÉÈÔÅÝÔÞÑÒÈÇÓÔÄÆÍÈ
ÏııÆÆËÇÈÐÅÜÈÇËÏÈÏËÃÒÄÖ˱ÐÆÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÝ×ÖÕϱØËÌÐÔ
ÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÐÌ [ Ôı Ë Æ ÆËÇÈ ÐÅÜÈÇËÏÈÏËà ÒÄÖ˱ÐÆ ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆ
ÏÝ× ÖÕϱØËÌ ÐÔ ÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÐÌ \ Ë ÅÝÔÞ ÎÐÉÈÔ ÈÛÈ ÐÔÒÈʱÐÆ
ÑÄÒÄÍÍÈÍÞÏÝ× ÓÐÐÔÆÈÔÓÔÆÕàÛËÎ ±ÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔÏÝÎ ÐÓÃÎ ÅÕÇÈÎ
ÇÍñÒÄÔ±ÐÓÔËÏÄÊÝÆÄÔÞàÎÉÏÉÐÕÅÓÐÑÍÑÆÎÅÔÕßáÒËÓ
ÓÏÐÙÔÐßÍÈÎÈÏÔÄÒÏÝÈÐÅÍÄÓÔËËÐÅÜÈÇËÏÈÏËñÐÏÈÙÏÐÐ
ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄßÍÈÎÈÏÔÄÒÏÝ×ÐÅÍÄÓÔÈÌÃÆÍÃàÔÓñÆÄÇÒËÒÕÈÎÝÎË
ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄÎËÔı±Ä±Ë×ÒÄÏËØÝËÎÈàÔÎÈÒÕÏÕÍÞ
cÕÇÈÎÐÆÐÒËÔÞÙÔбÆÄÇÒËÒÕÈÎÄÃÑÍÐÓ±ÄÃÐÅÍÄÓÔÞ*ÒÄÊÅË
ÔÄÏıÐÏÈÙÏÐÈÙËÓÍбÆÄÇÒËÒÕÈÎÝ×ÐÅÍÄÓÔÈÌ*LL N
ÈÓÍË ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐ Ë× ÊÄÎݱÄÏËÌ { * L } LL N
ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃ ÒÄÊÅËÈÏËÈÎ
ÊÄαÏÕÔÐÌÐÅÍÄÓÔË * ÓÎÑ
´ § ° ² § ® ¢ qÖÔÕßÒÎÑÔ²ÅÄÑÆÎÅÔÕß*ÏÑÊÉÕÆÞÕßÓÅËÆÌ
ÕÅÐŲÑÐÉÚÐÑÉÚÌÔÎÑàÎÉÏÉÐÕÅÓÐÞØÑÆÎÅÔÕÉÍÌÉÉÓÅÐÌÙÅΓ
ÄÇÎÄÉÕÔÄÒÓÑÔÕÞÏËÅϲÐÖÕÞϲÑÐÕÖÓÑÏgÔÎÌÐÅËÅÏÞ²Å
ÐÌÌ * ÑÆÎÅÔÕÌ * ËÅÈÅÐÞ ×ÖвÙÌÌ 3[ \ Ì 4[ \ ÐÉÒÓÉ
ÓÞÇÐÞÉÐÅ * ÇÏÉÔÕÉÔÑÔÇÑÌÏÌÚÅÔÕÐÞÏÌÒÓÑÌËÇÑÈÐÞÏÌ ∂
3
∂\
Ì ∂
4
ÕÑÌÏÉÉÕÏÉÔÕÑ×ÑÓÏÖÎÅ
∂[
oÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÓÔÞÙÄÓÔÏÝ×ÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇÏÝ×ÏÄ * ÑÐÏËÎÄÈÔÓñıË×ÏÈ
∂4 ∂3
∫ ∫
´ G[G\ ∫ 3G[4G\
∂[ ∂\
* e
ÐÅËÞÇÅÉÏÅÄ×ÑÓÏÖÎÑÍeÓÌÐÅ
³ § ¦ ³ ´ ¤ ª § gÔÎÌ Ç ÖÔÎÑÇÌÄØ ÕÉÑÓÉÏÞ ²ÑÐÕÖÓ Γ ÄÇÎÄá
ÜÌÍÔÄÓÅÐÌÙÉÍÑÆÎÅÔÕÌ*²ÖÔÑÚÐÑÎÅȲÌÍÌFRV αVLQ α¶
ÉÈÌÐÌÚÐÞͲÅÔÅÕÉÎßÐÞͲÐÉÏÖÇɲÕÑÓÇÕÉØÕÑÚ²ÅØÈÉ
ÑÐÔÖÜÉÔÕÇÖÉÕÕÑ
∂4 ∂3
∫ ∫
´ G[G\ ∫ 3FRVα4 VLQαGV
∂[ ∂\
* e
ÈÉV ¶ÒÉÓÉÏÉÐÐÅÄÈÎÌÐÅÈÖÌÐŲÑÐÕÖÓÉΓ
¦ Ð Ì Â É Â Ô Ç Í Þ Ó Ô Ä Ð qÕÓÔÞ ÓÏÄÙÄÍÄ ÐÅÍÄÓÔÞ * ÓÄÎÄ ßÍÈÎÈÏ
ÔÄÒÏÄ Ë ÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐ ÈÈ ÒÄÏËØÕ ÎÐÉÏÐ ÑÒÈÇÓÔÄÆËÔÞ ±Ä±
ÐÅÜÈÇËÏÈÏËÈ ÒÄÖ˱ÐÆ ÇÆÕ× ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÝ× ÖÕϱØËÌ ϕ[ Ë
ψØϕ[PψØDP[PEËÅÝÔÞÎÐÉÈÔÐÔÒÈʱÐÆÑÒÃÎÝ×
[ DË[ EÄÔıÉȱıÐÅÜÈÇËÏÈÏËÈÇÆÕ×ÒÄÖ˱ÐÆÏÈÑÒÈ
ÒÝÆÏÝ×ÖÕϱØËÌα\Ëβ\α\Pβ\FP\PGËÅÝÔÞÎÐ
ÉÈÔÐÔÒÈʱÐÆÑÒÃÎÝ×\ FË\ G
d ßÔÐÎ ÓÍÕÙÄÈ ÑÒËÎÈÏÃÃ ÑÒÄÆËÍÐ ÓÆÈÇÈÏËÃ ÇÆÐÌÏÐÐ ËÏ
ÔÈÒÄÍÄ ± ÑÐÆÔÐÒÏÐÎÕ ÔÈÐÒÈÎÕ oÞàÔÐÏĶmÈÌÅÏËØÄ Ñ
ËÖÐÒÎÕÍÕËÎÈÈÎ
E ψ[ E
∂3 ∂3
G[G\ ∫ ∫
∫ ∫ G\ G[ ∫ 3 [ψ[ ´3 [ϕ[ G[
∂\ D
∂\ D
* ϕ[
E E
∫ 3 [ψ[ G[´ ∫ 3>[ϕ[@G[ ∫ 3[\G[´ ∫ 3[\G[
D D
'& $%
ËÓÍÐÉËÆÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÄËËÎÈÈÎ
∂3
G[G\ ´ ∫ 3G[´ ∫ 3G[´ ∫ 3G[´ ∫ 3G[ ´ ∫ 3G[
∫ ∫
*
∂\ e
$% %& &' '$
qÒËßÔÐÎÑÐÍÕÙËÍÄÓÞÐÒËÈÏÔÄØËÃÒÄÏËÙÏÐбÐÏÔÕÒÄΓÑÒ˱Ð
ÔÐÒÐÌÓÍÈÇÕàÔÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÐÇÏÄÊÄÇÒÕÐÌÔÐÙ±Ë$%&'
ÔÄÐÒËÈÏÔÄØËÃÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃÑÐÍÐÉËÔÈÍÞÏÐÌÓÎÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËÈË
ÐÅÐÊÏÄÙÄÈÔÓÃÙÈÒÈÊΓ
sÐÆÈÒÚÈÏÏÐ ÄÏÄÍÐËÙÏÐ ËÓ×ÐÇà ËÊ ÔÐÐ ÙÔÐ ÐÅÍÄÓÔÞ *
ßÍÈÎÈÏÔÄÒÏÄÆÝÆÐÇËÔÓÃÖÐÒÎÕÍÄ
∂4
G[G\ ∫ 4G\
∫ ∫
*
∂[ e
sÍÐÉËÆßÔËÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÄÑÐÍÕÙËÎ
N N
∂4 ∂3
∑ ∫ ∫
L
´ G[G\ ∑ ∫ 3G[4G\
∂[ ∂\ L
*L eL
dÓËÍÕÄÇÇËÔËÆÏÐÓÔËÇÆÐÌÏÐÐËÏÔÈÒÄÍÄÑÐÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄÎÓÎ
Ñ ËÎÈÈÎ
N
4 ∂3
∂ ∂4 ∂3
∑ ∫ ∫ ´ G[G\ ∫ ∫ ´ G[G\
L ∂ [ ∂ \ ∂[ ∂\
*L *
* ΓH
*
ΓL ΓL
*
*
rËÓ rËÓ
ÔÐÍÞ±ÐËÏÔÈÒÄÍÝÑÐÑÐÍÐÉËÔÈÍÞÏÐÐÒËÈÏÔËÒÐÆÄÏÏÝÎÙÄÓÔÃÎ
ÒÄÏËØÝ Γ ÐÅÍÄÓÔË * ÇÄàÛËÈ Æ ÓÕÎÎÈ ∫ 3G[ 4G\ tıËÎ
ÐÅÒÄÊÐÎ e
N
∑ ∫ 3G[4G\ ∫ 3G[4G\
L
eL e
ƱÐÔÐÒÐ̱ÒËÆÐÍËÏÈÌÏÝÈËÏÔÈÒÄÍÝÅÈÒÕÔÓÃÑÐÐÔÒËØÄÔÈÍÞÏÐ
ÐÒËÈÏÔËÒÐÆÄÏÏÝÎ ÆÏÕÔÒÈÏÏËÎ ±ÐÏÔÕÒÄÎ Ë ÑÐ ÑÐÍÐÉËÔÈÍÞÏÐ
ÐÒËÈÏÔËÒÐÆÄÏÏÐÎÕÆÏÈÚÏÈÎÕ±ÐÏÔÕÒÕ
vÕϱØËË3Ë4±Ä±ËÆÝÚÈÑÒÈÇÑÐÍÄÄàÔÓÃÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÝ
ÎËÆÎÈÓÔÈÓÐÓÆÐËÎËÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇÏÝÎË ∂
3 ∂'
Ë ÆÊÄαÏÕÔÐÌÐÅÍÄÓ
∂\ ∂[
ÔË *
fбÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÓà ßÔÄ ÖÐÒÎÕÍÄ Ôı ÉÈ ±Ä± Ë ÈÓÍË
ÔÐÍÞ±ÐÊÄÎÈÔËÔÞÙÔÐÆÓÕÎÎÈÓÔÐÃÛÈÌÆÑÒÄÆÐÌÙÄÓÔËÒÄÆÈÏ
ÓÔÆÄ ÐÓÔÄÏÕÔÓÃ ±ÒËÆÐÍËÏÈÌÏÝÈ ËÏÔÈÒÄÍÝ ÑÐ ÑÐÍÐ
ÉËÔÈÍÞÏÐ ÐÒËÈÏÔËÒÐÆÄÏÏÝÎ ÙÄÓÔÃÎ ÆÏÈÚÏÈÐ ±ÐÏÔÕÒÄ Ë ÑÐ
ÐÔÒËØÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÐÒËÈÏÔËÒÐÆÄÏÏÝÎÙÄÓÔÃÎÆÏÕÔÒÈÏÏË×±ÐÏÔÕÒÐÆ
ÒËÓ
pÔÎÈÔËÎ ÈÛÈ ÙÔÐ Æ ÖÐÒÎÕÍÈ ÆÓÈ ±ÐÏÔÕÒÝ ±Ä±
ÆÏÈÚÏËÈ Ôı Ë ÆÏÕÔÒÈÏÏËÈ ÐÒËÈÏÔËÒÐÆÄÏÝ ÔıËÎ ÐÅÒÄÊÐÎ
ÙÔÐÑÒËË×ÐÅ×ÐÇÈÐÅÍÄÓÔÞËÏÔÈÒËÒÐÆÄÏËÃÐÓÔÄÈÔÓÃÓÍÈÆÄ
°ÑÒÇÆÇÍÇÏÊÇ qÖÔÕß ÓÅÐÌÙÅ ∂* ÑÓÅÐÌÚÉÐÐÑÍ ÒÎÑÔ²ÑÍ ÑÆ
ÎÅÔÕÌ*ÔÑÔÕÑÌÕÌ˲ÑÐÉÚÐÑÑÚÌÔÎÅÒÓÑÔÕÞزÖÔÑÚÐÑÎÅÈ
²ÌØ ²ÑÐÕÖÓÑÇ sÑÇѲÖÒÐÑÔÕß àÕÌØ ²ÑÐÕÖÓÑÇ ÑÓÌÉÐÕÌÓÑ
ÇÅÐÐÞØÕŲÚÕÑÒÓÌÑÆØÑÈÉÒѲÅÊÈÑÏÖÌËÐÌØÑÆÎÅÔÕß*
ÑÔÕÅÉÕÔÄ ÔÎÉÇÅ ÔÒÓÅÇÅ ÐÅËÞÇÅÉÕÔÄ ÒÑÎÑÊÌÕÉÎßÐÑÍ ÑÕ
ÓÌÙÅÕÉÎßÐÑÍ ÑÓÌÉÐÕÅÙÌÉÍ ÓÅÐÌÙÞ * Ì ÑÆÑËÐÅÚÅÉÕÔÄ ∂*
ÔÑÑÕÇÉÕÔÕÇÉÐÐÑ ¶∂*´
vÐÒÎÕÍÕ eÒËÏÄ ÎÐÉÏÐ ÒÄÓÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏËÔÞ Ë ÏÄ ÇÒÕÐÌ ÙÈÎ
Õ±ÄÊÄÏÏÝÌ Æ ÔÈÐÒÈÎÈ ±ÍÄÓÓ ÐÅÍÄÓÔÈÌ fÍà ßÔÐÐ ÊÄÎÈÔËÎ
ÙÔÐ Æ ÓËÍÕ ßÔÐÌ ÔÈÐÒÈÎÝ ÖÐÒÎÕÍÄ eÒËÏÄ ÓÑÒÄÆÈÇÍËÆÄ ÇÍÃ
ÔÒÈÕÐÍÞÏË±Ä Ä ÊÏÄÙËÔ Ë ÇÍà ÍàÅÐÐ ÎÏÐÐÕÐÍÞÏ豀 qÐ
ßÔÐÎÕÑÒÈÇÈÍÞÏÝÎÑÈÒÈ×ÐÇÐÎÄÑÑÒбÓËÎËÒÕÃÒÄÏËØÕÐÅÍÄÓ
ÔË ±ÐÏÈÙÏÐÊÆÈÏÏÝÎË ÍÐÎÄÏÝÎË ÎÐÉÏÐ ÑÐÍÕÙËÔÞ ÖÐÒÎÕÍÕ
eÒËÏÄÇÍÃÍàÅÐÌÐÅÍÄÓÔËËÇÄÉÈÑÒÐÓÔÐÐÔ±ÒÝÔÐÐÎÏÐÉÈÓÔ
ÆÄ ÒÄÏËØÄ ±ÐÔÐÒÐÌ ÓÐÓÔÐËÔ ËÊ ±ÐÏÈÙÏÐÐ ÙËÓÍÄ ±ÕÓÐÙÏÐ
ÍÄDZË× ±ÒËÆÝ× nÝ ÏÈ ÅÕÇÈÎ ÐÓÔÄÏÄÆÍËÆÄÔÞÓà ÏÄ ÇбÄÊÄ
ÔÈÍÞÓÔÆÈ ßÔÐÐ ÖıÔÄ Ä ÐÒÄÏËÙËÎÓà ÍËÚÞ ÈÐ ÖÐÒÎÕÍËÒÐÆ
±ÐÌ qÒË ßÔÐÎ ËÓÑÐÍÞÊÕà ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËÈ ÊÄÑËÚÈÎ ÖÐÒÎÕÍÕ
ÆÅÐÍÈȱÐÎÑıÔÏÐÎÆËÇÈ
´ § ° ² § ® ¢ qÖÔÕßÓÅÐÌÙÅÒÎÑÔ²ÑÍÑÓÅÐÌÚÉÐÐÑÍÑÆÎÅÔÕÌ
*ÔÑÔÕÑÌÕÌ˲ÑÐÉÚÐÑÑÚÌÔÎŲÖÔÑÚÐÑÎÅȲÌزÓÌÇÞØtÑÈÅ
∂3 ∂'
Ì ÐÉÒÓÉÓÞÇÐÞ ÐÅ ËÅÏÞ²ÅÐÌÌ *
ÉÔÎÌ ×ÖвÙÌÌ 3 4
∂\ ∂[
ÑÆÎÅÔÕÌ*ÕÑ
∂4 ∂3
∫
´ G[G\ ∫ 3G[4G\
∂[ ∂\
* ∂*
ÈÉ∂* ¶ÒÑÎÑÊÌÕÉÎßÐÑÑÓÌÉÐÕÌÓÑÇÅÐÐÅÄÓÅÐÌÙÅÑÆÎÅÔÕÌ*
vÐÒÎÕÍÄ eÒËÏÄ ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓà ÇÍà ±ÒÄÔÏÝ× ËÏÔÈÒÄÍÐÆ ÄÏÄÍÐ
ÐÎÖÐÒÎÕÍÝoÞàÔÐÏĶmÈÌÅÏËØÄÇÍÃÐÇÏбÒÄÔÏÝ×ËÏÔÈÒÄ
ÍÐÆ Ë Æ ÔÐÌ Ë Æ ÇÒÕÐÌ ÖÐÒÎÕÍÈ ËÏÔÈÒÄÍÝ ÐÔ ÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇÏÝ×
ÑÐ ÐÅÍÄÓÔË ËÏÔÈÒËÒÐÆÄÏËÃ ÆÝÒÄÉÄàÔÓÃ ÙÈÒÈÊ ÊÏÄÙÈÏËÃ
ÖÕϱØËË ÏÄ ÒÄÏËØÈ Õ±ÄÊÄÏÏÐÌ ÐÅÍÄÓÔË Æ ÓÍÕÙÄÈ ÖÐÒÎÕÍÝ
eÒËÏÄßÔËÊÏÄÙÈÏËÃÈÛÈËÏÔÈÒËÒÕàÔÓÃ
¤ÝÙÊÓÍÇÏÊÇÑÍÐÛÂÆÇË
ÓÑÐÎÐÛÞàÌÒÊÄÐÍÊÏÇËÏÝ×ÊÏÔÇÅÒÂÍÐÄ
qÐÍÐÉËÆ Æ ÖÐÒÎÕÍÈ eÒËÏÄ 4 [ 3 ÑÐÍÕÙËÎ ∫ ∫ G[ G\
*
∫ [G\ËÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐ
e
µ* ∫ [G\
e
bÏÄÍÐËÙÏÐÑÐÍÐÉËÆ3 ´\4 ÑÐÍÕÙËÎ
µ* ´ ∫ \G[
e
s±ÍÄÇÝÆÄÃÖÐÒÎÕÍÝËËÎÈÈÎ
µ* ∫ [G\´\G[
e
¥ÇÐÎÇÔÒÊÙÇÓÌÊËÓÎÝÓÍ
ÉÏÂÌÂáÌÐÃÊÂÏÂÐÔÐÃÒÂÈÇÏÊáÑÍÐÓÌÐËÐÃÍÂÓÔÊ
qÕÓÔÞ)¶ÆÊÄËÎÏÐÐÇÏÐÊÏÄÙÏÐÈÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÕÈÎÐÈ
ÆÑÍÐÓ±ÐÓÔÞ 5 ÓñÐÅËÄ
ÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÈÑÍÐÓ±ÐÌÐÅÍÄÓÔË*µ 5 XY [\
ÏÐÎÆÓàÇÕÆ*ÏÈÒÄÆÏÝÎÏÕÍàtÐÇÄÆÓËÍÕÑÒËÏØËÑÄÓÐ×ÒÄÏÈ
ÏËÃÐÅÍÄÓÔËÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐ*
)*ÔıÉÈÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃÐÅÍÄÓÔÞàÓÎ
ÓÍÈÇÓÔÆËÈÔÈÐÒÈÎÝÆÑ ÄñÐÅËÄÏÆÓËÍÕÈÐÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆ
ÏÐÓÔËÓÐ×ÒÄÏÃÈÔÊÏıÏÄ*ÓÎÓÍÈÇÓÔÆËÈÔÈÐÒÈÎÝÆÑ
Ô ÈÍËÅÐÆÓàÇÕÏÄ*ÑÐÍÐÉËÔÈÍÈÏÍËÅÐÆÓàÇÕÐÔÒËØÄÔÈÍÈÏ
qÕÓÔÞ Æ ±ÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔÏÐÌ ÊÄÑËÓË ÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÈ ) ÊÄÇÄÈÔÓÃ
ÖÐÒÎÕÍÄÎË
[ [XY\ \XY
§ ® ® ¢ gÔÎÌΓ ¶²ÖÔÑÚÐÑÎÅȲÅÄ ²ÓÌÇÅÄ ÎÉÊÅÜÅÄ Ç *
ÕÑ ÉÉ ÑÆÓÅË Γ
)Γ ÒÓÌ ÑÕÑÆÓÅÊÉÐÌÌ ) ÕŲÊÉ ÄÇÎÄÉÕÔÄ
²ÖÔÑÚÐÑÎÅȲÑͲÓÌÇÑÍ
¦ Ð Ì Â É Â Ô Ç Í Þ Ó Ô Ä Ð qÕÓÔÞ ÓÏÄÙÄÍÄ Γ ¶ ÍÄDZÄà ±ÒËÆÄÃ
Ô ÈÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÕÈÎÄñÒËÆÄÃÅÈÊÐÓÐÅÝ×ÔÐÙȱ
ÓÎÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËÃËÆÑ ËÑÕÓÔÞX XWY YW
DPWPE¶ÏȱÐÔÐÒÐÈÈÈÑÒÈÇÓÔÄÆÍÈÏËÈtÐÇÄÏÄÐÔÒÈʱÈ>DE@
ÖÕϱØËËXWËYWÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÕÈÎÝË
GX GY
!
GW GW
qÒÈÇÓÔÄÆÍÈÏËÈαÒËÆÐÌ Γ
)ΓÃÆÍÃÈÔÓà ÑÄÒÄ ÖÕϱØËÌ
[ [XW YW \ \XW YW D P W P E ±ÐÔÐÒÝÈ Æ ÓËÍÕ
ÓÆÐÌÓÔÆ ±ÐÎÑÐÊËØËË ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐ ÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÕÈÎÝ× ÖÕϱ
ØËÌ ÓÎ Ñ Ë ÔıÉÈ ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐ ÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÕ
ÈÎÝ qбÄÉÈÎ ÙÔÐ ±ÒËÆÄà Γ
ÔıÉÈ ÏÈ ËÎÈÈÔ ÐÓÐÅÝ× ÔÐÙȱ
dÓÄÎÐÎÇÈÍÈÔı±Ä±
G[ ∂[ GX ∂[ GY G\ ∂\ GX ∂\ GY
GW ∂X GW ∂Y GW GW ∂X GW ∂Y GW
ÔÐÒÄÓÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄÃßÔËÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆııÓËÓÔÈÎÕÍËÏÈÌÏÝ×ÕÒÄÆÏÈ
ÏËÌÐÔÏÐÓËÔÈÍÞÏÐ GX GY
Ë ÆËÇËÎÙÔÐÈÓÍËÆÏȱÐÔÐÒÐÌÔÐÙ±È
GW GW
W∈>DE@ÆÝÑÐÍÏÃÍËÓÞÅÝÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÄG[ G\
ÔÐÆÓËÍÕÏÈÐÅ
GW GW
ÒÄÛÈÏËÃÆÏÕÍÞñÐÅËÄÏÄ
∂[ ∂[
∂( [\ )
∂X ∂Y
∂( XY ) ∂\ ∂\
∂X ∂Y
Õ±ÄÊÄÏÏÄÃÓËÓÔÈÎÄËÎÈÍÄÅÝÈÇËÏÓÔÆÈÏÏÐÈÒÈÚÈÏËȱÐÔÐÒÝÎ
ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃÏÕÍÈÆÐÈÒÈÚÈÏËÈÔ ÈÆÔÐÌÉÈÔÐÙ±ÈWÅÝÍËÅÝÓÑÒÄ
ÆÈÇÍËÆÝÎËÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÄ GX GY
ËÔÈÎÓÄÎÝÎÓÐÐÔÆÈÔÓÔÆÕà
GW GW
ÛÄÃÔÐٱıÒËÆÐÌΓÅÝÍÄÅÝÐÓÐÅÐÌÙÔÐÑÐÑÒÈÇÑÐÍÐÉÈÏËà
ÏÈËÎÈÈÔÎÈÓÔÄ
jÔı ÈÓÍË ±ÒËÆÄÃ Γ ¶ ÍÄDZÄà ÔÐ ±ÒËÆÄà Γ
)Γ Ôı
ÉÈÍÄDZÄÃpÔÓàÇÄÓÒÄÊÕÓÍÈÇÕÈÔÙÔÐÐÅÒÄʱÕÓÐÙÏÐÍÄDZÐÌ
±ÒËÆÐÌ ÑÒË ÒÄÓÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄÈÎÐÎ ÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËË ÔıÉÈ ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃ
±ÕÓÐÙÏÐÍÄDZÐÌ ±ÒËÆÐÌ ËÅÐ ±ÕÓÐÙÏÐÍÄDZÄà ±ÒËÆÄà ÓÎ
ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËÈÆÑ ÑÒÈÇÓÔÄÆÍÃÈÔÓÐÅÐÌÐÅÜÈÇËÏÈÏËȱÐ
ÏÈÙÏÐÐÙËÓÍÄÍÄDZË×±ÒËÆÝ×
qÕÓÔÞ ÔÈÑÈÒÞ ' µ * ' ¶ ÐÒÄÏËÙÈÏÏÄÃ ÐÅÍÄÓÔÞ Ë ÈÈ ÒÄ
ÏËØÄ ∂' ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓà ÑÒÐÓÔÝÎ ±ÕÓÐÙÏÐÍÄDZËÎ ±ÐÏÔÕÒÐÎ Γ ÔÄ
±ËÈÒÄÏËØÝÏÄÊÝÆÄàÔÓòÖÔÑÚÐÑÎÅȲÌÏÌqÕÓÔÞÇÄÍÈÈ'
)' tÐÇÄ Æ ÓËÍÕ ÑÒËÏØËÑÄ ÓÐ×ÒÄÏÈÏËà ÐÅÍÄÓÔË ÎÏÐÉÈ
ÓÔÆÐ '
ÔıÉÈ ÐÅÍÄÓÔÞ Ë ±ÒÐÎÈ ÔÐÐ ÈÈ ÒÄÏËØÄ ∂'
ÈÓÔÞ ÐÅ
ÒÄÊ ÒÄÏËØÝ ∂' ÐÅÍÄÓÔË ' ÓÎ Æ Ñ Ô È ∂'
)∂'qÐßÔÐÎÕÒÄÏËØÄ∂'
ÔıÉÈÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃÑÒÐÓÔÝÎÆÓËÍÕ
ÆÊÄËÎÏÐÌÐÇÏÐÊÏÄÙÏÐÓÔËÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÃ)±ÕÓÐÙÏÐÍÄDZËÎÓÐ
ÍÄÓÏÐ ÍÈÎÎÈ ßÔÐÐ ÑÕϱÔÄ ±ÐÏÔÕÒÐÎ Γ
sÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐ ÑÐ
±ÐÏÔÕÒÄÎΓ ∂'ËΓ
∂'
ÎÐÉÏÐÆÝÙËÓÍÃÔÞ±ÒËÆÐÍËÏÈÌÏÝÈ
ËÏÔÈÒÄÍÝqÕÓÔÞÐÅÍÄÓÔË'Ë'
ÔıÐÆÝÙÔбÏËÎÑÒËÎÈÏË
ÎÄ ÖÐÒÎÕÍÄ eÒËÏÄ ÏÄÑÒËÎÈÒ ÐÏË ÕÇÐÆÍÈÔÆÐÒÃàÔ ÕÓÍÐÆËÃÎ
ÏÄÍÄÄÈÎÝÎ ÏÄ ÐÅÍÄÓÔÞ Æ ÔÈÐÒÈÎÈ Ñ oÄ ÓÄÎÐÎ ÇÈÍÈ
±Ä±ÕÉÈÐÔÎÈÙÄÍÐÓÞÑÒËÓÇÈÍÄÏÏÝ×ÑÒÈÇÑÐÍÐÉÈÏËÃ×ÖÐÒÎÕÍÄ
eÒËÏÄÆÓÈÇÄÑÒËÎÈÏËÎÄÐÇÏıÐßÔÐÏÈÅÝÍÐÇбÄÊÄÏÐ
pÅÐÊÏÄÙËÎ ÙÈÒÈÊ Γ ±Ä± ÐÅÝÙÏÐ ÑÐÍÐÉËÔÈÍÞÏÐ ÐÒËÈÏ
ÔËÒÐÆÄÏÏÝÌ ±ÐÏÔÕÒ Γ ÓÎ Ñ qÕÓÔÞ X XW Y YW
DPWPEµÑÒÈÇÓÔÄÆÍÈÏËȱÐÏÔÕÒÄΓËÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐ
[ [>XWYW@\ \XWYWDPWPE
ÏȱÐÔÐÒÐÈÑÒÈÇÓÔÄÆÍÈÏËȱÐÏÔÕÒÄΓ
cÕÇÈÎÑÒÈÇÑÐÍÄÄÔÞÈÛÈÙÔÐÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕàÔÓÎÈÚÄÏÏÝÈÑÒÐ
∂ \ ∂ \
ËÊÆÐÇÏÝÈ Ë ËÙÔÐÐÏËÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÝÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐË
∂Y ∂X ∂X ∂Y
ÒÄÆÏÝÇÒÕÇÒÕÕÆÐÆÓÈ×ÔÐÙ±Ä×ÐÅÍÄÓÔË*
sÐÍÄÓÏÐÖÐÒÎÕÍÈ
µ'
ε ∫ [G\
e
ÇÈε ÈÓÍËÐÒËÈÏÔÄØËñÐÏÔÕÒÄΓ
ÑÐÍÐÉËÔÈÍÞÏÄËε ´
Æ ÑÒÐÔËÆÐÑÐÍÐÉÏÐÎ ÓÍÕÙÄÈ jÏÄÙÈ ÐÆÐÒÃ ε ÓÐÐÔÆÈÔ
ÓÔÆÈÏÏÐε ´ÈÓÍËÑÐÍÐÉËÔÈÍÞÏÐÎÕÐÅ×ÐÇÕÇÄÏÏÐбÐÏÔÕÒÄΓ
ÓÐÐÔÆÈÔÓÔÆÕÈÔ ÑÒË ÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËË ÑÐÍÐÉËÔÈÍÞÏÝÌ ÉÈ
ÐÔÒËØÄÔÈÍÞÏÝÌÐÅ×ÐDZÐÏÔÕÒÄΓ
)Γ
qÒÈÐÅÒÄÊÐÆÄÆ ËÏÔÈÒÄÍ ÑÐ ÖÐÒÎÕÍÈ Ë ËÓ
ÑÐÍÞÊÐÆÄÆÑÒÈÇÓÔÄÆÍÈÏËȱÐÏÔÕÒÄΓ
ËÎÈÈÎ
E E
∂\ GX ∂\ GY
µ'
ε ∫ [ \ W′GW ε ∫ [
GW
D D ∂X GW ∂Y GW
∂\ ∂\
ε ∫ [
GX[ GY
e
∂X ∂Y
l ÑÐÍÕÙËÆÚÈÎÕÓÃ ËÏÔÈÒÄÍÕ ÑÒËÎÈÏËÎ ÖÐÒÎÕÍÕ eÒËÏÄ ÓÎ
∂\ ∂\
ÔÈÐÒÈÎÕÆÑ qÐÍÐÉËÆ3 [ 4 [ ËÊÄÎÈÔËÆÙÔÐÆ
∂X ∂Y
ßÔÐÎÓÍÕÙÄÈ
∂4 ∂[ ∂\ ∂\ ∂3 ∂[ ∂\ ∂\
[ [
∂X ∂X ∂Y ∂X ∂Y ∂Y ∂Y GX ∂Y ∂X
ÊÇÈÓÞ ËÓÑÐÍÞÊÕÈÔÓÃ ÑÐÔÒÈÅÐÆÄÏÏÐÈ ÆÝÚÈ ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÐÆÄÏËÈ ÆÔÐ
∂\ ∂\
ÒÝ×ÙÄÓÔÏÝ×ÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇÏÝ× Ë ÑÐÍÕÙËÎ
∂Y ∂X ∂X GY
∂4 ∂3 ∂[ ∂\ ∂[ ∂\ ∂( [\ )
´ ´
∂X ∂Y ∂X ∂Y ∂Y GX ∂( XY )
ÐÔ±ÕÇÄ
4 ∂3
µ'
ε ∫ 3GX4GY ε ∫ ∫ ∂ ∂( [\ )
´ GXGY ε ∫ ∫ GXGY
e
'
∂ X ∂ Y '
∂( XY )
mÈÆÄÃ ÙÄÓÔÞ ßÔÐÐ ÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÄ ÅÐÍÞÚÈ ÏÕÍÃ ÊÏÄÙËÔ ÑÒÄÆÄÃ
ÙÄÓÔÞ ÔıÉÈ ÑÐÍÐÉËÔÈÍÞÏÄ Ë Ôı ±Ä± ñÐÅËÄÏ ÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÃ
ÏÈÎÈÏÃÈÔÊÏıÄÔÐßÔÐÆÐÊÎÐÉÏÐÍËÚÞÆÔÐÎÓÍÕÙÄÈ
( [\ )
±ÐÇÄε ∂
!Ô È±ÐÇÄÙËÓÍÐεËÎÈÈÔÔÐÔÉÈÊÏıÙÔÐË
∂( XY )
( [\ )
ñÐÅËÄÏ ∂ ∂( [\ )
Ä Æ ßÔÐÎ ÓÍÕÙÄÈ ε ∂
( [\ ) tÈÎ ÓÄÎÝÎ
∂( XY ) ∂( XY ) ∂( XY )
ÊÏıεÏÈÊÄÆËÓËÔÐÔÆÝÅÐÒıÐÏÔÕÒÄΓÄÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÃÈÔÓÃÊÏıÐÎ
ñÐÅËÄÏÄ ±ÐÔÐÒÝÌ ÐÇËÏ Ë ÔÐÔ ÉÈ ÆÐ ÆÓÈ× ÔÐÙ±Ä× ÐÅÍÄÓÔË *
tıËÎÐÅÒÄÊÐÎÇбÄÊÄÏÄÓÍÈÇÕàÛÄÃÔÈÐÒÈÎÄ
´ § ° ² § ® ¢ gÔÎÌ ÇÞÒÑÎÐÉÐÞ ÔÈÉÎÅÐÐÞÉ ÇÞÛÉ ÒÓÉÈÒÑÎÑ
ÊÉÐÌÄÕÑÔÒÓÅÇÉÈÎÌÇÅ×ÑÓÏÖÎÅ
( [\ )
µ'
ε ∫ ∫ ∂
GXGY
'
∂( XY )
( [\ )
sÎÉÈÑÇÅÕÉÎßÐÑ ÉÔÎÌ ∂
! ÐÅ 'ÕÑ ε ÌÐÅÚÉ ÑÇÑ
∂( XY )
ÓÄÉÔÎÌIJÑÆÌÅÐÑÕÑÆÓÅÊÉÐÌÄ)ÒÑÎÑÊÌÕÉÎÉÐÕÑÒÑÎÑÊÌ
ÕÉÎßÐÑÏÖ ÑÆØÑÈÖ ÇÔIJÑÑ ²ÑÐÕÖÓÅ Γ µ * ÄÇÎÄáÜÉÑÔÄ ÓÅ
ÐÌÙÉÍ ÑÓÅÐÌÚÉÐÐÑÍ ÑÆÎÅÔÕÌ ' µ * ÒÓÌ ÑÕÑÆÓÅÊÉÐÌÌ )
ÔÑÑÕÇÉÕÔÕÇÖÉÕ ÒÑÎÑÊÌÕÉÎßÐÞÍ ÑÆØÑÈ ²ÑÐÕÖÓÅ Γ
)Γ
( [\ )
gÔÎÌÊÉIJÑÆÌÅÐ∂
ÐÅ'ÕÑε ´Õ ÉÒÑÎÑÊÌÕÉÎß
∂( XY )
ÐÑÏÖ ÑÆØÑÈÖ ÇÔIJÑÑ ²ÑÐÕÖÓÅ Γ Ö²ÅËÅÐÐÑÑ ÕÌÒÅ ÔÑÑÕÇÉÕ
ÔÕÇÖÉÕÒÓÌÑÕÑÆÓÅÊÉÐÌÌ)ÑÕÓÌÙÅÕÉÎßÐÞÍÑÆØÑȲÑÐÕÖÓÅ
Γ
)Γ
tıËÎ ÐÅÒÄÊÐÎ ÉÑÏÉÕÓÌÚÉÔ²ÌÍ ÔÏÞÔÎ ËÐŲŠIJÑÆÌÅÐÅ
ÔÑÔÕÑÌÕ Ç ÕÑÏ ÚÕÑ Ç ÔÎÖÚÅÉ ÒÑÎÑÊÌÕÉÎßÐÑÑ Ä²ÑÆÌÅÐÅ
ÑÓÌÉÐÕÅÙÌIJÑÐÕÖÓÅÒÓÌÑÕÑÆÓÅÊÉÐÌÌÔÑØÓÅÐÄÉÕÔÄÅÒÓÌ
ÑÕÓÌÙÅÕÉÎßÐÑÏ ¶ ÏÉÐÄÉÕÔÄ
µÓÍÐÄÊáÏÇÉÂÄÊÓÊÎÐÓÔÊ
ÌÒÊÄÐÍÊÏÇËÏÐÅÐÊÏÔÇÅÒÂÍÂÐÔÑÕÔÊÊÏÔÇÅÒÊÒÐÄÂÏÊá
ÔÐÙ±Ä× $∈* Ë %∈* ÏÈ ÊÄÆËÓËÔ ÐÔ ÆÝÅÐÒÄ ±ÒËÆÐÌ $% Ë× ÓÐ
ÈÇËÏÃàÛÈÌËÍÈÉÄÛÈÌÆ*
§ ® ® ¢ uÔÎÑÇÌÉÐÉËÅÇÌÔÌÏÑÔÕÌÓÅÔÔÏÅÕÓÌÇÅÉÏÑѲÓÌÇÑ
ÎÌÐÉÍÐÑÑ ÌÐÕÉÓÅÎÅ ÑÕ Ö²ÅËÅÐÐÑÑ ÒÖÕÌ ÌÐÕÉÓÌÓÑÇÅÐÌÄ
ÓÅÇÐÑÔÌÎßÐÑÓÅÇÉÐÔÕÇÖÐÖÎáÌÐÕÉÓÅÎÅÒÑÎáÆÑÏÖËÅϲÐÖ
ÕÑÏÖ²ÑÐÕÖÓÖÎÉÊÅÜÉÏÖÇÑÆÎÅÔÕÌ*
¦ Ð Ì Â É Â Ô Ç Í Þ Ó Ô Ä Ð fÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÐÑÕÓÔÞÇÍÃÍàÅÐÐÊÄÎ
±ÏÕÔÐбÐÏÔÕÒÄΓµ*ËÎÈÈÔÎÈÓÔÐÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐ∫ 3G[4G\ Ë
e
$%ÊÄÎÈÏÐÌÏÄÏÈÌÐÒËÈÏÔÄØËËÏÄÑÒÐÔËÆÐÑÐÍÐÉÏÕàpÅÜ
ÏÐ
3G[4G\ %
∫
$%%$
⊂
∫ 3G[4G\ ∫ 3G[4G\ $%
$% %$
$
jÊËÓÍÈÇÕÈÔÙÔÐ
∫ 3G[4G\ ∫ 3G[4G\
$% $%
Ô È±ÒËÆÐÍËÏÈÌÏÝÌËÏÔÈÒÄÍ ∫ 3G[4G\ÏÈÊÄÆËÓËÔÐÔÑÕÔË
$%
ËÏÔÈÒËÒÐÆÄÏËà $%µ*ÑÒËÖ˱ÓËÒÐÆÄÏÏÝ×$∈*Ë%∈*
pÅÒÄÔÏÐÑÕÓÔÞËÏÔÈÒÄÍ∫3G[4G\ÏÈÊÄÆËÓËÔÐÔÑÕÔË
ËÏÔÈÒËÒÐÆÄÏËÃÆÕ±ÄÊÄÏÏÐÎÓÎÝÓÍÈËÊÄÇÄÏÊÄαÏÕÔÝ̱ÐÏ
ÔÕÒΓÍÈÉÄÛËÌÆ*dÝÅÈÒÈÎÏÄÏÈÎÇÆÈÔÐÙ±Ë$Ë% $ÔÐ
ÇÄΓ $%` %$ Ë
ÇÈ $% ÐÅÐÊÏÄÙÄÈÔ ±ÒËÆÕà ÑÐÍÕÙÄàÛÕàÓÃ ËÊ ±ÒËÆÐÌ %$
ÊÄÎÈÏÐÌÏÄÏÈÌÐÒËÈÏÔÄØËËÏÄÑÒÐÔËÆÐÑÐÍÐÉÏÕà
sÖÐÒÎÕÍËÒÕÈÎ ±ÒËÔÈÒËÌ ÏÈÊÄÆËÓËÎÐÓÔË ËÏÔÈÒÄÍÄ ÐÔ ÑÕ
ÔËËÏÔÈÒËÒÐÆÄÏËÃ
´ § ° ² § ® ¢ qÖÔÕß×ÖвÙÌÌ3[\Ì4[\ÐÉÒÓÉÓÞÇÐÞÇ
ÒÎÑÔ²ÑÍ ÑÆÎÅÔÕÌ * fÎÄ ÕÑÑ ÚÕÑÆÞ ²ÓÌÇÑÎÌÐÉÍÐÞÍ ÌÐÕÉ
ÓÅÎ ∫ 3G[ 4G\ ÒÓÌ ×̲ÔÌÓÑÇÅÐÐÞØ ÕÑÚ²ÅØ $∈* Ì %∈* ÐÉ
$%
ËÅÇÌÔÉÎÑÕÒÖÕÌÌÐÕÉÓÌÓÑÇÅÐÌÄ $%µ*ÐÉÑÆØÑÈÌÏÑÌÈÑ
ÔÕÅÕÑÚÐÑ ÚÕÑÆÞ ÇÞÓÅÊÉÐÌÉ 3G[ 4G\ ÄÇÎÄÎÑÔß ÒÑÎÐÞÏ
ÈÌ××ÉÓÉÐÙÌÅÎÑÏÐɲÑÕÑÓÑÍ×ÖвÙÌÌX X[\ÑÒÓÉÈÉÎÉÐ
ÐÑÍÇÑÆÎÅÔÕÌ*
GX 3G[4G\
∂X
àÕÑÓÅÇÐÑÔÌÎßÐÑÕÑÏÖÚÕÑ ∂X
3 4[\∈*
∂[ ∂\
qÓÌ ÇÞÒÑÎÐÉÐÌÌ àÕÑÑ ÖÔÎÑÇÌÄ ÈÎÄ ÎáÆÞØ ÈÇÖØ ÕÑÚɲ
0 0 ¶ÏȱÐÔÐÒÄñÕÓÐÙÏÐÍÄDZÄñÒËÆÄÃÓÐÈÇËÏÃàÛÄÃÆ*
ÔÐÙ±Ë 0 Ë 0 ÔıÄà ±ÒËÆÄà ÇÄÉÈ ÍÐÎÄÏÄà ÆÓÈÇÄ ÓÕÛÈÓÔ
ÆÕÈÔ ÓÎÍÈÎÎÕÆÑ qÐÍÐÉËÎ
GHI
X0 X[\ ∫ 3G[4G\
00
∫ 3G[4G\
00K
∂
X ( [\ )
3[\ 0
∂[
sÐÆÈÒÚÈÏÏÐ ÄÏÄÍÐËÙÏÐ ÇбÄÊÝÆÄ [
ÈÔÓÃËÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐ ∂
X ( [\ )
4[\
∂\ rËÓ
jÔı ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÐÆÄÏËÈ ÖÕϱØËË X[ \ ÇÍà ±ÐÔÐÒÐÌ ËÎÈÈÔ
ÎÈÓÔÐÓÐÐÔÏÐÚÈÏËÈÇбÄÊÄÏÐ
qÕÓÔÞÔÈÑÈÒÞ$∈*%∈* $% ¶ÏȱÐÔÐÒÄñÒËÆÄÃÓÐÈÇËÏÃà
ÛÄÃ Æ * ÔÐÙ±Ë $ Ë % Ë ÑÕÓÔÞ [ [W \ \W D P W P E ¶ ÈÈ
ÑÒÈÇÓÔÄÆÍÈÏËÈËÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐ$ [D\D% [E\E
tÐÇÄ
E
qÒÈÉÇÈ ÙÈÎ ÖÐÒÎÕÍËÒÐÆÄÔÞ ÇÒÕ
ÐÌ ±ÒËÔÈÒËÌ ÏÈÊÄÆËÓËÎÐÓÔË ±ÒËÆÐ
ÍËÏÈÌÏÐÐ ËÏÔÈÒÄÍÄ ÐÔ ÑÕÔË ËÏÔÈ
ÒËÒÐÆÄÏËà ÇбÄÉÈÎ ÍÈÎÎÕ ±ÐÔÐÒÄÃ
ÑÐÏÄÇÐÅËÔÓà ÑÒË ÇбÄÊÄÔÈÍÞÓÔÆÈ ßÔÐ
бÒËÔÈÒËà rËÓ
! η!pÅÐÊÏÄÙËÎÙÈÒÈÊΓηÓÐÆбÕÑÏÐÓÔÞÆÓÈ×ÔÐÙȱÑÍÐÓ±ÐÓ
ÔËÏÄ×ÐÇÃÛË×ÓÃÐÔΓÏÄÒÄÓÓÔÐÃÏËËÏÈÅÐÍÞÚÈÎÙÈÎηnÏÐÉÈ
ÓÔÆÐΓηÐÒÄÏËÙÈÏÐÊÄαÏÕÔÐÓÎÆÑ ÍÈÎÎÕËΓηµ*
dÓËÍÕÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐÌÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÓÔËÖÕϱØËÌ[WË\WÏÄ
ÐÔÒÈÊ±È >D E@ ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔ ÔıÐÈ ÙËÓÍÐ ε ! ÙÔÐ ÇÍà ÍàÅÝ×
ÇÆÕ× ÔÐÙȱ W′∈>D E@ Ë W′′∈>D E@ ÕÇÐÆÍÈÔÆÐÒÃàÛË× ÕÓÍÐÆËà
_W′ ¶W′′_εÆÝÑÐÍÏÃÈÔÓÃÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐ
ρ0′0′′ [ [W″ µ [W′ ] [ \W″ µ \W′ ] η
ÇÈ 0′ [W′ \W′ 0′′ [W′′ \W′′ dÓÈ ÔÐÙ±Ë ÐÔÒÈ汀 Ó
±ÐÏØÄÎËÆÔÐÙ±Ä×n′Ën′′ÐÙÈÆËÇÏÐÔıÉÈÏÄ×ÐÇÃÔÓÃÐÔÔÐÙ
±Ë 0′ ÏÄ ÒÄÓÓÔÐÃÏËË ÏÈ ÅÐÍÞÚÈÎ ÙÈÎ η Ë ÑÐßÔÐÎÕ ÍÈÉÄÔ Æ
ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÈ Γη Ë ÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐ Æ * ÔÐ ÐÊÏÄÙÄÈÔ ÙÔÐ ÈÓÍË
ÎÈͱÐÓÔÞ_τ_ÒÄÊÅËÈÏËÃτÐÔÒÈʱÄ>DE@ÔıÐÆÄÙÔÐ_τ_εÔÐÆÓÈ
ÔÐÙ±Ë ÍÐÎÄÏÐÌ Λτ ÍÈÉÄÔ Æ * Ë ÇÍà ÔıË× ÒÄÊÅËÈÏËÌ τ ËÎÈÈÔ
ÓÎÝÓÍËÏÔÈÒÄÍ ∫ 3G[4G\
Λτ
rÄÓÓÎÐÔÒËÎËÏÔÈÒÄÍÝ ∫ 3G[Ë ∫ 3G[qÐÍÐÉËÎ
e Λτ
lıËÊÆÈÓÔÏÐÓÎËÓÆÐÌÓÔÆÐ
OLP στ ∫ 3G[
τ → e
qÕÓÔÞÇÄÍÈÈ0L [L\L ¶ÆÈÒÚËÏÝÍÐÎÄÏÐÌΛτÔÐÇÄ
Lτ
∫ 3G[ ∑ L 0
∫ 3G[
Λτ L´0L
∫ 3G[´στ P ∑ L 0 0
∫ _3´3L _G[ P
Λτ L´ L
Lτ
P ω_τ_3 ∑ _∆[L_Pω_τ_3/τPω_τ_36
L
pÔÓàÇÄ Æ ÓËÍÕ ÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐÌ ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÓÔË ÖÕϱØËË 3[ \
ÏÄÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÈΓη, ËÎÈÈÎ OLP ∫ 3G[´στ ËÊÏÄÙËÔÓÐÍÄÓ
τ → Λ
τ
ÏÐ
OLP ∫ 3G[ ∫ 3G[
τ →Λ e
τ
bÏÄÍÐËÙÏÐÇбÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÓÃËÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐ
OLP ∫ 4G\ ∫ 4G\
τ →Λ e
τ
jÊ Ë ÏÈÑÐÓÒÈÇÓÔÆÈÏÏÐ Ë ÓÍÈÇÕÈÔ ÕÔÆÈÒÉÇÈ
ÏËÈÍÈÎÎÝÔ ÈÖÐÒÎÕÍÄ
i Ä Î È Ù Ä Ï Ë È uÔÆÈÒÉÇÈÏËÈ ÄÏÄÍÐËÙÏÐÈ ÍÈÎÎÈ ÓÑÒÄ
ÆÈÇÍËÆÐ Ë ÇÍà ±ÒËÆÐÍËÏÈÌÏÝ× ËÏÔÈÒÄÍÐÆ Æ ÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÈ
ÑÒËÙÈÎÇбÄÊÄÔÈÍÞÓÔÆÐÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÈÏÏÐÐÓÍÕÙÄÃÑÒÐÆÐÇËÔÓÃ
ÑÐÔÐÌÉÈÓ×ÈÎÈÙÔÐËÇÍÃÑÍÐÓ±ÐÐ
´ § ° ² § ® ¢ qÖÔÕß ×ÖвÙÌÌ 3[ \ Ì 4[ \ ÐÉÒÓÉÓÞÇÐÞ
∂4
ÇÏÉÔÕÉ ÔÑ ÔÇÑÌÏÌ ÚÅÔÕÐÞÏÌ ÒÓÑÌËÇÑÈÐÞÏÌ ∂
3
Ì Ç ÒÎÑ
∂\ ∂[
Ô²ÑÍ ÑÆÎÅÔÕÌ * fÎÄ ÕÑÑ ÚÕÑÆÞ ²ÓÌÇÑÎÌÐÉÍÐÞÍ ÌÐÕÉÓÅÎ
∫ 3G[4G\ÒÓÌÒÓÑÌËÇÑÎßÐÑ×̲ÔÌÓÑÇÅÐÐÞØÕÑÚ²ÅØ$∈*Ì
$%
%∈*ÐÉËÅÇÌÔÉÎÑÕÒÖÕÌÌÐÕÉÓÌÓÑÇÅÐÌÄ $%µ*ÐÉÑÆØÑÈÌ
ÏÑÅÉÔÎÌÑÆÎÅÔÕß*ÑÈÐÑÔÇÄËÐÅÕÑÌÈÑÔÕÅÕÑÚÐÑÚÕÑÆÞ
∂4
ÇÑÇÔÉØÕÑÚ²ÅØÑÆÎÅÔÕÌ*ÇÞÒÑÎÐÄÎÑÔßÓÅÇÉÐÔÕÇÑ ∂
3
∂\ ∂[
¦ Ð Ì Â É Â Ô Ç Í Þ Ó Ô Ä Ð Ï Ç Ð Ã × Ð Æ Ê Î Ð Ó Ô Ê qÕÓÔÞ ÒÄÓÓÎÄÔÒË
ÆÄÈÎÝÌËÏÔÈÒÄÍÏÈÊÄÆËÓËÔÐÔÑÕÔËËÏÔÈÒËÒÐÆÄÏËÃÍÈÉÄÛÈ
Ð Æ ÐÅÍÄÓÔË * Ä ÊÄÆËÓËÔ ÔÐÍޱРÐÔ ÈÐ ÏÄÙÄÍÞÏÐÌ Ë ±ÐÏÈÙÏÐÌ
ÔÐÙȱ tÐÇÄ ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔ ÖÕϱØËà X X[ \ ÔıÄà ÙÔÐ GX
∂X ∂X ∂3 ∂ X
3G[4G\Ô ÈÔıÄÃÙÔÐ
3 4tı±Ä±
∂[ ∂\ ∂\ ∂\ ∂[
∂4 ∂X ∂3 ∂4
ËÑÐÕÓÍÐÆËÃÎÔÈÐÒÈÎÝÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇÏÝÈ Ë ÄÓÍÈ
∂[ ∂[ ∂\ ∂\ ∂[
∂ X ∂ X
ÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐ Ë ÓÎÈÚÄÏÏÝÈ ÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇÏÝÈ
Ë ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆ
∂\ ∂[ ∂[ ∂\
∂3 ∂4
ÏÝÔÐÓÎÑ ÐÏËÒÄÆÏÝÔ È
∂\ ∂[
¦ Ð Ì Â É Â Ô Ç Í Þ Ó Ô Ä Ð Æ Ð Ó Ô Â Ô Ð Ù Ï Ð Ó Ô Ê qÕÓÔÞ ÓÏÄÙÄÍÄ Γ ¶
ÊÄαÏÕÔÄÃÍÐÎÄÏÄÃÅÈÊÓÄÎÐÑÈÒÈÓÈÙÈÏËÌΓµ*Ë' ¶ÐÒÄÏË
ÙÈÏÏÄÃÈà±ÐÏÈÙÏÄÃÙÄÓÔÞÑÍÐÓ±ÐÓÔËÍÈÉÄÛÄÃÆÓËÍÕÐÇÏÐÓÆÃÊ
ÏÐÓÔËÐÅÍÄÓÔË*ÆßÔÐÌÐÅÍÄÓÔË'µ*pÙÈÆËÇÏÐÖÕϱØËË3Ë4
ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏÝÆÊÄÎݱÄÏËË' ÐÅÍÄÓÔË'ÑÐÓ±ÐÍÞ±Õ' '`Γµ*
nÏÐÐÕÐÍÞÏ˱ ' ÎÐÉÏÐ ÒÄÊÅËÔÞ ÏÄ ÔÒÈÕÐÍÞÏË±Ë Ä ±ÄÉÇÝÌ
ÔÒÈÕÐÍÞÏ˱ ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓà ÐÅÍÄÓÔÞà ßÍÈÎÈÏÔÄÒÏÐÌ ÐÔÏÐÓËÔÈÍÞÏÐ
ÐÅÈË×±ÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔÏÝ×ÐÓÈÌqÐßÔÐÎÕÇÍÃÐÅÍÄÓÔË'ÓÐÍÄÓÏÐÔÈÐ
∂4
ÒÈÎÈÑ ËÎÈÈÔÎÈÓÔÐÖÐÒÎÕÍÄeÒËÏÄÄÔı±Ä±∂
3
ÔÐ
∂\ ∂[
∂4 ∂3
∫ 3G[4G\ ∫ ∫
∂[
´ G[G\
∂\
e '
pÔÓàÇÄÓÍÈÇÕÈÔÙÔÐËÇÍÃÍàÅÐÌÊÄαÏÕÔÐÌÍÐÎÄÏÐÌΓÅÝÔÞ
ÎÐÉÈÔ ÓÄÎÐÑÈÒÈÓȱÄàÛÈÌÓà ÍÈÉÄÛÈÌ Æ ÐÅÍÄÓÔË * ÔıÉÈ
ËÎÈÈÔÎÈÓÔÐÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐ
∫ 3G[4G\
e
ÑÐÓ±ÐÍÞ±ÕÍàÅÄÃÍÐÎÄÏÄÃÒÄÓÑÄÇÄÈÔÓÃÏıÐÏÈÙÏÐÈÙËÓÍÐÊÄÎ
±ÏÕÔÝ×ÍÐÎÄÏÝ×ÅÈÊÓÄÎÐÑÈÒÈÓÈÙÈÏËÌËÐÔÒÈʱÐÆÑÒÐ×ÐÇËÎÝ×
ËÆÐÇÏÐÎËÆÇÒÕÐÎÏÄÑÒÄÆÍÈÏËÃ×jÑÐÑÈÒÆÝÎËÑÐÆÔÐÒÝÎ
ÙÄÓÔÃÎÍÐÎÄÏÐÌΓÒÄÓÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄÈÎÝÌËÏÔÈÒÄÍÒÄÆÈÏÏÕÍà
oıÐÏÈØ ÈÓÍË Γ ^UW D P W P E` ¶ ÑÒÐËÊÆÐÍÞÏÝÌ ÑÒÐÓ
ÔÐÌ ±ÕÓÐÙÏÐÍÄDZËÌ ±ÐÏÔÕÒ Γ µ * ÔÐ ÑÒË ÇÐÓÔÄÔÐÙÏÐ ÎÈÍ
L L
±Ë× ÒÄÊÅËÈÏËÃ× τ { W L } L τ ÐÔÒÈ汀 >D E@ ÍÐÎÄÏÝÈ Λτ Ó ÆÈÒ
ÚËÏÄÎËÆÔÐÙ±Ä×UWLL LτÍÈÉÄÔÆ*qÐßÔÐÎÕÑÐ
ÇбÄÊÄÏÏÐÎÕ ∫ 3G[ 4G\ pÔÓàÇÄ ÑÒÈÇÈÍÞÏÝÎ ÑÈÒÈ×Ð
Λτ
ÇÐÎÑÒË_τ_{ÓÐÍÄÓÏÐÖÐÒÎÕÍÈÓÍÈÇÕÈÔÙÔÐË
∫ 3G[4G\
e
∂4
jÏÐÇÄÕÓÍÐÆËÈ ∂
3
ÏÄÊÝÆÄàÔ²ÓÌÕÉÓÌÉÏÒÑÎÐÑÑÈÌ×
∂\ ∂[
×ÉÓÉÐÙÌÅÎÅÇÑÈÐÑÔÇÄËÐÑÍÑÆÎÅÔÕÌÑÐÓ±ÐÍÞ±ÕßÔÐÕÓÍÐÆËÈÏÈ
ÐÅ×ÐÇËÎÐ Ë ÇÐÓÔÄÔÐÙÏÐ ÇÍà ÔÐÐ ÙÔÐÅÝ ÆÝÒÄÉÈÏËÈ 3G[ 4G\
ÆÐÇÏÐÓÆÃÊÏÐÌÐÅÍÄÓÔË*ÃÆÍÃÍÐÓÞÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÄÍÐÎÏȱÐÔÐÒÐÌ
ÖÕϱØËËX[\[\∈*
dÊıÍàÙÈÏËÈßÔÐÐÑÕϱÔÄÐÔÎÈÔËÎÙÔÐÔÒÈÅÐÆÄÏËÈÐÇÏÐ
ÓÆÃÊÏÐÓÔË ÒÄÓÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄÈÎÐÌ ÐÅÍÄÓÔË ÑÒË ÇбÄÊÄÔÈÍÞÓÔÆÈ ÇÐ
ÓÔÄÔÐÙÏÐÓÔË ÕÓÍÐÆËÌ ÔÈÐÒÈÎÝ ÇÍÃ ÏÈÊÄÆËÓËÎÐÓÔË ±ÒËÆÐÍË
ÏÈÌÏÐÐËÏÔÈÒÄÍÄ ÐÔÑÕÔËËÏÔÈÒËÒÐÆÄÏËÃÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃ ÓÕÛÈÓÔ
ÆÈÏÏÝÎËÈÐÏÈÍÞÊÃÐÔÅÒÐÓËÔÞqÐÇÔÆÈÒÇËÎßÔÐÑÒËÎÈÒÐÎ
\ [
± Ò Ê Î Ç Ò 3[\ ´
4[\
[ \ [ \
mȱÐÑÒÐÆÈÒËÔÞÙÔÐ
∂4 ∂3
∂[ ∂\
ÇÍÃÆÓÈ×ÔÐÙȱÑÍÐÓ±ÐÓÔËËÓ±ÍàÙÄÃÏÄÙÄÍбÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔ
qÒË[ ßÔÐÓÍÈÇÕÈÔÏÄÑÒËÎÈÒËÊÔÐÐÙÔÐ
\G[ [G\
G DUFWJ \ ±
[\!
[
[ \
tıËÎ ÐÅÒÄÊÐÎ Æ ßÔÐÎ ÓÍÕÙÄÈ ÊÄ ÐÅÍÄÓÔÞ * ÎÐÉÏÐ ÆÊÃÔÞ
ÆÓà ÑÍÐÓ±ÐÓÔÞ Ó «ÆݱÐÍÐÔÝά ÏÄÙÄÍÐÎ ±ÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔ *
5?^`pÅÍÄÓÔÞ*ÐÙÈÆËÇÏÐÏÈÐÇÏÐÓÆÃÊÏÄd±ÄÙÈÓÔÆÈ
ÊÄαÏÕÔÐÐ ±ÐÏÔÕÒÄ ÆÐÊÞÎÈÎ ÈÇËÏËÙÏÕà бÒÕÉÏÐÓÔÞ Γ
^[ FRV W\ VLQ WPWPπ`ÔÐÇÄ
π
± \G[ [G\
∫ 3G[4G\ ∫
[ \
∫ GW π
e e
\ pÔÓàÇÄÆÓËÍÕËÓÍÈÇÕÈÔ
cÐÍÈÈÔÐÐßÔÐÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐÆÝÑÐÍÏÃÈÔÓÃËÆ
ÓÍÕÙÄÈÈÓÍ˱ÐÏÔÕÒΓÐÅ×ÐÇëÐÇËÏÒÄʬ
ÆбÒÕÏÄÙÄÍıÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔÐÅÒÄÊÕÈÔ±ÐÏÈÙ
ÏÐÈÙËÓÍЫÑÈÔÈÍÞ¬ÏÈÐ×ÆÄÔÝÆÄàÛË×ÏÄ
ÙÄÍÐ ±ÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔ ÒËÓ ÑÐÓ±ÐÍÞ±Õ ËÏ
[
ÔÈÒÄÍÑÐßÔËÎÑÈÔÍÃÎÒÄÆÈÏÏÕÍà
gÓÍË 0 ¶ Ö˱ÓËÒÐÆÄÏÏÄà ÔÐÙ±Ä ÒÄÓ
ÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄÈÎÐÌ ÐÅÍÄÓÔË * 0∈* 0∈*
0 0 ¶±Ä±ÄÃÍËÅбÒËÆÄÃÓÐÈÇËÏÃàÛÄÃ
Æ*ÔÐÙ±Ë0Ë0ÔÐX0 ∫ 3G[4G\
rËÓ 00
ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓà ÕÉÈ ÎÏÐÐÊÏÄÙÏÐÌ ÖÕϱØËÈÌ
ÊÏÄÙÈÏËà ±ÐÔÐÒÐÌ ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÃàÔÓà ÆÝÅÐÒÐÎ ÒÄÊÍËÙÏÝ× ÑÕÔÈÌ ÓÐ
ÈÇËÏÃàÛË×ÔÐÙ±Ë0Ë0gÓÍËΓµ±Ä±ÄÃÍËÅÐÖ˱ÓËÒÐÆÄÏ
ÏÄñÒËÆÄÃÓÐÈÇËÏÃàÛÄÃ0Ë0ÔÐÆÓÈÊÏÄÙÈÏËÃÖÕϱØËËXÆ
ÔÐÙ±È0ÊÄÇÄàÔÓÃÖÐÒÎÕÍÐÌ
X0 ∫ 3G[4G\πQQ ¥¥
e
˱ÄÉÇÝÌÐÅ×ÐÇÆбÒÕÏÄÙÄÍıÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔËÊÎÈÏÃÈÔÊÏÄÙÈÏËÈ
ÖÕϱØËËX0ÏÄÆÈÍËÙËÏÕ¥πÆÊÄÆËÓËÎÐÓÔËÐÔÏÄÑÒÄÆÍÈÏËÃ
ÐÅ×ÐÇÄ
d ÇÄÏÏÐÎ ÓÍÕÙÄÈ Æ ßÔÐÎ ÍȱРÕÅÈÇËÔÞÓÃ Ë ÏÈÑÐÓÒÈÇÓÔÆÈÏ
ÏÐËÊÖÐÒÎÕÍÝÓÍÈÇÕÈÔÙÔÐ
± \G[ [G\ \
∫ 3G[4G\ ∫ $UFWJ
[ \ [
e e
uqrbhogojgfбÄÊÄÔÞÖÐÒÎÕÍÕ
∂X ∂Y ∂X ∂Y ∂X
∫ ∫ Y∆XG[G\ ´ ∫ ∫ G[G\ ∫ Y GV
∂[ ∂[ ∂\ ∂\ ∂ν
* * e
ÇÈ* ¶ÑÍÐÓ±ÄÃÐÅÍÄÓÔÞÇÍñÐÔÐÒÐÌÓÑÒÄÆÈÇÍËÆÄÖÐÒÎÕÍÄeÒËÏÄΓ ¶
ÐÒÄÏËÙËÆÄàÛËÌÈȱÐÏÔÕÒν ¶ÈÇËÏËÙÏÄÃÆÏÈÚÏÃÃÏÐÒÎÄÍÞ±±ÐÏÔÕ
ÒÕΓÄ∆ ¶ÐÑÈÒÄÔÐÒmÄÑÍÄÓÄÓÎÑ
¯ÇÓÐÃÓÔÄÇÏÏÝÇÌÒÂÔÏÝÇÊÏÔÇÅÒÂÍÝ
°ÓÏÐÄÏÝÇÐÑÒÇÆÇÍÇÏÊá
lıËÒÄÏÈÈÇÍÃÐÇÏбÒÄÔÏÝ×ËÏÔÈÒÄÍÐÆÆÆÈÇÈÎÑÐÏÃÔËÈÏÈ
ÓÐÅÓÔÆÈÏÏÐбÒÄÔÏÐÐËÏÔÈÒÄÍÄÔ È±ÒÄÔÏÐÐËÏÔÈÒÄÍÄÐÔ
ÖÕϱØË̱ÐÔÐÒÝÈÎÐÕÔÅÝÔÞÏÈÐÒÄÏËÙÈÏÏÝÎËËÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏ
ÏÝÎËÏÄÏÈÐÒÄÏËÙÈÏÏÝ×ÐÅÍÄÓÔÃ×pÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËȱÒÄÔÏÐÐÏÈ
ÓÐÅÓÔÆÈÏÏÐÐ ËÏÔÈÒÄÍÄ ÓÖÐÒÎÕÍËÒÕÈÎ Æ ÔıÐÎ ÆËÇÈ ÙÔÐ ÐÏÐ
ÅÕÇÈÔÐ×ÆÄÔÝÆÄÔÞÐÅÄÕ±ÄÊÄÏÏÝ×ÓÍÕÙÄÃÓÒÓÑ
°ÑÒÇÆÇÍÇÏÊÇ qÖÔÕß * ¶ ÑÕ²ÓÞÕÑÉ ÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÑ ÑÓÅÐÌ
ÚÉÐÐÑÉ ÌÎÌ ÐÉÑÓÅÐÌÚÉÐÐÑÉ Ç QÏÉÓÐÑÏ ÒÓÑÔÕÓÅÐÔÕÇÉ 5Q
qÑÔÎÉÈÑÇÅÕÉÎßÐÑÔÕßÑÕ²ÓÞÕÞØÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇ*NN
ÆÖÈÉÏÐÅËÞÇÅÕßÒÑÔÎÉÈÑÇÅÕÉÎßÐÑÔÕßáÏÑÐÑÕÑÐÐÑÌÔÚÉÓÒÞ
ÇÅáÜÉÍÑÕ²ÓÞÕÑÉÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÑ*ÉÔÎÌ
* Nµ*NN
N`*N *
`
* 4NÔÐÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔÔıÄÃÑÐÇÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞNPÑÐÓÍÈ
ÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔË ÏÄÔÕÒÄÍÞÏÝ× ÙËÓÈÍ ÙÔÐ ÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞ
ÐÔ±ÒÝÔÝ×ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆ*P ( V N ) P ÓÐÓÔÐÃÛË×ËÊ
P LQW
ÆÏÕÔÒÈÏÏË× ÔÐÙȱ ÎÏÐÐÒÄÏÏ˱ÐÆ V N ÎÐÏÐÔÐÏÏÐ ËÓÙÈÒÑÝ
P
ÆÄÈÔ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐ * dÝÑÐÍÏÈÏËÈ ÕÓÍÐÆËÃ * P µ *P ÑÒË ÆÝ
ÅÐÒÈ ÑÐÇÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔË NP ÎÐÉÏÐ ÐÓÕÛÈÓÔÆËÔÞ ÆÝÅÒÄÆ
ÇÍà ±ÄÉÇÐÐ ÏÐÎÈÒÄ P ÔıÐÌ ÏÐÎÈÒ NP ÙÔÐ * P V N µ
P
µ ( V N ) *P oÐÎÈÒ NP ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔ Ôı ±Ä± ÒÄÓ
P LQW
ÓÔÐÃÏËÈ ρ V N ∂* ÒÄÏËØÝ ∂* ÐÔ±ÒÝÔÐÐ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ * ÇÐ
P
±ÐÎÑıÔÄ V N ÑÐÍÐÉËÔÈÍÞÏÐ Ä ÇËÄÎÈÔÒÝ ±ÕÅÐÆ Æ×ÐÇÃÛË× Æ
P
ÎÏÐÐÒÄÏÏ˱ËVNÓÔÒÈÎÃÔÓñÏÕÍàÑÒËN{uÓÍÐÆËÈ*
N` * N ÓÍÈÇÕÈÔËÊÔÐÐÙÔÐ* N`VN*
P
°ÑÒÇÆÇÍÇÏÊÇ qÖÔÕß ÐÅ ÑÕ²ÓÞÕÑÏ ÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÉ * ËÅÈÅÐÅ
×ÖвÙÌÄ I ÑÓÅÐÌÚÉÐÐÅÄ ÌÎÌ ÐÉÑÓÅÐÌÚÉÐÐÅÄ ÌÐÕÉÓÌÓÖÉ
ÏÅÄÒÑrÌÏÅÐÖÐÅÎáÆÑÏÌËÏÉÓÌÏÑÏÒÑhÑÓÈÅÐÖÑÕ²ÓÞÕÑÏ
ÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÉ'ÕŲÑÏÚÕÑ 'µ*vÖвÙÌÄIÐÅËÞÇÅÉÕÔÄÌÐ
ÕÉÓÌÓÖÉÏÑÍ Ç ÐÉÔÑÆÔÕÇÉÐÐÑÏ ÔÏÞÔÎÉ ÐÅ ÑÕ²ÓÞÕÑÏ ÏÐÑÊÉ
ÔÕÇÉ*ÉÔÎÌÈÎÄÎáÆÑÍÒÑÔÎÉÈÑÇÅÕÉÎßÐÑÔÕÌÑÕ²ÓÞÕÞØÌËÏÉ
ÓÌÏÞØÒÑhÑÓÈÅÐÖÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇ*NN ÏÑÐÑÕÑÐÐÑÌÔ
ÚÉÓÒÞÇÅáÜÉÍ ÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÑ * ÔÖÜÉÔÕÇÖÉÕ ÒÓÉÈÉÎ OLP ∫ IG*N
N→
ÐÉËÅÇÌÔÄÜÌÍÑÕÇÞÆÑÓÅÖ²ÅËÅÐÐÑÍÒÑÔÎÉÈÑÇÅÕÉÎßÐÑÔÕÌ*N
N
ÕÑÕ ÒÓÉÈÉÎ ÐÅËÞÇÅÉÕÔÄ ÐÉÔÑÆÔÕÇÉÐÐÞÏ ÌÐÕÉÓÅÎÑÏ
ÑÕ×ÖвÙÌÌIÒÑÑÕ²ÓÞÕÑÏÖÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÖ*ÌÑÆÑËÐÅÚÅÉÕÔÄ
ÚÉÓÉË∫IG*ÌÎÌ ÆÑÎÉÉ ÒÑÈÓÑÆÐÑ
∫ ∫ ∫ ∫I[[[QG[G[G[Q
*
tŲÌÏÑÆÓÅËÑÏ
∫ IG* NOLP
→
∫ IG*N
gÔÎÌ ÌÐÕÉÓÅÎ ∫ IG* ÔÖÜÉÔÕÇÖÉÕ ÕÑ ÑÇÑÓÄÕ ÕŲÊÉ
ÚÕÑ ÑÐ ÔØÑÈÌÕÔÄ Å Ç ÒÓÑÕÌÇÐÑÏ ÔÎÖÚÅÉ ¶ ÚÕÑ ÑÐ ÓÅÔØÑ
ÈÌÕÔÄ
sÍÈÇÕÈÔ ÊÄÎÈÔËÔÞ ÙÔÐ Æ ÓÍÕÙÄÈ Q ÇÄÏÏÐÈ ÊÇÈÓÞ ÐÑÒÈÇÈ
ÍÈÏËÈÏÈÓÐÅÓÔÆÈÏÏÐÐËÏÔÈÒÄÍÄÏÈß±ÆËÆÄÍÈÏÔÏÐÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËà
ÏÈÓÐÅÓÔÆÈÏÏÐÐ ËÏÔÈÒÄÍÄ ÐÔ ÖÕϱØËË ÐÇÏÐÐ ÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÐÐ
ÇÄÏÏÐÐÆ ÔÐÓÆÃÊÄÏÐÏÈÔÐÍÞ±ÐÓÔÈÒÎËÏÄÎËƱÐÔÐÒÝ×
ÖÐÒÎËÒÕàÔÓÃ ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËÃ ÔÄÎ ÏÈÓÐÅÓÔÆÈÏÏÝÎ ËÏÔÈÒÄÍÐÎ
ÏÄÊÝÆÄÍÄÓÞ ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏÏÐÐ ÆËÇÄ ÖÕϱØËÃ Ä ÑÒÈÉÇÈ ÆÓÈÐ Ó
ÔÈÎ ÙÔÐ Æ Õ±ÄÊÄÏÏÐÎ ÑÄÒÄÒÄÖÈ ÎÝ Æ ±ÄÙÈÓÔÆÈ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆ *N
ÅÒÄÍË ÍËÚÞ ËÏÔÈÒÆÄÍÝ Ô È ÐÇÏÐÎÈÒÏÝÈ ÐÔ±ÒÝÔÝÈ ËÊÎÈÒË
ÎÝÈÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄÆÈÓÞÎÄÓÑÈØËÄÍÞÏÐÐÆËÇÄqÐßÔÐÎÕÆÆÈÇÈÏÏÐÈ
Æ ÏÄÓÔÐÃÛÈÎ ÑÄÒÄÒÄÖÈ ÑÐÏÃÔËÈ ÏÈÓÐÅÓÔÆÈÏÏÐÐ ËÏÔÈÒÄÍÄ
ÅÕÇÈÎ ÑÒËÎÈÏÃÔÞ ÔÐÍÞ±Ð Æ ÓÍÕÙÄÈ Q O ÓÐ×ÒÄÏËÆ ÇÍÃ
ÓÍÕÙÄÃQ ÑÒÈÉÏÈÈÑÐÏÃÔËÈÏÈÓÐÅÓÔÆÈÏÏÐÐËÏÔÈÒÄÍÄ
gÓÍË ÐÔ±ÒÝÔÐÈ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐ * ËÊÎÈÒËÎÐ ÑÐ hÐÒÇÄÏÕ Ë
ÖÕϱØËÃIËÏÔÈÒËÒÕÈÎÄÏÄ *ÔÐÏÈÓÐÅÓÔÆÈÏÏÝÌËÏÔÈÒÄÍÐÔ
ÖÕϱØËËIÓÐÆÑÄÇÄÈÔÓÐÅÝÙÏÝÎËÏÔÈÒÄÍÐÎrËÎÄÏÄßÔÐÓÍÈ
ÇÕÈÔËÊÑÐÍÏÐÌÄÇÇËÔËÆÏÐÓÔËËÏÔÈÒÄÍÄrËÎÄÏÄÓÎÑ
pÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËÈÑÐÊÆÐÍÃÈÔÑÈÒÈÏÈÓÔËÏÄÏÈÓÐÅÓÔÆÈÏÏÝÈ
ËÏÔÈÒÄÍÝ ÒÃÇ ÓÆÐÌÓÔÆ ÓÐÅÓÔÆÈÏÏÝ× ËÏÔÈÒÄÍÐÆ ÄÇÇËÔËÆ
ÏÐÓÔÞ ËÏÔÈÒÄÍÄ ÑÐ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄÎ ÍËÏÈÌÏÐÓÔÞ ËÏÔÈÒÄÍÄ ËÏ
ÔÈÒËÒÐÆÄÏËÈ ÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆ ÓÆÈÇÈÏËÈ ±ÒÄÔÏÐÐ ËÏÔÈÒÄÍÄ ± ÑÐ
ÆÔÐÒÏÐÎÕÖÐÒÎÕÍÕÊÄÎÈÏÝÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÐÐËÇÒ
oÄÑÒËÎÈÒ ÈÓÍË [ )X ¶ ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐ ÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÕÈ
ÎÐÈ ÆÊÄËÎÏÐÐÇÏÐÊÏÄÙÏÐÈ ÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÈ ÐÔ±ÒÝÔÐÐ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ
'µ 5 XQÏÄÐÔ±ÒÝÔÐÈÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐ*µ 5 [QËñÐÅËÄÏ-XßÔÐÐ
ÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÃÏËÇÈÏÈÐÅÒÄÛÄÈÔÓÃÆÏÕÍÞÏÄ'ÔÐÇÍÃÍàÅÐÌ
ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÌ ÏÄ * ÖÕϱØËË I ÓÑÒÄÆÈÇÍËÆÄ ÖÐÒÎÕÍÄ ÊÄÎÈÏÝ
ÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÐÐÆËÏÔÈÒÄÍÈ
∫ I[G* ∫ I)X_-X_G'
fбÄÊÄÔÞßÔÐÎÐÉÏÐÔÐÙÏÐÔıÉȱıÇбÄÊÄÏÄÔÈÐÒÈÎÄ
Æ Ñ ÓÍÈÇÕÈÔ ÔÐÍޱРÆÎÈÓÔÐ ÑÐÍÏÐÌ ÄÇÇËÔËÆÏÐÓÔË ËÏÔÈ
ÒÄÍÄËÓÑÐÍÞÊÐÆÄÔÞÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËÈ
jÓÑÐÍÞÊÕÃ ÄÇÇËÔËÆÏÐÓÔÞ ÏÈÓÐÅÓÔÆÈÏÏÐÐ ±ÒÄÔÏÐÐ ËÏÔÈÒÄ
ÍÄ ÑÐ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄÎ ËÏÔÈÒËÒÐÆÄÏËÃ ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËÈ ÎÐÉÏÐ
ÑÈÒÈÑËÓÄÔÞÆÇÒÕÐÎß±ÆËÆÄÍÈÏÔÏÐÎÆËÇÈiÄÎÈÙÄÃÙÔÐÇÍÃËÊ
ÎÈÒËÎÐÐÐÔ±ÒÝÔÐÐÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ*µ*ÓÑÒÄÆÈÇÍËÆÐÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐ
¯ÇÓÐÃÓÔÄÇÏÏÝÇÊÏÔÇÅÒÂÍÝ
ÐÔÏÇÐÔÒÊØÂÔÇÍÞÏÝ×ÖÕÏÌØÊË
´ § ° ² § ® ¢ qÖÔÕß×ÖвÙÌÄIÐÉÑÕÓÌÙÅÕÉÎßÐÅÐÅÑÕ²ÓÞ
ÕÑÏÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÉ*µ5QtÑÈŲŲÑÇÅÆÞÐÌÆÞÎÅÒÑÔÎÉÈÑÇÅ
ÕÉÎßÐÑÔÕß ^*N` ÑÕ²ÓÞÕÞØ ÌËÏÉÓÌÏÞØ ÒÑ hÑÓÈÅÐÖ ÏÐÑ
ÊÉÔÕÇ*NÏÑÐÑÕÑÐÐÑÌÔÚÉÓÒÞÇÅáÜÌØÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÑ*ÒÓÉÈÉÎ
OLP ∫ I[G*
N→
²ÑÐÉÚÐÞÍÌÎÌÓÅÇÐÞÍÇÔÉÈÅÔÖÜÉÔÕÇÖÉÕÌÐÉËÅÇÌÔÌÕ
ÑÕÇÞÆÑÓÅÖ²ÅËÅÐÐÑÍÒÑÔÎÉÈÑÇÅÕÉÎßÐÑÔÕÌ^*N`
gÓÍËÐϱÐÏÈÙÈÏÔÐËÏÔÈÒÄÍ ∫I[G*ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔËÓÍÈÇÐ
ÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐ ÑÒÈÇÈÍ ÒÄÆÈÏ ßÔÐÎÕ ËÏÔÈÒÄÍÕ ÈÓÍË ÉÈ ÑÒÈ
ÇÈÍÅÈÓ±ÐÏÈÙÈÏÔÐËÏÔÈÒÄÍ ∫ I[G*ÏÈÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔ
d ÑÐÓÍÈÇÏÈÎ ÓÍÕÙÄÈ ÑËÚÕÔ ∫ I[G* ÔÐ ÐÑÒÄÆÇÝÆÄ
ÈÔÓÃÔÈÎÙÔÐÆÓËÍÕÓÖÐÒÎÕÍËÒÐÆÄÏÏÐÌÔÈÐÒÈÎÝÇÍÃÍàÅÐÌ
ÇÒÕÐÌ ÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔË ^'N` ÐÔ±ÒÝÔÝ× ËÊÎÈÒËÎÝ× ÎÏÐ
ÉÈÓÔÆ 'N ÎÐÏÐÔÐÏÏÐ ËÓÙÈÒÑÝÆÄàÛË× ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆ * ÔıÉÈ
ËÎÈÈÎ OLP ∫ I[G*N
N→
¦ Ð Ì Â É Â Ô Ç Í Þ Ó Ô Ä Ð qÕÓÔÞ *N N ¶ ÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄ
ÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞËÊÎÈÒËÎÝ×ÐÔ±ÒÝÔÝ×ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÎÐÏÐÔÐÏÏÐËÓÙÈÒ
ÑÝÆÄàÛÄÃ ÐÔ±ÒÝÔÐÈ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐ * tÐÇÄ ÓÐÍÄÓÏÐ ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈ
ÏËàÔıÐÌÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔË*Nµ*N ÄÔı±Ä±IOÔÐ
∫ IG*NP∫ IG*NN ËÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÆÓÈÇÄÓÕÛÈÓÔ
ÆÕÈÔ±ÐÏÈÙÏÝÌËÍËÅÈÓ±ÐÏÈÙÏÝÌÑÒÈÇÈÍ OLP ∫ IG*N ,
N→
qÕÓÔÞÔÈÑÈÒÞ'NN ¶±Ä±ÄÃÍËÅÐÇÒÕÄÃÑÐÓÍÈ
ÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞËÊÎÈÒËÎÝ×ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÎÐÏÐÔÐÏÏÐËÓÙÈÒÑÝÆÄà
ÛÄà ÐÔ±ÒÝÔÐÈ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐ * d ÓËÍÕ ÇбÄÊÄÏÏÐÐ ÆÝÚÈ ÓÕ
ÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔ±ÐÏÈÙÏÝÌËÍËÅÈÓ±ÐÏÈÙÏÝÌÑÒÈÇÈÍ OLP ∫ IG'N ,
N→
qбÄÉÈÎÙÔÐ
, ,
fÍà ÍàÅÐÐ Ö˱ÓËÒÐÆÄÏÏÐÐ ßÍÈÎÈÏÔÄ *N ÑÈÒÆÐÌ ÑÐÓÍÈÇÐ
ÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔËÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔÏÐÎÈÒN NNÔıÐÌÙÔÐ
* Nµ' N
d ÓÄÎÐÎ ÇÈÍÈ * N ¶ ËÊÎÈÒËÎÐÈ Ë ÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐ ÐÒÄÏË
ÙÈÏÏÐÈ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐ ÑÐßÔÐÎÕ ÈÐ ÊÄÎݱÄÏËÈ * N ÔıÉÈ ÐÒÄÏË
ÙÈÏÐ Ô È ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓà ±ÐÎÑıÔÐÎ d ÓËÍÕ ßÔÐÐ ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÐÆÄÏËÈ
ÔıÐÐ ÏÐÎÈÒÄ N ÙÔÐ ËÎÈÈÔ ÎÈÓÔРƱÍàÙÈÏËÈ ' N ¬ * N
ÆÝÔȱÄÈÔ ËÊ ÍÈÎÎÝ eÈÌÏȵcÐÒÈÍà ÓÎ Ñ Ôı ±Ä±
ÓËÓÔÈÎÄÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆ^'N`ÐÅÒÄÊÕÈÔÐÔ±ÒÝÔÐÈÑбÒÝÔËȱÐÎÑıÔÄ
* N Ë ÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐ ËÊ ÏÈÐ ÎÐÉÏÐ ÆÝÇÈÍËÔÞ ±ÐÏÈÙÏÐÈ
ÑбÒÝÔËÈ^'' ' N `ÓÏÐÙÔÐÆÓËÍÕƱÍàÙÈÏËÌ'µ
µ'µµ ' N ÆÝÑÐÍÏÃÈÔÓÃƱÍàÙÈÏËÈ
tÈÑÈÒÞ ÊÄÎÈÔËÎ ÙÔÐ Æ ÓËÍÕ ÕÓÍÐÆËà I O ËÊ Æ±ÍàÙÈÏËÃ
ÆÝÔȱÄÈÔ ÙÔÐ IG*N P IG ' N oÐ ÐÙÈÆËÇÏÐ IG' N P ,
ÑÐßÔÐÎÕ ÑÒË ÍàÅÐÎ N ∫ IG*N P , qÈÒÈÌÇÃ Æ ßÔÐÎ
ÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆȱÑÒÈÇÈÍÕÑÒËN{ÑÐÍÕÙËÎ,P,
qÐÇÐÅÏÝÎÉÈÐÅÒÄÊÐÎÇбÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÓÃËÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐ,O,
± Ò Ê Î Ç Ò rÄÓÓÎÐÔÒËÎËÏÔÈÒÄÍ, ∫ ± [ µ \ G[G\qÐÍÐ
∫H
5
ÉËÎ*N ^[\[\N`N ÔÄÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞ
ÏÐÓÔÞ ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓà ÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞà ÐÔ±ÒÝÔÝ× ±ÆÄÇÒËÒÕÈ
ÎÝ×ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÆÇÄÏÏÐÎÓÍÕÙÄÈÑÒÐÓÔбÒÕÐÆÎÐÏÐÔÐÏÏÐËÓ
ÙÈÒÑÝÆÄàÛÈÌÆÓàÑÍÐÓ±ÐÓÔÞ5
qÕÓÔÞ ,N ∫ ∫ H ±[ µ \ G[G\ qÈÒÈÌÇÈÎ ± ÑÐÍÃÒÏÝÎ ±ÐÐÒÇË
ÏÄÔÄÎ *N
π N ±U N
H
,N ∫ ∫ H ±U UGUGϕ ∫ Gϕ ∫ H ±U UGU ´π
π´H ±N
*
N
pÔÓàÇÄÓÐÍÄÓÏÐÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËà
, OLP ,N π.
N→
vÐÒÎÕÍÄÑÐÊÆÐÍÃÈÔÏÄÌÔËÆÈÍËÙËÏÕËÏÔÈÒÄÍÄ
±[
∫ H G[
´
ÏÄÊÝÆÄÈÎÐÐÌÐÕÉÓÅÎÑÏqÖÅÔÔÑÐÅ
ËÙÄÓÔÐÆÓÔÒÈÙÄàÛÈÐÓÃÆ
ÑÒËÍÐÉÈÏËÃ× fÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÐ ÐÅÐÊÏÄÙÄà ÙÈÒÈÊ 'N ±ÆÄÇÒÄÔ
^[ \_[_PN_\_PN`N ËÑÒËÎÈÏËƱËÏÔÈÒÄÍÕÑÐ'N
ÐÔ ÖÕϱØËË H ±[ µ \ ÖÐÒÎÕÍÕ ÓÆÈÇÈÏËà ±ÒÄÔÏÐÐ ËÏÔÈÒÄÍÄ ±
ÑÐÆÔÐÒÏÐÎÕÓÎÑ ÑÐÍÕÙËÎ
, ∫ ∫ H ±[ µ \ G[G\ OLP ∫ ∫ H ±[ µ \ G[G\
5 N → 'N
N N N N N
G[G\ OLP ∫ ∫ H ±[ G[ ∫ H ±\ G\
µ \
OLP ∫ G[ ∫ H ±[
N→ N→
µN µN µN µN µN
N
OLP ∫ H ±[ G[ ∫ H G[
±[
N→ ´
µN
qÐßÔÐÎÕËÊÓÒÄÊÕÓÍÈÇÕÈÔÙÔÐ
± [ G[ π
∫H
´
´ § ° ² § ® ¢ ÑÒÊÉÏÂÌÓÒÂÄÏÇÏÊá qÖÔÕßÐÅÑÕ²ÓÞÕÑÏÏÐÑ
ÊÉÔÕÇÉ * ÇÞÒÑÎÐÄáÕÔÄ ÐÉÓÅÇÉÐÔÕÇÅ P I[ P J[ [∈*
tÑÈÅ ÌË ÔØÑÈÌÏÑÔÕÌ ÌÐÕÉÓÅÎÅ ∫ J[G* ÔÎÉÈÖÉÕ ÔØÑÈÌ
ÏÑÔÕß ÌÐÕÉÓÅÎÅ ∫ I[G* Å ÌË ÓÅÔØÑÈÌÏÑÔÕÌ ÌÐÕÉÓÅÎÅ
∫ I[G*ÔÎÉÈÖÉÕÓÅÔØÑÈÌÏÑÔÕßÌÐÕÉÓÅÎÅ∫ J[G*
ÔÄ ÔÈÐÒÈÎÄ ÇбÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÓà ÄÏÄÍÐËÙÏÐ ÑÐÇÐÅÏÐÌ ÔÈÐÒÈÎÈ Æ
ÐÇÏÐÎÈÒÏÐÎÓÍÕÙÄÈÓÎÑ
d±ÄÙÈÓÔÆÈÑÒËÎÈÒÐÆËßÔÄÍÐÏÐÆÇÍÃÓÒÄÆÏÈÏËÃÓÇÒÕËÎË
ËÏÔÈÒÄÍÄÎËÒÄÓÓÎÐÔÒËÎËÏÔÈÒÄÍÝ
G[ G[ Q
∫ ∫
α
[ [ Q O ( [ [ Q )
G[ G[ Q
∫ ∫
[ [ Q P ( [ [ ) α
Q
ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄÎËQÙËÓÈÍ[[QËρϕϕQµpÔÎÈÔËÎ
ÙÔÐρ [ [ Q
ÍÈÎÈÏÔÄÒÏÝÎË ÏÐ ÏÈÓ±ÐÍޱРÒÐÎÐÊDZËÎË ÆÝÙËÓÍÈÏËÃ
ÎË ±ÐÔÐÒÝÈ ÏÈ ÅÕÇÈÎ ÊÇÈÓÞ ÑÒËÆÐÇËÔÞ ÎÐÉÏÐ ÑбÄÊÄÔÞ ÙÔÐ
ñÐÅËÄÏßÔÐÐÑÒÈÐÅÒÄÊÐÆÄÏËÃËÎÈÈÔÆËÇ
∂( [ [ [ Q )
ρQµFRVϕFRV ϕFRVQ´ϕQµ
∂( ρϕ ϕ Q µ )
qÐÍÐÉËÎÇÍñÒÄÔ±ÐÓÔË
vϕϕQµ FRVϕFRVϕFRVQ´ϕQµ
mȱÐÕÅÈÇËÔÞÓÃÙÔÐvϕ ϕQµOËÙÔÐ
π π π
F ∫ ∫ ∫ Φϕ ϕQµGϕGϕQµ!
´π ´π
ÔÐÓÒÄÊÕÓÍÈÇÕÈÔËÊÓÍÈÇÓÔÆËÃÓÆÐÌÓÔÆıÒÄÔÏÝ×ËÏÔÈ
ÒÄÍÐÆÆÑ
jÓÓÍÈÇÕÈÎ ÔÈÑÈÒÞ Ó×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔÞ ËÏÔÈÒÄÍÄ d ±ÄÙÈÓÔ
ÆÈ ÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔË ÐÔ±ÒÝÔÝ× ËÊÎÈÒËÎÝ× ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆ *N
N ÎÐÏÐÔÐÏÏÐ ËÓÙÈÒÑÝÆÄàÛÈÌ ÆÏÈÚÏÐÓÔÞ ÈÇËÏËÙ
ÏÐÐÚÄÒÄ4ÆÐÊÞÎÈÎÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆ
*N [ ρϕϕQµ ρNN
N
qÈÒÈÌÇñÓÖÈÒËÙÈÓ±ËαÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔÄÎÑÐÍÕÙËÎ
G[ G[ Q
∫ ∫
α
*N ( [ [ Q )
N π π π
∫ ∫ ∫ ∫ ρ Q µ µ αvϕϕQµGρGϕGϕQµ
N ´π ´π
N
F ∫ ρ Q µ µ α Gρ
N
tıËÎÐÅÒÄÊÐÎÆÐÑÒÐÓÐÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔËËÏÔÈÒÄÍÄÓÆÈÍ
ÓñÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔËËÏÔÈÒÄÍÄ ∫ ρ Q µ µ αGρ±ÐÔÐÒÝ̱ıËÊÆÈÓÔ
ÏÐÓÎÑ Ó×ÐÇËÔÓÃÑÒËQ´´α´Ô ÈÑÒËα!Q
ËÒÄÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃÑÒËαPQjÔıÇбÄÊÄÏÄÓÍÈÇÕàÛÄÃÍÈÎÎÄ
§ ® ® ¢ jÐÕÉÓÅÎÔØÑÈÌÕÔÄÉÔÎÌαÆÑÎßÛÉÓÅËÏÉÓ
ÐÑÔÕÌÒÓÑÔÕÓÅÐÔÕÇÅÌÓÅÔØÑÈÌÕÔÄÇÒÓÑÕÌÇÐÑÏÔÎÖÚÅÉ
rÄÓÓÎÐÔÒËÎÔÈÑÈÒÞËÏÔÈÒÄÍqÐÍÐÉËÆ
*N [ ρϕϕQµ ρ´ N
N N
ÑÐÍÕÙËÎ
G[ G[ Q
∫ ∫
( [ [ )
α
*N Q
¯ÇÓÐÃÓÔÄÇÏÏÝÇÊÏÔÇÅÒÂÍÝÐÔÖÕÏÌØÊËÎÇÏáàÛÊ×ÉÏÂÌ
°ÑÒÇÆÇÍÇÏÊÇ oÉÔÑÆÔÕÇÉÐÐÞÍ ÌÐÕÉÓÅÎ ∫ IG* ÐÅËÞÇÅÉÕÔÄ
ÅÆÔÑÎáÕÐÑÔØÑÈÄÜÌÏÔÄÉÔÎÌÔØÑÈÌÕÔÄÌÐÕÉÓÅÎ∫ _I_G*
fÍÃËÊÕÙÈÏËÃÄÅÓÐÍàÔÏÐÌÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔËËÏÔÈÒÄÍÄÐÔÖÕϱ
ØËËI[ÅÕÇÕÔÑÐÍÈÊÏÝÖÕϱØËË
I[ I ( [ )ÈÓÍËI ( [ ) O I´[ ´I ( [ )ÈÓÍËI ( [ ) P
ÈÓÍËI ( [ ) ÈÓÍËI ( [ )!
mȱÐÆËÇÈÔÞÙÔÐ
I I I µI
I Iµ
PI[P_I[_PIµ[P_I[_
I[ I[´Iµ[_I[_ I[Iµ[
jÊÖÐÒÎÕÍÓÍÈÇÕÈÔÙÔÐÈÓÍËÖÕϱØËÃIËÏÔÈÒËÒÕ
ÈÎÄÑÐrËÎÄÏÕÏÄÏȱÐÔÐÒÐÌËÊÎÈÒËÎÐÌÑÐhÐÒÇÄÏÕÐÅÍÄÓÔË
ÔÐËÖÕϱØËËIËIµËÏÔÈÒËÒÕÈÎÝÑÐrËÎÄÏÕÏÄßÔÐÌÐÅÍÄÓ
ÔË ËÊ ÑÈÒÆÐÌ ÖÐÒÎÕÍÝ ÓÍÈÇÕÈÔ ÐÅÒÄÔÏÐÈ ÕÔÆÈÒÉÇÈ
ÏËÈ qÐßÔÐÎÕ ËÊ ¶ ÓÍÈÇÕÈÔ ÙÔÐ ËÏÔÈÒÄÍ ∫ IG*
ÅÆÔÑÎáÕÐÑ ÔØÑÈÌÕÔÄ ÕÑÈÅ Ì ÕÑÎß²Ñ ÕÑÈÅ ²ÑÈÅ ÔØÑÈÄÕ
ÔÄ ÌÐÕÉÓÅÎÞ ∫ IG*Ì ∫ IµG*
lıËÆÓÍÕÙÄÈÏÈÓÐÅÓÔÆÈÏÏÝ×ËÏÔÈÒÄÍÐÆÐÔÖÕϱØËËÐÇ
ÏÐÐÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÐÐËÊÄÅÓÐÍàÔÏÐÌÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔ˱ÒÄÔÏÐÐËÏÔÈ
ÒÄÍÄ ÓÍÈÇÕÈÔ ÈÐ Ó×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔÞ ÑÒË ßÔÐÎ ±ÐÏÈÙÏÐ ÒÄÓÓÎÄÔÒË
ÆÄàÔÓà ÔÐÍޱРÔıËÈ ÖÕϱØËË ±ÐÔÐÒÝÈ ËÏÔÈÒËÒÕÈÎÝ ÏÄ
±ÄÉÇÐÎ ÐÔ±ÒÝÔÐÎ ËÊÎÈÒËÎÐÎ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÈ ÓÐÇÈÒÉÄÛÈÎÓÃ
ÆÎÈÓÔÈÓÐÓÆÐËÎÊÄÎݱÄÏËÈÎÆÐÔ±ÒÝÔÐÎÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÈÑбÐÔÐ
ÒÐÎÕÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇËÔÓÃËÏÔÈÒËÒÐÆÄÏËÈÔÐÓÒÄÊÕÑÐÍÕÙÄÈÔÓÃÏÄ
ÐÓÏÐÆÄÏËË ÖÐÒÎÕÍ ÑÈÒÆÐÌ ÖÐÒÎÕÍÝ Ë ËÊ ÔÈÐ
ÒÈÎÝÏÄÓÔÐÃÛÈÐÑÄÒÄÒÄÖÄÓÎÑ pÇÏıÐÇÍñÒÄÔ
ÏÝ× ÏÈÓÐÅÓÔÆÈÏÏÝ× ËÏÔÈÒÄÍÐÆ ÓÑÒÄÆÈÇÍËÆÄ Ë ÐÅÒÄÔÏÄà ÔÈÐ
ÒÈÎÄ
´ § ° ² § ® ¢ gÔÎÌ ²ÓÅÕÐÞÍ ÌÐÕÉÓÅÎ ∫ IG*QOÔØÑÈÌÕ
ÔÄÕÑÑÐÌÅÆÔÑÎáÕÐÑÔØÑÈÌÕÔÄ
ÔÄ ÏÈÐÉËÇÄÏÏÄÃ ÏÄ ÑÈÒÆÝÌ ÆÊÍÃÇ ÔÈÐÒÈÎÄ ÓÆÃÊÄÏÄ Ó ÐÔ
ÍËÙËÈÎ ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËà ÏÈÓÐÅÓÔÆÈÏÏÝ× ËÏÔÈÒÄÍÐÆ ÐÔ ÖÕϱØËË
ÐÇÏÐÐËÊQÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÝ×Q!Õ±ÄÊÄÏÏÝ×ÆÏÄÙÄÍÈßÔÐÐÑÄ
ÒÄÒÄÖÄ
¦ Ð Ì Â É Â Ô Ç Í Þ Ó Ô Ä Ð Ô Ç Ð Ò Ç Î Ý qÕÓÔÞ ËÏÔÈÒÄÍ ∫ IG* ÄÅÓÐ
ÍàÔÏÐÒÄÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃÔ ÈÇÍÃÏȱÐÔÐÒÐÌÊÏÄÙËÔËÇÍÃÆÓñÐÌ ÓÎ
ÔÈÐÒÈÎÕ Æ Ñ ÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔË ÐÔ±ÒÝÔÝ× ËÊÎÈÒËÎÝ×
ÑÐhÐÒÇÄÏÕÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆ*NN ÎÐÏÐÔÐÏÏÐËÓÙÈÒÑÝÆÄà
ÛÈÌÐÔ±ÒÝÔÐÈÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐ*ËÎÈÈÎ OLP ∫ _I_G*N cÈÊÐÒÄ
N→
ÏËÙÈÏËÃÐÅÛÏÐÓÔËÑÈÒÈ×ÐÇÃÈÓÍËÏÄÇбÑÐÇÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓ
ÔËÎÐÉÏÐÑÒÈÇÑÐÍÄÄÔÞÙÔÐ
∫ _I_G*N!∫ _I_G*NNN
pÔÎÈÔËÎÐÇÏıÐÙÔÐÎÐÉÏÐÅÝÍÐÅÝËÆQÎÈÒÏÐÎÓÍÕÙÄÈÑÐÍÕÙËÔÞ
qÕÓÔÞ$N *N ?* NÔÐÇÄ$N ¶ÐÔ±ÒÝÔÐÈËÊÎÈÒËÎÐÈÎÏÐ
ÉÈÓÔÆÐ Ë Ôı ±Ä± *N µ *N ÔÐ ÓÎ ÒËÓ * N $N `
` * NË
∫ _I_G*N ∫ _I_G$N∫ _I_G*N
pÔÓàÇÄÆÓËÍÕÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÄ∫ _I_G$N! ∫ _I_G*NNjÓ
ÑÐÍÞÊÕÃÆÔÐÒÕàÖÐÒÎÕÍÕÑÐÍÕÙËÎ
∫ IG$N∫ IµG$N! ∫ _I_G*NN
qÕÓÔÞÇÍÃÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏÏÐÓÔË ∫ IG$NO ∫ IµG$NÔÐÇÄ
∫ IG$NO∫ IG$N∫ IµG$N! ∫ _I_G*NN
ËÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐ
∫ IG$N!∫ _I_G*NN
oÄÚÈÌ ØÈÍÞà ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃ ÑÐÍÕÙÈÏËÈ ÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÄ ÑÐÇÐÅÏÐÐ
ÔËÑÄ ÏÈ ÇÍà ÖÕϱØËË I Ä ÇÍà ÖÕϱØËË I fÍà ßÔÐÐ ±ÄÊÄ
ÍÐÓÞ ÅÝ ÎÐÉÏÐ ÑÒÐÓÔÐ ÐÔÅÒÐÓËÔÞ ÔÐÙ±Ë Æ ±ÐÔÐÒÝ× ÖÕϱØËÃ
I ÐÅÒÄÛÄÈÔÓÃ Æ ÏÕÍÞ ÔÐÇÄ ÏÄ ÐÓÔÄÆÚÈÎÓÃ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÈ ÎÝ
ËÎÈÍËÅÝI IpÇÏıÐÑÐÍÕÙËÆÚÈÈÓÃÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐÎÐÉÈÔÆÐ
ÐÅÛÈ ÐÆÐÒà бÄÊÄÔÞÓà ÏÈËÊÎÈÒËÎÝÎ Ä ÑÐßÔÐÎÕ ÎÝ ÅÕÇÈÎ
ÇÈÌÓÔÆÐÆÄÔÞÐÅ×ÐÇÏÝÎÑÕÔÈÎ
jÊÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÄÓÍÈÇÕÈÔÙÔÐÑÒËÍàÅÐÎÇÐÓÔÄÔÐÙÏÐ
L L
ÎÈͱÐÎÒÄÊÅËÈÏËËτ { ( L } L τÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ$NÓÎÑ ÇÍÃ
ÍàÅÐÌËÏÔÈÒÄÍÞÏÐÌÓÕÎÎÝrËÎÄÏÄËÎÈÈÎ
Lτ
L
∑ IξLµ ( L!∫ _I_G*NNξL∈(LL Lτ
dÝÅÈÒÈÎ Õ±ÄÊÄÏÏÐÈ ÒÄÊÅËÈÏËÈ τ ÐÔ±ÒÝÔÐÐ ËÊÎÈÒËÎÐÐ ÎÏÐ
ÉÈÓÔÆÄ $N ÔıËÎ ÙÔÐÅÝ ÆÓÈ ßÍÈÎÈÏÔÝ (L ßÔÐÐ ÒÄÊÅËÈÏËÃ
ËÎÈàÛËÈ ÑÐÍÐÉËÔÈÍÞÏÕà ÎÈÒÕ ÔıÉÈ ÅÝÍË ÐÔ±ÒÝÔÝÎË ËÊ
ÎÈÒËÎÝÎËÑÐhÐÒÇÄÏÕÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄÎËpÅÐÊÏÄÙËÎÙÈÒÈÊ ( L
ÔÈ
ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ ÑÐÍÐÉËÔÈÍÞÏÐÌ ÎÈÒÝ (L∈τ ÇÍà ±ÐÔÐÒÝ× Iξ !
ÆÐ ÆÓÈ× ÔÐÙ±Ä× ξ∈(L qÕÓÔÞ τ
^(L
` dÝÅÒÄÆ ÇÍà ÔÈ× (L∉τ
Õ±ÐÔÐÒÝ×µ(L!ÔÐÙ±ËξL∈(LÔıÙÔÐIξL ÑÐÍÕÙËÎ
ÇÍà ±ÐÔÐÒÝ× (L ( L
qÐÍÐÉËÎ %N `′( L
*N
L
ÓÎÒËÓ pÙÈÆËÇÏÐÙÔÐ%N ¶ÐÔ±ÒÝÔÐÈ $N
ËÊÎÈÒËÎÐÈÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐÍÈÉÄÛÈÈÆÎÏÐÉÈÓÔ %N
¯ÇÌÐÔÐÒÝÇÅÇÐÎÇÔÒÊÙÇÓÌÊÇÊÖÊÉÊÙÇÓÌÊÇ
ÑÒÊÍÐÈÇÏÊáÌÒÂÔÏÝ×ÊÏÔÇÅÒÂÍÐÄ
¤ÝÙÊÓÍÇÏÊÇÑÍÐÛÂÆÇËÊÐÃÜÇÎÐÄ
qÐ ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËà ÉÈ ±ÒÄÔÏÐÐ ÏÈÓÐÅÓÔÆÈÏÏÐÐ ËÏÔÈÒÄÍÄ
OLP ∫G*N ∫G*tıËÎÐÅÒÄÊÐÎ
N→
µ
* ∫G*
ÇÈËÏÔÈÒÄÍÆÑÒÄÆÐÌÙÄÓÔËÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÄÑÐÏËÎÄÈÔÓÃÆÐÐÅÛÈÐ
ÆÐÒÃÄËÎÈÏÏÐÈÓÍË*ÏÈÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃËÊÎÈÒËÎÐÌÐÅÍÄÓÔÞà±Ä±
ÏÈÓÐÅÓÔÆÈÏÏÝÌ
oÄÑÐÎÏËÎÙÔÐÇÍÃÆÝÙËÓÍÈÏËÃÐÅÜÈÎÐÆÔÈÍÙÄÓÔÐбÄÊÝ
ÆÄÈÔÓÃÕÇÐÅÏÝÎÎÈÔÐÇÓÈÙÈÏËÌÓÎÖÐÒÎÕÍÕ
¶ÊÉÊÙÇÓÌÊÇÑÒÊÍÐÈÇÏÊáÌÒÂÔÏÝ×ÊÏÔÇÅÒÂÍÐÄ
sÑÐÎÐÛÞà±ÒÄÔÏÝ×ËÏÔÈÒÄÍÐÆÎÐÉÏÐÆÝÙËÓÍËÔÞÒÄÊÍËÙÏÝÈ
ÖËÊËÙÈÓ±ËÈÆÈÍËÙËÏÝÎÄÓÓÕËÊÄÒÃÇÔÈÍÄØÈÏÔÒÔÃÉÈÓÔËÎÐ
ÎÈÏÔËÏÈÒØËËÑÐÔбÉËDZÐÓÔË
oÄÌÇÈΠƱÄÙÈÓÔÆÈÑÒËÎÈÒÄØÈÏÔÒÔÃÉÈÓÔË ÑÍÐÓ±ÐÌÖËÕ
ÒÝqÕÓÔÞÆÏȱÐÔÐÒÐ̱ÆÄÇÒËÒÕÈÎÐÌÐÅÍÄÓÔË*ÒÄÓÑÐÍÐÉÈÏ
ÏÐÌÆÑÈÒÆÐαÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔÏÐαÆÄÇÒÄÔÈÔ È ÆÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÈÔÐÙȱ
[ \ Æ ±ÐÔÐÒÝ× [ ! \ ! ÒÄÓÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏÄ ÏȱÐÔÐÒÄà ÎÄÓ
ÓÄ ÆÐÐÅÛÈ ÐÆÐÒÃ Ó ÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÐÌ ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÏÐÌ ÑÍÐÔÏÐÓÔÞà
ρ[\Ô ÈÏÄÊÄÎݱÄÏËË * ÐÅÍÄÓÔË*ÊÄÇÄÏÄÏȱÐÔÐÒÄÃÏÈ
ÐÔÒËØÄÔÈÍÞÏÄÃ Ë ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÄà ÖÕϱØËà ρ[ \ pÅÍÄÓÔÞ * Ó
ÒÄÓÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏÏÐÌÆÏÈÌÎÄÓÓÐÌÅÕÇÈÎÏÄÊÝÆÄÔÞ×ÌÖÓÑÍ6ÄÆÈ
ÍËÙËÏÕ
0 ∫ ∫ ρ[\G[G\
*
ÐÓÈÌ 2[ Ë 2\ ÏÄÊÝÆÄàÔÓÃ ÆÈÍËÙËÏÝ P\ Ë P[ ÓÎ Ñ
oıÐÏÈØÆÈÍËÙËÏÝ
N N
6Ø(τ) ∑ ηL PL ∑ ηL ρξLηLµ*L
L L
N N
6\(τ) ∑ ξL PL ∑ ξL ρξLηLµ*L
L L
ÏÄÊÐÆÈÎ ÑÒËÅÍËÉÈÏÏÝÎË ÓÔÄÔËÙÈÓ±ËÎË τÎÐÎÈÏÔÄÎË ÖËÕÒÝ
6ÐÔÏÐÓËÔÈÍÞÏÐÐÓÈÌ2[Ë2\ÄË×ÑÒÈÇÈÍÝÑÒË_τ_{
OLP 6Øτ 6Ø OLP 6\τ 6\
τ → τ →
¶ ÔÕÅÕÌÚÉÔ²ÌÏÌ ÏÑÏÉÐÕÅÏÌ ×ÌÖÓÞ 6 ÐÔÏÐÓËÔÈÍÞÏÐ ÐÓÈÌ
2[ Ë 2\ ÔË ÑÒÈÇÈÍÝ ÑÒË ÓÇÈÍÄÏÏÝ× ÑÒÈÇÑÐÍÐÉÈÏËÃ× ÓÕ
ÛÈÓÔÆÕàÔfÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÐËÊÖÐÒÎÕÍÆËÇÏÐÙÔÐ6ØτË
6\τÃÆÍÃàÔÓÃËÏÔÈÒÄÍÞÏÝÎËÓÕÎÎÄÎËrËÎÄÏÄÇÍÃÖÕϱØËÌ
\ρ[\Ë[ρ[\ÑÐßÔÐÎÕ
6Ø ∫ ∫ \ρ[\G[G\6\ ∫ ∫ [ρ[\G[G\
* *
°ÑÒÇÆÇÍÇÏÊÇ tÑÚ²Å[\ÐÅËÞÇÅÉÕÔÄÙÉÐÕÓÑÏÕÄÊÉÔÕÌ
ÙÉÐÕÓÑÏÏÅÔÔÙÉÐÕÓÑÏÌÐÉÓÙÌÌ×ÌÖÓÞ6ÉÔÎÌÔÕÅÕÌÚÉ
Ô²ÌÉ ÏÑÏÉÐÕÞ ÑÕÐÑÔÌÕÉÎßÐÑ ²ÑÑÓÈÌÐÅÕÐÞØ ÑÔÉÍ ÏÅÕÉÓÌ
ÅÎßÐÑÍÕÑÚ²ÌÏÅÔÔÞ0ÓÅÇÐÑÍÏÅÔÔÉÇÔÉÍ×ÌÖÓÞ6ÌÐÅØÑ
ÈÄÜÉÍÔÄÇÕÑÚ²É[\ÓÅÇÐÞÔÑÑÕÇÉÕÔÕÇÖáÜÌÏÔÕÅÕÌ
ÚÉÔ²ÌÏÏÑÏÉÐÕÅÏ×ÌÖÓÞ6Õ ÉÉÔÎÌ0[ 6\0\ 6Ø
jÊÖÐÒÎÕÍËÑÐÍÕÙÄÈÎ
∫ ∫ [ρ[\ G[ G\ ∫ ∫ \ρ[\ G[ G\
* *
[ \
∫ ∫ ρ ( [\ ) G[ G\ ∫ ∫ ρ ( [\ ) G[ G\
* *
uqrbhogojgfбÄÊÄÔÞÙÔÐØÈÏÔÒÔÃÉÈÓÔËÖËÕÒÝÏÈÊÄÆËÓËÔÐÔÆÝ
ÅÐÒÄÓËÓÔÈÎݱÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔ
d ±ÄÙÈÓÔÆÈ ÑÒËÎÈÒÄ ÒÄÓÓÎÐÔÒËÎ «±ÒËÆÐÍËÏÈÌÏÕà ÔÒÄÑÈ
ØËଠ* ÑÐÒÐÉÇÈÏÏÕà ÒÄÖ˱ÄÎË ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÝ× ÏÈÐÔÒËØÄ
ÔÈÍÞÏÝ×ÖÕϱØËÌI[ËJ[PJ[I[DP[PE
* ^[\D[EJ[\I[`
qÕÓÔÞρ[\tı±Ä± ∫ ∫ G[G\µ*ÔÐ
*
E I[ E
[
[G[G\ ∫ [G[ ∫ G\ ∫ >I[´J[@[G[
µ* ∫*∫ µ* D J[
µ* D
E I[ E
\G[G\ ∫ G[ ∫ \G\ ∫ >I [´J[@G[
\
µ* ∫*∫ µ* D J[
µ* D
ÐÔÓàÇÄ
E E
π\ µ* π ∫ I[G[´π ∫ J[G[
D D
iÇÈÓÞÆÑÒÄÆÐÌÙÄÓÔËÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÄÓÔÐËÔÐÅÜÈÎÔÈÍÄÑÐÍÕÙÈÏÏÐ
ÐÆÒÄÛÈÏËÈαÒËÆÐÍËÏÈÌÏÐÌÔÒÄÑÈØËË*ÆбÒÕÐÓË2[nÝ
ÑÒËÚÍ˱ÐÆ Ô Ð Ò Ð ÌÔ È Ð Ò È Î Èe Õ Í Þ Ç Ë Ï Ä
´ § ° ² § ® ¢ ÔÇÐÒÇÎÂ ¥ÕÍÞÆÊÏÂ pÆÝÉÏ ÕÉÎÅ ÒÑÎÖÚÉÐÐÑÑ
ÇÓÅÜÉÐÌÉÏ ÒÎÑÔ²ÑÍ ×ÌÖÓÞ ÇѲÓÖ ÐÉ ÒÉÓÉÔɲÅáÜÉÍ ÉÉ ÑÔÌ
ÓÅÇÉÐÒÓÑÌËÇÉÈÉÐÌáÒÎÑÜÅÈÌàÕÑÍ×ÌÖÓÞÐÅÈÎÌÐÖѲÓÖÊ
ÐÑÔÕÌÑÒÌÔÅÐÐÑÍÙÉÐÕÓÑÏÕÄÊÉÔÕÌ×ÌÖÓÞ
± Ò Ê Î Ç Ò dÝÙËÓÍËÎÓ ÑÐÎÐÛÞàÆÔÐÒÐÌÔÈÐÒÈÎÝeÕÍÞÇËÏÄ
ÐÅÜÈε4ÔÐÒÄ4ÑÐÍÕÙÈÏÏÐÐÆÒÄÛÈÏËÈαÒÕÄ[´D\PU
UPDÆбÒÕÐÓË2\µ4 πDπU πDU
¿ÍÇÎÇÏÔÝÔÇÐÒÊÊÑÐÄÇÒ×ÏÐÓÔÇË
¤ÇÌÔÐÒÏÝÇÖÕÏÌØÊÊÏÇÓÌÐÍÞÌÊ×ÑÇÒÇÎÇÏÏÝ×
qÕÓÔÞÏÄÑÍÐÓ±ÐÓÔË5ÊÄÇÄÏÄÇȱÄÒÔÐÆÄÑÒÃÎÐÕÐÍÞÏÄÃÓËÓÔÈ
ÎÄ ±ÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔ X Y ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐ ; µ 5 Ë ±ÄÉÇÐÌ ÔÐÙ±È 0
XY∈;ÑÐÓÔÄÆÍÈÏÆÓÐÐÔÆÈÔÓÔÆËÈÆȱÔÐÒU0 UXY∈ 5
tıËÈÖÕϱØËËÏÄÊÝÆÄàÔÓÃÆȱÔÐÒÏÝÎËÖÕϱØËÃÎËÇÆÕ×ÑÈ
ÒÈÎÈÏÏÝ×XY
bÏÄÍÐËÙÏÐ ÓÍÕÙÄà ÆȱÔÐÒÏÐÌ ÖÕϱØËË ÐÇÏÐÌ ÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÐÌ
ÓÎ ÇÍà ÏË× ÆÆÐÇÃÔÓà ÑÐÏÃÔËà ÑÒÈÇÈÍÄ ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÓÔË
ÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÕÈÎÐÓÔË ÔÐ ÅÝÍÐ ÕÉÈ ÓÇÈÍÄÏÐ ÒÄÏÞÚÈ Æ Ë
ÇÄÉÈÆÅÐÍÈÈÐÅÛÈÎÓÍÕÙÄÈÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÌI({5P(µ5Q
oÄÑÐÎÏËÎ ßÔË ÑÐÏÃÔËÃ Æ ÔÈ× ÐÅÐÊÏÄÙÈÏËÃ× ±ÐÔÐÒÝÈ ÅÕÇÕÔ
ÊÇÈÓÞÕÑÐÔÒÈÅÍÃÔÞÓÃÇÍÃÓÍÕÙÄÃÖÕϱØËÌUXY
dȱÔÐÒDÏÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÓÃÑÒÈÇÈÍÐÎÑÒËXY{XYÆȱÔÐÒ
ÏÐÌÖÕϱØËËUXYÊÄÇÄÏÏÐÌÏÄÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÈ(µ5ÈÓÍËÇÍÃ
ÍàÅÐÐ ε ! ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔ ÔıÐÈ δ ! ÙÔÐ ÇÍà ÆÓÈ× X Y∈(
ÇÍñÐÔÐÒÝ×_X´X_δ_Y´Y_δÆÝÑÐÍÏÃÈÔÓÃÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐ
_UXY´D_εdßÔÐÎÓÍÕÙÄÈÑËÚÕÔ
OLP UXY D
( XY ) → ( X Y )
vÕϱØËÃUXYÏÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÓÃÐÉÒÓÉÓÞÇÐÑÍÇÕÑÚ²ÉXY
ÈÓÍË
OLP UXY UXY
( XY ) → ( X Y )
gÓÍË ÖÕϱØËà UX Y ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏÄ Æ Ð±ÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔË ÔÐÙ±Ë
∂U
X Y ÔÐ ÈÈ ÙÄÓÔÏÄÃ ÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇÏÄÃ UX
Æ ßÔÐÌ ÔÐÙ±È ÐÑÒÈ
∂X
ÇÈÍÃÈÔÓÃÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐÎ
∂UX Y
GUXY
UXXY
∂X GX X X
ÇÈ
{N}
GNUXY GX ∂ GY ∂ UXY
∂X ∂Y
GHI
RρQ H∆X∆YρQ OLP H∆X∆Y
ρ→
vÐÒÎÕÍÕ tÈÌÍÐÒÄ ÇÍà ÆȱÔÐÒÏÐÌ ÖÕϱØËË ÎÐÉÏÐ ÑÐÍÕ
ÙËÔÞ ËÓÑÐÍÞÊÐÆÄÆ ÒÄÊÍÐÉÈÏËÈ ÑÐ ÖÐÒÎÕÍÈ tÈÌÍÐÒÄ ±ÐÐÒÇË
ÏÄÔÏÝ×ÆȱÔÐÒÏÝ×ÖÕϱØËÌËÍËÏÈÑÐÓÒÈÇÓÔÆÈÏÏÐÒÄÓÓÕÉÇÄÃ
ÑÐÄÏÄÍÐËËÓÐÓ±ÄÍÃÒÏÝÎÓÍÕÙÄÈÎ
gÓÍË ÆȱÔÐÒ UX Y∈5 ÒÄÓÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄÔÞ ±Ä± ÒÄÇËÕÓÆȱÔÐÒ
ÔÐ ÆȱÔÐÒÏÄà ÖÕϱØËà UX Y ÊÄÇÄÈÔ ÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÈ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ
( ÏÄ ±ÐÔÐÒÐÎ ÐÏÄ ÊÄÇÄÏÄ Æ ÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÐ 5 ±ÄÉÇÐÌ ÔÐÙ±È
X Y∈( ÐÏÄ ÓÔÄÆËÔ Æ ÓÐÐÔÆÈÔÓÔÆËÈ ÔÐÙ±Õ UX Y ¶ ±ÐÏÈØ ÒÄ
ÇËÕÓÄÆȱÔÐÒÄUXY
¿ÍÇÎÇÏÔÂÒÏÝÇÑÐÄÇÒ×ÏÐÓÔÊ
cÕÇÈÎÒÄÓÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄÔÞÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÃÑÍÐÓ±Ë×ÐÅÍÄÓÔÈÌËË×ÊÄ
ÎݱÄÏËÌÏÄÑÐÎÏËÎÙÔÐÊÄÎݱÄÏËÈÐÅÍÄÓÔËÏÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÓÃÊÄÎ
±ÏÕÔÐÌ ÐÅÍÄÓÔÞà Æ ÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÐ 5 pÅÍÄÓÔË ÅÕÇÈÎ ÐÅÐÊÏÄ
ÙÄÔޱıÑÒÄÆËÍÐÅÕ±ÆÐÌ'
ÄË×ÒÄÏËØձıÐÅÝÙÏÐ∂'
°ÑÒÇÆÇÍÇÏÊÇ ÎÉÏÉÐÕÅÓÐÑÍÒÑÇÉÓØÐÑÔÕßáÐÅËÞÇÅÉÕÔÄÐÉ
ÒÓÉÓÞÇÐÑÉÑÕÑÆÓÅÊÉÐÌÉ
I'→5
ËÅÏÞ²ÅÐÌÄ'ÒÎÑÔ²ÑÍÑÆÎÅÔÕÌ'ÇÒÓÑÔÕÓÅÐÔÕÇÑ5ÅÑÆÓÅË
I'ÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÅ'ÇÒÓÑÔÕÓÅÐÔÕÇÉ5ÒÓÌÓÅÔÔÏÅÕÓÌÇÅÉÏÑÏ
ÑÕÑÆÓÅÊÉÐÌÌ ¶ÐÑÔÌÕÉÎÉÏàÕÑÍÒÑÇÉÓØÐÑÔÕÌ
tıËÎÐÅÒÄÊÐÎ
I0∈50∈ 'µ5
qÐÇÙÈÒ±ÏÈÎ ÙÔÐ ÑÒË ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËË ßÍÈÎÈÏÔÄÒÏÐÌ ÑÐÆÈÒ×
ÏÐÓÔË ÏÈ ÑÒÈÇÑÐÍÄÄÈÔÓÃ ÙÔÐ ÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÈ ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃ
ÆÊÄËÎÏÐÐÇÏÐÊÏÄÙÏÝÎ tÐÙ±Ä ÏÐÓËÔÈÍà ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË Æ
±ÐÔÐÒÕà ÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÄàÔÓà ÑÐ ±ÒÄÌÏÈÌ ÎÈÒÈ ÇÆÈ ÔÐÙ±Ë ÊÄÎݱÄ
ÏËà ' ÐÅÍÄÓÔË ' ÏÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÓà ²ÓÅÕÐÑÍ ÕÑÚ²ÑÍ ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË
ËÍËÈÈÔÐÙ±ÐÌÔÅÏÑÒÉÓÉÔÉÚÉÐÌÄ
tıËÎÐÅÒÄÊÐÎÈÓÍËÔÐÙ±Ä3ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓñÒÄÔÏÐÌÔÐÙ±ÐÌÑÐ
ÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË ÔÐ ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕàÔ ÑÐ ±ÒÄÌÏÈÌ ÎÈÒÈ ÇÆÈ ÔıËÈ
ÔÐÙ±Ë0∈ ' Ë0∈ 'ÙÔÐI0 I0 3
pÔÄÏÍGRPDLQ ¶ÐÅÍÄÓÔÞ
gÓÍË ßÍÈÎÈÏÔÄÒÏÄà ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÞ ÏÈ ËÎÈÈÔ ±ÒÄÔÏÝ×
ÔÐÙȱ Ô È ÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÈ ÆÊÄËÎÏÐÐÇÏÐÊÏÄÙÏÐ ÐÔÐÅÒÄ
ÉÄÈÔ ÊÄÎݱÄÏËÈ ' ÐÅÍÄÓÔË ' Æ ÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÐ 5 ÔÐ ßÍÈÎÈÏ
ÔÄÒÏÄÃÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÞÏÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÓÃÒÓÑÔÕÑÍ
d ÇÄÍÞÏÈÌÚÈÎ ÏÄ ÑÍÐÓ±ÐÓÔË 5 ÆÓÈÇÄ ÅÕÇÈÔ ÆÆÈÇÈÏÄ ÑÒÃ
ÎÐÕÐÍÞÏÄÃÓËÓÔÈÎıÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔÏÄÑÒËÎÈÒXYdßÔÐÎÓÍÕÙÄÈ
ÅÕÇÈÎÕÑÐÔÒÈÅÍÃÔÞÓÍÈÇÕàÛËÈÐÅÐÊÏÄÙÈÏËÃ
GHI
U XY I00 XY
tÈÎÓÄÎÝÎÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÈÅÕÇÈÔÊÄÑËÓÝÆÄÔÞÓÃÆÆËÇÈ
U XY∈5XY∈ '
ËÍËÆÆȱÔÐÒÏÐÌÖÐÒÎÈ
UXY∈5XY∈ '
UX Y ¶ ±ÐÏÈØ ÒÄÇËÕÓÄÆȱÔÐÒÄ UX Y qÒË ÔıÐÌ ÊÄÑËÓË
ßÍÈÎÈÏÔÄÒÏÐÌÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔËÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÝÈXYÏÄÊÝÆÄàÔÓòÑÑÓ
ÈÌÐÅÕÅÏÌÒÑÇÉÓØÐÑÔÕÌËÍËÈÈÒÅÓÅÏÉÕÓÅÏÌ
gÓÍËÆÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÈ5ÊÄÇÄÏÄÑÒÃÎÐÕÐÍÞÏÄÃÓËÓÔÈÎıÐ
ÐÒÇËÏÄÔËÏÐÇÄÅÕÇÈÎÆÝÅËÒÄÔÞÈÈÓÑÈØËÄÍÞÏÝÎÐÅÒÄÊÐÎËÓ
×ÐÇÃËÊØÈÍÈ̱ÐÔÐÒÝÈÓÔÄÆÃÔÓÃÑÒËËÊÕÙÈÏËËßÍÈÎÈÏÔÄÒÏÐÌ
ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË ÔÐ ÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÈ ÎÐÉÏÐ ÊÄÑËÓÄÔÞ Æ ±ÐÐÒ
ÇËÏÄÔÏÐÎÆËÇÈ
[ [XY\ \XY] ]XYXY∈ '
ÇÈ
I0UXY [XY\XY]XY
pÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÃËÏÄÊÝÆÄàÔÓÃÒÓÉÈÔÕÅÇ
ÎÉÐÌÄÏÌ àÎÉÏÉÐÕÅÓÐÑÍ ÒÑÇÉÓØÐÑÔÕÌ
gÓÍËÊÄÑÄÒÄÎÈÔÒÝXËYÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔËÎÐÉÏÐÆÊÃÔÞÇÆȱÄ
±ËÈÍËÅÐ ±ÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔÝ ÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÄ 5 ÏÄÑÒËÎÈÒ [ Ë \ ÔÐ
ÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÈÎÐÉÏÐÊÄÑËÓÄÔÞÔı] I[\[\∈ '
ÊÇÈÓÞ[ X\ Y] I[\tıÐÈÊÄÇÄÏËÈßÍÈÎÈÏÔÄÒÏÐÌÑÐ
ÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔËÏÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÓÃÄÇÐÞÏ
ÓÏÐÙÔÐßÍÈÎÈÏÔÄÒÏÄÃÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÞËÎÈàÛÄÃÃÆÏÐÈÊÄÇÄ
ÏËÈÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃÑÒÐÓÔÐÌßÍÈÎÈÏÔÄÒÏÐÌÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÞà
d ÇÄÍÞÏÈÌÚÈÎ ÅÕÇÕÔ ËÊÕÙÄÔÞÓÃ ÑÒÈÉÇÈ ÆÓÈÐ ÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØË
ÄÍÞÏÝÈ ÓÆÐÌÓÔÆÄ ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÈÌ ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏÏÝ× ±ÍÄÓÓÐÆ ÓÐÓÔÐÃ
ÛË×ËÊ«ÇÐÓÔÄÔÐÙÏÐÍÄDZË×¬Ô ÈÇÐÓÔÄÔÐÙÏÐÈÙËÓÍÐÒÄÊÏÈÑÒÈ
ÒÝÆÏÐ ÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÕÈÎÝ× ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÈÌ qÐßÔÐÎÕ ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍËÎ
ÑÐÏÃÔËÈQÒÄÊÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÕÈÎÐÌßÍÈÎÈÏÔÄÒÏÐÌÑÐ
ÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË
ÍÈÎÈÏÔÄÒÏÄà ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÞ ÏÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÓà Q ÒÄÊ ÏÈÑÒÈ
ÒÝÆÏÐ ÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÕÈÎÐÌ ÈÓÍË ÆȱÔÐÒÏÄà ÖÕϱØËÃ
ËÍË ÙÔÐ ÒÄÆÏÐÓËÍÞÏÐ ±ÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔÏÝÈ ÖÕϱØËË ÊÄÇÄà
ÛËÈÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÈQÒÄÊÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÕÈÎÝ
ÏÄÊÄÎݱÄÏËË 'ÐÅÍÄÓÔË'
oÄÑÐÎÏËÎÙÔÐÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÓÔÞÙÄÓÔÏÝ×ÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇÏÝ×ÆÊÄ
ÎݱÄÏËË ' ÐÅÍÄÓÔË ' ÑÐÏËÎÄÈÔÓÃ Æ ÓÎÝÓÍÈ ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÐÆÄÏËÃ
ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÐÑÒÐÇÐÍÉÈÏËÃßÔË×ÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇÏÝ×ÓÐÅÍÄÓÔË'ÏÄ
ÈÈ ÒÄÏËØÕ ∂' ÓÎ Ñ d ÓÍÕÙÄÈ ÈÓÍË Æ ÏȱÐÔÐÒÐÌ ÔÐÙ±È
ÒÄÏËØݱıÄÃÍËÅÐÙÄÓÔÏÄÃÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇÏÄÃÅÝÔÞÎÐÉÈÔÐÇÏÐ
ÓÔÐÒÐÏÏÃÃÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔÆÐÅÝÙÏÐÎÓÎÝÓÍÈÔÐÈÈÊÏÄÙÈÏËÈÓÐÆ
ÑÄÇÄÈÔÓÕ±ÄÊÄÏÏÝÎÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÝÎÑÒÐÇÐÍÉÈÏËÈÎÓÎÔÄÎÉÈ
ÕÑÒÄÉÏÈÏËÈ
± Ò Ê Î Ç Ò fÍà ßÍÈÎÈÏÔÄÒÏÐÌ ÅÈÓ±ÐÏÈÙÏÐ ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐ
ÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÕÈÎÐÌÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔËÊÄÇÄÏÏÐÌÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÈÎ
[ 5 FRVψ FRV ϕ\ 5 FRV ψ VLQ ϕ] 5 VLQ ψ
PϕPπ´πPψP π
ÈÈÏÐÓËÔÈÍÈÎÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃÓÖÈÒÄÓØÈÏÔÒÐÎÆÏÄÙÄÍȱÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔË
ÒÄÇËÕÓÐÎ5dÈÓÞÎÈÒËÇËÄÏϕ ßÔÐÌÓÖÈÒÝÓÐÓÔÐËÔËʱÒÄÔ
ÏÝ×ÔÐÙȱ
jÏÐÇÄ ÔÈÒÎËÏ «ßÍÈÎÈÏÔÄÒÏÄà ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÞ¬ Æ ÓÍÕÙÄÃ×
ÇÈßÔÐÏÈÎÐÉÈÔÑÒËÆÈÓÔ˱ÏÈÇÐÒÄÊÕÎÈÏËàÕÑÐÔÒÈÅÍÃÈÔÓÃË
ÆÓÎÝÓÍÈ«ÏÐÓËÔÈÍÞßÍÈÎÈÏÔÄÒÏÐÌÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔˬ
¿ÌÄÊÄÂÍÇÏÔÏÝÇßÍÇÎÇÏÔÂÒÏÝÇÑÐÄÇÒ×ÏÐÓÔÊ
±ÂÒÂÎÇÔÒÊÙÇÓÌÊÉÂÆÂÏÏÝÇÑÐÄÇÒ×ÏÐÓÔÊ
ËÈÉÔß'Ì' ¶ÒÎÑÔ²ÌÉÑÆÎÅÔÕÌÉÔÎÌÔÖÜÉÔÕÇÖÉÕÕŲÑÉÑ
ÏÉÑÏÑÓ×ÐÑÉÔÏÑÒÓÉÈÉÎÉÐÌÉÇÒ ÑÕÑÆÓÅÊÉÐÌÉ)ËÅÏ
²ÐÖÕÑÍÑÆÎÅÔÕÌ 'ÐÅËÅϲÐÖÕÖáÑÆÎÅÔÕß ' ÒÓ̲ÑÕÑÓÑÏ
ÇÐÖÕÓÉÐÐÌÉÕÑÚ²ÌÒÉÓÉØÑÈÄÕÇÑÇÐÖÕÓÉÐÐÌÉÅÓÅÐÌÚÐÞÉ ¶
Ç ÓÅÐÌÚÐÞÉ Õ É'ÑÕÑÆÓÅÊÅÉÕÔÄ ÐÅ'Å∂' ¶ÐÅ∂' Ì
ÈÎIJÅÊÈÑÍÕÑÚ²Ì0∈'ÇÞÒÑÎÐÄÉÕÔÄÓÅÇÉÐÔÕÇÑ
I0 I)0
Õ ÉI I ° )
d ßÔÐÎ ÓÍÕÙÄÈ ) ÏÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÓÃ ÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÈÎ ÐÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÍÃà
ÛËÎß±ÆËÆÄÍÈÏÔÏÐÓÔÞßÍÈÎÈÏÔÄÒÏÐÌÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔËÓßÍÈ
ÎÈÏÔÄÒÏÐÌ ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÞà ËÍË ÙÔÐ ÔÐ ÉÈ ÓÄÎÐÈ ÐÔÐ
ÅÒÄÉÈÏËà I Ó ÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÈÎ I gÓÍË I ß±ÆËÆÄÍÈÏÔÏÐ I ÔÐ
ÑËÚÕÔI∼I
s×ÈÎÄÔËÙÈÓ±Ë ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËÈ ß±ÆËÆÄÍÈÏÔÏÝ× ÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÌ
ÎÐÉÏÐ ËÊÐÅÒÄÊËÔÞ ÇËÄÒÄÎÎÐÌ ÇÈ ÓÔÒÈͱÄÎË ËÊÐÅÒÄÉÈÏÝ
ÒÄÓÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄÈÎÝÈ ÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÃ Ë ÒÈÊÕÍÞÔÄÔ ÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÌ ÏÈ
ÊÄÆËÓËÔÐÔÆÝÅÐÒÄÑÕÔËÏÄÇËÄÒÄÎÎÈ
5
I I
)
' '
pÙÈÆËÇÏÐÙÔÐ
dÔIJÑÉÑÕÑÆÓÅÊÉÐÌÉà²ÇÌÇÅÎÉÐÕÐÑ ÔÅÏÑÏÖ ÔÉÆÉI∼I
ÊÇÈÓÞ ÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÈÎ ÐÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÍÃàÛËÎ ß±ÆËÆÄÍÈÏÔÏÐÓÔÞ ÃÆ
ÍÃÈÔÓÃ ÔÐÉÇÈÓÔÆÈÏÏÐÈ ÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÈ µ Ó Æ Ð Ì Ó Ô Æ Ð Ò È Ö
Í È ± Ó Ë Æ Ï Ð Ó Ô Ë
gÔÎÌ I ∼ I ÕÑ I ∼ I µ Ó Æ Ð Ì Ó Ô Æ Ð Ó Ë Î Î È Ô Ò Ë Ù
Ï Ð Ó Ô Ë
gÔÎÌ I ∼ I Ì I ∼ I ÕÑ I ∼ I µ Ó Æ Ð Ì Ó Ô Æ Ð Ô Ò Ä Ï
Ê Ë Ô Ë Æ Ï Ð Ó Ô Ë
gÓÍË I Ë I ¶ ß±ÆËÆÄÍÈÏÔÏÝÈ ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÝÈ ÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÃ
ÓÐÐÔÆÈÔÓÔÆÈÏÏÐÊÄαÏÕÔÝ×ÐÅÍÄÓÔÈÌ 'Ë ' ÔÐËÊÓÍÈ
ÇÕÈÔ ÙÔÐ ÐÅÒÄÊÝ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆ ' Ë ' ÑÒË ÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÃ× I Ë I
ÓÐÆÑÄÇÄàÔ
I ' I '
Ô È ÇÆÈ ß±ÆËÆÄÍÈÏÔÏÝÈ ßÍÈÎÈÏÔÄÒÏÝÈ ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË ËÎÈàÔ
ÐÇËÏıÐÆÝÌÏÐÓËÔÈÍÞ
iÄÎÈÔËÎÈÛÈÙÔÐÕÓÍÐÆËÃÏÄÍÐÉÈÏÏÝÈÏÄß±ÆËÆÄÍÈÏÔÏÝÈ
ÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÃÆÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËËÏÈÊÄÆËÓËÎÝjÎÈÏÏÐËÊÔÐÐ
ÙÔÐ ) ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓà ÐÎÈÐÎÐÒÖÏÝÎ ÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÈÎ ÊÄαÏÕÔÐÌ ÐÅ
ÍÄÓÔË 'ÏÄÊÄαÏÕÔÕàÐÅÍÄÓÔÞ ' ÏÈÓÍÈÇÕÈÔÙÔÐÐÏÐÑÈÒÈÆÐ
ÇËÔ ÆÏÕÔÒÈÏÏËÈ ÔÐÙ±Ë ÆÐ ÆÏÕÔÒÈÏÏËÈ oÄÑÒËÎÈÒ ÈÓÍË '
^XYXY` ¶±ÒÕÄ' ^XYXY` ¶
±ÒÕÓ«ÆݱÐÍÐÔÝάØÈÏÔÒÐÎÔÐÔÐÉÇÈÓÔÆÈÏÏÐÈÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÈ
ÐÙÈÆËÇÏÐ ÃÆÍÃàÛÈÈÓÃ ÐÎÈÐÎÐÒÖÏÝÎ ' ÏÄ ' ÑÈÒÈÆÐÇËÔ
ÆÏÕÔÒÈÏÏàà ÔÐÙ±Õ ÐÅÍÄÓÔË ' Æ ÒÄÏËÙÏÕà ÔÐÙ±Õ
ÐÅÍÄÓÔË'
qÈÒÈÌÇÈÎÔÈÑÈÒÞ±ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËàÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË
°ÑÒÇÆÇÍÇÏÊÇ dÔIJÌÍ ²ÎÅÔÔ 6 à²ÇÌÇÅÎÉÐÕÐÞØ àÎÉÏÉÐÕÅÓ
ÐÞØÒÑÇÉÓØÐÑÔÕÉÍÐÅËÞÇÅÉÕÔÄÒÑÇÉÓØÐÑÔÕßáÌÎÌÆÑÎÉÉÒÑÈ
ÓÑÆÐÑÐÉÒÓÉÓÞÇÐÑÍÒÅÓÅÏÉÕÓÌÚÉÔ²ÌËÅÈÅÐÐÑÍÒÑÇÉÓØÐÑÔÕßá
lÄÉÇÄà ßÍÈÎÈÏÔÄÒÏÄà ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÞ ËÊ ßÔÐÐ ±ÍÄÓÓÄ Ô È
ÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÈ U X Y X Y∈ ' ÏÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÓÃ ÒÓÉÈÔÕÅÇÎÉÐÌÉÏ
ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË 6 ÔÒÐÌ±Ä ÓÐÐÔÆÈÔÓÔÆÕàÛË× ±ÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔÏÝ×
ÖÕϱØËÌ ¶ÈȲÑÑÓÈÌÐÅÕÐÞÏÒÓÉÈÔÕÅÇÎÉÐÌÉÏÄÓÐÐÔ
ÆÈÔÓÔÆÕàÛÄà ÆȱÔÐÒÏÄà ÖÕϱØËà ¶ ÈÈ ÇɲÕÑÓÐÞÏ
ÒÓÉÈÔÕÅÇÎÉÐÌÉÏ
pÙÈÆËÇÏÐ ÙÔÐ ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÞ 6 ÐÇÏÐÊÏÄÙÏÐ ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÃÈÔÓÃ
±ÄÉÇÝÎ ËÊ ÓÆÐË× ÑÒÈÇÓÔÄÆÍÈÏËÌ Ôı ±Ä± ÈÓÍË ËÎÈÈÔÓà ±Ä
±ÄÃÏËÅÕÇÞ ßÍÈÎÈÏÔÄÒÏÄà ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÞ ÔÐ ÆÓÈ ß±ÆËÆÄÍÈÏÔÏÝÈ
ÈÌßÍÈÎÈÏÔÄÒÏÝÈÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔËÑÐÍÕÙÄàÔÓÃÓÑÐÎÐÛÞàÆÓÈÆÐÊ
ÎÐÉÏÝ× ÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÌ ÐÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÍÃàÛË× ß±ÆËÆÄÍÈÏÔÏÐÓÔÞ
tıËÎ ÐÅÒÄÊÐÎ ÙÔÐÅÝ ÊÄÇÄÔÞ ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÞ ÏÄÇÐ ÊÄÇÄÔÞ ÏȱÐ
ÔÐÒÐÈÈÈÑÒÈÇÓÔÄÆÍÈÏËÈ
qÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÞ6ÊÄÇÄÏÏÕà±Ä±ËÎÍËÅÐÓÆÐËÎÑÒÈÇÓÔÄÆÍÈÏË
ÈÎ ÊÄÑËÓÄÏÏÝÎ Æ ÆËÇÈ ËÍË ÅÕÇÈÎ
ÐÅÐÊÏÄÙÄÔÞÓÐÐÔÆÈÔÓÔÆÈÏÏÐÐÇÏËÎËÊÓÍÈÇÕàÛË×ÓÑÐÓÐÅÐÆ
6 ^I00∈ '`
6 ^UXYXY∈ '`
6 ^UXYXY∈ '`
6 ^[XY\XY]XYXY∈ '`
fÍà ÔÐÐ ÙÔÐÅÝ ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÞ ÎÐÍÄ ÅÝÔÞ ÊÄÇÄÏÄ ÔÒÈÎà ÑÐ
ÓÍÈÇÏËÎË ÓÑÐÓÐÅÄÎË ÏÄ ÑÍÐÓ±ÐÓÔË 5 ÇÐÍÉÏÄ ÅÝÔÞ ÊÄÇÄÏÄ
ÓËÓÔÈÎıÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔÄÇÍÃÔÐÐÙÔÐÅÝÙÈÔÆÈÒÔÝÎ ¶ÈÛÈËÓËÓ
ÔÈÎıÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔÆÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÈ 5
qÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÞ ÐÇÏÐÊÏÄÙÏÐ ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÃÈÔÓà ±ÄÉÇÝÎ ËÊ ÓÆÐË×
ÑÒÈÇÓÔÄÆÍÈÏËÌ ÑÐßÔÐÎÕ ßÔÐ ÑÐÊÆÐÍÃÈÔ ÙÔÐ ÙÄÓÔÐ ÐÙÈÏÞ ÕÇÐÅ
ÏÐ ÑÒÄÆÕà ÙÄÓÔÞ ±ÄÉÇÐÐ ËÊ ÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆ ÑÐÏËÎÄÔÞ ÏÈ
±Ä± ÓÐÆбÕÑÏÐÓÔÞ ÆÓÈ× ÑÒÈÇÓÔÄÆÍÈÏËÌ ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË 6 Ä ±Ä±
ÏȱÐÔÐÒÐÈÆÑÐÍÏÈÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏÏÐÈÈÈÑÒÈÇÓÔÄÆÍÈÏËÈ
gÓÍËU XYXY∈ 'ËρXYXY∈ ' ¶ÑÒÈÇÓÔÄÆÍÈ
ÏËÃÐÇÏÐÌËÔÐÌÉÈÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË6ÔÐÆÓñÐÈÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÈ)
ÐÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÍÃàÛÈÈ ß±ÆËÆÄÍÈÏÔÏÐÓÔÞ ÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËà UX Y Ó ÐÔÐ
ÅÒÄÉÈÏËÈÎρXYƱÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔÏÐÌÊÄÑËÓËËÎÈÈÔÆËÇ
X ϕXYY ψXY
XY∈ 'XY∈ '
ËÏÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÓÃÈÑÒÖÔÕÌÏÞÏÒÓÉÑÆÓÅËÑÇÅÐÌÉÏÒÅÓÅÏÉÕÓÑÇXY
lı ÐÔÎÈÙÄÍÐÓÞ ÆÝÚÈ ÇÆÈ ß±ÆËÆÄÍÈÏÔÏÝÈ ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË
ËÎÈàÔ ÐÇËÏ Ë ÔÐÔ ÉÈ ÏÐÓËÔÈÍÞ ÑÐßÔÐÎÕ ÏÐÓËÔÈÍË ÆÓÈ× ßÍÈ
ÎÈÏÔÄÒÏÝ× ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÈÌ ÓÐÓÔÄÆÍÃàÛË× ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÞ Ô È
ßÍÈÎÈÏÔÄÒÏÝ× ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÈÌ ß±ÆËÆÄÍÈÏÔÏÝ× ÎÈÉÇÕ ÓÐÅÐÌ
ÓÐÆÑÄÇÄàÔÔÐÇÈÍÄÈÔÈÓÔÈÓÔÆÈÏÏÝÎÓÍÈÇÕàÛÈÈÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËÈ
°ÑÒÇÆÇÍÇÏÊÇ pÆÜÌÍÐÑÔÌÕÉÎßÇÔÉØàÎÉÏÉÐÕÅÓÐÞØÒÑÇÉÓØ
ÐÑÔÕÉÍ ÔÑÔÕÅÇÎÄáÜÌØ ÒÑÇÉÓØÐÑÔÕß ÐÅËÞÇÅÉÕÔÄ ÐÑÔÌÕÉ
ÎÉÏàÕÑÍÒÑÇÉÓØÐÑÔÕÌ
pÑÒÈÇÈÍËÎÔÈÑÈÒÞÙÔÐÏÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÓÃÔÐÙ±ÐÌÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË
tÑÚ²ÑÍ àÎÉÏÉÐÕÅÓÐÑÍ ÒÑÇÉÓØÐÑÔÕÌ I ' → 5 ÏÄÊÐÆÈÎ
ÑÄÒÕ03ÇÈ0∈ '3 I0∈ 5Ô ÈÔÐÙ±Õ0ÊÄαÏÕ
ÔÐÌ ÐÅÍÄÓÔË ' Ë ÈÈ ÐÅÒÄÊ 3 ÑÒË ÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËË I lÐÒÐԱРÔÐÙ
±Ä ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË I ' → 5 ÐÅÝÙÏÐ ÐÅÐÊÏÄÙÄÈÔÓà I0
ÓÐÐÔÆÈÔÓÔÆÈÏÏÐ U X Y ËÍË [ X Y \ X Y ] X Y ÇÈ
0 X Y∈ '
oÑÔÌÕÉÎÉÏ ÕÑÚ²Ì I0 àÎÉÏÉÐÕÅÓÐÑÍ ÒÑÇÉÓØÐÑÔÕÌ ÏÄ
ÊÝÆÄÈÔÓÃÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÈÏÏÄÃÔÐÙ±Ä3 I0∈ 5
°ÑÒÇÆÇÍÇÏÊÇ qÖÔÕß àÎÉÏÉÐÕÅÓÐÞÉ ÒÑÇÉÓØÐÑÔÕÌ Ì
à²ÇÌÇÅÎÉÐÕÐÞÏÉÊÈÖÔÑÆÑÍÌÑÕÑÆÓÅÊÉÐÌÉ) '{ '
ÑÔÖÜÉÔÕÇÎÄÉÕÌØà²ÇÌÇÅÎÉÐÕÐÑÔÕß
tÑÚ²ÅI0àÎÉÏÉÐÕÅÓÐÑÍ ÒÑÇÉÓØÐÑÔÕÌ ÐÅËÞÇÅÉÕ
ÔÄ à²ÇÌÇÅÎÉÐÕÐÑÍ ÕÑÚ²É I0àÎÉÏÉÐÕÅÓÐÑÍ ÒÑÇÉÓØÐÑÔÕÌ
ÉÔÎÌ
0 )0
dßÔÐÎÓÍÕÙÄÈÅÕÇÈÎÑËÓÄÔÞ
I0∼I0
mȱРÑÒÐÆÈÒËÔÞ ÙÔÐ ßÔÐ ÓÐÐÔÏÐÚÈÏËÈ ß±ÆËÆÄÍÈÏÔÏÐÓÔË
ÐÅÍÄÇÄÈÔÓÆÐÌÓÔÆÐÎÒÈÖÍȱÓËÆÏÐÓÔËÓËÎÎÈÔÒËÙÏÐÓÔËËÔÒÄÏ
ÊËÔËÆÏÐÓÔË
I0∼I0
gÔÎÌI0∼I0ÕÑI0∼I0
gÔÎÌI0∼I0ÌI0∼I0ÕÑI0∼I0
pÙÈÆËÇÏÐ ÙÔÐ ËÊ ÆÝÑÐÍÏÈÏËÃ ÕÓÍÐÆËÌ Ë
ÓÍÈÇÕÈÔ ÙÔÐ ÇÆÈ ß±ÆËÆÄÍÈÏÔÏÝÈ ÔÐÙ±Ë ß±ÆËÆÄÍÈÏÔÏÝ× ßÍÈ
ÎÈÏÔÄÒÏÝ×ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÈÌËÎÈàÔÆÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÈ5ÐÇËÏËÔÐÔ
ÉÈÏÐÓËÔÈÍÞ
°ÑÒÇÆÇÍÇÏÊÇ lÅÊÈÞÍ ²ÎÅÔÔ ^I0` à²ÇÌÇÅÎÉÐÕÐÞØ ÏÉÊÈÖ
ÔÑÆÑÍ ÕÑÚɲ àÎÉÏÉÐÕÅÓÐÞØ ÒÑÇÉÓØÐÑÔÕÉÍ ÔÑÔÕÅÇÎÄáÜÌØ
ÐɲÑÕÑÓÖáÒÑÇÉÓØÐÑÔÕßÐÅËÞÇÅÉÕÔÄÕÑÚ²ÑÍàÕÑÍÒÑÇÉÓØÐÑ
ÔÕÌÅÌØÑÆÜÌÍÐÑÔÌÕÉÎß ¶ÐÑÔÌÕÉÎÉÏàÕÑÍÕÑÚ²ÌÒÑÇÉÓØ
ÐÑÔÕÌ
gÓÍË 0 ¶ ÆÏÕÔÒÈÏÏÃà ÒÄÏËÙÏÄà ÔÐÙ±Ä ÐÅÍÄÓÔË ' ÔÐ
ÔÐÙ±Ä I0 ßÍÈÎÈÏÔÄÒÏÐÌ ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË ÏÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÓà ÈÈ
ÇÐÖÕÓÉÐÐÉÍ ÓÐÐÔÆÈÔÓÔÆÈÏÏÐ ²ÓÅÉÇÑÍ ÔÐÙ±ÐÌ lÒÄÈÆÝÈ ÔÐÙ±Ë
ßÍÈÎÈÏÔÄÒÏÐÌ ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË ¶ ßÔÐ ÔÈ ÈÈ ÔÐÙ±Ë ±ÐÔÐÒÝÈ
ÊÄÇÄàÔÓÃ ÓÕÉÈÏËÈÎ ÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÃ I ÏÄ ÒÄÏËØÕ ∂' ÐÅÍÄÓÔË '
sÐÆбÕÑÏÐÓÔÞ ÆÓÈ× ±ÒÄÈÆÝ× ÔÐÙȱ ßÍÈÎÈÏÔÄÒÏÐÌ ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË
ÏÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÓÃÈȲÓÅÉÏ
gÓÍË I0 ∼ I0 Ë 0 ¶ ÆÏÕÔÒÈÏÏÃà ÒÄÏËÙÏÄà ÔÐÙ±Ä
ÊÄαÏÕÔÐÌÐÅÍÄÓÔË'ÓÎËÔÐÓÐÍÄÓÏÐÐÑÒÈ
ÇÈÍÈÏËà ÔÐÙ±Ä 0 ÔıÉÈ ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓà ÆÏÕÔÒÈÏÏÈÌ ÓÐÐÔÆÈÔ
ÓÔÆÈÏÏÐÒÄÏËÙÏÐÌÔÐÙ±ÐÌÊÄαÏÕÔÐÌÐÅÍÄÓÔË '
tÐÙ±Ä^I0`ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË6ÏÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÓÃÇÐÖÕÓÉÐÐÉÍÓÐÐÔ
ÆÈÔÓÔÆÈÏÏÐ ²ÓÅÉÇÑÍ ÈÈ ÔÐÙ±ÐÌ ÈÓÍË ±ÄÉÇÄà ÔÐÙ±Ä 0 Ä ÇÍÃ
ßÔÐÐÇÐÓÔÄÔÐÙÏÐÙÔÐÅÝ×ÐÔÃÅÝÐÇÏÄËÊÏË×ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃÆÏÕÔ
ÒÈÏÏÈÌÓÐÐÔÆÈÔÓÔÆÈÏÏÐÒÄÏËÙÏÐÌÔÐÙ±ÐÌÊÄαÏÕÔÐÌÐÅÍÄÓÔË
'ÏıÐÔÐÒÐÌÊÄÇÄÏÐÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÈI
sÐÆбÕÑÏÐÓÔÞÆÓÈ×±ÒÄÈÆÝ×ÔÐÙȱÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔËÏÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÓÃ
ÈȲÓÅÉÏÓÏÐÙÔбÒÄÌÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔËÑÒÈÇÓÔÄÆÍÃÈÔÓÐÅÐÌÓÐ
ÆбÕÑÏÐÓÔÞÆÓÈ×±ÒÄÈÆÈÈÑÒÈÇÓÔÄÆÍÈÏËÌ
lÄÉÇÄÃÔÐÙ±Ä^I0`ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË6ÐÇÏÐÊÏÄÙÏÐÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÃ
ÈÔÓà ±ÄÉÇÐÌ ÐÔÇÈÍÞÏÐÌ ÔÐÙ±ÐÌ I0 Æ×ÐÇÃÛÈÌ Æ ÏÈÈ Ô È Æ
±ÍÄÓÓß±ÆËÆÄÍÈÏÔÏÝ×ÔÐÙȱÆÓÈÆÐÊÎÐÉÏÝ×ÑÒÈÇÓÔÄÆÍÈÏËÌÑÐ
ÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË6ıÄÉÇÄÃÔÐÙ±ÄI0ßÍÈÎÈÏÔÄÒÏÐÌÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË
ÐÇÏÐÊÏÄÙÏÐ ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÃÈÔÓà ÔÐÙ±ÐÌ 0∈ ' ÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐ
Ë ÈÈ ±ÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔÄÎË ÈÓÍË ÊÄÇÄÏÄ ±ÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔÏÄà ÓËÓÔÈÎÄ tÄ
±ËÎ ÐÅÒÄÊÐÎ ±ÄÉÇÄà ÔÐÙ±Ä ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË 6 ÑÒË ÆÝÅÐÒÈ ±Ä±Ð
ÐÍËÅÐ ÈÈ ÑÒÈÇÓÔÄÆÍÈÏËÃ ÏÄÑÒËÎÈÒ ÆËÇÄ U X Y X Y∈ '
ÐÇÏÐÊÏÄÙÏÐÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÃÈÔÓÃÊÏÄÙÈÏËÃÎËÑÄÒÄÎÈÔÒÐÆXYqÐßÔÐ
ÎÕÆßÔÐÎÓÍÕÙÄÈÔÐÙ±ÕÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË6ÆÎÈÓÔÐ^XYU XY`
ÅÕÇÈÎÑÒÐÓÔÐÐÅÐÊÏÄÙÄÔÞUXYËÍËÓÐÐÔÆÈÔÓÔÆÈÏÏÐ[ XY
\ X Y] X YËÍËI0
pÙÈÆËÇÏÐÙÔÐ ÓÐÆбÕÑÏÐÓÔÞ ÆÓÈ× ÏÐÓËÔÈÍÈÌ ÔÐÙȱ ÑÐÆÈÒ×
ÏÐÓÔËÓÐÓÔÄÆÍÃÈÔÈÈÏÐÓËÔÈÍÞ
tÐÙ±Ä ÏÐÓËÔÈÍà ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË ÃÆÍÃàÛÄÃÓà ÏÐÓËÔÈÍÈÎ ÑÐ
±ÒÄÌÏÈÌÎÈÒÈÇÆÕ×ÒÄÊÍËÙÏÝ×ÔÐÙȱÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔËÏÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÓÃ
²ÓÅÕÐÑÍ ÕÑÚ²ÑÍËÍËÕÑÚ²ÑÍ ÔÅÏÑÒÉÓÉÔÉÚÉÐÌÄÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË
gÓÍËÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÞËÎÈÈÔ×ÐÔÃÅÝÐÇÏÐÑÒÈÇÓÔÄÆÍÈÏËÈI0
0∈ ' ±ÐÔÐÒÐÈ ÆÊÄËÎÏÐ ÐÇÏÐÊÏÄÙÏÐ ÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÄÈÔ ÑÍÐÓ±Õà ÊÄÎ
±ÏÕÔÕàÐÅÍÄÓÔÞ'ÆÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÐ5ÔÐËÆÓÈÇÒÕËÈÈÈÑÒÈÇ
ÓÔÄÆÍÈÏËÃ ÆÊÄËÎÏÐ ÐÇÏÐÊÏÄÙÏÐ ÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÄàÔ ÓÐÐÔÆÈÔÓÔÆÕàÛËÈ
ÑÍÐÓ±ËÈ ÊÄαÏÕÔÝÈ ÐÅÍÄÓÔË ÏÄ ±ÐÔÐÒÝ× ÐÏË ÊÄÇÄÏÝ Æ ÑÒÐ
ÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÐ d ßÔÐÎ ÓÍÕÙÄÈ ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÞ ÏÈ ËÎÈÈÔ ±ÒÄÔÏÝ× ÔÐ
ÙȱËÏÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÓÃÒÓÑÔÕÑÍ ÒÑÇÉÓØÐÑÔÕßá
fÍÃÑÒÐÓÔÝ×ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÈ̱ıËÇÍÃÑÒÐÓÔÝ×ÇÕÔÐÙ±Ä
ÏÐÓËÔÈÍà ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË ÐÇÏÐÊÏÄÙÏÐ ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÃÈÔ ÔÐÙ±Õ ÑÐÆÈÒ×
ÏÐÓÔËqÐßÔÐÎÕÎÐÉÏÐÏÈÇÈÍÄÔÞÎÈÉÇÕÏËÎËÒÄÊÍËÙËÃ
pÔÎÈÔËÎ ÙÔÐ ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÞ ËÎÈàÛÄà ×ÐÔà ÅÝ ÐÇÏÐ ÃÆÏÐÈ
ÑÒÈÇÓÔÄÆÍÈÏËÈÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃÑÒÐÓÔÐÌÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÞà
qÐÏÃÔËÈß±ÆËÆÄÍÈÏÔÏÝ×ÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÌÊÄαÏÕÔÝ×ÑÍÐÓ±Ë×
ÐÅÍÄÓÔÈÌ ÎÐÉÏÐ ÆÆÐÇËÔÞ ÏÈ ÔÐÍޱРÇÍà ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÝ× ÐÔÐÅÒÄ
ÉÈÏËÌÏÐËÇÍÃÇÒÕË×±ÍÄÓÓÐÆÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÌÏÄÑÒËÎÈÒÇÍÃ
ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÕÈÎÝ×dÑÒËÎÈÏÈÏË˱ÑÄÒÄÎÈÔÒË
ÙÈÓ±Ë ÊÄÇÄÏÏÝÎ ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÃÎ ßÔÐ ÑÒËÆÐÇËÔ ± ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐ
ÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÕÈÎÝÎÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÃÎj×ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËÈÅÄÊËÒÕÈÔ
ÓÃÏÄÑÐÏÃÔËËÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÌß±ÆËÆÄÍÈÏÔÏÝ×ÐÔÏÐÓËÔÈÍÞÏÐÏÈ
ÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÕÈÎÝ×ÑÒÈÐÅÒÄÊÐÆÄÏËÌ
pÑÒÈÇÈÍËÎ ßÔÐ ÑÐÏÃÔËÈ lı Ë ÒÄÏÞÚÈ ÓÎ Ñ ÑÐÇ
ÖÕϱØËÈÌ ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐ ÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÕÈÎÐÌ Æ ÊÄÎݱÄÏËË ÏÈ
±ÐÔÐÒÐÌ ÐÅÍÄÓÔË ÅÕÇÈÎ ÑÐÏËÎÄÔÞ ÔıÕà ÖÕϱØËà ±ÐÔÐÒÄÃ
ËÎÈÈÔÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÝÈÆÓÄÎÐÌÐÅÍÄÓÔËÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇÏÝÈÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆ
ÏÐÑÒÐÇÐÍÉÄÈÎÝÈÏÄÈÈÒÄÏËØÕ
pÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÈ ÏȱÐÔÐÒÐÌ ÊÄαÏÕÔÐÌ ÐÅÍÄÓÔË ÏÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÓÃ
ÐÉÒÓÉÓÞÇÐÑ ÈÌ××ÉÓÉÐÙÌÓÖÉÏÞÏ ÈÓÍË ±ÄÉÇÄà ±ÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔÏÄÃ
ÖÕϱØËà ÊÄÇÄàÛÄà ßÔÐ ÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÈ ÓÎ Ñ ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃ
ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐ ÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÕÈÎÐÌ ÖÕϱØËÈÌ ÏÄ ÒÄÓÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄÈ
ÎÐÌ ÊÄαÏÕÔÐÌ ÐÅÍÄÓÔË qÒË ßÔÐÎ ÑÒÐÇÐÍÉÈÏÏÝÈ ÖÕϱØËË Æ
ßÔË×ÓÍÕÙÄÃ×ÐÅÐÊÏÄÙÄàÔÓÃÔÈÎËÉÈÓËÎÆÐÍÄÎËÙÔÐËËÓ×ÐÇ
ÏÝÈÑÒÐÇÐÍÉÄÈÎÝÈÖÕϱØËË
gÓÍËÏȱÐÔÐÒÐÈÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÈX ϕXYY ψXYÏÈÑÒÈ
ÒÝÆÏÐ ÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÕÈÎÐ ÏÄ ÊÄÎݱÄÏËË ' ÐÅÍÄÓÔË ' ÔÐ ÓÐ
ÍÄÓÏÐÓÇÈÍÄÏÏÐÎÕÓÐÍÄÚÈÏËàßÔÐÐÊÏÄÙÄÈÔÆÙÄÓÔÏÐÓÔËÙÔÐ
ñÐÅËÄÏ ∂
( ϕψ )
ßÔÐÐ ÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÃ ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐ ÑÒÐÇÐÍÉÄÈÎ Ó
∂( XY )
ÐÅÍÄÓÔË'ÏÄÈÈÊÄÎݱÄÏËÈ 'ËÈÐÑÒÐÇÐÍÉÈÏËÈÐÅÐÊÏÄÙÄÈÎÐÈ
ÔÈÎÉÈÓËÎÆÐÍÐÎ ∂
( ϕψ )
ÔıÉÈÅÕÇÈÔÏÄÊÝÆÄÔÞÓÃñÐÅËÄÏÐÎ
∂( XY )
qÒÈÉÇÈ ÆÓÈÐ ÓÖÐÒÎÕÍËÒÕÈÎ ÙÔÐ ÅÕÇÈÎ ÑÐÏËÎÄÔÞ ÑÐÇ ß±
ÆËÆÄÍÈÏÔÏÝÎË ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐ ÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÕÈÎÝÎË ÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈ
ÏËÃÎËfÍÃßÔÐÐÆÆÈÇÈÎÑÐÏÃÔËÈÒÈÕÍÃÒÏÝ×ÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÌ
°ÑÒÇÆÇÍÇÏÊÇ eÑÏÉÑÏÑÓ×ÐÑÉ ÑÕÑÆÓÅÊÉÐÌÉ ) ËÅÏÞ²ÅÐÌÄ '
ÒÎÑÔ²ÑÍÑÆÎÅÔÕÌ'ÐÅËÅÏÞ²ÅÐÌÉ'ÒÎÑÔ²ÑÍÑÆÎÅÔÕÌ'ÒÉÓÉ
ÇÑÈÄÜÉÉ ÇÐÖÕÓÉÐÐÌÉ ÕÑÚ²ÌÇÑ ÇÐÖÕÓÉÐÐÌÉ Å ÓÅÐÌÚÐÞÉ ¶Ç
ÓÅÐÌÚÐÞÉ ÐÅËÞÇÅÉÕÔÄ ÓÉÖÎÄÓÐÞÏ ÑÕÑÆÓÅÊÉÐÌÉÏ ËÅϲÐÖ
ÕÑÍÑÆÎÅÔÕÌ 'ÐÅËÅϲÐÖÕÖáÑÆÎÅÔÕß 'ÉÔÎ̲ŲÔÅÏÑàÕÑ
ÑÕÑÆÓÅÊÉÐÌÉ)ÕŲÌÑÆÓÅÕÐÑÉÉÏÖ)µÐÉÒÓÉÓÞÇÐÑÈÌ××ÉÓÉÐ
ÙÌÓÖÉÏÞÔÑÑÕÇÉÕÔÕÇÉÐÐÑÐÅËÅϲÐÖÕÞØÑÆÎÅÔÕÄØ 'Ì '
iÄÎÈÔËÎÙÔÐÆÓñÐÈÒÈÕÍÃÒÏÐÈÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÈ)ÊÄαÏÕÔÐÌ
ÐÅÍÄÓÔË ' ËÎÈÈÔ ÆÐ ÆÓÈ× ÔÐÙ±Ä× ÐÅÍÄÓÔË ' ÏÈ ÒÄÆÏÝÌ ÏÕÍà
ñÐÅËÄÏ fÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÐ ÓÐÍÄÓÏÐ ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËà ÑÒË ÐÔÐ
ÅÒÄÉÈÏËË ) ÐÅÒÄÊ ±ÄÉÇÐÌ ÆÏÕÔÒÈÏÏÈÌ ÔÐÙ±Ë ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓà ÆÏÕÔ
ÒÈÏÏÈÌÔÐÙ±ÐÌdßÔË×ÔÐÙ±Ä×ÑÒÃÎÐÈËÓÐÐÔÆÈÔÓÔÆÈÏÏÐÐÅÒÄÔ
ÏÐÈ ÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËà ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐ ÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÕÈÎÝ ÑÐßÔÐÎÕ Ë×
ñÐÅËÄÏÝ ÏÈ ÎÐÕÔ ÐÅÒÄÔËÔÞÓÃ Æ ÏÕÍÞ ËÅÐ Ë× ÑÒÐËÊÆÈÇÈÏËÈ
ÒÄÆÏÐÈÇËÏËØÈÓÎÑ
pÔÓàÇÄ ÓÍÈÇÕÈÔ ÙÔРñÐÅËÄÏ ÒÈÕÍÃÒÏÐÐ ÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËà )
ÏÈ ÒÄÆÈÏ ÏÕÍà Ë ÏÄ ÊÄαÏÕÔÐÌ ÐÅÍÄÓÔË ' fÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÐ Æ
ÓËÍÕ ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÌ ÑÒÐÇÐÍÉÄÈÎÐÓÔË Ã±ÐÅËÄÏÐÆ ±Ä± ÑÒÃÎÐÐ
ÔıËÐÅÒÄÔÏÐÐÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÌÓÐÐÔÆÈÔÓÔÆÈÏÏÐÏÄÊÄÎݱÄÏËà '
Ë )'ÐÅÍÄÓÔÈÌ'Ë)'ÑÒÐËÊÆÈÇÈÏËÈßÔË×ñÐÅËÄÏÐÆÒÄÆÏÐ
ÈÇËÏËØÈËÇÍÃÆÓÈ×ÔÐÙȱÊÄαÏÕÔÐÌÐÅÍÄÓÔË '
°ÑÒÇÆÇÍÇÏÊÇ qÖÔÕßIÌI ¶ÐÉÒÓÉÓÞÇÐÞÉ ÑÕÑÆÓÅÊÉÐÌÄ ËÅ
ÏÞ²ÅÐÌÍ 'Ì 'ÒÎÑÔ²ÌØÑÆÎÅÔÕÉÍ'Ì'ÇÒÓÑÔÕÓÅÐÔÕÇÑ5
Ì ÒÖÔÕß àÕÌ ÑÕÑÆÓÅÊÉÐÌÄ ÐÉÒÓÉÓÞÇÐÑ ÈÌ××ÉÓÉÐÙÌÓÖÉÏÞ Ç
ËÅϲÐÖÕÞØÑÆÎÅÔÕÄØ'Ì'pÕÑÆÓÅÊÉÐÌÄIÌIÐÅËÞÇÅáÕÔÄ
à²ÇÌÇÅÎÉÐÕÐÞÏÌ ÑÕÐÑÔÌÕÉÎßÐÑ ÐÉÒÓÉÓÞÇÐÑ ÈÌ××ÉÓÉÐÙÌÓÖÉ
ÏÞØÒÓÉÑÆÓÅËÑÇÅÐÌÍÉÔÎÌÔÖÜÉÔÕÇÖÉÕÕŲÑÉÓÉÖÎÄÓÐÑÉÑÕÑ
ÆÓÅÊÉÐÌÉ)ËÅϲÐÖÕÑÍÑÆÎÅÔÕÌ'ÐÅËÅϲÐÖÕÖáÑÆÎÅÔÕß'
ÚÕÑÈÎIJÅÊÈÑÍÕÑÚ²Ì0∈ 'ÇÞÒÑÎÐÄÉÕÔÄÖÔÎÑÇÌÉ
ÔÐ ÓÐÐÔÏÐÚÈÏËÈ ß±ÆËÆÄÍÈÏÔÏÐÓÔË ÐÅÍÄÇÄÈÔ ÓÆÐÌÓÔÆÄÎË
ÒÈÖÍȱÓËÆÏÐÓÔËÓËÎÎÈÔÒËÙÏÐÓÔËËÔÒÄÏÊËÔËÆÏÐÓÔËËÓÍÈÇÐ
ÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐ ÑÐÒÐÉÇÄÈÔ ÒÄÊÅËÈÏËÈ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ ÆÓÈ× ßÍÈÎÈÏÔÄÒ
ÏÝ× ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÈÌ ÊÄÇÄÆÄÈÎÝ× ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐ ÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÕÈ
ÎÝÎËÑÒÈÇÓÔÄÆÍÈÏËÃÎËÏıÍÄÓÓÝß±ÆËÆÄÍÈÏÔÏÐÓÔË
°ÑÒÇÆÇÍÇÏÊÇ dÔIJÑÉ ÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÑ àÎÉÏÉÐÕÅÓÐÞØ ÒÑÇÉÓØÐÑ
ÔÕÉÍ ËÅÈÅÇÅÉÏÞØ ÐÉÒÓÉÓÞÇÐÑ ÈÌ××ÉÓÉÐÙÌÓÖÉÏÞÏÌ ÑÕÑÆÓÅ
ÊÉÐÌÄÏÌ
U U XYXY∈ '
ËÅÏÞ²ÅÐÌÍ ' ÒÎÑÔ²ÌØÑÆÎÅÔÕÉÍ'ÇÒÓÑÔÕÓÅÐÔÕÇÑ5Ìà²
ÇÌÇÅÎÉÐÕÐÞØ ÑÕÐÑÔÌÕÉÎßÐÑ ÐÉÒÓÉÓÞÇÐÑ ÈÌ××ÉÓÉÐÙÌÓÖÉÏÞØ
ÒÓÉÑÆÓÅËÑÇÅÐÌÍ ÐÅËÞÇÅÉÕÔÄ ÐÉÒÓÉÓÞÇÐÑ ÈÌ××ÉÓÉÐÙÌÓÖÉÏÑÍ
ÒÑÇÉÓØÐÑÔÕßá Å ²ÅÊÈÑÉ ÑÕÑÆÓÅÊÉÐÌÉ ¶ ÉÉ ÒÓÉÈ
ÔÕÅÇÎÉÐÌÉÏ
qÐÇÙÈÒ±ÏÈÎ ÙÔÐ ÈÓÍË ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÞ 6 ^UX Y X Y∈ '`
ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÕÈÎÄÔÐßÔÐÆÙÄÓÔÏÐÓÔËÐÊÏÄÙÄÈÔ
ÙÔÐ ±ÄÉÇÐÈ ÈÈ ÆȱÔÐÒÏÐÈ ÑÒÈÇÓÔÄÆÍÈÏËÈ U UX Y X Y∈ '
ËÎÈÈÔÙÄÓÔÏÝÈÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇÏÝÈUXËUYÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÝÈÆÐÅÍÄÓÔË'
Ë ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐ ÑÒÐÇÐÍÉÄÈÎÝÈ ÏÄ ÈÈ ÒÄÏËØÕ sÐÍÄÓÏÐ ÑÒË
ÏÃÔÐÎÕ ÓÐÍÄÚÈÏËà ÑÒÐÇÐÍÉÈÏÏÝÈ ÖÕϱØËË ÐÅÐÊÏÄÙÄàÔÓÃ
ÔÈÎË ÉÈ ÓËÎÆÐÍÄÎË ÙÔÐ Ë ÑÒÐÇÐÍÉÄÈÎÝÈ
ÑÐßÔÐÎÕ ÎÐÉÏÐ
ÓÙËÔÄÔÞ ÙÔÐ ÖÕϱØËË UX Ë UY ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÝ ÏÄ ÊÄαÏÕÔÐÌ ÐÅ
ÍÄÓÔË '
bÏÄÍÐËÙÏÝÎÐÅÒÄÊÐÎÎÐÉÏÐÐÑÒÈÇÈÍËÔÞËÇÒÕËȱÍÄÓÓÝ
ÑÄÒÄÎÈÔÒËÙÈÓ±Ë ÊÄÇÄÏÏÝ× ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÈÌ ÏÄÑÒËÎÈÒ ÇÆÄÉÇÝ
ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐ ÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÕÈÎÝÈ ËÍË ÆÐÐÅÛÈ Q ÒÄÊ ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆ
ÏÐ ÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÕÈÎÝÈ ÑÄÒÄÎÈÔÒËÙÈÓ±Ë ÊÄÇÄÏÏÝÈ ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐ
ÓÔËÄÔıÉÈÑÐÏÃÔËÈË×ÔÐÙ±ËËÏÐÓËÔÈÍÃ
qÐÇÐÅÏÐ ÔÐÎÕ ±Ä± Æ Ñ ÅÝÍÐ ÐÅÐÅÛÈÏÐ ÑÐÏÃÔËÈ ÏÈ
ÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐ ÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÕÈÎÐÌ ±ÒËÆÐÌ ÎÐÉÏÐ ÐÅÐÅÛËÔÞ Ë ÑÐ
ÏÃÔËÈÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÕÈÎÐÌÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔËÔÐÇÈÍÄ
ÈÔÓÃ ÓÍÈÇÕàÛËÎ ÐÅÒÄÊÐÎ dÊÄËÎÏÐÐÇÏÐÊÏÄÙÏÐÈ ÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÈ
ÊÄÎݱÄÏËà ÐÇÏÐÌ ÑÍÐÓ±ÐÌ ÐÅÍÄÓÔË ÏÄ ÇÒÕÕà ÑÈÒÈÆÐÇÃÛÈÈ
ÆÏÕÔÒÈÏÏËÈÔÐÙ±ËÆÐÆÏÕÔÒÈÏÏËÈÒÄÏËÙÏÝÈ ¶ÆÒÄÏËÙÏÝÈ
ÏÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÓà ÓÉÖÎÄÓÐÞÏ Ç ÛÌÓѲÑÏ ÔÏÞÔÎÉ ÈÓÍË ±Ä± ÓÄÎÐ
ÖÕϱØËÌËÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÇÍñÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔÆȱÔÐÒÏÝ×ÖÕϱØËÌÑÐßÔÐÎÕ
ÈÐÈÓÔÈÓÔÆÈÏÏÐÑÒËÏÃÔÞËÇÍÃÓÄÎË×ÆȱÔÐÒÏÝ×ÖÕϱØËÌ
ßÔÐÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÈÔıËÈÎÕÐÅÒÄÔÏÐÈÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÝÏÄÊÄÎݱÄ
ÏËÃ×ÐÅÍÄÓÔÈÌÏıÐÔÐÒÝ×ÐÏËÊÄÇÄÏÝËÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÇËÖÖÈ
ÒÈÏØËÒÕÈÎÝÆÓÄÎË×ßÔË×ÐÅÍÄÓÔÃ×gÓÍËÆÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËËÒÈ
ÕÍÃÒÏÝÈ ÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËà ÊÄÎÈÏËÔÞ ÏÄ ÒÈÕÍÃÒÏÝÈ Æ ÚËÒбÐÎ
ÓÎÝÓÍÈÔÐÑÐÍÕÙËÔÓÃÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËÈÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÌß±ÆËÆÄÍÈÏÔ
ÏÝ×ÐÔÏÐÓËÔÈÍÞÏÐÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÕÈÎÝ×ÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈ
ÏËÌÆÚËÒбÐÎÓÎÝÓÍÈ
nÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐ ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÝ× ÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÌ ÊÄÎݱÄÏËÌ ÑÍÐ
Ó±Ë× ÐÅÍÄÓÔÈÌ Æ ÔÒÈ×ÎÈÒÏÐÈ ÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÐ ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐ ÇËÖ
ÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÕÈÎÝ×ÆßÔË×ÐÅÍÄÓÔÃ×Ëß±ÆËÆÄÍÈÏÔÏÝ×ÆÚËÒбÐÎ
ÓÎÝÓÍÈ ÐÔÏÐÓËÔÈÍÞÏÐ ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐ ÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÕÈÎÝ× ÑÒÈÐÅ
ÒÄÊÐÆÄÏËÌ ÏÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÓà ÒÅÓÅÏÉÕÓÌÚÉÔ²Ì ËÅÈÅÐÐÑÍ ÐÉÒÓÉÓÞÇ
ÐÑ ÈÌ××ÉÓÉÐÙÌÓÖÉÏÑÍ ÒÑÇÉÓØÐÑÔÕßá Ç ÛÌÓѲÑÏ ÔÏÞÔÎÉ ÈÓ
ÍË ÓÒÈÇË ÒÄÓÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄÈÎÝ× ÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÌ ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔ ×ÐÔà ÅÝ
ÐÇÏÐ ÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÈ ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐ ÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÕÈÎÐÈ ÆÑÍÐÔÞ ÇÐ
ÒÄÏËØÝ
qÒËÎÈÒÐÎ ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐ ÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÕÈÎÐÌ ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË Æ
ÚËÒбÐÎ ÓÎÝÓÍÈ ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓà ÑÐÍÕÓÖÈÒÄ [ \ ] ] O
ÊÄÇÄÏÏÄÃ ÃÆÏÝÎ ÑÒÈÇÓÔÄÆÍÈÏËÈÎ ] µ [ µ \ [ \ P
ÔÐ ÑÒÈÇÓÔÄÆÍÈÏËÈ ÏÈ ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐ ÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÕÈÎÐ ÆÑÍÐÔÞ ÇÐ
ÒÄÏËØÝ [ \ ±ÒÕÄ [ \ P pÇÏıРÈÓÍË ßÔÐÔ ±ÒÕ
ÓÑÒÐȱÔËÒÐÆÄÔÞ ËÊ ÔÐÙ±Ë ´ ÏÄ ÒÄÓÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄÈÎÕà ÑÐÍÕ
ÓÖÈÒÕ ÔÐ ÑÐÍÕÙËÔÓÃ ÈÈ ÑÒÈÇÓÔÄÆÍÈÏËÈ ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐ ÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏ
ØËÒÕÈÎÐÈÆÑÍÐÔÞÇÐÒÄÏËØÝÕ±ÄÊÄÏÏÐбÒÕÄ
qÒË ßÔÐÎ ÎÐÉÏÐ ÒÄÓÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄÔÞ ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË ÑÒÈÇÓÔÄÆÍÈ
ÏËñÐÔÐÒÝ×ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏÝÏÈÏÄÊÄÎݱÄÏËÃ×ÑÍÐÓ±Ë×ÐÅÍÄÓÔÈÌ
ÄÔÐÍÞ±ÐÏÄÓÄÎË×ÐÅÍÄÓÔÃ×ËÇÄÉÈÏÄÑÒÐËÊÆÐÍÞÏÝ×ÐÔ±ÒÝÔÝ×
ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ× tıËÈ ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË ÅÕÇÈÎ ÏÄÊÝÆÄÔÞ ÑÕ²ÓÞÕÞÏÌ
j× ÏÐÓËÔÈÍË ÎÐÕÔ ÅÝÔÞ ÏÈÐÒÄÏËÙÈÏÏÝÎË ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄÎË ÏÄ
ÑÒËÎÈÒËÑÈÒÅÐÍÐËÇÝÑÄÒÄÅÐÍÐËÇÝ
p±ÐÏÙÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÎÐÉÏÐÓ±ÄÊÄÔÞÙÔÐÒÅÓÅÏÉÕÓÌÚÉÔ²ÌËÅÈÅÐ
ÐÑÍ ÒÑÇÉÓØÐÑÔÕßá ²Å²ÑÑÎÌÆÑ ²ÎÅÔÔÅ ÄÇÎÄÉÕÔÄ ÐɲÑÕÑÓÅÄ
ÔÑÇѲÖÒÐÑÔÕß à²ÇÌÇÅÎÉÐÕÐÞØ ÏÉÊÈÖ ÔÑÆÑÍ Ç ÑÒÓÉÈÉÎÉÐÐÑÏ
ÔÏÞÔÎÉ ÑÕÑÆÓÅÊÉÐÌÍ ÒÎÑÔ²ÌØ ÑÆÎÅÔÕÉÍ ÌÎÌ ÌØ ËÅÏÞ²ÅÐÌÍ
Ç ÒÓÑÔÕÓÅÐÔÕÇÑ ÐÅËÞÇÅÉÏÞØ ÉÉ ÒÓÉÈÔÕÅÇÎÉÐÌÄÏÌ
qÐÏÃÔËÈ ß±ÆËÆÄÍÈÏÔÏÐÓÔË ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÃÈÔÓÃ Æ ÊÄÆËÓËÎÐÓÔË ÐÔ
ÆÝÅÐÒıÍÄÓÓÄ
°ÑÒÇÆÇÍÇÏÊÇ qÓÉÑÆÓÅËÑÇÅÐÌÄ ÒÅÓÅÏÉÕÓÑÇ ÑÔÖÜÉÔÕÇÎÄá
ÜÌÉÒÉÓÉØÑÈÑÕÑÈÐÑÑÒÓÉÈÔÕÅÇÎÉÐÌÄÒÑÇÉÓØÐÑÔÕ̲ÈÓÖÑ
ÏÖÉÏÖà²ÇÌÇÅÎÉÐÕÐÑÏÖÐÅËÞÇÅáÕÔÄÈÑÒÖÔÕÌÏÞÏÌ
tıËÎ ÐÅÒÄÊÐÎ ÈÓÍË UX Y X Y∈ ' Ë ρX Y
X Y∈ ' ¶ ÇÆÄ ÑÒÈÇÓÔÄÆÍÈÏËÃ ÐÇÏÐÌ Ë ÔÐÌ ÉÈ ÑÄÒÄÎÈÔÒË
ÙÈÓ±Ë ÊÄÇÄÏÏÐÌ ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË ÏȱÐÔÐÒÐÐ ±ÍÄÓÓÄ Ä ÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈ
ÏËÈX ϕXYY ψXYÊÄαÏÕÔÐÌÐÅÍÄÓÔË 'ÏÄÊÄαÏÕ
ÔÕà ÐÅÍÄÓÔÞ ' ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃ ÇÐÑÕÓÔËÎÝÎ ÑÒÈÐÅÒÄÊÐÆÄÏËÈÎ ÑÄÒÄ
ÎÈÔÒÐÆÔÐÇÍÃÆÓÈ×ÔÐÙȱXY∈ 'ÆÝÑÐÍÏÃÈÔÓÃÓÐÐÔÏÐÚÈÏËÈ
ÓÎUXY ρϕXYψXY
qÄÒÄÎÈÔÒËÙÈÓ±ËÊÄÇÄÏÏÄÃÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÞÑÒËÊÄÇÄÏÏÐαÍÄÓ
ÓÈ ÇÐÑÕÓÔËÎÝ× ÑÒÈÐÅÒÄÊÐÆÄÏËÌ ÑÄÒÄÎÈÔÒÐÆ ÐÇÏÐÊÏÄÙÏÐ ÐÑÒÈ
ÇÈÍÃÈÔÓà ±ÄÉÇÝÎ ÓÆÐËÎ ÑÒÈÇÓÔÄÆÍÈÏËÈÎ ÑÐßÔÐÎÕ ÙÔÐÅÝ ÊÄ
ÇÄÔÞÔıÕàÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÞÇÐÓÔÄÔÐÙÏÐÊÄÇÄÔÞÍËÚÞÐÇÏÐÈÈÑÒÈÇ
ÓÔÄÆÍÈÏËÈ
sÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐ ÇÍà ÔıË× ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÈÌ ±Ä± Ë ÇÍà ÏÈÑÒÈ
ÒÝÆÏÝ×ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÈÌËÎÈÈÔÐÇÏÐÊÏÄÙÏÝÌÓÎÝÓÍË×ÐÅÐÊÏÄÙÈ
ÏËÈ Ó ÑÐÎÐÛÞà ÔÐÍޱРÐÇÏÐÐ Ë× ÑÒÈÇÓÔÄÆÍÈÏËÃ Ô È ÔÐÍÞ±Ð
ÐÇÏÐÌ ËÊ ßÍÈÎÈÏÔÄÒÏÝ× ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÈÌ ÓÐÓÔÄÆÍÃàÛË× ÊÄÇÄÏ
ÏÕà ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÞ tıËÎ ÐÅÒÄÊÐÎ ÑÒË ÐÅÐÊÏÄÙÈÏËË ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐ
ÓÔË6ÏȱÐÔÐÒÐбÍÄÓÓÄÐÇÏËÎËÊÓÑÐÓÐÅÐÆÎÐÉÏÐÓÙË
ÔÄÔÞ ÙÔÐ Æ ÑÒÄÆÐÌ ÙÄÓÔË ±ÄÉÇÐÐ ËÊ ÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆ ÓÔÐËÔ ÏÈ ÓÐÆÐ
±ÕÑÏÐÓÔÞÆÓÈ×ÑÒÈÇÓÔÄÆÍÈÏËÌÒÄÓÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄÈÎÐÌÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔËÄ
ÍËÚÞÐÇÏÐËÊÏË×tıÐÅÝÙÏÐÎÝËÅÕÇÈÎÑÐÓÔÕÑÄÔÞ
bÏÄÍÐËÙÏÐ ÓÍÕÙÄà ßÍÈÎÈÏÔÄÒÏÝ× ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÈÌ ÔÈÒÎËÏ
«ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÞ¬ËÏÐÇÄÕÑÐÔÒÈÅÍÃÈÔÓÃÈÓÍËßÔÐÏÈÎÐÉÈÔÑÒË
ÆÈÓÔ˱ÏÈÇÐÒÄÊÕÎÈÏËàËÆÓÎÝÓÍÈÏÐÓËÔÈÍÃÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË
pÑÒÈÇÈÍËÎÔÈÑÈÒÞÑÐÏÃÔËÈÙÄÓÔËÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË
°ÑÒÇÆÇÍÇÏÊÇ qÖÔÕß6 ¶ÒÑÇÉÓØÐÑÔÕßÐɲÑÕÑÓÑѲÎÅÔÔÅ
Ì I0 ¶²Å²ÑÉÎÌÆÑ ÉÉ ÒÓÉÈÔÕÅÇÎÉÐÌÉ 0∈ ' ' ¶ÒÎÑÔ²ÅÄ
ÑÆÎÅÔÕß
gÔÎÌ 8 ¶ ÑÆÎÅÔÕß ÔÑÈÉÓÊÅÜÅÄÔÄ Ç ' ÕÑ ÒÑÇÉÓØÐÑÔÕß
ÒÓÉÈÔÕÅÇÎÉÐÌÉϲÑÕÑÓÑÍÄÇÎÄÉÕÔÄÔÖÊÉÐÌÉÑÕÑÆÓÅÊÉÐÌÄIÐÅ
ËÅÏÞ²ÅÐÌÌ 8 ÑÆÎÅÔÕÌ8ÐÅËÞÇÅÉÕÔÄÚÅÔÕßáÒÑÇÉÓØÐÑÔÕÌ6
nÐÉÏÐ Æ ±ÄÙÈÓÔÆÈ 8 ÅÒÄÔÞ Ë ÑÒÐËÊÆÐÍÞÏÐÈ ÐÔ±ÒÝÔÐÈ ÎÏÐ
ÉÈÓÔÆÐÍÈÉÄÛÈÈÆ'ËÒÄÓÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄÔÞÓÕÉÈÏËÈÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÃ
ÏÈÏÄÊÄÎݱÄÏËË8 ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ8ÄÏÄÓÄÎÐÎ8ÆßÔÐÎÓÍÕÙÄÈ
ÑÕ²ÓÞÕÖáÒÑÇÉÓØÐÑÔÕßÊÄÇÄÆÄÈÎÕàÓÕÉÈÏËÈÎÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÃI
ÏÄ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÈ 8 ÅÕÇÈÎ ÏÄÊÝÆÄÔÞ ÑÕ²ÓÞÕÑÍ ÚÅÔÕßá ÒÑÇÉÓØ
ÐÑÔÕÌ 6 Ä ËÏÐÇÄ Ë ÑÒÐÓÔÐ ÚÅÔÕßá ÒÑÇÉÓØÐÑÔÕÌ 6 ÔÄ ÐÔ
±ÒÝÔÄà ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÞ ÏÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÓà ѲÓÉÔÕÐÑÔÕßá ÐÅ ÒÑÇÉÓØ
ÐÑÔÕß 6ÆÓñÐÌÔÐÙ±ËI0ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË6ÇÈ0∈8
±ÐÄÇÒ×ÏÐÓÔÊÉÂÆÂÏÏÝÇÏÇáÄÏÐ
¬ÂÓÂÔÇÍÞÏÂáÑÍÐÓÌÐÓÔÞÊÏÐÒÎÂÍÞÌÑÐÄÇÒ×ÏÐÓÔÊ
qÕÓÔÞ
6 ^UXYXY∈ '`
¶ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐ ÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÕÈÎÄà ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÞ ÊÄÇÄÏÏÄà ÈÈ
ÏȱÐÔÐÒÝÎ ÆȱÔÐÒÏÝÎ ÑÒÈÇÓÔÄÆÍÈÏËÈÎ lı Ë ÆÓñÐÈ ÈÈ Æȱ
ÔÐÒÏÐÈÑÒÈÇÓÔÄÆÍÈÏËÈÐÏÐÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØË
ÒÕÈÎÐÌÆȱÔÐÒÏÐÌÖÕϱØËÈÌÏÄÊÄαÏÕÔÐÌÑÍÐÓ±ÐÌÐÅÍÄÓÔË'
cÕÇÈÎ ÇÍÃÑÒÐÓÔÐÔÝÓÙËÔÄÔÞ ÙÔÐ ÑÈÒÈÓÈÙÈÏËȱÄÉÇÐÌ ÑÒÃ
ÎÐÌX XËÍËY YÓÊÄαÏÕÔÐÌÐÅÍÄÓÔÞà 'ÓÐÓÔÐËÔËÊÐÇÏÐ
Ð ÐÔÒÈ汀 ÅÝÔÞ ÎÐÉÈÔÆÝÒÐÉÇÄàÛÈÐÓà ÆÔÐÙ±Õ ËÍË ÑÕÓÔÐ
qÕÓÔÞÏÄÑÒËÎÈÒÑÈÒÈÓÈÙÈÏËÈ 'ÓÑÒÃÎÐÌY YÏÈÑÕÓÔÐÔÐ
ÇÄU UXYXY∈'YÖ˱ÓËÒÐÆÄÏÐÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃÑÒÈÇÓÔÄÆ
ÍÈÏËÈÎÏȱÐÔÐÒÐÌÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÕÈÎÐ̱ÒËÆÐ̱Ð
ÔÐÒÄà ÏÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÓà ²ÑÑÓÈÌÐÅÕÐÑÍ ÎÌÐÌÉÍ XÎÌÐÌÉÍ dȱÔÐÒ
∂U
UX
[X \X ]X ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓà ±ÄÓÄÔÈÍÞÏÝÎ ± ÏÈÌ ÆȱÔÐÒÐÎ
∂X
bÏÄÍÐËÙÏÐ ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÃàÔÓà ÇÒÕËÈ ±ÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔÏÝÈ ÍËÏËË YÎÌ
ÐÌÌÓÑÐÎÐÛÞàÑÒÈÇÓÔÄÆÍÈÏËÃU UXYXY ∈ 'XÖ˱
∂U
ÓËÒÐÆÄÏÐ˱ÄÓÄÔÈÍÞÏÝȱÏËÎÆȱÔÐÒÝUY
[Y\Y]Y
∂Y
°ÑÒÇÆÇÍÇÏÊÇ tÑÚ²ÅUXYÒÑÇÉÓØÐÑÔÕÌÈÎIJÑÕÑ
ÓÑÍÇɲÕÑÓÞUXÌUYÐɲÑÎÎÌÐÉÅÓÐÞÎÌÐÉÍÐÑÐÉËÅÇÌÔÌÏÞ
ÐÅËÞÇÅÉÕÔÄ ÐÉÑÔÑÆÑÍ ÒÓÌ ÈÅÐÐÑÏ ÒÓÉÈÔÕÅÇÎÉÐÌÌ àÕÑÍ ÒÑ
ÇÉÓØÐÑÔÕÌdÒÓÑÕÌÇÐÑÏÔÎÖÚÅÉÕ É²ÑÈÅÇɲÕÑÓÞUXÌUY
²ÑÎÎÌÐÉÅÓÐÞ Ç ÈÅÐÐÑÍ ÕÑÚ²É ÑÐÅ ÐÅËÞÇÅÉÕÔÄ ÑÔÑÆÑÍ ÕÑÚ
²ÑÍÒÑÇÉÓØÐÑÔÕÌÒÓÌÈÅÐÐÑÏÉÉÒÓÉÈÔÕÅÇÎÉÐÌÌ
gÓÍË ÔÐÙ±Ä ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË ÏÈÐÓÐÅÄà ÔÐ Æ ÏÈÌ Æ ÙÄÓÔÏÐÓÔË
UX UY pÙÈÆËÇÏÐ ÙÔÐ ÔÐÙ±Ä ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓà ÏÈ
ÐÓÐÅÐÌ ÑÒË ÇÄÏÏÐÎ ÑÒÈÇÓÔÄÆÍÈÏËË ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË Æ ÔÐÎ Ë ÔÐÍÞ
±ÐÆÔÐÎÓÍÕÙÄȱÐÇÄÆßÔÐÌÔÐÙ±È
UX¨UY
gÓÍËÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÞÊÄÇÄÏÄÃÆÏÝÎÑÒÈÇÓÔÄÆÍÈÏËÈÎ
] I[\[\∈'
ÔÐÐÏÄÏÈËÎÈÈÔÐÓÐÅÝ×ÔÐÙȱdÓÄÎÐÎÇÈÍÈÆßÔÐÎÓÍÕÙÄÈX [
Y \ËÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐ
[X \X ]X I[
[Y \Y ]Y I\
ÑÐßÔÐÎÕ U[ I[ U\ I\ ÐÔÓàÇÄ ÃÆÓÔÆÕÈÔ ÙÔÐ
_U[¨U\_ I [ I \!
rÄÓÓÎÐÔÒËÎ ±ÒËÆÕà ÏÄ ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË qÕÓÔÞ ßÔÄ
±ÒËÆÄÃÊÄÇÄÏÄÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÕÈÎÝÎËÖÕϱØËÃÎË
X XWY YWXWYW∈'DPWPE
Ô È ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐ ÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÕÈÎÝÎ ÆȱÔÐÒÏÝÎ ÑÒÈÇÓÔÄÆÍÈ
ÏËÈÎ
U U>XWYW@XWYW∈'DPWPE
ÑÒËÙÈÎ_U W′_ X′ Y′ W!ÏÄ>DE@
qÒÐÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÐÆÄÆÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐÑÐÍÕÙËÎ
GU UXGXUYGY
ÊÇÈÓÞGX X′WGWGY Y′WGWgÓÍËÔÐÙ±ÄÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔËƱÐ
ÔÐÒÐÌ ÒÄÓÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄÈÔÓÃ ÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐ ÏÈÐÓÐÅÄÃ ÔÐ ÐÏÄ
ÏÈÐÓÐÅÄÃËÇÍñÒËÆÐÌÑÐßÔÐÎÕÆȱÔÐÒGU ËÃÆÍÃ
ÈÔÓñÄÓÄÔÈÍÞÏÝα±ÒËÆÐÌrÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐÑбÄÊÝ
ÆÄÈÔ ÙÔÐ Æ ÇÄÏÏÐÌ ÔÐÙ±È U X Y ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË ±ÄÓÄ
ÔÈÍÞÏÄà ± ÍàÅÐÌ ±ÒËÆÐÌ ÏÄ ßÔÐÌ ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË ÑÒÐ×Ð
ÇÃÛÈÌ ÙÈÒÈÊ ÔÐÙ±Õ U X Y ÍÈÉËÔ Æ ÑÍÐÓ±ÐÓÔË ÆȱÔÐÒÐÆ
UXXYËUYXY
°ÑÒÇÆÇÍÇÏÊÇ qÎÑÔ²ÑÔÕßÒÓÑØÑÈÄÜÅÄÚÉÓÉËÕÑÚ²ÖUXY
ÒÑÇÉÓØÐÑÔÕÌ Ç ²ÑÕÑÓÑÍ ÎÉÊÅÕ ÇÔÉ ²ÅÔÅÕÉÎßÐÞÉ ²
²ÓÌÇÞÏ ÒÓÑØÑÈÄÜÌÏ ÚÉÓÉË àÕÖ ÕÑÚ²Ö ÐÅËÞÇÅÉÕÔÄ
²ÅÔÅÕÉÎßÐÑÍ ÒÎÑÔ²ÑÔÕßá ² ÒÑÇÉÓØÐÑÔÕÌ Ç ÈÅÐÐÑÍ ÕÑÚ²É
ÐÅËÞÇÅÉÏÑÍÕÑÚ²ÑͲÅÔÅÐÌÄ
gÓÍË ÇÄÏÏÄà ÔÐÙ±Ä ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË ÏÈÐÓÐÅÄà ÔÐ Æ ÏÈÌ
ÆÓÈÇÄ ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔ Ë ÑÒËÔÐÎ ÈÇËÏÓÔÆÈÏÏÄà ±ÄÓÄÔÈÍÞÏÄà ÑÍÐÓ
±ÐÓÔÞËÎÈÏÏÐÆÓËÍÕÈàÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃÑÍÐÓ±ÐÓÔÞÑÒÐ×ÐÇÃ
ÛÄà ÙÈÒÈÊ ÔÐÙ±Õ UX Y ÑÄÒÄÍÍÈÍÞÏÐ ÆȱÔÐÒÄÎ UXX Y Ë
UYXYpÔÓàÇÄÍȱÐÏÄÑËÓÄÔÞÈÈÕÒÄÆÏÈÏËÈÆÆȱÔÐÒÏÐÎÆË
ÇÈ pÅÐÊÏÄÙËÆ ÙÈÒÈÊ U ÒÄÇËÕÓÆȱÔÐÒ ÔÐÙ±Ë ±ÄÓÄÏËÃ Ä ÙÈÒÈÊ
U ¶ ÔȱÕÛËÌ ÒÄÇËÕÓÆȱÔÐÒ ÔÐÙȱ ÏÄ ±ÄÓÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÌ ÑÍÐÓ±ÐÓÔË
ÑÐÍÕÙËÎ ÒËÓ U ´ U UX UY Æ ÍÈÆÐÌ ÙÄÓÔË ÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÄ
ÓÔÐËÔÓÎÈÚÄÏÏÐÈÑÒÐËÊÆÈÇÈÏËÈÕ±ÄÊÄÏÏÝ×ÆȱÔÐÒÐÆ
gÓÍË U [ \ ] U [ \ ] U X′ [X \X ]X UY
[Y \Y ]Y ÔÐ ÕÒÄÆÏÈÏËÈ ±ÄÓÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÌ ÑÍÐÓ±ÐÓÔË Æ ±ÐÐÒÇË
ÏÄÔÏÐÎÆËÇÈÑÒËÏËÎÄÈÔÓÍÈÇÕàÛËÌÆËÇ
[ µ [ \ µ \ ] µ ]
[X \X ]X
[Y \Y ]Y
jÊ ßÔÐÌ ÖÐÒÎÕÍÝ ÓÍÈÇÕÈÔ ÙÔÐ ÇÆÄ ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËà ±ÄÓÄÔÈÍÞ
ÏÐÌ ÑÍÐÓ±ÐÓÔË ÇÍà ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË Ó ÃÆÏÝÎ ÑÒÈÇÓÔÄÆÍÈÏËÈÎ
ÇÄÏÏÝÈ Æ ÏÄÓÔÐÃÛÈÎ ÑÕϱÔÈ Ë ÒÄÏÈÈ Æ Ñ ß±ÆË
ÆÄÍÈÏÔÏÝdÓÄÎÐÎÇÈÍÈÐÅÄÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËÃÑÒËÆÐÇÃÔ±ÐÇÏÐÎÕ
ËÔÐÎÕÉÈÕÒÄÆÏÈÏËà
°ÑÒÇÆÇÍÇÏÊÇ qÓÄÏÅÄ ÒÓÑØÑÈÄÜÅÄ ÚÉÓÉË ÕÑÚ²Ö ²ÅÔÅÐÌÄ
ÒÑÇÉÓØÐÑÔÕÌ Ô ²ÅÔÅÕÉÎßÐÑÍ ÒÎÑÔ²ÑÔÕßá Ì ÒÉÓÒÉÐÈ̲ÖÎÄÓ
ÐÅÄàÕÑÍÒÎÑÔ²ÑÔÕÌÐÅËÞÇÅÉÕÔÄÐÑÓÏÅÎßÐÑÍÒÓÄÏÑͲÒÑ
ÇÉÓØÐÑÔÕÌÇÖ²ÅËÅÐÐÑÍÕÑÚ²É
gÈ ÕÒÄÆÏÈÏËÈ Æ ÐÅÛÈÎ ÓÍÕÙÄÈ Æ ÏÈÐÓÐÅÐÌ ÔÐÙ±È ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐ
ÓÔËËÎÈÈÔÆËÇ
[ µ [ \ µ \ ] µ ]
\X ]X ]X [X [X \X
\Y ]Y ]Y [Y [Y \Y
dÓÍÕÙÄÈÃÆÏÐÐÑÒÈÇÓÔÄÆÍÈÏËÃßÔËÕÒÄÆÏÈÏËÃÑÒË
ÏËÎÄàÔÆËÇ
[ µ [ \µ\
´]´]
I[ I\
°ÑÒÇÆÇÍÇÏÊÇ dÔIJÌÍ ÐÉÐÖÎÉÇÑÍ ÇɲÕÑÓ ²ÑÎÎÌÐÉÅÓÐÞÍ
ÐÑÓÏÅÎßÐÑÍÒÓÄÏÑÍÒÓÑØÑÈÄÜÉÍÚÉÓÉËÈÅÐÐÖáÕÑÚ²ÖÒÑÇÉÓØ
ÐÑÔÕÌÐÅËÞÇÅÉÕÔÄÐÑÓÏÅÎßá²àÕÑÍÒÑÇÉÓØÐÑÔÕÌÇÖ²ÅËÅÐ
ÐÑÍÕÑÚ²É
qÒËÎÈÒÐÎ ÏÐÒÎÄÍË Æ ÏÈÐÓÐÅÐÌ ÔÐÙ±È ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË ÃÆÍÃÈÔ
ÓÃÆȱÔÐÒÏÐÈÑÒÐËÊÆÈÇÈÏËÈQ UX¨UYÆÊÃÔÐÈÆßÔÐÌÔÐÙ±È
sÐÍÄÓÏÐ ÇÄÏÏÐÎÕ ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËà Æ ±ÄÉÇÐÌ ÏÈÐÓÐÅÐÌ ÑÒË
ÊÄÇÄÏÏÐÎ ÑÒÈÇÓÔÄÆÍÈÏËË ÔÐÙ±È U X Y ÒÄÓÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄÈÎÐÌ ÑÐ
ÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË ÑÒË Ö˱ÓËÒÐÆÄÏÏÝ× ÊÏÄÙÈÏËÃ× ÑÄÒÄÎÈÔÒÐÆ X Ë Y
ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔ Ë ÑÒËÔÐÎ ÈÇËÏÓÔÆÈÏÏÄÃ ÏÐÒÎÄÍÞÏÄÃ ÑÒÃÎÄÃ
sÍÈÇÕÈÔËÎÈÔÞÆÆËÇÕÙÔÐÈÓÍËÔÐÙ±Ä3ÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÄÃÆÍÃÈÔ
ÓñÒÄÔÏÐÌÔÐÙ±ÐÌÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔËÔ ÈÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕàÔÑбÒÄÌÏÈÌ
ÎÈÒÈ ÇÆÈ ÑÄÒÝ ÑÄÒÄÎÈÔÒÐÆ ÑÒË ÊÄÇÄÏÏÐÎ ÑÒÈÇÓÔÄÆÍÈÏËË
X Y Ë X Y ÔıË× ÙÔÐ 3 UX Y U X Y ÔÐ ÎÐ
ÉÈÔ ±ÐÏÈÙÏÐ ÓÍÕÙËÔÞÓà ÙÔÐ ßÔËÎ ÑÄÒÄÎ ÑÄÒÄÎÈÔÒÐÆ ÅÕÇÕÔ
ÓÐÐÔÆÈÔÓÔÆÐÆÄÔÞÒÄÊÍËÙÏÝÈÏÐÒÎÄÍÞÏÝÈÑÒÃÎÝÈÔÈÎÓÄÎÝÎÆ
Õ±ÄÊÄÏÏÐÌÔÐÙ±È3ÏÐÒÎÄÍÞÏÄÃÑÒÃÎÄÃÅÕÇÈÔÏÈÈÇËÏÓÔÆÈÏÏÄ
fÍÃÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔËÊÄÇÄÏÏÐÌÏÈÃÆÏÐÕÒÄÆÏÈÏËÈÎ)[\]
ÇÈ )[ \ ] ¶ ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐ ÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÕÈÎÄÃ Æ Ð±ÒÈÓÔ
ÏÐÓÔË ÔÐÙ±Ë [ \ ] ÖÕϱØËà )[ \ ] Ë Æ ßÔÐÌ
ÔÐÙ±È ) [ ) \ ) ] ! ÕÒÄÆÏÈÏËÈ ±ÄÓÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÌ ÑÍÐÓ±ÐÓÔË Æ
ÔÐÙ±È[\]ËÎÈÈÔÆËÇ
[´[)[\´\)\]´])]
ÇÈ)[)\Ë)]ÐÅÐÊÏÄÙÄàÔÊÏÄÙÈÏËÃÓÐÐÔÆÈÔÓÔÆÕàÛË×ÙÄÓÔÏÝ×
ÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇÏÝ×ÆÊÃÔÝ×ÆÔÐÙ±È[\]
dÓÑÐÎÏËÆÙÔÐÆȱÔÐÒÓ±ÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔÄÎË)[)\)]Ô ÈÆȱ
ÔÐÒ∇) )[)\)]ÏÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÓÃÓÅÈÌÉÐÕÑÏ×ÖвÙÌÌ)ÓÎ
Ñ ÆËÇËÎ ÙÔÐ ÒÄÇËÈÏÔ ÖÕϱØËË Æ ÇÄÏÏÐÌ ÔÐÙ±È ÑÐ
ÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË )[ \ ] ÑÈÒÑÈÏÇ˱ÕÍÃÒÈÏ ±ÄÓÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÌ ÑÍÐÓ
±ÐÓÔËÆßÔÐÌÔÐÙ±ÈÔ È±ÐÍÍËÏÈÄÒÈÏÏÐÒÎÄÍÞÏÐÌÑÒÃÎÐÌ
qÐßÔÐÎÕ ÕÒÄÆÏÈÏËÈ ÏÐÒÎÄÍÞÏÐÌ ÑÒÃÎÐÌ ± ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË
ËÎÈÈÔÆËÇ
[ µ [ \µ\ ]µ]
)[ )\ )]
dÓÈ ßÔË ÖÐÒÎÕÍÝ ÓÒÄÊÕ ÓÍÈÇÕàÔ ËÊ Ë fÈÌ
ÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÐÈÓÍËÏÄÑÒËÎÈÒ)] Ë] I[\ ¶ÖÕϱØËÃÐÑ
ÒÈÇÈÍÃÈÎÄÃÕÒÄÆÏÈÏËÈÎ) ÆбÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔËÔÐÙ±Ë[\]ÔÐ
)[ )\
ÇÐÓÔÄÔÐÙÏÐÊÄÎÈÔËÔÞÙÔÐI[ ´ I ´ ÓÎÑ
)] \ )]
gÓÍË ÖÕϱØËà )[ \ ] ÊÄÇÄÏÄ Ë ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐ ÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏ
ØËÒÕÈÎÄÆÐÅÍÄÓÔË*ÔÐÇÍÃÍàÅÐÌÔÐÙ±ËÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔËÊÄÇÄÏ
ÏÐÌÏÈÃÆÏÐÕÒÄÆÏÈÏËÈÎ)[\] FF ¶ÑÐÓÔÐÃÏÏÄÃÑÐÍÕ
ÙËÎ ÕÒÄÆÏÈÏËÈ ±ÄÓÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÌ ÑÍÐÓ±ÐÓÔË Ë ÏÐÒÎÄÍÞÏÐÌ ÑÒÃÎÐÌ
ÔÐÐ ÉÈ ÆËÇÄ ÙÔÐ Ë Æ ÓÍÕÙÄÈ ) ÈÓÍË ÔÐÍÞ±Ð Æ ßÔÐÌ ÔÐÙ±È
) [ ) \ ) ] ! nÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐ ÔÐÙȱ [ \ ]∈* ÇÍà ±ÐÔÐÒÝ×
) FÏÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÓñıÎÝÊÏÄÈÎÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÞàÕÒÐÆÏÃÖÕϱ
ØËË)ÓÎÑ
tıËÎÐÅÒÄÊÐÎÒÄÇËÈÏÔ∇) )[)\)]ÆÔÐÙ±È[\]
ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË ÕÒÐÆÏà )[ \ ] F ÏÄÑÒÄÆÍÈÏ ÑÐ ÏÐÒÎÄÍÞÏÐÌ
ÑÒÃÎÐÌ ± ßÔÐÌ ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË Æ ÔÐÙ±È [ \ ] jÏÄÙÈ ÐÆÐÒÃ
ÒÄÇËÈÏÔ ÖÕϱØËË ÐÒÔÐÐÏÄÍÈÏ ± ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË ÕÒÐÆÏÃ Ô È
ÑÈÒÑÈÏÇ˱ÕÍÃÒÈÏ ±ÄÓÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÌ ÑÍÐÓ±ÐÓÔË ± ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË ÕÒÐÆ
ÏÃÆÒÄÓÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄÈÎÐÌÔÐÙ±È
nÝ ÇбÄÊÄÍË ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÐÆÄÏËÈ ±ÄÓÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÌ ÑÍÐÓ±ÐÓÔË Æ ÏÈ
ÐÓÐÅÐÌ ÔÐÙ±È Õ ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐ ÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÕÈÎÐÌ ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË
ÑÒËÖ˱ÓËÒÐÆÄÏÏÐÎÈÈÑÒÈÇÓÔÄÆÍÈÏËËdÐÊÏ˱ÄÈÔÆÐÑÒÐÓÙÔÐ
ÅÕÇÈÔÈÓÍËÑÈÒÈÌÔ˱ÇÒÕÐÎÕÑÒÈÇÓÔÄÆÍÈÏËàßÔÐÌÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐ
ÓÔË" qÒÈÉÇÈ ÆÓÈÐ ÐÓÔÄÏÈÔÓà ÍË ÏÈÐÓÐÅÄà ÔÐÙ±Ä ÏÈÐÓÐÅÐÌ Ä
ÐÓÐÅÄà ¶ÐÓÐÅÐÌ"p±ÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÓÃÙÔÐÇÄfбÄÉÈÎßÔÐ
qÕÓÔÞ UX Y X Y∈ ' Ë UX Y X Y∈ ' µ ÓÕÔÞ ÇÆÄ
ÑÒÈÇÓÔÄÆÍÈÏËÃ ÐÇÏÐÌ Ë ÔÐÌ ÉÈ ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐ ÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÕÈ
ÎÐÌ ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË qÈÒÈ×ÐÇ ÐÔ ÍàÅÐÐ ÑÒÈÇÓÔÄÆÍÈÏËà ÏÈÑÒÈ
ÒÝÆÏÐ ÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÕÈÎÐÌ ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË ± ÇÒÕÐÎÕ ÈÈ ÑÒÈÇ
ÓÔÄÆÍÈÏËà ÐÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÍÃÈÔÓÃ ÑÐÓÒÈÇÓÔÆÐÎ ÒÈÕÍÃÒÏÐÐ ÐÔÐÅÒÄ
ÉÈÏËÃÑÐßÔÐÎÕÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔÔıÐÈÒÈÕÍÃÒÏÐÈÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÈ
X ϕXYY ψXY
ÊÄαÏÕÔÐÌ ÐÅÍÄÓÔË ' ÏÄ ÊÄαÏÕÔÕà ÐÅÍÄÓÔÞ ' ÙÔÐÇÍÃÆÓÈ×
ÔÐÙȱXY∈ ' ÓÑÒÄÆÈÇÍËÆÐÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐ
UXY UϕXYψXY
qÒËßÔÐαıÅÝÍÐÇбÄÊÄÏÐñÐÅËÄÏÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÃÏÈ
ÒÄÆÈÏÏÕÍàÏËÇÈÆÊÄαÏÕÔÐÌÐÅÍÄÓÔË '
∂( ϕψ ) ϕ X ϕ Y
∂( XY ) ψ X ψ Y XY∈ '
qÒÐÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÐÆÄÆÔÐÉÇÈÓÔÆÐÑÐÍÕÙËÎ
UX ϕX U X ψX U Y UY ϕY U Y ψY U Y
i Ä Î È Ù Ä Ï Ë ÈjÊÖÐÒÎÕÍÓÍÈÇÕÈÔÙÔÐ
UX¨UY ϕX U X ψX U Y ¨ϕY U X ψY U Y
ÏÈÈÈÇËÏËÙÏÐбÒÕÄ[ \ P ±ÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔÏÐÌÑÍÐÓ±ÐÓÔËÑÈ
ÒÈÎÈÏÏÝ×[ Ë \ËÊÔÐٱ˴ÔÐÑÒÈÇÓÔÄÆÍÈÏËÈÊÄÇÄÈÔÓÃ
ÖÐÒÎÕÍÄÎË
X Y X Y
[ \ ]
X Y X Y X Y
qÈÒÆÝÈ ÇÆÈ ËÊ ßÔË× ÖÐÒÎÕÍ ÑÒÈÇÓÔÄÆÍÃàÔ ÓÐÅÐÌ ÇÐÑÕÓÔËÎÐÈ
ÑÒÈÐÅÒÄÊÐÆÄÏËÈÑÄÒÄÎÈÔÒÐÆXYÆÑÄÒÄÎÈÔÒÝ[\ÒÄÓÓÎÄÔ
ÒËÆÄÈÎÐÌÑÐÍÕÓÖÈÒÝ
ÁÄÏÝÇÑÒÇÆÓÔÂÄÍÇÏÊáÑÐÄÇÒ×ÏÐÓÔÊ
ÆÏÐÈÑÒÈÇÓÔÄÆÍÈÏËÈÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔËÏÈÃÆÍÃÈÔÓñıßÔÐÎÐÉÈÔ
ÑбÄÊÄÔÞÓÃÏÄÑÈÒÆÝÌÆÊÍÃÇÓÑÈØËÄÍÞÏÝÎÓÑÐÓÐÅÐÎÈÈÊÄÇÄ
ÏËÃoÈÔÒÕÇÏÐÑбÄÊÄÔÞÙÔÐÍбÄÍÞÏÐÆÐÆÏÕÔÒÈÏÏÈÌÏÈÐÓÐÅÐÌ
ÔÐÙ±È ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐ ÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÕÈÎÄà ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÞ ÆÓÈÇÄ
ËÎÈÈÔÃÆÏÐÈÑÒÈÇÓÔÄÆÍÈÏËÈÔÐÐÊÏÄÙÄÈÔÓÍÈÇÕàÛÈÈ
qÕÓÔÞ ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐ ÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÕÈÎÄà ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÞ 6 ÊÄ
ÇÄÏÄÓÆÐËÎÑÒÈÇÓÔÄÆÍÈÏËÈÎ
UXY [XY\XY]XYXY∈ '
ËUXY¶ÈÈÆÏÕÔÒÈÏÏÃÃÏÈÐÓÐÅÄÃÔÐÙ±ÄXY∈'ÓÍÈÇÐÆÄ
ÔÈÍÞÏÐÆßÔÐÌÔÐÙ±ÈUX¨UY ÄÔı±Ä±
[ X \ X \ X ] X ] X [ X
_UX¨UY_
[ Y \ Y \ Y ] Y ] Y [ Y
ÔÐ×ÐÔÃÅÝÐÇËÏËÊÐÑÒÈÇÈÍËÔÈÍÈÌÓÔÐÃÛË×ÑÐÇÊÏıÐÎÒÄÇË
±ÄÍÄÐÔÍËÙÈÏÐÔÏÕÍÃqÕÓÔÞÇÍÃÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏÏÐÓÔË
[ X \ X
[ Y \ Y
tÐÇÄÓÐÍÄÓÏÐÔÈÐÒÈÎÈÐÏÈÃÆÏÝ×ÖÕϱØËÃ×ÇÍÃÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÃ
[ [XY\ \XY
ÓÎ ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕàÔ ÔıËÈ Ð±ÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔË 8 Ë 9 ÓÐÐÔÆÈÔ
ÓÔÆÈÏÏÐÔÐÙȱXYË[\ÇÈ[ [XY\ \XY
ÙÔÐ8ÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÄÈÔÓÃÏÄ9ÆÊÄËÎÏÐÐÇÏÐÊÏÄÙÏÐËÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞ
ÏÐ ÓËÓÔÈÎÄ ÒÄÓÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄÈÎÄà ±Ä± ÓËÓÔÈÎÄ ÕÒÄÆÏÈÏËÌ
ÐÔÏÐÓËÔÈÍÞÏÐÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÝ×XYÎÐÉÈÔÅÝÔÞÐÇÏÐÊÏÄÙÏÐÒÄÊÒÈ
ÚÈÏÄÐÔÏÐÓËÔÈÍÞÏÐË×ÑÒË[\∈9
X X[\Y Y[\
qÐÇÓÔÄÆËÆ ßÔË ÖÐÒÎÕÍÝ Æ ÆÝÒÄÉÈÏËÈ ÇÍÃ ] Æ ÑÐ
ÍÕÙËÎ
GHI
] I[\ ]X[\Y[\[\∈9
tıËÎÐÅÒÄÊÐÎÙÄÓÔÞÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË6ÓÐÐÔÆÈÔÓÔÆÕàÛÄÃб
ÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔË8ÔÐÙ±ËXYËÎÈÈÔÃÆÏÐÈÑÒÈÇÓÔÄÆÍÈÏËÈ
qÐÇÙÄÓÔÞàÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË6ÊÇÈÓÞÑÐÏËÎÄÈÔÓÃÐÔ±ÒÝÔÄÃÑÐ
ÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÞ ÊÄÇÄÆÄÈÎÄà ÑÒÈÇÓÔÄÆÍÈÏËÈÎ UX Y X Y∈8 fÍÃ
ßÔÐÌ ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐ ÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÕÈÎÐÈ ÆÊÄËÎÏÐ
ÐÇÏÐÊÏÄÙÏÐÈ ÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÈ ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃ ÇÐÑÕÓÔËÎÝÎ ÑÒÈ
ÐÅÒÄÊÐÆÄÏËÈÎÑÄÒÄÎÈÔÒÐÆ
uqrbhogojgfбÄÊÄÔÞÙÔÐÆÍàÅÐÌÆÏÕÔÒÈÏÏÈÌÏÈÐÓÐÅÐÌÔÐÙ±ÈÏÈ
ÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÕÈÎÐÌ ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔËÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔ ÈÈÃÆÏÐÈÍбÄÍÞ
ÏÐÈÑÒÈÇÓÔÄÆÍÈÏËÈÊÄÇÄÏÏÐÈÏÄÊÄαÏÕÔÐÌÐÅÍÄÓÔË
¦ Ð Ì Â É Â Ô Ç Í Þ Ó Ô Ä Ð dÆÈÇÈÎÓÍÈÇÕàÛËÈÐÅÐÊÏÄÙÈÏËÃ
I [ I[[\I \ I\[\
gÓÍË I [ I \ ÔÐ ±ÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔÏÄà ÑÍÐÓ±ÐÓÔÞ ÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÝ×
[ \ ÑÄÒÄÍÍÈÍÞÏÄ ±ÄÓÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÌ ÑÍÐÓ±ÐÓÔË Π Ë ÕÔÆÈÒÉÇÈÏËÈ
ÍÈÎÎÝÐÙÈÆËÇÏÐ: 8
qÕÓÔÞ I [ I \ !ËÇÍÃÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏÏÐÓÔË
I [
oÄÑËÚÈÎ ÕÒÄÆÏÈÏËÈ ÑÒÃÎÐÌ ÑÄÒÄÍÍÈÍÞÏÐÌ ÏÐÒÎÄÍË Æ
ÔÐÙ±È[\]dȱÔÐÒQ I[I\´ÑÄÒÄÍÍÈÍÈÏßÔÐÌÏÐÒ
ÎÄÍË ÓÎ Ë ÕÒÄÆÏÈÏËÈ Õ±ÄÊÄÏÏÐÌ ÑÒÃÎÐÌ Æ ÆȱÔÐÒ
ÏÐÌÖÐÒÎÈËÎÈÈÔÆËÇ
U UDQW´W
ÇÈ U [ \ ] Ë D ¶ ÆȱÔÐÒ ÑÄÒÄÍÍÈÍÞÏÝÌ ±ÄÓÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÌ
ÑÍÐÓ±ÐÓÔËπgÐÎÐÉÏÐÊÄÑËÓÄÔÞÆÆËÇÈ
D αβαI [βI \
ÇÈαËβ ¶ÑÒÐËÊÆÐÍÞÏÝÈÑÄÒÄÎÈÔÒÝÑÒËÍàÅÝ×αËβ,ËÎÈÈÔ
ÎÈÓÔÐDQ
d ±ÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔÏÐÌ ÖÐÒÎÈ ÑÐÓÍÈ ËÓ±ÍàÙÈÏËà ÑÄÒÄÎÈÔÒÄ W
ÕÒÄÆÏÈÏËÈÑÒÃÎÐÌÑÒËÏËÎÄÈÔÆËÇ
[´[´αI \´\´\´βI [
[´[´α]´[´αI [βI \I [
qÐÇÓÔÄÆËÆÆßÔÕÓËÓÔÈÎÕÕÒÄÆÏÈÏËÌ] I[\ÇÍÃÐÑÒÈÇÈ
ÍÈÏËà ±ÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔ [ \ ÔÐÙ±Ë ÑÈÒÈÓÈÙÈÏËà ÑÒÃÎÐÌ Ó
ÒÄÖ˱ÐÎÖÕϱØËËIÑÐÍÕÙËÎÓËÓÔÈÎÕÕÒÄÆÏÈÏËÌ
[´[´αI \´\´\´βI [
[´[´αI[\´]´αI [βI \I [
gÈñÐÅËÄÏÑÐÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÝÎ[\ÏÈÊÄÆËÓËÔÐÔαËβËËÎÈÈÔÆËÇ
GHI I \ ± I [
-[\ I[I [I\I \I [
I [ I [ I \ I \
mÈÆÝÈÙÄÓÔËÕÒÄÆÏÈÏËÌÃÆÍÃàÔÓÃÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÇËÖÖÈ
ÒÈÏØËÒÕÈÎÝÎËÖÕϱØËÃÎËÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÝ×[\αËβÊÏÄÙÈÏËÃ
[ [\ \α β ÕÇÐÆÍÈÔÆÐÒÃàÔßÔËÎÕÒÄÆÏÈÏËÃÎË
-[\ I [ I \ I [
qÐßÔÐÎÕÓÐÍÄÓÏÐÔÈÐÒÈÎÈÐÏÈÃÆÏÝ×ÖÕϱØËÃ×ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕàÔ
ÔıËÈбÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔË8ÔÐÙ±Ë[\8µ8ËбÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔÞ9
ÔÐÙ±ËÏÄÑÍÐÓ±ÐÓÔËÑÄÒÄÎÈÔÒÐÆαβÙÔÐÓËÓÔÈÎÄ
ÎÐÉÈÔ ÅÝÔÞ ÈÇËÏÓÔÆÈÏÏÝÎ ÐÅÒÄÊÐÎ ÒÄÊÒÈÚÈÏÄ ÐÔÏÐÓËÔÈÍÞÏÐ
ÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÝ×[Ë\
[ [ (αβ\ \ (αβ)
ÔıËÎ ÐÅÒÄÊÐÎ ÙÔÐ ÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÈ ÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÄÈÔ Ð±ÒÈÓÔ
ÏÐÓÔÞ 9 ÏÄ Ð±ÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔÞ 8 qÒË ßÔÐΠбÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔÞ 9 ÆÓÈÇÄ
ÎÐÉÏÐ ÆÝÅÒÄÔÞ ±ÒÕÐÆÐÌ ÕÎÈÏÞÚËÆ Æ ÓÍÕÙÄÈ ÏÈÐÅ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔË
ÇÄÏÏÕàбÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔÞ9ÍàÅÄÃÑÍÐÓ±ÄÃбÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔÞÔÐÙ±ËÓÐ
ÇÈÒÉËÔÈȱÒÕÐÆÕàбÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔÞÔ ÈÔıÐÌÙÔÐÇÍÃÏȱÐÔÐ
ÒÐÐε!ÅÕÇÈÔËÎÈÔÞÎÈÓÔÐÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐ
9 ^(αβ)αβε`
tıËÎ ÐÅÒÄÊÐÎ ÇÍà ÍàÅÐÐ ÆȱÔÐÒÄ D ÓÎ ÇÍÃ
±ÐÔÐÒÐÐ
αβε
ÑÒÃÎÄÃËÎÈÈÔËÑÒËÔÐÎÈÇËÏÓÔÆÈÏÏÕàÔÐÙ±ÕÑÈÒÈÓÈ
ÙÈÏËÃÓÒÄÖ˱ÐÎÓÕÉÈÏËÃÖÕϱØËËIÏÄбÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔÞ8ÔÐÙ
±Ë[\
lÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔÝ [ \ ßÔÐÌ ÔÐÙ±Ë ÏÄ×ÐÇÃÔÓà ÑÐ ÖÐÒÎÕÍÄÎ
Ä] I[\
tÈÑÈÒÞÊÄÎÈÔËÎÙÔÐ
_D_ α β ( αI [ βI \ ) O α β
qÐßÔÐÎÕÈÓÍË
_D_ε
ÔÐ ÊÄÆÈÇÐÎÐ ÆÝÑÐÍÏÃÈÔÓÃ Ë ÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐ ÑÒÃÎÄÃ
ÑÈÒÈÓȱÄÈÔÒÄÖ˱ÖÕϱØËËIÆÈÇËÏÓÔÆÈÏÏÐÌÔÐÙ±È
lÐÏØÝ ÆÓÈÆÐÊÎÐÉÏÝ× ÒÄÇËÕÓÐÆÆȱÔÐÒÐÆ U D ÇÈ Æȱ
ÔÐÒ D ÕÇÐÆÍÈÔÆÐÒÃÈÔ ÕÓÍÐÆËà ÐÅÒÄÊÕàÔ ËÓ±ÐÎÕà б
ÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔÞ 9 ÔÐÙ±Ë [ \ ] ÏÄ ±ÄÓÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÌ ÑÍÐÓ±ÐÓÔË Π Ä
ÓÐÆбÕÑÏÐÓÔÞ ÔÐÙȱ ÆÓÈ× ÑÒÃÎÝ× ÑÒÐ×ÐÇÃÛË× ÙÈÒÈÊ
ÔÐÙ±Ë Ð±ÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔË 9 ÐÅÒÄÊÕàÔ ËÓ±ÐÎÕà ÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÈÏÏÕà
бÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔÞ:ÔÐÌÉÈÔÐÙ±Ë[\]
jÊ ÇбÄÊÄÏÏÐÌ ÍÈÎÎÝ ÓÍÈÇÕÈÔ ÙÔÐ ÑÒË ÍбÄÍÞÏÐÎ ËÊÕÙÈ
ÏËË ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË ÊÄÇÄÏÏÐÌ ÃÆÏÝÎ ÑÒÈÇÓÔÄÆÍÈÏËÈÎ Æ
бÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔË 8 ÔÐÙ±Ë [ \ ÎÐÉÏÐ ÊÄ ÏÐÆÕà ±ÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔÏÕà
ÑÍÐÓ±ÐÓÔÞÏÈÊÄÆËÓËÎÝ×ÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÝ×ÆÊÃÔÞ±ÄÓÄÔÈÍÞÏÕàÑÍÐÓ
±ÐÓÔÞ±ÇÄÏÏÐÌÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔËÆÔÐÙ±È[\]] I[\
qÒË ßÔÐÎ Æ ÏȱÐÔÐÒÐÌ Ð±ÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔË ÔÐÙ±Ë [ \ ] ÇÍà ÑÐ
ÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË ÓÏÐÆÄ ÑÐÍÕÙËÔÓà ÃÆÏÐÈ ÑÒÈÇÓÔÄÆÍÈÏËÈ qÄÒÄÎÈÔÒÝ
ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË ±ÐÏÈÙÏÐ ËÊÎÈÏÃÔÓà ÏÐ ÏÐÆÄà ÐÅÍÄÓÔÞ ËÊÎÈÏÈ
ÏËÃÑÄÒÄÎÈÔÒÐÆÑÐÍÕÙËÔÓÃÑÒÐȱÔËÒÐÆÄÏËÈÎÑÄÒÄÍÍÈÍÞÏÐÐÓË
2] ÏÄ ±ÄÓÄÔÈÍÞÏÕà ÑÍÐÓ±ÐÓÔÞ ÏȱÐÔÐÒÐÌ Ð±ÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔË ÔÐÙ±Ë
[ \ ÏÄ ÑÍÐÓ±ÐÓÔË ÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÝ× [ \ ÔÐ ÑÒÈÐÅÒÄÊÐÆÄÏËÈ
ÆÊÄËÎÏÐÐÇÏÐÊÏÄÙÏÐËÆÊÄËÎÏÐÅÈÓ±ÐÏÈÙÏÐÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÕÈÎÐ
ÐÏÐ ÍËÏÈÌÏÐ Ë ÑÐßÔÐÎÕ ÇÍà ÏȱÐÔÐÒÐÌ Ð±ÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔË ÔÐÙ±Ë
[ \ ] ÏÄ ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓà ÇÐÑÕÓÔËÎÝÎ ÑÒÈÐÅÒÄÊÐ
ÆÄÏËÈÎÓÔÄÒÝ×ÑÄÒÄÎÈÔÒÐÆÇȱÄÒÔÐÆÝ×±ÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔ[\ÆÏÐ
ÆÝȶÇȱÄÒÔÐÆݱÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔÝÏıÄÓÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÌÑÍÐÓ±ÐÓÔË
±ÇÒÄÂáÌÄÂÆÒÂÔÊÙÏÂáÖÐÒÎÂÑÐÄÇÒ×ÏÐÓÔÊ
iÄÖ˱ÓËÒÕÈαıÐÈÍËÅÐÆȱÔÐÒÏÐÈÑÒÈÇÓÔÄÆÍÈÏËÈU UXY
XY∈ 'ÇÄÏÏÐÌÍÄDZÐÌÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔËËÒÄÓÓÎÐÔÒËαÄÓÄÔÈÍÞ
ÏÕà±ÏÈÌÑÍÐÓ±ÐÓÔÞÆÏȱÐÔÐÒÐÌÈÈÔÐÙ±ÈlıÎÝÆËÇÈÍËÆȱ
ÔÐÒÝUXËUYÐÅÒÄÊÕàÔÆßÔÐÌÑÍÐÓ±ÐÓÔËÅÄÊËÓdȱÔÐÒÝÍÈÉÄ
ÛËÈƱÄÓÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÌÑÍÐÓ±ÐÓÔËÅÕÇÈÎÐÅÐÊÏÄÙÄÔÞÓËÎÆÐÍÐÎGUÄ
Ë× ±ÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔÝ ÐÔÏÐÓËÔÈÍÞÏÐ ÅÄÊËÓÄ UX Ë UY ¶ ÙÈÒÈÊ GX Ë GY
tıËÎÐÅÒÄÊÐÎ
GU UX GXUYGX
oÄÌÇÈÎ ±ÆÄÇÒÄÔ ÇÍËÏÝ ÆȱÔÐÒÄ ÍÈÉÄÛÈÐ Æ ±ÄÓÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÌ
ÑÍÐÓ±ÐÓÔË ÆÝÒÄÉÈÏÏÝÌ ÙÈÒÈÊ ±ÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔÝ ÈÓÔÈÓÔÆÈÏÏÐÐ ÅÄ
ÊËÓÄUXËUYÆÍËÏÈÌÏÐÌÄÍÈÅÒÈßÔÐÆÝÒÄÉÈÏËÈÐÅÝÙÏÐÏÄÊÝ
ÆÄÈÔÓÃÑÔÐÑÇÐÑÍ ÏÉÕÓÌÚÉÔ²ÑÍ ×ÑÓÏÑÍÒÄÓÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄÈÎÐÐÑÒÐ
ÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÄÆÇÄÏÏÐÎÓÍÕÙÄÈÑÍÐÓ±ÐÓÔË
_GU_ GU UXGXUYGY U X GXUXUYGXGY U Y GY
dÆÈÇÈÎÓÍÈÇÕàÛËÈÐÅÐÊÏÄÙÈÏËÃ
( U X) UXUY* U Y
ÔÐÇÄ
_GU_ (GX)GXGY*GY
°ÑÒÇÆÇÍÇÏÊÇ lÇÅÈÓÅÕÌÚÐÅÄ×ÑÓÏÅ(GX)GXGY*GY
ÐÅËÞÇÅÉÕÔÄÒÉÓÇÑͲÇÅÈÓÅÕÌÚÐÑÍ×ÑÓÏÑÍÒÑÇÉÓØÐÑÔÕÌ
qÐÓÎÐÔÒËÎ ±Ä± ÐÏÄ ÎÈÏÃÈÔÓà ËÍË ÙÔÐ ÔÐ ÉÈ ÓÄÎÐÈ ±Ä±
ÎÈÏÃÈÔÓà ÈÈ ÎÄÔÒËØÄ ( ) ÑÒË ÑÈÒÈ×ÐÇÈ ± ÇÒÕÐÎÕ ÑÒÈÇ
) *
ÓÔÄÆÍÈÏËà ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË ÓÎ ÖÐÒÎÕÍÝ lı ËÊÆÈÓÔÏÐ
ÓÎ ÑÒË ßÔÐÎ ÅÄÊËÓÝ Æ ÒÄÓÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄÈÎÐÌ ÑÍÐÓ±ÐÓÔË
ÑÒÈÐÅÒÄÊÕàÔÓÃÓÑÐÎÐÛÞàÎÄÔÒËØÝ
ϕ X ψ X
ϕ Y ψ Y
sÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐ ±ÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔÝ ÆȱÔÐÒÐÆ ÑÒÈÐÅÒÄÊÕàÔÓÃ Ó ÑÐ
ÎÐÛÞàÔÒÄÏÓÑÐÏËÒÐÆÄÏÏÐÌÎÄÔÒËØÝÔ ÈÎÄÔÒËØݱÐÅË
ϕ ϕ
- X Y
ψ X ψ Y
gÓÍË ÎÄÔÒËØÕ ÑÈÒÆÐÌ ±ÆÄÇÒÄÔËÙÏÐÌ ÖÐÒÎÝ ÑÒË
ÑÒÈÇÓÔÄÆÍÈÏËË ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË U UX Y ÐÅÐÊÏÄÙËÔÞ ÙÈÒÈÊ $
ÄÑÒËÑÒÈÇÓÔÄÆÍÈÏËËU UXY ¶ÙÈÒÈÊ$Ô È
gÓÍË ËÊÆÈÓÔÏÄ ÑÈÒÆÄà ±ÆÄÇÒÄÔËÙÏÄà ÖÐÒÎÄ ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË
ÔÐ ÎÐÉÏÐ ÇÄÉÈ ÏÈ ÒÄÓÑÐÍÄÄà ÕÒÄÆÏÈÏËÈÎ ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË Ë ÏÈ
ÊÏÄÃÈÈÖÐÒÎÝÒÈÚÄÔÞÒÃÇÐÔÏÐÓÃÛË×ÓñÏÈÌÊÄÇÄÙÏÄÑÒË
ÎÈÒ ÏÄ×ÐÇËÔÞ ÇÍËÏÝ ÍÈÉÄÛË× ÏÄ ÏÈÌ ±ÒËÆÝ× Ë ÕÍÝ ÎÈÉÇÕ
ÏËÎËÆÝÙËÓÍÃÔÞÑÍÐÛÄÇÞÙÄÓÔÈÌÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔËsÐÆбÕÑÏÐÓÔÞ
ÆÓÈ× ÓÆÐÌÓÔÆ ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË ±ÐÔÐÒÝÈ ÎÐÉÏÐ ÕÓÔÄÏÐÆËÔÞ ËÓ×Ð
Çà ËÊ ÐÇÏÐÌ ÍËÚÞ ÑÈÒÆÐÌ ±ÆÄÇÒÄÔËÙÏÐÌ ÖÐÒÎÝ ÏÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÓÃ
ÆÏÕÔÒÈÏÏÈÌ ÈÐÎÈÔÒËÈÌ ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË l ÒÄÓÓÎÐÔÒÈÏËà ÑÐÇÐÅ
ÏÝ×ÊÄÇÄÙÎÝËÑÈÒÈÌÇÈÎ
¬ÒÊÄÝÇÏÂÑÐÄÇÒ×ÏÐÓÔÊ
ÄÝÙÊÓÍÇÏÊÇÊ×ÆÍÊÏÊÕÅÍÐÄÎÇÈÆÕÏÊÎÊ
rÄÓÓÎÐÔÒËÎ ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐ ÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÕÈÎÕà ±ÒËÆÕà
ÍÈÉÄÛÕà ÏÄ ÇÄÏÏÐÌ ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË qÒÈÇÑÐÍÐÉËÎ ÙÔÐ
ÐÔÓÙÈÔÇÍËÏÝÇÕV VWÏıÒËÆÐÌÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇËÔÓÃÆÏÄÑÒÄÆÍÈ
ÏËË ÆÐÊÒÄÓÔÄÏËÃ ÑÄÒÄÎÈÔÒÄ Ô È ÙÔÐ GV
! lı ËÊÆÈÓÔÏÐ Æ
GW
GV GU
ßÔÐÎÓÍÕÙÄÈÓÎÑ ÐÔ±ÕÇÄGV _GU_ÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞ
GW GW
ÏÐÓÎ
GV _GU_ GU (GX)GXGY*GY
ÑÐßÔÐÎÕ
GV GX GX GY GY
( ) *
GW GW GW GW GW
tıËÎÐÅÒÄÊÐÎÇÍÃÇÍËÏÝ/±ÒËÆÐÌÑÐÍÕÙÄÈÎÖÐÒÎÕÍÕ
E
GX GY
/ ∫ ( ) GX GY
* GW
GW
D
GW GW GW
qÈÒÈÌÇÈÎÔÈÑÈÒÞ±ÆÝÙËÓÍÈÏËàÕÍÐÆÎÈÉÇÕ±ÒËÆÝÎËÏÄÑÐ
ÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË
°ÑÒÇÆÇÍÇÏÊÇ gÔÎÌÈÇɲÓÌÇÞÉÒÉÓÉÔɲÅáÕÔÄÇÐɲÑÕÑÓÑÍ
ÕÑÚ²É ÕÑ ÖÎÑÏ ÏÉÊÈÖ ÐÌÏÌ Ç àÕÑÍ ÕÑÚ²É ÐÅËÞÇÅÉÕÔÄ
ÖÑÎ ÑÆÓÅËÑÇÅÐÐÞÍ ÌØ ²ÅÔÅÕÉÎßÐÞÏÌ Ç Ö²ÅËÅÐÐÑÍ ÕÑÚ²É
ÉÔÎ̲ÑÐÉÚÐÑàÕ̲ÅÔÅÕÉÎßÐÞÉÔÖÜÉÔÕÇÖáÕ
qÕÓÔÞ ÇÆÈ ÍÄDZËÈ ±ÒËÆÝÈ ÍÈÉÄÛËÈ ÏÄ ÒÄÓÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄÈÎÐÌ
ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË ÑÈÒÈÓȱÄàÔÓÃ Æ ÏȱÐÔÐÒÐÌ ÔÐÙ±È pÅÐÊÏÄÙËÎ
ÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÄÍÝË×ÑÒÈÇÓÔÄÆÍÈÏËÌÆßÔÐÌÔÐÙ±ÈÓÐÐÔÆÈÔÓÔÆÈÏ
ÏÐÙÈÒÈÊGUËδUıÐßÖÖËØËÈÏÔÝÒÄÊÍÐÉÈÏËÌÑÐÆȱÔÐÒÄÎUX
ËUY ¶ÙÈÒÈÊGXGYËδXδYÔÐÇÄ
GU UXGXUYGYδU UXδXUYδY
qÐßÔÐÎÕÈÓÍËϕ ¶ËÓ±ÐÎÝÌÕÐÍÎÈÉÇÕ±ÒËÆÝÎËÔ ÈÎÈÉÇÕ
ÆȱÔÐÒÄÎËGUËδUÔÐ
GU δU (GX δX ) ( GX δY GY δX ) *GY δY
FRVϕ
GU δU (GX )GXGY *GY ( δX ) δX δY * δY
±ÍÐÛÂÆÞÑÐÄÇÒ×ÏÐÓÔÊ
] qÒË ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËË ÑÍÐÛÄÇË ÑÐ
X FRQVW
ÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË ÅÕÇÈÎ ÐÅÒÄÊÝ ±ÆÄÇÒÄÔÐÆ
UYK
(L∈τ∂' ÊÄÎÈÏÃÔÞ ÑÒÃÎÐÍËÏÈÌÏÝÎË
ÑÄÒÄÍÍÈÍÐÒÄÎÎÄÎË ÑÐÓÔÒÐÈÏÏÝÎË
UXK
ÏÄ ÆȱÔÐÒÄ× UXK Ë UYK ÒËÓ oÄÌ
Y FRQVW
ÇÈÎ ÑÍÐÛÄÇÞ ÔıÐÐ ÑÄÒÄÍÍÈÍÐÒÄÎ
ÎÄpÅÐÊÏÄÙËÆÈÈÙÈÒÈÊ∆σLÑÐÍÕÙËÎ
\
[ ∆σL _UXK¨UYK 3 _UX¨UY K 3 K
L L
rËÓ _UX¨UYK 3 µ(L
L
vÕϱØËËUXËUYÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÝÏÄÊÄαÏÕÔÐ̱ÆÄÇÒËÒÕÈÎÐÌÐÅ
ÍÄÓÔË 'ÑÐßÔÐÎÕ
OLP ∑ ∆σ L ∫ ∫ _UX¨UY_GXGY
τ → ( ∈ τ ( ∂' )
L '
ÇÈ_τ_±Ä±ÆÓÈÇÄÐÅÐÊÏÄÙÄÈÔÎÈͱÐÓÔÞÒÄÊÅËÈÏËÃτpÙÈÆËÇÏÐ
ÕÓÍÐÆËÈÙÔÐÎÈͱÐÓÔÞÒÄÊÅËÈÏËÃ_τ_ÓÔÒÈÎËÔÓñÏÕÍàÒÄÆÏÐ
ÓËÍÞÏÐ ÔÐÎÕ ÙÔÐ ÒÄÏË N ±ÆÄÇÒËÍÞÃÉÈÌ ÑÍÐÓ±ÐÓÔË ËÊ ±ÐÔÐ
ÒÝ×ÎÝËÓ×ÐÇËÍËÓÔÒÈÎÃÔÓñÅÈÓ±ÐÏÈÙÏÐÓÔË
fÍà ÇбÄÊÄÔÈÍÞÓÔÆÄ ÓÑÒÄÆÈÇÍËÆÐÓÔË ÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÄ ÇÐ
ÓÔÄÔÐÙÏÐ ÊÄÎÈÔËÔÞ ÙÔÐ ÑÒË ÑÒÐËÊÆÐÍÞÏÐÎ ÆÝÅÐÒÈ ÔÐÙȱ
3L∈ (L∈τL ÓÑÒÄÆÈÇÍËÆÐÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐ
Lτ
OLP ∑ ∆σ L OLP ∑ _UX¨UYK 3 µ(L ∫ ∫ _UX¨UY_GXGY
τ → ( ∈ τ ( ∂' ) τ → L L
'
L
fÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÐÆÐÑÈÒÆÝ×ÑÒÈÇÈÍËÏÔÈÒÄÍÞÏÝ×ÓÕÎÎËÏ
ÔÈÒËÒÕÈÎÐÌ ÖÕϱØËË ÏÈ ÊÄÆËÓËÔ ÐÔ ÆÝÅÐÒÄ Æ ÇÄÏÏÐÎ ÓÍÕÙÄÈ
ÔÐÙȱ 3L∈(L∈τ Ä ÆÐÆÔÐÒÝ× ÆÝÅÒÄÓÝÆÄÏËÈ ËÊ ËÏÔÈÒÄÍÞÏÝ×
ÓÕÎÎ ÓÍÄÄÈÎÝ× ÓÐÐÔÆÈÔÓÔÆÕàÛË× ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄÎ (L∈τ ÏÈ Æ×Ð
ÇÃÛË× Æ τ∂' ËÏÄÙÈ ÐÆÐÒà ßÍÈÎÈÏÔÄÎ ÒÄÊÅËÈÏËÃτ ÑÈÒÈÓÈ
±ÄàÛË×ÓÃ Ó ÒÄÏËØÈÌ ∂' ÐÅÍÄÓÔË ' Ô È ÑÈÒÈÓȱÄàÛË×Óà Ó
ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐÎÎÈÒÝÏÕÍÞÏÈÆÍËÃÈԱıËÊÆÈÓÔÏÐÓÎÑ
ÏÄÆÈÍËÙËÏÕÑÒÈÇÈÍÄËÏÔÈÒÄÍÞÏÝ×ÓÕÎÎÆÇÄÏÏÐÎÓÍÕÙÄÈÏÄ
ÆÈÍËÙËÏÕÑÒÈÇÈÍÄ
°ÑÒÇÆÇÍÇÏÊÇ qÓÉÈÉÎ ÐÅËÞÇÅÉÕÔÄ ÒÎÑÜÅÈßá ÌÎÌ
ÏÉÓÑ͵6ÒÑÇÉÓØÐÑÔÕÌ6
µ6 OLP ∑ ∆σ L
τ → ( ∈ τ ( ∂' )
L
iÄÑËÚÈÎ ÈÈ Æ ÇÒÕÐÎ ÆËÇÈ ÆÝÒÄÊËÆ ÑÐÇÝÏÔÈÒÄÍÞÏÐÈ ÆÝÒÄ
ÉÈÏËÈÙÈÒÈʱÐßÖÖËØËÈÏÔÝÑÈÒÆÐ̱ÆÄÇÒÄÔËÙÏÐÌÖÐÒÎÝqÒÈÉ
ÇÈ ÆÓÈÐ ÊÄÎÈÔËÎ ÙÔÐ ÇÍà ÍàÅÝ× ÆȱÔÐÒÐÆ D Ë E ÓÑÒÄÆÈÇÍËÆÝ
ÖÐÒÎÕÍÝ
_D¨E_ _D__E_VLQDEDE _D__E_FRVDE
ÇÈDE ¶ÕÐÍÎÈÉÇÕÆȱÔÐÒÄÎËDËEdÐÊÆÈÇÈÎƱÆÄÇÒÄÔËÓÍÐ
ÉËÎßÔËÖÐÒÎÕÍÝ
_D¨E_DE DE
ßÔÐ ÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐ ÏÄÊÝÆÄàÔ ÔÐÉÇÈÓÔÆÐÎ mÄÒÄÏÉÄ pÔÓàÇÄ ÓÍÈ
ÇÕÈÔÙÔÐ
_UX¨UY_ U XU Y´UXUY (*´)
ÑÐßÔÐÎÕÖÐÒÎÕÍÄÎÐÉÈÔÅÝÔÞÊÄÑËÓÄÏÄÔıÉÈÆÆËÇÈ
µ6 ∫ ∫ (* µ ) GXGY
'
jÏÐÇÄ ÇÍà ±ÒÄÔ±ÐÓÔË ÊÄÑËÓË ÆÝÒÄÉÈÏËÈ (* µ ) GXGY ÐÅÐ
ÊÏÄÙÄÈÔÓÃÓËÎÆÐÍÐÎG6
G6 (* µ ) GXGY
Ë ÏÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÓà àÎÉÏÉÐÕÑÏ ÒÎÑÜÅÈÌ ÒÑÇÉÓØÐÑÔÕÌ qÒËÎÈÏÃÃ
ßÔÐÐÅÐÊÏÄÙÈÏËÈÖÐÒÎÕÍÕÎÐÉÏÐÑÈÒÈÑËÓÄÔÞÆÆËÇÈ
µ6 ∫ ∫ G6
'
qбÄÉÈÎ ÙÔÐ ÆÈÍËÙËÏÄ ÑÍÐÛÄÇË ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË ÏÈ ÊÄÆËÓËÔ
ÐÔÆÝÅÐÒÄÈÈÑÒÈÇÓÔÄÆÍÈÏËÃÑÒËßÔÐÎÒÄÓÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄàÔÓÃÔÐÍÞ±Ð
ÑÒÈÇÓÔÄÆÍÈÏËà ÊÄÇÄÏÏÝÈ ÏÄ ÊÄαÏÕÔÝ× ±ÆÄÇÒËÒÕÈÎÝ× ÐÅÍÄÓ
ÔÃ× qÈÒÈÌÇÈÎ ± ÇÒÕÐÎÕ ÑÒÈÇÓÔÄÆÍÈÏËà ρ ρX Y ÇÄÏÏÐÌ
ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐ ÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÕÈÎÐÌ ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË ±ÐÔÐÒÐÈ ÊÄÇÄÏÐ
ÏÄ ÊÄÎݱÄÏËË ' ±ÆÄÇÒËÒÕÈÎÐÌ ÐÅÍÄÓÔË ' Ë ÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐ
ÇÍà ±ÐÔÐÒÐÐ ÑÒÈÐÅÒÄÊÐÆÄÏËÈ ÑÄÒÄÎÈÔÒÐÆ X Y Æ ÑÄÒÄ
ÎÈÔÒÝXYÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃÒÈÕÍÃÒÏÝÎÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÈÎ ' ÏÄ '
dÏÐÆÐÌÓËÓÔÈÎȱÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔÒÄÓÓÎÐÔÒËÎËÏÔÈÒÄÍ
µ6 ∫ ∫ ) * µ ) GXGY
'
fÍÃÓÒÄÆÏÈÏËÃÈÐÓËÏÔÈÒÄÍÐÎÆÝÑÐÍÏËÎÊÄÎÈÏÕÑÈ
ÒÈÎÈÏÏÝ× ÙÔÐ ÆÐÊÎÐÉÏÐ Ôı ±Ä± ÆÓÈ ÑÒÈÇÑÐÓÝͱË
ÔÈÐÒÈÎÝ ′ Ñ Æ ÇÄÏÏÐÎ ÓÍÕÙÄÈ ÆÝÑÐÍÏÈÏÝ jÓÑÐÍÞÊÐÆÄÆ
ÑÐÍÕÙËÎ
∂( ϕψ )
µ6 ∫ ∫ ) ' µ ) GXGY ∫ ∫ ( * µ )
∂( XY ) GXGY
' '
∫ ∫ (* µ ) GXGY µ6
'
tıËÎ ÐÅÒÄÊÐÎ ÇÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÐ ÆÈÍËÙËÏÄ ÑÍÐÛÄÇË ÑÐ
ÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔËÏÈÊÄÆËÓËÔÐÔÆÝÅÐÒÄÈÈÑÒÈÇÓÔÄÆÍÈÏËÃ
oÄÌÇÈÎ ÆÝÒÄÉÈÏËÈ ÇÍà ÑÍÐÛÄÇË ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË ËÎÈàÛÈÌ
ÃÆÏÐÈ ÑÒÈÇÓÔÄÆÍÈÏËÈ ] I[ \ [ \∈ ' d ßÔÐÎ ÓÍÕÙÄÈ X
[ Y \ U [ \ I[ \ Ë ÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐ ÓÎ ÖÐÒÎÕÍÝ
UX I[UY I\
( U X I [) UXUY I[I\* U Y I \
(* µ) I [I \ µI [I \ I [I \
µ6 ∫ ∫ I [ I \ G[ G\
'
uqrbhogojgfбÄÊÄÔÞÙÔÐÑÍÐÛÄÇÞÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔËÆÒÄÛÈÏËÃÐÑÒÈ
ÇÈÍÈÏÏÄÃÆÑ ÓÐÆÑÄÇÄÈÔÓÑÍÐÛÄÇÞàßÔÐÌÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔËÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏ
ÏÐÌÆÏÄÓÔÐÃÛÈÎÑÕϱÔÈ
°ÒÊÇÏÔÂØÊáÅÍÂÆÌÐËÑÐÄÇÒ×ÏÐÓÔÊ
qÕÓÔÞ6 ¶ÍÄDZÄÃÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÞÓÎÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËÈÔÐ
ÐÊÏÄÙÄÈÔ ÙÔÐ ÆÓñÐÈ ÈÈ ÆȱÔÐÒÏÐÈ ÑÒÈÇÓÔÄÆÍÈÏËÈ U UX Y
X Y∈ 'ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐ ÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÕÈÎÐË UX¨ UY ÏÄÊÄÎ
±ÏÕÔÐÌ ÐÅÍÄÓÔË ' sÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐ Æ ±ÄÉÇÐÌ ÔÐÙ±È ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐ
ÓÔË6ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏÏÐÒÎÄÍÞÏÝÌÈÇËÏËÙÏÝÌÆȱÔÐÒ
U ×U
ν
X Y
UX × UY
ÃÆÍÃàÛËÌÓÃÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÌÖÕϱØËÈÌÏÄ 'lÒÄÔ±ÐßÔÐÐÅÓÔÐ
ÃÔÈÍÞÓÔÆÐÆÝÒÄÉÄàÔÐÆÐÒÃÙÔÐÏÄÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË6ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕ
ÈÔÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÄÃÈÇËÏËÙÏÄÃÏÐÒÎÄÍÞ
°ÑÒÇÆÇÍÇÏÊÇ dÔIJÅÄÐÉÒÓÉÓÞÇÐÅÄÉÈÌÐÌÚÐÅÄÐÑÓÏÅÎßQ
QXYXY∈ 'ÎÅȲÑÍÒÑÇÉÓØÐÑÔÕÌ6 ^UXYXY∈ '`
ÐÅËÞÇÅÉÕÔÄÑÓÌÉÐÕÅÙÌÉÍÒÑÇÉÓØÐÑÔÕÌ6
pÙÈÆËÇÏÐÙÔÐÈÓÍËÆȱÔÐÒQÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃÐÒËÈÏÔÄØËÈÌÑÐÆÈÒ×
ÏÐÓÔË 6 ÔÐ Ë ÆȱÔÐÒ ´Q ÔıÉÈ ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓà ÐÒËÈÏÔÄØËÈÌ ÔÐÌ ÉÈ
ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔËËÍȱÐÑбÄÊÄÔÞÙÔÐÇÒÕË×ÐÒËÈÏÔÄØËÌÏÈÔ
uqrbhogojg fбÄÊÄÔÞ ÙÔÐ ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÞ ÎÐÉÈÔ ËÎÈÔÞ ÔÐÍޱРÇÆÈ
ÐÒËÈÏÔÄØËË
pÇÏÄ ËÊ ÇÆÕ× ÐÒËÈÏÔÄØËÌ Q ËÍË ´Q ÑÒÐËÊÆÐÍÞÏÐ ÆÝÅÒÄÏ
ÏÄÃÏÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÓÃÒÑÎÑÊÌÕÉÎßÐÑÍÄÇÒÕÄöÑÕÓÌÙÅÕÉÎßÐÑÍ
tıËÎ ÐÅÒÄÊÐÎ ÑÐÏÃÔËÈ ÑÐÍÐÉËÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔË Ë ÐÔÒËØÄÔÈÍÞ
ÏÐÓÔËÐÒËÈÏÔÄØËËÆßÔÐÎÓÎÝÓÍÈÏÈÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÃÈÔÓÃÐÇÏÐÊÏÄÙÏÐ
ÓÄÎÐÌÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÞàqÐÍÐÉËÔÈÍÞÏÄÃËÐÔÒËØÄÔÈÍÞÏÄÃÐÒËÈÏ
ÔÄØËËÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔËÏÄÊÝÆÄàÔÓÃÒÓÑÕÌÇÑÒÑÎÑÊÐÞÏÌÐÒËÈÏÔÄ
ØËÃÎËßÔÐÌÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË
fÍÃÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏÏÐÓÔËÆÇÄÍÞÏÈÌÚÈÎÇÍÃÍÄDZÐÌÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐ
ÓÔË ÊÄÇÄÏÏÐÌ Ö˱ÓËÒÐÆÄÏÏÝÎ ÆȱÔÐÒÏÝÎ ÑÒÈÇÓÔÄÆÍÈÏËÈÎ
U UX Y X Y∈ ' ÊÄ ÑÐÍÐÉËÔÈÍÞÏÕà ÐÒËÈÏÔÄØËà ÅÕÇÈÎ
ÑÒËÏËÎÄÔÞÆÓÈÇÄÆȱÔÐÒ
qÐÇÙÈÒ±ÏÈÎ ÙÔÐ ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÓÔÞ ÏÐÒÎÄÍË Q ÒÄÓÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄ
ÈÔÓà ÐÔÏÐÓËÔÈÍÞÏÐ ÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÝ× X Y Ä ÏÈ ÐÔÏÐÓËÔÈÍÞÏÐ ÑÒÐ
ÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÈÏÏÝ× ÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÝ×[ \Ë ] gÓÍËÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÞ ËÎÈÈÔ
±ÒÄÔÏÝÈ ÔÐÙ±Ë ÔÐ ÎÐÉÈÔ ÓÍÕÙËÔÞÓà ÙÔÐ Æ ÔÐÙ±È ÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔ
ÆÄÃÆÍÃàÛÈÌÓÃÏÐÓËÔÈÍÈÎÒÄÊÏÝ×ÔÐÙȱÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔËÎÐÉÈÔ
бÄÊÄÔÞÓÃÏÈÓ±ÐÍÞ±ÐÒÄÊÍËÙÏÝ×ÏÐÒÎÄÍÈÌ
yÔÐÅÝ ÑÒË ÒÈÕÍÃÒÏÐÎ ÑÒÈÐÅÒÄÊÐÆÄÏËË ÑÄÒÄÎÈÔÒÐÆ X Ë Y
ÕÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔËÓÐ×ÒÄÏÃÍÄÓÞÐÒËÈÏÔÄØËÃÏÈÐÅ×ÐÇËÎÐÇÐÑÐÍÏË
ÔÈÍÞÏÐÑÐÔÒÈÅÐÆÄÔÞÙÔÐÅÝñÐÅËÄÏßÔÐÐÑÒÈÐÅÒÄÊÐÆÄÏËÃÅÝÍ
ÑÐÍÐÉËÔÈÍÞÏÝÎ fÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÐ ÇÍÃ ÑÒÈÐÅÒÄÊÐÆÄÏËÃ ÑÄÒÄ
ÎÈÔÒÐÆX ϕXYY ψXYËÊÖÐÒÎÕͱıÎÝÆË
ÇÈÍËÓÎÊÄÎÈÙÄÏËÈƱÐÏØÈÑ ÓÍÈÇÕÈÔÙÔÐ
UX¨UY ∂
( ϕψ )
U X ¨ U Y
∂( XY )
ËÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÈÓÍËñÐÅËÄÏ ∂
( ϕψ )
ÑÐÍÐÉËÔÈÍÈÏÔÐÆȱÔÐ
∂( XY )
ÒÝUX¨UYËU X ¨U Y ÏÄÑÒÄÆÍÈÏÝÆÐÇÏÕËÔÕÉÈÓÔÐÒÐÏÕÄÈÓÍË
ÐÏÐÔÒËØÄÔÈÍÈÏÔÐÆÑÒÐÔËÆÐÑÐÍÐÉÏÝÈ
tıËÎ ÐÅÒÄÊÐÎ ÇÍà ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÈÌ Õ ±ÐÔÐÒÝ× ÆÝÅÒÄÏÄ
ÐÒËÈÏÔÄØËÃ ÇÐÑÕÓÔËÎÝÎË ÑÒÈÐÅÒÄÊÐÆÄÏËÃÎË ÅÕÇÈÎ ÓÙËÔÄÔÞ
ÔıËÈ ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐ ÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÕÈÎÝÈ ÑÒÈÐÅÒÄÊÐÆÄÏËÃ Õ ±Ð
ÔÐÒÝ×ñÐÅËÄÏÑÐÍÐÉËÔÈÍÈÏ
qÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÞ 6 Ó ÑÐÍÐÉËÔÈÍÞÏÐÌ ÐÒËÈÏÔÄØËÈÌ ÅÕÇÈÎ ÐÅÐ
ÊÏÄÙÄÔÞ6ÄÓÐÔÒËØÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÌ ¶6µ
qÐÇÙÈÒ±ÏÈÎ ÙÔÐ ÆÓñÄà ÍÄDZÄà ÑÄÒÄÎÈÔÒËÙÈÓ±Ë ÊÄÇÄÏ
ÏÄà ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÞ ÆÓÈÇÄ ÐÒËÈÏÔËÒÕÈÎÄ Ô È Õ ÏÈÈ ÆÓÈÇÄ ÓÕ
ÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔÐÒËÈÏÔÄØËÃ
gÓÍË ÍÄDZÄà ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÞ 6 ËÎÈÈÔ ÃÆÏÐÈ ÑÒÈÇÓÔÄÆÍÈÏËÈ
] I[ \ [ \∈ ' ' ¶ ÐÅÍÄÓÔÞ ÏÄ ÑÍÐÓ±ÐÓÔË ÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÝ×
[\ÔÐ
L M N
U[¨U\ I [ ´I[LµI\MN
I \
ÐÔ±ÕÇÄÆÓËÍÕÖÐÒÎÕÍÝ
I[ I\
Q ±
´
I[ I\
I[ I\ I[ I\
] ËÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÒËÓ
N
Q
FRV QN
!
6 I [ I \
∂6 Ô È ÐÒËÈÏÔÄØËÃ Q ÐÅÒÄÊÕÈÔ ÐÓÔÒÝÌ
ÕÐÍÓÐÓÞà]ÔÐÐÊÏÄÙÄÈÔÙÔÐÆȱ
ÔÐÒ Q ÏÄÑÒÄÆÍÈÏ ÆÆÈÒ× ÐÔ ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐ
\
ÓÔË6qÐßÔÐÎÕÆßÔÐÎÓÍÕÙÄÈÑÐÆÈÒ×
ÏÐÓÔÞ 6 ÐÒËÈÏÔËÒÐÆÄÏÏÄÃ ÈÇËÏËÙ
[ ÏÐÌÏÐÒÎÄÍÞàQÏÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÓÃÇÉÓØÐÉÍ
∂' ' ÔÕÑÓÑÐÑÍ ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË6 ËÐÅÐÊÏÄÙÄ
rËÓ ÈÔÓÃ 6 Ä ÐÒËÈÏÔËÒÐÆÄÏÏÄÃ ÑÒÐÔËÆÐ
ÑÐÍÐÉÏÐÌ ÏÐÒÎÄÍÞà ´ Q ÏÄÑÒÄÆÍÈÏÏÐÌ ÆÏËÊ ¶ ÈÈ ÐÌÊÐÉÍ
ÔÕÑÓÑÐÑͱÐÔÐÒÄÃÐÅÐÊÏÄÙÄÈÔÓà 6
°ÑÒÇÆÇÍÇÏÊÇ qÑÇÉÓØÐÑÔÕß Ö ²ÑÕÑÓÑÍ ×̲ÔÌÓÑÇÅÐÅ ÑÈÐÅ
ÌËÉÉÑÓÌÉÐÕÅÙÌÍÐÅËÞÇÅÉÕÔÄÑÓÌÉÐÕÌÓÑÇÅÐÐÑÍ
fÄÏÏÐÈÆÝÚÈÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËÈÐÒËÈÏÔÄØËËÒÄÊÕÎÈÈÔÓÃÏÈÑÈ
ÒÈÏÐÓËÔÓà ÏÄ ÏÈÍÄDZËÈ ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË qÒËÎÈÒÐÎ ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐ
ÓÔË ÏÈ ÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÕÈÎÐÌ Æ ÐÇÏÐÌ ÔÐÙ±È ÏÄ ±ÐÔÐÒÐÌ ÕÉÈ
ÏÈÍÞÊÃÆÝÅÒÄÔÞÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÕàÏÐÒÎÄÍÞÃÆÍÃÈÔÓñÐÏÕÓ
] [ \ [\PD
dßÔÐÎÓÍÕÙÄÈÆȱÔÐÒÏÐÈÑÒÈÇÓÔÄÆÍÈÏËÈËÎÈÈÔÆËÇ
U[\ [\ [ \
ÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐ
[ \
U[
U\
[ \ [ \
[ \
U[¨U\ ´
´ _U[¨U\_
[ \ [ \
[ \
qÒÈÇÈÍÝ OLP
Ë OLP
ÏÈÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕ
( [\ ) → ( ) [ \ ( [\ ) → ( ) [ \
àÔÑÐÙÈÎÕ"ÑÐßÔÐÎÕËÈÇËÏËÙÏÄÃÏÐÒÎÄÍÞ
U[ × U\ [ \
´ ´
Q
U[ × U\ ([ \ )
([ \ )
ÏÈËÎÈÈÔÑÒÈÇÈÍÄÑÒË[\{sÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÏıÐÏÕÓÈ
ÏÈÍÞÊÃÆÝÅÒÄÔÞÏÐÒÎÄÍÞÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÕàÏÄ
' ^[\[\PD`
qÒÐÓÔÝÎ ÑÒËÎÈÒÐÎ ÏÈÍÄDZÐÌ ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË 6 ÏÄ ±ÐÔÐÒÐÌ
ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔ ØÈÍÄà ÍËÏËà ÆÇÐÍÞ ±ÐÔÐÒÐÌ ÏÐÒÎÄÍË ÑÒË ÍàÅÐÎ
Ë× ÆÝÅÐÒÈ ÔÈÒÑÃÔ ÒÄÊÒÝÆ ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓà ÙÄÓÔÞ ÇÆÕÒÄÏÏÐÐ ÕÍÄ
ËÊÐÅÒÄÉÈÏÏÄà ÏÄ ÒËÓ u±ÄÊÄÏÏÐÌ ÍËÏËÈÌ ÏÄ ßÔÐÌ ÑÐÆÈÒ×
ÏÐÓÔËÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃÐÔÒÈÊб$%
i Ä Î È Ù Ä Ï Ë È oÄ ÑÈÒÆÝÌ ÆÊÍÃÇ ÎÐÉÈÔ ÑбÄÊÄÔÞÓÃ
ÙÔÐ ÑÐÏÃÔËÈ ÐÒËÈÏÔÄØËË ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË ÏÈ
ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃÐÅÐÅÛÈÏËÈÎÑÐÏÃÔËÃÐÒËÈÏÔÄØËË %
ÑÍÐÓ±Ð̱ÒËÆÐÌÔÐÐÇÏıÐÏÈÔıgÓÍË
ÍÄDZÄñÒËÆÄÃΓ ^UVPVP6`ÐÒËÈÏ
ÔËÒÐÆÄÏÄÆÏÄÑÒÄÆÍÈÏËËÆÐÊÒÄÓÔÄÏËÃÇÍËÏ
ÈÈ ÇÕ V ÔÐ Æ ±ÄÉÇÐÌ ÈÈ ÔÐÙ±È ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏ $
ÈÇËÏËÙÏÝ̱ÄÓÄÔÈÍÞÏÝÌÆȱÔÐÒW GU
±Ð
rËÓ
GV
ÔÐÒÝÌÐÙÈÆËÇÏÐÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÌÏıÒËÆÐÌΓÆȱÔÐÒÏÐÌ
ÖÕϱØËÈÌ qÐÓÔÄÆËÎ Æ ÓÐÐÔÆÈÔÓÔÆËÈ ÆȱÔÐÒÕ W ÆȱÔÐÒ Q ÑÐÍÕ
ÙÄàÛËÌÓà ËÊ ÆȱÔÐÒÄ W ÑÐÆÐÒÐÔÐÎ ÑÒÐÔËÆ ÙÄÓÐÆÐÌ ÓÔÒÈÍ±Ë ÏÄ
ÑÒÃÎÐÌ ÕÐÍ dȱÔÐÒ Q ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓà ÈÇËÏËÙÏÝÎ ÏÐÒÎÄÍÞÏÝÎ ±
±ÒËÆÐÌΓÆȱÔÐÒÐÎÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÎÈÏÃàÛËÎÓÃÆÇÐÍÞÏÈÈtıËÎ
ÐÅÒÄÊÐÎÐÒËÈÏÔÄØËÃÍÄDZÐ̱ÒËÆÐÌÑÐÒÐÉÇÄÈÔÆÝÅÐÒÈÇËÏËÙ
ÏÐÌÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÌÆÇÐÍÞßÔÐ̱ÒËÆÐÌÏÐÒÎÄÍË
dÈÒÏÐ Ë ÐÅÒÄÔÏÐÈ ÈÓÍË ÏÄ ÍÄDZÐÌ ±ÒËÆÐÌ ÊÄÇÄÏÄ ÏÈÑÒÈ
ÒÝÆÏÄà ÈÇËÏËÙÏÄà ÏÐÒÎÄÍÞ ÔÐ ÑÐ ßÔÐÌ ÏÐÒÎÄÍË Æ ÓËÍÕ Õ±Ä
ÊÄÏÏÐÐ ÆÝÚÈ ÓÐÐÔÆÈÔÓÔÆËÃ ÐÇÏÐÊÏÄÙÏÝÎ ÐÅÒÄÊÐÎ ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÃ
ÈÔÓà ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÝÌ ÏÄ ±ÒËÆÐÌ ÈÇËÏËÙÏÝÌ ±ÄÓÄÔÈÍÞÏÝÌ ± ÏÈÌ
ÆȱÔÐÒ ±ÐÔÐÒÝÌ Æ ÓÆÐà ÐÙÈÒÈÇÞ ÐÇÏÐÊÏÄÙÏÐ ÊÄÇÄÈÔ ÏÄÑÒÄÆ
ÍÈÏËÈÆÐÊÒÄÓÔÄÏËÃÑÄÒÄÎÈÔÒÄVÔ ÈÐÒËÈÏÔÄØËà±ÒËÆÐÌ
i Ä Î È Ù Ä Ï Ë È qÐÏÃÔËÃ «ÑÐÆÐÒÐÔ ÑÒÐÔËÆ ÙÄÓÐÆÐÌ ÓÔÒÈÍ
±Ë¬«ÓÍÈÆĬ«ÓÑÒÄÆĬ«ÑÒÄÆËÍÐÚÔÐÑÐÒĬËÔ ÑÏÈÃÆÍÃàÔÓÃ
±ÐÏÈÙÏÐ ÎÄÔÈÎÄÔËÙÈÓ±ËÎË ÑÐÏÃÔËÃÎË ÏÐ ÐÏË ÐÙÈÏÞ ÕÇÐÅÏÝ
ÑÒËÒÈÚÈÏË˱ÐϱÒÈÔÏÝ×ÊÄÇÄÙ
qÐÇÐÅÏÐ ÐÒËÈÏÔÄØËË ±ÒËÆÐÌ ÏÄ ÑÍÐÓ±ÐÓÔË ÓÎ Ñ
ÎÐÉÏÐ ÇÄÔÞ ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËÈ ÐÒËÈÏÔÄØËË ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË Æ ÎÄÔÈÎÄ
ÔËÙÈÓ±Ë× ÔÈÒÎËÏÄ× ÑÒË ÕÓÍÐÆËË ÙÔÐ Æ ÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÈ Ö˱ÓË
ÒÐÆÄÏÄ ÑÒÃÎÐÕÐÍÞÏÄà ÇȱÄÒÔÐÆÄ ÓËÓÔÈÎÄ ±ÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔ Ô È ÊÄ
ÇÄÏ ÐÒÔÐÏÐÒÎËÒÐÆÄÏÏÝÌ ÅÄÊËÓ H H H ÔÈÎ ÓÄÎÝÎ ÐÅÒÄÊÏÐ
ÐÆÐÒÃÆÓÄÎÐÎÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÈÕÉÈÊÄÇÄÏÄ«ÐÒËÈÏÔÄØËì
dßÔÐÎÓÍÕÙÄÈÒÑÎÑÊÌÕÉÎßÐÑÍÑÕÓÌÙÅÕÉÎßÐÑÍÑÓÌÉÐÕÅ
ÙÌÉÍ ÎÅȲÑÍ ÒÑÇÉÓØÐÑÔÕÌ6 ^UXYXY∈ '`ÏÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÓÃ
ÆÓñÄÃÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÄÃÏÄÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË6ÕÑÐÒÃÇÐÙÈÏÏÄÃÔÒÐ̱Ä
ÆȱÔÐÒÖÕϱØËÌ D D D Ô È ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÝ× ÏÄ ÊÄαÏÕÔÐÌ
ÐÅÍÄÓÔË 'ÖÕϱØËÌDXYDXYDXYXY∈ 'ÔıË×
ÙÔÐÆȱÔÐÒÝDXYËDXYÃÆÍÃàÔÓÃÍËÏÈÌÏÐÏÈÊÄÆËÓËÎÝ
ÎË ±ÄÓÄÔÈÍÞÏÝÎË ± ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË6 Æ ÔÐÙ±È UX Y Ä ÏÈ ÏÕÍÈ
ÆÐÌ ÆȱÔÐÒ D X Y µ ÐÒÔÐÐÏÄÍÈÏ ± ÏËÎ Ë ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍËÔÈÍÞ
ÎÄÔÒËØÝ ÑÈÒÈ×ÐÇÄ ÐÔ ÆȱÔÐÒÐÆ D D D ± ÆȱÔÐÒÄÎ ÅÄÊËÓÄ
ÑÐÍÐÉËÔÈÍÈÏÐÔÒËØÄÔÈÍÈÏ
oÄÑÒËÎÈÒ ÔÒÐÌ±Ä ÆȱÔÐÒÐÆ U X U Y U X ¨ U Y ÊÄÇÄÈÔ ÑÐÍÐÉË
ÔÈÍÞÏÕà Ä ÔÒÐÌ±Ä ÆȱÔÐÒÐÆ U X U Y ´ U X ¨ U Y µ ÐÔÒËØÄÔÈÍÞ
ÏÕà ÐÒËÈÏÔÄØËà ÍÄDZÐÌ ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË 6 ÑÒË ÊÄÇÄÏÏÐÌ ÓËÓÔÈ
ÎȱÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔÆÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÈ
³ÌÍÇÊÄÂÏÊÇÑÐÄÇÒ×ÏÐÓÔÇË
fÄÏÏÐÈ ÆÝÚÈ ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËÈ ÑÄÒÄÎÈÔÒËÙÈÓ±Ë ÊÄÇÄÏÏÐÌ ÏÈÑÒÈ
ÒÝÆÏÐÌ ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË ÏÈ Ð×ÆÄÔÝÆÄÈÔ ÆÓÈ ÔÐ ÙÔÐ ËÏÔÕËÔËÆÏÐ
Æ×ÐÇËÔÆÑÐÏÃÔËÈÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔËtıÎÐÉÏÐÑбÄÊÄÔÞÙÔÐÑÐ
ÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÞÚÄÒÄÏÈÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃÏÐÓËÔÈÍÈαıÐÌÍËÅÐÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆ
ÏÐÌ ÑÄÒÄÎÈÔÒËÙÈÓ±Ë ÊÄÇÄÏÏÐÌ ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË ÅÈÊ ±ÒÄÔÏÝ× ÔÐ
ÙȱsÙËÔÄÔÞÉÈÙÔÐÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÞÚÄÒÄËÎÈÈÔ±ÒÄÔÏÝÈÔÐÙ±Ë
ÑÒÈÇÓÔÄÆÍÃÈÔÓÃ ÏÈÐÑÒÄÆÇÄÏÏÝÎ ÕÓÍÐÉÏÈÏËÈÎ sÕÛÈÓÔÆÕàÔ
ÒÄÊÍËÙÏÝÈÑÕÔËÇÍÃÑÒÈÐÇÐÍÈÏËÃßÔÐÐÏÈÕÇÐÅÓÔÆÄnÝÆÝÅÈ
ÒÈÎ ÓÑÐÓÐÅ ÐÓÏÐÆÄÏÏÝÌ ÏÄ Ó±ÍÈËÆÄÏËË ±ÐÏÈÙÏÐÐ ÙËÓÍÄ ÑÐ
ÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÈÌ s±ÍÈËÆÄÏËÈ ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÈÌ ÈÓÔÈÓÔÆÈÏÏÝÎ ÐÅÒÄÊÐÎ
ÆÐÊÏ˱ÄÈÔ ÑÒË ÒÄÓÓÎÐÔÒÈÏËË ÓÄÎÝ× ÑÒÐÓÔÝ× ÊÄÇÄÙ oÄÑÒË
ÎÈÒ ÅбÐÆÕà ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÞ ØËÍËÏÇÒÄ ÈÓÔÈÓÔÆÈÏÏÐ ÒÄÓÓÎÄÔÒË
ÆÄÔޱıÒÈÊÕÍÞÔÄÔÓ±ÍÈËÆÄÏËÃÑÒÐÔËÆÐÑÐÍÐÉÏÝ×ÓÔÐÒÐÏÑÒÃ
ÎÐÕÐÍÞÏ˱ÄÑÐÍÏÕàÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÞØËÍËÏÇÒÄ ¶±Ä±ÒÈÊÕÍÞÔÄÔ
Ó±ÍÈËÆÄÏËà ÈÐ ÅбÐÆÐÌ ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË Ë ÇÆÕ× ÐÓÏÐÆÄÏËÌ
ÑÐÍÏÕà ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÞ ±ÐÏÕÓÄ ¶ ±Ä± ÒÈÊÕÍÞÔÄÔ Ó±ÍÈËÆÄÏËà ÈÐ
ÅбÐÆÐÌÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔËÓÐÓÏÐÆÄÏËÈÎËÔ Ç
qÈÒÈÌÇÈÎ ± ÔÐÙÏÝÎ ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËÃÎ cÕÇÈÎÐÆÐÒËÔÞ ÙÔÐÕ
ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË6 ^U UXYXY∈ '`ÈȱÒÄÌÓÎÑ ÃÆ
ÍÃÈÔÓÃ ±ÒËÆÐÌ ÈÓÍË ÒÄÏËØÄ ∂' ÐÅÍÄÓÔË ' ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃ ±ÒËÆÐÌ
ÔÐÙÏÈÈÏÐÓËÔÈÍÈαÒËÆÐÌ∂' ^XWYWDPWPE`dßÔÐÎ
ÓÍÕÙÄÈ ±ÒÄÌ ∂6 ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË 6 ÎÐÉÏÐ ÔıÉÈ ÒÄÓÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄÔÞ
±Ä±±ÒËÆÕà∂6 ^UXWYWDPWPE`
pÑÒÈÇÈÍËÎ ÐÑÈÒÄØËà Ó±ÍÈËÆÄÏËà ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÈÌ ÇÍà ÑÐ
ÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÈ̱ÒÄñÐÔÐÒÝ×ÃÆÍÃàÔÓñÒËÆÝÎË
qÕÓÔÞÊÄÇÄÏÝÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË6L ^ULXLYLXLYL∈ ' L `±ÒÄÃ
∂6L ±ÐÔÐÒÝ× ÓÕÔÞ ±ÒËÆÝÈ Ô È ÒÄÏËØÝ ∂'L ÐÅÍÄÓÔÈÌ 'L ÃÆ
ÍÃàÔÓñÒËÆÝÎË
XL XLWLYL YLWLDLPWLPELL P
tÐÇÄ ±ÒÄà ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÈÌ ∂6L ÅÕÇÕÔ ÑÒÈÇÓÔÄÆÍÃÔÞ ÓÐÅÐÌ
±ÒËÆÝÈΓL ^ULXLWLYLWLDLPWLPEL`qÕÓÔÞÇÍÃÏȱÐÔÐÒÝ×
ÑÄÒ L M L M P L M ÊÄÇÄÏÐ ±ÐÏÈÙÏÐÈ ÙËÓÍÐ ÐÔ
ÒÈʱÐÆ>D LMN E LMN@µ>DLEL@ D LMN P E LMNËÐÔÒÈʱÐÆ>D MLN E MLN @µ>DMEM@
D MLN P E MLN N QLM QML ÑÒËÙÈÎ ±Ä± ÐÔÒÈÊ±Ë >D LMN E LMN@
Ôı Ë ÐÔÒÈÊ±Ë >D MLN E MLN @ ÑÐÑÄÒÏÐ ÏÈ ËÎÈàÔ ÐÅÛË× ÆÏÕÔÒÈÏÏË×
ÔÐÙȱÄÔıÉÈÐÎÈÐÎÐÒÖËÊÎÝ ϕ LMN >D LMN E LMN @→ >D MLN E MLN@ÏÄÊÝ
ÆÄÈÎÝÈ Ô²ÎÉÌÇÅáÜÌÏÌ ÑÏÉÑÏÑÓ×ÌËÏÅÏÌ qÒË ßÔÐÎ ÇÍà Íà
ÅÐÐWL∈ >D LMN E LMN@ËÎÈÈÔÎÈÓÔЫӱÍÈËÆÄÏËȬ
ULXLWLYLWL UMXMϕ LMN WLYMϕ LMN WL
pÅÐÊÏÄÙËÎÙÈÒÈÊ Γ LMN ±ÒËÆÕàÓÑÒÈÇÓÔÄÆÍÈÏËÈÎ
ULXLWLYLWLWL∈>D LMN E LMN@
lÒËÆÝÈ Γ LMN ÏÄÊÝÆÄàÔÓà ²ÓÌÇÞÏÌ Ô²ÎÉÍ²Ì ËÍË ²ÓÌÇÞÏÌ
ÒÑ ²ÑÕÑÓÞÏ ÒÓÑÌËÇÑÈÌÕÔÄ Ô²ÎÉÌÇÅÐÌÉ
pÙÈÆËÇÏÐÙÔÐÆÓËÍÕÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÈ
U UMXMWMYMWMWM∈>D MLNE MLN @
ÔıÉÈÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃÑÒÈÇÓÔÄÆÍÈÏËÈαÒËÆÐÌ Γ LMN ËÅÐÐÎÈÐÎÐÒÖËÊ
ÎÝ ϕ LMN ÑÒÈÇÓÔÄÆÍÃàÔ ÓÐÅÐÌ ÇÐÑÕÓÔËÎÐÈ ÑÒÈÐÅÒÄÊÐÆÄÏËÈ ÑÄÒÄ
ÎÈÔÒÄÇÍñÒËÆÐÌΓ LMN
cÕÇÈÎÑÒÈÇÑÐÍÄÄÔÞ±ÒÐÎÈÔÐÐÙÔÐÑÒËM ′ MÐÔÒÈʱË
>D LMO E LMN @Ë>D LM′
N E O @N Q O Q
LM′ LM ML′
ÔıÉÈ ÏÈ ËÎÈàÔ ÐÅÛË× ÆÏÕÔÒÈÏÏË× ÔÐÙȱ ÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐ
±ÄÉÇÝÌ ±ÐÏÈØ ÐÔÒÈ汀 >D LMN E LMN @ ÎÐÉÈÔ ÑÒËÏÄÇÍÈÉÄÔÞ ÈÛÈ ÏÈ
ÅÐÍÈÈÙÈÎÐÇÏÐÎÕÐÔÒÈʱÕ>D LM′ O E O @ÔÐÕÓÍÐÆËÈÐÊÏÄÙÄÈÔÙÔÐ
LM′
±ÄÉÇÄñÒËÆÄÃÓ±ÍÈÌ±Ë Γ LMN ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃÙÄÓÔÞàÔÐÍÞ±ÐÇÆÕ×±ÒË
ÆÝ×ΓLËΓMÐÅÒÄÊÕàÛË×±ÒÄÃÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÈÌ6LË6M
qÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË 6L Ë 6M ÏÄÊÝÆÄàÔÓà ÓÐÓÈÇÏËÎË ÈÓÍË ÐÏË
Ó±ÍÈËÆÄàÔÓà ÑÐ ±ÒÄÌÏÈÌ ÎÈÒÈ ÑÐ ÐÇÏÐÌ ±ÒËÆÐÌ Γ LMN sËÓÔÈÎÄ
ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÈÌ 6 6P ÏÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÓà ÔÇÄËÐÑÍ ÈÓÍË ÇÍà Íà
ÅÝ× ÈÈ ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÈÌ 6S Ë 6T ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕàÔ ÔıËÈ ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË
6 L 6 L 6 L ÙÔÐ 6 L 6S 6 L 6T˱ÄÉÇÄÃÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÞ 6 L
U U ν
ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓà ÓÐÓÈÇÏÈÌ Ó 6 L Ô È Ó±ÍÈÈÏÄ Ó ÏÈÌ ÑÐ ÐÇÏÐÌ ËÍË
ν
ÏÈÓ±ÐÍÞ±ËαÒËÆÝÎν U ´
°ÑÒÇÆÇÍÇÏÊÇ sÇÄËÐÅÄÔÌÔÕÉÏÅÒÑÇÉÓØÐÑÔÕÉÍ666P
ÐÅËÞÇÅÉÕÔÄ ÒÑÇÉÓØÐÑÔÕßá Ô²ÎÉÉÐÐÑÍ ÌË ÒÑÇÉÓØÐÑÔÕÉÍ
66PÌÑÆÑËÐÅÚÅÉÕÔÄ6 ^6L`
ÔÐ ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËÈ ÏÈÓÎÐÔÒÃ ÏÄ ÓÆÐà ÖÐÒÎÄÍÞÏÕà ÒÐÎÐÊÇ
±ÐÓÔÞ ËÎÈÈÔ ÐÙÈÆËÇÏÐ ÑÒÐÓÔÐÌ ÈÐÎÈÔÒËÙÈÓ±ËÌ ÓÎÝÓÍ pÅ
ÒÄÊÏÐ ÐÆÐÒà ӱÍÈÈÏÏÄà ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÞ 6 ^6L` ÑÒÈÇÓÔÄÆÍÃÈÔ
ÓÐÅÐÌÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË66PÕÏȱÐÔÐÒÝ×ÑÄÒ±ÐÔÐÒÝ×6L6M
ÐÔÐÉÇÈÓÔÆÍÈÏÝ Ó±ÍÈÈÏÝ ÔÐÙ±Ë ÍÈÉÄÛËÈ ÏÄ ±ÒËÆÝ× Γ LMN Ë
ÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÄàÛËÈÓà ÇÒÕ Æ ÇÒÕÄ ÑÒË ÐÎÈÐÎÐÒÖËÊÎÄ× ϕ LMN µ Æ
ßÔÐÎ Ë ÓÐÓÔÐËÔ ÕÓÍÐÆËÈ Ó±ÍÈËÆÄÏËà cÈÊÕÓÍÐÆÏÐ ±Ä±
ÐÔÎÈÙÄÍÐÓÞ ±ÒÐÎÈ ÔÐÐ ÑÒÈÇÑÐÍÄÄÈÔÓà ÙÔÐ ÐÔ ±ÄÉÇÐÌ ÑÐ
ÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË 6L ÎÐÉÏÐ ÙÈÒÈÊ ±ÐÏÈÙÏÐÈ ÙËÓÍÐ ÚÄÐÆ ÑÈÒÈÌÔË ±
ÍàÅÐÌÇÒÕÐÌÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË6MÑÈÒÈ×ÐÇñÄÉÇÝÌÒÄÊÓÏȱÐÔÐ
ÒÐÌÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔËÏÄÐÇÏÕËÊÓÐÓÈÇÏË×ÓÏÈÌ
gÓÍË6 ^6L`Ó±ÍÈÈÏÏÄÃÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÞÔÐÓÐÆбÕÑÏÐÓÔÞÆÓÈ×
ÇÕ ÃÆÍÃàÛË×Óà ÔıËÎË ÙÄÓÔÃÎË ±ÒËÆÝ× ∂6L ÙÔÐ Ï˱ıËÈ
ÔÐÙ±Ë ßÔË× ÙÄÓÔÈÌ ±ÒÐÎÈ ÅÝÔÞ ÎÐÉÈÔ ±ÐÏØÈÆÝ× ÏÈ Ó±ÍÈ
ËÆÄàÔÓÃÏËӱıËÎËÔÐÙ±ÄÎËÇÒÕË×±ÒËÆÝ×∂6LÏÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÓÃ
±ÒÄÈÎ∂6Ó±ÍÈÈÏÏÐÌÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË6
nÐÉÏÐ ÑбÄÊÄÔÞ ÙÔÐ ÐÅÜÈÇËÏÃà ÓÐÐÔÆÈÔÓÔÆÕàÛËÎ ÐÅÒÄ
ÊÐÎ Õ±ÄÊÄÏÏÝÈ ÙÄÓÔË ±ÒËÆÝ× ∂6L ÑÒËÏÄÇÍÈÉÄÛËÈ ±ÒÄà ÑÐ
ÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË 6 ^6L` ÎÐÉÏÐ ÑÐÍÕÙËÔÞ ±ÐÏÈÙÏÐÈ ÙËÓÍÐ ÊÄα
ÏÕÔÝ× ±ÒËÆÝ× ±ÐÏÔÕÒÐÆ jÏÄÙÈ ÐÆÐÒà ±ÒÄÌ Ó±ÍÈÈÏÏÐÌ
ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË ÓÐÓÔÐËÔ ËÊ ±ÐÏÈÙÏÐÐ ÙËÓÍÄ ÊÄαÏÕÔÝ× ±ÐÏ
ÔÕÒÐÆ
qÒËÎÈÒÐÎ Ó±ÍÈËÆÄÏËà ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÈÌ ÓÍÕÉËÔ Ó±ÍÈËÆÄÏËÈ
Æ ÓÖÈÒÕ [ \ ] ÇÆÕ× ÑÐÍÕÓÖÈÒ ] µ [ µ \ Ë
] ´ µ [ µ \ [\PÑÐË×±ÒÄàÔ ÈÑÐбÒÕÉÏÐÓÔË
[ \ ] iÄÇÄÆÄà ÕÒÄÆÏÈÏËÈ ßÔÐÌ Ð±ÒÕÉÏÐÓÔË Æ ÑÄ
ÒÄÎÈÔÒËÙÈÓ±ÐÎÆËÇÈ[ FRVW\ VLQW] PWPπƱÄ
ÙÈÓÔÆÈ Ó±ÍÈËÆÄàÛÈÐ ÐÎÈÐÎÐÒÖËÊÎÄ ϕ > π@ { > π@
ÎÐÉÏÐ ÆÊÃÔÞ ÔÐÉÇÈÓÔÆÈÏÏÐÈ ÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÈ ÐÔÒÈ汀 > π@ ÏÄ
ÓÈÅÃ
s ÑÐÎÐÛÞà Ó±ÍÈËÆÄÏËà ÍÄDZË× ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÈÌ ÎÐÉÏÐ ÐÑ
ÒÈÇÈÍËÔÞÑÐÏÃÔËȱÕÓÐÙÏÐÍÄDZÐÌÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË
°ÑÒÇÆÇÍÇÏÊÇ qÑÇÉÓØÐÑÔÕß6 ^6L`Ô²ÎÉÉÐÐÅÄÌËÎÅȲÌØ
ÒÑÇÉÓØÐÑÔÕÉÍ 6 6P ÐÅËÞÇÅÉÕÔÄ ²ÖÔÑÚÐÑÎÅȲÑÍ ÒÑ
ÇÉÓØÐÑÔÕßá
qÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÞ±ÒÕÐÆÐÐØËÍËÏÇÒÄÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÞÑÄÒÄÍÍÈÍÈ
ÑËÑÈÇÄ ÇÄàÔ ÑÒËÎÈÒÝ ±ÕÓÐÙÏÐÍÄDZË× ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÈÌ qÒÃ
ÎÐÌ ÉÈ ±ÒÕÐÆÐÌ ±ÐÏÕÓ ÏÈÍÞÊà ÒÄÊÅËÔÞ ÏÄ ±ÐÏÈÙÏÐÈ
ÙËÓÍÐÓ±ÍÈÈÏÏÝ×ÍÄDZË×ÙÄÓÔÈÌÑÐßÔÐÎÕÐÏÏÈÃÆÍÃÈÔÓñÕ
ÓÐÙÏÐÍÄDZÐÌÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÞàÆÓÎÝÓÍÈÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËÃnÐÉ
ÏÐÐÅÐÅÛËÔÞÐÑÈÒÄØËàÓ±ÍÈËÆÄÏËÃÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÈÌÔıËÎÐÅÒÄ
ÊÐÎ ÙÔÐ ÑÒË ÖÐÒÎÄÍÞÏÐÎ ÓÐ×ÒÄÏÈÏËË ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËà ±ÕÓÐÙ
ÏÐÍÄDZË× ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÈÌ ÇÍà ÔıÐÌ ÐÅÐÅÛÈÏÏÐÌ ÐÑÈÒÄØËË
Ó±ÍÈËÆÄÏËÃ Æ ±ÍÄÓÓ ±ÕÓÐÙÏÐÍÄDZË× ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÈÌ ÑÐÑÄÇÕÔ
ÕÉÈ˱ÐÏËÙÈÓ±ËÈÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔËnÝÏÈÅÕÇÈÎÏÄßÔÐÎÐÓÔÄÏÄÆ
ÍËÆÄÔÞÓÃËÑÒÈÇÐÓÔÄÆËÎÑÒÐÇÈÍÄÔÞßÔÐÆÓÍÕÙÄÈÏÈÐÅ×ÐÇËÎÐÓ
ÔËÓÄÎÐÎÕÙËÔÄÔÈÍà
qÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÞ Ó±ÍÈÈÏÏÄà ËÊ ±ÐÏÈÙÏÐÐ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ ÍÄDZË×
ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÈÌÆÚËÒбÐÎÓÎÝÓÍÈÓÎÑ ÏÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÓòÖ
ÔÑÚÐÑÎÅȲÑÍÇÛÌÓѲÑÏ ÔÏÞÔÎÉ
°ÒÊÇÏÔÊÒÕÇÎÝÇ
ÊÏÇÐÒÊÇÏÔÊÒÕÇÎÝÇÑÐÄÇÒ×ÏÐÓÔÊ
pÑÒÈÇÈÍËÎÑÐÏÃÔËÈÐÒËÈÏÔÄØËËÇÍÃÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÈÌÓ±ÍÈÈÏÏÝ×
ËÊÑÄÒÄÎÈÔÒËÙÈÓ±ËÊÄÇÄÏÏÝ×ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÈÌ
pÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËÈÐÒËÈÏÔÄØËËÓÑÐÎÐÛÞàÆÝÅÐÒÄÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÌ
ÈÇËÏËÙÏÐÌ ÏÐÒÎÄÍË ÏÄ ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË Æ ÓÍÕÙÄÈ ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË
Ó±ÍÈÈÏÏÐÌ ËÊ ÑÄÒÄÎÈÔÒËÙÈÓ±Ë ÊÄÇÄÏÏÝ× ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÈÌ Ð±Ä
ÊÝÆÄÈÔÓÃÏÈÇÐÓÔÄÔÐÙÏÝÎÇÄÉÈÑÒËÐÔÓÕÔÓÔÆË˱ÒÄÔÏÝ×ÔÐÙȱ
ËÑÐÏËÎÄÏËËÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÓÔËÏÐÒÎÄÍ˱ıÈÈÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÌÊÄ
ÆËÓËÎÐÓÔË ÐÔ ÔÐÙȱ ÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÄ Ä ÏÈ ÑÄÒÄÎÈÔÒÐÆ Ó±ÍÈËÆÄÈ
ÎÝ× ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÈÌ ÔÐ ÓÆÃÊÄÏÐ Ó ÆÐÊÎÐÉÏÝÎ ÏÄÒÕÚÈÏËÈÎ
ÍÄDZÐÓÔË ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË ÏÄ ±ÒËÆÝ× ÑÐ ±ÐÔÐÒÝÎ ÑÒÐËÓ×ÐÇËÔ
Ó±ÍÈËÆÄÏËÈ
oÄÑÒËÎÈÒ ÙÄÓÔÞ ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË ÇÆÕÒÄÏÏÐÐ ÕÍÄ ËÊÐÅÒÄ
ÉÈÏÏÕàÏÄÒËÓ ÎÐÉÏÐÒÄÓÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄÔޱıÒÈÊÕÍÞÔÄÔÓ±ÍÈ
ËÆÄÏËà ÇÆÕ× ÑÒÃÎÐÕÐÍÞÏ˱ÐÆ gÓÍË ÓÔÒÈÎËÔÞÓà ÑÐ ÒÄÊÏÝÎ
ÒÄÏÃαÐÇÏÐÌËÔÐÌÉÈÔÐÙ±ÈÏÄÒÈÅÒÈßÔÐÐÕÍÄÔÐÑÒÈÇÈ
ÍÝÓÐÐÔÆÈÔÓÔÆÕàÛË×ÈÇËÏËÙÏÝ×ÏÐÒÎÄÍÈÌÑÐÍÕÙÄÔÓÃÒÄÊÏÝÈ
fÒÕËÎ ÑÒËÎÈÒÐÎ ±ÕÓÐÙÏÐÍÄDZÐÌ ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË ÏÈ ÃÆÍÃà
ÛÈÌÓà ÍÄDZÐÌ ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓà ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÞ ±ÕÅÄ ÑÐÍÕÙÄàÛÄÃÓÃ
ÐÙÈÆËÇÏÐÓ±ÍÈ̱ÐÌ ÈÐ ÒÄÏÈÌ ÍÄDZË× ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÈÌ ÑÐË×
ÒÈÅÒÄÎ ÓÏÐ ÙÔÐ ÏÄ ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË ±ÕÅÄ ÏÈÔ ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÌ
ÈÇËÏËÙÏÐÌ ÏÐÒÎÄÍË Æ ÔÐÙ±Ä× ÒÈÅÈÒ ÐÏÄ ÇÄÉÈ ÏÈ ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔ
oËÉÈ ÅÕÇÈÔ ÇÄÏÐ ÔıÐÈ ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËÈ ÐÒËÈÏÔËÒÕÈÎÐÌ ÑÐÆÈÒ×
ÏÐÓÔË ÑÒË ±ÐÔÐÒÐÎ Õ±ÄÊÄÏÏÝÈ ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË ÃÆÍÃàÔÓà ÐÒËÈÏ
ÔËÒÕÈÎÝÎË
pÔÎÈÔËÎÙÔÐÑÒËÓ±ÍÈËÆÄÏËËÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÈÌÇÄÉÈ«ÍÄDZËÎ
ÐÅÒÄÊÐάÔȱÐÇÄÇÍÃÍàÅÐ̱ÒËÆÐÌÑбÐÔÐÒÐÌÑÒÐËÊÆÈÇÈ
ÏÐÓ±ÍÈËÆÄÏËÈƱÄÉÇÐÌÈÈÔÐÙ±ÈÎÐÉÏÐÔıÆÝÅÒÄÔÞÈÇËÏËÙ
ÏÕà ÏÐÒÎÄÍÞ ÙÔÐ ÐÏÄ ÅÕÇÈÔ ÑÒÈÇÈÍÐÎ ÓÐÐÔÆÈÔÓÔÆÕàÛËÎ ÐÅÒÄ
ÊÐÎÆÝÅÒÄÏÏÝ×ÆбÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔËßÔÐÌÔÐÙ±ËÈÇËÏËÙÏÝ×ÏÐÒÎÄÍÈÌ
ÇÆÕ×Ó±ÍÈËÆÄàÛË×ÓÃÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÈÌÕÓ±ÍÈÈÏÏÝ×ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÈÌ
ÎÐÕÔÆÐÊÏ˱ÏÕÔÞ±ÄÙÈÓÔÆÈÏÏÐÏÐÆÝÈÐÓÐÅÈÏÏÐÓÔËÆÐÔÍËÙËÈÐÔ
ÑÄÒÄÎÈÔÒËÙÈÓ±ËÊÄÇÄÏÏÝ×ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÈÌÆßÔÐÎÓÍÕÙÄÈÏÈÆÓÈ
ÇÄ ÏÄ ÆÓÈÌ ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË ÎÐÉÏÐ ÆÝÅÒÄÔÞ ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÕà ÈÇËÏËÙ
ÏÕà ÏÐÒÎÄÍÞ qÒËÎÈÒÐÎ ÔıÐÌ ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓà Ôı ÏÄ
ÊÝÆÄÈÎÝÌÍËÓÔnÂÅËÕÓÄ
gÐ ÎÐÉÏÐ ÑÐÍÕÙËÔÞ ÆÊÃÆ ÑÒÃÎÐÕÐÍÞÏÕà ÑÐÍÐÓ±Õ ÅÕÎÄ
Ë$%&'ÐÇËÏÒÄÊÑÈÒȱÒÕÔËÆÈÈÆбÒÕÐÓËÓËÎÎÈÔÒËË01
ÑÄÒÄÍÍÈÍÞÏÐÌ ÓÔÐÒÐÏÄÎ %& Ë $' Ë Ó±ÍÈËÆ ÒÈÅÒÐ $% Ó &'
% ( &
0 1
$ ) '
(
)
$
&
%
'
rËÓ
ÒËÓ qÒÄÆÇÄÑÒËÔıÐÎÓÑÐÓÐÅÈÐÅÒÄÊÐÆÄÏËÃÍËÓÔnÂÅË
ÕÓÄÑÐÍÕÙÄÈÔÓÃÆÒÈÊÕÍÞÔÄÔÈÓ±ÍÈËÆÄÏËÃÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔËÓÄÎÐÌÓ
ÓÐÅÐÌpÇÏıÐÏÈÔÒÕÇÏÐÑÐÍÕÙËÔÞÈÐËÓ±ÍÈËÆÄÏËÈÎÐÑËÓÄÏ
ÏÝÎÆÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËËÇÆÕ×ÑÒÃÎÐÕÐÍÞÏ˱ÐÆ$%()Ë)(&'
pÇÏÐÌËÊ×ÄÒıÔÈÒÏÝ×ÐÓÐÅÈÏÏÐÓÔÈÌÍËÓÔÄnÂÅËÕÓÄÃÆÍÃÈÔ
ÓÃÔÐÙÔÐÕÏÈÐËÎÈÈÔÓÃÍËÚÞÐÇÏÄ«ÓÔÐÒÐÏĬÈÐÏÈÆÐÊÎÐÉ
ÏбıÏÄÑÒËÎÈÒÅбÐÆÕàÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÞØËÍËÏÇÒÄÑбÒÄÓËÔÞ
Ó±ÄÉÈÎ Ó ÐÇÏÐÌ ÓÔÐÒÐÏÝ ±ÒÄÓÏÐÌ Ä Ó ÇÒÕÐÌ ¶ ÓËÏÈÌ ±ÒÄ
Ó±ÐÌlÒÐÎÈÔÐÐÏÄÍËÓÔÈnÂÅËÕÓÄÏÈÍÞÊÃÆÝÅÒÄÔÞÈÇËÏËÙÏÕà
ÏÐÒÎÄÍÞ ±ÐÔÐÒÄà ÃÆÍÃÍÄÓÞ ÅÝ ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÌ ÖÕϱØËÈÌ ÔÐÙ±Ë
ÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÄ
dÓÈ ÑÒËÆÈÇÈÏÏÝÈ ÓÐÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÃ ÇÈÍÄàÔ ÈÓÔÈÓÔÆÈÏÏÝÎ ÑÐ
ÑÝÔÄÔÞÓà ÇÄÔÞ ÔıÐÈ ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËÈ ÐÒËÈÏÔÄØËË ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË
ÇÍà ±ÐÔÐÒÐÐ ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË ÏÄÑÒËÎÈÒ ÔËÑÄ ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË ÑÄ
ÒÄÍÍÈÍÈÑËÑÈÇÄбÄÊÄÍËÓÞÅÝÐÒËÈÏÔËÒÐÆÄÏÏÝÎËÄÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐ
ÓÔËÔËÑÄÍËÓÔÄnÂÅËÕÓÄ ¶ÏÈÐÒËÈÏÔËÒÐÆÄÏÏÝÎË
pÅÒÄÔËÎÆÏËÎÄÏËÈÏÄÔÐÙÔÐÍËÓÔnÂÅËÕÓÄÎÐÉÈÔÃÆÍÃÔÞ
Óà ÏÐÓËÔÈÍÈÎ ÑÄÒÄÎÈÔÒËÙÈÓ±Ë ÊÄÇÄÏÏÐÌ ÍÄDZÐÌ ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË
Ó ±ÒÄÔÏÝÎË ÔÐÙ±ÄÎË Ë ßÔÄ ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÞ ±Ä± ÆÓñÄà ÍÄDZÄÃ
ÑÄÒÄÎÈÔÒËÙÈÓ±Ë ÊÄÇÄÏÏÄà ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÞ ÅÕÇÈÔ ÐÒËÈÏÔËÒÐÆÄÏ
ÏÐÌËÎÈÃƱÒÄÔÏÝ×ÔÐÙ±Ä×ÓÆÐÈÐÏÐÓËÔÈÍÃÑÐÇÆÈÏÐÒÎÄÍË
ÔÐ ±ÐÏÈÙÏÐ ÏÈ ËÎÈÈÔ Ï˱ıÐÐ ÐÔÏÐÚÈÏËà ± ÏÈÐÒËÈÏÔËÒÕ
ÈÎÐÓÔËÓÄÎÐÐÍËÓÔÄnÂÅËÕÓÄ
¦ÒÕÅÐËÑÐÆ×ÐÆ
ÌÑÐÏáÔÊàÐÒÊÇÏÔÂØÊÊÑÐÄÇÒ×ÏÐÓÔÊ
pÑËÚÈÎ ÇÒÕÐÌ ÑÐÇ×ÐÇ ± ÑÐÏÃÔËà ÐÒËÈÏÔÄØËË ÐÓÏÐÆÄÏÏÝÌ
ÏÄÓ±ÍÈËÆÄÏËËÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÈ̱ÒÄñÐÔÐÒÝ×ÓÕÔÞ±ÒËÆÝÈ
qÕÓÔÞ 6 ^U UX Y X Y∈ '` ¶ ÍÄDZÄà ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÞ
±ÒÄÈαÐÔÐÒÐÌÃÆÍÃÈÔÓñÒËÆÄÃqÐÍÐÉËÔÈÍÞÏÄÃÐÒËÈÏÔÄØËÃ
±ÒËÆÐÌ∂' ^XWYWDPWPE`Ô ÈÐÒËÈÏÔÄØËÃÑÒÐÔËÆÙÄ
ÓÐÆÐÌ ÓÔÒÈÍ±Ë ÏÄ ÑÍÐÓ±ÐÓÔË X Y Ó ÑÒÄÆÐÌ ÓËÓÔÈÎÐÌ ±ÐÐÒÇË
ÏÄÔ Æ ÓËÍÕ ÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÃ UXW YW D P W P E ÑÐÒÐÉÇÄÈÔ
ÆÑÐÍÏÈ ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏÏÕà ÐÒËÈÏÔÄØËà ±ÒÄà ∂6 ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË 6
ÔÄ ÐÒËÈÏÔÄØËà ±ÒÄà ∂6 ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË 6 ÏÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÓà ÓÐÍÄÓÐ
ÆÄÏÏÐÌÓÐÒËÈÏÔÄØËÈÌ
UX × UY
Q
UX × UY
ÓÎÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËÈÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË6
gÓÔÈÓÔÆÈÏÏÐÓÔÞ ßÔÐÐ ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËÃ ÎÐÉÏÐ ÑÐÃÓÏËÔÞ ÓÍÈ
ÇÕàÛËÎ ÐÅÒÄÊÐÎ rÄÓÓÎÐÔÒËÎ ÃÆÏÐ ÊÄÇÄÏÏÕà ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÞ
6] I[\[\∈ ' fÍÃÏÈÈÓÎ
[ I \ I
Q ±
´
I\ I\
I [ I \ I [ I \
sÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐFRV QN
!Ô ÈÆȱÔÐÒÏÐÒÎÄÍËQ
I [ I \
ÐÅÒÄÊÕÈÔÓÐÓÞà2]ÐÓÔÒÝÌÕÐÍËÑÐßÔÐÎÕÓÐÍÄÓÐÆÄÏÓÑÐÍÐ
ÉËÔÈÍÞÏÐÌ ÐÒËÈÏÔÄØËÈÌ ±ÒÄà ∂6 ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË 6 ÑÐ ÑÒÄÆËÍÕ
ÚÔÐÑÐÒÄ ÐÒËÈÏÔÄØËà ±ÐÏÔÕÒÄ ∂6 ÓÐÐÔÆÈÔÓÔÆÕÈÔ ÏÄÑÒÄÆÍÈÏËà
ÆÒÄÛÈÏËÃÒÕÙ±ËÚÔÐÑÐÒÄÄÏÄÑÒÄÆÍÈÏËÈÏÐÒÎÄÍËQ ¶ÇÆËÉÈ
ÏËàÓÄÎÐÐÚÔÐÑÐÒÄ
pÙÈÆËÇÏÐ ÙÔÐ ÈÓÍË ÐÒËÈÏÔÄØËÃ Q ÒÄÓÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄÈÎÐÌ ÍÄÇ
±ÐÌ ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË 6 ÓÐÍÄÓÐÆÄÏÄ Ó ÐÒËÈÏÔÄØËÈÌ ÈÈ ±ÒÄà ∂6 ÔÐ
ÐÒËÈÏÔÄØËÃ ´Q ÓÐÍÄÓÐÆÄÏÄ Ó ÑÒÐÔËÆÐÑÐÍÐÉÏÐÌ ÐÒËÈÏÔÄØËÈÌ
±ÒËÆÐÌ∂6tıËÎÐÅÒÄÊÐÎÊÄÇÄÏËÈÐÒËÈÏÔÄØËËQÍÄDZÐÌÑÐ
ÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË ÒÄÆÏÐÓËÍÞÏÐ ÊÄÇÄÏËà ÐÒËÈÏÔÄØËË ±ÒËÆÐÌ ∂6 ÃÆ
ÍÃàÛÈÌÓÃÈȱÒÄÈÎqÐßÔÐÎÕÐÒËÈÏÔËÒÐÆÄÏÏÝ̱ÒÄÌ∂6ÍÄÇ
±ÐÌÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË6ÅÕÇÈÎÔıÉȱıËÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÕàÈÇËÏËÙ
ÏÕàÏÐÒÎÄÍÞQÏÄÊÝÆÄÔÞÑÓÌÉÐÕÅÙÌÉÍ ÒÑÇÉÓØÐÑÔÕÌ6
fÄÏÏÐÈ ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËÈ ÏÄÍÃÇÏÐ Ë ÕÇÐÅÏÐ ÇÍà ±ÐϱÒÈÔÏÝ×
ÑÒËÍÐÉÈÏËÌ gÐ ÎÄÔÈÎÄÔËÙÈÓ±Äà ÓÕÛÏÐÓÔÞ ÓÐÓÔÐËÔ Æ ÔÐÎ
ÙÔÐ ÐÒËÈÏÔÄØËà ±ÒÄà ÍÄDZÐÌ ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓà ÓÐÍÄÓÐ
ÆÄÏÏÐÌÓÈÈÐÒËÈÏÔÄØËÈÌÈÓÍËÔÒÐ̱ÄÆȱÔÐÒÐƱÄÓÄÔÈÍÞÏÝÌ
ÆȱÔÐÒ ± ±ÒÄà ±ÐÔÐÒÝÌ ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓà ±ÒËÆÐÌ ÏÐÒÎÄÍÞÏÝÌ ± ÏÈ
ÎÕÆȱÔÐÒÏÄÑÒÄÆÍÈÏÏÝÌÆÓÔÐÒÐÏÕÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔËßÔÐÑÐÏÃÔËÈ
ÏÈÔÒÕÇÏÐ ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍËÔÞ Ë ÆȱÔÐÒ ÊÄÇÄàÛËÌ ÐÒËÈÏÔÄØËà ÑÐ
ÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔËÔÈÈÇËÏËÙÏÄÃÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÄÃÏÄÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔËÏÐÒ
ÎÄÍÞ Æ ÔÐÙ±Ä× ±ÒÄà ÐÒËÈÏÔËÒÐÆÄÏÝ Ôı ÉÈ ±Ä± ±ÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔ
ÏÝÌ ÒÈÑÈÒ Æ ÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÈ Ô È ÑÒÈÐÅÒÄÊÕàÔÓÃ Æ ÏÈÐ ÎÄÔÒË
ØÈÌÓÑÐÍÐÉËÔÈÍÞÏÝÎÐÑÒÈÇÈÍËÔÈÍÈÎ
fÍÃÑÒÐËÊÆÐÍÞÏÐÌÑÄÒÄÎÈÔÒËÙÈÓ±ËÊÄÇÄÏÏÐÌÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË
Ô ÈÅÈÊÑÒÈÇÑÐÍÐÉÈÏËÃбıÐÌÍËÅÐÈÈÍÄDZÐÓÔ˱ÒÄÈαÐ
ÔÐÒÐÌ ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓà ±ÐÏÔÕÒ ÈÐ ÐÒËÈÏÔÄØËà ÑÒËÎÈÎ ÊÄ ËÓ×ÐÇÏÐÈ
ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËÈÐÒËÈÏÔÄØËËÓÄÎÐÌÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË
qÕÓÔÞ6Ë6µÇÆÈÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔËÕ±ÐÔÐÒÝ×±ÒÄõ±ÒË
ÆÝÈ Ë ÑÕÓÔÞ ßÔË ÇÆÈ ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË Ó±ÍÈÈÏÝ Æ ÓÎÝÓÍÈ ÐÑÒÈÇÈ
ÍÈÏËÃ ÑÐ ±ÒËÆÝÎ γ γP ÃÆÍÃàÛËÎÓÃ ÙÄÓÔÃÎË ±ÒÄÈÆ
ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÈÌ 6 Ë 6 pÒËÈÏÔÄØËË ∂6 Ë ∂6 ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÈÌ 6
Ë 6 ÏÄÊÝÆÄàÔÓà ÔÑÎÅÔÑÇÅÐÐÞÏÌ ÈÓÍË ±ÄÉÇÄà ËÊ ÏË× ÑÐ
ÒÐÉÇÄÈÔ ÏÄ Ó±ÍÈËÆÄàÛË×Óà ±ÒËÆÝ× γ γP ÑÒÐÔËÆÐÑÐ
ÍÐÉÏÝÈÐÒËÈÏÔÄØËË
°ÑÒÇÆÇÍÇÏÊÇ qÑÇÉÓØÐÑÔÕß6Ô²ÎÉÉÐÐÅÄÌËÒÑÇÉÓØÐÑÔÕÉÍ
66PÐÅËÞÇÅÉÕÔÄÑÓÌÉÐÕÌÓÖÉÏÑÍÉÔÎÌÔÖÜÉÔÕÇÖáÕÕÅ
²ÌÉ ÑÓÌÉÐÕÅÙÌÌ∂6∂6P²ÓÅÉÇ ÒÑÇÉÓØÐÑÔÕÉÍ66P
ÚÕÑÈÎÄÎáÆÞØÔÑÔÉÈÐÌØÒÑÇÉÓØÐÑÔÕÉÍ6LÌ6MÌØÑÓÌÉÐÕÅÙÌÌ
∂6LÌ∂6MÔÑÎÅÔÑÇÅÐÞ
sÐÆбÕÑÏÐÓÔÞÔıË×ÐÒËÈÏÔÄØËÌÈÓÍËÐÏÄÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔÏÄ
ÊÝÆÄÈÔÓÃÑÓÌÉÐÕÅÙÌÉÍ ÒÑÇÉÓØÐÑÔÕÌ6
gÓÍË Õ±ÄÊÄÏÏÐÌ ÓÐÆбÕÑÏÐÓÔË ÐÒËÈÏÔÄØËÌ ±ÒÄÈÆ ∂6L
ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÈÌ 6L L P ÏÈ ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔ ÔÐ ÑÐÆÈÒ×
ÏÐÓÔÞ6ÏÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÓÃÐÉÑÓÌÉÐÕÌÓÖÉÏÑÍ
gÓÍËÐÒËÈÏÔÄØË˱ÒÄÈÆ∂6∂6PÃÆÍÃàÔÓÃÐÒËÈÏÔÄØË
ÈÌ ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË 6 ^6L` ÔÐ ÓÐÆбÕÑÏÐÓÔÞ ÑÒÐÔËÆÐÑÐÍÐÉÏÝ×
Ë× ÐÒËÈÏÔÄØËÌ ÔıÉÈ ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓà ÐÒËÈÏÔÄØËÈÌ ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË 6
ÏÄÊÝÆÄÈÎÐÌÒÓÑÕÌÇÑÒÑÎÑÊÐÑÍ ÈÅÐÐÑÍ
nÐÉÏÐÑбÄÊÄÔÞÙÔÐÈÓÍËÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÞ6ÐÒËÈÏÔËÒÕÈÎÄÔÐ
Ï˱ıË× ÇÒÕË× ÐÒËÈÏÔÄØËÌ ±ÒÐÎÈ ÇÆÕ× Õ±ÄÊÄÏÏÝ× Õ ÏÈÈ
ÏÈÔpÇÏÄËÊßÔË×ÇÆÕ×ÐÒËÈÏÔÄØËÌÑÒÐËÊÆÐÍÞÏбıÄÃÐÅÝÙ
ÏÐÏÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÓÃÑÐÍÐÉËÔÈÍÞÏÐÌÄÇÒÕÄõÐÔÒËØÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÌ
bÏÄÍÐËÙÏÐ ÒÄÏÈÈ ÒÄÓÓÎÐÔÒÈÏÏÐÎÕ Æ Ñ ÓÍÕÙÄà ÐÒË
ÈÏÔËÒÕÈÎÄà ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÞ Õ ±ÐÔÐÒÐÌ Ö˱ÓËÒÐÆÄÏÄ ÐÇÏÄ ËÊ ÈÈ
ÐÒËÈÏÔÄØËÌ ÏÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÓÃ ÑÓÌÉÐÕÌÓÑÇÅÐÐÑÍ qÒË ßÔÐÎ ÔÄ ËÊ
ÐÒËÈÏÔËÒÐÆÄÏÏÝ×ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÈÌÐÒËÈÏÔÄØËñÐÔÐÒÐÌÏÄÊÆÄÏÄ
ÑÐÍÐÉËÔÈÍÞÏÐÌ ÐÅÐÊÏÄÙÄÈÔÓÃ 6 Ä ÑÒÐÔËÆÐÑÐÍÐÉÏÐ ÐÒËÈÏ
ÔËÒÐÆÄÏÏÄÃ ¶6µ
lÒÄÌ ÐÒËÈÏÔËÒÐÆÄÏÏÐÌ Ó±ÍÈÈÏÏÐÌ ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË 6 ^6L`
±Ä± ±ÒÄÌ ÆÓñÐÌ Ó±ÍÈÈÏÏÐÌ ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË ÓÐÓÔÐËÔ ÓÐÍÄÓÏÐ
Ó±ÄÊÄÏÏÐÎÕ ÆÝÚÈ ËÊ ±ÐÏÈÙÏÐÐ ÙËÓÍÄ ÊÄαÏÕÔÝ× ±ÐÏÔÕÒÐÆ
lÄÉÇÝÌ ËÊ ßÔË× ±ÐÏÔÕÒÐÆ Æ ÓÆÐà ÐÙÈÒÈÇÞ ÑÒÈÇÓÔÄÆÍÃÈÔ ÓÐ
ÅÐÌ ÐÅÜÈÇËÏÈÏËÈ ±ÐÏÈÙÏÐÐ ÙËÓÍÄ ±ÒËÆÝ× ±ÄÉÇÄà ËÊ ±ÐÔÐ
ÒÝ×ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃÙÄÓÔÞàÐÇÏÐÐËʱÐÏÔÕÒÐÆ∂6LÄËÎÈÏÏÐÔıÐÌ
ÙÄÓÔÞà ÙÔÐ ÆÓÈ ÈÈ ÔÐÙ±Ë ±ÒÐÎÈ ÅÝÔÞ ÎÐÉÈÔ ±ÐÏØÈÆÝ× ÏÈ
Ó±ÍÈËÆÄàÔÓÃ Ó ÔÐÙ±ÄÎË ÇÒÕË× ±ÒÄÈÆ ∂6M qÐßÔÐÎÕ ÊÄÇÄÏÏÄÃ
ÓÐÍÄÓÐÆÄÏÏÄà ÐÒËÈÏÔÄØËÃÓ±ÍÈÈÏÏÐÌÐÒËÈÏÔËÒÕÈÎÐÌ ÑÐÆÈÒ×
ÏÐÓÔË 6 ^6L` ÑÐÒÐÉÇÄÈÔ ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏÏÝÈ ÐÒËÈÏÔÄØËË Ô È ÑÐ
ÒÃDZËÔÐÙȱÏÄÕ±ÄÊÄÏÏÝ×±ÒËÆÝ×nÐÉÏÐÑбÄÊÄÔÞÙÔÐßÔË
ÐÒËÈÏÔÄØËËÆÎÈÓÔÈÆÊÃÔÝÈÓÐÓÔÄÆÍÃàÔÐÒËÈÏÔÄØËËÆÓÈ×±ÐÏ
ÔÕÒÐÆ Æ×ÐÇÃÛË× Æ ±ÒÄÌ ∂6 Ó±ÍÈÈÏÏÐÌ ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË 6 sÐÆÐ
±ÕÑÏÐÓÔÞ ßÔË× ÐÒËÈÏÔÄØËÌ ±ÐÏÔÕÒÐÆ ÓÐÓÔÄÆÍÃàÛË× ±ÒÄÌ ∂6
ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË 6 ÏÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÓà ÑÓÌÉÐÕÅÙÌÉÍ ßÔÐÐ ²ÓÅÄ ÑÐÒÐÉ
ÇÈÏÏÐÌÊÄÇÄÏÏÐÌÐÒËÈÏÔÄØËÈÌÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË6ËÍËÙÔÐÔÐÉÈ
ÓÐÍÄÓÐÆÄÏÏÐÌÓÏÈÌ
pÅÒÄÔËÎ ÆÏËÎÄÏËÈ ÏÄ ÔÐ ÙÔÐ ±Ä± Æ ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËË Ó±ÍÈËÆÄ
ÏËÃÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÈÌÆÑÔıËÆÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËËÐÒËÈÏÔÄ
ØËËÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔËÏÈÑÒÈÇÑÐÍÄÄÍÐÓÞÇÄÉÈÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÕÈÎÐÓ
ÔË Ó±ÍÈËÆÄÈÎÝ× ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÈÌ 6 6P qÐßÔÐÎÕ ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈ
ÏËÈ ÐÒËÈÏÔËÒÕÈÎÐÓÔË ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË ÎÐÉÏÐ ËÓÑÐÍÞÊÐÆÄÔÞ Ë
ÇÍà ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÈÌ Ó±ÍÈÈÏÏÝ× ËÊ ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÈÌ ÅÈÊ ±Ä±Ë×ÍË
ÅÐ ÑÒÈÇÑÐÍÐÉÈÏËÌ ÐÅ Ë× ÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÄÍÞÏÝ× ÓÆÐÌÓÔÆÄ× ÈÓÍË
ÔÐÍޱРÑÐÇ Ë× ÐÒËÈÏÔÄØËÈÌ ÑÐÏËÎÄÔÞ ÐÒËÈÏÔÄØËË Ë× ±ÒÄÈÆ
ÃÆÍÃàÛË×ÓñÒËÆÝÎË
gÓÍË ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÞ 6 Ó±ÍÈÈÏÄ ËÊ ÍÄDZË× ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÈÌ
6 6P ÔÐ ÇÍÃ ÊÄÇÄÏËÃ ÈÈ ÐÒËÈÏÔÄØËË ÎÐÉÏÐ ÊÄÇÄÔÞ ÏÄ
±ÄÉÇÐÌÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË66PÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÝÈÈÇËÏËÙÏÝÈÏÐÒ
ÎÄÍË ÔıËÎ ÐÅÒÄÊÐÎ ÙÔÐÅÝ ÓÐÍÄÓÐÆÄÏÏÝÈ Ó ÏËÎË ÐÒËÈÏÔÄ
ØËË∂6L±ÒÄÈÆÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÈÌ6LÅÝÍËÓÐÍÄÓÐÆÄÏÝÎÈÉÇÕÓÐÅÐÌ
ÆÓÎÝÓÍÈÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËÃÔ ÈÃÆÍÃÍËÓÞÐÒËÈÏÔÄØËÈÌÑÐÆÈÒ×
ÏÐÓÔË6ÒËÓ
fÍà ÔÐÐ ÙÔÐÅÝ ÑÒË ÔıÐÎ ÊÄÇÄÏËË ÐÒËÈÏÔÄØËË ÕÊÏÄÔÞ
ÓÐÆÑÄÇÄàÔ ËÍË ÏÈÔ ÇÆÈ ÐÒËÈÏÔÄØËË ±ÕÓÐÙÏÐ
ÍÄDZÐÌ ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË ÇÐÓÔÄÔÐÙÏÐ ÑÒÐÆÈÒËÔÞ
ÍËÚÞ Æ ÐÇÏÐÌ ÑÒÐËÊÆÐÍÞÏÐÌ ÔÐÙ±È Æ ±ÐÔÐÒÐÌ
ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕàÔ ÏÐÒÎÄÍË ÓÐÆÑÄÇÄàÔ ÐÏË ËÍË ÏÈÔ
gÓÍË Æ ÏÈÌ ÏÐÒÎÄÍË ÓÐÆÑÄÇÄàÔ ÔÐ ÐÏË ÓÐÆÑÄ
ÇÄàÔ Ë ÆÓàÇÕ Ä ÈÓÍË ÐÏË Æ ßÔÐÌ ÔÐÙ±È ÏÈ ÓÐÆ
ÑÄÇÄàÔ Ô ÈÑÒÐÔËÆÐÑÐÍÐÉÏÝÔÐ ÐÏËËÆÓàÇÕ
ÑÒÐÔËÆÐÑÐÍÐÉÏÝ ÑÐÓ±ÐÍÞ±Õ ±Ä± ÆÝÚÈ ÐÔÎÈ
ÙÄÍÐÓÞÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕàÔÔÐÍÞ±ÐÇÆÈÐÒËÈÏÔÄØËËÊÄ
rËÓ ÇÄÏÏÐÌÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË
pÇÏÄ±Ð Æ ÓÍÕÙÄÈ ±ÕÓÐÙÏÐÍÄDZÐÌ ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË ÕÉÈ ÏÈÍÞ
ÊÃ ÆÆÈÓÔË ÑÐÏÃÔËÈ ÑÐÍÐÉËÔÈÍÞÏÐÌ ÐÒËÈÏÔÄØËË ËÓÑÐÍÞÊÕÃ
ÊÄÇÄÏÏÝÈ ÑÒÈÇÓÔÄÆÍÈÏËà ӱÍÈËÆÄÈÎÝ× ÍÄDZË× ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓ
ÔÈÌ Ë ÅÈÒà ÏÄ ÏË× ÈÇËÏËÙÏÝÈ ÏÐÒÎÄÍË ÑÐ ÖÐÒÎÕÍÈ
Ôı ±Ä± ßÔË ÐÒËÈÏÔÄØËË ÎÐÕÔ Ð±ÄÊÄÔÞÓà ÏÈÓÐÍÄÓÐÆÄÏÏÝÎË
qÐßÔÐÎÕ Æ ÓÍÕÙÄÈ ±ÕÓÐÙÏÐÍÄDZË× ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÈÌ ÓÍÈÇÕÈÔ
ÆÓÈÇÄ ÅÐÍÈÈ ÐÅÓÔÐÃÔÈÍÞÏÐ ÐÐÆÄÒËÆÄÔÞ ÙÔÐ ËÎÈÏÏÐ ÑÐÇÒÄ
ÊÕÎÈÆÄÈÔÓÃ Æ ÇÄÏÏÐÎ ÓÍÕÙÄÈ ÑÐÇ ÐÒËÈÏÔÄØËÃÎË ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÈÌ
6L L P ÓÐÓÔÄÆÍÃàÛËÎË Ó±ÍÈÈÏÏÕà ËÊ ÏË×
ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÞ6 ^6L`
nÐÉÏÐ ÑбÄÊÄÔÞ ÙÔÐ ÆÓñÄà ±ÕÓÐÙÏÐÍÄDZÄà ÑÐÆÈÒ×
ÏÐÓÔÞÃÆÍÃàÛÄÃÓÃÒÄÏËØÈÌÏȱÐÔÐÒÐÌÐÅÍÄÓÔËÔÒÈ×ÎÈÒÏÐÐ
ÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÄ ÐÒËÈÏÔËÒÕÈÎÄ qÒË ßÔÐÎ ÐÇÏÄ ËÊ ÐÒËÈÏÔÄØËÌ
ÓÐÓÔÐËÔËÊÈÇËÏËÙÏÝ×ÏÐÒÎÄÍÈÌÏÄÑÒÄÆÍÈÏÏÝ×ÐÔÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐ
ÓÔË Æ ÐÅÍÄÓÔÞ ¶ Ôı ÏÄÊÝÆÄÈÎÝ× ÇÐÖÕÓÉÐÐÌØ ÐÑÓÏÅÎÉÍ Ä
ÇÒÕÄÃÓÐÓÔÐËÔËÊÈÇËÏËÙÏÝ×ÏÐÒÎÄÍÈÌÏÄÑÒÄÆÍÈÏÏÝ×ÐÔÑÐ
ÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË ÏÄÒÕÉÕ ÐÔ ÐÅÍÄÓÔË µ Ôı ÏÄÊÝÆÄÈÎÝ× ÇÐÉÛÐÌØ
ÐÑÓÏÅÎÉÍ qÒËÎÈÒÐÎ ÔıÐÌ ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓà ÓÖÈÒÄ
d±ÄÙÈÓÔÆÈÈÈÐÒËÈÏÔÄØËËÎÐÉÏÐÆÊÃÔÞÏÄÑÒËÎÈÒÈÇËÏËÙÏÝÈ
ÏÐÒÎÄÍËÏÄÑÒÄÆÍÈÏÏÝÈ ÑÐÒÄÇËÕÓÕ ÐÔÔÐÙ±ËÓÖÈÒÝ ± ØÈÏÔÒÕ
ÒËÓ
qÒËÎÈÒÐÎ ÏÈÐÒËÈÏÔËÒÕÈÎÐÌ ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË Æ ÓÎÝÓÍÈ ÐÑÒÈ
ÇÈÍÈÏËÃÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃÍËÓÔnÂÅËÕÓÄ
jÏÐÇÄ ÐÒËÈÏÔËÒÕÈÎÝÈ ±ÕÓÐÙÏÐÍÄDZËÈ ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË ÏÄ
ÊÝÆÄàÔ ÔıÉÈ ÈÇÖÔÕÑÓÑÐÐÌÏÌ ÒÑÇÉÓØÐÑÔÕÄÏÌ ÐÏË ËÎÈàÔ
ÇÆÈ «ÓÔÐÒÐÏݬ ÓÐÐÔÆÈÔÓÔÆÕàÛËÈ ÇÆÕÎ ÆÝÅÐÒÄÎ ÈÇËÏËÙÏÝ×
ÏÐÒÎÄÍÈÌÊÄÇÄàÛËÎÇÆÈÈÈÐÒËÈÏÔÄØËËsÐÐÔÆÈÔÓÔÆÈÏÏÐÏÈÐ
ÒËÈÏÔËÒÕÈÎÝÈ ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË ÏÄÊÝÆÄàÔÓà ÑÈÐÑÔÕÑÓÑÐÐÌÏÌ
pÑÒÄÆÇÄÏËÈ ßÔÐÐ ÔÈÒÎËÏÄ ÅÝÍÐ ÑÐÃÓÏÈÏÐ Æ Ñ ÏÄ ÑÒË
ÎÈÒÈÍËÓÔÄnÂÅËÕÓÄ
nÝÏÈÅÕÇÈÎÐÓÔÄÏÄÆÍËÆÄÔÞÓÃÏÄÎÄÔÈÎÄÔËÊÄØËËÆÓÈ×ÐÑË
ÓÄÏÏÝ× ÏÄÍÃÇÏÝ× ÓÐÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÌ Ë ÇбÄÊÄÔÈÍÞÓÔÆÈ ÆÝÓ±ÄÊÄÏ
ÏÝ×ÕÔÆÈÒÉÇÈÏËÌÔÐÑÐÔÒÈÅÐÆÄÍÐÅÝËÓ
ÑÐÍÞÊÐÆÄÏËÈ ÎÈÔÐÇÐÆ ËÊÕÙÈÏËÈ ±ÐÔÐÒÝ×
ÆÝ×ÐÇËÔÊÄÒÄαËÏÄÓÔÐÃÛÈбÕÒÓÄuÑÐ
ÎÃÏÕÔÝÈ ÆÝÚÈ ÅÈÊ ÇбÄÊÄÔÈÍÞÓÔÆÄ ÐÅÛËÈ
ÕÔÆÈÒÉÇÈÏËÃ ÑÐ ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕ ÏÈ ËÓÑÐÍÞÊÕ
àÔÓÃÆÇÄÍÞÏÈÌÚÈÎËÊÍÐÉÈÏËËd±ÄÉÇÐÎ
±ÐϱÒÈÔÏÐÎ ÓÍÕÙÄÈ Ð ±ÐÔÐÒÐÎ ÅÕÇÈÔ ËÇÔË
ÒÈÙÞÎÐÉÏÐÅÕÇÈÔÆÓÈÇÄÏÈÑÐÓÒÈÇÓÔÆÈÏÏÐ
Õ±ÄÊÄÔÞ ±Ä±Äà ËÎÈÏÏÐ ÐÒËÈÏÔÄØËà ÒÄÓ
ÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄÈÔÓÃÆÇÄÏÏÐÎÓÍÕÙÄÈ rËÓ
uqrbhogojgqÕÓÔÞÊÄÇÄÏÝÆȱÔÐÒW˱ÒËÆÄÃΓ {ρXDPXPE`
xÌÎÌÐÈÓÌÚÉÔ²ÑÍÒÑÇÉÓØÐÑÔÕßá6ÓÐÅÒÄÊÕàÛÈÌΓËÏÄÑÒÄÆÍÃàÛÈÌÑÄÒÄÍ
ÍÈÍÞÏÐÌÆȱÔÐÒÕτÏÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÓÃÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÞÊÄÇÄÏÏÄÃÑÒÈÇÓÔÄÆÍÈÏËÈÎÆËÇÄ
GHI
U UXY ρXYWDPXPEFPYPG
fбÄÊÄÔÞ ÙÔÐ ÈÓÍË ±ÒËÆÄÃ Γ ¶ ±ÕÓÐÙÏÐÍÄDZÄà ÔÐ Ë ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÞ
6µ±ÕÓÐÙÏÐÍÄDZÄÃ
¬ÒÊÄÊÉÏÂÌÒÊÄÝ×ÍÇÈÂÛÊ×ÏÂÑÐÄÇÒ×ÏÐÓÔÊ
¤ÔÐÒÂáÌÄÂÆÒÂÔÊÙÏÂáÖÐÒÎÂÑÐÄÇÒ×ÏÐÓÔÊ
sÑÐÎÐÛÞàÑÈÒÆÐ̱ÆÄÇÒÄÔËÙÏÐÌÖÐÒÎÝÅÝÍËÑÐÍÕÙÈÏÝÖÐÒ
ÎÕÍÝ ÇÍà ÆÝÙËÓÍÈÏËà ÇÍËÏ ±ÒËÆÝ× ÏÄ ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË ÕÍÐÆ
ÎÈÉÇÕ ±ÒËÆÝÎË Ë ÑÍÐÛÄÇË ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË pÇÏıРÊÏÄÏËÈ ÆÓÈ×
ßÔË×ÆÈÍËÙËÏÈÛÈÏÈÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÃÈÔÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÞoÄÑÒËÎÈÒÑÒÃ
ÎÐÕÐÍÞÏ˱ÎÐÉÏÐËÊÐÏÕÔÞÔıÙÔÐÐÏÅÕÇÈÔÐÅÒÄÊÐÆÝÆÄÔÞÑÐ
ÍÐÆËÏÕ ÅбÐÆÐÌ ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË ØËÍËÏÇÒÄ ÔÄ ØËÍËÏÇÒËÙÈÓ±ÄÃ
ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÞ Ë ËÓ×ÐÇÏÝÌ ÑÒÃÎÐÕÐÍÞÏ˱ µ ÒÄÊÏÝÈ ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐ
ÓÔË ÐÇÏıРÑÒË Õ±ÄÊÄÏÏÐÎ ËÊËÅÄÏËË ÇÍËÏÝ ±ÒËÆÝ× ÕÍÝ
ÎÈÉÇÕÏËÎËËÑÍÐÛÄÇËÙÄÓÔÈÌÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔËÓÐ×ÒÄÏÃàÔÓÃÏÈËÊ
ÎÈÏÏÝÎËdÎÈÓÔÈÓÔÈαÒËÆËÊÏıÒËÆÝ×ÏÄÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔËÑÒË
ÔıÐÎ ËÊËÅÄÏËË ÆÐÐÅÛÈ ÐÆÐÒà ÎÈÏÃÈÔÓà ÑÒÃÎÐÍËÏÈÌÏÝÌ
ÐÔÒÈÊбÎÐÉÈÔÑÈÒÈÌÔËÏÄÑÒËÎÈÒÆÑÐÍÕбÒÕÉÏÐÓÔÞ
fÄÍÞÏÈÌÚËÈÍбÄÍÞÏÝÈËÓÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÏËÃÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔËÆбÒÈÓÔ
ÏÐÓÔËÊÄÇÄÏÏÐÌÈÈÔÐÙ±ËÅÕÇÈÎÑÒÐÆÐÇËÔÞËÊÕÙÄÃÆÓÈÆÐÊÎÐÉÏÝÈ
±ÒËÆÝÈÍÈÉÄÛËÈÏÄÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔËËÑÒÐ×ÐÇÃÛËÈÙÈÒÈÊÒÄÓÓÎÄÔ
ÒËÆÄÈÎÕàÔÐÙ±ÕÆÙÄÓÔÏÐÓÔËËÊÕÙÄñÒËÆËÊÏÝßÔË×±ÒËÆÝ×
qÕÓÔÞ
6 ^UXYXY∈ '`
¶ ÇÆÄÉÇÝ ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐ ÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÕÈÎÄà ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÞ Ë
UXY¶ÈÈÆÏÕÔÒÈÏÏÃÃÏÈÐÓÐÅÄÃÔÐÙ±ÄrÄÓÓÎÐÔÒËαÒËÆÕà
ÏÄÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË6ÊÄÇÄÏÏÕàÑÒÈÇÓÔÄÆÍÈÏËÈÎ
UVUXVYVPVP6
ÇÈÖÕϱØËËXVËYVÇÆÄÉÇÝÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÕÈÎÝÏÄÐÔÒÈʱÈ
>6@V ¶ÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÄÃÇÍËÏÄÇÕ˱ÒËÆÐÌXV X
YV YPVP6ËÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐUV UXYcÕÇÈÎ
ÑÒÈÇÑÐÍÄÄÔÞ ÙÔÐ ÔÐÙ±Ä UV ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓà ÏÈÐÓÐÅÐÌ ÇÍà ±ÒËÆÐÌ
dÓÑÐÎÏËÎÙÔÐÆÇÐÍÞ±ÒËÆÐÌÆÝÑÐÍÏÃÈÔÓÃÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐ
GU
NQ
GV
ÇÈ Q ¶ ÍÄÆÏÄÃ ÏÐÒÎÄÍÞ ±ÒËÆÐÌ Ä N ¶ ÈÈ ±ÒËÆËÊÏÄ cÕÇÈÎ
ÑÒÈÇÑÐÍÄÄÔÞÙÔÐN ÔÐÇÄÍÄÆÏÄÃÏÐÒÎÄÍÞQÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏÄ
ÐÇÏÐÊÏÄÙÏÐ
pÅÐÊÏÄÙËÎ ÙÈÒÈÊ Q ÈÇËÏËÙÏÕà ÏÐÒÎÄÍÞ ± ν
ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË Æ ÈÈ ÔÐÙ±È UX Y Ë ÙÈ
ÒÈÊ θ ÕÐÍ ÎÈÉÇÕ ÆȱÔÐÒÐÎ Q Ë ÍÄÆÏÐÌ ÏÐÒ
ÎÄÍÞà Q ±ÒËÆÐÌ Æ ÈÈ ÔÐÙ±È UV
ÒËÓ tÐÇÄÕÎÏÐÉËÆÓ±ÄÍÃÒÏÐÐÅÈÙÄÓÔË
ÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÄÏÄÆȱÔÐÒQÑÐÍÕÙËÎ Q
GU GU
Q NFRVθ
GV GV
rËÓ
iÄÎÈÔËÆÙÔÐ
GU G GU G GX GY GX GX GY GY
UXUY UXX UXY UYY
GV GV GV GV GV GV GV GV GV GV
U XX GX U XY GXGY U YY GY
GV
ËÊÑÐÍÕÙËÎ
XX U QGX U QGXGY U QGY
XY YY
NFRVθ
GV
dÆÈÇÃÐÅÐÊÏÄÙÈÏËÃ
GHI GHI
/XY UXXQ0XY UXYQ1XY UYYQ
ËÆÓÑÐÎÏËÆÙÔÐGV
(GX )GXGY*GY ÓÎÊÄ
ÑËÚÈÎÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐÆÆËÇÈ
0GXGY 1GY
NFRV θ /GX
(GX )GXGY *GY
°ÑÒÇÆÇÍÇÏÊÇ lÇÅÈÓÅÕÌÚÐÅÄ×ÑÓÏÅ
/GX0GX GY1GY
ÐÅËÞÇÅÉÕÔÄÇÕÑÓÑͲÇÅÈÓÅÕÌÚÐÑÍ×ÑÓÏÑÍÒÑÇÉÓØÐÑÔÕÌ
gÈ ±ÐßÖÖËØËÈÏÔÝ / 0 Ë 1 ÓÐÍÄÓÏÐ ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËà
ÐÇÏÐÊÏÄÙÏÐ ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÃàÔÓÃ Æ ±ÄÉÇÐÌ ÔÐÙ±È ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐ
ÓÔË ÑÒË ÊÄÇÄÏÏÐÎ ÈÈ ÑÒÈÇÓÔÄÆÍÈÏËË Ë ÆÝÅÐÒÈ ± ÏÈÌ ÈÇËÏËÙ
ÏÐÌÏÐÒÎÄÍËÆÒÄÓÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄÈÎÐÌÔÐÙ±ÈÐÔßÔÐÐÆÝÅÐÒÄÊÄÆË
ÓËÔÍËÚÞÊÏı±ÐßÖÖËØËÈÏÔÐÆ/01lÐßÖÖËØËÈÏÔÝÑÈÒ
ÆÐÌ ±ÆÄÇÒÄÔËÙÏÐÌ ÖÐÒÎÝ ÔıÉÈ ÐÇÏÐÊÏÄÙÏÐ ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÃàÔÓà Æ
±ÄÉÇÐÌ ÔÐÙ±È ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË ÑÒË ÊÄÇÄÏÏÐÎ ÈÈ ÑÒÈÇÓÔÄÆÍÈÏËË
ÑÐßÔÐÎÕÆßÔÐÎÓÍÕÙÄÈÇÒÐÅÞÓÔÐÃÛÄÃÆÑÒÄÆÐÌÙÄÓÔËÖÐÒÎÕ
ÍÝÊÄÆËÓËÔÆÇÄÏÏÐÌÔÐÙ±ÈÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔËÔÐÍÞ±ÐÐÔÐÔ
ÏÐÚÈÏËà GX GY Æ ÙÈÎ ÍȱРÕÅÈÇËÔÞÓà ÒÄÊÇÈÍËÆ ÙËÓÍËÔÈÍÞ
ËÊÏÄÎÈÏÄÔÈÍÞÇÒÐÅËÏÄGXËÍËGY
fÍÃ ±ÒËÆÐÌ GU UXGX UYGY ÑÐßÔÐÎÕ ÐÔÏÐÚÈÏËÈ
GXGYÊÄÇÄÈÔÑÐÍÐÉÈÏËȱÄÓÄÔÈÍÞÏÐ̱±ÒËÆÐÌÆÔÐÙ±È
UXYtıËÎÐÅÒÄÊÐÎÑÒÄÆÄÃÙÄÓÔÞÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÄËÎÈÈÔ
ÐÇÏÐ Ë ÔÐ ÉÈ ÊÏÄÙÈÏËÈ ÇÍà ÆÓÈ× ±ÒËÆÝ× ÑÒÐ×ÐÇÃÛË×
ÙÈÒÈÊÔÐÙ±ÕUXYËËÎÈàÛË×ÐÇÏÕËÔÕÉȱÄÓÄÔÈÍÞÏÕà
dÍÈÆÐÌÙÄÓÔËÖÐÒÎÕÍÝÕÐÍθÎÈÉÇÕÆȱÔÐÒÄÎËQ
Ë Q ÊÄÆËÓËÔ ÇÍà ÇÄÏÏÐÌ ÔÐÙ±Ë ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË ÐÔ ÆȱÔÐÒÄ ÍÄÆ
ÏÐÌ ÏÐÒÎÄÍË ±ÒËÆÐÌ eÍÄÆÏÄÃ ÏÐÒÎÄÍÞ ÍÈÉËÔ Æ ÓÐ
ÑÒ˱ÄÓÄàÛÈÌÓà ÑÍÐÓ±ÐÓÔË ÑÐßÔÐÎÕ ÈÓÍË ÊÄÇÄÏÄ ÏÈ ÔÐÍÞ±Ð
±ÄÓÄÔÈÍÞÏÄà ± ±ÒËÆÐÌ ÏÐ Ë ÈÈ ÓÐÑÒ˱ÄÓÄàÛÄÃÓà ÑÍÐÓ±ÐÓÔÞ
ÔÐ Ó ÔÐÙÏÐÓÔÞà ÇÐ ÊÏÄ±Ä ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏ Ë FRV θ ÍÄÆÏÄà ÏÐÒÎÄÍÞ
ÎÐÉÈÔ ËÎÈÔÞ ÐÇÏÐ ËÊ ÇÆÕ× ÆÊÄËÎÏÐ ÑÒÐÔËÆÐÑÐÍÐÉÏÝ× ÏÄ
ÑÒÄÆÍÈÏËÌ ÑÈÒÑÈÏÇ˱ÕÍÃÒÏÝ× ±ÄÓÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÌ ± ±ÒËÆÐÌ iÏı
FRVθÄÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐËÐÇÏÐËÊÇÆÕ×Õ±ÄÊÄÏÏÝ×ÆÐÊÎÐÉÏÝ×
ÏÄÑÒÄÆÍÈÏËÌ ÏÐÒÎÄÍË ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÃàÔÓÃ ËÊ ÖÐÒÎÕÍÝ ÑÐ
Ó±ÐÍÞ±Õ±ÒËÆËÊÏÄÆÓÈÇÄÑÐÍÐÉËÔÈÍÞÏÄ
jÔı ÈÓÍË ÊÄÇÄÏÄ ±ÄÓÄÔÈÍÞÏÄÃ Ë ÓÐÑÒ˱ÄÓÄàÛÄÃÓà ÑÍÐÓ
±ÐÓÔÞ ±ÒËÆÐÌ ÍÈÉÄÛÈÌ ÏÄ ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË Ë ÑÒÐ×ÐÇÃÛÈÌ ÙÈÒÈÊ
ÊÄÇÄÏÏÕà ÔÐÙ±Õ ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË ÔÐ ÈÈ ±ÒËÆËÊÏÄ N ÐÇÏÐÊÏÄÙÏÐ
ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÃÈÔÓÃËÊÖÐÒÎÕÍÝ
/GX 0GXGY 1GY
N
FRV θ (GX )GXGY *GY
jÏÄÙÈÐÆÐÒÃÇбÄÊÄÏÄÔÈÐÒÈÎÄ
´ § ° ² § ® ¢ fÇɲÓÌÇÞÉÐÅÈÇÅÊÈÞÐÉÒÓÉÓÞÇÐÑÈÌ××ÉÓÉÐ
ÙÌÓÖÉÏÑÍÒÑÇÉÓØÐÑÔÕÌÔÑÈÐÌÏÌÌÕÉÏÌÊɲÅÔÅÕÉÎßÐÞÏÌÌ
ÎÅÇÐÞÏÌÐÑÓÏÅÎÄÏÌÇÑÇÐÖÕÓÉÐÐÉÍÐÉÑÔÑÆÑÍÕÑÚ²ÉÒÑÇÉÓØ
ÐÑÔÕÌÌÏÉáÕÇàÕÑÍÕÑÚ²ÉÑÈÌÐŲÑÇÖá²ÓÌÇÌËÐÖÈÎIJÑÕÑ
ÓÑÍÌÏÉÉÕÏÉÔÕÑ×ÑÓÏÖÎÅ
fÆÈ ÔıËÈ ±ÒËÆÝÈ ËÎÈàÔ ÐÇÏÕ Ë ÔÕ ÉÈ ÓÐÑÒ˱ÄÓÄàÛÕàÓÃ
ÑÍÐÓ±ÐÓÔÞ ÑÈÒÈÓÈÙÈÏËÈ ±ÐÔÐÒÐÌ Ó ±ÄÓÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÌ ÑÍÐÓ±ÐÓÔÞà ±
ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔËÃÆÍÃÈÔÓñÄÓÄÔÈÍÞÏÐ̱±ÒËÆÐÌ
oÐ ÐÇÏÕ Ë ÔÕ ÉÈ ±ÄÓÄÔÈÍÞÏÕà Ë ÓÐÑÒ˱ÄÓÄàÛÕàÓà ÑÍÐÓ
±ÐÓÔÞÎÐÕÔËÎÈÔÞÎÏÐÐÒÄÊÍËÙÏÝ×±ÒËÆÝ×ÍÈÉÄÛË×ÏÄÑÐ
ÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔËd±Ä±ÐÎÔÐÓÎÝÓÍÈÏÄËÅÐÍÈÈÑÒÐÓÔÐÌËÊÏË×ÃÆÍÃ
ÈÔÓà ÑÍÐÓ±Äà ±ÒËÆÄà ÍÈÉÄÛÄÃ Æ ÓÐÑÒ˱ÄÓÄàÛÈÌÓà ÑÍÐÓ±ÐÓ
ÔËtıËÎÐÅÒÄÊÐÎËÊÕÙÈÏËȱÒËÆËÊÏݱÒËÆÝ×ÍÈÉÄÛË×ÏÄ
ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË ÓÆÐÇËÔÓà ± ËÊÕÙÈÏËà ±ÒËÆËÊÏÝ ÑÍÐÓ±Ë× ±ÒË
ÆÝ× ¶ÓÈÙÈÏËÌÇÄÏÏÐÌÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔËÑÍÐÓ±ÐÓÔÃÎËoÄÑÐÎÏËÎ
ÙÔÐ ÑÍÐÓ±Äà ±ÒËÆÄà ÑÐÍÏÐÓÔÞà Ó ÔÐÙÏÐÓÔÞà ÇÐ ÑÐÍÐÉÈÏËà Æ
ÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÈÊÄÇÄÈÔÓÃÓÆÐÈ̱ÒËÆËÊÏÐÌÓÎÑ
pÅÒÄÔËÎ ÆÏËÎÄÏËÈ ÏÄ ÔÐ ÙÔÐ ÎÝ ËÊÕÙÄÈÎ ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÞ Æ
бÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔËÏÈÐÓÐÅÐÌÔÐÙ±ËqÐßÔÐÎÕÆÊÄÎݱÄÏËËÏȱÐÔÐÒÐÌ
бÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔË ßÔÐÌ ÔÐÙ±Ë ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÞ ÇÐÑÕÓ±ÄÈÔ ÃÆÏÐÈ ÑÒÈÇ
ÓÔÄÆÍÈÏËÈÓÎÑ ËÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃÑÒÐÓÔÐÌÑÐ
ÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÞà ÓÎ Ñ qÐÇÐÅÏÝÎ ÐÅÒÄÊÐÎ ÙÄÓÔÞ ±ÒËÆÐÌ Æ
ÊÄÎݱÄÏËË ÏȱÐÔÐÒÐÌ Ð±ÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔË ÏÈÐÓÐÅÐÌ ÔÐÙ±Ë ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃ
ÑÒÐÓÔÐÌ ÇÕÐÌ ÓÎ Ñ qÒÐÓÔÝÈ ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË Ë ÑÒÐÓÔÝÈ
ÇÕË ÐÇÏÐÊÏÄÙÏÐ ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÃàÔÓÃ ÓÆÐËÎË ÏÐÓËÔÈÍÃÎË ÑÐßÔÐÎÕ
ÎÝ ÊÇÈÓÞ ÆÎÈÓÔÐ «ÏÐÓËÔÈÍÞ ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔˬ ËÍË «ÏÐÓËÔÈÍÞ ±ÒË
ÆÐ̬ÐÆÐÒËÎÑÒÐÓÔЫÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÞËÍ˱ÒËÆÄì
sÈÙÈÏËÃÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔËÑÍÐÓ±ÐÓÔÃÎËÅÕÇÕÔÒÄÓÓÎÐÔÒÈÏÝÙÕÔÞ
ÑÐÊÉÈÄÓÈÌÙÄÓÆÈÒÏÈÎÓñÐÆÔÐÒÐ̱ÆÄÇÒÄÔËÙÏÐÌÖÐÒÎÈ
³ÄÐËÓÔÄÂÄÔÐÒÐËÌÄÂÆÒÂÔÊÙÏÐË
ÖÐÒÎÝÑÐÄÇÒ×ÏÐÓÔÊ
iÏÄÏËÈ ÑÈÒÆÐÌ Ë ÆÔÐÒÐÌ ±ÆÄÇÒÄÔËÙÏÝ× ÖÐÒÎ ÏÄ ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË
ÇÄÈÔÆÐÊÎÐÉÏÐÓÔÞÆÝÙËÓÍÃÔÞ±ÒËÆËÊÏݱÒËÆÝ×ÍÈÉÄÛË×ÏÄ
ßÔÐÌ ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË qÐßÔÐÎÕ ÆÄÉÏÐ ËÎÈÔÞ ÕÇÐÅÏÝÈ ÖÐÒÎÕÍÝ
ÇÍÃÆÝÙËÓÍÈÏËñÐßÖÖËØËÈÏÔÐÆÆÔÐÒÐ̱ÆÄÇÒÄÔËÙÏÐÌÖÐÒÎÝ
ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË6 ^UXYXY∈ '`
gÓÍËÊÄÈÇËÏËÙÏÕàÏÐÒÎÄÍÞQ±ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË6ÆÒÄÓÓÎÄÔ
ÒËÆÄÈÎÐÌÈÈÏÈÐÓÐÅÐÌÔÐÙ±ÈÆÊÃÔޱıÐÅÝÙÏÐÆȱÔÐÒ
U ×U
X Y
Q
UX × UY
ÇÈÆÙËÓÍËÔÈÍÈÇÒÐÅÈÌÓÔÐÃÔÓÎÈÚÄÏÏÝÈÑÒÐËÊÆÈÇÈÏËÃÆȱÔÐ
ÒÐÆoÈÔÒÕÇÏÐÊÄÑËÓÄÔÞßÔËÖÐÒÎÕÍÝËƱÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔÏÐÌÖÐÒÎÈ
sÇÈÍÄÈÎßÔÐÇÍÃÓÍÕÙÄñÐÇÄÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÞ6ÊÄÇÄÈÔÓÃÃÆÏÝÎ
ÑÒÈÇÓÔÄÆÍÈÏËÈÎ
] I[\[\∈8
iÇÈÓÞ 8 ¶ ÐÔ±ÒÝÔÐÈ ÑÍÐÓ±ÐÈ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐ d ßÔÐÎ ÓÍÕÙÄÈ ÓÎ
(*´) I [ I \ÄÔı±Ä±ÒÄÇËÕÓÆȱÔÐÒUÔÐÙȱ
ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔËËÎÈÈÔÆËÇU [\I[\ÔÐ
I [[ I [\
U[[ U[U\ I [ I[[U[\U[U\ I [ I[\
I \ I \
I [\
U\\U[U\ I [ I\\
I \
tıËÎ ÐÅÒÄÊÐÎ Æ ßÔÐÎ ÓÍÕÙÄÈ Æ ÓËÍÕ ÖÐÒÎÕÍÝ
ËÎÈÈÎ
I[[ I
[\ I
\\
/
0
1
I [ I \ I [ I \ I [ I \
fÍà ÇÄÍÞÏÈÌÚÈÐ ÄÏÄÍËÊÄ ÆÔÐÒÐÌ ±ÆÄÇÒÄÔËÙÏÐÌ ÖÐÒÎÝ
ÆÝÅÈÒÈÎ ÅÐÍÈÈ ÓÑÈØËÄÍÞÏÕà ÓËÓÔÈÎÕ ±ÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔ ÑÈÒÈÏÈÓÈÎ
ÏÄÙÄÍбÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔÆÒÄÓÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄÈÎÕàÔÐÙ±ÕÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔËËÊÄ
ÑÍÐÓ±ÐÓÔÞÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÝ×[\ÆÝÅÈÒÈαÄÓÄÔÈÍÞÏÕàÑÍÐÓ±ÐÓÔÞ±
ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔËÓÎÑ
qÕÓÔÞÇÍÃÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË
] I[\[\∈8
±ÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔÏÄà ÑÍÐÓ±ÐÓÔÞ ÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÝ× [ \ ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓà ±ÄÓÄÔÈÍÞ
ÏÐÌÑÍÐÓ±ÐÓÔÞà±ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔËÆÔÐÙ±ÈËÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐ
I I[ I\
dÔÐÒÄà ±ÆÄÇÒÄÔËÙÏÄà ÖÐÒÎÄ Æ ÔÐÙ±È Æ ßÔÐÎ ÓÍÕÙÄÈ
ÑÒËÏËÎÄÈÔÆËÇÓÎ
I[\G[I[\G[G\I\\G\
Ô È ÓÐÆÑÄÇÄÈÔ ÓÐ ÆÔÐÒÝÎ ÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÄÍÐÎ ÖÕϱØËË I Æ ßÔÐÌ
ÔÐÙ±È
rÄÊÍÐÉËÎ ÖÕϱØËà I ÑÐ ÖÐÒÎÕÍÈ tÈÌÍÐÒÄ Æ Ð±ÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔË
ÔÐÙ±ËdÓËÍÕÑÐÍÕÙËÎ
] I[[[I[\[\I\\\R[\
[\{
Ô ÈÆÔÐÒÄñÆÄÇÒÄÔËÙÏÄÃÖÐÒÎÄÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔËÆÔÐÙ±È
I[[[I[\[\I\\\
ÓÔÐÙÏÐÓÔÞàÇÐÑÐÓÔÐÃÏÏÐÐÎÏÐÉËÔÈÍÃÒÄÆÏÄÍÄÆÏÐÌÙÄÓ
ÔË ÐÔ±ÍÐÏÈÏËà ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË ÐÔ ÈÈ ±ÄÓÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÌ ÑÍÐÓ±ÐÓÔË ÑÒË
ÓÔÒÈÎÍÈÏËËÔÐÙ±ËÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔ˱ÔÐٱȱÄÓÄÏËÃ
vÐÒÎÕÍÝ Ë ÒÄÓ±ÒÝÆÄàÔ ÈÐÎÈÔÒËÙÈÓ±ËÌ
ÓÎÝÓÍÆÔÐÒÐ̱ÆÄÇÒÄÔËÙÏÐÌÖÐÒÎÝ
±ÍÐÓÌÊÇÓÇÙÇÏÊáÑÐÄÇÒ×ÏÐÓÔÊ
lı ÎÝ ÆËÇÈÍË ËÊÕÙÈÏËÈ ±ÒËÆËÊÏÝ ±ÒËÆÝ× ÏÄ ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË
ÓÆÐÇËÔÓñËÊÕÙÈÏËà±ÒËÆËÊÏÝÓÈÙÈÏËÌÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔËÑÍÐÓ±ÐÓ
ÔÃÎË qÒÈÉÇÈ ÆÓÈÐ ÑбÄÉÈÎ ÙÔÐ ÆÐÐÅÛÈ ÐÆÐÒà ÑÒË ÓÈÙÈ
ÏËË ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË ÑÍÐÓ±ÐÓÔÃÎË ÇÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÐ ÑÐÍÕÙÄàÔÓÃ
±ÒËÆÝÈdÝÒÄÉÈÏËÈ«ÆÐÐÅÛÈÐÆÐÒìÇÐÅÄÆÍÈÏÐÔı±Ä±Õ±Ä
ÊÄÏÏÐÈÃÆÍÈÏËÈÏÈÆÓÈÇÄËÎÈÈÔÎÈÓÔÐÏÄÑÒËÎÈÒÑÒËÓÈÙÈÏËË
ÑÍÐÓ±ÐÓÔË ÓÐÆÑÄÇÄàÛÈÌ Ó ÏÈÌ ÑÍÐÓ±ÐÓÔÞà ÑÐÍÕÙÄÈÔÓà ØÈÍÄÃ
ÑÍÐÓ±ÐÓÔÞ Ä ÏÈ ±ÒËÆÄà ÑÒË ÓÈÙÈÏËË ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË ] [ ´ \
ÑÍÐÓ±ÐÓÔÞà ] ÑÐÍÕÙÄÈÔÓà ÑÄÒÄ ÑÈÒÈÓȱÄàÛË×Óà ÑÒÃÎÝ×
[\ [ ¶\
qÒË ËÊÕÙÈÏËË ÓÈÙÈÏËÌ ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË ÐÒÄÏËÙËÎÓà ÒÄÓÓÎÐÔ
ÒÈÏËÈÎ ÔÐÍޱРÈÈ ÏÈÐÓÐÅÝ× ÔÐÙȱ Ë ÅÕÇÈÎ ÑÒÈÇÑÐÍÄÄÔÞ ÙÔÐ
ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÞÊÄÇÄÏÄÃÆÏÐËÙÔÐÑÍÐÓ±ÐÓÔÞÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÝ×[\ÃÆ
ÍÃÈÔÓñÄÓÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÌÑÍÐÓ±ÐÓÔÞà±ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔËÔÐÏÈÐÒÄÏË
ÙËÆÄÈÔÐÅÛÏÐÓÔËÒÄÓÓÎÐÔÒÈÏËÌÔı±Ä±ÍбÄÍÞÏÐÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÞ
Æ ÏÈÐÓÐÅÐÌ ÔÐÙ±È ÆÓÈÇÄ ËÎÈÈÔ Õ±ÄÊÄÏÏÐÈ ÑÒÈÇÓÔÄÆÍÈÏËÈ ÓÎ
ÍÈÎÎÕ Æ Ñ Ä ±ÒËÆËÊÏÄ ±ÒËÆÝ× ÏÄ ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË ±ÐÔÐ
ÒÄÃÏÄÓÅÕÇÈÔËÏÔÈÒÈÓÐÆÄÔÞÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃÍбÄÍÞÏÝÎÓÆÐÌÓÔÆÐÎ
§ ® ® ¢ gÔÎÌ
] I[\[\∈'
¶ÈÇÅÊÈÞÐÉÒÓÉÓÞÇÐÑÈÌ××ÉÓÉÐÙÌÓÖÉÏÅÄÐÅÑÕ²ÓÞÕÑÏÏÐÑ
ÊÉÔÕÇÉ'×ÖвÙÌÄ∈'
I I[ I\
Õ É ²ÑÑÓÈÌÐÅÕÐÅÄ ÒÎÑÔ²ÑÔÕß ÒÉÓÉÏÉÐÐÞØ [ Ì \ ÄÇÎÄÉÕÔÄ
²ÅÔÅÕÉÎßÐÑÍ ÒÎÑÔ²ÑÔÕßá ² ÓÅ×Ì²Ö ×ÖвÙÌÌ IË Π ¶ÒÎÑÔ
²ÑÔÕß ÒÓÑØÑÈÄÜÅÄ ÚÉÓÉË ÕÑÚ²Ö Ì ÐÉ ²ÅÔÅáÜÅÄÔÄ Ç
àÕÑÍÕÑÚ²ÉÓÅ×̲Å6×ÖвÙÌÌIÕÑÔÖÜÉÔÕÇÖÉÕÕŲÅÄѲ
ÓÉÔÕÐÑÔÕß8ÕÑÚ²ÌÚÕÑÒÉÓÉÔÉÚÉÐÌÉÒÑÇÉÓØÐÑÔÕÌ6
ÔÒÎÑÔ²ÑÔÕßáΠÔÑÈÉÓÊÅÜÉÉÔÄÇËÅÏÞ²ÅÐÌÌ8 ѲÓÉÔÕÐÑÔÕÌ8
ÄÇÎÄÉÕÔÄ ÈÇÅÊÈÞ ÐÉÒÓÉÓÞÇÐÑ ÈÌ××ÉÓÉÐÙÌÓÖÉÏÑÍ ÒÓÑÔÕÑÍ ÈÖ
ÑÍÈÎIJÑÕÑÓÑÍÕÑÚ²ÅÄÇÎÄÉÕÔÄÇÐÖÕÓÉÐÐÉÍÕÑÚ²ÑÍ
¦ Ð Ì Â É Â Ô Ç Í Þ Ó Ô Ä Ð uÒÄÆÏÈÏËÈ ÑÍÐÓ±ÐÓÔË Π ÑÒÐ×ÐÇÃÛÈÌ
ÙÈÒÈÊÏÄÙÄÍбÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔËÎÈÈÔÆËÇ
$[%\&]
ÑÒËÙÈÎ ÈÓÍË ßÔÄ ÑÍÐÓ±ÐÓÔÞ ÏÈ ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓà ±ÄÓÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÌ ÑÍÐÓ±Ð
ÓÔÞàÆÔÐٱȱÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË6Ô ÈÏÈÓÐÆÑÄÇÄÈÔÓ±Ð
ÐÒÇËÏÄÔÏÐÌ ÑÍÐÓ±ÐÓÔÞà ÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÝ× [ \ ÓÎ ÔÐ ±Ð
ßÖÖËØËÈÏÔÝ$Ë%ÏÈÎÐÕÔÐÇÏÐÆÒÈÎÈÏÏÐÐÅÒÄÔËÔÞÓÃÆÏÕÍÞ
$%!
qÐÇÓÔÄÆËÆÆÖÐÒÎÕÍÕÆÝÒÄÉÈÏËÈÇÍÃ]ÑÐ
ÍÕÙËÎ
GHI
)[\ $[%\&I[\
ÐÔ±ÕÇÄ
)[ $)\ %
sÐÍÄÓÏÐ ÕÓÍÐÆËà ×ÐÔà ÅÝ ÐÇÏÄ ËÊ ßÔË× ÙÄÓÔÏÝ×
ÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇÏÝ× ÏÈ ÒÄÆÏÄ ÏÕÍà qÕÓÔÞ ÇÍà ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏÏÐÓÔË
)\ tı±Ä±±ÒÐÎÈÔÐÐ) ÔÐËÊÔÈÐÒÈ
ÎÝ Ð ÏÈÃÆÏÝ× ÖÕϱØËÃ× ÑÒËÎÈÏÈÏÏÐÌ ± ÕÒÄÆÏÈÏËà
ÓÍÈÇÕÈÔÙÔÐÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔÔıÄÃбÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔÞ
8 ^[\D[EF\G`
ÔÐÙ±ËÏÄÑÍÐÓ±ÐÓÔËÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÝ×[\ƱÐÔÐÒÐÌÕÒÄÆÏÈ
ÏËÈ Ä ÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐ Ë ÓËÓÔÈÎÄ ÕÒÄÆÏÈÏËÌ
ËÎÈàÔÈÇËÏÓÔÆÈÏÏÐÈÒÈÚÈÏËÈ
\ ϕ[[∈αβ
ÇÈ α β ¶ ÏȱÐÔÐÒÝÌ ËÏÔÈÒÆÄÍ ÓÐÇÈÒÉÄÛËÌ ÔÐÙ±Õ [ Ë
ÍÈÉÄÛËÌ Æ ËÏÔÈÒÆÄÍÈ D E ÔÐ ÐÊÏÄÙÄÈÔ ÙÔÐ Æ Ð±ÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔË
ÔÐÙ±ËÑÈÒÈÓÈÙÈÏËÈÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔËÓÑÍÐÓ±ÐÓÔÞà
ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃ ±ÒËÆÐÌ ÊÄÇÄÆÄÈÎÐÌ ÑÒÈÇÓÔÄÆÍÈÏËÈÎ [ [
\ ϕ[] I[ϕ[α[β
gÓÍËÔÈÑÈÒÞαDEβÔбÒËÆÄÃ
\ ϕ[] I[ϕ[DP[PE
ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃ ÑÒÐÓÔÐÌ ÇÕÐÌ ÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÈ ÆÊÄËÎÏÐÐÇÏÐ
ÊÏÄÙÏÐ ËÎÈàÛÈÌ ÔÐÙ±Õ ÓÆÐÈÌ ÆÏÕÔÒÈÏÏÈÌ ÔÐÙ±ÐÌ
dÝÅÈÒÈÎÔÈÑÈÒÞÙËÓÍÄFËGÔıÙÔÐÅÝFFGGË
ÑÕÓÔÞ
8 ^[\]D[EF\G´]`
¶ ÅÈÓ±ÐÏÈÙÏÝÌ ÐÔ±ÒÝÔÝÌ ÑÄÒÄÍÍÈÍÈÑËÑÈÇ ÃÆÍÃàÛËÌÓÃ
ÐÙÈÆËÇÏÐбÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔÞàÔÐÙ±ËyÄÓÔÞ±ÒËÆÐÌ
ÍÈÉÄÛÄÃÆÊÄÎݱÄÏËË 8 бÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔË8ÔÐÙ±ËÃÆÍÃ
ÈÔÓÃÑÒÐÓÔÐÌÇÕÐÌÙÄÓÔÞàÑÒÐÓÔÐÌÇÕËÇÍñÐÔÐÒÐÌ
ÔÐÙ±ÄÔıÉÈÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃÆÏÕÔÒÈÏÏÈÌÔÐÙ±ÐÌ
vÕϱØËÃIÑÐÕÓÍÐÆËàÇÆÄÉÇÝÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØË
ÒÕÈÎÄ ÑÐßÔÐÎÕ ÑÐ ÔÈÐÒÈÎÈ Ð ÏÈÃÆÏÝ× ÖÕϱØËÃ× ÖÕϱØËà ϕ
ÓÎ ÔıÉÈ ÇÆÄÉÇÝ ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐ ÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÕÈÎÄ Ä
ÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐ Ë ÑÒÐÓÔÄÃ ÇÕÄ ÇÆÄÉÇÝ ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐ
ÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÕÈÎÄ
d ÇÄÍÞÏÈÌÚÈÎ ÏÄÓ ÅÕÇÈÔ ËÏÔÈÒÈÓÐÆÄÔÞ ÓÔÒÕ±ÔÕÒÄ ÑÐÆÈÒ×
ÏÐÓÔËÍËÚÞÆÅÍËÊËÇÄÏÏÐÌÔÐÙ±ËËÎÝÆÓÈÇÄÅÕÇÈÎÑÒÈÇÑÐ
ÍÄÄÔÞ ÙÔÐ ÏÄ ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË ÆÝÅÒÄÏÄ ÔıÄà бÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔÞ ßÔÐÌ
ÔÐÙ±ËÙÔÐÑÈÒÈÓÈÙÈÏËȱÄÉÇÐÌÒÄÓÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄÈÎÐÌÑÍÐÓ±ÐÓÔËÓ
ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÞà Æ ÏÄÚË× ÒÄÓÓÎÐÔÒÈÏËÃ× ÆÓÈÇÄ ÕÙÄÓÔÆÕÈÔ
ÍËÚÞ ±ÐÏÈÙÏÐÈ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐ ÔıË× ÑÍÐÓ±ÐÓÔÈÌ ÍÈÉÄÛÈÈ Æ ÊÄ
ÎݱÄÏËË Õ±ÄÊÄÏÏÐÌ Ð±ÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔË ÅÕÇÈÔ ÆÓÈÇÄ ÑÒÈÇÓÔÄÆÍÃÔÞ
ÓÐÅÐÌ ±ÒËÆÕà ÇÄÉÈ ÑÒÐÓÔÕà ÇÕÕ ÙÔÐ ÓÐÍÄÓÏÐ ÍÈÎÎÈ
ÆÓÈÇÄËÎÈÈÔÎÈÓÔÐÇÍÃÇÐÓÔÄÔÐÙÏÐÎÄÍÐÌбÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔË
¯ÐÒÎÂÍÞÏÝÇÓÇÙÇÏÊáÑÐÄÇÒ×ÏÐÓÔÊ
fÍà ±ÒËÆËÊÏÝ ÍàÅÐÌ ÇÒÕÐÌ ±ÒËÆÐÌ Γ ÍÈÉÄÛÈÌ ÏÄ ÑÐ
ÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË 6 ±ÐÔÐÒÄà ÑÒÐ×ÐÇËÔ ÙÈÒÈÊ ÔÐÙ±Õ UX Y Ë ËÎÈÈÔ
ÔÕÉȱÄÓÄÔÈÍÞÏÕàÆßÔÐÌÔÐÙ±ÈÙÔÐËÏÐÒÎÄÍÞÏÐÈÓÈÙÈÏËÈΓ
ÓÑÒÄÆÈÇÍËÆÄÖÐÒÎÕÍÄ
0GX GY 1GY
NFRVθ = /GX
(GX )GX GY *GY
ÚÈÏËÈÑбÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÙÔÐØÈÏÔÒݱÒËÆËÊÏ&ÓÐÓÔÄÆÍÃàÔ
бÒÕÉÏÐÓÔÞ ÇÍà ±ÐÔÐÒÐÌ ÐÔÒÈÊб ns ÇÍËÏÝ 5 ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃ
ÇËÄÎÈÔÒÐÎ
gÓÍË ÒÄÓÓÎÐÔÒÈÔÞ ÔÐÍޱРÑÍÐÓ±ËÈ ÓÈÙÈÏËà ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË
ËÎÈàÛËÈ ÐÅÛÕà ±ÄÓÄÔÈÍÞÏÕà Ó ÏÐÒÎÄÍÞÏÝÎ ÓÈÙÈÏËÈÎ Γ
Ô È ÐÅÒÄÊÐÆÄÏÏÝÈ ÑÍÐÓ±ÐÓÔÃÎË ÑÒÐ×ÐÇÃÛËÎË ÙÈÒÈÊ ßÔÕ ±Ä
ÓÄÔÈÍÞÏÕà ÔÐ ÏÄ ÒËÓ ÑÒÃÎÄÃ 0& ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃ ÓÍÈÇÐÎ ÏÄ
ÑÍÐÓ±ÐÓÔËÙÈÒÔÈÉÄÏÐÒÎÄÍÞÏÐÐÓÈÙÈÏËÃÑÒÃÎÄÃ0& ¶ÓÍÈ
ÇÐÎÓȱÕÛÈÌÑÍÐÓ±ÐÓÔËÄθ ¶ÕÍÐÎÎÈÉÇÕßÔËÎËÑÍÐÓ±ÐÓÔÃ
ÎË vÐÒÎÕÍÄ ÑбÄÊÝÆÄÈÔ ÙÔÐ ØÈÏÔÒ ±ÒËÆËÊÏÝ & Íà
ÅÐÐÑÍÐÓ±ÐÐÓÈÙÈÏËÃÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃÐÓÏÐÆÄÏËÈÎÑÈÒÑÈÏÇ˱ÕÍÃÒÄ
ÐÑÕÛÈÏÏÐÐ ÏÄ ÓȱÕÛÕà ÑÍÐÓ±ÐÓÔÞ ËÊ ØÈÏÔÒÄ ±ÒËÆËÊÏÝ &
ÏÐÒÎÄÍÞÏÐÐ ÓÈÙÈÏËà ËÎÈàÛÈÐ ÔÕ ÉÈ ±ÄÓÄÔÈÍÞÏÕà ÙÔÐ Ë
ÒÄÓÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄÈÎÐÈÑÍÐÓ±ÐÈÓÈÙÈÏËÈ
qÒËÆÒÄÛÈÏËËÓȱÕÛÈÌÑÍÐÓ±ÐÓÔËÐÔÓÐÆÑÄÇÈÏËÃÈÈÓÏÐÒ
ÎÄÍÞÏÝÎ ÓÈÙÈÏËÈÎ ÇÐ ÓÐÆÑÄÇÈÏËÃ Ó ±ÄÓÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÌ ÑÍÐÓ±ÐÓÔÞà
ßÔÐÓÐÐÔÆÈÔÓÔÆÕÈÔËÊÎÈÏÈÏËàÕÍÄθÐÔÇÐπÒÄÇËÕÓ±ÒË
ÆËÊÏÝ ÓÈÙÈÏËà ËÊÎÈÏÃÈÔÓà ÐÔ 5 ÇÐ Æ ÙÄÓÔÏÐÓÔË ±ÐÇÄ ÓÈ
±ÕÛÄà ÑÍÐÓ±ÐÓÔÞ ÓÔÒÈÎËÔÓà ± ±ÄÓÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÌ ÑÍÐÓ±ÐÓÔË Ô È
θ{πÒÄÇËÕÓ±ÒËÆËÊÏÑÍÐÓ±Ë×ÓÈÙÈÏËÌÅÕÇÈÔÓÔÒÈÎËÔÞÓñ
ÏÕÍàÄÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐË×±ÒËÆËÊÏÝ ¶±ÅÈÓ±ÐÏÈÙÏÐÓÔË
lÐÏÈÙÏÐ ÓÐÍÄÓÏÐ ÔÈÐÒÈÎÈ Ñ ÔıËÎ ÉÈ ÅÕÇÈÔ Ë
ÊıÐÏËÊÎÈÏÈÏËñÒËÆËÊϱÒËÆÝ×±ÐÔÐÒÝÈËÎÈàÔÐÅÛÕà±Ä
ÓÄÔÈÍÞÏÕà Ó ÏÐÒÎÄÍÞÏÝÎ ÓÈÙÈÏËÈÎΓ Ë ÇÍà ±ÐÔÐÒÝ× Õ±ÄÊÄÏ
ÏÝÈ ÓȱÕÛËÈ ÑÍÐÓ±ÐÓÔË ÃÆÍÃàÔÓà ÓÐÑÒ˱ÄÓÄàÛËÎËÓà ÑÍÐÓ
±ÐÓÔÃÎË
¥ÍÂÄÏÝÇÌÒÊÄÊÉÏݶÐÒÎÕÍ¿ËÍÇÒÂ
ÃÆÏÝÎ ÑÒÈÇÓÔÄÆÍÈÏËÈÎ Æ ±ÐÔÐÒÐÎ ÑÍÐÓ±ÐÓÔÞ ÏÈÊÄÆËÓËÎÝ×
ÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÝ× ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓà ±ÄÓÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÌ ÑÍÐÓ±ÐÓÔÞà Æ ÒÄÓÓÎÄÔÒË
ÆÄÈÎÐÌÔÐÙ±È ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔËÓÎÑ nÝ ËÅÕÇÈÎÒÄÓÓÎÄÔ
ÒËÆÄÔÞÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÞÊÄÇÄÏÏÕàÔıËÎÑÒÈÇÓÔÄÆÍÈÏËÈÎ
qÕÓÔÞ ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÞ 6 ÊÄÇÄÏÄ ÇÆÄÉÇÝ ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐ ÇËÖÖÈ
ÒÈÏØËÒÕÈÎÐÌÖÕϱØËÈÌI[\ÆбÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔË8ÔÐÙ±Ë
] I[\[\∈8
ÑÒËÙÈαÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔÏÄÃÑÍÐÓ±ÐÓÔÞÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÝ×[\ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓñÄ
ÓÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÌÑÍÐÓ±ÐÓÔÞà±ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË6ÆÈÈÔÐÙ±ÈIËÓÍÈ
ÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐ
I I[ I\
dÆÈÇÈÎÓÍÈÇÕÛËÈÐÅÐÊÏÄÙÈÏËÃ
GHI GHI GHI
I [[ I[[I [\ I[\ I \\ I\\
ËÊÄÖ˱ÓËÒÕÈαıÕàÍËÅÐÈÇËÏËÙÏÕàÏÐÒÎÄÍÞQ±ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐ
ÓÔË6ÆÔÐÙ±ÈÏÄÑÒËÎÈÒQ
vÐÒÎÕÍÄÇÍñÒËÆËÊÏÏÐÒÎÄÍÞÏÝ×ÓÈÙÈÏËÌÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË6
ÆÔÐÙ±ÈËÎÈÈÔÆËÇÓÎË
[[ I G[ I G[ G\ I G\
[\ \\
¥N
GV
lÄÓÄÔÈÍÞÏÄà ± ÏÐÒÎÄÍÞÏÐÎÕ ÓÈÙÈÏËà ÍÈÉËÔ Æ ÑÍÐÓ±ÐÓÔË
ÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÝ× [ \ ÑÐßÔÐÎÕ G[ G\
FRV ϕ VLQ ϕ ÇÈ ÓÎ
GV GV
Ë ϕ ¶ ÕÐÍ ÎÈÉÇÕ ±ÄÓÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÌ ± ÏÐÒÎÄÍÞÏÐ
ÎÕ ÓÈÙÈÏËà Ë ÐÓÞà 2[ qÐßÔÐÎÕ ÖÐÒÎÕÍÄ ÇÍÃ ÏÐÒ
ÎÄÍÞÏÝ×ÓÈÙÈÏËÌÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË6ËÎÈÈÔÆËÇ
FRVϕ I FRVϕ VLQϕ I VLQϕ
¥N I [[ [\ \\
fÍÃÑÒÐÓÔÐÔÝÊÄÑËÓËÐÔÏÈÓÈÎÊÇÈÓÞÊÏıÎËÏÕÓ±±ÒËÆËÊÏÈN
Ô È ÅÕÇÈÎ ÓÙËÔÄÔÞ ±ÒËÆËÊÏÕ ÏÐÒÎÄÍÞÏÐÐ ÓÈÙÈÏËÃ ÑÐÍÐÉË
ÔÈÍÞÏÐÌ ÈÓÍË ÏÄÑÒÄÆÍÈÏËà ÏÐÒÎÄÍË ± ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË 6 Ë ÍÄÆ
ÏÐÌ ÏÐÒÎÄÍË ÏÐÒÎÄÍÞÏÐÐ ÓÈÙÈÏËÃ ÓÐÆÑÄÇÄàÔ Ë ÐÔÒËØÄÔÈÍÞ
ÏÐÌÈÓÍËÐÏËËÎÈàÔÑÒÐÔËÆÐÑÐÍÐÉÏÐÈÏÄÑÒÄÆÍÈÏËÈqÒËßÔÐÎ
ÓÐÍÄÚÈÏËËËÎÈÈÎ
FRVϕ I FRVϕ VLQϕ I VLQϕ
N I [[
[\ \\
qÐÆÈÒÏÈÎ ÔÈÑÈÒÞ ±ÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔÏÝÈ ÐÓË 2[ Ë 2\ Æ Ë× ±ÐÐÒÇË
ÏÄÔÏÐÌ ÑÍÐÓ±ÐÓÔË Ôı ÙÔÐÅÝ ÙÍÈÏ Ó ÑÒÐËÊÆÈÇÈÏËÈÎ ±ÐÓËÏÕÓÄ
ËÓËÏÕÓÄÆÖÐÒÎÕÍÈÐÅÒÄÔËÍÓÃÆÏÕÍÞÔÐÆÓÈÇÄÎÐÉ
ÏÐÓÇÈÍÄÔÞÓÐÍÄÓÏÐÐÅÛÈÌÔÈÐÒËËÑÒËÆÈÇÈÏËñÆÄÇÒÄÔËÙÏÝ×
ÖÐÒÎ ± ±ÄÏÐÏËÙÈÓ±ÐÎÕ ÆËÇÕ dÑÒÐÙÈÎ Æ ÇÄÏÏÐÎ ÓÍÕÙÄÈ Æ
ßÔÐÎÍȱÐÕÅÈÇËÔÞÓÃÏÈÑÐÓÒÈÇÓÔÆÈÏÏÐ
d ÓÄÎÐÎ ÇÈÍÈ ±ÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔÝ ÔÐÙ±Ë Ø Ö ÆÝÒÄÉÄàÔÓà ÙÈÒÈÊ
ÈÈ ±ÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔÝ [
\
Æ ÓËÓÔÈÎÈ ±ÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔ ÑÐÍÕÙÈÏÏÐÌ ÑÐÆÐ
ÒÐÔÐαÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔÏÝ×ÐÓÈÌÏÄÕÐÍψÑÐÖÐÒÎÕÍÄÎ
[ [
FRVψ´\
VLQψ
\ [
VLQψ\
FRVψ
qÐÇÅÈÒÈÎÕÐÍψÔıÙÔÐÅÝÇÍÃÖÕϱØËË
GHI
I
[
\
I[
FRVψ´\
VLQψ[
VLQψ\
FRVψ
ËÎÈÍÐÎÈÓÔÐÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐ
I
[
\
tı±Ä±I
[
I[FRVψI\VLQψÔÐ
I
[
\
´I[[FRVψ VLQψI[\FRVψ´VLQψI\\ VLQψFRVψ
gÓÍËÉÈN NËÏÄÑÒËÎÈÒN!NÔÐÊÄÑËÓÄÆÖÐÒÎÕÍÕ
ÆÆËÇÈ
N N´NFRVϕNFRVϕVLQϕ N´NFRVϕN
ÑÐÍÕÙËÎÙÔÐNONËN N´NFRVϕNPN´NN N
Ô ÈÙÔÐNPNPN
°ÑÒÇÆÇÍÇÏÊÇ ²ÔÕÓÉÏÅÎßÐÞÉ ËÐÅÚÉÐÌÄ N Ì N ²ÓÌÇÌËÐ
ÐÑÓÏÅÎßÐÞØ ÔÉÚÉÐÌÍ Ç ÈÅÐÐÑÍ ÕÑÚ²É ÒÑÇÉÓØÐÑÔÕÌ ÐÅËÞÇÅ
áÕÔÄ ÎÅÇÐÞÏÌ ²ÓÌÇÌËÐÅÏÌ ÔÑÑÕÇÉÕÔÕÇÖáÜÌÉ ÌÏ ÐÑÓ
ÏÅÎßÐÞÉÔÉÚÉÐÌÄ ¶ÎÅÇÐÞÏÌÐÑÓÏÅÎßÐÞÏÌÔÉÚÉÐÌÄÏÌÅÌØ
²ÅÔÅÕÉÎßÐÞÉ ¶ÎÅÇÐÞÏÌÐÅÒÓÅÇÎÉÐÌÄÏÌ
lÒËÆÄà ÏÄ ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË ±ÐÔÐÒÄÃ Æ ±ÄÉÇÐÌ ÓÆÐÈÌ ÔÐÙ±È
ËÎÈÈÔÍÄÆÏÐÈÏÄÑÒÄÆÍÈÏËÈÏÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÓÃÎÌÐÌÉÍ ²ÓÌÇÌËÐÞ
qÐÍÕÙÈÏÏÝÌ ÆÝÚÈ ÒÈÊÕÍÞÔÄÔ ÎÐÉÏÐ Æ ÔÈÒÎËÏÄ× ÍÄÆÏÝ×
ÏÄÑÒÄÆÍÈÏËÌÓÖÐÒÎÕÍËÒÐÆÄÔÞÆÆËÇÈÓÍÈÇÕàÛÈÌÔÈÐÒÈÎÝ
´ § ° ² § ® ¢ lÓÌÇÌËÐÅNÎáÆÑÑÐÑÓÏÅÎßÐÑÑÔÉÚÉÐÌÄÇÑÇÔÄ
²ÑÍ ÇÐÖÕÓÉÐÐÉÍ ÐÉÑÔÑÆÑÍ ÕÑÚ²É ÈÇÅÊÈÞ ÐÉÒÓÉÓÞÇÐÑ ÈÌ××É
ÓÉÐÙÌÓÖÉÏÑÍ ÒÑÇÉÓØÐÑÔÕÌ ÇÞÓÅÊÅÉÕÔÄ ÚÉÓÉË ²ÓÌÇÌËÐÞ N Ì
N ÈÇÖØ ÇËÅÌÏÐÑÒÉÓÒÉÐÈ̲ÖÎÄÓÐÞØ ÎÅÇÐÞØ ÐÑÓÏÅÎßÐÞØ ÔÉ
ÚÉÐÌÍÒÑ×ÑÓÏÖÎÉ
N NFRVϕNVLQϕ
ÈÉϕ ¶ÖÑÎÑÆÓÅËÑÇÅÐÐÞÍÒÎÑÔ²ÑÔÕßáÐÑÓÏÅÎßÐÑÑÔÉÚÉÐÌÄ
ÔÒÎÑÔ²ÑÔÕßáÎÅÇÐÑÑÐÑÓÏÅÎßÐÑÑÔÉÚÉÐÌÄÔ²ÓÌÇÌËÐÑÍN
vÐÒÎÕÍÄÏÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÓÃ×ÑÓÏÖÎÑÍ ÍÎÉÓÅ
d ÓÍÕÙÄÈ N N ÇÍà ÍàÅÐÌ ±ÒËÆËÊÏÝ N ÏÈ ÒÄÆÏÐÌ ÏË ÐÇ
ÏÐÌËÊÍÄÆÏÝ×±ÒËÆËÊÏÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔÙÈÔÝÒÈÊÏÄÙÈÏËÃÕÍÄϕ
ÇÍà ±ÐÔÐÒÝ× ÆÝÑÐÍÏÃÈÔÓà ÓÐÐÔÏÐÚÈÏËÈ ϕ ϕ π
ϕ πËϕπuÍÝÐÔÍËÙÄàÛËÈÓÃÇÒÕÐÔÇÒÕÄÏÄπÐÑ
ÒÈÇÈÍÃàÔÐÇÏÐËÔÐÉÈÏÐÒÎÄÍÞÏÐÈÓÈÙÈÏËÈÑÐßÔÐÎÕÇÍñÄÉ
ÇÐÌ Õ±ÄÊÄÏÏÐÌ ±ÒËÆËÊÏÝ N ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔ ÔÐÙÏÐ ÇÆÄ ÒÄÊÍËÙÏÝ×
ÏÐÒÎÄÍÞÏÝ×ÓÈÙÈÏËÃËÎÈàÛË×ÇÄÏÏÕà±ÒËÆËÊÏÕ
gÓÍËÉÈN NËÍËN NÔÐËÊÖÐÒÎÕÍÝÓÍÈÇÕÈÔ
ÙÔÐ ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔ ÔÐÍޱРÐÇÏÐ ÏÐÒÎÄÍÞÏÐÈ ÓÈÙÈÏËÈ ËÎÈàÛÈÈ
ÓÆÐÈ̱ÒËÆËÊÏÐÌÇÄÏÏÕàÍÄÆÏÕà±ÒËÆËÊÏÕ
pÔÎÈÔËÎ Æ ÙÄÓÔÏÐÓÔË ÙÔÐ ÑÒË N N ÊÏÄÙÈÏËÈ N ±Ð
ÔÐÒÐÈ ÅÝÍÐ ËÓ±ÍàÙÈÏÐ ËÊ ÒÄÓÓÎÐÔÒÈÏËà ÑÒË ÇбÄÊÄÔÈÍÞÓÔÆÈ
ÔÈÐÒÈÎÝ nÈÏÞÈ ÎÐÉÈÔ ÍËÅÐ ÓÐÆÓÈÎ ÐÔÓÕÔÓÔÆÐÆÄÔÞ Æ ÇÄÏÏÐÌ
ÔÐÙ±ÈÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔ˱ÐÇÄÍÄÆÏÝȱÒËÆËÊÏÝÐÇÏÐÐÊÏıÄÍË
ÅÐ ÑÐÍÕÙÄÔÞÓà ÑÒË ÐÇÏÐÎ ÊÏÄÙÈÏËË ϕ ±ÐÇÄ ÐÇÏÄ ËÊ ÍÄÆÏÝ×
±ÒËÆËÊÏÒÄÆÏÄÏÕÍàÍËÅÐÑÒËÇÆÕ×±ÐÇÄÍÄÆÏÝȱÒËÆËÊÏÝ
ËÎÈàÔ ÒÄÊÏÝÈ ÊÏÄ±Ë oÄÑÒÄÆÍÈÏËà ±ÐÔÐÒÝÎ ÓÐÐÔÆÈÔÓÔÆÕàÔ
ÏÐÒÎÄÍÞÏÝÈ ÓÈÙÈÏËÃ ÏÕÍÈÆÐÌ ±ÒËÆËÊÏÝ ÏÄÊÝÆÄàÔÓÃ ÅÔÌÏÒ
ÕÑÕÌÚÉÔ²ÌÏÌ ÐÅÒÓÅÇÎÉÐÌÄÏÌ ÐÅ ÒÑÇÉÓØÐÑÔÕÌ d ±ÄÉÇÐÌ
ÔÐÙ±ÈÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔËƱÐÔÐÒÐÌN NÆÓËÍÕÓ±ÄÊÄÏÏÐÐÆÝÚÈ
ËÎÈÈÔÓÃÏÈÅÐÍÈÈÇÆÕ×ÄÓËÎÑÔÐÔËÙÈÓ±Ë×ÏÄÑÒÄÆÍÈÏËÌlÒËÆÄÃ
ÏÄÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔ˱ÐÔÐÒÄÃƱÄÉÇÐÌÓÆÐÈÌÔÐÙ±ÈËÎÈÈÔÄÓËÎÑÔÐ
ÔËÙÈÓ±ÐÈÏÄÑÒÄÆÍÈÏËÈÏÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÓÃÅÔÌÏÒÕÑÕÌÚÉÔ²ÑÍÎÌÐÌÉÍ
±ÓÔÒÈÎÄÍÞÏÐÈ ÓÆÐÌÓÔÆÐ ÍÄÆÏÝ× ±ÒËÆËÊÏ ÐÙÈÆËÇÏÐ ÏÈ
ÊÄÆËÓËÔÐÔÆÝÅÐÒÄÑÒÈÇÓÔÄÆÍÈÏËÃÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔËÐÏÐÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÃ
ÈÔÓà ÓÆÐÌÓÔÆÄÎË ±ÒËÆËÊÏ ±ÒËÆÝ× ÍÈÉÄÛË× ÏÄ ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË
Ë ÔıËÎ ÐÅÒÄÊÐÎ ÍÄÆÏÝÈ ±ÒËÆËÊÏÝ ÃÆÍÃàÔÓà ×ÄÒıÔÈÒËÓ
Ô˱ÄÎËÓÄÎÐÌÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔËiÄÎÈÙÄÔÈÍÞÏÝÎÖıÔÐÎÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃ
ÔÐ ÐÅÓÔÐÃÔÈÍÞÓÔÆÐ ÇбÄÊÄÏÏÐÈ ÆÝÚÈ ÙÔÐ ÍÄÆÏÝÈ ÏÄÑÒÄÆÍÈ
ÏËÃÔ ÈÏÄÑÒÄÆÍÈÏËÃÐÔÆÈÙÄàÛËÈß±ÓÔÒÈÎÄÍÞÏÝÎÊÏÄÙÈÏË
ÃαÒËÆËÊÏÏÐÒÎÄÍÞÏÝ×ÓÈÙÈÏËÌÐÒÔÐÐÏÄÍÞÏÝ
qÐÇÆÈÇÈÎÏȱÐÔÐÒÝÈËÔÐËjÊÑÐÍÕÙÈÏÏÝ×ÒÈÊÕÍÞÔÄÔÐÆÓÍÈ
ÇÕÈÔÙÔÐËÊÕÙÈÏËȱÒËÆËÊϱÒËÆÝ×ÏÄÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔËÆÇÄÏÏÐÌÈÈ
ÔÐÙ±ÈÓÆÐÇËÔÓñ±ÒËÆËÊÏÄÎÑÍÐÓ±Ë×ÓÈÙÈÏËÌÔÈÐÒÈÎıÒË
ÆËÊÏÝ ÑÍÐÓ±Ë× ÓÈÙÈÏËÌ µ ± ±ÒËÆËÊÏÄÎ ÏÐÒÎÄÍÞÏÝ× ÓÈÙÈÏËÌ
ÔÈÐÒÈÎÄ Ä ±ÒËÆËÊÏÝ ÏÐÒÎÄÍÞÏÝ× ÓÈÙÈÏËÌ ÆÝÒÄÉÄàÔÓà ÙÈ
ÒÈÊÍÄÆÏÝȱÒËÆËÊÏÝÑÐÖÐÒÎÕÍÈÌÍÈÒÄÔÈÐÒÈÎÄ
¤ÝÙÊÓÍÇÏÊÇÅÍÂÄÏÝ×ÌÒÊÄÊÉÏ
qÈÒÈÑËÚÈÎ ÖÐÒÎÕÍÕ ÇÍÃ ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËÃ ÏÐÒÎÄÍÞÏÐÌ
±ÒËÆËÊÏÝÆÆËÇÈ
/´N(GX0´N)GXGY1´N*GY
rÄÊÇÈÍËÆ ßÔÐ ÕÒÄÆÏÈÏËÈ ÏÄ GY Ë ÆÆÈÇÃ ÆÓÑÐÎÐÄÔÈÍÞÏÕà
ÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÕà W GX
ÊÏÄÙÈÏËÈ W ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÃÈÔ ÏÐÒÎÄÍÞÏÐÈ ÓÈÙÈ
GY
ÏËÈÑÐÍÕÙËÎ
/´N(W0´N)W1´N*
lÐÒÏ˱ÆÄÇÒÄÔÏÐÐÕÒÄÆÏÈÏËÃÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÃàÔÑÐÍÐÉÈÏËÈ
ÏÐÒÎÄÍÞÏÐÐÓÈÙÈÏËÃÐÔÆÈÙÄàÛÈбÒËÆËÊÏÈNfÍÃÍÄÆÏÝ×
±ÒËÆËÊÏËÔÐÍÞ±ÐÇÍÃÏË×ÔıÐÈÑÐÍÐÉÈÏËÈÈÇËÏÓÔÆÈÏÏÐÑÐ
ßÔÐÎÕ ÇÍà ÏË× ±ÐÒÏË ±ÆÄÇÒÄÔÏÐÐ ÕÒÄÆÏÈÏËà ÇÐÍÉÏÝ
ÓÍËÔÞÓÃÔ ÈÈÐÇËÓ±ÒËÎËÏÄÏÔÇÐÍÉÈÏÐÅÒÄÔËÔÞÓÃÆÏÕÍÞ
0´N)´/´N(1´N*
ËÍËÆÆËÇÈÅÐÍÈÈÕÇÐÅÏÐÎÇÍÃÊÄÑÐÎËÏÄÏËÃ
/ µ N) 0 µ N)
0 µ N) 1 µ N*
ÔÐËÈÓÔÞÕÒÄÆÏÈÏËÈÇÍÃÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËÃÍÄÆÏÝ×±ÒËÆËÊÏ
gÓÍËÍÄÆÏÝȱÒËÆËÊÏÝNËNÏÄÌÇÈÏÝÔÐÑÐÇÓÔÄÆËÆË×
ÊÏÄÙÈÏËÃ Æ ÕÒÄÆÏÈÏËÈ ÏÄÌÇÈÎ ÊÏÄÙÈÏËÈ ÍÄÆÏÐÐ ÏÄ
ÑÒÄÆÍÈÏËÃW
°ÑÒÇÆÇÍÇÏÊÇ qÓÑÌËÇÉÈÉÐÌÉÎÅÇÐÞزÓÌÇÌËÐÒÑÇÉÓØÐÑÔÕÌ
ÇÈÅÐÐÑÍÉÉÕÑÚ²ÉÐÅËÞÇÅÉÕÔÄÒÑÎÐÑÍÌÎÌÅÖÔÔÑÇÑÍ
²ÓÌÇÌË
ÐÑÍÒÑÇÉÓØÐÑÔÕÌ
. NN
ÅÌØÒÑÎÖÔÖÏÏÅ
+ NN
¶ÔÓÉÈÐÉͲÓÌÇÌËÐÑÍÒÑÇÉÓØÐÑÔÕÌ
pÙÈÆËÇÏÐÙÔÐÊÏÄÏËÈÍÄÆÏÝ×±ÒËÆËÊÏÆÔÐÙ±ÈÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐ
ÓÔË ÒÄÆÏÐÓËÍÞÏÐ ÊÏÄÏËà ÈÈ ÑÐÍÏÐÌ Ë ÓÒÈÇÏÈÌ ±ÒËÆËÊÏ Æ ßÔÐÌ
ÔÐÙ±ÈpÇÏıÐÆÏȱÐÔÐÒÝ×ÆÐÑÒÐÓÄ×ÆÙÈÎÎÝÓ±ÐÒÐÕÅÈÇËÎ
ÓÃ ÕÇÐÅÏÈÈ ËÎÈÔÞ ÇÈÍÐ Ó ÑÐÍÏÐÌ Ë ÓÒÈÇÏÈÌ ±ÒËÆËÊÏÐÌ ÙÈÎ Ó
ÍÄÆÏÝÎ˱ÒËÆËÊÏÄÎË
fÍÃÑÐÍÕÙÈÏËÃÖÐÒÎÕÍÇÍÃÑÐÍÏÐÌËÓÒÈÇÏÈ̱ÒËÆËÊÏÊÄÑË
ÚÈÎÕÒÄÆÏÈÏËÈÇÍÃÍÄÆÏÝ×±ÒËÆËÊÏÆÓÍÈÇÕàÛÈÎÆËÇÈ
(*´)N´(1´)0*/N/1´0
pÔÓàÇÄÑÐÔÈÐÒÈÎÈdËÈÔÄÑÐÍÕÙËÎ
µ 0
.NN /1
(* µ )
eÍÄÆÏÝȱÒËÆËÊÏÝÆÇÄÏÏÐÌÔÐÙ±ÈÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔËÏÈÊÄÆËÓÃÔ
ÐÔ ÑÒÈÇÓÔÄÆÍÈÏËà ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË ÑÐßÔÐÎÕ ÏÈ ÊÄÆËÓÃÔ ÐÔ ÑÒÈÇ
ÓÔÄÆÍÈÏËÃÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔËÑÐÍÏÄÃËÓÒÈÇÏÃñÒËÆËÊÏÝtı±Ä±
ÑÈÒÆÄñÆÄÇÒÄÔËÙÏÄÃÖÐÒÎÄÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔËÑÐÍÐÉËÔÈÍÞÏÐÐÑÒÈ
ÇÈÍÈÏÏÄÃ ÐÏÄ ÒÄÆÏÄ GV Ë ÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐ ÈÈ ÇËÓ±ÒËÎËÏÄÏÔ
ÅÐÍÞÚÈÏÕÍÃ(*´)!ÔÐËÊÖÐÒÎÕÍÝÇÍÃÑÐÍÏÐÌ
±ÒËÆËÊÏÝ ÓÍÈÇÕÈÔ ÙÔÐ Ë ÓËÏÄÔÕÒÄ ÇËÓ±ÒËÎËÏÄÏÔÄ /1 ´ 0
ÆÔÐÒÐ̱ÆÄÇÒÄÔËÙÏÐÌÖÐÒÎÝÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔËÏÈÊÄÆËÓËÔÐÔÑÒÈÇ
ÓÔÄÆÍÈÏËà ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË ÈÓÍË ÑÐÍÏÄà ±ÒËÆËÊÏÄ ÒÄÆÏÄ ÏÕÍà
ÔÐËßÔÐÔÇËÓ±ÒËÎËÏÄÏÔÒÄÆÈÏÏÕÍàÄÈÓÍËÑÐÍÏÄñÒËÆËÊÏÄ
ÐÔÍËÙÏÄÐÔÏÕÍÃÔÐÈÐÊÏıÓÐÆÑÄÇÄÈÔÓÐÊÏıÐÎÑÐÍÏÐ̱ÒË
ÆËÊÏÝ
± Ò Ê Î Ç Ò dÝÙËÓÍËÎÑÐÍÏÕàËÓÒÈÇÏàà±ÒËÆËÊÏÝÇÍÃË
ÑÈÒÅÐÍËÙÈÓ±ÐÐÑÄÒÄÅÐÍÐËÇÄ] [´\
sÐÍÄÓÏÐÖÐÒÎÕÍÄÎËÆßÔÐÎÓÍÕÙÄÈ
( [) ´[\* \(*´) [\
/ 0 1 ´/1´0 ´
ÑÐßÔÐÎÕ
( \ µ [ )
. ´
+
[ \ [ \
¬ÍÂÓÓÊÖÊÌÂØÊáÔÐÙÇÌÑÐÄÇÒ×ÏÐÓÔÊ
sÑÐÎÐÛÞàÑÐÍÏÐ̱ÒËÆËÊÏÝÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔËбÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÓÃÕÇÐÅ
ÏÝαÍÄÓÓËÖËØËÒÐÆÄÔÞÔÐÙ±ËÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË
°ÑÒÇÆÇÍÇÏÊÇ tÑÚ²ÌÒÑÇÉÓØÐÑÔÕÌDzÑÕÑÓÞØÒÑÎÐÅIJÓÌ
ÇÌËÐÅ ÒÑÎÑÊÌÕÉÎßÐÅÄ ÐÅËÞÇÅáÕÔÄ àÎÎÌÒÕÌÚÉÔ²ÌÏÌ ÕÑÚ
²ÅÏÌÒÑÇÉÓØÐÑÔÕÌDzÑÕÑÓÞØÑÐÅÑÕÓÌÙÅÕÉÎßÐÅÄ ¶ÌÒÉÓ
ÆÑÎÌÚÉÔ²ÌÏÌÅDzÑÕÑÓÞØÑÐÅÓÅÇÐÅÐÖÎáÐÑÑÈÐÅÌËÎÅÇ
ÐÞزÓÌÇÌËÐÑÕÎÌÚÐÅÑÕÐÖÎÄ ¶ÒÅÓÅÆÑÎÌÚÉÔ²ÌÏÌ
tÐÙ±Ë Æ ±ÐÔÐÒÝ× ÐÅÈ ÍÄÆÏÝÈ ±ÒËÆËÊÏÝ ÒÄÆÏÝ ÏÕÍà Ä
ÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐ ÒÄÆÏÄ ÏÕÍà Ë ÑÐÍÏÄÃ ±ÒËÆËÊÏÄ ÏÄÊÝÆÄàÔÓÃ
ÕÑÚ²ÅÏÌ ÖÒÎÑÜÉÐÌÄ ÒÑÇÉÓØÐÑÔÕÌ
d ßÍÍËÑÔËÙÈÓ±ÐÌ ÔÐÙ±È ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË . NN ! cÕÇÈÎ
ÓÙËÔÄÔÞ ÙÔÐ N ! Ë N ! Ôı ±Ä± ßÔÐÐ ÆÓÈÇÄ ÎÐÉÏÐ ÇÐ
ÅËÔÞÓÃËÊÎÈÏËÆÆÓÍÕÙÄÈÏÈÐÅ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔËÏÄÑÒÄÆÍÈÏËÈÏÐÒÎÄ
ÍË ± ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË Æ ÒÈÊÕÍÞÔÄÔÈ ÙÈÐ ÊÏÄ±Ë ÍÄÆÏÝ× ±ÒËÆËÊÏ
ËÊÎÈÏÃÔÓÃÏÄÑÒÐÔËÆÐÑÐÍÐÉÏÝÈdßÔÐÎÓÍÕÙÄÈÆÓȱÒËÆËÊÏÝ
ÏÐÒÎÄÍÞÏÝ× ÓÈÙÈÏËÌ ÑÐÍÐÉËÔÈÍÞÏÝÈ Ë ÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐ ÆÓÈ
ÍÄÆÏÝÈ ÏÐÒÎÄÍË ÏÐÒÎÄÍÞÏÝ× ÓÈÙÈÏËÌ ÏÄÑÒÄÆÍÈÏÝ Æ ÐÇÏÕ Ë
ÔÕ ÉÈ ÓÔÐÒÐÏÕ ¶ Æ ÓÔÐÒÐÏÕ ÏÐÒÎÄÍË Q ± ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË ¶
ÑÐßÔÐÎÕÆÓÈÏÐÒÎÄÍÞÏÝÈÓÈÙÈÏËÃÊÄËÅÄàÔÓÃÆÓÔÐÒÐÏÕÆȱÔÐ
ÒÄQÓÎÑ jÏÄÙÈÐÆÐÒÃÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÞÆÏȱÐÔÐÒÐÌб
ÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔËÒÄÓÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄÈÎÐÌÔÐÙ±ËÒÄÓÑÐÍÄÄÈÔÓÃÑÐÐÇÏÕÓÔÐ
ÒÐÏÕÐÔÓÆÐÈ̱ÄÓÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÌÑÍÐÓ±ÐÓÔËÒËÓ
ÐÌÉ
ÇÎÉ
eÎ !
ÒÓÅ
ÅÇ
N
É ÐÅ N !
ÐÑ
ÇÐÑ
eÎÅ
É
ÐÅ
ÒÓ
ÅÇ
ÎÉ
ÐÌ
É
rËÓ
bÓËÎÑÔÐÔËÙÈÓ±Ë× ÏÄÑÒÄÆÍÈÏËÌ Æ ßÍÍËÑÔËÙÈÓ±ÐÌ ÔÐÙ±È
ÏÈÔ ÈÓÍË N ! Ë N ! ÔÐ ËÊ ÖÐÒÎÕÍÝ ÌÍÈÒÄ ÓÍÈ
ÇÕÈÔÙÔÐÇÍÃÍàÅÐÐÏÐÒÎÄÍÞÏÐÐÓÈÙÈÏËÃÈбÒËÆËÊÏÄ
N NFRVϕN VLQϕ!
tı ±Ä± ÊÏı ÑÐÍÏÐÌ ±ÒËÆËÊÏÝ . ÓÐÆÑÄÇÄÈÔ ÓÐ ÊÏıÐÎ
ÇËÓ±ÒËÎËÏÄÏÔÄ/1´0ÆÔÐÒÐ̱ÆÄÇÒÄÔËÙÏÐÌÖÐÒÎÝÑÐÆÈÒ×
ÏÐÓÔËÓÎÑ ÔÐÆßÍÍËÑÔËÙÈÓ±ÐÌÔÐÙ±È
/1´0!
d ËÑÈÒÅÐÍËÙÈÓ±ÐÌ ÔÐÙ±È ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË ÄÕÓÓÐÆÄ ±ÒËÆËÊÏÄ
ÐÔÒËØÄÔÈÍÞÏÄ . NN sÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐ ÍÄÆÏÝÈ ±ÒËÆËÊ
ÏÝ ËÎÈàÔ ÑÒÐÔËÆÐÑÐÍÐÉÏÝÈ ÊÏÄ±Ë ÑÐßÔÐÎÕ ÍÄÆÏÝÈ ÏÐÒÎÄ
ÍË ÍÄÆÏÝ× ÏÐÒÎÄÍÞÏÝ× ÓÈÙÈÏËÌ ÏÄÑÒÄÆÍÈÏÝ Æ ÑÒÐÔËÆÐÑÐ
ÍÐÉÏÝÈ ÓÔÐÒÐÏÝ ÔÐ ÐÊÏÄÙÄÈÔ ÙÔÐ ÐÇÏÐ ÍÄÆÏÐÈ ÏÐÒÎÄÍÞÏÐÈ
ÓÈÙÈÏËÈ ÊÄËÅÄÈÔÓà ÐÔ ±ÄÓÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÌ ÑÍÐÓ±ÐÓÔË Æ ÓÔÐÒÐÏÕ ÏÐÒ
ÎÄÍËQ±ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔËÄÇÒÕÐÈ ¶ÆÑÒÐÔËÆÐÑÐÍÐÉÏÕà
lÐÇÄÏÐÒÎÄÍÞÏÐÈÓÈÙÈÏËÈÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÆÒÄÛÄÈÔÓÃÐÔÐÇÏÐ
ÐÍÄÆÏÐÐÓÈÙÈÏËÃÇÐÇÒÕÐÐÈбÒËÆËÊÏÄÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÎÈ
ÏÃÈÔÓÃ ÐÔ ÐÔÒËØÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÐ ÇÐ ÑÐÍÐÉËÔÈÍÞÏÐÐ ÊÏÄÙÈÏËÃ ËÍË
ÏÄÐÅÐÒÐÔËÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÇÍÃÏȱÐÔÐÒÐÐÏÐÒÎÄÍÞÏÐÐÓÈÙÈ
ÏËÃÐÅÒÄÛÄÈÔÓÃÆÏÕÍÞoÄÑÒÄÆÍÈÏËȱÄÓÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÌßÔÐÐÓÈÙÈ
ÏËÃÄËÎÈÏÏÐÕÐÍϕ±ÐÔÐÒÝÌÐÏÄÐÅÒÄÊÕÈÔÓÐÇÏËÎËÊÍÄÆ
ÏÝ× ÏÄÑÒÄÆÍÈÏËÌ ÏÄ×ÐÇËÔÓà ËÊ ÖÐÒÎÕÍÝ ÌÍÈÒÄ NFRV ϕ
NVLQ ϕ ÐÔ±ÕÇÄ
WJϕ ¥ ´N N
tı±Ä±NËNËÎÈàÔÒÄÊÏÝÈÊÏıËÔÐÑÐÇÊÏıÐαÐÒÏÃ
ÓÔÐËÔÑÐÍÐÉËÔÈÍÞÏÄÃÆÈÍËÙËÏÄjÔıÆÓÍÕÙÄÈËÑÈÒÅÐÍËÙÈ
Ó±ÐÌ ÔÐÙ±Ë ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔ ÇÆÄ ÄÓËÎÑÔÐÔËÙÈÓ±Ë× ÏÄÑÒÄÆÍÈÏËÃ
ÐÇÏÐ ¶ÑÐÇÕÍÐÎϕ DUFWJ ´N N ÇÒÕÐÈ ¶ÑÐÇÕÍÐÎϕ
´DUFWJ ´N N ËÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓËÎÎÈÔÒËÙÏÐÑÈÒÆÐÎÕÐÔ
ÏÐÓËÔÈÍÞÏÐÍÄÆÏÝ×ÏÄÑÒÄÆÍÈÏËÌ
jÊ ÇÆÕ× ÑÄÒ ÆÈÒÔ˱ÄÍÞÏÝ× ÕÍÐÆ ÐÅÒÄÊÐÆÄÏÏÝ× ÄÓËÎÑÔÐ
ÔËÙÈÓ±ËÎË ÏÄÑÒÄÆÍÈÏËÃÎË Æ ÐÇÏÐÌ ÑÄÒÈ ±ÒËÆËÊÏÝ ÏÐÒÎÄÍÞ
ÏÝ× ÓÈÙÈÏËÌ ÑÐÍÐÉËÔÈÍÞÏÝ Æ ÇÒÕÐÌ ¶ ÐÔÒËØÄÔÈÍÞÏÝ qÐ
ßÔÐÎÕ ÏÐÒÎÄÍÞÏÝÈ ÓÈÙÈÏËÃ Æ ÐÇÏÐÌ ËÊ Õ±ÄÊÄÏÏÝ× ÑÄÒ ÆÈÒÔË
±ÄÍÞÏÝ× ÕÍÐÆ ÐÔ±ÍÐÏÃàÔÓà ÐÔ ±ÄÓÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÌ ÑÍÐÓ±ÐÓÔË ±
ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË Æ ÑÒÐÔËÆÐÑÐÍÐÉÏÕà ÓÔÐÒÐÏÕ ÑÐ ÓÒÄÆÏÈÏËà Ó ÐÔ
±ÍÐÏÈÏËÈÎ ÐÔ ßÔÐÌ ÑÍÐÓ±ÐÓÔË ÏÐÒÎÄÍÞÏÝ× ÓÈÙÈÏËÌ Æ ÇÒÕÐÌ
ÑÄÒÈÆÈÒÔ˱ÄÍÞÏÝ×ÕÍÐÆÒËÓ
Q
eÎÅÇÐÑÉ
ÐÅÒÓÅÇÎÉÐÌÉ
ÑÉ N!
ÉÔ²
bÔÌ ÓÅÇÎÉ
ÐÅÒ
Õ ÌÚ
Ñ É
ÏÒÕ ÐÌÉ
ÒÕ ÐÌ
Ì Ï ÎÉ
É
bÔ ÒÓÅÇ
ÐÌ
ÑÕÌ
N ÓÅÇ É
ÐÅ
ÎÉ
Ò ÐÑ
ÐÅ ÅÇ
ÚÉÔ
eÎ
²ÑÉ
rËÓ
jÊÓÐÆÑÄÇÈÏËÃÊÏıÐÆÑÐÍÏÐ̱ÒËÆËÊÏÝËÇËÓ±ÒËÎËÏÄÏÔÄ
/1´0ÓÍÈÇÕÈÔÙÔÐÆËÑÈÒÅÐÍËÙÈÓ±Ë×ÔÐÙ±Ä×ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË
ÆÝÑÐÍÏÃÈÔÓÃÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐ
/1´0
dÑÄÒÄÅÐÍËÙÈÓ±ÐÌÔÐÙ±È. NN ËÐÇÏÄËÊÍÄÆÏÝ×±ÒË
ÆËÊÏ ÐÔÍËÙÏÄÐÔ ÏÕÍÃ ÏÄÑÒËÎÈÒ N ! d ßÔÐÎÓÍÕÙÄÈ ÍÄÆÏÐÈ
ÏÐÒÎÄÍÞÏÐÈÓÈÙÈÏËÈÓ±ÒËÆËÊÏÐÌNÊÄËÅÄÈÔÓÃÆÓÔÐÒÐÏÕÏÐÒÎÄ
ÍËQ±ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔËÄÇÒÕÐÈËÎÈÈÔÆßÔÐÌÔÐٱȱÒËÆËÊÏÕÒÄÆ
ÏÕà ÏÕÍà ÏÄÑÒËÎÈÒ ËÎÈÈÔ ßÔÕ ÔÐÙ±Õ ÓÆÐÈÌ ÔÐÙ±ÐÌ ÑÈÒÈËÅÄ
Ô È ÓÐÐÔÆÈÔÓÔÆÕÈÔ ÄÓËÎÑÔÐÔËÙÈÓ±ÐÎÕ ÏÄÑÒÄÆÍÈÏËà ÒËÓ
dßÔÐÎÓÍÕÙÄÈËÊÖÐÒÎÕÍÝÌÍÈÒÄN NFRVϕÓÍÈÇÕÈÔÙÔÐÇÒÕ
Ë×ÄÓËÎÑÔÐÔËÙÈÓ±Ë×ÏÄÑÒÄÆÍÈÏËÌÆÑÄÒÄÅÐÍËÙÈÓ±ÐÌÔÐÙ±ÈÏÈÔ
jÊ ÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÄ ÏÕÍà ÑÐÍÏÐÌ ±ÒËÆËÊÏÝ ÓÍÈÇÕÈÔ ÙÔÐ Æ ÑÄÒÄ
ÅÐÍËÙÈÓ±ÐÌÔÐÙ±ÈÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔËÓÎ
/1 ¶0
gÓÍËÆÔÐÙ±ÈÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔËN NËÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏбÒËÆËÊ
ÏÝÆÓÈ×ÏÐÒÎÄÍÞÏÝ×ÓÈÙÈÏËÌÒÄÆÏÝÎÈÉÇÕÓÐÅÐÌÔÐÔıÄÃÔÐÙ
±ÄÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔËÏÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÓÃÕÑÚ²ÑÍ ËŲÓÖÎÉÐÌÄËÍËÑÏÆÌÎÌÚÉ
Ô²ÑÍ ÕÑÚ²ÑÍ ÈÈ ÙÄÓÔÏÝÎ ÓÍÕÙÄÈÎ ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓà ÔÐÙ±Ä ÕÑÍÐÛÈÏËÃ
eÎÅÇÐÑÉÌÅÔÌÏÒÕÑÕÌ
ÚÉÔ²ÑÉÐÅÒÓÅÇÎÉÐÌÉ
Q N
É
ÉÐÌ
N ÓÅÇ ÑÉ
Ò Ð
Î
ÐÅ ÎÅÇ
!
e
rËÓ
Ô ÈÔÐÙ±ÄƱÐÔÐÒÐÌN N dÐÎÅËÍËÙÈÓ±ÐÌÔÐÙ±ÈÆÓÈÏÄ
ÑÒÄÆÍÈÏËÃ ÍÄÆÏÝÈ ÔÐ ÐÊÏÄÙÄÈÔ ÙÔÐ ÕÒÄÆÏÈÏËÈ ÑÒË
N N NÇÐÍÉÏÐÕÇÐÆÍÈÔÆÐÒÃÔÞÓÃÑÒËÍàÅÐÎWÙÔÐÆÐÊÎÐÉÏÐ
ÍËÚÞÆÓÍÕÙÄȱÐÇÄÆÓÈÈбÐßÖÖËØËÈÏÔÝÒÄÆÏÝÏÕÍà
/´N( 0´N) 1´N*
pÔÓàÇÄ ÓÍÈÇÕÈÔ ÙÔÐ ÇÍà ÔÐÙȱ ÕÑÍÐÛÈÏËÃ Ô È ±ÐÇÄ N ≡
ÆÝÑÐÍÏÃàÔÓÃÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÄ/ 0 1 ÄÇÍÃÔÐÙȱÊıÒÕÍÈ
ÏËÃÏÈÃÆÍÃàÛË×ÓÃÔÐÙ±ÄÎËÕÑÍÐÛÈÏËÃÕÓÍÐÆËÈ
/ 0 1
( ) *
±ÄÉÇÐÈËÊßÔË×ÐÔÏÐÚÈÏËÌÒÄÆÏбÒËÆËÊÏÈN
d ÊıÍàÙÈÏËÈ ÆÝÃÓÏËÎ ±Ä± ×ÄÒıÔÈÒËÊÕàÔÓà ÒÄÊÍËÙÏÝÈ
ÆËÇÝ ÔÐÙȱ ÏÄ ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË ÈÓÍË Æ Ð±ÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔË ßÔË× ÔÐÙȱ
ÆÝÅÒÄÔÞ ÃÆÏÝÈ ÑÒÈÇÓÔÄÆÍÈÏËà ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË ÑÒË ±ÐÔÐÒÝ×
ÑÍÐÓ±ÐÓÔÞ ÏÈÊÄÆËÓËÎÝ× ÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÝ× [ \ ÑÄÒÄÍÍÈÍÞÏÄ ±ÄÓÄ
ÔÈÍÞÏÐÌÑÍÐÓ±ÐÓÔ˱ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔËÆÒÄÓÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄÈÎÐÌÔÐÙ±È
qÕÓÔÞ ] I[ \ ¶ ÇÆÄÉÇÝ ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐ ÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÕÈ
ÎÄÃÆбÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔË8ÔÐÙ±Ë[\ÖÕϱØËÃ] I[\ËÆ
ÔÐÙ±È[\]±ÄÓÄÔÈÍÞÏÄÃÑÍÐÓ±ÐÓÔÞ±ÒÄÖ˱ÕÖÕϱØËËI
ÑÄÒÄÍÍÈÍÞÏÄÑÍÐÓ±ÐÓÔËÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÝ×[\tÐÇÄ
I[[\ I\[\
dÆÈÇÈαıËÆÝÚÈÓÍÈÇÕàÛËÈÐÅÐÊÏÄÙÈÏËÃ
GHI GHI GHI
I [[ I[[[\I [\ I[\[\ I \\ I\\[\
sÐÍÄÓÏÐ ÖÐÒÎÕÍÄÎ ÕÓÍÐÆËÈ ßÍÍËÑÔËÙÏÐÓ
ÔËÔÐÙ±Ë[\]ÒÄÖ˱ÄÖÕϱØËËIËÎÈÈÔÆËÇ
I ´I !
/1´0 I [[ \\ [\
uÓÍÐÆËÃ Ë ÃÆÍÃàÔÓÃ ÇÐÓÔÄÔÐÙÏÝÎË ÕÓÍÐÆËÃÎË
ÓÔÒÐÐÐß±ÓÔÒÈÎÕÎÄÖÕϱØËËIÆÔÐÙ±È[\tıËÎÐÅÒÄÊÐÎ
ÈÓÍËÔÐÙ±Ä[\]ÒÄÖ˱ÄÖÕϱØËËIÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃßÍÍËÑÔËÙÈ
Ó±ÐÌÔÐÖÕϱØËÃIËÎÈÈÔÆÔÐÙ±È[\ÓÔÒÐËÌß±ÓÔÒÈÎÕÎË
ÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÆÏȱÐÔÐÒÐÌбÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔËÔÐÙ±Ë[\]ÒÄ
Ö˱ÖÕϱØËËIÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÞÒÄÓÑÐÍÐÉÈÏÄÍËÅÐÏÄDZÄÓÄÔÈÍÞ
ÏÐÌÑÍÐÓ±ÐÓÔÞàÍËÅÐÑÐÇÏÈÌËÓ±ÍàÙÄñÐÏÈÙÏÐÓÄÎÕÔÐÙ±Õ
[\]±ÐÔÐÒÄÃÍÈÉËÔÏıÄÓÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÌÑÍÐÓ±ÐÓÔË
uÓÍÐÆËÈËÑÈÒÅÐÍËÙÏÐÓÔËÔÐÙ±Ë[\]ËÎÈÈÔÆËÇ
I ´I
I [[ \\ [\
dÝÑÐÍÏÈÏËÈÓÐÐÔÏÐÚÈÏËÌËÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃÇÐÓÔÄ
ÔÐÙÏÝÎÕÓÍÐÆËÈÎÔÐÐÙÔÐÅÝÆÔÐÙ±È[\ÖÕϱØËÃIÏÈËÎÈ
ÍÄ ß±ÓÔÒÈÎÕÎÄ qÐßÔÐÎÕ Æ ÍàÅÐÌ Ð±ÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔË ËÑÈÒÅÐÍËÙÈÓ±ÐÌ
ÔÐÙ±ËËÎÈàÔÓÃÔÐÙ±ËÑÐÐÅÈÓÔÐÒÐÏÝÐÔ±ÄÓÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÌÑÍÐÓ±ÐÓÔË
tıËÎ ÐÅÒÄÊÐÎ ÎÝ ÈÛÈ ÒÄÊ ÑÐÇÔÆÈÒÇËÍË ÏȱÐÔÐÒÝÈ ÒÈ
ÊÕÍÞÔÄÔÝÑÒÈÇÝÇÕÛÈÐÄÏÄÍËÊÄÓÔÒÕ±ÔÕÒÝÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔËÆÅÍË
ÊËßÍÍËÑÔËÙÈÓ±Ë×ËËÑÈÒÅÐÍËÙÈÓ±Ë×ÔÐÙȱ
oıÐÏÈØÕÓÍÐÆËÈÑÄÒÄÅÐÍËÙÏÐÓÔËËÎÈÈÔÆËÇ
I ´I
I [[ \\ [\
ËÆßÔÐÎÓÍÕÙÄÈÏËÙÈÐÓ±ÄÊÄÔÞÐÅß±ÓÔÒÈÎÕÎÈÖÕϱØËËIÆÔÐÙ
±È[\ÏÈÍÞÊÃ
nÝÕÅÈÇËÍËÓÞÙÔÐÓÑÐÎÐÛÞàÑÈÒÆÐÌËÆÔÐÒÐ̱ÆÄÇÒÄÔËÙ
ÏÝ× ÖÐÒÎ ÎÐÉÏÐ ÇÐÓÔÄÔÐÙÏÐ ÇÈÔÄÍÞÏÐ ËÊÕÙËÔÞ ÓÔÒÕ±ÔÕÒÕ ÑÐ
ÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔËÆбÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔËÈÈÏÈÐÓÐÅÐÌÆÏÕÔÒÈÏÏÈÌÔÐÙ±Ëp±ÄÊÝ
ÆÄÈÔÓÃÙÔÐÑÈÒÆÄÃËÆÔÐÒÄñÆÄÇÒÄÔËÙÏÝÈÖÐÒÎÝÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË
Æ ËÊÆÈÓÔÏÐÎ ÓÎÝÓÍÈ ÑÐÍÏÐÓÔÞà ÐÑËÓÝÆÄàÔ ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÞ ÑÐÇÐÅ
ÏÐ ÔÐÎÕ ±Ä± ±ÒËÆËÊÏÄ Ë ±ÒÕÙÈÏËÈ ÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÈÏÏÐÌ ±ÒËÆÐÌ
ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÃàÔ ÈÈ Ó ÔÐÙÏÐÓÔÞà ÇÐ ÑÐÍÐÉÈÏËÃ Æ ÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÈ oÄ
ÑÒËÎÈÒ ÎÐÉÏÐ ÇбÄÊÄÔÞ ÙÔÐ ÈÓÍË ÇÆÈ ÑÒÐÓÔÝÈ ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË
ËÎÈàÔ ÔıËÈ ÑÒÈÇÓÔÄÆÍÈÏËà ÑÄÒÄÎÈÔÒÝ ±ÐÔÐÒÝ× ÎÈÏÃàÔÓà Æ
ÐÇÏÐÌËÔÐÌÉÈÐÅÍÄÓÔËÙÔÐÆÔÐÙ±Ä×ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÈÌÓÐÐÔÆÈÔÓÔ
ÆÕàÛË× ÐÇÏËÎ Ë ÔÈÎ ÉÈ ÊÏÄÙÈÏËÃÎ ÑÄÒÄÎÈÔÒÐÆ Õ ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐ
ÓÔÈÌÓÐÆÑÄÇÄàÔË×ÑÈÒÆÄÃËÆÔÐÒÄñÆÄÇÒÄÔËÙÏÝÈÖÐÒÎÝÔ È
ÓÐÆÑÄÇÄàÔ Ë× ±ÐßÖÖËØËÈÏÔÝ ÔÐ ßÔË ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË ±ÐÏÒÕ
ßÏÔÏÝ ÓÎ qÑÑÓÉÎÑÇ b d mȱØËË ÑÐ ÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÄÍÞÏÐÌ
ÈÐÎÈÔÒËË ¶wÄÒÞ±ÐÆjÊÇÆÐweu
±ÐÄÇÒ×ÏÐÓÔÏÝÇÊÏÔÇÅÒÂÍÝ
°ÑÒÇÆÇÍÇÏÊÇÊÓÄÐËÓÔÄÂ
ÑÐÄÇÒ×ÏÐÓÔÏÝ×ÊÏÔÇÅÒÂÍÐÄ
qÕÓÔÞÊÄÇÄÏÄÍÄDZÄÃÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÞ6ÑÒËÙÈÎ
U UXY ^[ [XY\ \XY] ]XYXY∈ '`
¶ ÈÈ ÑÒÈÇÓÔÄÆÍÈÏËÈ Ô È ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐ ÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÕÈÎÐÈ
ÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÈ ÅÈÊ ÐÓÐÅÝ× ÔÐÙȱ ' ¶ ±ÆÄÇÒËÒÕÈÎÄà ÑÍÐÓ±ÄÃ
ÐÅÍÄÓÔÞ Ë ±Ä± ÐÅÝÙÏÐ ( * Ë ) ¶ ±ÐßÖÖËØËÈÏÔÝ ÑÈÒÆÐÌ
±ÆÄÇÒÄÔËÙÏÐÌÖÐÒÎÝÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË6qÕÓÔÞÇÄÍÈÈÏÄÎÏÐÉÈ
ÓÔÆÈÔÐÙȱUXYÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË6ÊÄÇÄÏÄÖÕϱØËÃvÔ ÈÖÕϱ
ØËÃvUXY v[XY\XY]XYjÏÐÇÄÖÕϱØËàv
ÅÕÇÈÎÐÅÐÊÏÄÙÄÔÞÔıÉÈÙÈÒÈÊv[\]ÓÒÓÑ
°ÑÒÇÆÇÍÇÏÊÇ jÐÕÉÓÅÎ ∫ ∫ Φ[\]G6ÑÒÓÉÈÉÎÄÉÕÔÄÓÅÇÉÐ
6
ÔÕÇÑÏÓÎÖÐÒÎÕÍÕ
yÔÐÅÝ Æ ßÔÐÎ ÕÅÈÇËÔÞÓÃ ÇÐÓÔÄÔÐÙÏÐ Æ ËÏÔÈÒÄÍÈ ÓÔÐÃÛÈÎ Æ
ÑÒÄÆÐÌÙÄÓÔËßÔÐÐÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÄÆÝÑÐÍÏËÔÞÊÄÎÈÏÕÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÝ×
Ë ÆÐÓÑÐÍÞÊÐÆÄÔÞÓà ÖÐÒÎÕÍÐÌ tıËÎ ÐÅÒÄÊÐÎ
ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÏÝÌ ËÏÔÈÒÄÍ ÑÈÒÆÐÐ ÒÐÇÄ ÏÈ ÊÄÆËÓËÔ ÐÔ ÆÝÅÐÒÄ
ÑÒÈÇÓÔÄÆÍÈÏËà ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË qÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÏÝÈ ËÏÔÈÒÄÍÝ ÑÈÒ
ÆÐÐÒÐÇÄÆÓÔÒÈÙÄàÔÓÃÆÒÄÊÍËÙÏÝ×ÆÐÑÒÐÓÄ×ÎÄÔÈÎÄÔ˱ËËÈÈ
ÑÒËÍÐÉÈÏËÌ oÄÑÒËÎÈÒ ÑÍÐÛÄÇÞ ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË ÓÎ Ñ
ÆÝÒÄÉÄÈÔÓÃÓÑÐÎÐÛÞàÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÏÐÐËÏÔÈÒÄÍÄÑÈÒÆÐÐÒÐ
ÇÄ ÈÓÍË ÖÕϱØËà v[ \ ] ÔÐÉÇÈÓÔÆÈÏÏÐ ÒÄÆÏÄ ÈÇËÏËØÈ ÏÄ
ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË 6 ÔÐ ÖÐÒÎÕÍÄ ÑÒÈÆÒÄÛÄÈÔÓÃ Æ ÖÐÒÎÕÍÕ
ÇÍÃÑÍÐÛÄÇ˵6ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË6ÓÎ
µ6 ∫ ∫ (* µ ) GXGY ∫ ∫ G6
' 6
°ÑÒÇÆÇÍÇÏÊÇ qÑÇÉÓØÐÑÔÕÐÞÏ ÌÐÕÉÓÅÎÑÏ ∫ ∫ D G6 ÇÕÑÓÑÑ
6
ÓÑÈÅ ÒÑ ÑÓÌÉÐÕÌÓÑÇÅÐÐÑÍ ÒÑÇÉÓØÐÑÔÕÌ 6 ÐÅËÞÇÅÉÕÔÄ ÌÐ
ÕÉÓÅÎ ∫ ∫ DQG6Õ É
6
GHI
∫ ∫ DG6 ∫ ∫ DQG6
6 6
pÅÐÊÏÄÙÈÏËÈ ∫ ∫ DG6 ÏÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÓà ÇɲÕÑÓÐÑÍ ËÅÒÌÔßá ÌÐ
6
ÕÉÓÅÎÅÇÕÑÓÑÑÓÑÈÅgвÑÑÓÈÌÐÅÕÐÑÍËÅÒÌÔßáÏÄÊÝÆÄÈÔ
ÓÃÆÝÒÄÉÈÏËÈ
∫ ∫ 3G\G]4G]G[5G[G\
6
tıËÎÐÅÒÄÊÐÎ
∫ ∫ DG6 ∫ ∫ 3G\G]4G]G[5G[G\
6 6
Ôı±Ä±ÑÐÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËàÍÈÆÄÃËÑÒÄÆÄÃÙÄÓÔËßÔÐÐÒÄÆÈÏÓÔ
ÆÄÃÆÍÃàÔÓÃÒÄÊÏÝÎËÊÄÑËÓÃÎËÐÇÏÐÌËÔÐÌÉÈÆÈÍËÙËÏÝ
sÐÍÄÓÏÐÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËà
∫ ∫ 3G\G]4G]G[5 G[G\ ∫ ∫ DG6 ∫ ∫ DQG6
6 6 6
∫ ∫ 3FRVα4FRVβ5FRVγG6
6
dÙÄÓÔÏÐÓÔËÅÈÒÃÑÐÐÙÈÒÈÇÏÐÇÆÈËÊÖÕϱØËÌ34Ë5ÔÐÉÇÈ
ÓÔÆÈÏÏÐÒÄÆÏÝÎËÏÕÍàÅÕÇÈÎËÎÈÔÞ
∫ ∫ 3G\G] ∫ ∫ 3FRVα G6 ∫ ∫ 4G]G[ ∫ ∫ 4FRVβ G6
6 6 6 6
∫ ∫ 5G[G\ ∫ ∫ 5FRVγ G6
6 6
] jÏÔÕËÔËÆÏÝÌ ÓÎÝÓÍ ßÔË× ÖÐÒÎÕÍ
ÓÐÓÔÐËÔ Æ ÔÐÎ ÙÔÐ ßÍÈÎÈÏÔ ÑÍÐÛÄÇË
Q N ÓÎ ÇÄÏÏÐÌ ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË ÕÎ
ÏÐÉÈÏÏÝÌ ÏÄ ±ÐÓËÏÕÓ ÕÍÄ ±ÐÔÐÒÝÌ
G6 ÐÏ «ÓÐÓÔÄÆÍÃÈÔ¬ Ó ÏȱÐÔÐÒÐÌ ±ÐÐÒÇË
ÏÄÔÏÐÌ ÑÍÐÓ±ÐÓÔÞà «ÑÒËÅÍËÉÈÏÏЬ
ÒÄÆÈÏßÍÈÎÈÏÔÕÑÍÐÛÄÇËÈÐÑÒÐȱØËË
ÏÄ ÒÄÓÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄÈÎÕà ±ÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔÏÕà
ÑÍÐÓ±ÐÓÔÞ ±Ä± ÈÓÍË ÅÝ ÒÈÙÞ ÚÍÄ Ð
\ ÑÍÐÛÄÇË ÑÍÐÓ±ÐÌ ÖËÕÒÝ Ë ÈÈ ÑÒÐȱ
ØËË oÄ ÒËÓ ËÊÐÅÒÄÉÈÏ ÓÍÕÙÄÌ
[ G[
±ÐÇÄ Õ±ÄÊÄÏÏÐÈ ÑÒÐȱÔËÒÐÆÄÏËÈ
G\ ÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇËÔÓà ÏÄ ÑÍÐÓ±ÐÓÔÞ ÑÈÒÈÎÈÏ
rËÓ ÏÝ× [ Ë \ d ßÔÐÎ ÓÍÕÙÄÈ G[G\ ≈
≈G6FRVγÇÈG6 ¶ßÍÈÎÈÏÔÑÍÐÛÄÇËÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË6DG[G\ ¶
ßÍÈÎÈÏÔ ÑÍÐÛÄÇË ÑÒÐȱØËË ßÔÐÌ ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË ÏÄ ÑÍÐÓ±ÐÓÔÞ
ÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÝ× [ \ Ä γ ¶ ÕÐÍ ÎÈÉÇÕ G6 Ë Õ±ÄÊÄÏÏÐÌ ÑÍÐÓ±Ð
ÓÔÞà ÐÙÈÆËÇÏÐ ÒÄÆÏÝÌ ÕÍÕ ÎÈÉÇÕ ÏÐÒÎÄÍÞà Q ± ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐ
ÓÔËËÈÇËÏËÙÏÝÎÐÒÔÐÎNÐÓË2]
pÒËÈÏÔËÒÕÈÎÄÃÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÞËÎÈÈÔÇÆÈÐÒËÈÏÔÄØËËQË´Q
qÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÞ Ó ÐÒËÈÏÔÄØËÈÌ Q ÐÅÐÊÏÄÙÈÏÄ 6 ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÞ Ó
ÐÒËÈÏÔÄØËÈÌ´Q±Ä±ÐÅÝÙÏÐ6µjÎÈÈÎ
GHI
∫ ´∫ DG6 ∫ ∫ D´QG6 ´ ∫ ∫ DQG6´ ∫ ∫ DG6
6 6 6 6
ÔıËÎ ÐÅÒÄÊÐÎ ÑÒË ËÊÎÈÏÈÏËË ÐÒËÈÏÔÄØËË ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË ËÏ
ÔÈÒÄÍÆÔÐÒÐÐÒÐÇÄÎÈÏÃÈÔÔÐÍÞ±ÐÊÏı
gÓÍËÆȱÔÐÒÏÄÃÖÕϱØËÃDÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÄÏÄÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË6
ÔÐ ËÏÔÈÒÄÍ ∫ ∫ DG6 ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔ Ôı ±Ä± Æ ÓËÍÕ Ó±ÄÊÄÏÏÐÐ
6
ÆÝÚÈ Ð ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÏÝ× ËÏÔÈÒÄÍÄ× ÑÈÒÆÐÐ ÒÐÇÄ ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔ
ËÏÔÈÒÄÍÓÔÐÃÛËÌÆÑÒÄÆÐÌÙÄÓÔËÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÄ
¶ÐÒÎÕÍÂÆÍáÑÒÇÆÓÔÂÄÍÇÏÊá
ÑÐÄÇÒ×ÏÐÓÔÏÐÅÐÊÏÔÇÅÒÂÍÂÄÔÐÒÐÅÐÒÐÆÂ
ÄÄÊÆÇÆÄÐËÏÐÅÐÊÏÔÇÅÒÂÍÂ
qÕÓÔÞ 6 ¶ ÍÄDZÄà ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÞ ÊÄÇÄÏÏÄà ÓÆÐËÎ ÆȱÔÐÒÏÝÎ
ÑÒÈÇÓÔÄÆÍÈÏËÈÎ6 ^UXYXY∈ '`˱ıÐÅÝÙÏÐ6 ¶ÑÐ
ÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÞ6ÐÒËÈÏÔËÒÐÆÄÏÏÄÃÑÐÓÒÈÇÓÔÆÐÎÏÐÒÎÄÍË
U ×U
X Y
Q
UX × UY
dÓÑÐÎÏËÆ ÙÔÐ ÓÎ Ë G6 _UX ¨ UY_ GXGY
ÑÐÍÕÙËÎ
U X ¨U Y
∫ ∫ DG6 ∫ ∫ DQG6 ∫ ∫ D _UX¨UY_GXGY
U X ¨U Y
6 6 6
vÐÒÎÕÍÄ ÓÑÒÄÆÈÇÍËÆÄ Ë ÇÍà ÍÄDZË× ÑÒÈÇÓÔÄÆÍÈ
ÏËÌ ÍÄDZË× ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÈÌ Æ ÚËÒбÐÎ ÓÎÝÓÍÈ ßÔÐÐ ÔÈÒÎËÏÄ
ÓÎ Ñ fÍà ÇÒÕË× ÑÒÈÇÓÔÄÆÍÈÏËÌ ßÔË× ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÈÌ
ÐÏÄ ÑÐÍÕÙÄÈÔÓà ÊÄÎÈÏÐÌ ÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÝ× Æ ËÏÔÈÒÄÍÈ Æ ÑÒÄÆÐÌ
ÙÄÓÔË ÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÄ Ó ÑÐÎÐÛÞà ÍÄDZÐÐ ÑÒÈÐÅÒÄÊÐÆÄÏËÃ
ÑÄÒÄÎÈÔÒÐÆÆÍÄDZÐÎÑÒÈÇÓÔÄÆÍÈÏËËÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË
d ÙÄÓÔÏÐÎ ÓÍÕÙÄÈ ±ÐÇÄ ÏÄ ÊÄαÏÕÔÐÌ ÐÅÍÄÓÔË ' ÆÓàÇÕ
3 4 Ô ÈD 5ËÎÈÈÎ
5
∂ ( [\ )
DUXUY [X \ X ] X 5
∂ ( XY )
[ Y \ Y ] Y
vÐÒÎÕÍÄÆßÔÐÎÓÍÕÙÄÈÑÒËÏËÎÄÈÔÆËÇ
∂ ( [\ )
∫ ∫ 5G[G\ ∫ ∫ 5[XY\XY]XY
∂ ( XY )
GXGY
6 '
gÓÍËÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÞ6ËÎÈÈÔÃÆÏÐÈÑÒÈÇÓÔÄÆÍÈÏËÈ] I[\
[\∈ 'ÔÐ
[ X \ X
[ Y \ Y
ÄÇÍÃËÏÔÈÒÄÍÄÑÐÏËÉÏÈÌÓÔÐÒÐÏÈ6ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË6ÑÐÍÕÙËÎ
∫ ∫ 5G[G\ ´ ∫ ∫ 5[\I[\G[G\
'
6
dÎÈÓÔÐ ∫ ∫ 5G[G\ ËÏÐÇÄ ÑËÚÕÔ ÑÒÐÓÔÐ ∫ ∫ 5G[G\ Ä ÆÎÈÓÔÐ
6
6
∫ ∫ 5G[G\ ¶ ÓÐÐÔÆÈÔÓÔÆÈÏÏÐ ∫ ∫ 5G\G[ Ô È Æ ÓÍÕÙÄÈ ÏËÉÏÈÌ
6
6
ÍÄÓÔË ' ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐ ÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÕÈÎÄ ÍËÚÞ Æ ÓÄÎÐÌ ÐÅÍÄÓ
ÔË ' ÐÇÏıРÏÄÒÃÇÕ Ó ßÔËÎ ÑÒÈÇÑÐÍÄÄÈÔÓà ÙÔÐ Õ ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐ
ÓÔË6ËÎÈÈÔÓÃÑÒÈÇÓÔÄÆÍÈÏËÈ
UXY [XY\XY]XYXY∈ '
ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÕÈÎÐÈÆÑÍÐÔÞÇÐÒÄÏËØݱÆÄÇÒËÒÕÈ
ÎÐÌÐÅÍÄÓÔË'ÏÄÊÄÎݱÄÏË˱ÐÔÐÒÐÌÐÏÐÊÄÇÄÏÐËÓÍÈÇÐÆÄ
ÔÈÍÞÏÐÇÍÃßÔÐÐÑÒÈÇÓÔÄÆÍÈÏËÃÓÑÒÄÆÈÇÍËÆÄÖÐÒÎÕÍÄ
fÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÐ ÇÐÓÔÄÔÐÙÏÐ ±Ä± ßÔÐ ÐÔÎÈÙÄÍÐÓÞ ÆÝÚÈ Æ
ËÏÔÈÒÄÍÈ
∫ ∫ 5[\I[\G[G\
'
±ÐÄÇÒ×ÏÐÓÔÏÝÇÊÏÔÇÅÒÂÍÝ
ÌÂÌÑÒÇÆÇÍÝÊÏÔÇÅÒÂÍÞÏÝ×ÓÕÎÎ
rÄÓÓÎÐÔÒËÎ ÒÄÊÅËÈÏËÈ τN ÊÄαÏÕÔÐÌ ÐÅÍÄÓÔË ' ÓÐÓÔÐÃ
ÛÈÈËÊÆÓÈÆÐÊÎÐÉÏÝ×ÏÈÑÕÓÔÝ×ÈÈÑÈÒÈÓÈÙÈÏËÌÓ±ÆÄÇÒÄÔÄÎË
M M
ÒÄÏÄ N ÓÒ Ó Ñ qÕÓÔÞ τN ∂' { $ M( N ) } M N µ ÓÐÆбÕÑ
ÏÐÓÔÞÎÐÉÈÓÔÆÆ×ÐÇÃÛË×ÆÒÄÊÅËÈÏËÈτNËÃÆÍÃàÛË×ÓñÆÄÇ
ÒÄÔÄÎË ÒÄÏÄ N Ô È ±ÆÄÇÒÄÔÄÎË ÒÄÏÄ N ØÈÍ˱ÐÎ ÍÈÉÄÛË
ÎË Æ ÊÄαÏÕÔÐÌ ÐÅÍÄÓÔË ' jÏÝÎË ÓÍÐÆÄÎË τN ∂' ÓÐÓÔÐËÔ
ËÊßÍÈÎÈÏÔÐÆÒÄÊÅËÈÏËÃτNÏÈÑÈÒÈÓȱÄàÛË×ÓÃÓÒÄÏËØÈÌ∂'
ÐÅÍÄÓÔË'
qÕÓÔÞ
MN
$N M` $(MN )%N ' ?$N
nÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐ %N ÓÐÇÈÒÉËÔÓÃ Æ ÐÅÜÈÇËÏÈÏËË MN ÆÓÈ× ßÍÈÎÈÏ
ÔÐÆ ÒÄÊÅËÈÏËà τN ÑÈÒÈÓȱÄàÛË×ÓÃ Ó ÒÄÏËØÈÌ ∂' ÐÅÍÄÓÔË '
ÔÈÓÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐÎÎÈÒÝÏÕÍÞqÐßÔÐÎÕÓÎÍÈÎÎÕÆÑ
OLP µ%N
N→
qÒÈÉÇÈÆÓÈÐÊÄÎÈÔËÎÙÔÐ
∫ ∫ ΦG6 ∫ ∫ Φ (* µ ) GXGY
6 '
∫ ∫ Φ (* µ ) GXGY ∫ ∫ Φ (* µ ) GXGY
$N %N
ÇÈ
OLP ∫ ∫ Φ (* µ ) GXGY
N→
%N
ÔÐ ÓÍÈÇÕÈÔ ËÊ ÐÒÄÏËÙÈÏÏÐÓÔË ÑÐÇÝÏÔÈÒÄÍÞÏÐÌ ÖÕϱØËË
v (* µ ) ËÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÄqÐßÔÐÎÕ
OLP ∫ ∫ Φ (* µ ) GXGY ∫ ∫ ΦG6
N→
$N 6
pÅÐÊÏÄÙËÎ ÙÈÒÈÊω δ Φ ÎÐÇÕÍÞÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÓÔËÖÕϱØËË
ΦÏÄÊÄαÏÕÔÐÌÐÅÍÄÓÔË ' dÓËÍÕÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐÌÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÓ
ÔËÖÕϱØËËΦÏÄ ' ËÎÈÈÎ
OLP ωδΦ
δ →
fÄÍÈÈ
σ τ( ) ´ ∫ ∫ Φ (* µ ) GXGY
N ( ∂' )
$N
MN
∑ ΦNMµ6 ( NM )´ ∫ ∫ Φ (* µ ) GXGY
M $N
MN MN
∑ ΦNM ∫ ∫ (* µ ) GXGY´ ∑ ∫ ∫ Φ (* µ ) GXGY P
M $N M $N
M M
MN
P ∑ ∫ ∫ ΦNM´Φ (* µ ) GXGYP
M $N
M
Pω
Φ ∫ ∫ (* µ ) GXGYPω N Φ µ6→
N
$N
ÑÒË N→ jÊ Ë ÏÈÑÐÓÒÈÇÓÔÆÈÏÏÐÓÍÈÇÕÈÔ ÒÄ
ÆÈÏÓÔÆÐ
rÄÓÓÎÐÔÒËÎÔÈÑÈÒÞËÏÔÈÒÄÍÆÔÐÒÐÐÒÐÇÄ
∫ ∫ ΦG[G\ ∫ ∫ ΦFRV QNG6
6 6
±ÐÄÇÒ×ÏÐÓÔÏÝÇÊÏÔÇÅÒÂÍÝ
ÑÐÌÕÓÐÙÏÐÅÍÂÆÌÊÎÑÐÄÇÒ×ÏÐÓÔáÎ
pÑÒÈÇÈÍËÎÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÏÝÈËÏÔÈÒÄÍÝÑбÕÓÐÙÏÐÍÄDZËÎÑÐ
ÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÃÎ
°ÑÒÇÆÇÍÇÏÊÇ qÖÔÕß6 { 6 L } LL N ¶²ÖÔÑÚÐÑÎÅȲÅÄÒÑÇÉÓØ
ÐÑÔÕßÓÎÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËÈÆÑ Ìv[\] ¶×ÖвÙÌÄ
ÑÒÓÉÈÉÎÉÐÐÅÄÐÅÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÉÕÑÚɲÒÑÇÉÓØÐÑÔÕÌ6tÑÈÅÒÑ
ÑÒÓÉÈÉÎÉÐÌá
N
∫ ∫ ΦG6 L ∑ ∫ ∫ ΦG6L
6 6L
°ÃÐÃÛÇÏÊÇÑÐÏáÔÊá
ÑÐÄÇÒ×ÏÐÓÔÏÐÅÐÊÏÔÇÅÒÂÍÂÄÔÐÒÐÅÐÒÐÆÂ
qÐÇÐÅÏÐ ÔÐÎÕ ±Ä± Æ Ñ ÅÝÍÐ ÐÅÐÅÛÈÏÐ ÑÐÏÃÔËÈ ±ÒËÆÐÍË
ÏÈÌÏÐÐËÏÔÈÒÄÍÄÆÔÐÒÐÐÒÐÇÄÎÐÉÈÔÅÝÔÞÐÅÐÅÛÈÏÐËÑÐÏÃ
ÔËÈ ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÏÐÐ ËÏÔÈÒÄÍÄ ÆÔÐÒÐÐ ÒÐÇÄ ÏÄ ÅÐÍÈÈ ÚËÒбËÌ
±ÍÄÓÓÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÈÌÑбÐÔÐÒÝÎÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇËÔÓÃËÏÔÈÒËÒÐÆÄÏËÈ
fÍÃÖÕϱØËÌÎÏÐË×ÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÝױıËÇÍÃÖÕϱØËÌÐÇ
ÏÐÌ ÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÐÌ ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔ ÑÐÏÃÔËÈ ËÏÔÈÒÄÍÄ sÔËÍÔÞÈÓÄ Ó
ÑÐÎÐÛÞà ±ÐÔÐÒÐÐ ÎÐÉÏÐ ÐÅÐÅÛËÔÞ ÑÐÏÃÔËÈ ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÏÐÐ
ËÏÔÈÒÄÍÄÆÔÐÒÐÐÒÐÇÄoÐÙÔÐÅÝÏÈÆÆÐÇËÔÞÏÐÆÝ×ÑÐÏÃÔËÌ
ÑÒÐÇÈÍÄÈÎ ÏÈÑÐÓÒÈÇÓÔÆÈÏÏÐ ÏÕÉÏÐÈ ÏÄÎ ÇÍÃ ÇÄÍÞÏÈÌÚÈÐ
ÐÅÐÅÛÈÏËÈ
qÕÓÔÞ 6 µ ßÍÈÎÈÏÔÄÒÏÄà ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÞ Ô È ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÈ
ÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÈ UX Y X Y∈ ' ÊÄαÏÕÔÐÌ ÑÍÐÓ±ÐÌ ÐÅÍÄÓÔË Æ
ÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÐ UX Y ϕX Y, ψ X Y χX Y ÓÎ Ñ
' ¶±ÆÄÇÒËÒÕÈÎÄÃÐÅÍÄÓÔÞÖÕϱØËÃvÊÄÇÄÏÄÏÄÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÈ
ÔÐÙȱÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË6ËÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÈ
[ ϕXY\ ψXYXY∈ '
ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃÐÎÈÐÎÐÒÖËÊÎÐÎËÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÄÈÔÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄÎÈÒÝÏÕÍÞ
ÔıÉÈÆÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄÎÈÒÝÏÕÍÞ
L L
gÓÍË τ { ; L } L τ ¶ ÒÄÊÅËÈÏËÈ ÊÄαÏÕÔÐÌ ÐÅÍÄÓÔË ' ÓÎ
Ñ ÔÐÐÅÒÄÊÝ'
Ë ; L
ÓÐÐÔÆÈÔÓÔÆÈÏÏÐÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆ ' Ë ;L
L Lτ ÑÒË ÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËË ÔıÉÈ ËÊÎÈÒËÎÝ Ë
L Lτ
ÓËÓÔÈÎÄ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆ τ
{ ; L
} L ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃ ÒÄÊÅËÈÏËÈÎ
ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ '
qÕÓÔÞXLYL∈;L L LτqÐÍÐÉËÎ
GHI
σ τ
σ τ
vϕψXY X L Y L
τ τ
Lτ
GHI
∑ ΦUXLYLµ ; L
L
l ÙËÓÍÕ ßÍÈÎÈÏÔÄÒÏÝ× ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÈÌ ÕÇÐÆÍÈÔÆÐÒÃàÛË×
Õ±ÄÊÄÏÏÝÎ ÆÝÚÈ ÕÓÍÐÆËÃÎ ÐÔÏÐÓÃÔÓà ÑÐÍÕÓÖÈÒÄ ]
µ [ µ \ [ \ P ØËÍËÏÇÒËÙÈÓ±Äà ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÞ ]
µ [ ´P[P P\PËÔ Ñ
°ÑÒÇÆÇÍÇÏÊÇ ′ gÔÎÌ ÔÖÜÉÔÕÇÖÉÕ ²ÑÐÉÚÐÞÍ ÒÓÉÈÉÎ OLP σ τ
τ →
ÔÖÏÏÕÑÑÐÐÅËÞÇÅÉÕÔÄÒÑÇÉÓØÐÑÔÕÐÞÏÌÐÕÉÓÅÎÑÏ
ÇÕÑÓÑÑÓÑÈÅÑÕ×ÖвÙÌÌvÒÑàÎÉÏÉÐÕÅÓÐÑÍÒÑÇÉÓØÐÑÔÕÌ6
ÌÑÆÑËÐÅÚÅÉÕÔÄ ∫ ∫ Φ[\]G[G\
6
tıËÎÐÅÒÄÊÐÎ
GHI
∫ ∫ Φ[\]G[G\ OLP σ τ
τ →
6
d ßÔÐÎ ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËË ÏÈ ÑÒÈÇÑÐÍÄÄÈÔÓà ±Ä±ÐÌÍËÅÐ ÍÄÇ
±ÐÓÔË ßÍÈÎÈÏÔÄÒÏÐÌ ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË 6 ÑÐßÔÐÎÕ Æ ØÈÍÐÎ ± ÔıÐ
ÎÕ ±ÍÄÓÓÕ ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÈÌ ÏÈÑÒËÎÈÏËÎÐ ÒÄÏÈÈ ÓÖÐÒÎÕÍËÒÐÆÄÏ
ÏÐÈ ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËÈ ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÏÝ× ËÏÔÈÒÄÍÐÆ ÆÔÐÒÐÐ ÒÐÇÄ
qÒÄÆÐÎÈÒÏÐÓÔÞ ÉÈ ËÓÑÐÍÞÊÐÆÄÏËÃ Æ ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËË ÔÈÒ
ÎËÏÄ«ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÏÝÌËÏÔÈÒÄÍÆÔÐÒÐÐÒÐÇĬÐÑÒÄÆÇÝÆÄÈÔÓÃ
ÔÈÎ ÙÔÐ ÈÓÍË ßÍÈÎÈÏÔÄÒÏÄà ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÞ 6 µ ÍÄDZÄà ÐÔÐ
ÅÒÄÉÈÏËȵÒÈÕÍÃÒÏÐÈÓÎÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËÈÆÑ
ÄÖÕϱØËÃvµÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÄÏÄ6ÔÐÏÄÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË6ÎÐÉÏÐ
Ôı ÆÝÅÒÄÔÞ ÐÒËÈÏÔÄØËà ÙÔÐ ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËÃ Ë ′ ÅÕÇÕÔ ß±ÆË
ÆÄÍÈÏÔÏÝ ÔÐ ÇбÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÓà ÄÏÄÍÐËÙÏÐ ÇбÄÊÄÔÈÍÞÓÔÆÕ ÒÄ
ÆÈÏÓÔÆÄ Æ Ñ fÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÐ ËÓÑÐÍÞÊÕÈÎ ÐÅÐÊÏÄ
M Lτ
ÙÈÏËÃ ÆÆÈÇÈÏÏÝÈ Æ Ñ qÕÓÔÞ τN { ; L( N ) } M
N ;
M( N ) µ
ÐÅÒÄÊÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ ; ( NL ) ÑÒËÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËËM M τ
N
M Mτ
τ N
{ ;
M( N ) } M
dÓËÍÕÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐÌÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÓÔËÐÔÐÅÒÄ
N
ÓÔÒÈÎËÔÓñÏÕÍàÑÒËN→ËÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐ
∂ ( [\ )
OLP σ τ
( ∂'
) OLP ∫ ∫ Φ GXGY ∫ ∫ ΦFRV QNG6
N→ N N→ ∂ ( XY )
$N
pÔÓàÇÄÆ ÓËÍÕ ÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÄÓÍÈÇÕÈÔÙÔÐ ÆÓÍÕÙÄÈ ÍÄÇ
±Ë×ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÈÌ6ÏÐÆÐÈÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËÈ′ÒÄÆÏÐÓËÍÞÏÐÐÑÒÈÇÈ
ÍÈÏËàÆÑ
rÄÓÓÎÐÔÒËÎÑÒËÎÈÒÝÏÄ ±ÐÔÐÒÝ××ÐÒÐÚÐÆËÇÏÝÑÒÈËÎÕ
ÛÈÓÔÆÄÒÄÓÚËÒÈÏÏÐÐÑÐÏÃÔËÃÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÏÐÐËÏÔÈÒÄÍÄÆÔÐ
ÒÐÐÒÐÇÄ
qÕÓÔÞ ßÍÈÎÈÏÔÄÒÏÄà ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÞ 6 ËÎÈÈÔ ÃÆÏÐÈ ÑÒÈÇÓÔÄÆ
ÍÈÏËÈ ] I[ \ [ \∈ ' ' ¶ ËÊÎÈÒËÎÄÃ ÑÐ hÐÒÇÄÏÕ ÐÅ
ÍÄÓÔÞËÖÕϱØËÃvÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÄÏÄ6Ô ÈÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÄÖÕϱ
ØËÃ v[ \ I[ \ [ \ ∈ ' d ßÔÐÎ ÓÍÕÙÄÈ ÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÈ
ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃÔÐÉÇÈÓÔÆÈÏÏÝÎËÑÐßÔÐÎÕÑÒËÎÈÏËÎÐÐÑÒÈ
ÇÈÍÈÏËÈsÕÎÎÄ σ τ
ËÎÈÈÔÊÇÈÓÞÆËÇ
Lτ
σ τ
∑ v[L\LI[L\Lµ ;L[L\L∈;L
L
Ô ÈÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃÐÅÝÙÏÐÌËÏÔÈÒÄÍÞÏÐÌÓÕÎÎÐÌrËÎÄÏÄστÖÕϱ
ØËËÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÌÏÄÊÄαÏÕÔÐ̱ÆÄÇÒËÒÕÈÎÐÌÐÅÍÄÓÔË'qÐ
ßÔÐÎÕ
OLP σ τ
∫ ∫ v[\I[\G[ G\
τ → '
sÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐ Æ ßÔÐÎ ÓÍÕÙÄÈ ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÏÝÌ ËÏÔÈÒÄÍ
ÆÔÐÒÐÐ ÒÐÇÄ ÒÄÆÈÏ ËÏÔÈÒÄÍÕ rËÎÄÏÄ ÓÔÐÃÛÈÎÕ Æ
ÑÒÄÆÐÌÙÄÓÔËÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÄ
∫ ∫ v[\]G[G\ ∫ ∫ v[\I[\G[G\
6 '
qÐ ÄÏÄÍÐËË ÓÐ ÓÍÕÙÄÈÎ ÍÄDZË× ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÈÌ ËÏÔÈÒÄÍ
ÅÕÇÈÎ ÏÄÊÝÆÄÔÞ «ËÏÔÈÒÄÍÐÎ ÑÐ ÆÈÒ×ÏÈÌ ÓÔÐÒÐÏÈ ÑÐ
ÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔˬ Ë ÐÅÐÊÏÄÙÄÔÞ ∫ ∫ v[ \ ]G[G\ Ä ÔÐÔ ÉÈ ËÏÔÈÒÄÍ
6
ÓÐÊÏıÐÎÎËÏÕÓÔ È´ ∫ ∫ v[\I[\G[G\ÅÕÇÈÎÏÄÊÝÆÄÔÞ
'
«ËÏÔÈÒÄÍÐÎ ÑÐ ÏËÉÏÈÌ
ÓÔÐÒÐÏÈ ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔˬ Ë ÐÅÐÊÏÄÙÄÔÞ
∫ ∫ v[\]G[G\ËÍË ∫ ∫ v[\]G\G[sÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐ
6
6
∫ ∫ v[\]G[G\ ∫ ∫ v[\]G[G\
6
6
ÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÓÔËÔÐÇııÒÄÏÞÚÈÆÓËÍÕÓÄÎÐÐÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËÃ
ÑÒÈÇÑÐÍÄÄÍÐÓÞ ÙÔÐ ÒÄÓÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄÈÔÓà ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÞ ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐ
ÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÕÈÎÄÃ
pÑËÚÈÎÈÛÈÐÇËÏÓÍÕÙÄÌÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÏÐÐËÏÔÈÒÄÍÄ
±ÐÔÐÒÝÌÆÓÔÒÈÔËÔÓÃÆÇÄÍÞÏÈÌÚÈÎqÕÓÔÞÑÒÈÇÓÔÄÆÍÈÏËÈUXY
XY∈'ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË6ÔıÐÆÐÙÔÐÐÅÒÄÊÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ 'ÑÒËÐÔÐ
ÅÒÄÉÈÏËË ËÎÈÈÔ ÎÈÒÕ hÐÒÇÄÏÄ ÒÄÆÏÕà ÏÕÍà Ä v ¶
ÑÒÐËÊÆÐÍÞÏÄÃÖÕϱØËÃÊÄÇÄÏÏÄÃÏÄÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË6tÐÇÄ
∫ ∫ v[\]G[G\
6
d ÓÄÎÐÎ ÇÈÍÈ Æ ßÔÐÎ ÓÍÕÙÄÈ ÇÍà ÍàÅÐÐ ÒÄÊÅËÈÏËà τ
L L
{ ; L } L τ ÊÄαÏÕÔÐÌ ÐÅÍÄÓÔË ' ÎÈÒÄ ÆÓÈ× ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆ ; L
ÏÄ
ÑÍÐÓ±ÐÓÔË ÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÝ× [ \ ÒÄÆÏÄ ÏÕÍà qÐßÔÐÎÕ ÆÓÈ ÓÕÎÎÝ
σ τ
ÒÄÆÏÝ ÏÕÍà Ä ÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐ Ë× ÑÒÈÇÈÍ ÑÒË _τ_ { Ô È
ËÏÔÈÒÄÍ ÔıÉÈ ÒÄÆÈÏ ÏÕÍà d ßÔÐÎ ÓÍÕÙÄÈ ÅÝÆÄÈÔ
ÕÇÐÅÏÐ ÇÍÃ ÈÇËÏÐÐÅÒÄÊËÃ ÔÈÒÎËÏÐÍÐËË ÐÆÐÒËÔÞ ÐÅ ËÏÔÈÒÄ
ÍÈÑÐÔÐÌËÍËËÏÐÌÓÔÐÒÐÏÈÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔËÆÊÄÆËÓËÎÐÓÔËÐÔÊÄ
ÇÄÙË ÐÏÄ ÎÐÉÈÔ ÏÄÊÝÆÄÔÞÓà ÆÈÒ×ÏÈÌ ÏËÉÏÈÌ ÆÏÕÔÒÈÏÏÈÌ
ËÍË ÆÏÈÚÏÈÌ cÕÇÈÎ ÑÐ ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËà ÓÙËÔÄÔÞ ÙÔÐ Æ ÒÄÓÓÎÄÔ
ÒËÆÄÈÎÐÎ ÓÍÕÙÄÈ ÆÓÈ ÔÈÒÎËÏÝ «ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÏÝÌ ËÏÔÈÒÄÍ ÑÐ
ÔÐÌËÍËËÏÐÌÓÔÐÒÐÏÈÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË6¬ÒÄÆÏÐÓËÍÞÏÝËÑËÓÄÔÞ
∫ ∫ v[\]G[G\ ∫ ∫ v[\]G\G[
6 6
d ÙÄÓÔÏÐÓÔË ÈÓÍË 6 ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃ ÐÒËÈÏÔËÒÕÈÎÐÌ ±ÕÓÐÙÏÐÍÄÇ
±ÐÌ ØËÍËÏÇÒËÙÈÓ±ÐÌ ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÞà Ó ÐÅÒÄÊÕàÛÈÌ ÑÄÒÄÍÍÈÍÞ
ÏÐÌÐÓË2]ÔÐÐÔÎÈÙÈÏÏÄÃÆÝÚÈß±ÆËÆÄÍÈÏÔÏÐÓÔÞÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËÌ
Ë ′ ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÏÝ× ËÏÔÈÒÄÍÐÆ ÍȱРÑÒÐÆÈÒÃÈÔÓà ÏÈÑÐÓÒÈÇÓÔ
ÆÈÏÏÐ fÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÐ ÐÅÒÄÊ ÏÄ ÑÍÐÓ±ÐÓÔË [2\ ÊÄαÏÕÔÐÌ ÐÅ
ÍÄÓÔË 'ÑÒËÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËËÓÐÆÑÄÇÄÈÔÓÑÒÐȱØËÈÌÏÄßÔÕ
ÑÍÐÓ±ÐÓÔÞÓÄÎÐÌÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË6qÐßÔÐÎÕÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÞÆÇÄÏÏÐÎ
ÓÍÕÙÄÈ ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓà ÙÄÓÔÞà ØËÍËÏÇÒÄ ÐÓÏÐÆÄÏËÈÎ ±ÐÔÐÒÐÐ ÃÆÍÃ
ÈÔÓà ձÄÊÄÏÏÄà ÑÒÐȱØËà ÎÈÒÝ ÏÕÍÞ Ä ÐÅÒÄÊÕàÛÄà µ ÑÄÒÄÍ
ÍÈÍÞÏÄ ÐÓË 2] tıËÎ ÐÅÒÄÊÐÎ ÈÓÍË ν FRV α FRV β FRV γ ¶
±Ä±ÄÃÍËÅÐ ÐÒËÈÏÔÄØËà ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË 6 ÔÐ ÏÐÒÎÄÍÞ Q ÐÒÔÐ
ÐÏÄÍÞÏÄ ÐÓË
2] ÑÐßÔÐÎÕ FRV γ ÐÔ±ÕÇÄ ÃÆÓÔÆÕÈÔ ÙÔÐ
ËÏÔÈÒÄÍ ∫ ∫ v[\]FRVγG6 ËÔÈÎÓÄÎÝÎÆßÔÐÎÓÍÕÙÄÈ
6
ÓÑÒÄÆÈÇÍËÆÄÖÐÒÎÕÍÄ
∫ ∫ v[\]G[G\ ∫ ∫ v[\]FRVγG6
6 6
Ôı±Ä±ÐÅÈÙÄÓÔËßÔÐÐÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÄÒÄÆÏÝÏÕÍà
tıÉȱıËÆÙÄÓÔÏÝ×ÓÍÕÙÄÃ×ËÎÐÉÏÐË
ÇÍÃÐÅÛÈÐÑÐÏÃÔËÃËÏÔÈÒÄÍÄÆÔÐÒÐÐÒÐÇÄÆÆÈÓÔËÑÐ
ÏÃÔËÈËÏÔÈÒÄÍÄÑÐÔÐÌËÍËËÏÐÌÓÔÐÒÐÏÈÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔËjÎÈÏ
ÏÐÑÐÄÏÄÍÐËËÓÐÓÍÕÙÄÈÎÍÄDZË×ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÈÌËÏÔÈÒÄÍÝ
∫ ∫ v[\]G[G\Ë´ ∫ ∫ v[\]G[G\
6 6
ÏÄÊÝÆÄàÔÓÃÌÐÕÉÓÅÎÅÏÌÒÑÓÅËÐÞÏÔÕÑÓÑÐÅÏÒÑÇÉÓØÐÑÔÕÌ6
qÒË ßÔÐÎ ÓÍÈÇÕÈÔ ÐÅÒÄÔËÔÞ ÆÏËÎÄÏËÈ ÏÄ ÔÐ ÙÔÐ ÔÈÒÎËÏ
«ÔÄ ËÍË ËÏÄà ÓÔÐÒÐÏÄ ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔˬ ±Ä± ÓÄÎÐÓÔÐÃÔÈÍÞÏÝÌ
ÔÈÒÎËÏ ÏÈ ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÃÈÔÓÃ Ä ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÃÈÔÓà ÔÐÍÞ±Ð Æ ØÈÍÐÎ ÔÈÒ
ÎËÏ «ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÏÝÌ ËÏÔÈÒÄÍ ÆÔÐÒÐÐ ÒÐÇÄ ÑÐ ÔÐÌ ËÍË ËÏÐÌ
ÓÔÐÒÐÏÈÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔˬ
bÏÄÍÐËÙÏÐ ÔÐÎÕ ±Ä± ÆÝÚÈ ÅÝÍÐ ÆÆÈÇÈÏÐ ÐÅÐÅÛÈÏËÈ ÑÐ
ÏÃÔËÃ
ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÏÐÐ ËÏÔÈÒÄÍÄ ÆÔÐÒÐÐ ÒÐÇÄ ÆËÇÄ
∫∫ v[\]G[G\ÆÆÐÇÃÔÓÃËÐÅÐÅÛÈÏËÃÑÐÏÃÔËÌÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔ
6
ÏÝ× ËÏÔÈÒÄÍÐÆ ÆÔÐÒÐÐ ÒÐÇÄ ÆËÇÄ ∫ ∫ v[ \ ]G\G] Ë
6
∫ ∫ v[ \ ]G]G[ ÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐ Ë ÆËÇÄ ∫ ∫ 3G\G] 4G]G[
6 6
5G[G\ÑRÊÄÇÄÏÏÐÌÓÔÐÒÐÏÈÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË
³ÌÂÍáÒÏÝÇÊÄÇÌÔÐÒÏÝÇÑÐÍá
°ÑÒÇÆÇÍÇÏÊá
ËÍËÔÒÈ×ÎÈÒÏÝÈÐÅÍÄÓÔË*
ÔÄÒÑÕÉÐÙÌÅÎßÐÑÍ×ÖвÙÌÉÍÌÎÌÒÑÕÉÐÙÌÅÎÑÏÈÅÐÐÑÑÇɲ
ÕÑÓÐÑÑÒÑÎÄ
dÆÐÇà ÓËÎÆÐÍËÙÈÓ±ËÌ ÆȱÔÐÒ ÏÄÅÍÄ ∇ L ∂ M ∂ N ∂
∂[ ∂\ ∂]
ÓÎÑ ÎÐÉÏÐÏÄÑËÓÄÔÞJUDGX ∇XÇÈÆÑÒÄÆÐÌÙÄÓÔË
ÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÄÓÔÐËÔ«ÑÒÐËÊÆÈÇÈÏËȬÓËÎÆÐÍËÙÈÓ±ÐÐÆȱÔÐÒÄÏÄÅ
ÍÄÏÄÙËÓÍÐÆÕàÖÕϱØËàX
qÕÓÔÞ ÏÄÑÒËÎÈÒ (0 ¶ ÏÄÑÒÃÉÈÏÏÐÓÔÞ ßÍȱÔÒËÙÈÓ±ÐÐ
ÑÐÍà ÓÐÊÇÄÏÏÐÐ ÈÇËÏËÙÏÝÎ ÐÔÒËØÄÔÈÍÞÏÝÎ ÊÄÒÃÇÐÎ ±ÐÔÐ
ÒÝÌ ÑÐÎÈÛÈÏ Æ ÏÄÙÄÍÈ ±ÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔ tÐÇÄ Æ ÔÐÙ±È 0[ \ ]
ÆȱÔÐÒ(0ËÎÈÈԱıßÔÐËÊÆÈÓÔÏÐËÊÖËÊ˱ËÇÍËÏÕ
ÇÈ
U
U [ \ ] Ë ÏÄÑÒÄÆÍÈÏ ÐÔ ÔÐÙ±Ë 0 ± ÏÄÙÄÍÕ ±ÐÐÒÇË
ÏÄÔpÔÓàÇÄÑÐÍÕÙÄÈÎÙÔÐ
[ \ ]
(0 ´ ´ ´
U U U
ÍȱÔÒËÙÈÓ±ËÌ ÑÐÔÈÏØËÄÍ ÒÄÓÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄÈÎÐÐ ÑÐÍÃ Ô È
ÖÕϱØËÃX0 ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃËÑÐÔÈÏØËÄÍÐÎÆÕ±ÄÊÄÏÏÐÎÆÝ
U
ÚÈÓÎÝÓÍÈÑÐÓ±ÐÍÞ±ÕJUDGX0 (0
rÄÓÓÎÐÔÒËÎ ÓÏÐÆÄ ÆȱÔÐÒÏÐÈ ÑÐÍÈ D D0 ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏÏÐÈ
Æ ÏȱÐÔÐÒÐÌ ÐÅÍÄÓÔË * iÄÖ˱ÓËÒÕÈÎ ÓËÓÔÈÎÕ ±ÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔ Æ
ßÔÐÎ ÓÍÕÙÄÈ ÆȱÔÐÒÏÕà ÖÕϱØËà D0 ÎÐÉÏÐ ÒÄÓÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄÔÞ
±Ä±ÖÕϱØËàÔÒÈ×ÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÝ× ¶±ÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔ[\]ÔÐÙ±Ë0
D D[\]
qÕÓÔÞÔÐÙ±Ä0 [\]∈*ËÊÄÇÄÏÈÇËÏËÙÏÝÌÆȱÔÐÒ
H FRV α FRV β FRV γ qÒÐÆÈÇÈÎ ÙÈÒÈÊ ÔÐÙ±Õ 0 ÑÒÃÎÕà Æ
ÏÄÑÒÄÆÍÈÏËËH
[ [WFRVα\ \WFRVβ] ]WFRVγ
´W
°ÑÒÇÆÇÍÇÏÊÇ qÓÑÌËÇÑÈÐÅÄÇɲÕÑÓÐÑÍ×ÖвÙÌÌ
D [WFRVα\WFRVβ]WFRVγ
ÒÑ W ÒÓÌW ÉÔÎÌ ÑÐÅ ÔÖÜÉÔÕÇÖÉÕÐÅËÞÇÅÉÕÔÄ ÒÓÑÌËÇÑÈ
ÐÑÍÇɲÕÑÓÐÑÍ×ÖвÙÌÌD0ÒÑÐÅÒÓÅÇÎÉÐÌáHÇÕÑÚ²É0Ì
ÑÆÑËÐÅÚÅÉÕÔÄÚÉÓÉË ∂D
∂H
∂D ( 0 ) GD
∂H GW W
´JUDGX
qÐ ÑÒÄÆËÍÕ ÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÐÆÄÏËà ÓÍÐÉÏÐÌ ÖÕϱØËË ÐÑÕ
Ó±ÄÃÇÍÃÑÒÐÓÔÐÔÝÐÅÐÊÏÄÙÈÏËÃÄÒÕÎÈÏÔÄÑÐÍÕÙËÎ
∂D ∂D ∂D ∂D
FRVα FRVβ FRVγ
∂H ∂[ ∂\ ∂]
eÈÐÎÈÔÒËÙÈÓ±ËÌËÖËÊËÙÈÓ±ËÌÓÎÝÓÍGLYDÅÕÇÈÔÆÝÃÓÏÈÏ
ÆÇÄÍÞÏÈÌÚÈÎ
°ÑÒÇÆÇÍÇÏÊÇ dɲÕÑÓÔ²ÑÑÓÈÌÐÅÕÅÏÌ
∂D ] ∂D \ ∂D ∂D ∂D ∂D
´ [ ´ ] \ ´ [
∂\ ∂] ∂] ∂[ ∂[ ∂\
ÐÅËÞÇÅÉÕÔÄ ÇÌØÓÉÏ ÌÎÌ ÓÑÕÑÓÑÏ ÇɲÕÑÓÐÑÑ ÒÑÎÄ D
D0ÌÑÆÑËÐÅÚÅÉÕÔÄURWD
s ÑÐÎÐÛÞà ÓËÎÆÐÍËÙÈÓ±ÐÐ ÆȱÔÐÒÄ ∇ ÒÐÔÐÒ ÎÐÉÏÐ ÊÄÑË
ÓÄÔÞÆÆËÇÈÓÍÈÇÕàÛÈÐÆȱÔÐÒÏÐÐÑÒÐËÊÆÈÇÈÏËÃ
L M N
URWD ∇¨D ∂ ∂ ∂
∂[ ∂\ ∂]
D[ D \ D ]
tÈÒÎËÏ «ÒÐÔÐÒ¬ ÑÒÐËÓ×ÐÇËÔ ÐÔ ÓÍÐÆÄ «ÒÐÔÄØËì ÆÒÄÛÈ
ÏËÈ ÔÐ ÐÅÜÃÓÏÃÈÔÓÃ ÓÍÈÇÕàÛËÎË ÐÅÓÔÐÃÔÈÍÞÓÔÆÄÎË rÄÓ
ÓÎÐÔÒËÎÇÆËÉÈÏËÈÔÆÈÒÇÐÐÔÈÍÄiÄÖ˱ÓËÒÕÈÎÆÏÈÎÔÐÙ±ÕË
ÐÅÐÊÏÄÙËÎ ÈÈ 0 jÊ ÎÈ×ÄÏË±Ë ËÊÆÈÓÔÏÐ ÙÔÐ Ó±ÐÒÐÓÔÞ Y
Y0ÍàÅÐÌÔÐÙ±Ë0ßÔÐÐÔÈÍÄÆÝÒÄÉÄÈÔÓÃÑÐÖÐÒÎÕÍÈ
Y Yω¨U
ÇÈY ¶Ó±ÐÒÐÓÔÞÔÐÙ±Ë0Z ¶ÎÏÐÆÈÏÏÄÃÕÍÐÆÄÃÓ±ÐÒÐÓÔÞ
ÆÒÄÛÈÏËà ÆÓÈÐ ÔÆÈÒÇÐÐ ÔÈÍÄ ÐÔÏÐÓËÔÈÍÞÏÐ ÔÐÙ±Ë 0 Ä U ¶
ÒÄÇËÕÓÆȱÔÐÒÓÏÄÙÄÍÐÎÆÔÐÙ±È0˱ÐÏØÐÎÆÔÐÙ±È0dȱ
ÔÐÒÝ Y Ë Z ÏÈ ÊÄÆËÓÃÔ ÐÔ ÔÐÙ±Ë ÔÈÍÄ 0 ÑÒË Ö˱ÓËÒÐÆÄÏÏÐÌ
ÔÐÙ±È 0 Ä ÒÄÇËÕÓ ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓà ÐÙÈÆËÇÏÐ ÖÕϱØËÈÌ ÔÐÙ±Ë ÔÈ
ÍÄU U0
iÄÖ˱ÓËÒÕÈÎ Æ ÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÈ ÓËÓÔÈÎÕ ±ÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔ [ \ ] Ë
ÑÕÓÔÞ Y Y[ Y\ Y] Z ω[ ω\ ω] U [ \ ] Y
Y[Y\Y]ÔÐÇÄ
Y[ Y[ω\]´ω]\Y\ Y\ω][´ω[]Y] Y]ω[\´ω\[
pÔÓàÇÄ
∂Y [ ∂Y ∂Y ∂Y ∂Y ∂Y
´ω] [ ω\ \ ω] \ ´ω[ ] ´ω\ ] ω[
∂\ ∂] ∂[ ∂] ∂[ ∂\
dÝÃÓÏËÎ ÔÈÑÈÒÞ ±Ä± ÎÈÏÃÈÔÓÃ Æ ÒÄÓÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄÈÎÐÎ ÔÆÈÒ
ÇÐÎÔÈÍÈÒÐÔÐÒÓ±ÐÒÐÓÔÈÌÈÐÔÐÙȱfÍÃßÔÐÐÆÐÓÑÐÍÞÊÕÈÎÓÃ
ÖÐÒÎÕÍÄÎË
∂Y ] ∂Y \ ∂Y ∂Y ∂Y ∂Y
´ ω[ [ ´ ] ω\ \ ´ [ ω]
∂\ ∂] ∂] ∂[ ∂[ ∂\
tıËÎ ÐÅÒÄÊÐÎ URW Y Z jÏÄÙÈ ÐÆÐÒÃ Ó ÔÐÙÏÐÓÔÞà ÇÐ
ÙËÓÍÐÆÐÐÎÏÐÉËÔÈÍÃÒÐÔÐÒÓ±ÐÒÐÓÔÈÌYÔÐÙȱÔÈÍÄÓÐÆÑÄÇÄÈÔ
ÓÎÏÐÆÈÏÏÐÌÕÍÐÆÐÌÓ±ÐÒÐÓÔÞàÆÒÄÛÈÏËÃÔÆÈÒÇÐÐÔÈÍÄpÔ
ÓàÇÄËÑÒÐËÓ×ÐÇËÔÏÄÊÆÄÏËÈ«ÒÐÔÐÒ¬
qÒËÆÈÇÈÎ ÑÒËÎÈÒ ÖÐÒÎÄÍÞÏÝ× ÑÒÈÐÅÒÄÊÐÆÄÏËÌ Ó ÓËÎÆÐ
ÍÐÎ ∇ gÓÍË ÊÄ ÓËÎÆÐÍÐÎ ∇ ÓÍÈÇÕÈÔ ÏÈÓ±ÐÍޱРÙÍÈÏÐÆ ÏÄ
ÐÇËÏËʱÐÔÐÒÝ×ÐÏÇÈÌÓÔÆÕÈԱıÐÑÈÒÄÔÐÒÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÐÆÄ
ÏËÃ Ä ÏÄ ÇÒÕËÈ ÏÈÔ ÔÐ ÇÍÃ ÃÓÏÐÓÔË ÅÕÇÈÎ ÐÅÐÊÏÄÙÄÔÞ ßÔÐÔ
ÙÍÈÏÆÈÒÔ˱ÄÍÞÏÐÌÓÔÒÈͱÐÌqÐÃÓÏËÎßÔÐÏÄÑÒËÎÈÒÈ
qÕÓÔÞI ¶Ó±ÄÍÃÒÏÐÈD ¶ÆȱÔÐÒÏÐÈÑÐÍÈÔÐÇÄ
) )
URWID ∇¨ID ∇¨ID∇¨I D I∇¨D∇I¨D
IURWDJUDGI¨D
dÆÈÇÈÎ ÏȱÐÔÐÒÝÈ ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËà ÓÆÃÊÄÏÏÝÈ Ó ÆȱÔÐÒÏÝÎ
ÑÐÍÈÎD D[D\D]ÆÐÅÍÄÓÔË*
°ÑÒÇÆÇÍÇÏÊÇ qÖÔÕß Γ ¶ ËÅϲÐÖÕÅÄ ²ÖÔÑÚÐÑÎÅȲÅÄ ²ÓÌ
ÇÅÄÇÑÆÎÅÔÕÌ*jÐÕÉÓÅÎ
∫ DGU ∫ D[G[D\G\D]G]
e e
ÐÅËÞÇÅÉÕÔÄ ÙÌÓ²ÖÎÄÙÌÉÍ ÇɲÕÑÓÐÑÑ ÒÑÎÄD D[D\D]ÒÑ
²ÓÌÇÑÍΓiÈÉÔßGU G[G\G]
gÓÍË Γ ¶ ÐÒËÈÏÔËÒÐÆÄÏÏÄà ÍÄDZÄà ±ÒËÆÄà V ¶ ÑÈÒÈÎÈÏ
ÏÄà ÇÍËÏÄ ÇÕË W FRV α FRV β FRV γ ¶ ÈÈ ÈÇËÏËÙÏÝÌ ±ÄÓÄ
ÔÈÍÞÏÝÌÆȱÔÐÒÄÑÒW D ¶ÆÈÍËÙËÏÄÑÒÐȱØËËÆȱÔÐÒÄDÏıÄ
ÓÄÔÈÍÞÏÕàÔÐ
∫ DGU ∫ ÑÒWDGV
e e
fÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÐ
∫ DGU ∫ D[G[D\G\D]G] ∫ D[FRVαD\FRVβD]FRVγGV
e e e
∫ DWGV ∫ ÑÒWDGV
e e
°ÑÒÇÆÇÍÇÏÊÇ qÑÎÉÙÌÓ²ÖÎÄÙÌIJÑÕÑÓÑÑÒÑÎáÆÑÍËÅϲÐÖ
ÕÑÍ ²ÖÔÑÚÐÑÎÅȲÑÍ ²ÓÌÇÑÍ ÎÉÊÅÜÉÍ Ç ÑÆÎÅÔÕÌ * ÓÅÇÐÅ
ÐÖÎáÐÅËÞÇÅÉÕÔÄÒÑÕÉÐÙÌÅÎßÐÞÏ
oÄÑÐÎÏËÎÙÔÐÆÑ ÅÝÍÐÑбÄÊÄÏÐÓÎÍÈÎÎÕÙÔÐ
ÕÓÍÐÆËÈ ÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÄ ÏÕÍà ËÏÔÈÒÄÍÄ ∫ 3G[ 4G\ ÑÐ ÍàÅÐÎÕ
e
ÊÄαÏÕÔÐÎÕ ±ÐÏÔÕÒÕ Γ µ * ÒÄÆÏÐÓËÍÞÏÐ ÔÐÎÕ ÙÔÐ ËÏÔÈÒÄÍ
∫ G[4G\ ÏÈÊÄÆËÓËÔÐÔÑÕÔËËÏÔÈÒËÒÐÆÄÏËÃÎÈÉÇÕÔÐÙ±Ä
$%
ÎË$Ë%qÒËÇбÄÊÄÔÈÍÞÓÔÆÈßÔÐÐÕÔÆÈÒÉÇÈÏËÃÏËÇÈÏÈËÓ
ÑÐÍÞÊÐÆÄÍÓÃÔÐÔÖıÔÙÔбÒËÆÄÃΓÍÈÉËÔÆÑÍÐÓ±ÐÌÐÅÍÄÓÔË
qÐßÔÐÎÕ ÇбÄÊÄÔÈÍÞÓÔÆÐ ÍÈÎÎÝ ÑÒËÆÈÇÈÏÏÐÈ Æ Ñ ÓÐ
×ÒÄÏÃÈÔ ÓËÍÕ Ë ÇÍà ±ÒËÆÐÍËÏÈÌÏÝ× ËÏÔÈÒÄÍÐÆ ÑÐ ÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏ
ÓÔÆÈÏÏÝαÒËÆÝÎtıËÎÐÅÒÄÊÐÎ
ÙÌÓ²ÖÎÄÙÌÄ ∫ DGU ∫ D[ G[ D\G\ D]G] ÓÅÇÐÅ ÐÖÎá ÒÑ
e e
ÎáÆÑÏÖ ËÅϲÐÖÕÑÏÖ ²ÖÔÑÚÐÑÎÅȲÑÏÖ ²ÑÐÕÖÓÖ Γ µ * ÕÑ
ÈÅÌÕÑÎß²ÑÕÑÈŲÑÈÅÌÐÕÉÓÅÎ ∫ D[G[D\G\D]G]ÐÉ
$%
ËÅÇÌÔÌÕ ÑÕ ÒÖÕÌ ÌÐÕÉÓÌÓÑÇÅÐÌÄ Õ É ÑÕ ²ÓÌÇÑÍ Ô ÐÅÚÅ
ÎÑÏÇÕÑÚ²É$²ÑÐÙÑÏÇÕÑÚ²É%ÌÙÉÎ̲ÑÏÎÉÊÅÜÉÍÇÑÆ
ÎÅÔÕÌ *
rÄÓÓÎÐÔÒËÎ Æ ±ÄÙÈÓÔÆÈ ÑÒËÎÈÒÄ ÑÍÐÓ±ÐÈ ÆȱÔÐÒÏÐÈ ÑÐÍÈ
Ô È ÑÐÍÈ D 3 4 ÊÄÇÄÏÏÐÈ ÏÄ ÑÍÐÓ±ÐÌ ÐÅÍÄÓÔË * 3
3[\4 4[\dË×ÒÞßÔÐÐÑÐÍÃËÎÈÈÔÆËÇ
L M N
∂ ∂ 4 ∂3
∂ N ∂
URWD
´
∂[ ∂\ ∂] ∂ [ ∂\
3 4
tÈÐÒÈÎÄ Ñ ÆÐ ÆÏÐÆÞ ÆÆÈÇÈÏÏÝ× ÔÈÒÎËÏÄ× ÎÐÉÈÔ
ÅÝÔÞÑÈÒÈÖÒÄÊËÒÐÆÄÏÄÓÍÈÇÕàÛËÎÐÅÒÄÊÐÎfÎÄ ÑÈÐÑÔÇÄËÐÑÍ
ÒÎÑÔ²ÑÍ ÑÆÎÅÔÕÌ * ÒÑÕÉÐÙÌÅÎßÐÑÔÕß ÒÑÎÄ ÔÖÜÉÔÕÇÑÇÅÐÌÉ
ÒÑÕÉÐÙÌÅÎßÐÑÍ×ÖвÙÌÌÌÖÔÎÑÇÌÉÚÕÑÇÌØÓßÒÑÎÄÇÑÇÔÉØ
ÕÑÚ²ÅØ ÓÅÇÉÐ ÐÖÎá à²ÇÌÇÅÎÉÐÕÐÞ
°ÑÒÇÆÇÍÇÏÊÇ qÖÔÕß 6 ¶ ÐɲÑÕÑÓÅÄ ²ÖÔÑÚÐÑÎÅȲÅÄ ÑÓÌ
ÉÐÕÌÓÑÇÅÐÐÅÄ ÒÑÇÉÓØÐÑÔÕß ÎÉÊÅÜÅÄ Ç ÑÆÎÅÔÕÌ * Q µ
ÉÈÌÐÌÚÐÞÍÇɲÕÑÓÐÑÓÏÅÎ̲ÒÑÇÉÓØÐÑÔÕÌËÅÈÅáÜÉÍÉÉÑÓÌ
ÉÐÕÅÙÌá Ì6 ¶ ÒÑÇÉÓØÐÑÔÕß 6 Ô Ö²ÅËÅÐÐÑÍ ÑÓÌÉÐÕÅÙÌÉÍ
jÐÕÉÓÅÎ ∫ ∫ DG6 ∫ ∫ DQG6ÐÅËÞÇÅÉÕÔÄÒÑÕѲÑÏÇɲÕÑÓÐÑÑ
6 6
ÒÑÎÄÚÉÓÉËÒÑÇÉÓØÐÑÔÕß
pÙÈÆËÇÏÐÙÔÐDQ ÑÒQDÑÐßÔÐÎÕ
∫ ∫ DG6 ∫ ∫ ÑÒνDG6
6 6
ÎË ÆÆÈÇÈÏÏÝÎË Æ ßÔÐÎ ÑÕϱÔÈ oÄÙÏÈÎ Ó ÇбÄÊÄÔÈÍÞÓÔÆÄ
ËÏÆÄÒËÄÏÔÏÐÓÔËßÔË×ÑÐÏÃÔËÌ
uqrbhogojgfбÄÊÄÔÞÓÍÈÇÕàÛËÈÖÐÒÎÕÍÝ
ÄURWJUDGX
ÅGLYURWD
∂ X ∂ X ∂ X
ÆGLYJUDGX ∆XÇÈ∆X
∂[ ∂\ ∂]
URWURWD JUDGGLYD´∆DÇÈ∆D ∆D[∆D\∆D]D D[D\D]
ÇGLYID IGLYDJUDGID
ÈGLYD¨E EURWD´DURWE
°ÃÊÏÄÂÒÊÂÏÔÏÐÓÔÊÑÐÏáÔÊË
ÅÒÂÆÊÇÏÔÂÆÊÄÇÒÅÇÏØÊÊÊÄÊ×Òá
pÅÒÄÔÏÝÈ ÖÐÒÎÕÍÝ ÆÝÒÄÉÄàÛËÈ ÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇÏÝÈ ÑÐ ÑÈÒÈÎÈÏ
ÏÝÎ[′\′]′ÙÈÒÈÊÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇÏÝÈÑÐ[\]ËÎÈàÔÆËÇ
∂
D ∂ D ∂ D ∂
∂ [′ ∂[ ∂\ ∂]
∂
D ∂ D ∂ D ∂
∂ \′ ∂[ ∂\ ∂]
∂
D ∂ D ∂ D ∂
∂ ]′ ∂[ ∂\ ∂]
vÐÒÎÕÍݶ ÑбÄÊÝÆÄàÔ ÙÔÐ ±ÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔÝ ÐÅÝÙ
ÏÝ× ÆȱÔÐÒÐÆ Ë «±ÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔݬ ÓËÎÆÐÍËÙÈÓ±ÐÐ ÆȱÔÐÒÄ ∇ ÑÒË
ÐÒÔÐÐÏÄÍÞÏÝ× ÑÒÈÐÅÒÄÊÐÆÄÏËÃ× ÇȱÄÒÔÐÆÝ× ±ÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔ ÑÒÈÐÅ
ÒÄÊÕàÔÓÃ ÑÐ ÐÇÏÐÎÕ Ë ÔÐÎÕ ÉÈ ÑÒÄÆËÍÕ d ÙÄÓÔÏÐÓÔË ËÊ
ÓÍÈÇÕÈÔ ÙÔÐ ÒÄÇËÈÏÔ ÖÕϱØËË X Æ ÓËÓÔÈÎÈ ±ÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔ [ \ ]
∂X ∂X ∂X
Ô È ÆȱÔÐÒ Ó ±ÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔÄÎË
Æ ÓËÓÔÈÎÈ [′ \′ ]′ ÅÕÇÈÔ
∂[ ∂\ ∂]
∂X ∂X ∂X
ËÎÈÔÞ±ÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔÝ Ô ÈÃÆÍÃÔÞÓÃÒÄÇËÈÏÔÐÎËÆßÔÐÌ
∂[′ ∂\′ ∂]′
ÓËÓÔÈÎÈ ±ÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔ tÈÎ ÓÄÎÝÎ ÈÛÈ ÒÄÊ ÇбÄÊÄÏÐ ÓÎ Ñ
ÙÔÐÒÄÇËÈÏÔÖÕϱØËËÏÈÊÄÆËÓËÔÐÔÆÝÅÐÒÄÇȱÄÒÔÐÆÐÌÓËÓÔÈÎÝ
±ÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔ tı ±Ä± ÆȱÔÐÒ ∇ ÑÒÈÐÅÒÄÊÕÈÔÓà ÑÐÇÐÅÏÐ ÐÅÝÙÏÝÎ
ÆȱÔÐÒÄÎ ÔÐ ÈÓÔÈÓÔÆÈÏÏÐ ÐÉËÇÄÔÞ ÙÔÐ Ë Ó±ÄÍÃÒÏÐÈ ÑÒÐËÊÆÈÇÈ
ÏËÈ∇DÏÈÊÄÆËÓËÔÐÔÆÝÅÐÒÄÕ±ÄÊÄÏÏÐÌÓËÓÔÈÎݱÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔ
qÕÓÔÞÆȱÔÐÒDÆÓËÓÔÈÎÈ[\]ËÎÈÈÔ±ÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔÝD[D\D]
Ä Æ ÓËÓÔÈÎÈ [′ \′ ]′ ¶ ±ÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔÝ D [
D \
D ]
d ÓËÍÕ ÖÐÒÎÕÍ
ËÎÈÈÎ
∂D [ ∂D ∂D ∂D ∂D ∂D
\ ] D [ D [D [
∂[ ∂\ ∂] ∂[′ ∂\′ ∂]′
∂D ∂D ∂D ∂D ∂D ∂D
D \ D \D \ D ] D ] D ]
∂[′ ∂\′ ∂]′ ∂[′ ∂\′ ∂]′
∂ ∂
D D[D D\D D] D D[D D\D D]
∂ [′ ∂ \′
∂
D D[D D\ D D]
∂ ]′
qÒËÎÈÏÃà ÖÐÒÎÕÍÝ ± ÆȱÔÐÒÕ D D[ D\ D] Ô È
ÊÄÎÈÏÃÃÆßÔË×ÖÐÒÎÕÍÄ×[\]ÏÄD[D\D]Ä[′\′]′ÏÄ D [′
D′\ D′] ÑÐÍÕÙËÎ ÙÔÐ ÆÝÒÄÉÈÏËÃ Æ ±ÒÕÍÝ× Ó±ÐűÄ× Æ ÑÒÄÆÐÌ
ÙÄÓÔËÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÄÒÄÆÏÝÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐ D [
D \
D ]
ËÓÍÈ
ÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐ
∂D [ ∂D ∂D ∂D [′ ∂D \′ ∂D ]′
\ ]
∂[ ∂\ ∂] ∂[′ ∂\′ ∂]′
ÔÐ ÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐ Ë ÑбÄÊÝÆÄÈÔ ÙÔÐ ÇËÆÈÒÈÏØËà ÆȱÔÐÒÏÐÐ
ÑÐÍÃƱÄÉÇÐÌÔÐÙ±ÈÐÇÏÐÊÏÄÙÏÐÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÃÈÔÓÃÓÄÎËÎÆȱÔÐÒ
ÏÝÎ ÑÐÍÈÎ Ä ÏÈ ÊÄÆËÓËÔ ÐÔ ÆÝÅÐÒÄ ÓËÓÔÈÎÝ ±ÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔ ±Ä±
ßÔÐÎÐÍÐÅÝÑбÄÊÄÔÞÓÃÓÏÄÙÄÍÄËÊÖÐÒÎÕÍÝ
dȱÔÐÒÏÐÈ ÑÒÐËÊÆÈÇÈÏËÈ ÐÅÝÙÏÝ× ÆȱÔÐÒÐÆ Æ ÓËÍÕ ÓÆÐÈÐ
ÈÐÎÈÔÒËÙÈÓ±ÐÐ ÓÎÝÓÍÄ ÏÈ ÊÄÆËÓËÔ ÐÔ ÆÝÅÐÒÄ ÇȱÄÒÔÐÆÝ×
ÓËÓÔÈÎ ±ÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔÓÐÇËÏıÐÆÐÌÐÒËÈÏÔÄØËÈÌÏÄÑÒËÎÈÒÆȱ
ÔÐÒÏÐÈÑÒÐËÊÆÈÇÈÏËÈÇÆÕ×ÆȱÔÐÒÐÆÏÈËÊÎÈÏËÔÓÃÈÓÍËÐÔÐÇ
ÏÐÌ ÑÒÄÆÐÌ ÇȱÄÒÔÐÆÐÌ ÓËÓÔÈÎÝ ±ÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔ ÓÎ Ñ ÑÈ
ÒÈÌÔ˱ÔıÐÌÉÈÇÒÕÐÌqÐßÔÐÎÕÈÓÔÈÓÔÆÈÏÏÐÐÉËÇÄÔÞÙÔÐ
ÔÈÎ ÉÈ ÓÆÐÌÓÔÆÐÎ ÐÅÍÄÇÄÈÔ Ë «ÓËÎÆÐÍËÙÈÓ±ÐÈ ÆȱÔÐÒÏÐÈ ÑÒÐ
ËÊÆÈÇÈÏËȬURWD ∇¨D
d ÓÄÎÐÎ ÇÈÍÈ ÈÓÍË ÐÅÐÊÏÄÙËÔÞ ÈÇËÏËÙÏÝÈ ±ÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔÏÝÈ
ÆȱÔÐÒÝ ÓËÓÔÈÎÝ ±ÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔ [′ \′ ]′ ÓÐÐÔÆÈÔÓÔÆÈÏÏÐ ÙÈÒÈÊ
L′ M′ N′ ÔÐ ±Ä± ËÊÆÈÓÔÏÐ ÈÇËÏËÙÏÝÈ ±ÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔÏÝÈ ÆȱÔÐÒÝ
LMNÓËÓÔÈÎݱÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔ[\]ÆÝÒÄÉÄàÔÓÃÙÈÒÈÊL′M′N′ÑÐ
ÓÒÈÇÓÔÆÐÎÎÄÔÒËØÝÔÒÄÏÓÑÐÏËÒÐÆÄÏÏÐ̱ÎÄÔÒËØÈÑÒÈÐÅÒÄÊÐ
ÆÄÏËÃ Ô È ÑÐÓÒÈÇÓÔÆÐÎ ÎÄÔÒËØÝ ÑÒÈÐÅÒÄÊÐÆÄÏËÃ
L DL′DM′DN′
M DL′DM′DN′
N DL′DM′DN′
jÓÑÐÍÞÊÕÃÖÐÒÎÕÍÝËÑÐÍÕÙËÎ
L M N
URWD ∇¨D ∂ ∂ ∂
∂[ ∂\ ∂]
D [ D \ D]
D L′ D M′ D N′ D L′ D M′ D N′ D L′ D M′ D N′
∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂
D D D D D D D D D
∂ [′ ∂ \′ ∂ ]′ ∂ [′ ∂ \′ ∂ ]′ ∂ [′ ∂ \′ ∂ ]′
D D [′ D D \′ D D ]′ D D [′ D D \′ D D ]′ D D [′ D D \′ D D ]′
D D D L′ M′ N′
D D D ∂ ∂ ∂
∂ [′ ∂ \′ ∂ ]′
D D D D [′ D \′ D ]′
qÐÓÍÈÇÏÈÈ ÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐ ÇбÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÓà Ôı ÉÈ ±Ä± ÇÍà ÐÅÝÙ
ÏÝ× ÙËÓÍÐÆÝ× ÎÄÔÒËØ ÇбÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÓà ÔÐÔ ÖÄ±Ô ÙÔÐ ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍË
ÔÈÍÞÑÒÐËÊÆÈÇÈÏËÃÇÆÕ×±ÆÄÇÒÄÔÏÝ×ÎÄÔÒËØÐÇÏÐÐËÔÐÐÉÈ
ÑÐÒÃÇ±Ä ÒÄÆÈÏ ÑÒÐËÊÆÈÇÈÏËà Ë× ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍËÔÈÍÈÌ fÍà ÇбÄÊÄ
ÔÈÍÞÓÔÆÄ ßÔÐÐ ÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÄ ÇÐÓÔÄÔÐÙÏÐ ÕÅÈÇËÔÞÓà ÙÔÐ Æ ÐÅÈË×
ÈÐ ÙÄÓÔÃ× ÓÔÐÃÔ ÐÇËÏıÐÆÝÈ ÄÍÈÅÒÄËÙÈÓ±ËÈ ÓÕÎÎÝ ÐÇÏË× Ë
ÔÈ×ÉÈÓÍÄÄÈÎÝ×
pÑÒÈÇÈÍËÔÈÍÞ ÐÒÔÐÐÏÄÍÞÏÐÐ ÑÒÈÐÅÒÄÊÐÆÄÏËÃ ÒÄÆÈÏ
ËÍË ´ ÑÒËÙÈÎ ÈÓÍË ßÔÐ ÑÒÈÐÅÒÄÊÐÆÄÏËÈ ÓÐ×ÒÄÏÃÈÔ ÐÒËÈÏÔÄ
ØËàÔÐqÐßÔÐÎÕÈÓÍËÆÒÄÓÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄÈÎÐÎÓÍÕÙÄÈÆÝÅÒÄÔÞ
ÓËÓÔÈÎݱÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔ[\]Ë[′\′]′ÐÒËÈÏÔËÒÐÆÄÏÏÝÈÐÇËÏÄ
±ÐÆÐÔÐÅÕÇÈÎËÎÈÔÞ
D D D
D D D
D D D
ËÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐËÊÑÐÍÕÙËÎ
L M N L′ M′ N′
∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂
∂[ ∂\ ∂] ∂ [′ ∂ \′ ∂ ]′
D[ D \ D ] D [′ D \′ D ]′
ÔÐÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐËÐÊÏÄÙÄÈÔÙÔÐÆË×ÒÞÆȱÔÐÒÏÐÐÑÐÍÃÏÈÊÄÆË
ÓËÔÐÔÆÝÅÐÒÄÇȱÄÒÔÐÆÐÌÓËÓÔÈÎݱÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔËÎÈàÛÈÌÔÕÉÈ
ÐÒËÈÏÔÄØËàÙÔÐËÊÄÇÄÏÏÄÃiÄÎÈÔËÎÐÇÏıÐÙÔÐÈÓÍËÐÔÐÇ
ÏÐÌ ÓËÓÔÈÎÝ ±ÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔ ÑÈÒÈÌÔË ± ÓËÓÔÈÎÈ Ó ÇÒÕÐÌ ÐÒËÈÏÔÄ
ØËÈÌ ÏÄÑÒËÎÈÒ ÐÔ ÑÒÄÆÐÌ ÓËÓÔÈÎÝ ±ÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔ ¶ ± ÍÈÆÐÌ ÔÐ
±ÄÉÇÝÌÆË×ÒޱıËÐÅÝÙÏÐÈÆȱÔÐÒÏÐÈÑÒÐËÊÆÈÇÈÏËÈÊÄÎÈ
ÏËÔÓà ÑÒÐÔËÆÐÑÐÍÐÉÏÝÎ ÆȱÔÐÒÐÎ ÔÐ ÓÍÈÇÕÈÔ ËÊ ÖÐÒÎÕÍÝ
ÑÐÓ±ÐÍÞ±ÕÐÑÒÈÇÈÍËÔÈÍÞÐÒÔÐÐÏÄÍÞÏÐÐÑÒÈÐÅÒÄÊÐÆÄ
ÏËÃÎÈÏÃàÛÈÐÐÒËÈÏÔÄØËàÒÄÆÈÏ´
tıËÎÐÅÒÄÊÐÎÆË×ÒÞÆȱÔÐÒÏÐÐÑÐÍÃÐÇÏÐÊÏÄÙÏЫÓÔÐÙ
ÏÐÓÔÞàÇÐÊÏıĬÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÃÈÔÓÃÓÄÎËÎÆȱÔÐÒÏÝÎÑÐÍÈÎÄÈÓ
ÍËÐÒÄÏËÙËÔÞÓÃÔÐÍÞ±ÐÐÇËÏıÐÆÐÐÒËÈÏÔËÒÐÆÄÏÏÝÎËÇȱÄÒ
ÔÐÆÝÎËÓËÓÔÈÎÄÎ˱ÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔÔÐÏÈÊÄÆËÓËÔÐÔË×ÆÝÅÐÒÄ
¶ÐÒÎÕÍÂ¥ÂÕÓÓÂy°ÓÔÒÐÅÒÂÆÓÌÐÅÐ
¥ÇÐÎÇÔÒÊÙÇÓÌÐÇÐÑÒÇÆÇÍÇÏÊÇÆÊÄÇÒÅÇÏØÊÊ
ÙÔÐÏÄÑÍÐÓ±ÐÓÔË 5 [\ ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔÔıÄñÆÄÇÒËÒÕÈÎÄÃÐÅÍÄÓÔÞ
'ÙÔÐÒÄÏËØÄ∂*ÐÅÍÄÓÔË*ÓÐÓÔÐËÔËÊÇÆÕ×ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÈÌ6
Ë 6 ÊÄÇÄÆÄÈÎÝ× ÃÆÏÝÎË ÑÒÈÇÓÔÄÆÍÈÏËÃÎË ÓÐÐÔÆÈÔÓÔÆÈÏÏÐ
] ϕ [ \ Ë ] ψ [\ ÇÈ ÖÕϱØËË ϕ Ë ψ ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÝ ÏÄ
ÊÄαÏÕÔÐÌ ÐÅÍÄÓÔË ' ϕ [ \ ψ [ \ [ \ ∈ ' Ë ÅÝÔÞ
ÎÐÉÈÔËÊÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË6ÃÆÍÃàÛÈÌÓÃÙÄÓÔÞàØËÍËÏÇÒÄÐÓ
ÏÐÆÄÏËÈÎ ±ÐÔÐÒÐÐ ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓà ÒÄÏËØÄ ∂' ÐÅÍÄÓÔË ' Ä ÐÅÒÄ
ÊÕàÛÄÃÑÄÒÄÍÍÈÍÞÏÄÐÓË2]ÓÎÑ
∂* 6`6`6
dßÔÐÎÓÍÕÙÄÈÐÅÍÄÓÔÞ* ÏÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÓÃàÎÉÏÉÐÕÅÓÐÑÍ ÑÕÐÑ
ÔÌÕÉÎßÐÑ ÑÔÌ2]pÏÄËÎÈÈÔÆËÇ
* ^[\][\∈' ϕ[\N]Nψ[\`
pÅÍÄÓÔËÔıÐÐÔËÑÄÕÉÈÆÓÔÒÈÙÄÍËÓÞÑÒËËÊÕÙÈÏËËÆÐÑÒÐÓÄ
Ð ÓÆÈÇÈÏËË ±ÒÄÔÏÐÐ ËÏÔÈÒÄÍÄ ± ÑÐÆÔÐÒÏÐÎÕ pÅÐÊÏÄÙËÎ ÇÍÃ
±ÒÄÔ±ÐÓÔËÒÄÏËØÕ∂*ÐÅÍÄÓÔË*ÙÈÒÈÊ6ÔÐÇÄÓÎ
6 6`6`6
qÕÓÔÞÏÄ6ÊÄÇÄÏÄÖÕϱØËÃv v[\]qÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÏÝÈ
ËÏÔÈÒÄÍÝ ÆÔÐÒÐÐ ÒÄÇÄ ∫ ∫ v[ \ ] G[G\ ÐÔ ÖÕϱØËË v ÑÐ
6
ÆÈÒ×ÏÈÌ ÓÔÐÒÐÏÈ ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË 6 ∫ ∫ Φ[ \ ] G[G\ ÑÐ ÏËÉÏÈÌ
6
ÓÔÐÒÐÏÈÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË6Ë ∫ ∫ v[\]G[G\ÑÐÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË6
6
ÓÎ Ñ ÏÄÊÝÆÄàÔÓà «ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÏÝÎË ËÏÔÈÒÄÍÄÎË ÆÔÐ
ÒÐÐÒÐÇÄÑÐÆÏÈÚÏËÎÓÔÐÒÐÏÄÎßÔË×ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÈ̬ÄË×ÓÕÎ
ÎÄ µ «ËÏÔÈÒÄÍÐÎ ÒÑ ÇÐÉÛÐÉÍ ÔÕÑÓÑÐÉ ÒÑÇÉÓØÐÑÔÕÌ 6¬ Ë
ÐÅÐÊÏÄÙÄÈÔÓÃ ∫ ∫ v[\]G[G\Ô È
6
ÔÈÒÄÍÑÐÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË6ÐÒËÈÏÔËÒÐÆÄÏÏÐÌÓÑÐÎÐÛÞàÆÏÈÚ
ÏÈÌÈÇËÏËÙÏÐÌÏÐÒÎÄÍËQdßÔÐÎÓÍÕÙÄÈÈÓÍË
Q FRVαFRVβFRVγ
ÔÐ
∫ ∫ v[\]G[G\ ∫ ∫ v[\]FRVγG6
6 6
qÒË ÒÄÓÓÎÐÔÒÈÏËË ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐ ] Q
ÓÔÏÝ×ËÏÔÈÒÄÍÐÆ 6
∫ ∫ 3G\G]4G]G[5G[G\
6
6
ÑÐ ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÃÎ ÃÆÍÃàÛËÎÓà Q
ÒÄÏËØÄÎË ßÍÈÎÈÏÔÄÒÏÝ× ÐÅÍÄÓ
ÔÈÌ ÓÔÄÏÐÆËÔÓÃ ÃÓÏÐÌ ØÈÍÈÓÐÐÅ Q
ÒÄÊÏÐÓÔÞ Æ±ÍàÙÈÏËà ÔÒÈÔÞÈÐ ÏÕ 6
ÍÈÆÐÐ ÓÍÄÄÈÎÐÐ Æ ÑÒÄÆÝ× ÙÄÓ \
ÔÃ×ÖÐÒÎÕÍÔËÑÄË
fÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÐ ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÞ ÃÆ [ Γ
ÍÃàÛÄÃÓÃ ÙÄÓÔÞà ØËÍËÏÇÒÄ Ó ÐÅ γ
ÒÄÊÕàÛÈÌÑÄÒÄÍÍÈÍÞÏÐÌÐÇÏÐÌËÊ rËÓ
ÐÓÈ̱ÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔÏÈÃÆÍÃÈÔÓñÒÐ
ÎÈÓÍÕÙÄñÐÇÄÐÏÄÆÝÒÐÉÇÄÈÔÓÃÆÔÐÙ±ÕÙÄÓÔÞàØËÍËÏÇÒÄÓ
ÐÅÒÄÊÕàÛÈÌÑÄÒÄÍÍÈÍÞÏÐÌÇÒÕÐÌÐÓ˱ÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔqÐßÔÐÎÕÈÓÍË
ÅÝÏÈƱÍàÙÄÔÞÆËÏÔÈÒÄÍÑÐÆÓÈÌÒÄÏËØÈÐÅÍÄÓÔËÕ±Ä
ÊÄÏÏÝÈ ÏÕÍÈÆÝÈ ÓÍÄÄÈÎÝÈ ÔÐ ËÏÔÈÒÄÍÝ ∫ ∫ 3G\G] ∫ ∫ 4G]G[ Ë
6 6
∫ ∫ 5G[G\ÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÍÐÅÝÑÐÏËÎÄÔޱıËÏÔÈÒÄÍÝÑÐÒÄÊÍËÙÏÝÎ
6
ÆÐÐÅÛÈÐÆÐÒÃÙÄÓÔÃÎÒÄÏËØÝÒÄÓÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄÈÎÐÌÐÅÍÄÓÔË
´ § ° ² § ® ¢ qÖÔÕß* ¶àÎÉÏÉÐÕÅÓÐÅÄÑÆÎÅÔÕßÌÐÅÉÉËÅ
ÏÞ²ÅÐÌÌ * ËÅÈÅÐÞ×ÖвÙÌÌ3[\]4[\]Ë5[\]
ÐÉÒÓÉÓÞÇÐÞÉ ÇÏÉÔÕÉ ÔÑ ÔÇÑÌÏÌ ÚÅÔÕÐÞÏÌ ÒÓÑÌËÇÑÈÐÞÏÌ
∂3 ∂4 ∂5
Ì tÑÈÅÌÏÉÉÕÏÉÔÕÑ×ÑÓÏÖÎÅ
∂[ ∂\ ∂]
∂ 3 ∂4 ∂5
∫ ∫ ∫
∂[
G[G\G] ∫ ∫ 3G\G]4G]G[5G[G\
∂\ ∂]
* 6
ÈÉÌÐÕÉÓÅÎÇÒÓÅÇÑÍÚÅÔÕÌÓÅÇÉÐÔÕÇÅÆÉÓÉÕÔÄÇÑÇÐÉÛÐÉÍ
ÔÕÑÓÑÐÉÓÅÐÌÙÞ6ÑÆÎÅÔÕÌ*
vÐÒÎÕÍÄ ÏÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÓà ×ÑÓÏÖÎÑÍ eÅÖÔÔŶpÔÕÓÑ
ÓÅÈÔ²ÑÑ
³ § ¦ ³ ´ ¤ ª § gÔÎÌÒÓÌÇÞÒÑÎÐÉÐÌÌÖÔÎÑÇÌÍÕÉÑÓÉÏÞÓÅÐÌ
ÙÅÑÆÎÅÔÕÌ*²ÖÔÑÚÐÑÎÅȲÅÄÕÑ
∂
3 ∂4 ∂5
∫∫∫ G[G\G] ∫ ∫ 3FRVα4FRVβ5FRVγG6
∂[ ∂\ ∂]
* 6
ÈÉ FRV α FRV β FRV γ ¶ ÐÅÒÓÅÇÎÄáÜÌÉ ²ÑÔÌÐÖÔÞ ÉÈÌÐÌÚÐÑÍ
ÇÐÉÛÐÉÍÐÑÓÏÅÎÌQÓβÒÑÇÉÓØÐÑÔÕÌ6
oÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÓÔÞ ÙÄÓÔÏÝ× ÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇÏÝ× ÏÄ ÒÄÏËØÈ ÑÐÏËÎÄÈÔÓà ±Ä±
Ë×ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÄÃÑÒÐÇÐÍÉÄÈÎÐÓÔÞÏÄÒÄÏËØÕÐÅÍÄÓÔË
qÐÍÐÉËÆ
GHI
D 345
ÖÐÒÎÕÍÕeÄÕÓÓĵpÓÔÒÐÒÄÇÓ±ÐÐÎÐÉÏÐÑÈÒÈÑËÓÄÔÞÆ
ÆËÇÈ
∫ ∫ ∫ GLYDG[G\G] ∫ ∫ DQG6
* 6
∫ ∫ 5[\]G[G\∫ ∫ 5[\]G[G\
6 6
iÄÎÈÔËÎ ÇÄÍÈÈ ÓÎ ÙÔÐ ∫ ∫ 5[ \ ]G[G\ Ôı
6
±Ä± ÑÒÐȱØËà ÏÄ ÑÍÐÓ±ÐÓÔÞ [2\ ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË 6 ÓÐÇÈÒÉËÔÓà Æ
ÒÄÏËØÈ ±ÆÄÇÒËÒÕÈÎÐÌ ÐÅÍÄÓÔË ' Ë ÑÐßÔÐÎÕ ËÎÈÈÔ ÑÍÐÓ±Õà
ÎÈÒÕ hÐÒÇÄÏÄ ÒÄÆÏÕà ÏÕÍà tıËÎ ÐÅÒÄÊÐÎ ÖÐÒÎÕÍÕ
ÎÐÉÏÐÑÈÒÈÑËÓÄÔÞÆÆËÇÈ
∂5
∫∫∫ G[G\G] ∫ ∫ 5G[G\∫ ∫ 5G[G\ ∫ ∫ 5G[G\
*
∂] 6
6 6
ÇÍà ±ÄÉÇÐÌ ÐÅÍÄÓÔË *L Ë ÑÐÍÕÙÈÏÏÝÈ ÒÈÊÕÍÞÔÄÔÝ ÓÍÐÉËÔÞ
Æ ÒÈÊÕÍÞÔÄÔÈÑÐÍÕÙÄÈÔÓÃËÓ±ÐÎÄÃÖÐÒÎÕÍÄÇÍÃÐÅÍÄÓÔË*fÈÌ
ÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÐÆÍÈÆÐÌÙÄÓÔËÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÄÆÓËÍÕÄÇÇËÔËÆÏÐÓÔËËÏ
ÔÈÒÄÍÄÑÐÍÕÙËÔÓÃÓÐÐÔÆÈÔÓÔÆÕàÛËÌËÏÔÈÒÄÍÑÐÐÅÍÄÓÔË*Ä
Æ ÑÒÄÆÐÌ ÙÄÓÔË ÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÄ ÓÕÎÎÄ ÆÓÈ× ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÏÝ× ËÏÔÈÒÄ
ÍÐÆ ÑÐ ÙÄÓÔÃÎ ÒÄÏËØ ±ÐÔÐÒÝÈ ÑÒËÏÄÇÍÈÉÄÔ ÒÄÏËØÄÎ ÇÆÕ×
ÐÅÍÄÓÔÈÌ ÒÄÆÏÄ ÏÕÍà d ÓÄÎÐÎ ÇÈÍÈ ÈÓÍË ÏȱÐÔÐÒÄà ÑÐÆÈÒ×
ÏÐÓÔÞ ÑÒÈÇÓÔÄÆÍÃÈÔ ÓÐÅÐÌ ÙÄÓÔÞ ÒÄÏËØ ÇÆÕ× ÐÅÍÄÓÔÈÌ ÔÐ ËÏ
ÔÈÒÄÍ ÑÐ ÆÏÈÚÏÈÌ ÓÔÐÒÐÏÈ ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË ÐÔÏÐÓËÔÈÍÞÏÐ ÐÇÏÐÌ
ËÊ ßÔË× ÐÅÍÄÓÔÈÌ ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓà ËÏÔÈÒÄÍÐÎ ÑÐ ÆÏÕÔÒÈÏÏÈÌ ÓÔÐÒÐÏÈ
ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔËÐÔÏÐÓËÔÈÍÞÏÐÇÒÕÐÌÐÅÍÄÓÔËÔ ÈÑÈÒÆÝÌËÏÔÈ
ÒÄÍ ÐÔÍËÙÄÈÔÓà ÐÔ ÆÔÐÒÐÐ ÔÐÍޱРÊÏıÐÎ Ë ÑÐßÔÐÎÕ ÐÏË ÆÊÄ
ËÎÏÐ ÕÏËÙÔÐÉÄàÔÓà d ÒÈÊÕÍÞÔÄÔÈ ÐÓÔÄÏÕÔÓà ÔÐÍޱРËÏÔÈÒÄ
ÍÝÑÐÙÄÓÔÃÎÒÄÏËØ*LÓÐÓÔÄÆÍÃàÛËÎÆÓÐÆбÕÑÏÐÓÔËÒÄÏË
ØÕ ÐÅÍÄÓÔË * ÓÒ Ó Ñ u±ÄÊÄÏÏÝÈ ÒÄÊÅËÈÏËà ÐÅÍÄÓÔË *
ÙÄÓÔÐ ÅÝÆÄÈÔ ÕÇÐÅÏÐ ÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇËÔÞ ÑÍÐÓ±ÐÓÔÃÎË ÑÄÒÄÍÍÈÍÞÏÝ
Î˱ÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔÏÝÎÑÍÐÓ±ÐÓÔÃÎ
iÄÎÈÔËÎ ÙÔÐ ÓÒÈÇË ÐÅÍÄÓÔÈÌ ÔıÐÐ ÔËÑÄ ÈÓÔÞ Ë ÐÅÍÄÓÔË
ÒÄÏËØÄ ±ÐÔÐÒÝ× ÓÐÓÔÐËÔ ËÊ ÏÈÓ±ÐÍÞ±Ë× «±ÕÓ±ÐƬ Ô È ÎÐ
ÉÈÔ ÅÝÔÞ ÑÒÈÇÓÔÄÆÍÈÏÄ ±Ä± ÓÕÎÎÄ ±ÐÏÈÙÏÐÐ ÙËÓÍÄ ±ÕÓÐÙ
ÏÐÍÄDZË×ÏÈÑÈÒÈÓȱÄàÛË×ÓÃÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÈÌÓÒÓÓÐÐÔÆÈÔÓÔ
ÆÕàÛËÎËÐÅÐÅÛÈÏËÃÎËÖÐÒÎÕÍÝeÒËÏÄÆÑ
nÐÉÏÐÑбÄÊÄÔÞÙÔÐÖÐÒÎÕÍÄeÄÕÓÓĶpÓÔÒÐÒÄÇÓ±ÐÐÓÑÒÄ
ÆÈÇÍËÆÄ ÇÍÃÍàÅÐÌÐÒÄÏËÙÈÏÏÐÌ ÐÅÍÄÓÔËÒÄÏËØÄ ±ÐÔÐÒÐÌÓÐ
ÓÔÐËÔËʱÐÏÈÙÏÐÐÙËÓÍıÕÓÐÙÏÐÍÄDZË×ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÈÌpÇÏÄ
±Ð ßÔÐ ÇÐÆÐÍÞÏÐ ÒÐÎÐÊÇ±Ð Ë ÎÝ ÏÈ ÅÕÇÈÎ ÏÄ ßÔÐÎ ÐÓÔÄÏÄÆÍË
ÆÄÔÞÓÃÄÐÒÄÏËÙËÎÓÃÍËÚÞÖÐÒÎÕÍËÒÐƱÐÌÔÈÐÒÈÎÝ
´ § ° ² § ® ¢ ′ ÔÇÐÒÇÎÂ¥ÂÕÓÓÂy°ÓÔÒÐÅÒÂÆÓÌÐÅÐ qÖÔÕßÓÅ
ÐÌÙÅ ∂*ÑÓÅÐÌÚÉÐÐÑÍÑÆÎÅÔÕÌ*ÔÑÔÕÑÌÕÌ˲ÑÐÉÚÐÑÑÚÌÔ
ÎÅ ²ÖÔÑÚÐÑÎÅȲÌØ ÒÑÇÉÓØÐÑÔÕÉÍ Å ÇɲÕÑÓ×ÖвÙÌÄ D
∂3 ∂4 ∂5
345ÌÚÅÔÕÐÞÉÒÓÑÌËÇÑÈÐÞÉ
Ì ÐÉÒÓÉÓÞÇÐÞÐÅ
∂[ ∂\ ∂]
ËÅÏÞ²ÅÐÌÌ * ÑÆÎÅÔÕÌÕÑÈÅ
∫ ∫ ∫ GLYDG[G\G] ∫ ∫ DG6
* ∂*
d ±ÄÙÈÓÔÆÈ ÐÒËÈÏÔÄØËË ÏÄ ÍÄDZË× ÙÄÓÔÃ× ÒÄÏËØÝ ∂*
ÐÅÍÄÓÔË*ÊÇÈÓÞÆÝÅÒÄÏÄÆÏÈÚÏÃÃÏÐÒÎÄÍÞ
oÄÑÒËÎÈÒÈÓÍË* ^[\]D [ \ ] E` ¶
ÚÄÒÐÆÐÈ ±ÐÍÞØÐ Ë ÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐ ÈÐ ÒÄÏËØÄ ÓÐÓÔÐËÔ ËÊ
ÇÆÕ× ÓÖÈÒ 6 ^[ \ ] [ \ ] D` Ë 6 ^[ \ ]
[\] E`ÔÐÏÄÆÏÕÔÒÈÏÏÈÌÓÖÈÒÈ6ÏÄÇÐÆÊÃÔÞÏÐÒÎÄÍÞ
ÏÄÑÒÄÆÍÈÏÏÕà ± ØÈÏÔÒÕ ÚÄÒÄ * Ä ÏÄ ÆÏÈÚÏÈÌ ÓÖÈÒÈ 6 µ ÐÔ
ØÈÏÔÒÄÚÄÒÄ
vÐÒÎÕÍÄ eÄÕÓÓĵpÓÔÒÐÒÄÇÓ±ÐÐ ÑÐÊÆÐÍÃÈÔ ÏÄÌÔË ÆÝÒÄ
ÉÈÏËÈ ÇÍà ÐÅÜÈÎÄ ÐÅÍÄÓÔË ÙÈÒÈÊ ÓÐÐÔÆÈÔÓÔÆÕàÛËÌ ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐ
ÓÔÏÝÌ ËÏÔÈÒÄÍ d ÓÄÎÐÎ ÇÈÍÈ ÑÐÍÄÄÃ Æ 3[ \ ]
[4[\] \5[\] ]ËÊÄÎÈÔËÆÙÔÐ ∫ ∫ ∫ G[ G\ G]
*
µ*ÑÐÍÕÙËÎ
µ* ∫ ∫ [G\G]\G]G[]G[G\
6
ËÍËÆÓÍÕÙÄÈ
µ* ∫ ∫ [FRVα\FRVβ]FRVγG6
6
vÐÒÎÕÍÄeÄÕÓÓĶpÓÔÒÐÒÄÇÓ±ÐÐÇÄÈÔÔıÉÈÆÐÊÎÐÉÏÐÓÔÞ
ÕÓÔÄÏÐÆËÔÞÈÐÎÈÔÒËÙÈÓ±ËÌÑÐÇ×ÐDZÑÐÏÃÔËàÇËÆÈÒÈÏØËË
´ § ° ² § ® ¢ qÖÔÕß Ç ÕÓÉØÏÉÓÐÑÍ ÑÆÎÅÔÕÌ *
ÑÒÓÉÈÉÎÉÐÑ
ÐÉÒÓÉÓÞÇÐÑ ÈÌ××ÉÓÉÐÙÌÓÖÉÏÑÉ ÇɲÕÑÓÐÑÉ ÒÑÎÉ D D0
qÖÔÕß 0∈* Ì ' ¶ÑÆÎÅÔÕß Ô ²ÖÔÑÚÐÑÎÅȲÑÍ ÓÅÐÌÙÉÍ 6
ÕŲÅÄÚÕÑ0∈' ' µ*ÌÔÎÉÈÑÇÅÕÉÎßÐÑÈÎÄÑÆÎÅÔÕÌ'
ÔÒÓÅÇÉÈÎÌÇÅ×ÑÓÏÖÎÅeÅÖÔÔŶpÔÕÓÑÓÅÈÔ²ÑÑ
pÆÑËÐÅÚÌÏ ÚÉÓÉË 6 ÒÑÇÉÓØÐÑÔÕß 6 ÑÓÌÉÐÕÌÓÑÇÅÐÐÖá Ô
ÒÑÏÑÜßá ÇÞÆÑÓÅ ÇÐÉÛÐÉÍ ÐÑÓÏÅÎÌ Å ÚÉÓÉË GLDP' ¶ ÈÌÅ
ÏÉÕÓ ÑÆÎÅÔÕÌ ' tÑÈÅ
∫ ∫ D G6
GLYD0 OLP
6
GLDP' → µ'
¦ Ð Ì Â É Â Ô Ç Í Þ Ó Ô Ä Ð qÐÖÐÒÎÕÍÈËÎÈÈÎ
∫ ∫ ∫ GLYDG[G\G] ∫ ∫ DG6
' 6
oÐÑÐËÏÔÈÒÄÍÞÏÐÌÔÈÐÒÈÎÈÐÓÒÈÇÏÈÎÑ
∫ ∫ ∫ GLYDG[G\G] GLYD0µ'0∈'
'
qÐÇÓÔÄÆËÆÆÑÐÍÕÙËÎ
∫ ∫ D G6
GLYD0
6
µ'
ÍÐÐÒÄÇËÕÓÄÓØÈÏÔÒÐÎÆÔÐÙ±È0˱ÕÅÝÇÐÓÔÄÔÐÙÏÐÎÄÍÐÐÒÄÊÎÈÒÄÓ
ØÈÏÔÒÐÎÆÔÐÙ±È0
qÈÒÈ×ÐÇñÑÒÈÇÈÍÕÆÖÐÒÎÕÍÈÑÒËGLDP'{ÆÓËÍÕ
ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÓÔËÆÔÐÙ±È0ÖÕϱØËËGLYD0ÑÐÍÕÙËÎÖÐÒÎÕ
ÍÕ
nÐÉÏÐÑбÄÊÄÔÞÙÔÐÆÈÍËÙËÏÝÆ×ÐÇÃÛËÈÆÑÒÄÆÕàÙÄÓÔÞ
ÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÄ ÏÈ ÊÄÆËÓÃÔ ÐÔ ÆÝÅÐÒÄ ÓËÓÔÈÎÝ ±ÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔ
Æ ÑÒÄÆÕà ÙÄÓÔÞ Æ×ÐÇËÔ ÇÆÐÌÏÐÌ ËÏÔÈÒÄÍ ÐÔ Ó±ÄÍÃÒÏÐÐ ÑÒÐ
ËÊÆÈÇÈÏËà ÆȱÔÐÒÐÆ Ë ÐÅÜÈÎ ÐÅÍÄÓÔË ÑÐßÔÐÎÕ ÐÔÓàÇÄ ÈÛÈ
ÒÄÊ ÓÍÈÇÕÈÔ ÙÔÐ ÇËÆÈÒÈÏØËà ÆȱÔÐÒÏÐÐ ÑÐÍà ÏÈ ÊÄÆËÓËÔ ÐÔ
ÆÝÅÐÒÄÓËÓÔÈÎݱÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔ
jÊÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÄÓÍÈÇÕÈÔÔıÉÈÙÔÐÑÒÄÆÄÃÙÄÓÔÞßÔÐ
Ð ÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÄ ÎÐÉÈÔ ÅÝÔÞ ÑÒËÏÃÔÄ ÊÄ ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËÈ ÇËÆÈÒÈÏ
ØËËÇÄÏÏÐÐÑÐÍÃ
tÐÙ±ËÆȱÔÐÒÏÐÐÑÐÍÃDƱÐÔÐÒÝ×GLYD ÏÄÊÝÆÄàÔ
Óà ÌÔÕÑÚÐ̲ÅÏÌ ÆȱÔÐÒÏÐÐ ÑÐÍà jÏÔÕËÔËÆÏÐ ÈÓÔÈÓÔÆÈÏ
ÏÐÓÔÞßÔÐÐÔÈÒÎËÏÄÐÅÜÃÓÏÃÈÔÓÃÔÈÎÐÅÓÔÐÃÔÈÍÞÓÔÆÐÎÙÔÐÈÓ
ÍË ÔÐÙ±Ä ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓà «ËÓÔÐÙÏ˱Ðά ÔÐ ±Ä± ÆËÇÏÐ ËÊ ÖÐÒÎÕÍÝ
ÇÍà ÆÓÈ× ÇÐÓÔÄÔÐÙÏÐ ÎÄÍÝ× ÑÐ ÇËÄÎÈÔÒÕ ÐÅÍÄÓÔÈÌ '
ÓÐÇÈÒÉÄÛË× ÔÐÙ±Õ 0 ÅÕÇÈÎ ËÎÈÔÞ ∫ ∫ DG6 Ô È ÑÐÔб
6
ÆȱÔÐÒÏÐÐ ÑÐÍà D ÙÈÒÈÊ ÍàÅÕà ÇÐÓÔÄÔÐÙÏÐ ÎÄÍÕà ÑÐÆÈÒ×
ÏÐÓÔÞбÒÕÉÄàÛÕàËÓÔÐÙÏ˱ÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÏÕÍà
¶ÐÒÎÕͳÔÐÌÓÂ
¥ÇÐÎÇÔÒÊÙÇÓÌÐÇÐÑÒÇÆÇÍÇÏÊÇÄÊ×Òá
Ë6µ*
qÕÓÔÞÏıÐÏÈØ* ¶ÐÅÍÄÓÔÞÆÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÈ 5 [\]
qÒË ÆÝÑÐÍÏÈÏËË ßÔË× ÑÒÈÇÑÐÍÐÉÈÏËÌ ÓÑÒÄÆÈÇÍËÆÄ ÓÍÈÇÕà
ÛÄÃÔÈÐÒÈÎÄ
´ § ° ² § ® ¢ ÔÇÐÒÇγÔÐÌÓÂ
qÖÔÕß×ÖвÙÌÌ34Ì5ÐÉ
ÒÓÉÓÞÇÐÞÇÏÉÔÕÉÔÑÔÇÑÌÏÌÒÉÓÇÞÏÌÚÅÔÕÐÞÏÌÒÓÑÌËÇÑÈÐÞ
ÏÌÇÑÆÎÅÔÕÌ*ÌÒÖÔÕßD 345tÑÈÅ
Õ ÉÙÌÓ²ÖÎÄÙÌÄÇɲÕÑÓÐÑÑÒÑÎÄÒѲÑÐÕÖÓÖΓÄÇÎÄáÜÉÏÖ
FIJÓÅÉÏÒÑÇÉÓØÐÑÔÕÌ6ÓÅÇÐÅÒÑÕѲÖÇÌØÓÄàÕÑÑÒÑÎÄÚÉ
ÓÉË àÕÖ ÒÑÇÉÓØÐÑÔÕß d ²ÑÑÓÈÌÐÅÕÐÑÍ ×ÑÓÏÉ ×ÑÓÏÖÎÅ
ÌÏÉÉÕÇÌÈ
FRV α FRV β FRV γ
∂ ∂ ∂
∫ 3G[4G\5G] ∫ ∫ ∂[
∂\
∂]
G6
e 6
3 4 5
ÌÎÌ
∫ 3G[4G\5G]
e
5 ∂4
∂ ∂3 ∂5 ∂4 ∂3
∫∫ FRVα ´ FRVβ ´ FRVγ G6
∂\ ´ ∂] ∂] ∂[ ∂[ ∂\
6
¦ Ð Ì Â É Â Ô Ç Í Þ Ó Ô Ä Ð rÄÓÓÎÐÔÒËÎÏÄÑÒËÎÈÒËÏÔÈÒÄÍ∫ 3G[
e
iÄÎÈÔËÆÙÔÐÆÇÐÍÞ±ÒËÆÝ×ΓËΓÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÝÈXËYÃÆÍÃàÔÓÃ
ÖÕϱØËÃÎËÐÔWËÕÑÐÔÒÈÅËÆÐÅÐÊÏÄÙÈÏËÃÆÆÈÇÈÏÏÝÈÆÏÄÙÄÍÈ
ßÔÐÐÑÕϱÔÄÑÐÍÕÙËÎ
∫ 3[\]G[
e
E
∫ 3[XWYW\XWYW]XWYW[′WXWYWGW
D
∂[ ( XY ) G[ ( XY )
∫ 3[XY\XY]XY
∂X
GX GY
GY
e
nÝÊÇÈÓÞÆÐÓÑÐÍÞÊÐÆÄÍËÓÞÖÐÒÎÕÍÐÌ
∂[ ( XWYW ) GY
[ W′XWYW ∂
[ ( XWYW ) GX
∂X GY ∂Y GW
qÒËÎÈÏËÆ ÖÐÒÎÕÍÕ eÒËÏÄ ± ÑÐÍÕÙËÆÚÈÎÕÓÃ ËÏÔÈÒÄÍÕ
∂[ ∂[
∫ 3
∂X
GX3 GYÅÕÇÈÎËÎÈÔÞ
∂Y
e
∂ ∂[ ∂ ∂[
∫ 3G[ ∫ ∫ 3 ´ 3 GXGY
e '
∂ X ∂Y ∂ Y ∂X
3 ∂[ ∂3 ∂\ ∂3 ∂] ∂[
∂ ∂[
∫∫ ∂[ ∂X
3´
∂\ ∂X ∂] ∂X ∂Y ∂X ∂Y
'
∂3 ∂[ ∂3 ∂\ ∂3 ∂] ∂[ ∂[
´
∂[ ∂Y
´3 GXGY
∂\ ∂Y ∂] ∂Y ∂X ∂Y ∂X
∂3 ∂( ][ ) ∂3 ∂( [\ ) ∂3 ∂3
∫∫ ´ GXGY ∫ ∫ G]G[´∫ ∫ G[G\
'
∂] ∂( XY ) ∂\ ∂( XY ) 6
∂]
6
∂\
∂3 ∂3
∫ ∫
∂]
FRVβ´ FRVγ G6
∂\
6
∫ 3G[4G\5G]
e
yÔÐÅÝÏÄÍÃÇÏÈÌÑÒÈÇÓÔÄÆËÔÞÓÈÅÈÓÆÃÊÞÆÝÅÐÒÄÏÐÒÎÄÍËQ
ÏÄÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË6ÓÐÒËÈÏÔÄØËÈÌÐÒÄÏËÙËÆÄàÛÈÐÈȱÐÏÔÕÒÄ
ΓÒÄÓÓÎÐÔÒËÎÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÞ6ËÎÈàÛÕàÃÆÏÐÈÑÒÈÇÓÔÄÆÍÈÏËÈ
] I[\[\∈ '
qÕÓÔÞ Γ ¶ ÑÐÍÐÉËÔÈÍÞÏÐ ÐÒËÈÏÔËÒÐÆÄÏÏÝÌ ÏÄ ÑÍÐÓ±ÐÓ
ÔË[2\±ÐÏÔÕÒÃÆÍÃàÛËÌÓÃÒÄÏËØÈÌ'Ë[ [W\ \W
DPWPE ¶ÈÐÑÒÈÇÓÔÄÆÍÈÏËÈlıËÆÝÚÈÐÒËÈÏÔÄØËà±ÒË
ÆÐÌΓÊÄÇÄÇËÎÑÒÈÇÓÔÄÆÍÈÏËÈÎ
[ [W\ \W] I[W\WDPWPE
] dÒÄÓÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄÈÎÐÎÓÍÕÙÄȱÐÏÔÕÒΓ
6 Q ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓà ÑÒÐȱØËÈÌ ±ÒËÆÐÌ Γ oÐÒÎÄÍÞ
ÉÈQ±Ä±ßÔÐÅÝÍÐÑбÄÊÄÏÐÑÒËÃÆÏÐÎ
ÑÒÈÇÓÔÄÆÍÈÏËË ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË ÐÅÒÄÊÕÈÔ
Γ ÐÓÔÒÝÌÕÐÍÓÐÓÞà2]ÓÎÑ ÑÐ
ßÔÐÎÕ ÈÓÍË ÓÎÐÔÒÈÔÞ ÏÄ ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÞ 6 Ó
\ ÑÐÍÐÉËÔÈÍÞÏÐÐÏÄÑÒÄÆÍÈÏËÃÐÓË2]ÔÐ
±ÐÏÔÕÒΓÅÕÇÈÔÐÒËÈÏÔËÒÐÆÄÏÑÒÐÔËÆÙÄ
' ÓÐÆÐÌ ÓÔÒÈÍ±Ë Ô È ÐÒËÈÏÔÄØËà ±ÒËÆÐÌ
[ Γ
ΓÓÐÍÄÓÐÆÄÏÄÓÏÐÒÎÄÍÞàQ«ÑÐÑÒÄÆËÍÕ
rËÓ ÚÔÐÑÐÒĬ ÒËÓ ÔÐ ÒÄÆÏÐÓËÍÞÏÐ
ÔÐÎÕ ÙÔÐ ÏÄÅÍàÇÄÔÈÍÞ ÐÅ×ÐÇÃÛËÌ ÑÐ
ÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÞ 6 ÑÐ ÐÒËÈÏÔËÒÐÆÄÏÏÐÎÕ ±ÐÏÔÕÒÕ Γ Ë ÓÎÐÔÒÃÛËÌ ÏÄ
ÏÈÈ ËÊ ±ÐÏØÄ ÏÐÒÎÄÍË Q ÆËÇËÔ ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÞ 6 ÓÍÈÆÄ tıÄÃ
ÏÄÍÃÇÏÄÃ ËÏÔÈÒÑÒÈÔÄØËÃ ÓÐÍÄÓÐÆÄÏÏÐÓÔË ÐÒËÈÏÔÄØËË ÏÐÒ
ÎÄÍË Q Ë ±ÐÏÔÕÒÄ ËÎÈÈÔ ÔÐ ÑÒÈËÎÕÛÈÓÔÆÐ ÙÔÐ ÐÏÄ ÏÈ ÓÆÃÊÄÏÄ
Ó ÆÝÅÐÒÐÎ ÓËÓÔÈÎÝ ±ÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔ Ë ÐÓÔÄÈÔÓà ÓÑÒÄÆÈÇÍËÆÐÌ ÇÍÃ
ÍàÅÐÌ ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË 6 ÒÄÓÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄÈÎÐÌ Æ ÔÈÐÒÈÎÈ sÔбÓÄ Ä
ÏÈÔÐÍÞ±ÐÇÍÃÃÆÏÐÊÄÇÄÏÏÐÌÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔËlÐÏÈÙÏÐÆÓÈÑÐÇÐÅ
ÏÝÈ ÒÄÓÓÕÉÇÈÏËà ÏÈ ÃÆÍÃàÔÓà ÎÄÔÈÎÄÔËÙÈÓ±ËÎË ÇбÄÊÄÔÈÍÞ
ÓÔÆÄÎË Ä ÓÍÕÉÄÔ ÍËÚÞ ÇÍÃ ÏÄÍÃÇÏÐÐ ÑÐÃÓÏÈÏËÃ ÖÐÒÎÕÍÝ
sÔбÓÄ
sÍÈÇÕÈÔ ÊÄÎÈÔËÔÞ ÙÔÐ ÖÐÒÎÕÍÄ sÔбÓÄ ÐÓÔÄÈÔÓà ÓÑÒÄÆÈÇ
ÍËÆÐÌ ÈÓÍË Æ ÏÈÌ ÆÊÃÔÞ ÑÒÐÔËÆÐÑÐÍÐÉÏÕà ÐÒËÈÏÔÄØËà ±ÐÏ
ÔÕÒÄ Ë ÑÒÐÔËÆÐÑÐÍÐÉÏÝÈ ÏÐÒÎÄÍË ´ Q Æ ßÔÐÎ ÓÍÕÙÄÈ ÐÅÈ ÙÄÓ
ÔËÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÄËÊÎÈÏÃÔÊÏıËÏÄÑÒÐÔËÆÐÑÐÍÐÉÏÝÈ
vÐÒÎÕÍÄ sÔбÓÄ ÎÐÉÈÔ ÅÝÔÞ ÇбÄÊÄÏÄ Ë ÇÍà ÐÒËÈÏÔËÒÕÈ
L L
ÎÝ× ±ÕÓÐÙÏÐÍÄDZË× ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÈÌ 6 { 6 L } L Ä ËÎÈÏÏÐ
ÔıË× ÇÍà ±ÐÔÐÒÝ× ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË6L L L ÕÇÐÆÍÈÔ
ÆÐÒÃàÔ ÕÓÍÐÆËÃÎ ÇбÄÊÄÏÏÐÌ ÔÈÐÒÈÎÝ qÒË ßÔÐÎ ±ÒÄÌ ÑÐ
ÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË ∂6 ÓÎ Ñ ÓÐÓÔÐËÔ ËÊ ±ÐÏÈÙÏÐÐ ÙËÓÍÄ ÊÄÎ
±ÏÕÔÝ×±ÐÏÔÕÒÐÆΓMM M
fÍà ÇбÄÊÄÔÈÍÞÓÔÆÄ ßÔÐÐ ÇÐÓÔÄÔÐÙÏÐ ÏÄÑËÓÄÔÞ ÖÐÒÎÕÍÝ
sÔбÓÄÇÍñÄÉÇÐÌÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË6LL LËÓÍÐÉËÔÞ
Ë× ÓÒ Ó ÐÅÐÅÛÈÏËÃÎË ÖÐÒÎÕÍÝ eÒËÏÄ Æ Ñ Ë ÔÈÐÒÈÎÝ
eÄÕÓÓĵpÓÔÒÐÒÄÇÓ±ÐÐÆÑ
pÔÎÈÔËÎ ÔıÉÈ ÙÔÐ Æ ÔÈÐÒÈÎÈ ÕÓÍÐÆËÈ Ç Æ Ä É Ç Ý ÏÈ
ÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÌÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÕÈÎÐÓÔËÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË6ÅÝÍÐÏÄÍÐÉÈ
ÏÐ ÔÐÍޱРÇÍà ÑÒÐÓÔÐÔÝ ÇбÄÊÄÔÈÍÞÓÔÆÄ ÐÏÐ Æ ßÔÐÎ ÓÍÕÙÄÈ
Ó Õ Û È Ó Ô Æ È Ï Ï Ð ÕÑÒÐÛÄÈÔÓÃ ÆÔÐÒÝÈ ÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇÏÝÈ ÑÐÃÆË
ÍËÓÞ Æ ÑÒÐØÈÓÓÈ ÇбÄÊÄÔÈÍÞÓÔÆÄ Ë ÊÄÔÈÎ ËÓÙÈÊÍË vÐÒÎÕÍÄ
sÔбÓÄ ÓÑÒÄÆÈÇÍËÆÄ Ë ÑÒË ÑÒÈÇÑÐÍÐÉÈÏËË ÍËÚÞ ÍÄÇ
±ÐÓÔË ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË 6 ÑÒË ÓÐ×ÒÄÏÈÏËË ÑÒÐÙË× ÕÓÍÐÆËÌ ÔÈÐÒÈ
ÎÝ fбÄÊÄÔÈÍÞÓÔÆÐ ßÔÐÐ ÖıÔÄ ÆÝ×ÐÇËÔ ÊÄ ÒÄÎ±Ë ÏÄÚÈÐ
±ÕÒÓÄ
jÊ ÆÓÈÐ Ó±ÄÊÄÏÏÐÐ ÓÍÈÇÕÈÔ ÙÔÐ ÖÐÒÎÕÍÄ sÔбÓÄ ÐÓÔÄÈÔÓÃ
ÓÑÒÄÆÈÇÍËÆÐÌ Ë ÇÍà ÑÒÐÓÔÐ ÐÒËÈÏÔËÒÐÆÄÏÏÝ× ±ÕÓÐÙÏÐÍÄDZË×
L L
ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÈÌ6 { 6 L } L Ô ÈÅÈÊÑÒÈÇÑÐÍÐÉÈÏËÃÐÇ Æ Ä É Ç Ý
ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÌÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÕÈÎÐÓÔËÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÈÌ6L
sÖÐÒÎÕÍËÒÕÈÎÔÈÐÒÈÎÕÇÍÃßÔÐÐÓÍÕÙÄÃ
´ § ° ² § ® ¢ ÔÇÐÒÇγÔÐÌÓ qÖÔÕßÇɲÕÑÓÐÅÄ×ÖвÙÌÄD
ÐÉÒÓÉÓÞÇÐÑ ÈÌ××ÉÓÉÐÙÌÓÖÉÏÅ Ç ÑÆÎÅÔÕÌ * Ì ÒÖÔÕß 6
L L
{ 6 L } L ¶ÑÓÌÉÐÕÌÓÑÇÅÐÐÅIJÖÔÑÚÐÑÎÅȲÅÄÒÑÇÉÓØÐÑÔÕß
6L¶ÎÅȲÌÉÒÑÇÉÓØÐÑÔÕÌÎÉÊÅÜÅÄÇ*Ì∂6 ¶ÉɲÓÅÍÔ
ÑÓÌÉÐÕÅÙÌÉÍÒÑÓÑÊÈÉÐÐÑÍËÅÈÅÐÐÑÍÑÓÌÉÐÕÅÙÌÉÍÒÑÇÉÓØÐÑ
ÔÕÌ6ÓÎÑ tÑÈÅ
∫ DGU ∫ ∫ URWDG6
∂6 6
lıËÆÔÈÐÒÈÎÈÑЫÑÒÄÆËÍÕÚÔÐÑÐÒĬ
u±ÄÊÄÏÏÝÈÐÅÍÄÓÔË6ÐÙÈÆËÇÏÐÆÓÈÇÄÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕàÔÑÐÙÈÎÕ"
tÐÇÄ
∫ D GU
URWQD0 OLP
Γ
GLDP6 → µ6
¦ Ð Ì Â É Â Ô Ç Í Þ Ó Ô Ä Ð qÐÖÐÒÎÕÍÈsÔбÓÄ
ÏÐÑÐËÏÔÈÒÄÍÞÏÐÌÔÈÐÒÈÎÈÐÓÒÈÇÏÈÎ
∫ ∫ URWQ DG6 URWQ D0µ60∈6
6
sÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐ
∫ D GU
URWQ D0
Γ
µ6
iÄÎÈÔËÎ ÙÔÐ ÑÒË GLDP 6 { Ë 0 { 0 d ÓËÍÕ ÏÈÑÒÈ
ÒÝÆÏÐÓÔË Æ ÔÐÙ±È 0 ÖÕϱØËË URW ν D0 ÑÈÒÈ×ÐÇà ± ÑÒÈÇÈÍÕ
ÆÑÒËGLDP6{ÑÐÍÕÙËÎÖÐÒÎÕÍÕ
jÊ ÖÐÒÎÕÍÝ ÓÍÈÇÕÈÔ ÙÔÐ ÈÈ ÑÒÄÆÄÃ ÙÄÓÔÞ ÎÐÉÈÔ
ÅÝÔÞ ÑÒËÏÃÔÄ ÊÄ ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËÈ ÑÒÐȱØËË ÆË×Òà ÇÄÏÏÐÐ ÑÐÍÃ
ÏÄ ÑÒÐËÊÆÐÍÞÏÝÌ ÏÐ Ö˱ÓËÒÐÆÄÏÏÝÌ ÈÇËÏËÙÏÝÌ ÆȱÔÐÒ Q
ÔÐÑÒËÆÐÇËÔ˱ÏÐÆÐÎÕÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËàÓÄÎÐÐÆË×ÒÃÔı±Ä±
ÇÐÓÔÄÔÐÙÏÐ ÏÄÑÒËÎÈÒ ÆÊÃÔÞ ÔÒË ÑÒÐËÊÆÐÍÞÏÝ× ÐÒÔÐÐÏÄÍÞ
ÏÝ× ÈÇËÏËÙÏÝ× ÆȱÔÐÒÄ Q Q Q ÑÒÐȱØËÃÎË ÏÄ ±ÐÔÐÒÝÈ
±Ä± ßÔÐ ×ÐÒÐÚÐ ËÊÆÈÓÔÏÐ ÐÇÏÐÊÏÄÙÏÐ ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÃÈÔÓà ÆÓñËÌ
ÆȱÔÐÒ
nÐÉÏÐÑбÄÊÄÔÞÙÔÐÆÈÍËÙËÏÝÆ×ÐÇÃÛËÈÆÑÒÄÆÕàÙÄÓÔÞ
ÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÄ ÏÈ ÊÄÆËÓÃÔ ÐÔ ÆÝÅÐÒÄ ÓËÓÔÈÎÝ ±ÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔ
ÐÇÏıÐÓÐÍÄÓÐÆÄÏÏÐÓÔÞÐÒËÈÏÔÄØËÌÆȱÔÐÒÄQ˱ÐÏÔÕÒÄΓÊÄ
ÆËÓËÔ ÐÔ ÐÒËÈÏÔÄØËË ÓËÓÔÈÎÝ ±ÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔ ÑÒË ÑÈÒÈ×ÐÇÈ ÐÔ
ÑÒÄÆÐÌ ÓËÓÔÈÎÝ ±ÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔ ± ÍÈÆÐÌ ÓÐÍÄÓÐÆÄÏÏÐÓÔÞ ÐÒËÈÏÔÄ
ØËÌ Q Ë Γ ÑÐ ÑÒÄÆËÍÕ ÚÔÐÑÐÒÄ ÊÄÎÈÏÃÈÔÓÃ ÓÐÍÄÓÐÆÄÏÏÐÓÔÞà
ÑÐ ÑÒÄÆËÍÕ «ÄÏÔËÚÔÐÑÐÒĬ Ô È ÑÒË Ö˱ÓËÒÐÆÄÏÏÐÌ ÐÒËÈÏ
ÔÄØËË ÆȱÔÐÒÄ Q ÐÒËÈÏÔÄØËà ±ÐÏÔÕÒÄ Γ ËÊÎÈÏÃÈÔÓà ÏÄ ÑÒÐÔË
ÆÐÑÐÍÐÉÏÕà tÈÎ ÓÄÎÝÎ ËÏÔÈÒÄÍ ∫ DGU ÑÒË ËÊÎÈÏÈÏËË ÐÒË
e
ÈÏÔÄØËË ÓËÓÔÈÎÝ ±ÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔ ËÊÎÈÏÃÈÔ ÊÏı Ôı ÉÈ ±Ä± Ë
ÆȱÔÐÒÏÐÈ ÑÒÐËÊÆÈÇÈÏËÈ ±Ä±ÐÆÝÎ Æ ÇÄÏÏÐÎ ÓÍÕÙÄÈ ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃ
URWD
jÊ Ó±ÄÊÄÏÏÐÐ ÓÍÈÇÕÈÔ ÙÔÐ ÖÐÒÎÕÍÄ sÔбÓÄ ÓÑÒÄ
ÆÈÇÍËÆÄ ±Ä± Æ ÑÒÄÆÐÌ Ôı Ë Æ ÍÈÆÐÌ ÓËÓÔÈÎÈ ±ÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔ Ôı
±Ä± ÑÒË ËÊÎÈÏÈÏËË ÐÒËÈÏÔÄØËË ÓËÓÔÈÎÝ ±ÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔ Ë ÍÈÆÄÃ
ËÑÒÄÆÄÃÙÄÓÔËÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÄÎÈÏÃàÔÊÏı
³ÐÍÇÏÐÊÆÂÍÞÏÝÇÄÇÌÔÐÒÏÝÇÑÐÍá
dßÔÐÎÑÕϱÔÈÐÒÄÏËÙÈÏÏÕàÐÅÍÄÓÔÞÇÍñÐÔÐÒÐÌÓÑÒÄÆÈÇÍË
ÆÄ ÖÐÒÎÕÍÄ eÄÕÓÓĵpÓÔÒÐÒÄÇÓ±ÐÐ ÅÕÇÈÎ ÏÄÊÝÆÄÔÞ
ÈÑÒÖÔÕÌÏÑÍ
dÝÚÈ ÐÔÎÈÙÄÍÐÓÞ ÓÎ Ñ ÙÔÐ ÔÈÐÒÈÎÄ eÄÕÓÓĵpÓÔ
ÒÐÒÄÇÓ±ÐÐ ÓÑÒÄÆÈÇÍËÆÄ ÇÍà ÍàÅÐÌ ÐÒÄÏËÙÈÏÏÐÌ ÐÅÍÄÓÔË
ÒÄÏËØÄ ±ÐÔÐÒÐÌ ÓÐÓÔÐËÔ ËÊ ±ÐÏÈÙÏÐÐ ÙËÓÍÄ ±ÕÓÐÙÏÐÍÄÇ
±Ë×ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÈÌqÐßÔÐÎÕÆÓñÄÃÔıÄÃÐÅÍÄÓÔÞÇÐÑÕÓÔËÎÄ
yËÔÄÔÈÍÞÑÒÈÇÑÐÙËÔÄàÛËÌÑÐÍÞÊÐÆÄÔÞÓÃÔÐÍÞ±ÐÇбÄÊÄÏ
ÏÝÎËÖıÔÄÎËÎÐÉÈÔÑÐÇÇÐÑÕÓÔËÎÝÎËÐÅÍÄÓÔÃÎËÑÐÏËÎÄÔÞ
ËÎÈÏÏÐ ÔÈ ÇÍà ±ÐÔÐÒÝ× Æ ÏÄÓÔÐÃÛÈÎ ±ÕÒÓÈ ÅÝÍÄ ÇбÄÊÄÏÄ
ÔÈÐÒÈÎÄeÄÕÓÓĵpÓÔÒÐÒÄÇÓ±ÐÐ
°ÑÒÇÆÇÍÇÏÊÇ oÉÒÓÉÓÞÇÐÑ ÈÌ××ÉÓÉÐÙÌÓÖÉÏÑÉ Ç ÑÆÎÅÔÕÌ *
ÇɲÕÑÓÐÑÉ ÒÑÎÉD D[\]ÐÅËÞÇÅÉÕÔÄ ÔÑÎÉÐÑÌÈÅÎßÐÞÏ Ç
àÕÑÍÑÆÎÅÔÕÌÉÔÎÌÉÑÒÑÕѲÚÉÓÉËÑÓÌÉÐÕÌÓÑÇÅÐÐÖáÓÅÐÌ
ÙÖ ÎáÆÑÍ ÈÑÒÖÔÕÌÏÑÍ ÑÆÎÅÔÕÌ'ËÅÏÞ²ÅÐÌÉ '²ÑÕÑÓÑÍ ÎÉ
ÊÌÕÇ* 'µ*ÓÅÇÉÐÐÖÎá
pÇÏıРÑÐÔб ÆȱÔÐÒÏÐÐ ÑÐ
ÍÃ D ÙÈÒÈÊ ÓÖÈÒÕ 6ρ Ó ØÈÏÔÒÐÎ Æ
ÔÐÙ±È p Ë ÒÄÇËÕÓÐÎ ρ U ρ 5
ÏÈÐÅÃÊÄÏÅÝÔÞÒÄÆÏÝÎÏÕÍàÔı
6U ±Ä±ÚÄÒÐÒÄÏËÙÈÏÏÝÌßÔÐÌÓÖÈ
2 6ρ
ÒÐÌ ÏÈ ÓÐÇÈÒÉËÔÓÃ Æ ÐÅÍÄÓÔË *
6ρ ÒËÓ
6ρ
dÎÈÓÔÈ Ó ÔÈÎ ÓÕÎÎÄ ÑÐÔбÐÆ
65 ÆȱÔÐÒÏÐÐ ÑÐÍà D ÅÕÇÈÔ ÒÄÆÏÄ
ÏÕÍà ÙÈÒÈÊ ÇÆÈ ÓÖÈÒÝ 6 ρ Ë 6 ρ
ÓÔÈÎÉÈØÈÏÔÒÐÎËÒÄÇËÕÓÄÎËρ
rËÓ ËρUρρ5ÈÓÍËÐÇÏÕËÊ
ÏË× ÐÒËÈÏÔËÒÐÆÄÔÞ ÆÝÅÒÄÆ ÏÐÒ
ÎÄÍÞËÇÕÛÕà±ØÈÏÔÒÕÄÇÒÕÕà ¶ÐÔØÈÏÔÒÄfÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞ
ÏÐ Õ±ÄÊÄÏÏÝÈ ÓÖÈÒÝ ÐÒÄÏËÙËÆÄàÔ ÚÄÒÐÆÐÈ ±ÐÍÞØÐ ØÈÍË
±ÐÎ ÍÈÉÄÛÈÈ Æ ÐÅÍÄÓÔË * Ä ÆÝÅÒÄÏÏÄà Ë× ÐÒËÈÏÔÄØËà ÃÆÍÃ
ÈÔÓÃ ÐÒËÈÏÔÄØËÈÌ ÒÄÏËØÝ ÓÐÐÔÆÈÔÓÔÆÕàÛÈÌ ÆÏÈÚÏÈÌ ËÍË
ÆÏÕÔÒÈÏÏÈÌÏÐÒÎÄÍËqÐßÔÐÎÕÑÐ ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËà ÓÐÍÈÏÐËÇÄÍÞ
ÏÐÓÔË ÑÐÍà ÈÐ ÑÐÔб ÙÈÒÈÊ ÒÄÓÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄÈÎÕà ÐÒËÈÏÔËÒÐÆÄÏ
ÏÕàÒÄÏËØÕÅÕÇÈÔÒÄÆÈÏÏÕÍà
´ § ° ² § ® ¢ fÎÄ ÕÑÑ ÚÕÑÆÞ ÐÉÒÓÉÓÞÇÐÑ ÈÌ××ÉÓÉÐÙÌÓÖÉ
ÏÑÉÇÑÆÎÅÔÕÌ*ÇɲÕÑÓÐÑÉÒÑÎÉÆÞÎÑÔÑÎÉÐÑÌÈÅÎßÐÞÏÇÐÉÍ
ÐÉÑÆØÑÈÌÏÑÌÈÑÔÕÅÕÑÚÐÑÚÕÑÆÞÉÑÈÌÇÉÓÉÐÙÌÄÓÅÇÐÄÎÅÔß
ÐÖÎáÇÑÇÔÉØÕÑÚ²ÅØÑÆÎÅÔÕÌ*
GLYD0 0∈*
¦ Ð Ì Â É Â Ô Ç Í Þ Ó Ô Ä Ð Ï Ç Ð Ã × Ð Æ Ê Î Ð Ó Ô Ê qÕÓÔÞ D ¶ ÓÐÍÈ
ÏÐËÇÄÍÞÏÐÈ Æ ÐÅÍÄÓÔË * ÆȱÔÐÒÏÐÈ ÑÐÍÈ Ë 0∈* pÅÐÊÏÄÙËÎ
ÙÈÒÈÊ4UÐÔ±ÒÝÔÝÌÚÄÒÒÄÇËÕÓÄU!ÓØÈÏÔÒÐÎÆÔÐÙ±È0Ä
ÙÈÒÈÊ6U ¶ÐÒÄÏËÙËÆÄàÛÕàÈÐÓÖÈÒÕqÐÓ±ÐÍÞ±ÕÆÓÈÔÐÙ±Ë
0∈*ÆÔÐÎÙËÓÍÈËÔÐÙ±Ä0ÃÆÍÃàÔÓÃÆÏÕÔÒÈÏÏËÎËÇÍÃ*ÔÐ
ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔÔıÐÈU!ÙÔÐÑÒËUUÆÓÈÚÄÒÝÒÄÇËÕÓÄUÆÎÈÓ
ÔÈÓÐÒÄÏËÙËÆÄàÛËÎËË×ÓÖÈÒÄÎË6UÅÕÇÕÔÓÐÇÈÒÉÄÔÞÓÃÆ*
iÄÎÈÔËÎÔÈÑÈÒÞÙÔÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÒÄÆÏÝÌÊÏÄÙÈÏËàÇË
ÆÈÒÈÏØËËÆȱÔÐÒÏÐÐÑÐÍÃDÆÔÐÙ±È0ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔÇÍÃÑÒÐ
ËÊÆÐÍÞÏÝ×ÇÐÑÕÓÔËÎÝ×ÐÅÍÄÓÔÈÌ''µ 'µ*ÇËÄÎÈÔÒݱÐ
ÔÐÒÝ× ÓÔÒÈÎÃÔÓà ± ÏÕÍà qÐßÔÐÎÕ ÐÏ ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔ Ë ÑÒË ÓÑÈ
ØËÄÍÞÏÐÎÆÝÅÐÒÈ' 4UUU
∫ ∫ D G6
6
GLYD0 OLP
U
U→ µ4 U
d ÓËÍÕ ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËà ÓÐÍÈÏÐËÇÄÍÞÏÐÓÔË ÑÐÍà ÇÍà ÆÓÈ× U U
ËÎÈÈÔÎÈÓÔÐÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐ
∫ ∫ DG6
6U
ÑÐßÔÐÎÕGLYD0
¦ Ð Ì Â É Â Ô Ç Í Þ Ó Ô Ä Ð Æ Ð Ó Ô Â Ô Ð Ù Ï Ð Ó Ô Ê qÕÓÔÞD ¶ÏÈÑÒÈ
ÒÝÆÏÐÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÕÈÎÐÈÆÐÅÍÄÓÔË*ÆȱÔÐÒÏÐÈÑÐÍÈÓÇËÆÈÒ
ÈÏØËÈÌ ÒÄÆÏÐÌ ÏÕÍà ÆÐ ÆÓÈ× ÔÐÙ±Ä× ÐÅÍÄÓÔË * gÓÍË ' ¶
ÑÒÐËÊÆÐÍÞÏÄÃÇÐÑÕÓÔËÎÄÃÐÅÍÄÓÔÞÔıÄÃÙÔÐ'µ 'µ*ÔÐÆ
ÓËÍÕÔÈÐÒÈÎÝeÄÕÓÓĵpÓÔÒÐÒÄÇÓ±ÐÐ
∫ ∫ DG6 ∫ ∫ ∫ GLYDG[G\G]
∂' '
Ô ÈÑÐÍÈDÓÐÍÈÏÐËÇÄÍÞÏÐ
tËÑËÙÏÝÎÑÒËÎÈÒÐÎÓÐÍÈÏÐËÇÄÍÞÏÐÐÑÐÍÃÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃÆȱ
ÔÐÒÏÐÈÑÐÍÈÑÒÈÇÓÔÄÆÍÃàÛÈÈÓÐÅÐÌÆÏȱÐÔÐÒÐÌÐÅÍÄÓÔËÑÐÍÈ
ÒÐÔÐÒÐÆ ÇÆÄÉÇÝ ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐ ÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÕÈÎÐÐ Æ ßÔÐÌ ÐÅ
ÍÄÓÔËÆȱÔÐÒÏÐÐÑÐÍÃ
fÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÐ ÈÓÍË D ¶ ÇÆÄÉÇÝ ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐ ÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏ
ØËÒÕÈÎÐÈ Æ ÐÅÍÄÓÔË * ÑÐÍÈ ÔÐ URW D ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃ ÓÐÍÈÏÐËÇÄÍÞ
ÏÝÎÆ*ÑÐÍÈÎÔı±Ä±GLYURWD
oÈÔÒÕÇÏÐ ÑÒÐÆÈÓÔË ÑÒÄÆÇÐÑÐÇÐÅÏÐÈ ÒÄÓÓÕÉÇÈÏËÈ ÕÅÈÉ
ÇÄàÛÈÈÆÓÑÒÄÆÈÇÍËÆÐÓÔËßÔÐÐÓÐÐÔÏÐÚÈÏËÃfÍÃßÔÐÐÇÐÓÔÄ
ÔÐÙÏÐÑÈÒÈÌÔ˱ÓËÎÆÐÍËÙÈÓ±ÐÎÕÆȱÔÐÒÕ∇ÔÐÇÄÒÄÓÓÎÄÔÒË
ÆÄÈÎÐÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐÑÒËÎÈÔÆËÇ∇∇¨ D sÎÈÚÄÏÏÐÈÑÒÐËÊ
ÆÈÇÈÏËÈ ÐÅÝÙÏÝ× ÆȱÔÐÒÐÆ Æ ÓÍÕÙÄÈ ±ÐÇÄ ÇÆÄ ÓÐÎÏÐÉËÔÈÍÃ
ÓÐÆÑÄÇÄàÔ ÒÄÆÏÐ ÏÕÍà ËÅÐ Æ ßÔÐÎ ÓÍÕÙÄÈ ÑÄÒÄÍÍÈÍÈÑËÑÈÇ
ÏÄÔÃÏÕÔÝÌ ÏÄ ßÔË ÆȱÔÐÒÝ ÆÝÒÐÉÇÄÈÔÓÃ Æ ÑÄÒÄÍÍÈÍÐÒÄÎÎ
ËÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÈÐÐÅÜÈÎÒÄÆÈÏÏÕÍàqÐßÔÐÎÕÈÓÔÈÓÔÆÈÏÏÐ
ÐÉËÇÄÔÞ ÙÔÐ Õ±ÄÊÄÏÏÐÈ ÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐ ÓÑÒÄÆÈÇÍËÆÐ Ë ÇÍà ÆȱÔÐ
ÒÄ ∇ ÔÐ ÑÒÄÆÇÐÑÐÇÐÅÏÐÈ ÒÄÓÓÕÉÇÈÏËÈ ÎÐÉÏÐ ÑÒÈÆÒÄÔËÔÞ Æ
ÎÄÔÈÎÄÔËÙÈÓ±Ë ÐÅÐÓÏÐÆÄÏÏÐÈ Ë ÔÈÎ ÓÄÎÝÎ ËÎÈàÛÈÈ ÇбÄÊÄ
ÔÈÍÞÏÕà ÓËÍÕ ÈÓÍË ÇбÄÊÄÔÞ ÙÔÐ ÓËÎÆÐÍËÙÈÓ±ËÌ ÆȱÔÐÒ ∇ ÏÄ
ÓÄÎÐÎ ÇÈÍÈÐÅÍÄÇÄÈÔËÓÑÐÍÞÊÐÆÄÏÏÝÎËÏÄÎË ÓÆÐÌÓÔÆÄÎËÄÏÄ
ÍÐËÙÏÝÎË ÓÐÐÔÆÈÔÓÔÆÕàÛËÎ ÓÆÐÌÓÔÆÄÎ ÐÅÝÙÏÝ× ÆȱÔÐÒÐÆ
ÔÐÎÐÉÏÐÓÇÈÍÄÔÞÑÒÐÓÔÐÌÑÒÐÆÈÒ±ÐÌÑÈÒÈ×ÐÇÃÏÄÑÒËÎÈÒ±
±ÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔÏÐÌÊÄÑËÓËÓÎÖÐÒÎÕÍÝË
±ÐÔÇÏØÊÂÍÞÏÝÇÄÇÌÔÐÒÏÝÇÑÐÍá
dßÔÐÎÑÕϱÔÈÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÞ6ÇÍñÐÔÐÒÐÌÓÑÒÄÆÈÇÍËÆÄÔÈÐÒÈ
ÎÄsÔбÓÄÅÕÇÈÎÏÄÊÝÆÄÔÞÇÐÑÕÓÔËÎÐÌ
°ÑÒÇÆÇÍÇÏÊÇ tÓÉØÏÉÓÐÅÄ ÑÆÎÅÔÕß * ÐÅËÞÇÅÉÕÔÄ ÑÈÐÑ
ÔÇÄËÐÑÍÉÔÎ̲ŲÑÇÅÆÞÐÌÆÞÎÅËÅϲÐÖÕÅÄÎÑÏÅÐÅÄΛÎÉ
ÊÅÜÅÄÇ*ÔÖÜÉÔÕÇÖÉÕÈÑÒÖÔÕÌÏÅÄÒÑÇÉÓØÐÑÔÕß6ÕŲÊÉ
ÎÉÊÅÜÅÄÇ*ÌÐÅÕÄÐÖÕÅÄÐÅÎÑÏÅÐÖáΛÓÎÑ
gÓÍËÒÄÓÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄÈÎÄÃÐÅÍÄÓÔÞ*ÆÝÑÕ±ÍÄÃÔÐÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔ
ÐÙÈÏÞ ÑÒÐÓÔÐÌ ÓÑÐÓÐÅ ÏÄÔÃËÆÄÏËà ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÈÌ ÏÄ ±ÐÏÔÕÒ
jÓ±ÐÎÕàÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÞÆÓÈÇÄÎÐÉÏÐÆÊÃÔÞÆßÔÐÎÓÍÕÙÄÈÆÆË
ÇÈ ±ÐÏÕÓÄ Ó ÆÈÒÚËÏÐÌ Æ ÑÒÐËÊÆÐÍÞÏÐ Ö˱ÓËÒÐÆÄÏÏÐÌ ÔÐÙ±È
0∈* ÏÄÑÒÄÆÍÃàÛÈÌ ±ÐÔÐÒÐÐ ÓÍÕÉËÔ ÊÄÇÄÏÏÄà ±ÒËÆÄà Γ
gÓÍË U UX P X P π ¶ ÑÒÈÇÓÔÄÆÍÈÏËÈ ßÔÐÌ ±ÒËÆÐÌ Ë
U ¶ ÒÄÇËÕÓÆȱÔÐÒ ÔÐÙ±Ë 0 ÔÐ ËÓ±ÐÎÝÌ ±ÐÏÕÓ 6 ÏÄÔÃÏÕ
ÔÝÌÏÄÇÄÏÏÝ̱ÐÏÔÕÒÊÄÇÄÈÔÓÃÑÒÈÇÓÔÄÆÍÈÏËÈÎ
U UY>ρX´U@PXPπPYP
rÄÓÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄÃXËY±Ä±ÑÐÍÃÒÏÝȱÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔÝÆËÇËÎÙÔÐ
«ÑÒÈÇÓÔÄÆÍÈÏËȬ ±ÐÏÕÓÄ ÊÄÇÄÏÐ ÏÄ ÈÇËÏËÙÏÐÎ ±ÒÕÈ ÑÒËÙÈÎ
ÈÇËÏËÙÏÄÃбÒÕÉÏÐÓÔÞΓ ^XYY `ÑÈÒÈ×ÐÇËÔÆÊÄÇÄÏ
ÏÝ̱ÐÏÔÕÒΓÈÈØÈÏÔÒ ¶ÆÆÈÒÚËÏÕ±ÐÏÕÓÄÒËÓ
sÍÐÆЫÑÒÈÇÓÔÄÆÍÈÏËȬÆÊÃÔÐƱÄÆÝÙ±ËÔı±Ä±ÑÐÏÃÔËÈ
ÑÒÈÇÓÔÄÆÍÈÏËà ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË ÅÝÍÐ ÆÆÈÇÈÏÐ ÆÝÚÈ ÍËÚÞ ÇÍÃ
ÓÍÕÙÄà ±ÐÇÄ ÑÄÒÄÎÈÔÒÝ X Ë Y ÃÆÍÃÍËÓÞ ÇȱÄÒÔÐÆÝÎË ±ÐÐÒ
ÇËÏÄÔÄÎËlÐÏÕÓÆÐÅÛÈÎÓÍÕÙÄÈÅÕÇÈÔËÎÈÔÞ±ÒÄÔÏÝÈ
ÔÐÙ±Ë Ë ÏÈ ÅÕÇÈÔ ±ÕÓÐÙÏÐÍÄDZÐÌ ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÞà ÇÄÉÈ Æ ÓÍÕ
ÙÄȱÐÇÄΓÇÐÓÔÄÔÐÙÏÐÍÄDZÄñÒËÆÄÃÔ ÈÈÓÍËΓÇÐÓÔÄÔÐÙ
ÏÐÈÙËÓÍÐÒÄÊÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÕÈÎÄñÒËÆÄÃÅÈÊÐÓÐ
ÅÝ×ÔÐÙȱqÒËßÔÐÎÏıÐÏÕÓÈÅÕÇÕÔËÎÈÔÞÓÃÆÐÐÅÛÈ
ÐÆÐÒà ÐÓÐÅÝÈ ÔÐÙ±Ë ÐÔÍËÙÏÝÈ ÐÔ ÆÈÒÚËÏÝ yÔÐÅÝ ÕÓÔÒÄ
ÏËÔÞ ßÔÐ ÊÄÔÒÕÇÏÈÏËÈ ÏÄËÅÐÍÈÈ ÑÒÐÓÔÝÎ ÐÅÒÄÊÐÎ ÎÝ Ë ÐÒÄ
ÏËÙËÍËÓÞ ÑÒË ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËË ÐÇÏÐÓÆÃÊÏÐÌ ÐÅÍÄÓÔË ÒÄÓÓÎÐÔÒÈ
ÏËÈÎÍËÚÞ±ÐÏÔÕÒÐÆÃÆÍÃàÛË×ÓÃÊÄαÏÕÔÝÎËÍÐÎÄÏÝÎË
d ßÔÐÎ ÓÍÕÙÄÈ ÆÈÒÚËÏÕ ±ÐÏÕÓÄ 0 ÆÓÈÇÄ ÎÐÉÏÐ ÆÝÅÒÄÔÞ
ÔıËÎ ÐÅÒÄÊÐÎ ÙÔÐ Õ±ÄÊÄÏÏÝÌ ±ÐÏÕÓ ÅÕÇÈÔ ±ÕÓÐÙÏÐÍÄDZÐÌ
ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÞà fÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÐ ÑÒË Íà
ÅÐÎ ÆÝÅÐÒÈ ÆÈÒÚËÏÝ ±ÐÏÕÓÄ Æ ÓÍÕÙÄÈ
γ ±ÐÇÄÈÐÏÄÑÒÄÆÍÃàÛÈÌÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃÏȱÐ
ÔÐÒÄà ÍÐÎÄÏÄÃ Λ ±ÐÏÕÓ ÒÄÓÑÄÇÄÈÔÓà ÏÄ
±ÐÏÈÙÏÐÈ ÙËÓÍÐ ÔÒÈÕÐÍÞÏ˱ÐÆ 6L L
N ÑÒÄÆÇÄ ÅÝÔÞ ÎÐÉÈÔ ÆÝ
ÒÐÉÇÈÏÏÝ× Ô È ÑÒÈÆÒÄÔËÆÚË×ÓÃ Æ ÐÔ
ÒÈÊб ËÍË ÔÐÙ±Õ pÇÏÐÌ ËÊ ÆÈÒÚËÏ ßÔË×
ÔÒÈÕÐÍÞÏ˱ÐÆ ÅÕÇÈÔ ÆÈÒÚËÏÄ ±ÐÏÕÓÄ
6
0ÄÑÒÐÔËÆÐÑÐÍÐÉÏÐÌÓÔÐÒÐÏÐ̶ÐÇ
ÏÐËÊÊÆÈÏÞÈÆÍÐÎÄÏÐÌΛlÄÉÇÝÌÔıÐÌ
0 ÔÒÈÕÐÍÞÏ˱ ÎÐÉÏÐ ÒÄÓÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄÔÞ ±Ä±
rËÓ ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐ ÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÕÈÎÕà ÍàÅÐÈ
ÙËÓÍÐ ÒÄÊ ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÞ Ë ÊÄÇÄÆÄÔÞ ÈÐ ÑÒÈÇÓÔÄÆÍÈÏËÈÎ ÐÓÕ
ÛÈÓÔÆÍÃÈÎÝÎ ÍËÏÈÌÏÝÎË ÖÕϱØËÃÎË ÓÎ Ñ Ë
gÓÍË ÔÒÈÕÐÍÞÏ˱ ÆÝÒÐÉÇÈÏÏÝÌ ÔÐ ÆÓÈ ÈÐ ÔÐÙ±Ë ÅÕÇÕÔ ÐÓÐ
ÅÝÎË pÇÏıРӱÐÍÞ ÕÐÇÏÐ ÎÄÍÝÎ ÓÎÈÛÈÏËÈÎ ÆÈÒÚËÏÝ ±Ð
ÏÕÓÄÎÐÉÏÐÇÐÅËÔÞÓÃÔÐÐÙÔÐÐÏÄбÄÉÈÔÓÃÆÐÅÛÈÎÑÐÍÐÉÈ
ÏËËÓÐÆÓÈÎËÊÆÈÏÞÃÎËÍÐÎÄÏÐÌΛÔ ÈÏÈÅÕÇÈÔÍÈÉÄÔÞÏËÏÄ
ÐÇÏÐÌÑÒÃÎÐÌÑÒÐ×ÐÇÃÛÈÌÙÈÒÈʱıÐÈÍËÅÐÊÆÈÏÐÍÐÎÄÏÐÌΛ
dÒÈÊÕÍÞÔÄÔÈÆÓÈÔÒÈÕÐÍÞÏ˱Ë6LL NÓÔÄÏÕÔÏÈÆÝ
ÒÐÉÇÈÏÏÝÎË Ë ÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐ ÎÐÕÔ ÒÄÓÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄÔÞÓà ±Ä±
ÍÄDZËÈ ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË ÅÈÊ ÐÓÐÅÝ× ÔÐÙȱ sÄÎ ÉÈ ±ÐÏÕÓ6 бÄ
ÉÈÔÓà ÔıËÎ ÐÅÒÄÊÐÎ ±ÕÓÐÙÏÐÍÄDZÐÌ ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÞà 6
{ 6 L } LL N qÒË ßÔÐÎ ÑÐÓ±ÐÍÞ±Õ ÑÒË ÆÓÈ× ÇÐÓÔÄÔÐÙÏÐ ÎÄÍÝ×
ÓÎÈÛÈÏËÃ×±ÄÉÇÐÌÔÐÙ±ËÐÅÍÄÓÔËÐÏÄÐÓÔÄÈÔÓÃÆÏÕÔÒËÐÅÍÄÓ
ÔËÆÈÒÚËÏÕ0±ÐÏÕÓÄ6ÆÓÈÇÄÎÐÉÏÐÆÝÅÒÄÔÞÆÐÅÍÄÓÔËË
ÑÐßÔÐÎÕ Æ ÓËÍÕ ÈÈ ÆÝÑÕ±ÍÐÓÔË ÆÈÓÞ ±ÐÏÕÓ 6 ÅÕÇÈÔ ÍÈÉÄÔÞ Æ
ßÔÐÌ ÐÅÍÄÓÔË l ÑÐÍÕÙËÆÚÈÎÕÓà ±ÕÓÐÙÏÐÍÄDZÐÎÕ ±ÐÏÕÓÕ 6
ÎÐÉÏÐ ÑÒËÎÈÏËÔÞ ÔÈÐÒÈÎÕ sÔбÓÄ ËÏÄÙÈ ÐÆÐÒà ßÔÐÔ ±ÐÏÕÓ
ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓà ÇÐÑÕÓÔËÎÐÌ Æ ßÔÐÎ ÑÕϱÔÈ ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÞà jÔı ÎÝ
ÇбÄÊÄÍËÙÔÐÆÓñÄÃÇÞÒÖ²ÎÅÄ ÑÆÎÅÔÕß ÑÈÐÑÔÇÄËÐÅ
qÒËÎÈÒÐÎ ÏÈÐÇÏÐÓÆÃÊÏÐÌ ÐÅÍÄÓÔË ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃ ÔÐÒ Ô È ÐÅ
ÍÄÓÔÞ ÐÅÒÄÊÕÈÎÄÃÆÒÄÛÈÏËÈÎ ±ÒÕÄÆбÒÕ ÏÈ ÑÈÒÈÓȱÄàÛÈÌ
ÈÐÐÓËÒËÓ
oÄÑÐÎÏËÎ ÙÔÐ ÑÐÍÈ ÏÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÓà ÑÐÔÈÏØËÄÍÞÏÝÎ ±ÐÇÄ
ÈÐØËÒ±ÕÍÃØËà ∫ DGUÒÄÆÏÄÏÕÍàÑÐÍàÅÐÎÕÊÄαÏÕÔÐÎÕ±ÐÏ
e
ÔÕÒÕΓ µ *ËÍË ÙÔÐ ÔÐ ÉȱÐÇÄ ËÏÔÈÒÄÍ ∫ DGU ÏÈ ÊÄÆËÓËÔ
$%
ÐÔ ÑÕÔË ËÏÔÈÒËÒÐÆÄÏËà ÓÐÈÇËÏÃàÛÈÐ Æ ÐÅÍÄÓÔË * ÔÐÙ±Ë
$Ë%qÐÇÒÐÅÏÈÈÐÅßÔÐÎ ÓÎÑ
d Ñ ÔÈÐÒÈÎÄ ÇÍà ÑÒÐËÊÆÐÍÞÏÐÌ ÑÍÐÓ±ÐÌ ÐÅÍÄÓÔË
ÅÝÍÐ ÇбÄÊÄÏÐ ÙÔÐ ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÈ Æ ÏÈÌ ÆȱÔÐÒÏÐÈ ÑÐÍÈ ÃÆÍÃ
ÈÔÓà ÑÐÔÈÏØËÄÍÞÏÝÎ ÔÐÇÄ Ë ÔÐÍޱРÔÐÇÄ ±ÐÇÄ Õ ÏÈÐ ÓÕ
ÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔ ÑÐÔÈÏØËÄÍÞÏÄà ÖÕϱØËà d ÑÒËÆÈÇÈÏÏÐÎ ÔÄÎ ÇбÄ
ÊÄÔÈÍÞÓÔÆÈ ÏÈ ÅÝÍÐ ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÈÏÏÝÎ ÙÔÐ ÒÄÓÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄÈÎÄÃ ÐÅ
ÍÄÓÔÞ ÅÝÍÄ ËÎÈÏÏÐ ÑÍÐÓ±ÐÌ qÐÇÐÅÏÝÎ ÉÈ ÒÄÓÓÕÉÇÈÏËÈÎ Ë
ÇÍÃ ÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÈÏÏÐÌ ÐÅÍÄÓÔË ÕÓÔÄÏÄÆÍË
ÆÄÈÔÓÃÄÏÄÍÐËÙÏÝÌÖıÔ
fÎÄ ÕÑÑ ÚÕÑÆÞ ÐÉÒÓÉÓÞÇÐÑÉ Ç ÕÓÉØ
ÏÉÓÐÑÍ ÑÆÎÅÔÕÌ ÇɲÕÑÓÐÑÉ ÒÑÎÉ D ÆÞÎÑ
ÒÑÕÉÐÙÌÅÎßÐÞÏ ÐÉÑÆØÑÈÌÏÑ Ì ÈÑÔÕÅÕÑÚ
ÐÑ ÚÕÑÆÞ ÑÐÑ ÌÏÉÎÑ Ç àÕÑÍ ÑÆÎÅÔÕÌ ÒÑ
ÕÉÐÙÌÅÎßÐÖá ×ÖвÙÌáX
D JUDGX rËÓ
qÒËßÔÐÎÑÐÔÈÏØËÄÍÞÏÕàÖÕϱØËàXÎÐÉÏÐÑÐÍÕÙËÔÞËÊÆȱ
ÔÐÒÏÐÐÑÐÍÃDÑÐÖÐÒÎÕÍÈ
X0 ∫ DGU
0 0
uÔÆÈÒÉÇÈÏËÃ{Ë{ÓÑÒÄÆÈÇÍËÆÝËÅÈÊÑÒÈÇÑÐÍÐ
ÉÈÏËÃÐÇÏÐÓÆÃÊÏÐÓÔËÐÅÍÄÓÔË
t Ò È Ô Ë Ì Ú Ä { qÕÓÔÞ URW D Æ * fÐÑÕÓÔËÎ
ÓÏÄÙÄÍÄ ÙÔÐ Γ ¶ ±ÕÓÐÙÏÐ ÇÆÄÉÇÝ ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐ ÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØË
ÒÕÈÎÄÃÊÄαÏÕÔÄñÒËÆÄÃÍÈÉÄÛÄÃÆ*gÓÍËÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔÇÐ
ÑÕÓÔËÎÄà ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÞ 6 ÓÐÇÈÒÉÄÛÄÃÓÃ Æ * Ë ÐÒÄÏËÙÈÏÏÄÃ
±ÐÏÔÕÒÐÎΓÔÐËÊÔÈÐÒÈÎÝsÔбÓÄÓÒÄÊÕÑÐÍÕÙÄÈÎ
∫ DGU ∫ ∫ URWDG6
e 6
i Ä Î È Ù Ä Ï Ë ÈuÓÍÐÆËÈÑÐÔÈÏØËÄÍÞÏÐÓÔËD JUDGXÏÈ
ÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÐÆȱÔÐÒÏÐÐÑÐÍà D 345ÆÏȱÐÔÐÒÐÌÐÅÍÄÓ
ÔË ÒÄÆÏÐÓËÍÞÏÐ ÔÐÎÕ ÙÔÐ ÖÕϱØËà 3G[ 4G\ 5G] ÃÆÍÃÈÔ
Óà ÑÐÍÏÝÎ ÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÄÍÐÎ ÑÐÔÈÏØËÄÍÞÏÐÌ ÖÕϱØËË X
X[\]ÆÕ±ÄÊÄÏÏÐÌÐÅÍÄÓÔËfÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÐÕÓÍÐÆËÈD
∂X ∂X
JUDGXÐÊÏÄÙÄÈÔÙÔÐ3 ∂
8
4 5 ËÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞ
∂[ ∂\ ∂]
ÏÐ GX 3G[ 4G\ 5G[ qÐßÔÐÎÕ ÔÈÐÒÈÎÄ ÎÐÉÈÔ ÅÝÔÞ
ÑÈÒÈÖÒÄÊËÒÐÆÄÏÄÓÍÈÇÕàÛËÎÐÅÒÄÊÐÎ
gÔÎÌ ×ÖвÙÌÌ3 3[\]4 4[\]5 5[\]
ÐÉÒÓÉÓÞÇÐÑÈÌ××ÉÓÉÐÙÌÓÖÉÏÞÇÑÈÐÑÔÇÄËÐÑÍÑÆÎÅÔÕÌ*ÕÑ
ÈÎÄ ÕÑÑ ÚÕÑÆÞ Ç ÑÆÎÅÔÕÌ * ×ÖвÙÌÄ3G[4G\5G]ÆÞ
ÎÅÆÞÒÑÎÐÞÏÈÌ××ÉÓÉÐÙÌÅÎÑÏÐɲÑÕÑÓÑÍ×ÖвÙÌÌÐÉÑÆØÑ
ÈÌÏÑÌÈÑÔÕÅÕÑÚÐÑÚÕÑÆÞÇÑÆÎÅÔÕÌ*ÇÞÒÑÎÐÄÎÌÔßÖÔÎÑ
ÇÌÄ
i Ä Î È Ù Ä Ï Ë ÈgÓÍËÖÕϱØËË345ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÇËÖ
ÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÕÈÎÝ Æ ÏȱÐÔÐÒÐÌ Ð±ÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔË ÔÐÙ±Ë [ \ ] ÔÐ
ÔÈÐÒÈÎÄÇÄÈÔÐÔÆÈÔÏÄÆÐÑÒÐÓ±ÐÇÄÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔбÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔÞ
ÔÐÙ±Ë[\]ƱÐÔÐÒÐÌÖÕϱØËÃ3G[4G\5G]ÃÆÍÃÈÔ
ÓÃÑÐÍÏÝÎÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÄÍÐÎÏȱÐÔÐÒÐÌÖÕϱØËËX X[\]
fÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÐÑÐÓ±ÐÍÞ±ÕÐÔ±ÒÝÔÝÌÚÄÒÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃÐÇÏÐÓÆÃÊ
ÏÐÌ ÐÅÍÄÓÔÞà ÓÐÍÄÓÏÐ ÔÈÐÒÈÎÈ ÐÔÆÈÔ ÏÄ ÑÐÓÔÄÆÍÈÏÏÝÌ
ÆÐÑÒÐÓÍÄÓËÔÔÐÇÄËÔÐÍÞ±ÐÔÐÇıÐÇÄÕÔÐÙ±Ë[\]
ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔ Ð±ÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔÞ Æ ±ÐÔÐÒÐÌ ÆÝÑÐÍÏÃàÔÓà ÕÓÍÐÆËÃ
Ôı ±Ä± ÈÓÍË ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔ ±Ä±ÄÃÔÐбÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔÞÐÅÍÄ
ÇÄàÛÄà ßÔËÎ ÓÆÐÌÓÔÆÐÎ ÔÐ ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔ Ë ÚÄÒÐÆÄà бÒÈÓÔ
ÏÐÓÔÞÓÔÈÎÉÈÓÆÐÌÓÔÆÐÎ
± Ò Ê Î Ç Ò Ý qÕÓÔÞU [\]U _U_ [ \ ]
dȱÔÐÒÏÐÈ ÑÐÍÈ D U ÑÐÔÈÏØËÄÍÞÏÐÈ Ôı ±Ä± ÖÕϱ
ØËÃX UÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃÐÙÈÆËÇÏÐÈÐÑÐÔÈÏØËÄÍÐÎ
∇ U ∇[\] [\] U
rÄÓÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄÈÎÐÈÑÐÍÈÏÈÓÐÍËÏÐËÇÄÍÞÏÐÔı±Ä±GLYU
U [ \ ]
rÄÓÓÎÐÔÒËÎ ÑÐÍÈ D U iÄÎÈÔËÆ ÙÔÐ
U U U U
∂U [ ∂U \ ∂U ] U U
ÆËÇËÎÙÔÐ∇U ÔÈÑÐÍÈD ÑÐÔÈÏ
∂[ U ∂\ U ∂] U U U
ØËÄÍÞÏÐÈËÖÕϱØËÃX UÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃÈÐÑÐÔÈÏØËÄÍÐÎ
oÄÌÇÈÎÈÐÇËÆÈÒÈÏØËàjÎÈÈÎ
∂U
U µ [
∂ [ ∂[ U µ [
∂[ U U U
ËÄÏÄÍÐËÙÏÐ
∂ \ U µ \ ∂ ] U µ ]
∂\ U U ∂] U U
sÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐ
U µ [ µ \ µ ]
GLY U
U U U
U
ËÑÐßÔÐÎÕÑÐÍÈD ÏÈÓÐÍÈÏÐËÇÄÍÞÏÐÈ
U
U [ \ ]
rÄÓÓÎÐÔÒËÎÑÐÍÈD U fÍÃÆÝÃÓÏÈ
U U U U
ÏËÃÈÐÑÐÔÈÏØËÄÍÞÏÐÓÔËÏÄÌÇÈÎÈÐÒÐÔÐÒdÝÙËÓÍËÎÑÈÒÆÕà
±ÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔÕÒÐÔÐÒÄ
∂ \ ∂ [ \ ∂U [ ∂U ´\[ [\
´ ´
∂[ U ∂\ U U ∂[ U ∂\ U
bÏÄÍÐËÙÏÝÎÐÅÒÄÊÐÎÑбÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÓÃÙÔÐËÇÆÈÇÒÕËȱÐ
ÐÒÇËÏÄÔÝ ÒÐÔÐÒÄ ÒÄÆÏÝ ÏÕÍà qÐÓ±ÐÍÞ±Õ ÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÐ Ó ÆÝ
±ÐÍÐÔÝÎÏÄÙÄÍÐαÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃÐÇÏÐÓÆÃÊÏÐÌÐÅÍÄÓÔÞà
U
ÆȱÔÐÒÏÐÈ ÑÐÍÈ D
ÑÐÔÈÏØËÄÍÞÏÐÈ oÈÔÒÕÇÏÐ ÏÄÌÔË Ë ÈÐ
U
ÑÐÔÈÏØËÄÍX X[ \ ]oÄÑÒËÎÈÒÊÄÎÈÔËÆÙÔÐ
G W
OQWD
GW W D
ÆËÇËÎÙÔÐX OQ[\]
[ \ ] U
∇X
U U U U
U
iÄÎÈÔËÎ ÙÔÐ ÆȱÔÐÒÏÐÈ ÑÐÍÈ D
ÒÄÓÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄÈÎÐÈ ÏÄ
U
ÑÒËÎÈÒ ÏÄ ÑÍÐÓ±ÐÓÔË ÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÝ× [ Ë \ Ô È ÑÒË U [ \
[ \ ! ÔıÉÈ ÅÕÇÈÔ ÑÐÔÈÏØËÄÍÞÏÝÎ Ó ÑÐÔÈÏØËÄÍÐÎ X
OQ[\qÒËßÔÐÎÑÍÐÓ±ÐÓÔÞÓÆݱÐÍÐÔÝÎÏÄÙÄÍÐαÐ
ÐÒÇËÏÄÔ ÕÉÈ ÏÈ ÅÕÇÈÔ ÐÇÏÐÓÆÃÊÏÐÌ dÐÐÅÛÈ ÍàÅÐÈ ÑÐÔÈÏØË
ÄÍÞÏÐÈÑÐÍÈÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃÅÈÊÆË×ÒÈÆÝÎÔÈÈÐÒÐÔÐÒÒÄÆÈÏÏÕÍà
ÆÐÆÓÈ×ÔÐÙ±Ä×ÐÅÍÄÓÔËÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËÃÑÐÍõßÔÐÇбÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÓÃ
ÅÈÊ ÑÒÈÇÑÐÍÐÉÈÏËà ÐÅ ÈÈ ÐÇÏÐÓÆÃÊÏÐÓÔË ÓÎ ÇбÄÊÄÔÈÍÞÓÔÆÐ
ÔÈÐÒÈÎÝ
fÍÃÆÝÃÓÏÈÏËÃ ÆÐÑÒÐÓÄÐÓÐÍÈÏÐËÇÄÍÞÏÐÓÔËÑÐÍÃD UU
ÏÄÌÇÈÎÈÐÇËÆÈÒÈÏØËàjÎÈÈÎ
∂U
U µ [U
∂ [ ∂[ µ [
U
∂[ U U U
bÏÄÍÐËÙÏÐ
∂ \ U µ \ ∂ ] U µ ]
∂\ U U ∂] U U
qÐßÔÐÎÕ
U U µ ( [ \ ] )
GLY
U U U
U
ÔÈÑÐÍÈD
ÏÈÓÐÍÈÏÐËÇÄÍÞÏÐÈ
U
U [ \ ] ∂
rÄÓÓÎÐÔÒËÎÑÐÍÈD iÄÎÈÔËÆÙÔÐ
U U U U ∂[ U
∂U [ ∂ \ ∂ ]
´ ´ ´ÆËÇËÎÙÔÐÖÕϱØËÃ
´
U ∂[ U ∂\ U U ∂] U U
X ´ ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓà ÑÐÔÈÏØËÄÍÐÎ ÒÄÓÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄÈÎÐÐ ÆȱÔÐÒÏÐÐ
U
ÑÐÍÃÔÈ∇X UUËÊÏÄÙËÔÑÐÍÈD UUÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃÑÐÔÈÏØË
ÄÍÞÏÝÎ
oÄÌÇÈÎÇËÆÈÒÈÏØËàßÔÐÐÑÐÍÃjÎÈÈÎ
∂U
U µ [U
∂ [ ∂[ U µ [
∂[ U U U
bÏÄÍÐËÙÏÐ
∂ \ U µ \ ∂ ] U µ ]
∂\ U U ∂] U U
pÔÓàÇÄ
U ∂ [ ∂ \ ∂ ]
GLY
U ∂[ U ∂\ U ∂] U
ÔÈÑÐÍÈD UU ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃÓÐÍÈÏÐËÇÄÍÞÏÝÎÆÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÈÓ
ÆݱÐÍÐÔÝÎÏÄÙÄÍÐαÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔoÄÑÐÎÏËÎÙÔÐÆßÔÐÎÓÍÕÙÄÈ
ÈÐÑÐÔбÙÈÒÈÊÍàÅÕà±ÕÓÐÙÏÐÍÄDZÕàÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÞÐÒÄÏË
ÙËÆÄàÛÕàÐÅÍÄÓÔÞÏÈÓÐÇÈÒÉÄÛÕàÏÄÙÄÍбÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔÒÄÆÈÏ
ÏÕÍà
tıËÎÐÅÒÄÊÐÎÆȱÔÐÒÏÐÈÑÐÍÈD UUÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃÑÐÔÈÏØË
ÄÍÞÏÝÎ Ë ÓÐÍÈÏÐËÇÄÍÞÏÝÎ s ÖËÊËÙÈÓ±ÐÌ ÔÐÙ±Ë ÊÒÈÏËà ÐÏÐ
ÑÒÈÇÓÔÄÆÍÃÈÔÓÐÅÐÌÑÐÍÈÏÄÑÒÃÉÈÏÏÐÓÔÈÌÈÇËÏËÙÏÐÐÊÄÒÃÇÄ
gÐÇËÆÈÒÈÏØËÃÆÍàÅÐÌÔÐÙ±ÈÐÔÍËÙÏÐÌÐÔÏÄÙÄÍıÐÐÒ
ÇËÏÄÔÒÄÆÏÄÏÕÍàÄÈÐÑÐÔбÙÈÒÈÊÍàÅÕà±ÕÓÐÙÏÐÍÄDZÕà
ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÞ ÐÒÄÏËÙËÆÄàÛÕà ÐÅÍÄÓÔÞ ÏÈ ÓÐÇÈÒÉÄÛÕà ÏÄ
ÙÄÍÐ ±ÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔ ÒÄÆÈÏ ÏÕÍà qÐÓÍÈÇÏÈÈ ÏÈÆÈÒÏÐ ÇÍà ÑÐÆÈÒ×
ÏÐÓÔÈÌ ÐÒÄÏËÙËÆÄàÛË× ÐÅÍÄÓÔË ÓÐÇÈÒÉÄÛËÈ ÏÄÙÄÍÐ ±ÐÐÒ
ÇËÏÄÔ qÐÔб ÆȱÔÐÒÏÐÐ ÑÐÍà D UU ÙÈÒÈÊ ÓÖÈÒÕ [ \
] UÒÄÆÈÏπfÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÐÊÄÎÈÔËÆÙÔÐÆßÔÐÎÓÍÕ
ÙÄÈÈÇËÏËÙÏÄÃÏÐÒÎÄÍÞQ UUËÎÈÈÎ
U U
∫∫ DQG6 ∫∫ G6 ∫∫ G6 π
[\] U [\] U
U U U [\] U
dÊıÍàÙÈÏËÈÊÄÎÈÔËÎÙÔÐ×ÐÔÃÑÐÔÈÏØËÄÍÞÏÝÈËÓÐÍÈÏÐ
ËÇÄÍÞÏÝÈÆȱÔÐÒÏÝÈÑÐÍÃÏÈËÓÙÈÒÑÝÆÄàÔÓÐÆбÕÑÏÐÓÔËÆÓÈ×
ÆÐÊÎÐÉÏÝ×ÆȱÔÐÒÏÝ×ÑÐÍÈÌÐÇÏıÐÐÏËÑÐÊÆÐÍÃàÔÐÑËÓÄÔÞ
ÚËÒбËÌ ±ÍÄÓÓ ÆȱÔÐÒÏÝ× ÑÐÍÈÌ jÎÈÏÏÐ ÑÒË ÇÐÓÔÄÔÐÙÏÐ
ÐÅÛË×ÑÒÈÇÑÐÍÐÉÈÏËÃ×ÍàÅÐÈÆȱÔÐÒÏÐÈÑÐÍÈDÑÒÈÇÓÔÄÆÍÃÈÔ
ÓÐÅÐÌ ÓÕÎÎÕ ÑÐÔÈÏØËÄÍÞÏÐÐ Ë ÓÐÍÈÏÐËÇÄÍÞÏÐÐ ÆȱÔÐÒÏÐÐ
ÑÐÍÃcÐÍÈÈÔÐÙÏÐÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕàÔÔıËÈÓ±ÄÍÃÒÏÄÃÖÕϱØËÃXË
ÆȱÔÐÒÏÐÈ ÑÐÍÈ E ÙÔÐ D ∇X URW E tı ±Ä± URW ∇X Ë
GLY URW E ÔÐ ÑÈÒÆÐÈ ÓÍÄÄÈÎÐÈ ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃ ÑÐÔÈÏØËÄÍÞÏÝÎ
ÑÐÍÈÎÄÆÔÐÒÐÈ ¶ÓÐÍÈÏÐËÇÄÍÞÏÝÎ
ÔÐ ÑÒÈÇÍÐÉÈÏËÈ ÏÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÓÃ ÔÈÐÒÈÎÐÌ eÈÍÞÎÐÍÞØÄ
ÈÈ
ÇбÄÊÄÔÈÍÞÓÔÆÐÎÐÉÏÐÏÄÌÔËƱÏzÌÎÑÇ e gnÄÔÈÎÄÔËÙÈ
Ó±ËÌ ÄÏÄÍËÊ vÕϱØËË ÏÈÓ±ÐÍÞ±Ë× ÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÝ× ¶ n oÄÕ
±Ä
uqrbhogoj fбÄÊÄÔÞ ÙÔÐ ÑÐÔб ÒÐÔÐÒÄ ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐ ÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏ
ØËÒÕÈÎÐÐÆÏȱÐÔÐÒÐÌÐÅÍÄÓÔËÆȱÔÐÒÏÐÐÑÐÍÃÙÈÒÈÊÍàÅÕàÓÖÈÒÕÍÈ
ÉÄÛÕàÆÕ±ÄÊÄÏÏÐÌÐÅÍÄÓÔËÒÄÆÈÏÏÕÍà
fбÄÊÄÔÞÙÔÐ
³ÐÃÓÔÄÇÏÏÝÇÊÏÔÇÅÒÂÍÝÉÂÄÊÓáÛÊÇÐÔÑÂÒÂÎÇÔÒÂ
°ÑÒÇÆÇÍÇÏÊÇÊÏÔÇÅÒÂÍÐÄÉÂÄÊÓáÛÊ×ÐÔÑÂÒÂÎÇÔÒÂ
Ê×ÏÇÑÒÇÒÝÄÏÐÓÔÞÊÊÏÔÇÅÒÊÒÕÇÎÐÓÔÞÑÐÑÂÒÂÎÇÔÒÕ
qÕÓÔÞ< ¶ÏȱÐÔÐÒÐÈÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐÇÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÝ×ÙËÓÈÍϕ\Ë
ψ\ ¶ÇÆÈÖÕϱØËËÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏÏÝÈÏÄ<ϕ\Pψ\ËÖÕϱ
ØËÃI[\ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏÄÏÄÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÈ
^[\\∈<[∈>ϕ\ψ\@`
jÏÔÈÒÄÍÝÆËÇÄ
ψ(\)
v\ ∫ I[\G[
ϕ\
ÏÄÊÝÆÄàÔÌÐÕÉÓÅÎÅÏÌËÅÇÌÔÄÜÌÏÌÑÕÒÅÓÅÏÉÕÓÅÄÑÈÒÈ
ÎÈÏÏÕà\ÏÄÊÝÆÄàÔÐÅÝÙÏÐÒÅÓÅÏÉÕÓÑÏ
yÄÓÔÐ ÆÓÔÒÈÙÄÈÔÓà ÔÐÔ ÙÄÓÔÏÝÌ ÓÍÕÙÄÌ ÔıÐÐ ÔËÑÄ ËÏÔÈ
ÒÄÍÐƱÐÇÄÖÕϱØËËϕËψÑÐÓÔÐÃÏÏÝÔ ÈËÏÔÈÒÄÍÝÆËÇÄ
E
v\ ∫ I[\G[
D
gÓÍË < ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓà ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐÎ ÆÓÈ× ÏÄÔÕÒÄÍÞÏÝ× ÙËÓÈÍ <
1 ^Q`ÔÐÑÐÍÄÄÃIQ[ I[QQ
ËÏÔÈÒÄÍÎÐÉÏÐÑÈÒÈÑËÓÄÔÞÆÆËÇÈ
E
∫ IQ[G[Q
D
tÈÎÓÄÎÝÎÑÐÍÕÙËÍÄÓÞÙËÓÍÐÆÄÃÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞÐÅÒÄÊÐ
ÆÄÏÏÄà ËÏÔÈÒÄÍÄÎË ÐÔ ÖÕϱØËÌ ÏȱÐÔÐÒÐÌ ÖÕϱØËÐÏÄÍÞÏÐÌ
ÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔË
rÄÓÓÎÐÔÒËÎ ÓÍÕÙÄÌ ±ÐÇÄ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐ < ÑÒÈÇÓÔÄÆÍÃÈÔ ÓÐ
ÅÐÌ ÐÔÒÈÊб >α β@ ÖÕϱØËË ϕ\ Ë ψ\ ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÝ ÏÄ ßÔÐÎ
ÐÔÒÈʱÈËϕ\<ψ\\∈>αβ@qÕÓÔÞÒÄÖ˱ËÖÕϱØËÌϕ\Ë
ψ\ Ë ÅÝÔÞ ÎÐÉÈÔ ÐÔÒÈÊ±Ë ÑÒÃÎÝ× \ α Ë \ β ÐÅÒÄÊÕ
àÔ ÒÄÏËØÕ ÐÒÄÏËÙÈÏÏÐÌ ÐÅÍÄÓÔË *
ÒËÓ pÏÄ ÐÙÈÆËÇÏÐ ±ÆÄÇÒËÒÕ \
ÈÎÄ ÓÎ Ñ d ßÔÐÎ ÓÍÕÙÄÈ ÎÏÐ α
ÉÈÓÔÆÐ ÏÄ ±ÐÔÐÒÐÎ ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏÄ
ϕ\ * ψ\
ÖÕϱØËà I[ \ ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓà ÊÄÎݱÄÏË
ÈÎ * Õ±ÄÊÄÏÏÐÌÐÅÍÄÓÔË* β
* ^[\αP\Pβ [
ϕ\P[Pψ\` rËÓ
d ÇÄÍÞÏÈÌÚÈÎ ÎÝ ËÊÕÙËÎ ÓÆÐÌÓÔÆÄ ÖÕϱØËË v\ ÈÈ ÏÈ
ÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÓÔÞÑÒÄÆËÍÄÈÈÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÐÆÄÏËÃËËÏÔÈÒËÒÐÆÄ
ÏËÃÆÊÄÆËÓËÎÐÓÔËÐÔÓÆÐÌÓÔÆÖÕϱØËÌI[\ϕ\ψ\oÈ
±ÐÔÐÒÝÈ ËÊ ßÔË× ÓÆÐÌÓÔÆ ÅÝÍË ÑÐÍÕÙÈÏÝ ÒÄÏÞÚÈ ÑÒË ËÊÕÙÈ
ÏË˱ÒÄÔÏÐÐËÏÔÈÒÄÍÄtıÏÄÑÒËÎÈÒÍÈÎÎÄÇбÄÊÄÏÏÄÃÆ
Ñ ÇÄÈÔ ÕÓÍÐÆËà ÑÒË ±ÐÔÐÒÝ× ËÏÔÈÒÄÍ ÊÄÆËÓÃÛËÌ ÐÔ
ÑÄÒÄÎÈÔÒÄ ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓà ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÌ ÖÕϱØËÈÌ ßÔÐÐ ÑÄÒÄÎÈÔ
ÒÄ sÖÐÒÎÕÍËÒÕÈÎ ßÔÕ ÍÈÎÎÕ Æ ÐÅÐÊÏÄÙÈÏËÃ× ÏÄÓÔÐÃÛÈÐ ÑÄ
ÒÄÒÄÖÄÆÆËÇÈÔÈÐÒÈÎÝ
´ § ° ² § ® ¢ gÔÎÌ ×ÖвÙÌÄ I[ \ ÐÉÒÓÉÓÞÇÐÅ ÐÅ ËÅÏÞ²Å
ÐÌÌ * ÑÆÎÅÔÕÌ * ÓÎ ÕÑ ×ÖвÙÌÄ v\ ËÅÈÅÇÅÉÏÅÄ
×ÑÓÏÖÎÑÍÐÉÒÓÉÓÞÇÐÅÐÅÑÕÓÉ˲É>αβ@
uÔÆÈÒÉÇÈÏËàßÔÐÌÔÈÐÒÈÎÝÎÐÉÏÐÑÒËÇÄÔÞÓÍÈÇÕàÛËÌÆËÇ
OLP ψ\
ψ(\) \ → \
∫ I[\G[ v\
ϕ\
dÙÄÓÔÏÐÓÔËÇÍÃËÏÔÈÒÄÍÄËÎÈÈÎ
E E
OLP I[\G[ ∫ OLP I[\G[
\→\ ∫ D \→\ D
Ô ÈÆßÔÐÎÓÍÕÙÄÈÆÐÊÎÐÉÈÏÑÒÈÇÈÍÞÏÝÌÑÈÒÈ×ÐÇÑÐÇÊÏıÐÎ
ËÏÔÈÒÄÍÄ
dÔÈÐÒÈÎÈÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÞÏÐÎÑÈÒÈ×ÐÇÈÑÐÇÊÏıÐÎËÏÔÈÒÄÍÄÎÐÉ
ÏÐÐÓÍÄÅËÔÞÔÒÈÅÐÆÄÏËÃÏıÍÄÇÝÆÄÈÎÝÈÏÄÖÕϱØËàI[\ÑÐ
ÔÒÈÅÐÆÄÆÆÎÈÓÔÐÈÈÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÓÔËÑÐÓÐÆбÕÑÏÐÓÔËÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÝ×
ÍËÚÞÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÓÔÞÑÐÐÇÏÐÌÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÐÌËÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐÈÓÔÒÈÎ
ÍÈÏËȱÑÒÈÇÈÍÕÑÐÇÒÕÐÌ
´ § ° ² § ® ¢ qÖÔÕß ×ÖвÙÌÄ I[ \ ÑÒÓÉÈÉÎÉÐÅ ÈÎÄ ÇÔÉØ
[∈>DE@\∈<ÌÐÉÒÓÉÓÞÇÐÅÒÑ[ÐÅ>DE@ÒÓÌÎáÆÑÏ×̲ÔÌÓÑ
ÇÅÐÐÑÏ\∈<tÑÈÅÉÔÎÌÒÓÌ\{\
×ÖвÙÌÄI[\ÓÅÇÐÑÏÉÓ
ÐÑÐÅÑÕÓÉ˲É>DE@ÔÕÓÉÏÌÕÔIJϕ[ÓÎÑ ÕÑ
E E
OLP ∫ I[\G[ ∫ ϕ[G[
\ → \ D D
iÇÈÓÞ<µÑÒÐËÊÆÐÍÞÏÐÈÙËÓÍÐÆÐÈÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐ<µ5Ä\ ¶ÙËÓÍÐ
ËÍËÐÇÏÄËÊÅÈÓ±ÐÏÈÙÏÐÓÔÈÌËÍË´
¦ Ð Ì Â É Â Ô Ç Í Þ Ó Ô Ä Ð rÄÓÓÎÐÔÒËÎ ±Ä±ÕàÍËÅÐ ÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄ
ÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞ \Q∈< Q ÔıÕà ÙÔÐ OLP \Q \ tÐÇÄ
Q→
ÓÎ ÕÑÒÄÉÏÈÏËÈ Æ Ñ ÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞ ϕQ[
I[ \Q ÅÕÇÈÔ ÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐ ÏÄ ÐÔÒÈÊ±È >D E@ ÓÔÒÈÎËÔÞÓà ±
ÖÕϱØËË ϕ[ pÔÓàÇÄ ÓÍÈÇÕÈÔ ÓÎ Ñ ÆÐÑÈÒÆÝ× ÙÔÐ
ϕ[ ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÄ Ë ÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐ ËÏÔÈÒËÒÕÈÎÄ ÏÄ ÐÔÒÈʱÈ
>DE@ÄÆÐÆÔÐÒÝ×ÙÔÐ
E E E
OLP ∫ I[\QG[ OLP ∫ ϕQ[G[ ∫ ϕ[G[
Q→ D Q→ D D
ËÔı±Ä±ßÔÐÆÈÒÏÐÇÍÃÍàÅÐÌÕ±ÄÊÄÏÏÐÌÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔË
^\Q`ÔÐÔÈÐÒÈÎÄÇбÄÊÄÏÄ
qÈÒÈÌÇÈαÆÐÑÒÐÓÕÐÅËÏÔÈÒËÒÐÆÄÏËËËÏÔÈÒÄÍÐÆ
ÊÄÆËÓÃÛË×ÐÔÑÄÒÄÎÈÔÒÄ
´ § ° ² § ® ¢ qÖÔÕßÑÆÎÅÔÕß*àÎÉÏÉÐÕÅÓÐÅÑÕÐÑÔÌÕÉÎßÐÑ
ÑÆÉÌØÑÔÉͲÑÑÓÈÌÐÅÕÕ É
* ^[\α\βϕ\[ψ\`
^[\D[Eϕ[\ψ[`
ÈÉ×ÖвÙÌÌϕÌψÐÉÒÓÉÓÞÇÐÞÐÅÑÕÓÉ˲É>αβ@Å×ÖвÙÌÌ
ϕÌψ ¶ÐÅÑÕÓÉ˲É>DE@tÑÈÅÉÔÎÌ×ÖвÙÌÄI[\ÐÉÒÓÉ
ÓÞÇÐÅÐÅËÅÏÞ²ÅÐÌÌ* ÑÆÎÅÔÕÌ*ÕÑ
β β ψ(\) β ψ([)
¦ÊÖÖÇÒÇÏØÊÒÐÄÂÏÊÇÊÏÔÇÅÒÂÍÐÄ
ÉÂÄÊÓáÛÊ×ÐÔÑÂÒÂÎÇÔÒÂ
qÒËËÊÕÙÈÏËËÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÄÍÞÏÝ×ÓÆÐÌÓÔÆËÏÔÈÒÄÍÐÆÊÄÆËÓÃ
ÛË×ÐÔÑÄÒÄÎÈÔÒÄÒÄÓÓÎÐÔÒËÎÓÏÄÙÄÍÄËÏÔÈÒÄÍÝÆËÇÄ
´ § ° ² § ® ¢ ÑÒÂÄÊÍÐ ÇËÃÏÊØ gÔÎÌ ×ÖвÙÌÄ I[ \ Ì ÉÉ
ÚÅÔÕÐÅÄ ÒÓÑÌËÇÑÈÐÅÄ ∂I ( [\ )
ÐÉÒÓÉÓÞÇÐÞ Ç ËÅϲÐÖÕÑÏ ÒÓÄ
∂\
ÏÑÖÑÎßÐ̲É∆ ^[\DP[PEαP\PβÕÑ×ÖвÙÌÄv\
E
∫ I[\G[ÈÌ××ÉÓÉÐÙÌÓÖÉÏÅÐÅÑÕÓÉ˲É>αβ@Ì
D
E
GΦ\ ∂I[\
∫ G[
G\ D ∂\
tıËÎÐÅÒÄÊÐÎÙÔÐÅÝÑÒËÓÇÈÍÄÏÏÝ×ÑÒÈÇÑÐÍÐÉÈÏËÃ×ÑÒÐ
ÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÐÆÄÔÞ ËÏÔÈÒÄÍ ÊÄÆËÓÃÛËÌ ÐÔ ÑÄÒÄÎÈÔÒÄ ÇÐÓÔÄ
ÔÐÙÏÐ ÑÒÐÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÐÆÄÔÞ ÑÐÇÝÏÔÈÒÄÍÞÏÐÈ ÆÝÒÄÉÈÏËÈ ÐÓ
ÔÄÆÍÃÃÑÒÈÇÈÍÝËÏÔÈÒËÒÐÆÄÏËÃÏÈËÊÎÈÏÏÝÎË
¦ Ð Ì Â É Â Ô Ç Í Þ Ó Ô ÄÐ qÕÓÔÞ\∈>αβ@Ë\∆\∈>αβ@ÔÐÇÄ
E E
Φ\ ∆\ µ Φ\ ∂I[\ θ ∆\
∫ >I[\∆\´I[\@G[ ∫
G[
∆\ ∆\ D ∂\ D
θ
iÇÈÓÞÑÒËÎÈÏÈÏÄÖÐÒÎÕÍıÐÏÈÙÏÝ×ÑÒËÒÄÛÈÏËÌmÄÒÄÏÉÄ
∂I
pÅÐÊÏÄÙËÆ ÔÈÑÈÒÞ ÙÈÒÈÊ ω δ
ÎÐÇÕÍÞ ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÓÔË
∂\
∂I
ÖÕϱØËË
ÑÐÍÕÙËÎ
∂\
E E
Φ\ ∆\ µ Φ\ ∂I ( [\ ) ∂I[\ θ ∆\ ∂I[\
´ ∫ G[ P ∫ µ G[P
∆\ D ∂\ D ∂\ G\
E
∂I ∂I
P∫ ω _∆\_
G[Pω _∆\_ E´D
D ∂\ ∂\
∂I
dÓËÍÕÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐÌÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÓÔËÖÕϱØËË
ÏÄÊÄαÏÕÔÐÎ
∂\
∂I
ÑÒÃÎÐÕÐÍÞÏË±È ∆ ËÎÈÈÎ OLP ω _∆\_
ÑÐßÔÐÎÕ ËÊ
∆\ → ∂\
ÑÐÍÕÙËÎ
E
OLP Φ \ ∆\ µ Φ\ ∂I ( [\ )
∫ G[
\→ ∆\ D ∂\
tÈÐÒÈÎÄ ÍȱÐÐÅÐÅÛÄÈÔÓÃËÏÄÓÍÕÙÄÌÊÄÆËÓÃÛÈÐÐÔÑÄ
ÒÄÎÈÔÒÄËÏÔÈÒÄÍÄÐÅÛÈÐÆËÇÄ
´ § ° ² § ® ¢ ′ qÖÔÕß×ÖвÙÌÄI[\ÌÉÉÚÅÔÕÐÅÄÒÓÑÌË
ÇÑÈÐÅÄ ∂
I ( [\ )
ÐÉÒÓÉÓÞÇÐÞ ÐÅ ËÅϲÐÖÕÑÏ ÒÓÄÏÑÖÑÎßÐ̲É
∂\
∆ ^[\DP[PEαP\Pβ`
* µ∆ÓÎ
ÒÖÔÕß×ÖвÙÌÌϕ\Ëψ\ÌÏÉáÕÐÉÒÓÉÓÞÇÐÞÉÐÅÑÕ
ÓÉ˲É>αβ@ÒÓÑÌËÇÑÈÐÞÉ
tÑÈÅ ÌÐÕÉÓÅÎ ËÅÇÌÔÄÜÌÍ ÑÕ ÒÅÓÅÏÉÕÓÅ ÕŲ
ÊÉ ÌÏÉÉÕ ÒÓÑÌËÇÑÈÐÖá ÐÅ ÑÕÓÉ˲É>αβ@ÒÓÌÚÉÏ
ψ\
GΦ ∂I ( [\ ) Gϕ\ Gψ\
∫ G[´Iϕ\\Iψ\\
G\ ϕ\
∂ \ G\ G\
¦ Ð Ì Â É Â Ô Ç Í Þ Ó Ô Ä Ð rÄÓÓÎÐÔÒËÎÖÕϱØËà
Y
)\XY ∫ I[\G[DPXPEDPYPEαP\Pβ
X
oÈÔÒÕÇÏÐ ÏÈÑÐÓÒÈÇÓÔÆÈÏÏÐ ÑÒÐÆÈÒËÔÞ ÙÔÐ ÙÄÓÔÏÝÈ ÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇ
) ∂) ∂)
ÏÝÈ ∂ ÖÕϱØËË)ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕàÔËÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÝÑÐÓÐÆÐ
∂\ ∂X ∂Y
±ÕÑÏÐÓÔËÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÝ×\XYqÒÐÆÈÒËÎÓÏÄÙÄÍÄÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÐÆÄ
ÏËÈËÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÓÔÞÙÄÓÔÏÐÌÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇÏÐÌ ∂
)
gÈÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÐÆÄ
∂\
ÏËÈÏÈÑÐÓÒÈÇÓÔÆÈÏÏÐÓÍÈÇÕÈÔËÊÔÈÐÒÈÎÝÑÒËÙÈÎ
Y
∂) ∂I ( [\ )
∫ G[
∂\ X ∂\
fбÄÉÈÎÈÈÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÓÔÞqÕÓÔÞDPXPEDPYPEαP\P
PβDPX∆XPEDPYP∆YPEαP\P∆\Pβ; ÑÐÍÐÉËÆ
∂) ( \ ∆\ X ∆XY ∆Y ) ∂) ( \XY )
∆ ∂
) ( \XY )
´
∂\ ∂\ ∂\
ÑÐÍÕÙËÎ
Y∆Y Y
] ∂
) ( \XY )
∫
∂I[\ ∆\ ∂I[\
G[´ ∫ G[ P
∂\ X∆X
∂\ X G\
Y X
P ∫ ∂
I[\ ∆\ ∂I[\
´ G[ ∫
∂I[\ ∆\
G[
X ∂\ G\ X∆X
∂\
Y∆Y
∂I[\ ∆\
∫ G[
Y
G\
∂I
ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏÄ ÏÄ ÑÒÃÎÐÕÐÍÞÏË±È ∆
qÐÓ±ÐÍÞ±Õ ÖÕϱØËÃ
∂\
Æ ÓËÍÕ ÆÝÚÈÕ±ÄÊÄÏÏÐÐÆÝÅÐÒÄ ÊÏÄÙÈÏËÌ ÄÒÕÎÈÏÔÐÆÆÓÈÏÄ
ÑËÓÄÏÏÝÈËÏÔÈÒÄÍÝËÎÈàÔÓÎÝÓÍË
_Y´X_PE´D
∂I
fÄÍÈÈËÊÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÓÔËÖÕϱØËË
ÏÄÑÒÃÎÐÕÐÍÞÏ˱È∆ÓÍÈ
∂\
ÇÕÈÔÙÔÐÐÏÄÐÒÄÏËÙÈÏÄÏÄÏÈÎÔ ÈÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔÔıÄÃÑÐÓÔÐ
ÃÏÏÄà 0 ! ÙÔÐ ÇÍà ÆÓÈ× ÔÐÙȱ [ \∈∆ ÆÝÑÐÍÏÃÈÔÓà ÏÈÒÄ
ÆÈÏÓÔÆÐ
∂I[\ P0
G\
∂I
pÅÐÊÏÄÙËÆ ±Ä± Ë ÆÝÚÈ ÙÈÒÈÊ ω δ
ÎÐÇÕÍÞ ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆ
∂\
∂I
ÏÐÓÔË ÖÕϱØËË ÏÄ ÑÒÃÎÐÕÐÍÞÏË±È ∆ Ë ËÓÑÐÍÞÊÐÆÄÆ ÏÈÒÄ
∂\
ÆÈÏÓÔÆÄËËÊÑÐÍÕÙËÎ
Y X Y∆Y
] ∂
) ( \XY ) ∂I
Pω _∆\_ ∫ G[ 0
∫ G[ 0 ∫ G[ P
∂\ ∂\ X X∆X Y
∂I
PEµDω _∆\_
0_∆X_0_∆Y_
∂\
pÔÓàÇÄ ÓÍÈÇÕÈÔ ÙÔÐ OLP ] ∂
) ( \XY )
ÔÐ Ë
∂\
∆\ ∆X ∆Y →
ÐÊÏÄÙÄÈÔÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÓÔÞÙÄÓÔÏÐÌÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇÏÐÌ ∂
)
ÏÄÎÏÐÉÈÓÔ
∂\
ÆÈ ^\ X Y F P \ P G D P X P E D P Y P E` oÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÓÔÞ
ÏÄßÔÐÎÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÈÙÄÓÔÏÝ×ÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇÏÝ×
∂) ∂)
´IX\ IY\
∂X ∂Y
ÐÙÈÆËÇÏÄ
sÆÃÊÞÎÈÉÇÕÖÕϱØËÃÎËvË)ÕÓÔÄÏÄÆÍËÆÄÈÔÓÃÖÐÒÎÕÍÐÌ
v\ )\ϕ\ψ\
dÓËÍÕÇбÄÊÄÏÏÐÐÆÝÚÈÖÕϱØËàvÎÐÉÏÐÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÐ
ÆÄÔÞÑÐÑÒÄÆËÍÕÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÐÆÄÏËÃÓÍÐÉÏÝ×ÖÕϱØËÌ
∂Φ ∂) ∂) ∂X ∂) ∂Y
∂\ ∂\ ∂X ∂\ ∂Y ∂\
qÐÇÓÔÄÆÍÃÃÓàÇÄÆÝÒÄÉÈÏËÃÇÍÃÙÄÓÔÏÝ×ÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇÏÝ× ∂
) ∂)
∂\ ∂X
∂)
ËÓÎËËÑÐÍÄÄÃX ϕ\ËY ψ\ÑÐÍÕÙËÎ
∂Y
ÖÐÒÎÕÍÕ
¯ÇÓÐÃÓÔÄÇÏÏÝÇÊÏÔÇÅÒÂÍÝ
ÉÂÄÊÓáÛÊÇÐÔÑÂÒÂÎÇÔÒÂ
°ÓÏÐÄÏÝÇÐÑÒÇÆÇÍÇÏÊá²ÂÄÏÐÎÇÒÏÂáÓ×ÐÆÊÎÐÓÔÞ
ÊÏÔÇÅÒÂÍÐÄÉÂÄÊÓáÛÊ×ÐÔÑÂÒÂÎÇÔÒÂ
nÝÅÕÇÈÎÒÄÓÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄÔÞËÏÔÈÒÄÍÝÆËÇÄ
E
v\ ∫ I[\G[
D
ÇÈ´PDEPÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÄÃ\ÑÒËÏÄÇÍÈÉËÔÏȱÐÔÐÒÐÎÕ
ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÕ < Ë ËÏÔÈÒÄÍ ÅÝÔÞ ÎÐÉÈÔ ÑÒË ÏȱÐÔÐÒÝ×
ÆÙÄÓÔÏÐÓÔËÑÒËÆÓÈ×ÊÏÄÙÈÏËÃ×\ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃÏÈÓÐÅÓÔÆÈÏÏÝÎ
°ÑÒÇÆÇÍÇÏÊÇ gÔÎÌÈÎIJÅÊÈÑÑ\∈<ÌÐÕÉÓÅÎ
E
v\ ∫ I[\G[
D
ÔØÑÈÌÕÔÄ ÕÑ ÌÐÕÉÓÅÎ ÐÅËÞÇÅÉÕÔÄ ÔØÑÈÄÜÌÏÔÄ ÐÅ
ÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÉ<
d ÇÄÍÞÏÈÌÚÈÎ ÈÓÍË ÏÈ ÐÐÆÐÒÈÏÐ ÙÔÐÍËÅÐ ÇÒÕÐÈ ÅÕÇÈÎ
ÒÄÓÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄÔÞÔÐÍÞ±ÐÓÍÕÙÄ̱ÐÇÄÆÝÑÐÍÏÃàÔÓÃÕÓÍÐÆËÃ
´DEP
ÑÒËÍàÅÐÎ\∈<ÖÕϱØËÃI[\ÑÐÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÐÌ[ËÏÔÈ
ÒËÒÕÈÎÄ ÑÐ rËÎÄÏÕ ÏÄ ±ÄÉÇÐÎ ÐÔÒÈÊ±È >D η@ ÇÈ η ÔıÐÆÐ
ÙÔÐDηE
d ßÔÐÎ ÓÍÕÙÄÈ Ó×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔÞ ËÏÔÈÒÄÍÄ ÏÄ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÈ
<ÐÊÏÄÙÄÈÔÙÔÐÑÒËÍàÅÐÎ\∈<ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔÑÒÈÇÈÍ
η E
OLP ∫ I[\G[ ∫ I[\G[
η→Eµ D D
ÈÓÍËE ÔÐE´ pÔÓàÇÄÆÓËÍÕÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÄ
E η E
uÓÍÐÆËÃÑÒ˱ÐÔÐÒÝ×ÇÍÃÏÈÓÐÅÓÔÆÈÏÏÝ×ËÏÔÈÒÄÍÐÆÊÄ
ÆËÓÃÛË× ÐÔ ÑÄÒÄÎÈÔÒÄ ÓÑÒÄÆÈÇÍËÆÝ ÔÈÐÒÈÎÝ ÄÏÄÍÐËÙÏÝÈ
ÇбÄÊÄÏÏÝÎ Æ ÑÒÈÇÝÇÕÛÈÎ ÑÄÒÄÒÄÖÈ ÇÍà ÓÐÅÓÔÆÈÏÏÝ× ËÏ
ÔÈÒÄÍÐÆÐÓÏÐÆÄÏÝÏÄÑÐÏÃÔËËÔıÏÄÊÝÆÄÈÎÐÌÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐÌ
Ó×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔËËÏÔÈÒÄÍÄ
cÕÇÈÎ ÑÒÈÇÑÐÍÄÄÔÞ ±Ä± ÅÝÍÐ ÐÔÎÈÙÈÏÐ ÙÔÐ ËÏÔÈÒÄÍ
ÕÇÐÆÍÈÔÆÐÒÃÈÔÆÝÚÈÕ±ÄÊÄÏÏÝÎÕÓÍÐÆËÃÎË
°ÑÒÇÆÇÍÇÏÊÇ sØÑÈÄÜÌÍÔÄ ÐÅ ÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÉ < ÌÐÕÉÓÅÎ
E
∫ I[\G[ÐÅËÞÇÅÉÕÔÄÓÅÇÐÑÏÉÓÐÑÔØÑÈÄÜÌÏÔÄÐÅàÕÑÏÏÐÑ
D
ÊÉÔÕÇÉÉÔÎÌÈÎÄÎáÆÑÑε!ÔÖÜÉÔÕÇÖÉÕÕŲÑÉηεEÚÕÑ
ÈÎÄÇÔÉØ\∈<ÌÇÔÉØηÕŲÌØÚÕÑηεηEÇÞÒÑÎÐÄÉÕÔÄÐÉ
E
ÓÅÇÉÐÔÕÇÑ ∫ I[\G[ ε
η
±Õ>DE@ÄÏÈÓÐÅÓÔÆÈÏÏÝÌËÏÔÈÒÄÍÎÐÉÈÔÆÐÊÏ˱ÏÕÔÞÊÄÓÙÈÔ
ÏÈÐÒÄÏËÙÈÏÏÐÓÔËÑÐÇÝÏÔÈÒÄÍÞÏÐÌÖÕϱØËË Ôı ËÇÍÃÓÍÕ
ÙÄà ±ÐÇÄ ÏÈÓÐÅÓÔÆÈÏÏÝÌ ËÏÔÈÒÄÍ ÑÐÍÕÙÄÈÔÓà ÊÄ ÓÙÈÔ ÏÈÐ
ÒÄÏËÙÈÏÏÐÓÔËÑÒÐÎÈÉÕÔ±ÄËÏÔÈÒËÒÐÆÄÏËÃ>D
qÒËÆÈÇÈÏÏÝÈÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËÃÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔËËÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐÌÓ×Ð
ÇËÎÐÓÔË ËÏÔÈÒÄÍÄ ÏÄÑÐÎËÏÄàÔ ÓÐÐÔÆÈÔÓÔÆÕàÛËÈ ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈ
ÏËÃÇÍÃÒÃÇÐÆÓÎÑ ËnÈÉÇÕÏËÎËÇÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÐ
ËÎÈÈÔÓÃÓÆÃÊÞ
qÕÓÔÞ^ηQ` ¶ÏȱÐÔÐÒÄÃÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞÔıÄÃÙÔÐ
η DηQ∈>DEQ Ë OLP ηQ E
Q→
oÄÒÃÇÕÓËÏÔÈÒÄÍÐÎÒÄÓÓÎÐÔÒËÎÒÃÇ
ηN
∑ ∫ I[\G[
N
ηN
qÕÓÔÞ
ηN ηQ
Qµ
6Q\ ∑ ∫ I[\G[ ∫ I[\G[
N ηN D
ÆÐÆÄÏËÈÔıÐÐÙËÓÍÄηεÙÔÐÑÒËÆÓÈ×\∈<ËηεηEÆÝÑÐÍ
ÏÃÈÔÓÃÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐ
gÓÍËÒÄÓÓÎÐÔÒÈÔÞËÏÔÈÒÄÍ
GHI E
)\η ∫ I[\G[
η
ÔÐ ÐÙÈÆËÇÏÐ ÙÔÐ ÕÓÍÐÆËÈ ÐÊÏÄÙÄÈÔ ÙÔÐ ßÔÐÔ ËÏÔÈÒÄÍ
ÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐÏÄ<ÓÔÒÈÎËÔÓñÏÕÍàÑÒËη{E µÊÇÈÓÞÆÔÈÒ
ÎËÏÐÍÐËË Ñ ÑÄÒÄÎÈÔÒÐÎ ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓà ÏÈ \ ±Ä± ßÔÐ ÅÝÍÐ
ÔÄÎÄÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÄÃη)
rÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÄÃÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔÞÏÄÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÈ<ËÏÔÈÒÄÍÄ
ÐÊÏÄÙÄÈÔ ÔıÉÈ ÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐÈ ÓÔÒÈÎÍÈÏËÈ ÏÄ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÈ <
ÖÕϱØËË
η
GHI
v\η ∫ I[\G[
D
ÑÒËη{E ¶±ÖÕϱØËË
fÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÐ ÑÐÓÍÈÇÏÈÈ ÐÊÏÄÙÄÈÔ ÓÎ Ñ ÙÔÐ ÇÍÃ
ÍàÅÐÐ ε ! ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔ ÔıÐÈ ηε E ÙÔÐ ÇÍà ±ÄÉÇÐÐ η
ÕÇÐÆÍÈÔÆÐÒÃàÛÈÐÕÓÍÐÆËàηεηEËÆÓÈ×\∈<ÆÝÑÐÍÏÃÈÔ
ÓÃÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐ_v\´v\η_εoÐ
E η E
v\´v\η ∫ I[\G[´ ∫ I[\G[ ∫ I[\G[
D D η
E
qÐßÔÐÎÕ ∫ I[\G[ ε
η
tıËÎÐÅÒÄÊÐÎÕÓÍÐÆËÈv[η {
{v\ÑÒËη{E ´ÒÄÆ
<
ÏÐÓËÍÞÏÐÆÝÑÐÍÏÈÏËàÕÓÍÐÆËÌÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËÃÔ ÈÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒ
ÏÐÌÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔËÏÄÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÈ<ËÏÔÈÒÄÍÄ
± Ò Ê Î Ç Ò Ý rÄÓÓÎÐÔÒËÎËÏÔÈÒÄÍv\ µ[\
∫ \H G[d±Ä
ÙÈÓÔÆÈÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ<ÆÐÊÞÎÈÎÑÐÍÕÐÓÞ\OÑÒËÍàÅÐÎ\ßÔÐÔ
ËÏÔÈÒÄÍ ÒÄÓ×ÐÇËÔÓà mȱРÕÅÈÇËÔÞÓà ÙÔÐ ÒÄÓÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄÈÎÝÌ
ËÏÔÈÒÄÍ Ó×ÐÇËÔÓà ÏÄ < pÏ ÇÄÉÈ ÆÝÙËÓÍÃÈÔÓà ÑÒË \ ÐÏ
ÒÄÆÈÏÏÕÍàÄÑÒË\!ËÎÈÈÎ
´[\ ´[\ ´[\
∫ \H G[ ∫ H G[\ ´H
fÍà ÍàÅÐÐ α ! ÐÏ Ó×ÐÇËÔÓà ÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐ ÏÄ ÑÒÐÎÈÉÕÔ±È
>αfÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÐÆßÔÐÎÓÍÕÙÄÈÍȱÐÑÒÐÆÈÒÃÈÔÓÃÏÄ
ÑÒËÎÈÒÆÝÑÐÍÏÈÏËÈÕÓÍÐÆËÃ
OLP VXS ∫ \Hµ[\G[ OLP VXSHµη\ OLP Hµαη
η → \ O α η η → \Oα η →
oÄÆÓÈÌÉÈ ÑÐÍÕÐÓË < ÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐÌ Ó×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔËÏÈÔ d ÓÄ
ÎÐÎÇÈÍÈ
OLP VXS ∫ \Hµ[\G[ OLP VXSHµη\
η → \O η η → \O
ÒÐÌ ÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇËÔÓÃ ËÏÔÈÒËÒÐÆÄÏËÈ ÈÓÍË Æ ÖÐÒÎÕÍÕ ÊÄÎÈÏÝ
Æ×ÐÇËÔ ÑÄÒÄÎÈÔÒ tı Æ ÑÒËÎÈÒÈ Ó×ÐÇÃÛËÌÓà ËÏÔÈÒÄÍ
∫ IWGWÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐÔı±Ä±ÏÈÊÄÆËÓËÔÐÔÑÄÒÄÎÈÔ
ÒÄÄËÏÔÈÒÄÍ ∫ I\α[G[ÑÐÍÕÙÄàÛËÌÓÃËÊÏÈÐÊÄÎÈÏÐÌÑÈ
ÒÈÎÈÏÏÐÌW \α[ÏÈÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐÏÄÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÈ\!
´ § ° ² § ® ¢ ÑÒÊÉÏÂÌ ¤ÇËÇÒÚÔÒÂÓÓ gÔÎÌ ÔÖÜÉÔÕÇÖÉÕ ÐÉ
ÑÕÓÌÙÅÕÉÎßÐÅÄ×ÖвÙÌÄϕ[ÑÒÓÉÈÉÎÉÐÐÅÄÐÅÒÓÑÏÉÊÖÕ²É
>DEÌÌÐÕÉÓÌÓÖÉÏÅÄÒÑrÌÏÅÐÖÐŲÅÊÈÑÏÑÕÓÉ˲É>Dη@
ÈÉDηEÌÕŲÅÄÚÕÑ
_I[\_Pϕ[ÈÉDP[E\∈<
E
ÌÐÕÉÓÅÎ ∫ ϕ[G[ÔØÑÈÌÕÔÄ
D
ÕÑÌÐÕÉÓÅÎÓÅÇÐÑÏÉÓÐÑÔØÑÈÌÕÔÄÐÅÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÉ<
¦ Ð Ì Â É Â Ô Ç Í Þ Ó Ô Ä Ð qÒÈÉÇÈÆÓÈÐÆÓËÍÕÑÒËÊÏıÄÓÒÄÆÏÈ
ÏËÃÓÎÑ ËÏÔÈÒÄÍÄÅÓÐÍàÔÏÐÄÊÏÄÙËÔËÑÒÐÓ
ÔÐÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃÑÒËÍàÅÐÎ\∈<fÄÍÈÈÆÓËÍÕÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔËËÏÔÈ
E
ÒÄÍÄ ∫ ϕ[G[ÇÍÃÍàÅÐÐÙËÓÍÄε!ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔÔıÐÈηεE
D
E
ÙÔÐÈÓÍËηεηEÔÐ ∫ ϕ[G[εtÐÇÄÆÓËÍÕÕÓÍÐÆËÃÔÈÐ
η
ÒÈÎÝ
E E E
´ § ° ² § ® ¢ ÌÒÊÔÇÒÊË ¬ÐÚÊ ÒÂÄÏÐÎÇÒÏÐË Ó×ÐÆÊÎÐÓÔÊ ÊÏÔÇÅ
ÒÂÍÐÄ fÎÄÕÑÑÚÕÑÆÞÌÐÕÉÓÅÎÓÅÇÐÑÏÉÓÐÑÔØÑÈÌÎ
ÔÄ ÐÅ ÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÉ < ÐÉÑÆØÑÈÌÏÑ Ì ÈÑÔÕÅÕÑÚÐÑ ÚÕÑÆÞ ÈÎÄ
ÎáÆÑÑε!ÔÖÜÉÔÕÇÑÇÅÎÑÕŲÑÉηEÚÕÑÈÎÄÇÔÉØη′Ëη′′
ÖÈÑÇÎÉÕÇÑÓÄáÜÌØÖÔÎÑÇÌÄÏηη′Eηη′′EÌÇÔÉØ\∈<
ÇÞÒÑÎÐÄÎÑÔßÐÉÓÅÇÉÐÔÕÇÑ
η′′
±ÒÊÉÏÂÌÒÂÄÏÐÎÇÒÏÐËÓ×ÐÆÊÎÐÓÔÊÊÏÔÇÅÒÂÍÐÄ
dßÔÐÎÑÕϱÔÈÅÕÇÈÔÇбÄÊÄÏÑÒËÊÏıÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐÌÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓ
ÔËËÏÔÈÒÄÍÐÆÄÏÄÍÐËÙÏÝÌÓÐÐÔÆÈÔÓÔÆÕàÛÈÎÕÑÒËÊÏıÕÇÍÃ
ÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐÌÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔËÒÃÇÐÆÓÎÑ
´ § ° ² § ® ¢ qÖÔÕß ×ÖвÙÌÌ I[ \ Ì J[ \ ÑÒÓÉÈÉÎÉÐÞ
ÈÎÄ[∈>DD∈5Ì\∈< µ5ÒÓÌÚÉÏ×ÖвÙÌÄI[\ÐÉÒÓÉ
ÓÞÇÐÅ ÒÑ ÒÉÓÉÏÉÐÐÑÍ [ Å ×ÖвÙÌÄJ[\ÌÏÉÉÕ ÐÉÒÓÉÓÞÇ
ÐÖáÒÑ[ÒÓÑÌËÇÑÈÐÖágÔÎÌ
×ÖвÙÌÄ J[ \ ÒÓÌ ²ÅÊÈÑÏ \∈< ÏÑÐÑÕÑÐÐÑ ÖÆÞÇÅÉÕ
ÒÑ[ÌÓÅÇÐÑÏÉÓÐÑÔÕÓÉÏÌÕÔIJÐÖÎáÐÅÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÉ<ÒÓÌ
[{
[
ÌÐÕÉÓÅÎÞ ∫ IW \ GW ÑÓÅÐÌÚÉÐÞ Ç ÔÑÇѲÖÒÐÑÔÕÌ ÐÅ
D
ÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÉ >D¨< ÕÑ ÌÐÕÉÓÅÎ
∫ I[\J[\ G[
D
ÓÅÇÐÑÏÉÓÐÑÔØÑÈÌÕÔÄÐÅÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÉ<
¦ Ð Ì Â É Â Ô Ç Í Þ Ó Ô Ä Ð jÊÕÓÍÐÆËÃÔÈÐÒÈÎÝÓÍÈÇÕÈÔÙÔÐ
J[\O
∂J ( [\ )
ËÙÔÐ PÑÐßÔÐÎÕ
∂[
∂J ( [\ ) ´ ∂
J ( [\ )
∂[ ∂[
uÓÍÐÆËÈÔÈÐÒÈÎÝÐÊÏÄÙÄÈÔÙÔÐÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔÔıÄÃÑÐÓÔÐ
ÃÏÏÄÃF!ÙÔÐÇÍÃÆÓÈ×[∈>DË\∈<ÆÝÑÐÍÏÃÈÔÓÃÏÈÒÄ
ÆÈÏÓÔÆÐ
[
[ VLQ [\
± Ò Ê Î Ç Ò jÏÔÈÒÄÍ ∫ G[ ÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐ Ó×ÐÇËÔÓà ÑÒË
[
GHI [
\O\MfÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÐÖÕϱØËÃJ[ ÕÅÝÆÄÈÔÑÒË
[
[OË OLP J[ ÑÒËÙÈÎÑÐÓ±ÐÍÞ±ÕJ[ÏÈÊÄÆËÓËÔÐÔ\
[ →
ÓÔÒÈÎÍÈÏËÈ J[ ± ÏÕÍà ÑÒË [ { ÑÒÐËÓ×ÐÇËÔ ÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐ
ÐÔÏÐÓËÔÈÍÞÏÐ\±ÒÐÎÈÔÐÐ
[
µ FRV [\
∫ VLQW\GW
\
P
\
tıËÎÐÅÒÄÊÐÎÐÅÄÕÓÍÐÆËÃÔÈÐÒÈÎÝÆÝÑÐÍÏÈÏÝ
iÇÊÇÛÇ fбÄÊÄÔÞÙÔÐÈÓÍËÖÕϱØËËI[\ËJ[\ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈ
ÏÝÑÒË´DP[Ë\∈<ÑÒËÙÈÎ ∫ I[\G[ÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃ
D
ÏÄ < Ä ÖÕϱØËà J[ \ ÎÐÏÐÔÐÏÏÄ ÑÐ [ Ë ÐÒÄÏËÙÈÏÄ ÏÄ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÈ
>D¨<ÔÐËÏÔÈÒÄÍ ∫ J[\I[\G[Ó×ÐÇËÔÓÃÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐÏÄ<
D
uqrbhogojgqÕÓÔÞÖÕϱØËËI[ËJ[\ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÝÑÐ[ÖÕϱ
ØËÃJ[\ÎÐÏÐÔÐÏÏÐËÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐÐÔÏÐÓËÔÈÍÞÏÐ\∈<ÓÔÒÈÎËÔÓñÏÕÍà
∂J ( [\ )
ÑÒË [ { Ë ËÎÈÈÔ ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÕà ÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇÏÕà [ O D \∈<
∂[
Ä ËÏÔÈÒÄÍ ∫ I[G[ Ó×ÐÇËÔÓà fбÄÊÄÔÞ ÙÔÐ ËÏÔÈÒÄÍ ∫ I[J[ \G[
D D
ÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃÏÄÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÈ<
³ÄÐËÓÔÄÂÏÇÓÐÃÓÔÄÇÏÏÝ×ÊÏÔÇÅÒÂÍÐÄ
ÉÂÄÊÓáÛÊ×ÐÔÑÂÒÂÎÇÔÒÂ
qÒË ËÊÕÙÈÏËË ÓÆÐÌÓÔÆ ÏÈÓÐÅÓÔÆÈÏÏÝ× ËÏÔÈÒÄÍÐÆ ÊÄÆËÓÃÛË×
ÐÔÑÄÒÄÎÈÔÒÄÐÙÈÏÞÙÄÓÔÐÑÒËÇÈÔÓÃËÎÈÔÞÇÈÍÐÓÑÈÒÈÓÔÄÏÐƱÐÌ
ÑÒÈÇÈÍÞÏÝ× ÑÈÒÈ×ÐÇÐÆ ÑÐ ÒÄÊÍËÙÏÝÎ ÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÝÎ qÐßÔÐÎÕ
ÑÒÈÉÇÈÆÓÈÐÇбÄÉÈÎÍÈÎÎÕÐÔÏÐÓÃÛÕàÓñßÔÐÎÕÆÐÑÒÐÓÕ
§ ® ® ¢ qÖÔÕß;Ì< ¶ÈÇÅÚÌÔÎÑÇÞØÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÅ×Öв
ÙÌÄI[\ÑÒÓÉÈÉÎÉÐÅÐÅÌØÒÓÑÌËÇÉÈÉÐÌÌ;¨<[∈;\∈<
[Ì\ ¶ÚÌÔÎÅÌÎ̲ŲÌÉÕÑÌËÆÉÔ²ÑÐÉÚÐÑÔÕÉÍ´
ÌÔÖÜÉÔÕÇÖáÕ²ÑÐÉÚÐÞÉÒÓÉÈÉÎÞ
ϕ[ OLP I[\[∈;Ìψ\ OLP I[\\∈<
→\ \ [ → [
gÔÎÌ ÔÕÓÉÏÎÉÐÌÉ ×ÖвÙÌÌ I ØÑÕÄ ÆÞ ² ÑÈÐÑÏÖ ÌË Ö²Å
ËÅÐÐÞØ ÒÓÉÈÉÎÑÇ ÒÓÑÌÔØÑÈÌÕ ÓÅÇÐÑÏÉÓÐÑ ÕÑ ÔÖÜÉÔÕÇÖáÕ
Ì ÓÅÇÐÞ ÑÆÅ ÒÑÇÕÑÓÐÞØ ÒÓÉÈÉÎÅ
OLP OLP I[\ OLP OLP I[\
[ → [ \ → \ \ → \ [ → [
¦ Ð Ì Â É Â Ô Ç Í Þ Ó Ô Ä Ð qÕÓÔÞÏÄÑÒËÎÈÒÖÕϱØËÃI[\ÒÄÆ
ÏÐÎÈÒÏÐÏÄ;ÓÔÒÈÎËÔÓñϕ[ÑÒË\{\tÐÇÄÇÍÃÍàÅÐÐ
Ö˱ÓËÒÐÆÄÏÏÐÐ ε ! ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔ Ð±ÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔÞ 8\ ÔıÄÃ
`
ÙÔбıÐÆÝÅÝÏËÅÝÍË\∈8\ <Ë[∈;ÆÝÑÐÍÏÃÈÔÓÃÏÈÒÄ
ÆÈÏÓÔÆÐ
_I[\´ϕ[_ε
gÓÍË\∈8\ <Ë\∈8\ <ÔÐ
` `
_I[\´I[\_P_I[\´ϕ[__ϕ[´I[\_ε
qÈÒÈ×ÐÇÃÊÇÈÓÞ±ÑÒÈÇÈÍÕÑÒË[{[ÑÐÍÕÙËÎ
_ψ\´ψ\_Pε
sÐÍÄÓÏÐ ±ÒËÔÈÒËà lÐÚË ÇÍÃ ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÐÆÄÏËÃ ÑÒÈÇÈÍÄ
ÖÕϱØËË ÓÎ Ñ ËÊ ÓÍÈÇÕÈÔ ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÐÆÄÏËÈ ±Ð
ÏÈÙÏÐÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÄ OLP ψ\ $jÔıÇбÄÊÄÏÐÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÐÆÄÏËÈ
\ → \
ÑÐÆÔÐÒÏÐÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÄ
OLP OLP I[\ $
\ → \ [ → [
ËÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÄÈÐÑÐÆÔÐÒÏÐÎÕÑÒÈÇÈÍÕ
OLP OLP I[\
\ → \ [ → [
ÓÅÇÐÑÏÉÓÐÑÐÅÑÕÓÉ˲É>Dη@ÔÕÓÉÏÌÕÔIJ×ÖвÙÌÌϕ[ÒÓÌ
\ { \
ÌÌÐÕÉÓÅÎ
E
iÇÈÓÞ\ ¶ÙËÓÍÐËÍËÐÇÏÄËÊÅÈÓ±ÐÏÈÙÏÐÓÔÈÌ´
¦ Ð Ì Â É Â Ô Ç Í Þ Ó Ô Ä Ð lıÐÆÐÅÝÏËÅÝÍÐ\∈>FG@ÖÕϱØËÃ
I[\ÑÒË\{\ÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐÏÄÍàÅÐÎÐÔÒÈʱÈ>Dη@DηE
ÓÔÒÈÎËÔÓà ± ÖÕϱØËË I[ \ ÓÎ qÐßÔÐÎÕ ÓÐÍÄÓÏÐ
ÑÒÈÇÝÇÕÛÈÌÔÈÐÒÈÎÈÓÎ
E E
OLP v\ ∫ OLP I[\G[ ∫ I[\G[ v\
\→\ \→\ D D
´ § ° ² § ® ¢ gÔÎÌÇÞÒÑÎÐÉÐÞÒÓÉÈÒÑÎÑÊÉÐÌÄÕÉÑÓÉÏÞÕÑ
G G E E G
¦ Ð Ì Â É Â Ô Ç Í Þ Ó Ô Ä Ð gÓÍËDηEÔÐÑÐÔÈÐÒÈÎÈÑ
ËÎÈÈÎ
G η η G
ÓÅÇÐÑÏÉÓÐÑÔØÑÈÌÕÔÄÐÅÎáÆÑÏÑÕÓÉ˲É>Fη@FηGÅÌÐ
ÕÉÓÅÎ
G
ÓÅÇÐÑÏÉÓÐÑÔØÑÈÌÕÔÄÐÅÎáÆÑÏÑÕÓÉ˲É>Dξ@DξEÌÔÖ
ÜÉÔÕÇÖÉÕÑÈÌÐÌËÈÇÖØÒÑÇÕÑÓÐÞØÌÐÕÉÓÅÎÑÇ
G E E G
ÕÑÔÖÜÉÔÕÇÖáÕÌÓÅÇÐÞÏÉÊÈÖÔÑÆÑÍÑÆÅÒÑÇÕÑÓÐÞØÌÐÕÉ
ÓÅÎÅ
G E E G
¦ Ð Ì Â É Â Ô Ç Í Þ Ó Ô Ä Ð qÕÓÔÞÏÄÑÒËÎÈÒÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔËÏÔÈÒÄÍ
E G
ËÑÕÓÔÞFηGdÓËÍÕÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐÌÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔËÏÄÐÔÒÈʱÈ
>Fη@ËÏÔÈÒÄÍÄÓÐÍÄÓÏÐÔÈÐÒÈÎÈËÎÈÈÎ
η E E η
qÒÈÇÈÍÍÈÆÐÌÙÄÓÔËßÔÐÐÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÄÑÒËη{G´ÐÙÈÆËÇÏÐ
G E
ÒÄÆÈÏ ËÏÔÈÒÄÍÕ ∫ G\ ∫ I[ \G[ qбÄÉÈÎ ÙÔÐ ÑÒÈÇÈÍ ÑÒÄÆÐÌ
F D
E G
ÙÄÓÔËÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÄÒÄÆÈÏËÏÔÈÒÄÍÕ∫ G[∫ I[\G\Ô ÈÙÔÐ
D F
ÆßÔÐÎÓÍÕÙÄÈÆÐÊÎÐÉÈÏÑÒÈÇÈÍÞÏÝÌÑÈÒÈ×ÐÇÑÒËη{G´ÑÐÇ
ÊÏıÐÎ ËÏÔÈÒÄÍÄ qÒÐÆÈÒËÎ ÆÝÑÐÍÏÈÏËÈ ÑÒÈÇÑÐÓÝÍб ÔÈÐÒÈ
η
ÎÝ ßÔÐÐÑÕϱÔÄ vÕϱØËà v[η ∫ I[ \G\ ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÄ
F
ÑÐ [ ÓÎ ÔÈÐÒÈÎÕ Ñ Ë ÓÐÍÄÓÏÐ ÕÓÍÐÆËà ÔÈÐÒÈÎÝ ÏÄ
ÍàÅÐÎÐÔÒÈʱÈ>Dξ@DξEÑÒËη{G´ÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐÓÔÒÈ
G
ÎËÔÓà ± ËÏÔÈÒÄÍÕ Ô È ± ÖÕϱØËË )[ ∫ I[ \G\
F
oıÐÏÈØËÏÔÈÒÄÍ
E E η
Ó×ÐÇËÔÓÃÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐÐÔÏÐÓËÔÈÍÞÏÐηFηGÔı±Ä±
G
_v[η_P ∫ _I[\_G\
F
sÐÍÄÓÏÐ ÔÈÐÒÈÎÈ Ñ ±ÄÉÇÝÌ ÙÍÈÏ ÒÃÇÄ ÃÆ
ÍÃÈÔÓÃ ÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇÏÐÌ ÑÐ ÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÐÌ \ ÐÔ ÓÐÐÔÆÈÔÓÔÆÕàÛÈÐ
ÙÍÈÏÄÒÃÇÄÄÑÐßÔÐÎÕÆÓËÍÕÔÈÐÒÈÎÝÐÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØË
ÒÐÆÄÏËËÒÃÇÐÆÓÎÑ ÓÕÎÎÄÒÃÇÄÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃÑÒÐ
ËÊÆÐÇÏÐÌÓÕÎÎÝÒÃÇÄ
lıÕÉÈÐÔÎÈÙÄÍÐÓÞÆÓÈÑÒÈÇÝÇÕÛËÈÖÐÒÎÕÍËÒÐƱËËÇÐ
±ÄÊÄÔÈÍÞÓÔÆÄÐÔÏÐÓÃÔÓñÏÈÓÐÅÓÔÆÈÏÏÝÎËÏÔÈÒÄÍÄÎÊÄÆËÓÃ
ÛËÎÐÔÑÄÒÄÎÈÔÒıÐÔÐÒÝÈÕÇÐÆÍÈÔÆÐÒÃàÔÕÓÍÐÆËÃÎË
ÓÖÐÒÎÕÍËÒÐÆÄÏÏÝÎÆÏÄÙÄÍÈÑ sÐÆÈÒÚÈÏÏÐÄÏÄÍÐËÙÏÐ
ÒÄÓÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄàÔÓÃËÇÒÕËÈÓÍÕÙÄËÏÄÑÒËÎÈÒ±ÐÇÄ
′ ´PDEP
′ ÑÒË ÍàÅÐÎ \∈< ÖÕϱØËà I[ \ ÏÄ ÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÐÌ [ ËÏÔÈ
ÒËÒÕÈÎÄÑÐrËÎÄÏÕÏıÄÉÇÐÎÐÔÒÈʱÈ>ξη@ÇÈDξηE
qÐÓÔÒÐÈÏÏÄÃÔÈÐÒËÃËÏÔÈÒÄÍÐÆÊÄÆËÓÃÛË×ÐÔÑÄÒÄÎÈÔÒÄ
ÈÓÔÈÓÔÆÈÏÏÝÎ ÐÅÒÄÊÐÎ ÑÈÒÈÏÐÓËÔÓÃ Ë ÏÄ ÓÍÕÙÄÌ ±ÐÇÄ ËÏÔÈ
ÒÄÍÊÄÆËÓËÔÐÔÇÆÕ×ËÍËÆÐÐÅÛÈÐÔÏȱÐÔÐÒÐбÐÏÈÙÏÐÐÙËÓ
ÍÄÑÄÒÄÎÈÔÒÐÆ\\QqÒËßÔÐÎÎÏÐËÈÖÐÒÎÕÍËÒÐƱËÐÑ
ÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËÌËÔÈÐÒÈÎÄÔıÉÈÇбÄÊÄÔÈÍÞÓÔÆÄÖÐÒÎÄÍÞÏÐÐÓÔÄ
àÔÓà ÑÒÈÉÏËÎË ÈÓÍË ÔÐÍޱРƱÍÄÇÝÆÄÔÞ ÏÐÆÝÌ ÓÎÝÓÍ Æ
ÑÒËÎÈÏÃÈÎÝÈÐÅÐÊÏÄÙÈÏËÃÔÐÐÔÏÐÓËÔÓÃÏÄÑÒËÎÈÒ±ÐÑÒÈ
ÇÈÍÈÏËàÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐÌÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔËËÔÈÐÒÈÎÈÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÞÏÐÎÑÈ
ÒÈ×ÐÇÈÑÐÇÊÏıÐÎËÏÔÈÒÄÍÄÓÍÈÇÕÈÔÔÐÍÞ±ÐÓÙËÔÄÔÞÙÔÐ\
\ \Q ¶ ±ÐÏÈÙÏÄà ÔÐÙ±Ä QÎÈÒÏÐÐ ÈƱÍËÇÐÆÄ ÑÒÐ
ÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÄ \ ¶ ±ÐÏÈÙÏÄà ËÍË ÅÈÓ±ÐÏÈÙÏÐ ÕÇÄÍÈÏÏÄà ÔÐÙ±Ä
ÔÐÐ ÉÈ ÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÄ Ä\ { \ ÑÐÏËÎÄÔÞ Æ ÓÎÝÓÍÈ ÑÒÈÇÈÍÄ Æ
ßÔÐÎÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÈ
±ÒÊÎÇÏÇÏÊÇÔÇÐÒÊÊÊÏÔÇÅÒÂÍÐÄ
ÉÂÄÊÓáÛÊ×ÐÔÑÂÒÂÎÇÔÒÂ
ÌÄÝÙÊÓÍÇÏÊàÐÑÒÇÆÇÍÇÏÏÝ×ÊÏÔÇÅÒÂÍÐÄ
fÐÓË×ÑÐÒÆÏÄÚÈÎÒÄÓÑÐÒÃÉÈÏËËÅÝÍÐÇÆÄÓÑÐÓÐÅÄÆÝÙËÓÍÈ
ÏËÃÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏÏÝ×ËÏÔÈÒÄÍÐÆqÈÒÆÝÌËÊÏË×ËÓ×ÐÇËÔËÊÐÑ
ÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËÃËÏÔÈÒÄÍııÑÒÈÇÈÍÄËÏÔÈÒÄÍÞÏÝ×ÓÕÎÎËÚËÒÐ
±Ð ËÓÑÐÍÞÊÕÈÔÓÃ Æ ÙËÓÍÈÏÏÝ× ÎÈÔÐÇÄ× Ó ÏËÎË ÎÝ ÅÐÍÈÈ ÑÐÇ
ÒÐÅÏÐÐÊÏıÐÎËÎÓÃÆÑ dÔÐÒÐÌÓÑÐÓÐűÐÔÐÒÝÎÎÝÕÉÈ
ÑÐÓÔÐÃÏÏÐÑÐÍÞÊÐÆÄÍËÓÞÐÓÏÐÆÄÏÏÄÏÄ×ÐÉÇÈÏËËÑÈÒÆÐÐÅÒÄÊ
ÏÐÌÑÐÇÝÏÔÈÒÄÍÞÏÐÌÖÕϱØËËËÑÒËÎÈÏÈÏËËÖÐÒÎÕÍÝoÞà
ÔÐÏĶmÈÌÅÏËØÄ p±ÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÓà ÙÔÐ ËÏÐÇÄ ÕÇÄÈÔÓà ÑÐÍÕÙÄÔÞ
ÔÐÙÏÝÈ ÊÏÄÙÈÏËà ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏÏÝ× ËÏÔÈÒÄÍÐÆ ËÓÑÐÍÞÊÕà ÔÈÐ
ÒËàËÏÔÈÒÄÍÐÆÊÄÆËÓÃÛË×ÐÔÑÄÒÄÎÈÔÒÄqÒËßÔÐÎØÈÏÏÐÓÔÞ
ßÔÐÐÎÈÔÐÇÄÓÐÓÔÐËÔÆÔÐÎÙÔÐÓÈÐÑÐÎÐÛÞàÆÒÃÇÈÓÍÕÙÄÈÆ
ÆÝÙËÓÍÃàÔÓÃËÏÔÈÒÄÍÝÐÔÖÕϱØËÌÑÈÒÆÐÐÅÒÄÊÏÝȱÐÔÐÒÝ×
ÏÈÃÆÍÃàÔÓÃßÍÈÎÈÏÔÄÒÏÝÎËÖÕϱØËÃÎËËÔÈÎÓÄÎÝÎÐÅÝÙ
ÏÝÌÓÑÐÓÐÅËÓÑÐÍÞÊÐÆÄÏËÃÖÐÒÎÕÍÝoÞàÔÐÏĶmÈÌÅÏËØÄбÄ
ÊÝÆÄÈÔÓÃÏÈÑÒËÎÈÏËÎÝÎ
± Ò Ê Î Ç Ò Ý qÕÓÔÞÔÒÈÅÕÈÔÓÃÆÝÙËÓÍËÔÞËÏÔÈÒÄÍ
DUFWJ[
- ∫
G[
[ µ [
qÒËÆÈÇÈÎ ÓÑÐÓÐÅÝ ÆÝÙËÓÍÈÏËÃ ßÔÐÐ ËÏÔÈÒÄÍÄ ÐÓÏÐÆÄÏÏÝÈ
ÏÄÈÐÊÄÎÈÏÈÏȱÐÔÐÒÝÎËÏÔÈÒÄÍÐÎÊÄÆËÓÃÛËÎÐÔÑÄÒÄÎÈÔ
ÒÄÇÍñÐÔÐÒÐÐÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃÙÄÓÔÏÝÎÊÏÄÙÈÏËÈÎ
rÄÓÓÎÐÔÒËÎÖÕϱØËàI[\ DUFWJ[\
ËËÏÔÈÒÄÍ
[ µ [
-\ ∫ I[\G[ ∫ DUFWJ[\
G[
[ µ [
pÙÈÆËÇÏÐÙÔÐËÏÔÈÒÄÍÑÐÍÕÙÄÈÔÓÃÐÔÓàÇÄÑÒË\
tı±Ä± DUFWJ[\ DUFWJ[\
2 ÑÒË[{Ë 2 ÑÒË
[ µ[ [ µ[ µ [
[{ËÍàÅÐÎÖ˱ÓËÒÐÆÄÏÏÐÎ\ÔÐËÏÔÈÒÄÍÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃ
ÑÒËÍàÅÐÎ\
∂I ( [\ )
jÊÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÄ P
ËÓ×Ð
∂\ ( [\ ) µ [ µ [
∂[ π
ÇËÎÐÓÔËËÏÔÈÒÄÍÄ ∫
ÓÍÈÇÕÈÔÙÔÐËÏÔÈÒÄÍ
µ [
∂I ( [\ )
∫ G[
∂\
ÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐ Ó×ÐÇËÔÓà ÏÄ ÆÓÈÌ ÆÈÛÈÓÔÆÈÏÏÐÌ ÐÓË Ë ÓÐÍÄÓÏÐ
ÔÈÐÒÈÎÈÑ ÒÄÆÈÏ-′\
dÝÑÐÍÏËÆ ÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐ ÊÄÎÈÏÝ ÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÐÐ ËÏÔÈÒË
ÒÐÆÄÏËÃ[ FRVϕËϕ DUFWJWÑÐÍÕÙËÎ
π/
G[ Gϕ GW
-′\ ∫
∫
∫
W
( [ \ ) µ [
\ FRV ϕ
\
W π
DUFWJ
\ \
\
pÔÓàÇÄ ÓÐÍÄÓÏÐ ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËà ÏÈÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏÏÐÐ ËÏÔÈÒÄÍÄ
ÆÝÔȱÄÈÔÙÔÐ
-\ ∫ -′\G\ π ∫
G\ π
OQ\ \ &
\
oÐËÊÓÍÈÇÕÈÔÙÔÐ- ÑÐßÔÐÎÕ& Ë
-\ π OQ\ \
qÐÇÓÔÄÆÍÃÃÓàÇÄ\ ÑÐÍÕÙÄÈÎÊÏÄÙÈÏËÈËÓ±ÐÎÐÐËÏÔÈÒÄ
ÍÄ- - π OQ
jÏÔÈÒÄÍ ÎÐÉÏÐ ÆÝÙËÓÍËÔÞ Ë ËÓÑÐÍÞÊÕÃ ËÏÔÈÒË
ÒÐÆÄÏËÈ ÑÐÑÄÒÄÎÈÔÒÕ iÄÎÈÔËÆÙÔÐ DUFWJ[ G\
∫
ÑÐÍÕ
[
[ \
ÙËÎÇÍÃ-ÆÝÒÄÉÈÏËÈ
G[ G\
- ∫
∫
µ [
[ \
G[
jÏÔÈÒÄÍ ÉÈ ∫
Ó×ÐÇËÔÓà ÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐ ÑÐ \ Ôı
( [\ ) µ [
G[
±Ä±
P Ä ËÏÔÈÒÄÍ Ó×ÐÇËÔÓÃ
∫
( [ \ ) µ [ µ [ µ [
qÐßÔÐÎÕ Æ ÎÐÉÏÐ ÑÈÒÈÎÈÏËÔÞ ÑÐÒÃÇб ËÏÔÈÒËÒÐÆÄ
ÏËÃ ÓÎ ÔÈÐÒÈÎÕ Ñ tÐÇÄ ËÓÑÐÍÞÊÕÃ ÏÈÑÐÓÒÈÇÓÔÆÈÏ
ÏÐÏÄÌÇÈÏÏÐÈÆÝÚÈÊÏÄÙÈÏËÈÑÐÍÕÙÄàÛÈÐÓÃËÏÔÈÒÄÍÄÑÐ[
ÏÄ×ÐÇËÎ
G[ π G\ π
- ∫ G\∫
∫ OQ
( [ \ ) µ [ \
dÝÙËÓÍËÎÊÏÄÙÈÏËÈËÏÔÈÒÄÍÄ
VLQ α[
,α ∫
G[
[
nÐÉÏÐ ÑбÄÊÄÔÞ ÙÔÐ ÓÐÐÔÆÈÔÓÔÆÕàÛËÌ ÏÈÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏÏÝÌ ËÏ
ÔÈÒÄÍÑÒËα ÏÈÆÝÒÄÉÄÈÔÓÃÙÈÒÈÊßÍÈÎÈÏÔÄÒÏÝÈÖÕϱØËË
Ë ÔÈÎ ÓÄÎÝÎ ÇÄÏÏÝÌ ËÏÔÈÒÄÍ ÏÈÍÞÊÃ ÆÝÙËÓÍËÔÞ ÐÅÝÙÏÝÎ
ÑÒËÈÎÐÎÓÑÐÎÐÛÞàÖÐÒÎÕÍÝoÞàÔÐÏĶmÈÌÅÏËØÄ
jÏÔÈÒÄÍ Ó×ÐÇËÔÓà ÑÒË ÆÓÈ× ÊÏÄÙÈÏËÃ× α fÈÌ
ÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÐÈÓÍËα ÔÐÐÙÈÆËÇÏÐ, gÓÍËÉÈα
ÔÐÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇÃÊÄÎÈÏÕÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÐÐW α[ÑÒËα!ËW ´α[
ÑÒËαÑÐÍÕÙËÎ
VLQ W
∫ GW , ÈÓÍËα!
W
,α
VLQ W
´ ∫
GW ´, ÈÓÍËα
W
jÏÔÈÒÄÍÉÈ,Ó×ÐÇËÔÓÃÓÎÔÑ ÑÐßÔÐÎÕËËÏÔÈ
ÒÄÍ,αÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃ
fÍÃ ÔÐÐ ÙÔÐÅÝ ÆÝÙËÓÍËÔÞ ËÏÔÈÒÄÍ ÒÄÓÓÎÐÔÒËÎ
VLQ α[
ÅÐÍÈÈ ÐÅÛËÌ ËÏÔÈÒÄÍ ,α β ∫ Hµβ[
G[ Ó×ÐÇÃÛËÌÓÃ
[
ÑÒËβO
qÒÐÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÐÆÄÆÖÐÒÎÄÍÞÏÐÑÐαÑÐÇÊÏıÐÎËÏÔÈÒÄÍÄ
ÑÐÍÕÙËÎ ËÏÔÈÒÄÍ ∫ Hµβ[ FRV α[G[ ±ÐÔÐÒÝÌ ÑÒË ÍàÅÐÎ Ö˱ÓË
ÒÐÆÄÏÏÐÎβ!ÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃÐÔÏÐÓËÔÈÍÞÏÐÑÄÒÄÎÈÔÒÄα
´αsÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÑÒËβ!ÓÎÔÑ
∂, ( αβ ) H µβ[ ( α VLQ α[ µ β FRV α[ ) β
∫ Hµβ[FRVα[G[
∂α
α β α β
ÐÔ±ÕÇÄ
α
βGW α
,αβ ∫
&β DUFWJ &β
W β β
oÐ,β ÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐ&β jÔı
,αβ DUFWJ α
β!
β
oÄÓ ÐÇÏıРËÏÔÈÒÈÓÕÈÔ ÊÏÄÙÈÏËÈ ËÏÔÈÒÄÍÄ ,α β ÑÒË
β qÒÐÛÈ ÆÓÈÐ ÑÐÑÝÔÄÔÞÓÃ ÐÅÐÓÏÐÆÄÔÞ ÆÐÊÎÐÉÏÐÓÔÞ ÑÒÈ
ÇÈÍÞÏÐÐÑÈÒÈ×ÐÇÄÑÐÇÊÏıÐÎËÏÔÈÒÄÍÄ,αβÑÒËβ{
iÄÖ˱ÓËÒÕÈÎÙËÓÍÐE!ËÑбÄÉÈÎÙÔÐËÏÔÈÒÄÍ,αβÑÒË
ÍàÅÐÎ Ö˱ÓËÒÐÆÄÏÏÐÎ α ÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐ Ó×ÐÇËÔÓà ÑÐ ÑÄÒÄ
ÎÈÔÒÕ β ÏÄ ÐÔÒÈÊ±È > E@ fÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÐ ËÏÔÈÒËÒÕà ÑÐ ÙÄÓ
ÔÃÎÓÎÔÄÎÉÈÑ ÑÐÍÕÙËÎ
µβ[ VLQ α[ G[
∫ H
[
η
α FRV α[ β VLQ α[
´ Hµβ[ ´ ∫ Hµβ[ α FRV α[ β VLQ α[ G[
[ α β
η
α β
[
η
iÄÇÄÇËÎÑÒÐËÊÆÐÍÞÏÐε!dÝÅÈÒÈÎηεÔıÙÔÐÅÝÑÒËη!ηε
ÆÝÑÐÍÏÃÍËÓÞÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÄ
α FRV αη β VLQ αη µηβ η α E ε
H P
α β
η α
η
µβ[ α FRV α[ β VLQ α[ G[ α E G[ ε
∫ H
P
α ∫
η α β [ η [
VLQ α[
tÐÇÄÑÒËη!ηεÑÐÍÕÙËÎ ∫ Hµβ[
G[ εÙÔÐËÇбÄÊÝÆÄÈÔ
η [
ÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÕàÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔÞËÏÔÈÒÄÍÄ,αβÑÐÑÄÒÄÎÈÔÒÕβÏÄ
ÍàÅÐÎÐÔÒÈʱÈ>E@tÈÑÈÒÞÆÓËÍÕÔÈÐÒÈÎÝÑ
,α ,α OLP ,αβ OLP DUFWJ α π
VLJQα
β→ β → β
ËÔı
π ÈÓÍËα!
VLQ α[
G[
,α ∫ ÈÓÍËα
[ ´π ÈÓÍËα
sÍÈÇÕÈÔÐÅÒÄÔËÔÞÆÏËÎÄÏËÈÏÄÔÐÙÔÐÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÐÆÄÏËÈÑÐ
αÆÑÒËÆÈÍÐÅݱÒÄÓ×ÐÇÃÛÈÎÕÓÃËÏÔÈÒÄÍÕ ∫ FRVα[G[
pÏÐÓÔÄÍÐÆÐÊÎÐÉÏÝÎÆ,(αβ)ÅÍÄÐÇÄÒÃÏÄÍËÙËàÎÏÐÉËÔÈ
ÍÃHµβ[β!ÏÄÊÝÆÄÈÎÐÐÏÐÑÊÌÕÉÎÉÏÔØÑÈÌÏÑÔÕÌdÝÙËÓ
ÍÈÏËÈ ËÏÔÈÒÄÍÄ ÆËÇÄ ∫ I[G[ ÑÕÔÈÎ ÑÈÒÈ×ÐÇÄ ± ∫ Hµβ[ I[G[
ÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÐÆÄÏËÃÑÐβÏÄ×ÐÉÇÈÏËÃÑÐÍÕÙÈÏÏÐÐËÏÔÈÒÄÍÄ
ËÑÈÒÈ×ÐÇıÑÒÈÇÈÍÕÑÒËβ{ÏÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÓÃÏÉÕÑÈÑÏÇÇÉÈÉÐÌÄ
ÏÐÑÊÌÕÉÎÄÔØÑÈÌÏÑÔÕÌ
iÏÄÏËÈ ÊÏÄÙÈÏËà ,α ÑÐÊÆÐÍÃÈÔ ÍȱРÏÄ×ÐÇËÔÞ Ë ÊÏÄÙÈ
ÏËÈ ÎÏÐË× ÑÐÇÐÅÏÝ× ËÏÔÈÒÄÍÐÆ oÄÑÒËÎÈÒ ÍȱРÎÐÉÏÐ
ÑбÄÊÄÔÞËßÔÐÎÝËÓÑÐÍÞÊÕÈÎÆÇÄÍÞÏÈÌÚÈÎÙÔÐ
µ FRV α[
∫ G[ _α_π
´ [
fÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÐËÏÔÈÒËÒÕÃÑÐÙÄÓÔÃÎÏÄÌÇÈÎ
µ FRV α[ VLQ α[ VLQ α[
∫ G[ α ∫ G[ α ∫ G[ _α_π
´ [
´ [
[
¿ËÍÇÒÐÄÝÊÏÔÇÅÒÂÍÝ
rÄÓÓÎÐÔÒËÎËÏÔÈÒÄÍÝ
ΒST ∫ [ Sµ´[TµG[
ΓV ∫ [VµHµ[G[
ÏÄÊÝÆÄÈÎÝÈàÍÎÉÓÑÇÞÏÌÌÐÕÉÓÅÎÅÏÌÓÐÐÔÆÈÔÓÔÆÈÏÏÐÒÉÓÇÑÑ
Ë ÇÕÑÓÑÑ ÓÑÈÅ jÏÔÈÒÄÍ ÏÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÓà ÔıÉÈ ÆÉÕÅ
×ÖвÙÌÉÍÄ ¶ÅÏÏÅ×ÖвÙÌÉÍ
dÝÃÓÏËÎ ÑÒÈÉÇÈ ÆÓÈÐ ÇÍà ±Ä±Ë× ÊÏÄÙÈÏËÌ ÑÄÒÄÎÈÔÒÐÆ
S T Ë V ËÎÈàÔ ÓÎÝÓÍ ÑÒÄÆÝÈ ÙÄÓÔË ÖÐÒÎÕÍ Ë
rÄÓÓÎÐÔÒËÎÓÏÄÙÄÍÄËÏÔÈÒÄÍqÐÇÝÏÔÈÒÄÍÞÏÄÃÖÕϱ
ØËÃ ËÎÈÈÔ ÆÐÐÅÛÈ ÐÆÐÒÃ ÇÆÈ ÐÓÐÅÈÏÏÐÓÔË ÑÒË [ Ë ÑÒË
[ ÑÐßÔÐÎÕÑÒÈÇÓÔÄÆËÎÈÐÆÆËÇÈ
1/
ΒST ∫ [ Sµ´[TµG[ ∫ [ Sµ´[TµG[
sÒÄÆÏËÆÄÃ ÑÈÒÆÝÌ ËÏÔÈÒÄÍ Æ ÑÒÄÆÐÌ ÙÄÓÔË Ó ËÏÔÈÒÄÍÐÎ
1/
SµG[ÄÆÔÐÒÐÌ ¶Ó ∫ ´[TµG[±ÐÔÐÒÝÈÓ×ÐÇÃÔÓÃÓÐÐÔ
∫[
ÆÈÔÓÔÆÈÏÏÐÑÒËS!ËT!ËÓÐÐÔÆÈÔÓÔÆÈÏÏÐÒÄÓ×ÐÇÃÔÓÃÑÒË
ÆÝÑÐÍÏÈÏËË ÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆ S P Ë T P ÓÎ Ñ ÑÐÍÕÙËÎ
ÙÔÐ ÐÅÍÄÓÔÞà ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËà ÅÈÔÄÖÕϱØËË Æ ÑÍÐÓ±ÐÓÔË
STÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃÑÒÃÎÐÌÕÐÍS!T!fÄÍÈÈËÏÔÈÒÄÍ%ST
ÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃƱÄÉÇÐÎÑÒÃÎÐÎÕÍÈSOSTOT±Ä
±ÐÆÝÅÝÏËÅÝÍËS!ËT! fÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÐßÔÐÓÍÈÇÕÈÔ
ÓÐÍÄÓÏÐÑÒËÊÏıÕdÈÌÈÒÚÔÒÄÓÓÄÓÎÑ ËÊÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÄ
S µ T µ
[ Sµ´[TµP[ ´ [ ) P[P
ËÇбÄÊÄÏÏÐÌÆÝÚÈÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔËËÏÔÈÒÄÍÄ
S µ T µ
ΒST ∫ [ ´ [ ) G[S!T!
qÐÓ±ÐÍÞ±ÕÆÓñÄÃÔÐÙ±ÄSTS!T!ÑÒËÏÄÇÍÈÉËÔÏȱÐ
ÔÐÒÐÎÕÕÍÕS!ST!TÑÒËÓÐÐÔÆÈÔÓÔÆÕàÛÈÎÆÝÅÐÒÈÙËÓÈÍ
S!ËT!ÆÓËÍÕÔÈÐÒÈÎÝÑ ÖÕϱØËÃΒSTÏÈ
ÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÄÑÐÆÓÈÌÓÆÐÈÌÐÅÍÄÓÔËÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËÃ
fÍà ÐÔÝÓ±ÄÏËà ÐÅÍÄÓÔË ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËà ÄÎÎÄÖÕϱØËË
ÑÒÈÇÓÔÄÆËÎÈÈÆÆËÇÈ
ΓV ∫ [VµHµ[G[ ∫ [VµHµ[G[
sÒÄÆÏËÆÄÃÑÈÒÆÐÈÓÍÄÄÈÎÐÈÆÑÒÄÆÐÌÙÄÓÔËÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÄÓËÏÔÈÒÄ
ÍÐÎ∫ [VµG[±ÐÔÐÒÝÌÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃÑÒËV!ËÒÄÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃÑÒËVP
ÑÐÍÕÙËÎÙÔÐ∫ [VµHµ[G[Ó×ÐÇËÔÓÃËÒÄÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃÑÒËÔÈ×ÉÈÊÏÄ
ÙÈÏËÃ×ÑÄÒÄÎÈÔÒÄVyÔÐÉȱÄÓÄÈÔÓÃÆÔÐÒÐÐËÏÔÈÒÄÍÄÆÑÒÄÆÐÌ
ÙÄÓÔË ÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÄ ÔÐ ÐÏ Ó×ÐÇËÔÓà ÑÒË ÆÓÈ× ÊÏÄÙÈÏËÃ× V
ÔÐÏÄÑÒËÎÈÒÓÍÈÇÕÈÔËÊÓÑÒÄÆÈÇÍËÆÐÓÔËÑÒËÍàÅÐÎVÄÓËÎÑÔÐ
ÔËÙÈÓ±ÐÐÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÄ[V µHµ[ RHµ[ÇÍÃ[{ËËÊÓ×ÐÇË
ÎÐÓÔË ËÏÔÈÒÄÍÄ ∫ Hµ[G[ Hµ tıËÎ ÐÅÒÄÊÐÎ ËÏÔÈÒÄÍ
Ó×ÐÇËÔÓÃÇÍÃÆÓÈ×V!ËÒÄÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃÑÒËVP
qбÄÉÈÎÔÈÑÈÒÞÙÔÐËÏÔÈÒÄÍÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐÓ×ÐÇËÔ
Óà ÏÄ ÆÓñÐÎ ÐÔÒÈÊ±È >V V@ ÇÈ V V fÈÌÓÔÆË
ÔÈÍÞÏÐÑÕÓÔÞVPVPVÔÐÇÄÈÓÍËP[PÔÐ
V µ µ[
[VµHµ[P[ H
ÄÈÓÍË[OÔÐ
V µ µ[
[VµHµ[P[ H
V µ
V µ µ[
ËÔı±Ä±ËÏÔÈÒÄÍÝ ∫ [ H G[Ë [ Hµ[G[Ó×ÐÇÃÔÓÃÔÐ
∫
ËÊÖÐÒÎÕÍÝÆÓËÍÕÑÒËÊÏıÄdÈÌÈÒÚÔÒÄÓÓÄÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒ
ÏÐÌ Ó×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔË ËÏÔÈÒÄÍÐÆ ÓÎ Ñ ÆÝÔȱÄÈÔ ÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒ
ÏÄÃÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔÞËÏÔÈÒÄÍÄΓVÏÄÐÔÒÈʱÈ>VV@pÔÓàÇÄÆÓË
ÍÕÔÈÐÒÈÎÝÑ ÓÍÈÇÕÈÔÙÔÐÖÕϱØËÃΓVÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÄÆÐ
ÆÓÈÌÓÆÐÈÌÐÅÍÄÓÔËÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËÃ
uqrbhogojgfбÄÊÄÔÞÙÔÐÖÕϱØËËΒSTËΓVÅÈÓ±ÐÏÈÙÏÐÇËÖ
ÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÕÈÎÝ
fÎÄ ÎáÆÞØS!ÌT!
Tµ
ΒST
ΒST´
STµ
bÏÄÍÐËÙÏÐ Æ ÓËÍÕ ÓËÎÎÈÔÒËË ÓÎ ÇÍà ÍàÅÝ×
T!ËS!
Sµ
ΒST
ΒS´T
STµ
fÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÐ ÑÒÐËÏÔÈÒËÒÐÆÄÆ ÑÐ ÙÄÓÔÃÎ Ë ÊÄ
ÎÈÔËÆÙÔÐ[S´[Tµ [Sµ´[Tµ´[S µ ´[TµÑÐ
ÍÕÙËÎ
[ ( µ [) S S Tµ Tµ
ΒST ∫ ´[T´G [
∫ [S´[TµG[
S S
S
µ Sµ µ
T
∫ [ ´[TµG[´ T
∫ [Sµ´[TµG[
S
S
Tµ Tµ
ΒST´´ ΒST
S S
ÐÔ±ÕÇÄÓÍÈÇÕÈÔÄÆÓËÍÕÓËÎÎÈÔÒËËË
fÎÄ ÎáÆÞØÓ!
( Q µ )
ΒSQ ΒQS
Q
S ( S ) ( S Q µ )
ÔÄÖÐÒÎÕÍÄÑÐÍÕÙÄÈÔÓÃÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÝÎÑÒËÎÈÏÈÏËÈÎÓÐÐÔÏÐ
ÚÈÏËà ÈÓÍË ÔÐÍޱРÊÄÎÈÔËÔÞ ÙÔÐ ΒS ∫ [ S µ G[
ΒST Γ S ΓT
S!T!
Γ( S T)
fбÄÉÈÎ ÈÈ ÓÍÈÇÕà ÎÈÔÐÇÕ fËÒË×ÍÈ sÇÈÍÄÈÎ Æ ÖÐÒÎÕÍÈ
ÊÄÎÈÏÕÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÐÐ[ W\W!
ΓV
V ∫ \VµHµW\G\
( W)
ËÑÐÍÐÉËÎV STS!T!ÔÐÇÄ
ΓS T STµHµW\G\
∫\
( W )S T
uÎÏÐÉËÎÐÅÈÙÄÓÔËßÔÐÐÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÄÏÄW SµËÑÒÐËÏÔÈÒËÒÕÈÎ
ÑÐWÐÔÇÐ
Sµ
W
ΓST ∫
GW ∫ WSµGW ∫ \STµHµW\G\
( W )S T
d ËÏÔÈÒÆÄÍÈ ÓÔÐÃÛÈÎ Æ ÍÈÆÐÌ ÙÄÓÔË ßÔÐÐ ÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÄ ÆÝÑÐÍ
[
ÏËÎÊÄÎÈÏÕÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÐÐW
µ[
WS µ Sµ
∫ GW ∫ [ ´[TµG[ ΒST
( W )S T
fÍÃÆÝÙËÓÍÈÏËÃÑÒÄÆÐÌÙÄÓÔËÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÄÊÄÎÈÔËÎÙÔÐ
Sµ STµH µW\G\
∫ W GW ∫ \
OLP ∫ WSµGW ∫\
STµHµW\G\
ξ → ξ
fÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÐÐÅÐÊÏÄÙÄÃvWξ ∫ \ S T µ Hµ W\G\ËÊÐØÈ
ξ
Ïб
ξ
PvW´vWξP∫ \STµHµ\G\
Sµ Sµ
∫ W vWξGWP ∫ W vWGW
ÊıÍàÙÄÈÎ ÙÔÐ ÑÒË ξ { ÖÕϱØËà vW ξ ÓÔÒÈÎËÔÓà ±
vW ÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐ ÐÔÏÐÓËÔÈÍÞÏÐ W∈ Ë ÙÔÐ ËÏÔÈÒÄÍ
SµvWξGWÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃÐÔÏÐÓËÔÈÍÞÏÐξÔı±Ä±
∫W
Ó×ÐÇËÔÓà ËÏÔÈÒÄÍ sÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐ Æ ÑÒÄÆÐÌ ÙÄÓÔË
ÎÐÉÏÐÑÈÒÈÌÔ˱ÑÒÈÇÈÍÕÑÐÇÊÏıÐÎÆÏÈÚÏÈÐËÏÔÈ
ÒÄÍÄfÄÍÈÈ
Sµ STµHµW\G\
∫ W GW ∫ \
ξ
∫ \STµHµ\G\ ∫ W SµHµW\GWξ!SOTO
ξ
qÈÒÈÓÔÄÏÐƱÄÑÐÒÃDZÄËÏÔÈÒËÒÐÆÄÏËÃÊÇÈÓÞÆÐÊÎÐÉÏÄÆÓËÍÕ
ÔÐÐÙÔÐÆÐÑÈÒÆÝ×ËÏÔÈÒÄÍW Sµ ∫ \STµHµW\G\ÒÄÆÏÐ
ξ
ÎÈÒÏÐ Ó×ÐÇËÔÓà ÑÐ W ÏÄ ÍàÅÐÎ ÐÔÒÈÊ±È > D@ ÙÔÐ ÓÍÈÇÕÈÔ ËÊ
ÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐÌÐØÈϱËÑÐÇÝÏÔÈÒÄÍÞÏÐÌÖÕϱØËË
WSµ\STµHµW\PDSµ\STµHµ\PWPD
ËÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔËËÏÔÈÒÄÍÄ ∫ \ S T µH µ\G\ÆÐÆÔÐÒÝ×ËÏÔÈÒÄÍ
ξ
\ STµH µ\ ∫ W SµH µW\GWÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃÑÐ\ÏÄÍàÅÐÎÐÔ
ÒÈʱÈ>ξE@ξ!ÙÔÐÓÍÈÇÕÈÔËÊÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐÌÐØÈϱËÑÐÇÝÏ
ÔÈÒÄÍÞÏÐÌ ÖÕϱØËË \ S T µ H µ\ W S µ H µW\ P E S T µ W S µ H µξW Ë
Ó×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔËËÏÔÈÒÄÍÄ ∫ W SµH µξWGWÆÔÒÈÔÞË×ËÏÔÈÒÄÍÓÔÐÃ
ÛËÌÆÑÒÄÆÐÌÙÄÓÔËÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÄÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔtıËÎÐÅ
ÒÄÊÐÎ ÊıÐÏÏÐÓÔÞ ÑÈÒÈÓÔÄÏÐÆ±Ë ÑÐÒÃÇ±Ä ËÏÔÈÒËÒÐÆÄÏËà Æ
ÓÍÈÇÕÈÔ ËÊ ÔÈÐÒÈÎÝ Ñ ÐÔÎÈÔËÎ ÙÔÐ ÊÇÈÓÞ ÑÐ
ÇÝÏÔÈÒÄÍÞÏÄÃÖÕϱØËÃÏÈÐÔÒËØÄÔÈÍÞÏÄ
dÝÑÐÍÏËÆÊÄÎÈÏÕÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÐÐW\ XÑÐÍÕÙËÎ
STµH µ\G\ W SµH µWGW ΓS \ TµH µ\G\
∫\ ∫ ∫
ξ ξ
oıÐÏÈØ
OLP ∫ \TµHµ\ ΓT
ξ → ξ
¬ÐÎÑÍÇÌÓÏÐÉÏÂÙÏÝÇÖÕÏÌØÊÊ
ÆÇËÓÔÄÊÔÇÍÞÏÐÅÐÂÒÅÕÎÇÏÔÂ
nÝ ÅÕÇÈÎ Æ ÇÄÍÞÏÈÌÚÈÎ ÓËÓÔÈÎÄÔËÙÈÓ±Ë ÒÄÓÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄÔÞ ±ÐÎÑ
ÍȱÓÏÐÊÏÄÙÏÝÈÖÕϱØËËZW XWLYWÇÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÐÐÄÒÕ
ÎÈÏÔÄWÖÕϱØËËXWËYWÑÒËÏËÎÄàÔÇÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÝÈÊÏÄÙÈ
ÏËÃnÝÕÉÈÆÓÔÒÈÙÄÍËÓÞÓÑÐÏÃÔËÈÎÑÒÈÇÈÍÄËÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÓÔË
ÑÐÇÐÅÏÝ×ÖÕϱØËÌqÒÐËÊÆÐÇÏÄÃÖÕϱØËËZWÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÃÈÔÓÃÑÐ
ÖÐÒÎÕÍÈ
GHI
Z′W X′WLY′W
qбÄÉÈÎÏÄÑÒËÎÈÒÙÔÐÓÐÍÄÓÏÐßÔÐÎÕÑÒÄÆËÍÕHLαW′
LαHLαWfÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÐ
HLαW′ FRVαWLVLQαW′ ´αVLQαWLαFRVαW
LαFRVαWLVLQαW LαHLαW
jÓ×ÐÇÃËÊÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËÃÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇÏÐÌZ′ÍȱÐÇбÄÊÝÆÄÈÔ
ÓÃËÑÒÄÆËÍÐÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÐÆÄÏËÃÓÍÐÉÏÐÌÖÕϱØËËÈÓÍËW
Wτ ¶ ÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÕÈÎÄà ÖÕϱØËà ÇÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÐÐ ÄÒÕ
ÎÈÏÔÄτÔÐ Z′τ Z′W
L ′τ
bÏÄÍÐËÙÏÐ ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÃÈÔÓÃ Ë ËÏÔÈÒÄÍ ÓÐÅÓÔÆÈÏÏÝÌ ËÍË
ÏÈÓÐÅÓÔÆÈÏÏÝÌÐÔÖÕϱØËËZ XLY
E E E
GHI
∫ ZWGW ∫ XWGWL ∫ YWGW´PDEP
D D D
E
jÏÔÈÒÄÍ ∫ XWLYWGWÏÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÓÃÐÉÔÑÆÔÕÇÉÐÐÞÏÈÓÍË
D
E E
×ÐÔà ÅÝ ÐÇËÏ ËÊ ËÏÔÈÒÄÍÐÆ ∫ XWGW Ë ∫ YWGW ÏÈÓÐÅÓÔÆÈÏÏÝÌ
D D
E
qÒË ßÔÐÎ ÏÈÓÐÅÓÔÆÈÏÏÝÌ ËÏÔÈÒÄÍ ∫ XW LYWGW ÏÄÊÝÆÄÈÔ
D
E E
ÓÃÔØÑÈÄÜÌÏÔÄÈÓÍËÓ×ÐÇÃÔÓÃÐÅÄËÏÔÈÒÄÍÄ ∫ XWGWË ∫ YWGW
D D
dßÔÐÎÓÍÕÙÄÈ
E
GHI E E
L L
τ { W L } L τ ¶ÒÄÊÅËÈÏËÈÐÔÒÈʱÄ>DE@WLµPξLP WL∆WL WL´
´WL µL Lτ
E
∫ ZWGW τOLP
→
στ
D
ÇÈ_τ_ ¶ÎÈͱÐÓÔÞÒÄÊÅËÈÏËÃτpÔÓàÇııËÇÍÃÇÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞ
ÏÝ×ÖÕϱØËÌÓÍÈÇÕÈÔÙÔÐÆßÔÐÎÓÍÕÙÄÈÖÕϱØËÃ_Z[_ÔıÉÈ
ËÏÔÈÒËÒÕÈÎÄÑÐrËÎÄÏÕËÙÔÐÆÝÑÐÍÏÃÈÔÓÃÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐ
E E
∫ ZWGW P ∫ _ZW_GW
D
D D
qÒÈÇÈÍÞÏÝÎÑÈÒÈ×ÐÇÐÎÓÑÒÄÆÈÇÍËÆÐÓÔÞßÔÐÐÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÄÕÓ
ÔÄÏÄÆÍËÆÄÈÔÓÃËÇÍÃÄÅÓÐÍàÔÏÐËÏÔÈÒËÒÕÈÎÝ×ÆÏÈÓÐÅÓÔÆÈÏ
ÏÐÎÓÎÝÓÍȱÐÎÑÍȱÓÏÐÊÏÄÙÏÝ×ÖÕϱØËÌ
jÊÔÐÐÙÔÐÖÐÒÎÕÍÄoÞàÔÐÏĶmÈÌÅÏËØÄÖÐÒÎÕÍÄÊÄÎÈ
ÏÝÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÐÌÆËÏÔÈÒÄÍÈËÖÐÒÎÕÍÄËÏÔÈÒËÒÐÆÄÏËÃÑÐÙÄÓ
ÔÃÎ ÓÑÒÄÆÈÇÍËÆÝ ÇÍà ÇÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÐÌ Ë ÎÏËÎÐÌ ÙÄÓÔÈÌ ±ÐÎÑ
ÍȱÓÏÐÊÏÄÙÏÐÌ ÖÕϱØËË ÇÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÐÐ ÄÒÕÎÈÏÔÄ ÓÍÈÇÕÈÔ
ÙÔÐßÔËÖÐÒÎÕÍÝËÎÈàÔÎÈÓÔÐËÇÍÃÓÄÎÐÌßÔÐÌÖÕϱØËË
dÎÈÓÔÈ Ó ÔÈÎ Æ ÓÍÕÙÄÈ ÖÕϱØËÌ ÑÒËÏËÎÄàÛË× ±ÐÎÑÍȱÓ
ÏÝÈ ÊÏÄÙÈÏËÃ ÓÍÈÇÕÈÔ ÅÝÔÞ ÐÓÔÐÒÐÉÏÝÎ ÑÒË ËÓÑÐÍÞÊÐÆÄÏËË
ÄÏÄÍÐÐÆ ÔÈÐÒÈÎ ÇбÄÊÄÏÏÝ× ÇÍà ÇÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÝ× ÖÕϱØËÌ
fÄÍȱÐÏÈÆÓÈÕÔÆÈÒÉÇÈÏËÃÓÑÒÄÆÈÇÍËÆÝÈÇÍÃÖÕϱØËÌÇÈÌÓÔ
ÆËÔÈÍÞÏÐÐ ÄÒÕÎÈÏÔÄ ÑÒËÏËÎÄàÛË× ÔÐÍޱРÇÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÝÈ
ÊÏÄÙÈÏËà ÑÈÒÈÏÐÓÃÔÓà ÏÄ ±ÐÎÑÍȱÓÏÐÊÏÄÙÏÝÈ ÖÕϱØËË s ÑÐ
ÇÐÅÏÐÌ ÓËÔÕÄØËÈÌ ÎÝ ÕÉÈ ÆÓÔÒÈÙÄÍËÓÞ ÑÒË ËÊÕÙÈÏËË ÆȱÔÐÒ
ÏÝ×ÖÕϱØËÌÓÎÑ ËÑ
oÄÑÒËÎÈÒÕÔÆÈÒÉÇÈÏËÃ
ÑÐÇÐÅÏÝÈÔÈÐÒÈÎÈrÐÍÍÃÄÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐËÔÈÐÒÈÎÈmÄÒÄÏÉÄ
ÐÓÒÈÇÏË×ÊÏÄÙÈÏËÃ×ÏÈËÎÈàÔÎÈÓÔÄÇÍñÐÎÑÍȱÓÏÐÊÏÄÙÏÝ×
ÖÕϱØËÌÔÐÑбÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÑÒËÎÈÒÑÒËÆÈÇÈÏÏÝÌÆÑ ÈÓÍË
ÈÐÊÄÑËÓÄÔÞÆÔÈÒÎËÏÄ×±ÐÎÑÍȱÓÏÝ×ÙËÓÈÍ
jÎÈÏÏÐÒÄÓÓÎÐÔÒËÎÖÕϱØËàIW FRVWL VLQWPWP
P πÔÐÇÄI Iπ I′W ´VLQWLFRVWtı±Ä±_I′W_
VLQ W FRV W ÔÐÏÈÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔÔıÐÌÔÐÙ±Ëξ∈>π@
ÙÔÐ I′ξ sÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐ ÄÏÄÍÐ ÔÈÐÒÈÎÝ rÐÍÍÃ Æ ßÔÐÎ
ÓÍÕÙÄÈÏÈËÎÈÈÔÎÈÓÔÄ
oÈÆÈÒÏÝΠбÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÓÃ Ë ÑÒÄÆËÍÐ mÐÑËÔÄÍà ÇбÄÊÄÔÈÍÞ
ÓÔÆбÐÔÐÒÐÐÅÝÍÐÐÓÏÐÆÄÏÐÏÄÔÈÐÒÈÎÄ×ÐÓÒÈÇÏÈÎqÐÇÔÆÈÒ
ÇËÎßÔÐÑÒËÎÈÒÐÎ
Ó±ÐÐÄÏÄÍËÊĵn
qÕÓÔÞ IW W JW W WH LW W qÐÓ±ÐÍÞ±Õ ÓÐ
ÍÄÓÏÐÖÐÒÎÕÍÈÌÍÈÒÄ H LW FRV
LVLQ ÔÐ
W W
LW
_H _ FRV VLQ
W W
qÐßÔÐÎÕ OLP IW OLP JW Ë
W→ W→
IW
OLP W H LW ´
OLP
W → JW W→
iÄÎÈÔËÆÙÔÐ
J′W W´ L
H LW
W
ÑÐÍÕÙËÎ
_J′W_O_ L ´W HW ´_O_L ´W_´
W W
W µW
´O´
W W W
I′ W W
sÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐ P ÆÓÍÈÇÓÔÆËÈÙÈÐ
J′W J′W µW
I′W
OLP
W → J′W
sÒÄÆÏËÆÄÃËÕÅÈÉÇÄÈÎÓÃÙÔÐÆÇÄÏÏÐÎÓÍÕÙÄÈ
ÑÒÄÆËÍÐmÐÑËÔÄÍÃÏÈÑÒËÎÈÏËÎÐ
¢ÓÊÎÑÔÐÔÊÙÇÓÌÐÇÑÐÄÇÆÇÏÊÇÅÂÎÎÂÖÕÏÌØÊÊ
qбÄÉÈÎÙÔÐÄÓËÎÑÔÐÔËÙÈÓ±ÐÈÑÐÆÈÇÈÏËÈÄÎÎÄÖÕϱØËË
ΓV ∫ Hµ[[VG[V!´
ÑÒË ÅÐÍÞÚË× ÊÏÄÙÈÏËÃ× ÏÈÊÄÆËÓËÎÐÌ ÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÐÌ V ÎÐÉÈÔ
ÅÝÔÞÐÑËÓÄÏÐÇÐÆÐÍÞÏÐÑÒÐÓÔÐÌÖÐÒÎÕÍÐÌÓÐÇÈÒÉÄÛÈÌÔÐÍÞ
±ÐßÍÈÎÈÏÔÄÒÏÝÈÖÕϱØËË
qÐÇÝÏÔÈÒÄÍÞÏÄà ÖÕϱØËÃ Æ ËÏÔÈÒÄÍÈ ÑÒËÏËÎÄ
ÈԱıÍȱÐÆËÇÈÔÞÏÄËÅÐÍÞÚÈÈÊÏÄÙÈÏËÈÑÒË[ VdÝÑÐÍ
ÏËÎ Æ ßÔÐÎ ËÏÔÈÒÄÍÈ ÊÄÎÈÏÕ ÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÐÌ ËÏÔÈÒËÒÐÆÄÏËÃ
ÑÈÒÈÏÈÓà ÔÐÙ±Õ [ V Æ ÏÐÆÐÈ ÏÄÙÄÍÐ ±ÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔ [ V \
ÄÊÄÔÈÎÑÒÐËÊÆÈÇÃÑÒÈÐÅÒÄÊÐÆÄÏËÈÑÐÇÐÅËÃÓ±ÐßÖÖËØËÈÏÔÐÎ
ÒÄÆÏÝÎV\ VWÔ ÈÑÐÍÐÉËÎ[ VWqÐÍÕÙËÎ
ΓV HµVVV ∫ HµWWV GW
´
rÄÓÓÎÐÔÒËÎÖÕϱØËà
GHI
ϕW HµWW´W
qÐÓ±ÐÍÞ±Õϕ′W ´WHµWÔÐÑÒËW!ÖÕϱØËÃϕÕÅÝÆÄÈÔÑÒË
W ¶ÆÐÊÒÄÓÔÄÈÔÄÆÔÐÙ±ÈW ÇÐÓÔËÄÈÔÏÄËÅÐÍÞÚÈÐÊÏÄ
ÙÈÏËÃϕ fÄÍÈÈÑÐÍÐÉËÆ
GHI
KW ´WOQW´W
ÑÐÍÕÙËÎ
ϕW HKW´W
ÇÈÑÒË_W_
W W
W
KW ´
´
ËÑÐßÔÐÎÕ
W
RWW{
KW ´
jÔıÄÎÎÄÖÕϱØËÃÑÒÈÇÓÔÄÆËÎÄÆÆËÇÈÓÎ
Ë
ΓV HµVVV∫ HVKWGW
ÇÈ ÑÐÆÈÇÈÏËÈÖÕϱØËË ∫ KW ÑÒË W { ÐÑËÓÝÆÄÈÔÓà ÓÐÐÔÏÐ
´
ÚÈÏËÈÎ
qÒÈÉÇÈ ÙÈÎ ÑÈÒÈ×ÐÇËÔÞ ± ÆÝÆÐÇÕ ÄÓËÎÑÔÐÔËÙÈÓ±ÐÌ ÖÐÒ
ÎÕÍÝ ÇÍÃ ΓV ÑÒË V { ÑÐÃÓÏËÎ ÎÈÔÐÇ ÈÈ ÑÐÍÕÙÈÏËÃ
ÓÑÐÎÐÛÞàÏÈÓÔÒÐË×ÏÐÑÒÄÆÇÐÑÐÇÐÅÏÝ×ÒÄÓÓÕÉÇÈÏËÌeÒÄ
Ö˱ÖÕϱØËËϕWËÎÈÈÔÆËÇËÊÐÅÒÄÉÈÏÏÝÌÏÄÒËÓ qÒË
ÆÐÊÒÄÓÔÄÏËË ÑÄÒÄÎÈÔÒÄ V ÒÄÖ˱ ÖÕϱØËË >ϕW@V ÅÕÇÈÔ «ÑÒË
ÉËÎÄÔÞÓì ± ÐÓË ÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÐÌ W Ë ± ÈÇËÏËÙÏÐÎÕ ÐÔÒÈÊ±Õ ÐÓË
ÐÒÇËÏÄÔqÐßÔÐÎÕÃÓÏÐÙÔÐËÏÔÈÒÄÍ
VKW
∫ H GW
´
ÓËÔÈÍÞÏÄÃÑÐÒÈÚÏÐÓÔÞÑÒËÅÍËÉÈÏËÃËÏÔÈÒÄÍÄÓÑÐ
ÎÐÛÞà ËÏÔÈÒÄÍÐÆ ÆËÇÄ ÎÐÉÈÔ ÅÝÔÞ ÓÇÈÍÄÏÄ Ó±ÐÍÞ
ÕÐÇÏÐ ÎÄÍÐÌ ÊÄ ÓÙÈÔ ÆÝÅÐÒÄ ÇÐÓÔÄÔÐÙÏÐ ÅÐÍÞÚÐÐ ÊÏÄÙÈÏËÃ
ÑÄÒÄÎÈÔÒÄV
dÓËÍÕÆÊÃÆÇÐÓÔÄÔÐÙÏÐÎÄÍÐÈδ!ÎÐÉÏÐËÏÔÈ
ÒÄÍ×ÐÒÐÚÐÑÒËÅÍËÊËÔÞËÏÔÈÒÄÍÐÎ
δ δ V
± VW GW ±X
∫H V ∫ H GX
´δ ´ δ V
oÕÉÏÄÃÐØÈϱÄÓÆÈÒ×ÕËÏÔÈÒÄÍÄ
VKW
∫ H GW
´
ÑÐÍÕÙÄÈÔÓÃÍȱÐ
( µ ε )VW
±
( µ ε )VW
±
VKW P ∫H
∫ H GW GWP ∫ H GW
´ ´ ´
π
( µ ε )V
sÏËÊÕ ËÏÔÈÒÄÍ ÐØÈÏËÆÄÈÔÓÃ ÓÍÐÉÏÈÈ qÒÈÇÆÄÒË
ÔÈÍÞÏÐÇбÄÉÈÎÐÇÏÐÆÓÑÐÎÐÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÈÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐ
δ ( ε )VW ( ε )VW δ ( ε )VW
π ± ± ±
´ ∫ H GW ∫ H GW´ ∫ H GW
( ε )V ´δ ´ ´δ
´δ ( ε )VW ( ε )VW
± ±
∫ H GW H GW
∫
´ δ
( ε ) [ ( V µ ) ] W
´δ ±
( ε ) [ ( V µ ) ] W
±
H GW H GW
∫ ∫
´ δ
( ε ) ( V µ )W ( ε )W ( ε ) ( V µ )W ( ε )W
´δ ± ± ±
±
∫H H GW ∫ H H GWP
´ δ
( ε ) ( V µ )δ ( ε )W ( ε )W
± ´δ ± ±
P H ∫ H GW H ∫ GW P
´ W X ( ε )
δ
( ε ) ( V µ )δ
± ´ δ ( ε )
P
H ∫ H ±X GX
W X ( ε ) ε ´
( ε ) ( V µ )δ
±
H ±X GX P H
∫ H ±X GX ∫
ε ´
( ε )
( ε )Vδ ( ε )δ
± π
H H FHµαV
ε εM
ÑÐ×ÐÇÕÆÝÙËÓÍÈÏËÌÎÝÆÐÓÑÐÍÞÊÐÆÄÍËÓÞÊÇÈÓÞÔÈÎÙÔÐÖÕϱ
± ( ε ) ( V µ )W
ØËà H ÏÄ ÅÈÓ±ÐÏÈÙÏÝ× ÑÒÐÎÈÉÕÔ±Ä× ´ δ@ Ë
>δÑÒËÏËÎÄÈÔÏÄËÅÐÍÞÚËÈÊÏÄÙÈÏËÃÆÔÐÙ±Ä×W ¥δÇÈ
α ε)δ!F H ( ε )δ π
tıËÎ ÐÅÒÄÊÐÎ α Ë F ÊÄÆËÓÃÔ ÐÔ ε ÏÐ ÏÈ ÊÄÆËÓÃÔ ÐÔV ÏÄ
ÑÐÎÏËÎÙÔÐδÔıÉÈÊÄÆËÓËÔÐÔε
tÈÑÈÒÞÎÐÉÏÐÐØÈÏËÔÞËÏÔÈÒÄÍÓÏËÊÕ
( ε )VW
± δ ( ε )VW
±
∫ HVKWGW O H GWO ∫ H GW O
∫
´ ´ ´δ
π
O
´FHµαV
( ε )V
j
π π
´FHµαV P ∫ HVKWGW P
( ε )V
´
( µ ε )V
qÐÇÈÍËÎÑÐÍÕÙÈÏÏÐÈÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐÏÄ πV
V
´FHµαV ∫ HVKWGWP
ε π ( π )V ´ µ ε
qÈÒÈÌÇÃÆßÔÐÎÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆȱÑÒÈÇÈÍÕÑÒËV{ÑÐÍÕÙËÎ
ÙÔÐÇÍÃÍàÅÐÐε!ËÎÈÈÔÎÈÓÔÐÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐ
P OLP ∫ HVKWGWP
ε V → ( π )V µ ε
´
uÓÔÒÈÎËÆÊÇÈÓÞε±ÏÕÍàÑÐÍÕÙËÎ
∫ HVKWGW
OLP
V → ( π )V ´
ËÍËÙÔÐÔÐÉÈÓεËÓ±ÐÎÐÈÄÓËÎÑÔÐÔËÙÈ
Ó±ÐÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐ
µW V π
∫ >H W@ GW∼ V{ V
´
uÎÏÐÉËÆÐÅÈÙÄÓÔËßÔÐÐÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÄÏÄHµVVVÆÓËÍÕ
ÑÐÍÕÙËÎÄÓËÎÑÔÐÔËÙÈÓ±ÕàÖÐÒÎÕÍÕ
ΓV∼ π HµV V V V{
ÏÄÊÝÆÄÈÎÕà×ÑÓÏÖÎÑÍsÕÌÓÎÌÐÅÈÎÄÅÏÏÅ×ÖвÙÌÌÔÄÖÐÒ
ÎÕÍÄ ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃ ÐÙÈÆËÇÏÐ ÐÅÐÅÛÈÏËÈÎ ÖÐÒÎÕÍÝ sÔËÒÍËÏÄ ÇÍÃ
ÖıÔÐÒËÄÍÄÏÄÔÕÒÄÍÞÏÝ×ÙËÓÈÍÓÎÑ ±ÐÔÐÒÄÃÑÐÍÕÙÄÈÔÓÃ
ËÊÈÓÍËÑÐÍÐÉËÔÞV QËÅÐΓQ QÓÎÑ
¢ÓÊÎÑÔÐÔÊÙÇÓÌÊÇÒáÆÝ
d Ñ
ËÊÕÙÄÍËÓÞ ÒÄÊÍÐÉÈÏËà ÖÕϱØËÌ Æ ÄÓËÎÑÔÐÔËÙÈ
Ó±ËÈÓÔÈÑÈÏÏÝÈÒÃÇÝÑÒË[{oÄÑÐÎÏËÎÙÔÐÒÃÇ
D D D
D QQ
[ [ [
ÏÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÓà ÅÔÌÏÒÕÑÕÌÚÉÔ²ÌÏ ÓÅËÎÑÊÉÐÌÉÏ ×ÖвÙÌÌ I ÑÒË
[{ÈÓÍËÙÄÓÔËÙÏÝÈÓÕÎÎÝ
D D
6Q[ D QQ
[ [
ÕÇÐÆÍÈÔÆÐÒÃàÔÕÓÍÐÆËà
I[´6Q[ R
[{
Q
[
qÐÏÃÔËÈ ÄÓËÎÑÔÐÔËÙÈÓ±ÐÐ ÒÄÊÍÐÉÈÏËà ÖÕϱØËË ÈÓÔÈÓÔ
ÆÈÏÏÝÎ ÐÅÒÄÊÐÎ ÐÅÐÅÛÄÈÔÓà ÏÄ ÒÃÇÝ ÑÐ ÓËÓÔÈÎÄÎ ÖÕϱØËÌ
ÐÅÒÄÊÕàÛË× Ôı ÏÄÊÝÆÄÈÎÝÈ ÅÔÌÏÒÕÑÕÌÚÉÔ²ÌÉ ÒÑÔÎÉÈÑÇÅ
ÕÉÎßÐÑÔÕÌ
°ÑÒÇÆÇÍÇÏÊÇ qÑÔÎÉÈÑÇÅÕÉÎßÐÑÔÕß×ÖвÙÌÍϕQ[Q
ÑÒÓÉÈÉÎÉÐÐÞØ Ç ÐɲÑÕÑÓÑÍ ÒÓѲÑÎÑÕÑÍ Ñ²ÓÉÔÕÐÑÔÕÌ
ÕÑÚ²Ì D ²ÑÐÉÚÐÑÍ ÌÎÌ ÆÉÔ²ÑÐÉÚÐÑ ÖÈÅÎÉÐÐÑÍ ÐÅËÞÇÅÉÕÔÄ
ÅÔÌÏÒÕÑÕÌÚÉÔ²ÑÍ ÒÑÔÎÉÈÑÇÅÕÉÎßÐÑÔÕßá ÒÓÌ [ { D ÉÔÎÌ
ÈÎÄÇÔÉØQ ÌÏÉÉÕÏÉÔÕÑÔÑÑÕÐÑÛÉÐÌÉ
ϕQ[ RϕQ[[{D
qÒËÎÈÒÄÎË ÄÓËÎÑÔÐÔËÙÈÓ±Ë× ÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÈÌ ÑÒË
[{DÃÆÍÃàÔÓÃϕQ[ [´DQÈÓÍË D ¶±ÐÏÈÙÏÄÃÔÐÙ±ÄË
ϕQ[ [µQÈÓÍËD ËÍËD ´Q
°ÑÒÇÆÇÍÇÏÊÇ qÖÔÕßϕQ[Q ÄÇÎÄÉÕÔÄÅÔÌÏÒ
ÕÑÕÌÚÉÔ²ÑÍÒÑÔÎÉÈÑÇÅÕÉÎßÐÑÔÕßáÒÓÌ[{DrÄÈ
Dϕ[Dϕ[DQϕQ[
ÐÅËÞÇÅÉÕÔÄ ÅÔÌÏÒÕÑÕÌÚÉÔ²ÌÏ ÓÄÈÑÏ ÌÎÌ ÅÔÌÏÒÕÑÕÌÚÉ
Ô²ÌÏ ÓÅËÎÑÊÉÐÌÉÏ ÒÓÌ [ { D ËÅÈÅÐÐÑÍ ×ÖвÙÌÌ I ÑÒÓÉÈÉ
ÎÉÐÐÑÍÇÐɲÑÕÑÓÑÍÒÓѲÑÎÑÕÑÍѲÓÉÔÕÐÑÔÕÌÕÑÚ²ÌDÉÔÎÌ
ÉÑÚÅÔÕÌÚÐÞÉÔÖÏÏÞ
6Q[ Dϕ[Dϕ[DQϕQ[
ÖÈÑÇÎÉÕÇÑÓÄáÕ ÖÔÎÑÇÌá ÈÎÄ ÎáÆÑÑ Q ÌÏÉÉÕ
ÏÉÔÕÑÅÔÌÏÒÕÑÕÌÚÉÔ²ÑÉÓÅÇÉÐÔÕÇÑ
I[´6Q[ RϕQ[[{D
§ ® ® ¢ qÖÔÕßϕQ[Q ¶ÅÔÌÏÒÕÑÕÌÚÉÔ²ÅÄ
ÒÓÌ[{DÒÑÔÎÉÈÑÇÅÕÉÎßÐÑÔÕßfÎÄÕÑÑÚÕÑÆÞÓÄÈ
ÄÇÎÄÎÔÄÅÔÌÏÒÕÑÕÌÚÉÔ²ÌÏÓÅËÎÑÊÉÐÌÉÏ×ÖвÙÌÌIÒÓÌ[{D
ÐÉÑÆØÑÈÌÏÑÌÈÑÔÕÅÕÑÚÐÑÚÕÑÆÞ
I[´6Q[ 2ϕQ[[{DQ
jÏÄÙÈÐÆÐÒÃÒÃÇÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃÄÓËÎÑÔÐÔËÙÈÓ±ËÎÒÄÊ
ÍÐÉÈÏËÈÎ ÖÕϱØËË I ÑÒË [ { D ÔÐÇÄ Ë ÔÐÍޱРÔÐÇÄ ±ÐÇÄ
ÈÐÙÄÓÔËÙÏÄÃÓÕÎÎÄ6Q[ÓÍÕÉËÔÑÒËÅÍËÉÈÏÏÝÎÊÏÄÙÈÏËÈÎ
ÖÕϱØËËI[ÓÔÐÙÏÐÓÔÞàÇÐ2ϕQ[ÑÒË[{DÔ ÈÐÚËÅ
±ÄËÎÈÈÔÑÐÒÃÇбÑÈÒÆÐÐÐÔÅÒÄÓÝÆÄÈÎÐÐÙÍÈÏÄ
¦ Ð Ì Â É Â Ô Ç Í Þ Ó Ô Ä Ð Ï Ç Ð Ã × Ð Æ Ê Î Ð Ó Ô Ê ÕÓÍÐÆËÃ
sÐÐÔÏÐÚÈÏËÈÑÒËQ ÎÐÉÏÐÑÈÒÈÑËÓÄÔÞÆÆËÇÈ
I[´6Qµ[´DQϕQ[ RϕQ[[{D
ÐÔ±ÕÇÄ
I[´6Qµ[ DQϕQ[R(ϕQ[ 2ϕQ[[{DQ
Ô ÈÆÝÑÐÍÏÃÈÔÓÃÕÓÍÐÆËÈ
¦ Ð Ì Â É Â Ô Ç Í Þ Ó Ô Ä Ð Æ Ð Ó Ô Â Ô Ð Ù Ï Ð Ó Ô Ê ÕÓÍÐÆËÃdÓË
ÍÕËËÎÈÈÎ
I[´6Q[ 2ϕQ[ 2R(ϕQ[ RϕQ[
[{DQ
ÙÔÐÓÐÆÑÄÇÄÈÔÓ
pÔÎÈÔËÎÈÛÈÙÔÐÈÓÍËÇÍÃÍàÅÐÐQ ÆÝÑÐÍÏÃÈÔ
ÓÃÕÓÍÐÆËÈ
I[´6Q [ 2ϕQ [[{D
ÅÐÍÈÈ ÓÍÄÅÐÈ ÙÈÎ ÔÐ ËÊ ÏÈÐ Æ ÓËÍÕ ÓÍÈÇÕÈÔ
jÏÄÙÈ ÐÆÐÒà ÆÝÑÐÍÏÈÏËÈ ÕÓÍÐÆËà ÇÍà ÆÓÈ×
Q ÐÊÏÄÙÄÈÔÙÔÐÒÃÇÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃÄÓËÎÑÔÐÔËÙÈ
Ó±ËÎÒÄÊÍÐÉÈÏËÈÎÖÕϱØËËIÑÒË[{D
gÓÍËÄÓËÎÑÔÐÔËÙÈÓ±ÄÃÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞϕQ[Q
ÔıÐÆÄ ÙÔÐ ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔ ÑÒбÐÍÐÔÄà бÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔÞ ÔÐÙ
±ËDƱÐÔÐÒÐÌÑÒËÆÓÈ×Q ËÎÈÈÔÎÈÓÔÐÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔ
ÆÐ ϕQ[ ÔÐ ÄÏÄÍÐËÙÏÐ ÓÍÕÙÄà ÓÔÈÑÈÏÏÝ× ÄÓËÎÑÔÐÔËÙÈ
Ó±Ë×ÒÃÇÐÆÖÕϱØËÌÑÐÍÕÙÄÈÎ
ÉÔÎÌ×ÖвÙÌÄIÓÅÔ²ÎÅÈÞÇÅÉÕÔÄÒÓÌ[{DÇÅÔÌÏÒÕÑÕÌ
ÚÉÔ²ÌÍ ÓÄÈ ÕÑ ÕŲÑÉ ÓÅËÎÑÊÉÐÌÉ ÉÈÌÐÔÕÇÉÐÐÑ Ì ÉÑ
²Ñà××ÌÙÌÉÐÕÞÒÑÔÎÉÈÑÇÅÕÉÎßÐÑÑÒÓÉÈÉÎÄáÕÔÄÒÑ×ÑÓÏÖÎÅÏ
Qµ
D OLP I[DQ OLP
I[´ ∑ DNϕN[ Q
[→D [ → D ϕ Q[ N
pÇÏıРÇÍà ÑÒıÔËÙÈÓ±ÐÐ ÏÄ×ÐÉÇÈÏËà ÄÓËÎÑÔÐÔËÙÈÓ±Ë×
ÒÄÊÍÐÉÈÏËÌ ÊÄÇÄÏÏÝ× ÖÕϱØËÌ ßÔÄ ÖÐÒÎÕÍÄ Ð±ÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÓà ÏÈ
ÆÓÈÇÄ ÕÇÐÅÏÐÌ yÄÓÔÐ ÑÒÐÛÈ ÑÐÍÕÙËÔÞ ÏÕÉÏÐÈ ÒÄÊÍÐÉÈÏËÈ
ÇÒÕËÎÑÕÔÈÎÏÄÑÒËÎÈÒÆÓÍÕÙÄÈËÏÔÈÒÄÍÐÆÑÒËÑÐÎÐÛËËÏ
ÔÈÒËÒÐÆÄÏËÃÑÐÙÄÓÔÃÎqÒËßÔÐÎÐÅÝÙÏÐÊÄÒÄÏÈÈÏÈÊÄÇÄàÔ
ÓÃÄÓËÎÑÔÐÔËÙÈÓ±ÐÌÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞà^ϕQ[`ÄÓÔÒÐÃÔÈÈ
ËÓ×ÐÇÃËÊÓÆÐÌÓÔÆÇÄÏÏÐÌÖÕϱØËËÆбÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔËÔÐÙ±ËD
± Ò Ê Î Ç Ò rÄÊÍÐÉËÎÆÄÓËÎÑÔÐÔËÙÈÓ±ËÌÒÃÇÑÒË[{
ÖÕϱØËà LW
)[α ∫ HαGW[!
[ L
(α! ¶ÑÄÒÄÎÈÔÒÑÐÇÐÅÒÄÆÓÐÐÔÆÈÔÓÔÆÕàÛÕàÄÓËÎÑÔÐÔËÙÈ
Ó±ÕàÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞdÓËÍÕÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÄ
FRV W VLQ W
)[α ∫
α
GWL ∫
GW
[ L [ Lα
ÓÐÍÄÓÏÐ ÑÒËÊÏÄ±Õ fËÒË×ÍÈ ÓÎ Ñ ÎÏËÎÄÃ Ë ÇÈÌÓÔÆË
ÔÈÍÞÏÄÃÙÄÓÔËÖÕϱØËË)[αÑÒÈÇÓÔÄÆÍÃàÔÓÐÅÐÌÑÒË[!
Ó×ÐÇÃÛËÈÓÃËÏÔÈÒÄÍÝqÐßÔÐÎÕÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃËËÏÔÈÒÄÍ
pÔÎÈÔËÎ ÙÔÐ ÇÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÐÌ Ë ÎÏËÎÐÌ ÙÄÓÔÞà ËÏÔÈÒÄÍÄ
) [ ÃÆÍÃàÔÓÃÏÈÑÐÍÏÝÈËÏÔÈÒÄÍÝvÒÈÏÈÍÃÓÎ
∫ FRVθ Gθ [∫ VLQθ Gθ
[
LW
H GW
αααQ ∫
αQ
GW PαααQ ∫
αQ
[ W [ W
α ( α ) ( α Q µ ) H L[
2
[{
[α Q [α Q
Ô ÈÆÝÑÐÍÏÃÈÔÓÃÕÓÍÐÆËÈËÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÒÃÇ
ÇÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÐ ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓà ÄÓËÎÑÔÐÔËÙÈÓ±ËÎ ÒÄÊÍÐÉÈÏËÈÎ ÖÕϱ
ØËË)[αÑÒË[{
¢ÓÊÎÑÔÐÔÊÙÇÓÌÐÇÒÂÉÍÐÈÇÏÊÇ
ÏÇÑÐÍÏÐËÅÂÎÎÂÖÕÏÌØÊÊ
qÒËÍàÅÐÎ[!ÇÍÃÄÎÎÄÖÕϱØËËΓVËÎÈÈÎ
[
ΓV ∫ WV´HµWGW ∫ WV´HµWGW ∫ WV´HµWGW
[
vÕϱØËÃ
GHI V´ µW
ΓV[ W H GW[!
∫
[
ÏÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÓÃÐÉÒÑÎÐÑÍÅÏÏÅ×ÖвÙÌÉÍpÏÄÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏÄÑÒËÆÓÈ×
ÇÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÝ× ÊÏÄÙÈÏËÃ× ÑÄÒÄÎÈÔÒÄ V oÄÌÇÈÎ ÈÈ ÄÓËÎÑÔÐ
ÔËÙÈÓ±ÐÈÒÄÊÍÐÉÈÏËÈÑÒË[{dÝÑÐÍÏÃÃÆÑÒÄÆÐÌÙÄÓÔË
ËÏÔÈÒËÒÐÆÄÏËÈÑÐÙÄÓÔÃÎÑÐÍÕÙËÎ
ΓV[ ∫ WV´HµWGW [V´HµWV´ ∫ WV´HµWGW
[ [
Q
( V µ ) ( V µ ) ( V µ N )
Hµ[[V ∑
N [N
V´V´V´QΓV´Q[
pÔÓàÇÄÑÒËQ!V´ËÎÈÈÎ
Q
( V µ ) ( V µ ) ( V µ N )
ΓV[´Hµ[[V ∑
N [N
±W
H
_V´V´V´QΓV´Q[_ _V´V´Q_ ∫
QµV
GWP
[ W
P _V´V´V´Q_ HµWGW
[Q µ V ∫ [
H ±[ H ±[
_V´V´Q_ 2 [{
[Q µ V [Q µ V
Ô ÈÇÍÃÙÄÓÔËÙÏÝ×ÓÕÎÎÒÃÇÄ
( V µ ) ( V µ ) ( V µ Q )
Hµ[[V ∑
Q [Q
ËÇÍÃÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔËϕQ[ [µQV´Hµ[±ÐÔÐÒÄÃÃÆÍÃÈÔ
Óà ±Ä± ßÔÐ ÍȱРÑÒÐÆÈÒËÔÞ ÄÓËÎÑÔÐÔËÙÈÓ±ÐÌ ÑÒË [ →
ÆÝÑÐÍÏÃÈÔÓÃÕÓÍÐÆËÈtıËÎÐÅÒÄÊÐÎÒÃÇÃÆ
ÍÃÈÔÓÃÄÓËÎÑÔÐÔËÙÈÓ±ËÎÒÄÊÍÐÉÈÏËÈÎÏÈÑÐÍÏÐÌÄÎÎÄÖÕϱ
ØËËΓV[ÑÒË[{
dÑ
ÅÝÍÏÄÌÇÈÏÑÈÒÆÝÌÙÍÈÏÄÓËÎÑÔÐÔËÙÈÓ±ÐÐÒÄÊ
ÍÐÉÈÏËÃÄÎÎÄÖÕϱØËËΓVÑÒËV{nÐÉÏÐÏÄÌÔË
Ë ÓÍÈÇÕàÛËÈ ÙÍÈÏÝÔ ÈÒÄÊÍÐÉËÔÞ ÄÎÎÄÖÕϱØËàÆ ÄÓËÎ
ÑÔÐÔËÙÈÓ±ËÌÒÃÇpÏÆÝÍÃÇËÔÓÍÈÇÕàÛËÎÐÅÒÄÊÐÎ
F V{
ΓV∼ πH´VVV F
V V
iÇÈÓÞ ^FN` ¶ ÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞ ±ÐßÖÖËØËÈÏÔÐÆ ÒÄÊÍÐÉÈÏËÃ
ÆÓÔÈÑÈÏÏÐÌÒÃÇÆбÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔËÏÕÍÃÖÕϱØËËW W]ÐÑÒÈ
ÇÈÍÃÈÎÐÌ ÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐÎ ] ´KW ÇÈ KW ÊÄÇÄÏÄ ÖÐÒÎÕÍÐÌ
nÐÉÏÐ ÑÐÍÕÙËÔÞ Ë ÄÓËÎÑÔÐÔËÙÈÓ±ÐÈ ÒÄÊÍÐÉÈÏËÈ ÇÍà ÏÄ
ÔÕÒÄÍÞÏÐÐÍÐÄÒËÖÎÄÄÎÎÄÖÕϱØËËpÏÐËÎÈÈÔÆËÇ
%
OQΓV∼ V´ OQV´V OQπ ∑
Q
V{
Q Q ( Q µ )V
Q µ
ËÏÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÓÃÓÄÈÑÏsÕÌÓÎÌÐÅiÇÈÓÞ%Q ¶ÔıÏÄÊÝÆÄÈÎÝÈ
ÚÌÔÎÅcÉÓÐÖÎÎÌÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÃÈÎÝÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐÎ
Pµ Q
Q
∑ N &M % PQ´M
Q ∑ Q M
N M
ÆÓÈÏÈÙÈÔÏÝÈÙËÓÍÄcÈÒÏÕÍÍ˱ÒÐÎÈ% ´ÒÄÆÏÝÏÕÍà
jÊ ÖÐÒÎÕÍÝ Ó ÑÐÎÐÛÞà ÑÐÔÈÏØËÒÐÆÄÏËÃ ÎÐÉÏÐ
ÏÄÌÔËÄÓËÎÑÔÐÔËÙÈÓ±ÐÈÒÄÊÍÐÉÈÏËÈÇÍÃÄÎÎÄÖÕϱØËËƱÐ
ÔÐÒÐαÐßÖÖËØËÈÏÔÝÆÝÒÄÉÈÏÝÆÃÆÏÐÎÆËÇÈpÏÐËÎÈÈÔÆËÇ
ΓV∼( π ) H ±V V V µ ( )
´
V V V
V{
fбÄÊÄÔÈÍÞÓÔÆÐÖÐÒÎÕÍËÏÈÆ×ÐÇËÔÆÊÄÇÄ
ÙÕÏÄÓÔÐÃÛÈбÕÒÓÄpÑËÓÄÏËÈÎÈÔÐÇÐÆÓÑÐÎÐÛÞà±ÐÔÐÒÝ×
ÓÍÕÙÄàÔÓà ÑÐÇÐÅÏÝÈ ÒÄÊÍÐÉÈÏËà ÎÐÉÏÐ ÏÄÌÔË Æ ±ÏËÈ
vÉÈÑÓá² n dnÈÔÐÇÑÈÒÈÆÄÍÄn
©ÂÎÇÙÂÏÊáÐÌÒÂÔÏÝ×ÊÏÔÇÅÒÂÍÂ×
ÉÂÄÊÓáÛÊ×ÐÔÑÂÒÂÎÇÔÒÂ
ÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇ*NN ̲ŲÑÇÑÆÞÐÌÆÞÎÑÚÌÔÎÑε!
ÔÖÜÉÔÕÇÖÉÕÐÑÏÉÓNεËÅÇÌÔÄÜÌÍÑÕÈÅÐÐÑÍÒÑÔÎÉÈÑÇÅÕÉÎß
ÐÑÔÕÌ Ì ÚÌÔÎÅ ε ÕŲÑÍ ÚÕÑ ÈÎÄ ²ÅÊÈÑÑ ÐÑÏÉÓÅ N ! Nε Ì
ÇÔÉØ\∈<ÔÒÓÅÇÉÈÎÌÇÑÐÉÓÅÇÉÐÔÕÇÑ
_ ∫I[\G*?* N_ε
gÓÍËËÏÔÈÒÄÍÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃÏÄÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÈ*
ÐÔÏÐÓËÔÈÍÞÏÐÑÄÒÄÎÈÔÒÄ\∈<ÔÐÒÃÇÔıÉÈÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒ
ÏÐÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃÏÄ*
fÍñÒÄÔÏÝ×ËÏÔÈÒÄÍÐÆÊÄÆËÓÃÛË×ÐÔÑÄÒÄÎÈÔÒÄÐÓÔÄàÔ
ÓÃÆÓËÍÈÔÈÐÒÈÎÝÐÅË×ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÓÔËÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÕÈÎÐÓÔË
ËÏÔÈÒËÒÕÈÎÐÓÔËÄÏÄÍÐËÙÏÝÈÇбÄÊÄÏÏÝÎÆÝÚÈdßÔÐÎÍÈ
±ÐÕÅÈÇËÔÞÓÃËÎÝÏÈÅÕÇÈÎÏÄßÔÐÎÐÓÔÄÏÄÆÍËÆÄÔÞÓÃ
dÓÔÒÈÙÄàÔÓÃ ËÏÔÈÒÄÍÝ ÊÄÆËÓÃÛËÈ ÐÔ ÑÄÒÄÎÈÔÒÄ Ë ÅÐÍÈÈ
ÓÍÐÉÏÝÎ ÐÅÒÄÊÐÎ Æ ÏË× ÏÈ ÔÐÍޱРÑÐÇÝÏÔÈÒÄÍÞÏÄà ÖÕϱ
ØËÃIÏÐËÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐ*ÑбÐÔÐÒÐÎÕÑÒÐËÓ×ÐÇËÔËÏÔÈÒËÒÐ
ÆÄÏËÈÊÄÆËÓËÔÐÔÑÄÒÄÎÈÔÒÄÔ È* *\
)\ ∫I[\G*\
qÒËÎÈÒÐÎ ÔıÐÐ ËÏÔÈÒÄÍÄ Æ ÐÇÏÐÎÈÒÏÐÎ ÓÍÕÙÄÈ ÃÆÍÃÈÔ
ÓÃËÏÔÈÒÄÍ
E
G[
)\ ∫
DP\PE
α
D [µ\
iÇÈÓÞ*\ÓÐÓÔÐËÔËÊÇÆÕ×±ÒÐÎÈÓÍÕÙÄÃ\ DË\ EËÏÔÈÒ
ÆÄÍÐÆD\Ë\EÎÈÏÃàÛË×ÓÃÓËÊÎÈÏÈÏËÈÎÑÄÒÄÎÈÔÒÄ\
rÄÓÓÎÐÔÒËÎ ÄÏÄÍÐËÙÏÝÌ ÑÒËÎÈÒ Æ QÎÈÒÏÐÎ ÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔ
ÆÈ qÕÓÔÞ * ¶ ÐÔ±ÒÝÔÐÈ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐ Æ 5Q ÖÕϱØËà µ µ[
ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÄ Æ * _[ ´ \_ ¶ ÒÄÓÓÔÐÃÏËÈ ÎÈÉÇÕ ÔÐÙ±ÄÎË [ Ë \
[∈*\∈5Q Ëα ¶ÏȱÐÔÐÒÐÈÙËÓÍÐjÏÔÈÒÄÍÝÆËÇÄ
µ[G*
X\ ∫
[µ\ α
±ÒÇÆÎÇÔÏÐÊÎÇÏÏÐËÕÌÂÉÂÔÇÍÞ
µ ÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËà jÏÔÈÒÄÍÞÏÝÌÑÒËÊÏı Ó×ÐÇËÎÐÓ
µ ÖÕϱØËË ÎÏÐË× ÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÝ× ÔËÒÃÇÄ
jÏÔÈÒËÒÐÆÄÏËÈÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆ
µ ÆÝÓÚÈÐÑÐÒÃÇ±Ä jÏÔÈÒËÒÕÈÎÄÃ Æ ÏÈÓÐÅÓÔÆÈÏÏÐÎ
fËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÕÈÎÐÓÔÞ ÆȱÔÐÒÏÐÌ ÓÎÝÓÍÈÖÕϱØËÃ
ÖÕϱØËËÇÆÕ×ÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÝ× µ ÑÐrËÎÄÏÕÖÕϱØËÃ
µ ÖÕϱØËË ÎÏÐË× ÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÝ× jÏÔÈÒÆÄÍ Ó×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔË ÓÔÈÑÈÏÏÐÐ
ÒÃÇÄ
fËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÕÈÎÐÈ ÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÈ jÏÜȱØËÃ
jÓÔÐÙÏ˱
fÍËÏÄÆȱÔÐÒÄ lÄÓÄÔÈÍÞÏÄà ÑÍÐÓ±ÐÓÔÞ ± ÑÐÆÈÒ×
µ ±ÒËÆÐÌÏÄÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË ÏÐÓÔË
fÐÑÐÍÏÈÏËÈÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ lÄÓÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÈÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÐ
fÐÑÕÓÔËÎÄÃÐÅÍÄÓÔÞ lÄÓÄÔÈÍÞÏÝÌÆȱÔÐÒ
µ ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÞ lÆÄÇÒÄÔËÙÏÄÃÖÐÒÎÄ
fÐÑÕÓÔËÎÐÈ ÑÒÈÐÅÒÄÊÐÆÄÏËÈ ÑÄÒÄ lÆÄÇÒËÒÕÈÎÐÈÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐ
ÎÈÔÒÄ lÐÍÈÅÄÏËÈÖÕϱØËË
gƱÍËÇÐÆÐÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÐ ÏÄÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÈ
lÐÎÑıÔ
εбÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔÞ ÅÈÓ±ÐÏÈÙÏÐ ÕÇÄÍÈÏ
lÐÎÑÐÊËØËÃÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÌ
ÏÐÌÔÐÙ±Ë
µ ÖÕϱØËÌ
µ µ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ lÐÏÈÙÏÐÈÑбÒÝÔËÈ
µ µ ÔÐÙ±Ë lÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔÏÄÃÐÓÞ
hÑÓÈÅÐ l lÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔÏÐÈ ÑÒÈÇÓÔÄÆÍÈÏËÈ ÑÐ
ÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË
iÄÆËÓËÎÄÃÓËÓÔÈÎÄÖÕϱØËË lÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔÏÝÈÆȱÔÐÒÝ
iÄαÏÕÔÄÃÐÅÍÄÓÔÞ lÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔÏÝÈÍËÏËË
iÄαÏÕÔÐÈÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐ µ ÖÕϱØËËÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÃ
iÄÎݱÄÏËÈÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ lÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔÏÝÌÑÄÒÄÍÍÈÍÐÒÄÎÎ
iÏıÐÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏÏÄà ±ÆÄÇÒÄÔËÙÏÄà lÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔÝÆȱÔÐÒÄ
ÖÐÒÎÄ µ ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË
iÏıÐÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÝÌÒÃÇ µ ÔÐÙ±Ë
iÏıÐÙÈÒÈÇÕàÛËÌÓÃÒÃÇ lÐßÖÖËØËÈÏÔÝ ÓÔÈÑÈÏÏÐÐ ÒÃÇÄ
iÏÄÙÈÏËÈ ÅÈÓ±ÐÏÈÙÏÐÐ ÑÒÐËÊÆÈ
ÇÈÏËà lÒÄÈÆÄÃÔÐÙ±ÄÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË
lÒÄÌÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË
jÊÎÈÒËÎÐÈÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐ lÓÅÏÉÓ e
µ ÑÐhÐÒÇÄÏÕÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐ lÒÄÔÏÄÃÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞ
jÊÐÍËÒÐÆÄÏÏÄÃÐÓÐÅÄÃÔÐÙ±ÄÕÒÄÆ µ ÔÐÙ±ÄÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË
ÏÈÏËÃ lÒÄÔÏÝÌËÏÔÈÒÄÍ
jÏÆÄÒËÄÏÔÏÐÓÔÞÖÐÒÎÝÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏ µ µ ÈÐÎÈÔÒËÙÈÓ±ËÈ ÑÒËÍÐÉÈÏËÃ
ØËÄÍÄ
jÏÔÈÒÄÍ ÊÄÆËÓÃÛËÌ ÐÔ ÑÄÒÄÎÈÔ µ µÊÄÆËÓÃÛËÌÐÔÑÄÒÄÎÈÔÒÄ
ÒÄ µ µ ÏÈÓÐÅÓÔÆÈÏÏÝÌ
µ ÐÔ ±ÐÎÑÍȱÓÏÐÊÏÄÙÏÐÌ ÖÕϱØËË µ µÐÓÏÐÆÏÝÈÓÆÐÌÓÔÆĵ
ÇÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÐÐÄÒÕÎÈÏÔÄ µ µÓÆÈÇÈÏËȱÑÐÆÔÐÒÏÐÎÕ
µ qÕÄÓÓÐÏÄ
µ rËÎÄÏÄ µ µÖËÊËÙÈÓ±ËÈÑÒËÍÐÉÈÏËÃ
µ sÔËÍÔÞÈÓÄ µ
µ ÌÍÈÒÄÆÔÐÒÐÐÒÐÇÄ µ µ ÖÐÒÎÕÍÝ ÊÄÎÈÏÝ ÑÈÒÈÎÈÏ
µ µ ÑÈÒÆÐÐÒÐÇÄ ÏÝ×
jÏÔÈÒÄÍÞÏÄÃÓÕÎÎÄ µ ÒÃÇ
lÒËÆÄÃÆÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÈ5Q µ ÇËÖÖÈÐÎÐÒÖÏÐÈÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÈ
µ qÈÄÏÐ
µ Ó±ÍÈÌ±Ë mбÄÍÞÏÝÌÐÎÈÐÎÐÒÖËÊÎ
lÒËÆÐÍËÏÈÌÏÝȱÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔÝ mÕÙ
lÒËÆÐÍËÏÈÌÏÝÌËÏÔÈÒÄÍÆÔÐÒÐÐ nÄÉÐÒËÒÕàÛËÌÒÃÇ
ÒÐÇÄ
nÄÓÓÄÖËÕÒÝ
µ µ ÑÈÒÆÐÐÒÐÇÄ
nÄÔÒËØÄÍËÏÈÌÏÐÐÐÑÈÒÄÔÐÒÄ
lÒËÔÈÒËÌfÄÒÅÕ
µ ËÊÎÈÒËÎÐÓÔËÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ
µ ±ÐÅË
µ ÏÈÊÄÆËÓËÎÐÓÔË ±ÒËÆÐÍËÏÈÌÏÐÐ
µ µ ÓËÓÔÈÎÝÖÕϱØËÌ
ËÏÔÈÒÄÍÄ ÐÔ ÑÕÔË ËÏÔÈÒËÒÐ
ÆÄÏËà nÈͱÐÓÔÞÒÄÊÅËÈÏËÃ
µ lÐÚËÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐÌÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔË nÉÐßÉ h
ËÏÔÈÒÄÍÄ nÈÒÄ
µ µ µ µ ÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔË µ ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË
µ µ µ µ ÒÃÇÄ nÈÔÐÇ ÆÆÈÇÈÏËà ÎÏÐÉËÔÈÍà Ó×Ð
lÒËÔÈÒËÌ lÐÚË ÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐÌ Ó×Ð ÇËÎÐÓÔË
ÇËÎÐÓÔËÓÈÎÈÌÓÔÆÄÖÕϱØËÌ µ ÆÝÇÈÍÈÏËÃÍÄÆÏÐÌÙÄÓÔË
µ µ Ó×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔË ÅÈÓ±ÐÏÈÙÏÐÐÑÒÐ µ ÎÏÐÉËÔÈÍÈÌmÄÒÄÏÉÄ
ËÊÆÈÇÈÏËÃ µ ÓÕÎÎËÒÐÆÄÏËÃÒÃÇÐÆ
µ µ µ ÒÃÇÄ µ µ µ ÓÒÈÇÏËÎË ÄÒËÖÎÈÔËÙÈÓ±Ë
µ mÈÅÈÄ ÎË
µ ÑÐÍÏÐÐ ÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÄÍÄ Æ ÐÇ nÃÆÌÖÔ b v
ÏÐÓÆÃÊÏÐÌÐÅÍÄÓÔË nÏÐÐÙÍÈÏtÈÌÍÐÒÄ
µ ÑÐÔÈÏØËÄÍÞÏÐÓÔËÑÐÍÃ nÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐ ÍÈÅÈÐÆÐÌ ÎÈÒÝ ÏÕÍÞ
µ rËÎÄÏÄ
µ sËÍÞÆÈÓÔÒĵ nÏÐÉËÔÈÍËmÄÒÄÏÉÄ
µ ÓÐÍÈÏÐËÇÄÍÞÏÐÓÔËÑÐÍà nÏÐÉËÔÈÍÞÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔË
lÒÕ Ó×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔË ÓÔÈÑÈÏÏÐÐ ÒÃÇÄ nÐÇÕÍÞÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÓÔË
nÐÏÐÔÐÏÏÐÓÔÞÎÈÒÝ
lÕÅÒÄÏÄN nÕÍÞÔËËÏÇȱÓ
lÕÅËÒÕÈÎÐÈÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐ oÄÅÍÄ
lÕÅËÙÈÓ±ÄÃбÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔÞ oÄÑÒÄÆÍÃàÛËȱÐÓËÏÕÓÝÆȱÔÐÒÄ
lÕÓÐÙÏÐÍÄDZÄÃÒÄÏËØÄ
µ ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÞ oÄÙÄÍбÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔ
mÅÒÎÅÔ q oÈÊÄÆËÓËÎÄÃÓËÓÔÈÎÄÖÕϱØËÌ
mÈÎÎÄeÈÌÏȵcÐÒÈÍà oÈÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏÏÄñÆÄÇÒÄÔËÙÏÄÃÖÐÒ
µ lÐÚ˵zÆÄÒØÄ ÎÄ
mËÏÈÌÏÐÓÆÃÊÏÐÈÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐ oÈÐÒËÈÏÔËÒÕÈÎÄÃÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÞ
mËÏÈÌÏÐÈÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÈ
mËÏÈÌÏÐÓÔÞËÏÔÈÒÄÍÄ oÈÐÓÐÅÄÃÔÐÙ±ÄÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË
mËÏÈÌÏÝÌÐÑÈÒÄÔÐÒ oÈÑÐÍÏÄÃÄÎÎÄÖÕϱØËÃ
µ ÖÕϱØËÐÏÄÍ µ ËÏÔÈÒÄÍÞÏÄÃÓÕÎÎÄ
mËÏËñÒËÆËÊÏÝ oÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐ ÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÕÈÎÄÃ
µ ÕÒÐÆÏÃ ±ÒËÆÄÃ
mËÓÔnÂÅËÕÓÄ µ µ ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÞ
mÐÄÒËÖÎËÙÈÓ±ÄÃÖÕϱØËÃƱÐÎÑ µ µ µ ÆÚËÒбÐÎÓÎÝÓÍÈ
ÍȱÓÏÐÌÐÅÍÄÓÔË µ µ ÖÕϱØËÃ
mбÄÍÞÏÐÆÊÄËÎÏÐÐÇÏÐÊÏÄÙÏÐÈ µ ÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÕÈÎÐÈ ÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈ
ÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÈ ÏËÈ
µ ÐÎÈÐÎÐÒÖÏÐÈÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÈ µ ÑÒÐÇÐÍÉÄÈÎÄÃÖÕϱØËÃ
oÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÈ ÑÒÐÇÐÍÉÈÏËÈ ÖÕϱ pÎÅËÍËÙÈÓ±ÄÃÔÐÙ±Ä
ØËË pÑÈÒÄÔÐÒmÄÑÍÄÓÄ
oÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÓÔÞ ÆȱÔÐÒÏÐÌ ÖÕϱ pÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏÏÄñÆÄÇÒÄÔËÙÏÄÃÖÐÒÎÄ
ØËËÇÆÕ×ÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÝ×
µ ÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÃÆÔÐÙ±È pÑÒÈÇÈÍËÔÈÍÞ±ÐÅË
µ µ ÏÄÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÈ pÒËÈÏÔÄØËñÐÏÔÕÒÄ
oÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐbÅÈÍà µ ±ÒÄÃÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË
µ eÂÍÞÇÈÒÄ µ ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË
µ lÐÚ˵zÆÄÒØÄ pÒËÈÏÔËÒÐÆÄÏÏÄÃÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÞ
µ nËϱÐÆÓ±ÐÐ
µ µ ÐÅÐÅÛÈÏÏÐÈ pÒËÈÏÔËÒÕÈÎÄà ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÞ
µ ÔÒÈÕÐÍÞÏ˱Ä
oÈÓÐÅÓÔÆÈÏÏÝÌ ËÏÔÈÒÄÍ ÊÄÆËÓÃ pÒÔÐÐÏÄÍÞÏÐÈÇÐÑÐÍÏÈÏËÈ
ÛËÌÐÔÑÄÒÄÎÈÔÒÄ pÒÔÐÐÏÄÍÞÏÝÈÆȱÔÐÒÝ
µ µ µ ÐÔ±ÐÎÑÍȱÓÏÐÊÏÄÙÏÐÌ µ ÎÄÔÒËØÝ
ÖÕϱØËËÇÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÐÐ pÒÔÐÏÐÒÎËÒÐÆÄÏÏÝÈÅÄÊËÓÝ
ÄÒÕÎÈÏÔÄ pÓÏÐÆÏÄà ÎÈÔÒËÙÈÓ±Äà ÖÐÒÎÄ ÑÐ
µ ±ÒÄÔÏÝÌËÏÔÈÒÄÍ ÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË
oÈÃÆÏÄÃÖÕϱØËà pÓÐÅÄÃÔÐÙ±ÄÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË
oÈÃÆÏÐÈÊÄÇÄÏËÈÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË µ µ ÕÒÄÆÏÈÏËÃ
oËÉÏËÌËÏÔÈÒÄÍfÄÒÅÕ pÓÔÄÔбÒÃÇÄ
oËÉÏÃÃ QÎÈÒÏÄÃ ÎÈÒÄ hÐÒÇÄÏÄ pÓÔÄÔÐÙÏÐÈÑÒÐËÊÆÈÇÈÏËÈ
pÓÔÄÔÐÙÏÝÌÙÍÈÏÖÐÒÎÕÍÝtÈÌÍÐ
µ ÓÔÐÒÐÏÄÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË ÒÄ
µ ÓÕÎÎÄfÄÒÅÕ µ µ µ µ Æ ËÏÔÈÒÄÍÞÏÐÌ ÖÐÒÎÈ
QÎÈÒÏÄÃÎÈÒÄhÐÒÇÄÏÄ
QÎÈÒÏÝÌÐÅÜÈαÕÅÄ µ µ µ µ µ ÖÐÒÎÈlÐÚË
µ µ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ µ µ µ µ µ µ mÄÒÄÏÉÄ
oÐÒÎÄÍËÏÈÌÏÐÐÐÑÈÒÄÔÐÒÄ µ µ µ µ µ µ qÈÄÏÐ
oÐÒÎÄÍÞ±ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË pÔ±ÒÝÔÄÃÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÞ
oÐÒÎÄÍÞÏÄÃÑÍÐÓ±ÐÓÔÞ µ ÙÄÓÔÞÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË
µ ÑÒÃÎÄñÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË pÔ±ÒÝÔÐÈÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐ
oÐÒÎÄÍÞÏÐÈ ÓÈÙÈÏËÈ ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË pÔÒËØÄÔÈÍÞÏÄà ÐÒËÈÏÔÄØËà ÒÄÏË
ØÝ
oÐÓËÔÈÍÞÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË µ µ ±ÐÏÔÕÒÄ
µ ÔÐÙ±ËÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË µ µ ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË
µ µ ßÍÈÎÈÏÔÄÒÏÐÌÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË pÔÒËØÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏÏÄñÆÄÇ
ÒÄÔËÙÏÄÃÖÐÒÎÄ
µ ßÍÈÎÈÏÔÄÒÏÐÌÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË
oÞàÔÐÏÐÆÑÐÔÈÏØËÄÍ
qÄÒÄÅÐÍËÙÈÓ±ÄÃÔÐÙ±ÄÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË
pÅÍÄÓÔÞ qÄÒÄÎÈÔÒ
pÅÒÄʱÒËÆÐÌ qÄÒÄÎÈÔÒÝÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË
pÅÜÈÎÔÈÍÄ qÈÒÆÄà ±ÆÄÇÒÄÔËÙÏÄà ÖÐÒÎÄ ÑÐ
pÒÄÏËÙÈÏÏÄà ÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞ ÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË
qÈÒËÐÇ
pÒÄÏËÙÈÏÏÐÈÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐ qÈÒËÐÇËÙÈÓ±ÄÃÖÕϱØËÃ
pÇÏÐÓÆÃÊÏÄÃÐÅÍÄÓÔÞ qÍÐÛÄÇÞ ÑÍÐÓ±ÐÌ ÖËÕÒÝ
pÇÏÐÓÔÐÒÐÏÏÃÃÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÞ
p±ÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔÞÏÄÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË µ ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË
p±ÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔÞÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ qÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÏÝÌ ËÏÔÈÒÄÍ ÆÔÐÒÐÐ
µ ÔÐÙ±Ë ÒÐÇÄ
µ µ ÅÈÓ±ÐÏÈÙÏÐÕÇÄÍÈÏÏÐÌ µ µ ÑÈÒÆÐÐÒÐÇÄ
qÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÞ µ fÈÇȱËÏÇÄ
µ ÕÒÐÆÏà µ fËÒË×ÍÈ
qÐÆÔÐÒÏÝÌËÏÔÈÒÄÍ µ fàÅÕĵrÈÌÎÐÏÄ
µ ÑÒÈÇÈÍ µ lÐÚË
qÐÇÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÐ µ ÓÒÄÆÏÈÏËà ÇÍà ÏÈÓÐÅÓÔÆÈÏÏÝ×
µ ÏÄÔÃÏÕÔÐÈ ÏÄ ÇÄÏÏÝÈ ÆȱÔÐÒÝ ±ÒÄÔÏÝ×ËÏÔÈÒÄÍÐÆ
µ µ µ ÒÃÇÐÆ
qбÄÊÄÔÈÍÞÏÄà ÖÐÒÎÄ ±ÐÎÑÍÈ±Ó qÒËÏØËÑÓÐ×ÒÄÏÈÏËÃÐÅÍÄÓÔË
ÏÐÐÙËÓÍÄ qÒÐȱØËà ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ ÏÄ ËÑÈÒ
µ ÖÕϱØËÃƱÐÎÑÍȱÓÏÐÌÐÅÍÄÓÔË ÑÍÐÓ±ÐÓÔÞ
qÒÐËÊÆÈÇÈÏËÈÎÄÔÒËØ
qбÒÝÔËÈÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ µ ÎÄÔÒËØÝÏÄÙËÓÍÐ
qÐÍÏÄÃ ÄÇÇËÔËÆÏÐÓÔÞ ËÏÔÈÒÄÍÄ µ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆ
µ ÒÃÇÄÏÄÙËÓÍÐ
µ ±ÒËÆËÊÏÄÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË µ ÒÃÇÐÆ
qÐÍÏÝÌÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÄÍ qÒÐËÊÆÐÇÏÄà ÆȱÔÐÒÏÐÌ ÖÕϱØËË
qÐÍÐÉËÔÈÍÞÏÄÃ ÐÒËÈÏÔÄØËÃ ÒÄ ÑÐÏÄÑÒÄÆÍÈÏËà
ÏËØÝ µ ±ÐÎÑÍȱÓÏÐÊÏÄÙÏÐÌÖÕϱØËË
µ µ ±ÐÏÔÕÒÄ ÇÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÐÐÄÒÕÎÈÏÔÄ
µ µ ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË µ ÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÃ
qÐÍÐÉËÔÈÍÞÏÐÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏÏÄñÆÄÇ µ ÑÐÏÄÑÒÄÆÍÈÏËà
ÒÄÔËÙÏÄÃÖÐÒÎÄ µ ÙÄÓÔÏÄÃ
qÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞÎÐÏÐÔÐÏÏÐËÓ qÒбÐÍÐÔÄÃбÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔÞ
ÙÈÒÑÝÆÄàÛÄà ÐÔ±ÒÝÔÐÈ ÎÏÐ qÒÐÓÔÄÃÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÞ
ÉÈÓÔÆÐ µ ßÍÈÎÈÏÔÄÒÏÄÃÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÞ
µ ÔÐÙȱÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÄ qÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÐÔÐÙÈÙÏÐÈ
µ µ ÓÔÒÈÎÃÛÄÃÓà ± ÅÈÓ±ÐÏÈÙ µ ÆȱÔÐÒÏÐÈ
ÏÐÓÔË qÒÐÔËÆÐÑÐÍÐÉÏÄÃÐÒËÈÏÔÄØËÃÑÐ
qÐÓÔÐÃÏÏÄÃÌÍÈÒÄ ÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË
qÐÔÈÏØËÄÍ qÒÃÎÄÃÆÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÈ
qÐÔÈÏØËÄÍÞÏÄÃÖÕϱØËà qÒÃÎÐÕÐÍÞÏÄà бÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔÞ
qÐÔÈÏØËÄÍÞÏÐÈÑÐÍÈ
qÐÔбÆȱÔÐÒÏÐÐÑÐÍà qÒÃÎÐÕÐÍÞÏÄÃÓÕÎÎÄ
qÒÄÆÄÃÓËÓÔÈÎıÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔ qÖÅвÅÓÉ b
qÒÄÆËÍÐmÈÌÅÏËØÄ qÖÅÔÔÑÐ s
µ «ÚÔÐÑÐÒĬ qÕÔÞ
qÒÈÇÈÍ ÆȱÔÐÒÏÐÌ ÖÕϱØËË ÇÆÕ×
ÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÝ× rÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐÌÍÈÒÄ
qÒÈÇÈÍ ÇÆÐÌÏÐÌ ÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞ rÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐ ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÄà ÖÕϱ
ÏÐÓÔË ØËÃ
µ ÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÃ rÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐ ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÈ ÐÔÐÅÒÄ
µ ÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔË ÉÈÏËÈ
µ ÖÕϱØËË µ ÐÒÄÏËÙÈÏÏÄà ÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞ
µ µ ÑÐÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÕ ÏÐÓÔÞ
qÒÈÇÓÔÄÆÍÈÏËÈ ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË µ Ó×ÐÇÃÛÄÃÓà ÖÕϱØËÐÏÄÍÞÏÄÃ
ÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞ
qÒÈÐÅÒÄÊÐÆÄÏËÈbÅÈÍà µ Ó×ÐÇÃÛÈÈÓà ÓÈÎÈÌÓÔÆÐ ÖÕϱ
qÒËÊÏıbÅÈÍà ØËÌ
µ dÈÌÈÒÚÔÒÄÓÓÄ ÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐÌ Ó×Ð µ Ó×ÐÇÃÛËÌÓÃËÏÔÈÒÄÍ
ÇËÎÐÓÔËËÏÔÈÒÄÍÄ µ µ ÖÕϱØËÐÏÄÍÞÏÝÌÒÃÇ
µ µ µ µ ÒÃÇÄ rÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐÈ ÓÔÒÈÎÍÈÏËÈ ÖÕϱ
µ fÄÍÄÎÅÈÒÄ ØË˱ÏÕÍà
rÄÇËÕÓ Ó×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔË ÓÔÈÑÈÏÏÐÐ Òà sÕÎÎËÒÐÆÄÏËÈÒÃÇÐÆ
ÇÄ sÖÈÒËÙÈÓ±ÄÃбÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔÞ
rÄÊÅËÈÏËÈÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ µ ÓÕÎÎÄ
rÄÊÍÐÉÈÏËÈ ÐÓÏÐÆÏÝ× ßÍÈÎÈÏÔÄÒ sÖÈÒËÙÈÓ±ËȱÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔÝ
ÏÝ× ÖÕϱØËÌ Æ ÒÃÇ tÈÌÍÐÒÄ s×ÐÇÃÛÄÃÓÃÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞ
µ
rÄÏÎÄÔÒËØÝ s×ÐÇÃÛÈÈÓà ÅÈÓ±ÐÏÈÙÏÐÈ ÑÒÐËÊÆÈ
rÄÓÓÔÐÃÏËÈ ÇÈÏËÈ
µ ÎÈÉÇÕÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄÎË s×ÐÇÃÛËÌÓÃËÏÔÈÒÄÍ
µ µ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐÎËÔÐÙ±ÐÌ µ ÒÃÇ
µ µ ÔÐÙ±ÄÎË
rÄÓ×ÐÇÃÛÈÈÓà ÅÈÓ±ÐÏÈÙÏÐÈ ÑÒÐËÊ tÈÐÒÈÎÄbÅÈÍÃÆÔÐÒÄÃ
ÆÈÇÈÏËÈ µ µ ÑÈÒÆÄÃ
rÄÓ×ÐÇÃÛËÌÓÃËÏÔÈÒÄÍ µ eÄÕÓÓĵpÓÔÒÐÒÄÇÓ±ÐÐ
µ ÒÃÇ µ eÈÍÞÎÐÍÞØÄ
rÈÕÍÃÒÏÐÈÆÚËÒбÐÎÓÎÝÓÍÈÐÔÐ µ eÕÍÞÇËÏÄÆÔÐÒÄÃ
ÅÒÄÉÈÏËÈ µ fËÏË
µ ÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÈ µ mÈÌÅÏËØÄ
rÈÕÍÃÒÏÝÌÎÈÔÐÇ µ nÈÏÞÈ
rÐÔÐÒ µ Ð ÈÐÎÈÔÒËÙÈÓ±ÐÎ ÓÎÝÓÍÈ ÆË×
rÃÇ ÒÃ
µ mÈÌÅÏËØÄ µ µ µ ÇËÆÈÒÈÏØËË
µ nıÍÐÒÈÏÄ tÈÐÒÈÎÄÐÈÇËÏÓÔÆÈÏÏÐÓÔËÒÄÊÍÐÉÈ
µ sÔËÒÍËÏÄ ÏËà ÄÏÄÍËÔËÙÈÓ±ÐÌ ÖÕϱØËË Æ
µ tÈÌÍÐÒÄ ÓÔÈÑÈÏÏÐÌÒÃÇ
sÆÃÊÏÄÃÓËÓÔÈÎÄÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÈÌ µ µ ±ÒÕÈ Ó×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔË ÓÔÈÑÈÏÏÐ
sÈÎÈÌÓÔÆÐÖÕϱØËÌ ÐÒÃÇÄ
sÌÎßÇÉÔÕÓ f f µ µ ÏÈÐÅ×ÐÇËÎÐÎÕÓÍÐÆËËÓ×ÐÇË
sËÎÆÐÍËÙÈÓ±ËÌ ÆȱÔÐÒ eÄÎËÍÞÔÐ ÎÐÓÔËÒÃÇÄ
ÏÄ µ µ ÑÐÙÍÈÏÏÐÎÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÐÆÄ
s±ÄÍÃÒÏÐÈÑÒÐËÊÆÈÇÈÏËÈ ÏËËÒÃÇÄ
s±ÍÈÈÏÏÄÃÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÞ µ µ ÓÆÈÇÈÏËË ÇÆÐÌÏÐÐ ËÏÔÈÒÄ
s±ÍÈËÆÄàÛËÌÐÎÈÐÎÐÒÖËÊÎ ÍıÑÐÆÔÐÒÏÐÎÕ
sÎÈÚÄÏÏÄà ÙÄÓÔÏÄà ÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇÏÄà µ µ ÓÒÈÇÏÈÎÇÍñÒÄÔÏÐÐËÏÔÈ
ÒÄÍÄ
sÐÍÄÓÐÆÄÏÏÝÈÐÒËÈÏÔÄØËËÑÐÆÈÒ× µ ÐÅËÏÔÈÒËÒÐÆÄÏËËÒÃÇÄ
ÏÐÓÔÈÌ µ rËÎÄÏÄ Ð ÑÈÒÈÓÔÄÏÐÆ±È ÙÍÈÏÐÆ
sÐÍÈÏÐËÇÄÍÞÏÐÈÑÐÍÈ ÕÓÍÐÆÏÐÓ×ÐÇÃÛÈÐÓÃÒÃÇÄ
sÐÓÈÇÏËÈÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË µ sÔбÓÄ
sÒÈÇÏÃñÒËÆËÊÏÄÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË tÈÐÒÈÎÝ Ð ÅÈÓ±ÐÏÈÙÏÝ× ÑÒÐËÊÆÈ
sÔÄÏÇÄÒÔÏÝÌÅÄÊËÓ ÇÈÏËÃ×
sÔÄÔËÙÈÓ±ËÌÎÐÎÈÏÔÖËÕÒÝ µ µ ÈÐÎÈÔÒËÙÈÓ±ÐÎÓÎÝÓÍÈÎÐÇÕ
sÔÄØËÐÏÄÒÏÄÃÔÐÙ±Ä ÍÃËÊÏıÄñÐÅËÄÏÄ
sÔÈÑÈÏÏÐÌÒÃÇ µ µ ÇÆÐÌÏÝ×ÒÃÇÄ×µ
sÔÈÑÈÏÞÓ±ÐÎÑÍȱÓÏÝÎÑбÄÊÄÔÈ µ µ ÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÕÈÎÝ× ÐÔÐÅÒÄ
ÍÈÎ ÉÈÏËÃ×
sÕÌÎÕßÉÔ t j µ µ ÊÄÆËÓËÎÐÓÔËÖÕϱØËÌ
sÕÌÓÎÌÐ fÊ
sÕÑ²Ô fÊ µ µ ÊÄÎÈÏÈ ÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÝ× Æ ±ÒÄÔ
sÕÎÎÄÎÄÔÒËØ ÏÝ×ËÏÔÈÒÄÍÄ×
µ ÒÃÇÄ µ µ ±ÒËÆËÊÏȱÒËÆÝ×ÏÄÑÐÆÈÒ×
µ ÒÃÇÐÆ ÏÐÓÔË
µ µ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ× ÎÈÒÝ ÏÕÍÞ µ µ ÎËÏËÎÕÎÄ
µ µ ß±ÓÔÒÈÎÕÎÄ
µ µ ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÝ× ÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÃ× µ ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË
ÊÄαÏÕÔÝ×ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆ µ ÕÑÍÐÛÈÏËÃÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË
µ µ µ µ ±ÐÎÑıÔÐÆ µ ÕÓÍÐÆÏÐÐß±ÓÔÒÈÎÕÎÄ
µ µ µ µ ÍËÏÈÌ±Ä ÓÆÃÊÏÝ× ÎÏÐ µ ß±ÓÔÒÈÎÕÎÄ
ÉÈÓÔÆ µ ßÍÈÎÈÏÔÄÒÏÐÌÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË
µ µ µ µ ÐÔ±ÒÝÔÝ×ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆ tÒÈÕÐÍÞÏÄÃÓÕÎÎÄ
tÒËÐÏÐÎÈÔÒËÙÈÓ±ËÈ ÖÕϱØËË Æ
µ µ ÏÈÓÐÅÓÔÆÈÏÏÝ× ËÏÔÈÒÄÍÄ× ±ÐÎÑÍȱÓÏÐÌÐÅÍÄÓÔË
ÊÄÆËÓÃÛË×ÐÔÑÄÒÄÎÈÔÒĵ
uÅÝÆÄàÛÄÃ ÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞ
µ µ µ ±ÒÄÔÏÝ×ËÏÔÈÒÄÍÄ×µ
uÐÍÎÈÉÇÕÆȱÔÐÒÄÎË
µ µ ÏÈÃÆÏÝ× ÖÕϱØËÃ× µ µ ±ÒËÆÝÎË
uÒÄÆÏÈÏËÈÓÆÃÊË
µ µ ÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐ Ó×ÐÇÃÛË×Óà ÑÐ uÓÍÐÆÏÐÓ×ÐÇÃÛËÌÓÃÒÃÇ
ÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÃ× Ë ÒÃÇÄ× vËÕÒÄ
vÐÒÎÕÍÄeÒËÏÄ
µ fËÒË×ÍÈ
µ µ ÒÃÇÄ×tÈÌÍÐÒĵ µ ±ÐÏÈÙÏÝ×ÑÒËÒÄÛÈÏËÌmÄÒÄÏ
µ µ ÓÆÈÇÈÏËË ÇÆÐÌÏÐÐ ËÏÔÈÒÄ ÉÄÇÍÃÖÕϱØËÌÎÏÐË×ÑÈÒÈ
ÍıÑÐÆÔÐÒÏÐÎÕ ÎÈÏÏÝ×
µ µ ÓÐÅÓÔÆÈÏÏÝ× ËÏÔÈÒÄÍÄ× ÊÄ µ lÐÚ˵bÇÄÎÄÒÄ
ÆËÓÃÛË× ÐÔ ÑÄÒÄÎÈÔÒÄ µ µ eÄÕÓÓĵpÓÔÒÐÒÄÇÓ±ÐÐ
µ sÔËÒÍËÏÄ ÇÍà ÄÎÎÄÖÕϱØËË
µ µ Ó×ÐÇÃÛË×ÓÃÒÃÇÄ×µ
µ ÐÅ ËÏÔÈÒËÒÕÈÎÝ× ÖÕϱØËÃ× µ µ µ ÖıÔÐÒËÄÍÄ
µ sÔбÓÄ
µ tÈÌÍÐÒÄ
µ µ µ µ ÎÏÐË×ÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÝ× µ ÌÍÈÒÄ ÇÍà ÄÎÎÄ Ë ÅÈÔÄ
ÖÕϱØËÌ
µ µ ÕÓÍÐÆÏÝ× ß±ÓÔÒÈÎÕÎÄ× µ µ µ ±ÒËÆËÊÏÝ ÏÐÒÎÄÍÞÏÐÐ
ÓÈÙÈÏËÃÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË
µ µ ß±ÓÔÒÈÎÕÎÄ× ÖÕϱØËÌ ÎÏÐ µ µ µ ÑбÄÊÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÌÖÕϱØËËÆ
Ë×ÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÝ× ±ÐÎÑÍȱÓÏÐÌÐÅÍÄÓÔË
tÐÉÇÈÓÔÆÈÏÏÐÈ ÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÈ vÕϱØËÐÏÄÍÞÏÄà ÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞ
ÏÐÓÔÞ
tÐÉÇÈÓÔÆÐmÄÒÄÏÉÄ vÕϱØËÐÏÄÍÞÏÝÌÒÃÇ
tÐÒ vÕϱØËÃmÄÒÄÏÉÄ
tÐÙ±ÄÆÐÊÆÒÄÔÄ
µ ÒÄÏËÙÏÄÃ wÅÓÈÌ e
µ ÊıÒÕÍÈÏËà xÈÏÔÒÔÃÉÈÓÔËÖËÕÒÝ
µ ËÊÐÍËÒÐÆÄÏÏÄÃ xËÍËÏÇÒ
µ ±ÄÓÄÏËà xËÍËÏÇÒËÙÈÓ±ÄÃÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÞ
µ ÑÒÈÇÈÍÞÏÄà xËÍËÏÇÒËÙÈÓ±ËȱÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔÝ
µ ÑÒ˱ÐÓÏÐÆÈÏËà xËÒ±ÕÍÃØËÃ
µ ÎıÓËÎÕÎÄ
µ ÎËÏËÎÕÎÄ yÄÓÔËÙÏÄÃÓÕÎÎÄÒÃÇÄ
µ ÓÄÎÐÑÈÒÈÓÈÙÈÏËÃ yÄÓÔËÙÏÐÈÑÒÐËÊÆÈÇÈÏËÈ
µ ÓÄÎÐÑÒ˱ÐÓÏÐÆÈÏËà yÄÓÔÏÄÃÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇÏÄÃ
µ ÓÔÒÐÐÐÎıÓËÎÕÎÄ µ µ ÆÝÓÚÈÐÑÐÒÃDZÄ
yÄÓÔÏÝÌÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÄÍ µ ÔÐÙ±Ë ßÍÈÎÈÏÔÄÒÏÝ× ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐ
yÄÓÔÞÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË ÓÔÈÌ
yËÓÍÄcÈÒÏÕÍÍË µ ßÍÈÎÈÏÔÄÒÏÝÈÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË
yËÓÍÐH ÍÈÎÈÏÔÑÍÐÛÄÇËÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË
µ L ÍÈÎÈÏÔÄÒÏÄÃÐÅÍÄÓÔÞ
µ π 125 µ ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÞ
yËÓÍÐÆÐÌÒÃÇ ÍÈÎÈÏÔÄÒÏÄÃÖÕϱØËÃÎÏÐË×
yÍÈÏÒÃÇÄ ÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÝ×
ÍÍËÑÔËÙÈÓ±ÄÃÔÐÙ±ÄÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË
zÄÒÐÆÄÃбÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔÞ
zÇÅÓÙ e
ÆÏÐÈ ÊÄÇÄÏËÈ ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË
ÍÎÉÓ m
±ÆËÆÄÍÈÏÔÏÝÈ ÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËà ²ÑÆÌ l
±ÐÅËÄÏÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÃ
µ ÑÒÈÇÓÔÄÆÍÈÏËñÒËÆÐÌ µ ÓËÓÔÈÎÝÖÕϱØËÌ
µÌÂÉÂÔÇÍÞÐÓÏÐÄÏÝ×ÐÃÐÉÏÂÙÇÏÊË
∑ XQ¶ÒÃÇ
Q
∏ DQ¶ÅÈÓ±ÐÏÈÙÏÐÈÑÒÐËÊÆÈÇÈÏËÈ
Q
IQ {
;
I ¶ÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞ^IQ`Ó×ÐÇËÔÓñÖÕϱØËËIÏÄÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÈ;
IQ {
{ I µ ÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞ ^IQ` ÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐ Ó×ÐÇËÔÓà ± ×ÖвÙÌÌ I ÏÄ
;
ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÈ;
/Q] ¶ÍÐÄÒËÖÎËÙÈÓ±ÄÃÖÕϱØËÃƱÐÎÑÍȱÓÏÐÌÐÅÍÄÓÔË
OQ] ¶ÍÄÆÏÄÃÆÈÔÆÞÍÐÄÒËÖÎÄ
ζV ¶ÇÊÈÔÄÖÕϱØËÃrËÎÄÏÄ
D D
I ∼ ∑ QQ ÒÓÌ [ { ¶ ÄÓËÎÑÔÐÔËÙÈÓ±ËÌ ÒÃÇ Q∑
Q [ [Q
Q
ÓÐÐÔÆÈÔÓÔÆÕÈÔ
ÖÕϱØËË IÑÒË[{
^[Q Q ` ¶±ÒÄÔÏÄÃÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞ
N
∑
Q Q N
XQ
Q N
¶±ÒÄÔÏÝÌÒÃÇ
N N NQ NL ¶ ØÈÍÐÈ ÏÈÐÔÒËØÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÈ ÙËÓÍÐ L Q ¶
ÎÕÍÞÔËËÏÇȱÓ
N
∂
'N N
N NNQ ¶ÙÄÓÔÏÄÃÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇÏÄÃNÐÑÐÒÃDZÄ
∂ [ ∂[ QNQ
I[\ {
{I[ÒÓÌ\{\ ¶ÓÈÎÈÌÓÔÆÐÖÕϱØËÌI[\\ ¶ ÑÄÒÄÎÈÔÒÒÄÆ
;
ÏÐÎÈÒÏÐÑÐ[ÓÔÒÈÎËÔÓñÖÕϱØËËI[ÏÄÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÈ;ÑÒË\{\
D D Q
D L PM Q ¶ÎÄÔÒËØÄ
LM
D P D PQ
D D Q
GHWDLML QM Q ¶ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍËÔÈÍÞÎÄÔÒËØÝDLM
D Q D QQ
∂( X X Q ) ' ( X X Q )
¶Ã±ÐÅËÄÏÓËÓÔÈÎÝÖÕϱØËÌXXQÑÐÑÈÒÈ
∂( W W Q ) ' ( W W Q )
ÎÈÏÏÝÎWWQ
__I__ ¶ÏÐÒÎÄÍËÏÈÌÏÐÐÐÑÈÒÄÔÐÒÄI
,G;{; ¶ÔÐÉÇÈÓÔÆÈÏÏÐÈÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÈÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ;ÏÄ ÓÈÅÃ
µ
( ¶ÆÈÒ×ÏÃÃÎÈÒÄÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄg
µ
( ¶ÏËÉÏÃÃÎÈÒÄÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ(
µ(µQ( ¶QÎÈÒÏÄÃÎÈÒÄÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ(
∫I[G(∫ ∫ ∫ I[ [QG[G[Q¶Q±ÒÄÔÏÝÌËÏÔÈÒÄÍÐÔÖÕϱØËËI
(
ÑÐ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÕ ( ÏÈÓÐÅÓÔÆÈÏÏÝÌ Q±ÒÄÔÏÝÌ ËÏÔÈÒÄÍ ÐÔ ÖÕϱØËË I
ÑÐÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÕ(
∫ ∫ I[\G[ G\ ¶ÇÆÐÌÏÐÌËÏÔÈÒÄÍÐÔÖÕϱØËËIÑÐÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÕ(
(
E ψ[ G β\
$% ¶±ÒËÆÄÃÓÏÄÙÄÍÞÏÐÌÔÐÙ±ÐÌ$˱ÐÏÈÙÏÐÌÔÐÙ±ÐÌ%
Γ ¶ÑÐÍÐÉËÔÈÍÞÏÐÐÒËÈÏÔËÒÐÆÄÏÏÝ̱ÐÏÔÕÒ
Γ ´ ¶ÐÔÒËØÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÐÒËÈÏÔËÒÐÆÄÏÏÝ̱ÐÏÔÕÒ
∫ )[ \ ]GV ∫ )UVGV ¶ ±ÒËÆÐÍËÏÈÌÏÝÌ ËÏÔÈÒÄÍ ÑÈÒÆÐÐ ÒÐÇÄ ÐÔ
$% $%
ÖÕϱØËË) ÑбÒËÆÐÌ $%
∫ DGU ∫ 3G[ 4G\ 5G] ¶ ±ÒËÆÐÍËÏÈÌÏÝÌ ËÏÔÈÒÄÍ ÆÔÐÒÐÐ ÒÐÇÄ
$% $%
ÔÐÒÏÐÐÑÐÍÃDÑбÒËÆÐÌ $%
6 ^I00∈ ' `6 ^UXYXY ∈ ' `
6 ^[XY\XY]XYXY ∈ ' ` ¶ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÞ
6 ¶ÑÐÍÐÉËÔÈÍÞÏÐÐÒËÈÏÔËÒÐÆÄÏÏÄÃÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÞ
6´ ¶ÐÔÒËØÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÐÒËÈÏÔËÒÐÆÄÏÏÄÃÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÞ
∫ ∫ v[ \ ]G6 ¶ ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÏÝÌ ËÏÔÈÒÄÍ ÑÈÒÆÐÐ ÒÐÇÄ ÐÔ ÖÕϱØËË v
6
ÑÐÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË6
∫∫ DG6 ∫ ∫ DQG6 ∫ ∫ 3G\G] 4G]G[ 5G[G\ ¶ ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÏÝÌ ËÏ
6 6 6
ÔÈÒÄÍ ÆÔÐÒÐÐ ÒÐÇÄ ÐÔ ÆȱÔÐÒÏÐÌ ÖÕϱØËË D 3 4 5 ÑÐ ÑÐ
ÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË6ÑÐÔбÆȱÔÐÒÏÐÐÑÐÍÃÙÈÒÈÊÐÒËÈÏÔËÒÐÆÄÏÏÕàÑÐÆÈÒ×
ÏÐÓÔÞ6
∆ ¶ÐÑÈÒÄÔÐÒmÄÑÍÄÓÄ
GLYD∇D ¶ÇËÆÈÒÈÏØËÃÆȱÔÐÒÄD
URWD∇¨D ¶ÒÐÔÐÒÆȱÔÐÒÄD
Β ΒST ¶ÅÈÔÄÖÕϱØËÃ
Γ ΓV ¶ÄÎÎÄÖÕϱØËÃ
∂ ∂ ∂
∇ M N µ«ÏÄÅÍÄÐÑÈÒÄÔÐÒ¬
∂[ ∂\ ∂]
JUDGI∇IµÒÄÇËÈÏÔÖÕϱØËË
°ÅÍÂÄÍÇÏÊÇ
qÒÈÇËÓÍÐÆËÈ
eÍÄÆÄ
rÆÊß
yËÓÍÐÆÝÈÒÃÇÝ
pÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËÈÒÃÇÄËÈÐÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔÞ
sÆÐÌÓÔÆÄÓ×ÐÇÃÛË×ÓÃÒÃÇÐÆ
lÒËÔÈÒËÌlÐÚËÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔËÒÃÇÄ
rÃÇÝÓÏÈÐÔÒËØÄÔÈÍÞÏÝÎËÙÍÈÏÄÎË
qÒËÊÏıÓÒÄÆÏÈÏËÃÇÍÃÒÃÇÐÆ
ÓÏÈÐÔÒËØÄÔÈÍÞÏÝÎËÙÍÈÏÄÎË
nÈÔÐÇÆÝÇÈÍÈÏËÃÍÄÆÏÐÌÙÄÓÔËÙÍÈÏÄÒÃÇÄ
qÒËÊÏıËfÄÍÄÎÅÈÒÄËlÐÚËÇÍÃÒÃÇÐÆ
ÓÏÈÐÔÒËØÄÔÈÍÞÏÝÎËÙÍÈÏÄÎË
jÏÔÈÒÄÍÞÏÝÌÑÒËÊÏıÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔËÒÃÇÐÆ
ÓÏÈÐÔÒËØÄÔÈÍÞÏÝÎËÙÍÈÏÄÎË
oÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÄeÂÍÞÇÈÒÄËnËϱÐÆÓ±ÐÐÇÍñÐÏÈÙÏÝ×
ËÅÈÓ±ÐÏÈÙÏÝ×ÓÕÎÎ
iÏıÐÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÝÈÒÃÇÝ
bÅÓÐÍàÔÏÐÓ×ÐÇÃÛËÈÓÃÒÃÇÝqÒËÎÈÏÈÏËÈÄÅÓÐÍàÔÏÐ
Ó×ÐÇÃÛË×ÓÃÒÃÇÐƱËÓÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÏËàÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔË
ÑÒÐËÊÆÐÍÞÏÝ×ÒÃÇÐÆ
qÒËÊÏıËfÄÍÄÎÅÈÒÄËlÐÚËÇÍÃÑÒÐËÊÆÐÍÞÏÝ×
ÙËÓÍÐÆÝ×ÒÃÇÐÆ
s×ÐÇÃÛËÈÓÃÒÃÇÝÏÈÓ×ÐÇÃÛËÈÓÃÄÅÓÐÍàÔÏÐ
tÈÐÒÈÎÄrËÎÄÏÄ
qÒÈÐÅÒÄÊÐÆÄÏËÈbÅÈÍÃqÒËÊÏıËÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔË
fËÒË×ÍÈËbÅÈÍÃ
bÓËÎÑÔÐÔËÙÈÓ±ÐÈÑÐÆÈÇÈÏËÈÐÓÔÄÔ±ÐÆÓ×ÐÇÃÛË×ÓÃ
ÒÃÇÐÆËÙÄÓÔËÙÏÝ×ÓÕÎÎÒÄÓ×ÐÇÃÛË×ÓÃÒÃÇÐÆ
pÓÕÎÎËÒÕÈÎÐÓÔËÒÃÇÐÆÎÈÔÐÇÐÎ
ÓÒÈÇÏË×ÄÒËÖÎÈÔËÙÈÓ±Ë×
cÈÓ±ÐÏÈÙÏÝÈÑÒÐËÊÆÈÇÈÏËÃ
pÓÏÐÆÏÝÈÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËÃqÒÐÓÔÈÌÚËÈÓÆÐÌÓÔÆÄ
ÅÈÓ±ÐÏÈÙÏÝ×ÑÒÐËÊÆÈÇÈÏËÌ
lÒËÔÈÒËÌlÐÚËÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔËÅÈÓ±ÐÏÈÙÏÝ×
ÑÒÐËÊÆÈÇÈÏËÌ
cÈÓ±ÐÏÈÙÏÝÈÑÒÐËÊÆÈÇÈÏËÃÓÇÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÝÎË
ÓÐÎÏÐÉËÔÈÍÃÎË
bÅÓÐÍàÔÏÐÓ×ÐÇÃÛËÈÓÃÅÈÓ±ÐÏÈÙÏÝÈÑÒÐËÊÆÈÇÈÏËÃ
fÊÈÔÄÖÕϱØËÃrËÎÄÏÄËÑÒÐÓÔÝÈÙËÓÍÄ
vÕϱØËÐÏÄÍÞÏÝÈÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔËËÒÃÇÝ
s×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔÞÖÕϱØËÐÏÄÍÞÏÝ×ÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÈÌ
ËÒÃÇÐÆ
rÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÄÃÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔÞÖÕϱØËÐÏÄÍÞÏÝ×
ÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÈÌ
rÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐÓ×ÐÇÃÛËÈÓÃÖÕϱØËÐÏÄÍÞÏÝÈÒÃÇÝ
sÆÐÌÓÔÆÄÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐÓ×ÐÇÃÛË×ÓÃÒÃÇÐÆ
ËÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÈÌ
sÔÈÑÈÏÏÝÈÒÃÇÝ
rÄÇËÕÓÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔË˱ÒÕÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔËÓÔÈÑÈÏÏÐÐÒÃÇÄ
vÐÒÎÕÍÄlÐÚ˵bÇÄÎÄÒÄÇÍÃÒÄÇËÕÓÄÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔË
ÓÔÈÑÈÏÏÐÐÒÃÇÄ
bÏÄÍËÔËÙÈÓ±ËÈÖÕϱØËË
bÏÄÍËÔËÙÈÓ±ËÈÖÕϱØËËÆÇÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÐÌÐÅÍÄÓÔË
rÄÊÍÐÉÈÏËÈÖÕϱØËÌÆÓÔÈÑÈÏÏÝÈÒÃÇÝrÄÊÍËÙÏÝÈ
ÓÑÐÓÐÅÝÊÄÑËÓËÐÓÔÄÔÐÙÏÐÐÙÍÈÏÄÖÐÒÎÕÍÝtÈÌÍÐÒÄ
rÄÊÍÐÉÈÏËÈßÍÈÎÈÏÔÄÒÏÝ×ÖÕϱØËÌÆÒÃÇtÈÌÍÐÒÄ
nÈÔÐÇÝÒÄÊÍÐÉÈÏËÃÖÕϱØËÌÆÓÔÈÑÈÏÏÝÈÒÃÇÝ
vÐÒÎÕÍÄsÔËÒÍËÏÄ
vÐÒÎÕÍÄËÒÃÇtÈÌÍÐÒÄÇÍÃÆȱÔÐÒÏÝ×ÖÕϱØËÌ
bÓËÎÑÔÐÔËÙÈÓ±ËÈÓÔÈÑÈÏÏÝÈÒÃÇÝ
sÆÐÌÓÔÆÄÄÓËÎÑÔÐÔËÙÈÓ±Ë×ÓÔÈÑÈÏÏÝ×ÒÃÇÐÆ
lÒÄÔÏÝÈÒÃÇÝ
lÒÄÔÏÝÈÙËÓÍÐÆÝÈÒÃÇÝ
lÒÄÔÏÝÈÖÕϱØËÐÏÄÍÞÏÝÈÒÃÇÝ
eÍÄÆÄ
fÎØØËÕËÒÚÎÇÐàÒÓËÎÖÛÎÖÐËÒÎË
ؾұÚÎÏÑÒÓÎÙÔËÕËÑËÒÒßÙ
nÏÐÐÎÈÒÏÝÈÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÄ
p±ÒÈÓÔÏÐÓÔËÔÐÙȱqÒÈÇÈÍÝÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÈÌ
ÔÐÙȱ
rÄÊÍËÙÏÝÈÔËÑÝÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆ
lÐÎÑıÔÝ
nÏÐÐÎÈÒÏÝÈÆȱÔÐÒÏÝÈÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÄ
qÒÈÇÈÍËÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÓÔÞÖÕϱØËÌÎÏÐË×ÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÝ×
ËÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÌ
vÕϱØËËÎÏÐË×ÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÝ×
pÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÃqÒÈÇÈÍÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÌ
oÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÓÔÞÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÌÆÔÐÙ±È
sÆÐÌÓÔÆÄÑÒÈÇÈÍÐÆÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÌ
qÐÆÔÐÒÏÝÈÑÒÈÇÈÍÝ
qÒÈÇÈÍËÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÓÔÞ±ÐÎÑÐÊËØËËÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÌ
oÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÝÈÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËñÐÎÑıÔÐÆ
rÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÄÃÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÓÔÞ
oÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÝÈÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÃÍËÏÈÌÏÐÓÆÃÊÏÝ×
ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆ
sÆÐÌÓÔÆÄÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÝ×ÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÌ
yÄÓÔÏÝÈÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇÏÝÈfËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÕÈÎÐÓÔÞÖÕϱØËÌ
ÎÏÐË×ÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÝ×
yÄÓÔÏÝÈÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇÏÝÈËÙÄÓÔÏÝÈÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÄÍÝ
fËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÕÈÎÐÓÔÞÖÕϱØËÌÆÔÐÙ±È
fËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÐÆÄÏËÈÓÍÐÉÏÐÌÖÕϱØËË
jÏÆÄÒËÄÏÔÏÐÓÔÞÖÐÒÎÝÑÈÒÆÐÐÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÄÍÄ
ÐÔÏÐÓËÔÈÍÞÏÐÆÝÅÐÒÄÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÝ×qÒÄÆËÍÄ
ÆÝÙËÓÍÈÏËÃÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÄÍÐÆ
eÈÐÎÈÔÒËÙÈÓ±ËÌÓÎÝÓÍÙÄÓÔÏÝ×ÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇÏÝ×
ËÑÐÍÏÐÐÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÄÍÄ
eÒÄÇËÈÏÔÖÕϱØËË
qÒÐËÊÆÐÇÏÄÃÑÐÏÄÑÒÄÆÍÈÏËà
qÒËÎÈÒËÓÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÏËÃÖÕϱØËÌÇÆÕ×ÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÝ×
yÄÓÔÏÝÈÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇÏÝÈËÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÄÍÝÆÝÓÚË×
ÑÐÒÃDZÐÆ
yÄÓÔÏÝÈÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇÏÝÈÆÝÓÚË×ÑÐÒÃDZÐÆ
fËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÄÍÝÆÝÓÚË×ÑÐÒÃDZÐÆ
vÐÒÎÕÍÄtÈÌÍÐÒÄËÒÃÇtÈÌÍÐÒÄÇÍÃÖÕϱØËÌÎÏÐË×
ÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÝ×
vÐÒÎÕÍÄtÈÌÍÐÒÄÇÍÃÖÕϱØËÌÎÏÐË×ÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÝ×
vÐÒÎÕÍıÐÏÈÙÏÝ×ÑÒËÒÄÛÈÏËÌÇÍÃÖÕϱØËÌÎÏÐË×
ÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÝ×
pØÈϱÄÐÓÔÄÔÐÙÏÐÐÙÍÈÏÄÖÐÒÎÕÍÝtÈÌÍÐÒÄ
ÆÐÆÓÈÌÐÅÍÄÓÔËÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËÃÖÕϱØËË
rÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÄÃÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔÞÑÐÑÄÒÄÎÈÔÒÕÓÈÎÈÌÓÔÆÄ
ÖÕϱØËÌ
iÄÎÈÙÄÏËÃÐÒÃÇÄ×tÈÌÍÐÒÄÇÍÃÖÕϱØËÌÎÏÐË×
ÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÝ×
±ÓÔÒÈÎÕÎÝÖÕϱØËÌÎÏÐË×ÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÝ×
oÈÐÅ×ÐÇËÎÝÈÕÓÍÐÆËÃß±ÓÔÒÈÎÕÎÄ
fÐÓÔÄÔÐÙÏÝÈÕÓÍÐÆËÃÓÔÒÐÐÐß±ÓÔÒÈÎÕÎÄ
iÄÎÈÙÄÏËÃÐÅß±ÓÔÒÈÎÕÎÄ×ÏÄÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ×
oÈÃÆÏÝÈÖÕϱØËËpÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÃ
oÈÃÆÏÝÈÖÕϱØËËÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÃÈÎÝÈÐÇÏËÎÕÒÄÆÏÈÏËÈÎ
qÒÐËÊÆÈÇÈÏËÃÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆ
oÈÃÆÏÝÈÖÕϱØËËÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÃÈÎÝÈÓËÓÔÈÎÐÌÕÒÄÆÏÈÏËÌ
dȱÔÐÒÏÝÈÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÃ
mËÏÈÌÏÝÈÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÃ
fËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÕÈÎÝÈÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÃ
pÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÃÓÏÈÒÄÆÏÝÎÏÕÍàñÐÅËÄÏÐÎ
qÒËÏØËÑÓÐ×ÒÄÏÈÏËÃÐÅÍÄÓÔË
oÈÃÆÏÝÈÖÕϱØËËÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÃÈÎÝÈÕÒÄÆÏÈÏËÈÎ
ƱÐÔÐÒÐÎÏÄÒÕÚÄàÔÓÃÕÓÍÐÆËÃÈÇËÏÓÔÆÈÏÏÐÓÔË
pÓÐÅÝÈÔÐÙ±ËÑÍÐÓ±Ë×±ÒËÆÝ×
iÄÎÈÏÄÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÝ×
iÄÆËÓËÎÐÓÔÞÖÕϱØËÌ
qÐÏÃÔËÈÊÄÆËÓËÎÐÓÔËÖÕϱØËÌoÈÐÅ×ÐÇËÎÐÈÕÓÍÐÆËÈ
ÊÄÆËÓËÎÐÓÔËÖÕϱØËÌ
fÐÓÔÄÔÐÙÏÝÈÕÓÍÐÆËÃÊÄÆËÓËÎÐÓÔËÖÕϱØËÌ
uÓÍÐÆÏÝÌß±ÓÔÒÈÎÕÎ
qÐÏÃÔËÈÕÓÍÐÆÏÐÐß±ÓÔÒÈÎÕÎÄ
nÈÔÐÇÎÏÐÉËÔÈÍÈÌmÄÒÄÏÉÄÇÍÃÏÄ×ÐÉÇÈÏËÃÔÐÙȱ
ÕÓÍÐÆÏÐÐß±ÓÔÒÈÎÕÎÄ
eÈÐÎÈÔÒËÙÈÓ±ÄÃËÏÔÈÒÑÒÈÔÄØËÃÎÈÔÐÇÄmÄÒÄÏÉÄ
sÔÄØËÐÏÄÒÏÝÈÔÐÙ±ËÖÕϱØËËmÄÒÄÏÉÄ
fÐÓÔÄÔÐÙÏÝÈÕÓÍÐÆËÃÇÍÃÔÐÙȱÕÓÍÐÆÏÐÐß±ÓÔÒÈÎÕÎÄ
eÍÄÆÄ
jÒ×ËÕÇÐàÒÓËÎÖÛÎÖÐËÒÎË
ؾұÚÎÏÑÒÓÎÙÔËÕËÑËÒÒßÙ
lÒÄÔÏÝÈËÏÔÈÒÄÍÝ
qÐÏÃÔËÈÐÅÜÈÎÄÆQÎÈÒÏÐÎÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÈ
ÎÈÒÄhÐÒÇÄÏÄjÊÎÈÒËÎÝÈÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ
nÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄÎÈÒÝÏÕÍÞ
pÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËȱÒÄÔÏÐÐËÏÔÈÒÄÍÄ
sÕÛÈÓÔÆÐÆÄÏËÈËÏÔÈÒÄÍÄ
pÅËÏÔÈÒËÒÕÈÎÐÓÔËÒÄÊÒÝÆÏÝ×ÖÕϱØËÌ
sÆÐÌÓÔÆıÒÄÔÏÐÐËÏÔÈÒÄÍÄ
lÒËÔÈÒËËËÏÔÈÒËÒÕÈÎÐÓÔËÖÕϱØËÌrËÎÄÏÄËfÄÒÅÕ
ËË×ÓÍÈÇÓÔÆËÃ
sÆÈÇÈÏËȱÒÄÔÏÐÐËÏÔÈÒÄÍıÑÐÆÔÐÒÏÐÎÕ
sÆÈÇÈÏËÈÇÆÐÌÏÐÐËÏÔÈÒÄÍıÑÐÆÔÐÒÏÐÎÕ
pÅÐÅÛÈÏËÈÏÄQÎÈÒÏÝÌÓÍÕÙÄÌ
pÅÐÅÛÈÏÏÐÈËÏÔÈÒÄÍÞÏÐÈÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐnËϱÐÆÓ±ÐÐ
pÅÜÈÎQÎÈÒÏÐÐÚÄÒÄ
oÈÊÄÆËÓËÎÐÓÔÞÎÈÒÝÐÔÆÝÅÐÒÄÓËÓÔÈÎݱÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔ
vÐÒÎÕÍÝoÞàÔÐÏĵmÈÌÅÏËØÄËtÈÌÍÐÒÄ
iÄÎÈÏÄÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÝ×ƱÒÄÔÏÝ×ËÏÔÈÒÄÍÄ×
mËÏÈÌÏÝÈÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÃËÊÎÈÒËÎÝ×ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆ
nÈÔÒËÙÈÓ±ËÈÓÆÐÌÓÔÆÄÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÕÈÎÝ×
ÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÌ
vÐÒÎÕÍÄÊÄÎÈÏÝÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÝ×ƱÒÄÔÏÐÎËÏÔÈÒÄÍÈ
eÈÐÎÈÔÒËÙÈÓ±ËÌÓÎÝÓÍÄÅÓÐÍàÔÏÐÌÆÈÍËÙËÏÝ
ñÐÅËÄÏÄÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÃ
lÒËÆÐÍËÏÈÌÏÝȱÐÐÒÇËÏÄÔÝ
lÒËÆÐÍËÏÈÌÏÝÈËÏÔÈÒÄÍÝ
lÒËÆÐÍËÏÈÌÏÝÈËÏÔÈÒÄÍÝÑÈÒÆÐÐÒÐÇÄ
lÒËÆÐÍËÏÈÌÏÝÈËÏÔÈÒÄÍÝÆÔÐÒÐÐÒÐÇÄ
rÄÓÚËÒÈÏËȱÍÄÓÓÄÇÐÑÕÓÔËÎÝ×ÑÒÈÐÅÒÄÊÐÆÄÏËÌ
ÑÄÒÄÎÈÔÒıÒËÆÐÌ
lÒËÆÐÍËÏÈÌÏÝÈËÏÔÈÒÄÍÝÑбÕÓÐÙÏÐÍÄDZËÎ
±ÒËÆÝÎ
jÏÔÈÒÄÍsÔËÍÔÞÈÓÄ
sÕÛÈÓÔÆÐÆÄÏËÈËÏÔÈÒÄÍÄsÔËÍÔÞÈÓÄ
pÅÐÅÛÈÏËÈÑÐÏÃÔËñÒËÆÐÍËÏÈÌÏÐÐËÏÔÈÒÄÍÄ
ÆÔÐÒÐÐÒÐÇÄ
vÐÒÎÕÍÄeÒËÏÄ
dÝÙËÓÍÈÏËÈÑÍÐÛÄÇÈÌÓÑÐÎÐÛÞà±ÒËÆÐÍËÏÈÌÏÝ×
ËÏÔÈÒÄÍÐÆ
eÈÐÎÈÔÒËÙÈÓ±ËÌÓÎÝÓÍÊÏıÄñÐÅËÄÏÄÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÃ
ÑÍÐÓ±ÐÌÐÅÍÄÓÔË
uÓÍÐÆËÃÏÈÊÄÆËÓËÎÐÓÔ˱ÒËÆÐÍËÏÈÌÏÐÐËÏÔÈÒÄÍÄ
ÐÔÑÕÔËËÏÔÈÒËÒÐÆÄÏËÃ
oÈÓÐÅÓÔÆÈÏÏÝȱÒÄÔÏÝÈËÏÔÈÒÄÍÝ
pÓÏÐÆÏÝÈÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËÃ
oÈÓÐÅÓÔÆÈÏÏÝÈËÏÔÈÒÄÍÝÐÔÏÈÐÔÒËØÄÔÈÍÞÏÝ×
ÖÕϱØËÌ
oÈÓÐÅÓÔÆÈÏÏÝÈËÏÔÈÒÄÍÝÐÔÖÕϱØËÌ
ÎÈÏÃàÛË×ÊÏı
oȱÐÔÐÒÝÈÈÐÎÈÔÒËÙÈÓ±ËÈËÖËÊËÙÈÓ±ËÈÑÒËÍÐÉÈÏËÃ
±ÒÄÔÏÝ×ËÏÔÈÒÄÍÐÆ
dÝÙËÓÍÈÏËÈÑÍÐÛÄÇÈÌËÐÅÜÈÎÐÆ
vËÊËÙÈÓ±ËÈÑÒËÍÐÉÈÏËñÒÄÔÏÝ×ËÏÔÈÒÄÍÐÆ
ÍÈÎÈÏÔÝÔÈÐÒËËÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÈÌ
dȱÔÐÒÏÝÈÖÕϱØËËÏÈÓ±ÐÍÞ±Ë×ÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÝ×
ÍÈÎÈÏÔÄÒÏÝÈÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË
±ÆËÆÄÍÈÏÔÏÝÈßÍÈÎÈÏÔÄÒÏÝÈÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË
qÄÒÄÎÈÔÒËÙÈÓ±ËÊÄÇÄÏÏÝÈÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË
qÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔËÊÄÇÄÏÏÝÈÏÈÃÆÏÐ
lÄÓÄÔÈÍÞÏÄÃÑÍÐÓ±ÐÓÔÞËÏÐÒÎÄÍÞ±ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË
ÆÏÝÈÑÒÈÇÓÔÄÆÍÈÏËÃÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË
qÈÒÆÄñÆÄÇÒÄÔËÙÏÄÃÖÐÒÎÄÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË
lÒËÆÝÈÏÄÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔËÆÝÙËÓÍÈÏËÈË×ÇÍËÏ
ËÕÍÐÆÎÈÉÇÕÏËÎË
qÍÐÛÄÇÞÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË
pÒËÈÏÔÄØËÃÍÄDZÐÌÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË
s±ÍÈËÆÄÏËÈÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÈÌ
pÒËÈÏÔËÒÕÈÎÝÈËÏÈÐÒËÈÏÔËÒÕÈÎÝÈÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË
fÒÕÐÌÑÐÇ×ÐDZÑÐÏÃÔËàÐÒËÈÏÔÄØËËÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË
lÒËÆËÊÏıÒËÆÝ×ÍÈÉÄÛË×ÏÄÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË
dÔÐÒÄñÆÄÇÒÄÔËÙÏÄÃÖÐÒÎÄÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË
sÆÐÌÓÔÆÄÆÔÐÒÐ̱ÆÄÇÒÄÔËÙÏÐÌÖÐÒÎÝÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË
qÍÐÓ±ËÈÓÈÙÈÏËÃÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË
oÐÒÎÄÍÞÏÝÈÓÈÙÈÏËÃÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË
eÍÄÆÏÝȱÒËÆËÊÏÝvÐÒÎÕÍÄÌÍÈÒÄ
dÝÙËÓÍÈÏËÈÍÄÆÏÝ×±ÒËÆËÊÏ
lÍÄÓÓËÖ˱ÄØËÃÔÐÙȱÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔË
qÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÏÝÈËÏÔÈÒÄÍÝ
pÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËÈËÓÆÐÌÓÔÆÄÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÏÝ×ËÏÔÈÒÄÍÐÆ
vÐÒÎÕÍÄÇÍÃÑÒÈÇÓÔÄÆÍÈÏËÃÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÏÐÐËÏÔÈÒÄÍÄ
ÆÔÐÒÐÐÒÐÇÄÆÆËÇÈÇÆÐÌÏÐÐËÏÔÈÒÄÍÄ
qÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÏÝÈËÏÔÈÒÄÍݱıÑÒÈÇÈÍÝËÏÔÈÒÄÍÞÏÝ×
ÓÕÎÎ
qÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÏÝÈËÏÔÈÒÄÍÝÑбÕÓÐÙÏÐÍÄDZËÎ
ÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÃÎ
pÅÐÅÛÈÏËÈÑÐÏÃÔËÃÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÏÐÐËÏÔÈÒÄÍÄ
ÆÔÐÒÐÐÒÐÇÄ
s±ÄÍÃÒÏÝÈËÆȱÔÐÒÏÝÈÑÐÍÃ
pÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËÃ
pÅËÏÆÄÒËÄÏÔÏÐÓÔËÑÐÏÃÔËÌÒÄÇËÈÏÔÄÇËÆÈÒÈÏØËË
ËÆË×ÒÃ
vÐÒÎÕÍÄeÄÕÓÓĵpÓÔÒÐÒÄÇÓ±ÐÐeÈÐÎÈÔÒËÙÈÓ±ÐÈ
ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËÈÇËÆÈÒÈÏØËË
vÐÒÎÕÍÄsÔбÓÄeÈÐÎÈÔÒËÙÈÓ±ÐÈÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËÈÆË×ÒÃ
sÐÍÈÏÐËÇÄÍÞÏÝÈÆȱÔÐÒÏÝÈÑÐÍÃ
qÐÔÈÏØËÄÍÞÏÝÈÆȱÔÐÒÏÝÈÑÐÍÃ
sÐÅÓÔÆÈÏÏÝÈËÏÔÈÒÄÍÝÊÄÆËÓÃÛËÈÐÔÑÄÒÄÎÈÔÒÄ
pÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËÈËÏÔÈÒÄÍÐÆÊÄÆËÓÃÛË×ÐÔÑÄÒÄÎÈÔÒÄ
Ë×ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÓÔÞËËÏÔÈÒËÒÕÈÎÐÓÔÞÑÐÑÄÒÄÎÈÔÒÕ
fËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÐÆÄÏËÈËÏÔÈÒÄÍÐÆÊÄÆËÓÃÛË×
ÐÔÑÄÒÄÎÈÔÒÄ
oÈÓÐÅÓÔÆÈÏÏÝÈËÏÔÈÒÄÍÝÊÄÆËÓÃÛËÈÐÔÑÄÒÄÎÈÔÒÄ
pÓÏÐÆÏÝÈÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËÃrÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÄÃÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔÞ
ËÏÔÈÒÄÍÐÆÊÄÆËÓÃÛË×ÐÔÑÄÒÄÎÈÔÒÄ
qÒËÊÏıÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐÌÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔËËÏÔÈÒÄÍÐÆ
sÆÐÌÓÔÆÄÏÈÓÐÅÓÔÆÈÏÏÝ×ËÏÔÈÒÄÍÐÆÊÄÆËÓÃÛË×
ÐÔÑÄÒÄÎÈÔÒÄ
qÒËÎÈÏÈÏËÈÔÈÐÒËËËÏÔÈÒÄÍÐÆÊÄÆËÓÃÛË×
ÐÔÑÄÒÄÎÈÔÒıÆÝÙËÓÍÈÏËàÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏÏÝ×ËÏÔÈÒÄÍÐÆ
ÌÍÈÒÐÆÝËÏÔÈÒÄÍÝ
lÐÎÑÍȱÓÏÐÊÏÄÙÏÝÈÖÕϱØËËÇÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÐÐ
ÄÒÕÎÈÏÔÄ
bÓËÎÑÔÐÔËÙÈÓ±ÐÈÑÐÆÈÇÈÏËÈÄÎÎÄÖÕϱØËË
bÓËÎÑÔÐÔËÙÈÓ±ËÈÒÃÇÝ
bÓËÎÑÔÐÔËÙÈÓ±ÐÈÒÄÊÍÐÉÈÏËÈÏÈÑÐÍÏÐÌ
ÄÎÎÄÖÕϱØËË
iÄÎÈÙÄÏËÃбÒÄÔÏÝ×ËÏÔÈÒÄÍÄ×ÊÄÆËÓÃÛË×
ÐÔÑÄÒÄÎÈÔÒÄ
qÓÉÈÏÉÕÐÑÌÏÉÐÐÑÍÖ²ÅËÅÕÉÎß
u²ÅËÅÕÉÎßÑÔÐÑÇÐÞØÑÆÑËÐÅÚÉÐÌÍ