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74 Chapter 5
drawing” has come into general use, indicating that more than one view is used to
illustrate an object, but the terms are essentially synonymous. “Orthographic”
comes from the Greek word for “straight writing (or drawing).” Orthographic
projection shows the object as it looks fro
m the
front, right, left, top, bottom, or back, and
different views are typically positioned relative
to each other according to the rules of either first-
angle or third-angle projection. Ortho views
depict the exact shape of an object seen from
Chap
ter 5
one
side at a time as you are looking perpendicularly
to it without showing any depth.
A single view of an object is rarely adequate to
show all necessary features. Figure 5.3 is an
example of orthographic projection showing the
six principal views used by architects and
engineers in construction and industrial
drawings.
Common types of orthographic drawings include
plans, elevations, and sections. The most obvious
attribute of orthographic drawing is its constant
scale—that is, all parts of the drawing are
represented without foreshortening or distortion, retaining
their true size, shape, and proportion. Thus, in an orthographic drawing, a window
shown to be 8 feet wide by 4 feet high will always be drawn at this size, no matter
how far it is from our viewpoint (Figure 5.4).
Plans are really orthographic views of an object as seen directly from above. Floor
plans are the most common form of plan; they delineate the layout of a building. A
floor plan is represented by a horizontal section taken through the building or
portion of a building just above the windowsill level. In addition to the
arrangement of rooms and spaces, floor plans need to show the location of various
architectural elements such as stairs, doors, and windows and details such as wall
and partition thickness. Generally, the greater the scale of a drawing, the more
detail that it is expected to contain (Figure 5.5). Thus, a drawing at a scale of 1/4″
= 1’0″ will typically contain more information and show more detail than a
drawing at a 1/8″ = 1’0″ scale. Likewise, a scale of 1:2 is greater than that of 1/4
inch = 1 foot, 0 inches. Other types of plans used in building construction may
include site plans, which typically show the layout of a site; foundation plans.
which show the building structure; and reflected ceiling plans, which are normally
used to locate light fixtures and design features.
Two important rules that must be adhered to in orthographic drawing are the
placement and alignment of views, depending on the type of projection to be used.
These rules are discussed below. In addition, projection lines between the views
must be aligned horizontally and vertically.
First-Angle Projection
First-angle projection is the ISO standard and is used mostly in Europe and Asia.
If we imagine projecting a 3D object into a transparent plastic cube, the main
object surfaces are projected onto the cube’s walls so that the top view is placed
under the front view and the right view is placed at the left of the front view, a
two-dimensional representation of the object is formed by “unfolding” the box and
viewing all of the interior walls as is shown in Figure 5.7A.
there is attendant distortion in the approximation. Because pictorial
projections innately have this distortion, great liberties are often taken
for economy of effort and best effect. Pictorials are discussed later in
this chapter.
For many years architects and engineers have utilized a system known as
orthographic projection to accurately represent three-dimensional objects
graphically on paper. In recent years the term “multiview
0 Diameter
Types of Views 73
S