Prophet's life in Madina

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Q 1.   Describe events that immediately followed Hijra.

The prophet Mohammad migrated to Madina in 622CE. Old name of the city Yathrab was changed to
"Madina-tun-Nabi"or city of the Prophet.every Muslim in Madina wanted the Prophet to be his
guest , but he left his camel loose to decide. The camel stopped He established the first Muslim City
state in Madina, to strengthen the state he took certain measures. First of all he decided to build a
mosque for the Muslim to offer prayer. The Prophet left his camel loose to decide the place to build
his house. The camel stopped at a land belonged to two orphan boys. It was bought and the mosque
was also built there. The Prophet himself participated in building of the mosque, it served as a
platform for meetings, the seat of government, a military headquarter and a place of learning. Allah
says in Surah Tobah,"There is a mosque whose foundation was laid from the first day on piety.....".
The Prophet devised a method to call people for prayer. On the sujestion of Hazrat Umar the words
of Azan were decided. Bilal ibn Rabah Al Habashi was chosen as first muezzin .
There were two main tribes Aus and Khazraj who lived in Madina. These tribes had been enemies to
each other for long, there was insecurity of life and property. They had accepted Islam and had
chosen The Prophet as their leader. They made pledges and invited the Prophet to Madina and were
given the title Ansar. The prophet established brotherhood between the Ansar and the Muhajirun
the emigrants from Madina. The Muhajirun had left their property, wealth and homes for the sake of
Islam. The prophet called all the Muslims in front of the mosque and declared a bond of
brotherhood between each emigrant and Ansar. The Ansar were told to adopt Muhajirun as their
blood brothers. They had to share their homes, wealth and property with their Muhajir brothers.
The Quran refers to this" for you were enemies and he joined your hearts In love so that by his grace
of Allah you became brothers" .
After brotherhood the Prophet gave a charter to the people of Madina which is also called treaty
with the Jews. There were three tribes of Jews lived in Madina. The Prophet realised that the
foundation of the Islamic state would be very weak without the support of Jews as there was   
threat from the Quraish of Makkah. For the security of the state an agreement was reached which
granted complete religious freedom to all communities living in Madina and equal rights-to the Jews.
Both parties were declared as allies and would make peace together and both would defend the city
together . The Prophet would decide all the disputes and his decision would be final.the treaty
established the Prophet as the undisputed leader,ruler and judge of the people of Madina.

Life of the prophet(s).    

2. a.  Outline the events that took place from the Prophet 's conquest of Makka till his death.10

Note: I have written all events in detail but you can make them brief for this answer.

Battle of Hunain:  soon after the conquest of Makka the tribes of Hawazin and Thaqif , two very
strong warring tribes of Taif , decided to fight with the Muslims to take revenge of the fall of Makka .
They collected a huge army. They told the soldiers to bring their family , life stock and all valuables.
This was to show their do or die status. Muslim army was 12000, including 2000 new converts, who
were not familiar with the jehad. They became proud of their number and bravery which Allah did
not like.
Hawazin were very good archers, they posted best of their archers on both side of the narrow
Hunain valley. The sooner Muslims entered, they were attacked from both sides. Muslims started to
run in confusion . The Prophet who was standing on a higher side with some of his companions
when saw this called them back saying, " O companions of the trees I am Mohammad , the true
messenger of Allah " . They got the message that they had success due to help of Allah not because
of their number or strength . The Quran refers to this, " your great number elated you but you get
nothing out of it.....but Allah did pour His calm on the apostle and the believers and sent down
forces which you saw not". Muslims returned and attacked the enemy and gave them crushing
defeat . 6000people were made prisoners and Muslim got big amount of booty. The enemy
retreated and went back to Taif and closed the doors . Muslim put a seige for a month but the
Prophet decided to go back .
The battle taught an important lesson to the Muslims that they should always ask for Allah 's help
when they face enemy. The Quran says, " when you face an enemy be firm, remember Allah much
so that you may be successful ". The defeat of the two tribes made clear to other nomadic tribes that
the Prophet was invincible . The supremacy of Islam was ensured all over Arabia .      10

Describe main points of the farewell sermon of the Prophet Mohammad .

Q
B.  What do we learn from two of the above incidents.

Brotherhood between Ansar and Muhajirun shows how inspirational the Prophet was, he convinced
Ansar to give such a great sacrifice . There is no example of such a sacrifice in the history of world, it
teaches all Muslims belong to one community and are brothers and sisters .Muslims that they
should cooperate with other Muslims in need specially during difficulties and natural calamities. The
Prophet has said " you are not true believers unless you want for your brother what you want for
yourself". Even if we do not have extra we must share with our brothers and sisters,Muslims not
only help their brothers financially they also give them emotional support. We should not forget that
Muslim Ummah is like one body if one part is hurt other should feel pain and fever. Muslim living in
different parts of the world feel for the people suffering in Kashmir, Bosnia and Palestine. Similarly
when devastating earthquake hit Pakistan, there was tremendous amount of aid poured in by other
Muslim and non Muslim countries.
Treaty with the Jews teaches that Muslim States should give equal rights to non Muslims. Muslim
States in the modern world protect the rights of non Muslims and treat them as equal citizens.
Religious liberty is given to them . there are temples and churches in Pakistan. The teaching of
Quran,"let there be no compulsion in religion" is practiced. Muslims also show respect and tolerance
towards non Muslims.

Battle of Badr
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Describe the battle of Badr .

The Quraish of Makkah were not pleased with the people of Madinah who gave shelter to the
Prophet and the Muslims. They tried their best that people of Madina return the Prophet, but they
refused. They contacted the Jews and the hypocrites for help. The Quraish also raided the outskirts
of Makkah. Meanwhile Allah gave permission to fight to the Muslims. "To those against whom war is
made, permission is given to fight because they are wronged.......". Madinah laid on the trade rout to
Syria. The Prophet began to raid and threaten the Quraish to damage their economy.
In second Hijra 624CE, a very large trade caravan of the Quraish, led by Abu Sufyan, was on its way
back to Makkah. Fearing an attack he asked for an escort from Makkah. A force of 1000 men under
Abu Jahal set out to escort but Abu Sufyan rushed back to Makkah by a rout near the Red Sea . Abu
Jahal decided to fight.
When Prophet Mohammad and companions heard of the Makkan army,a group of three hundred
and thirteen men from Madina marched towards Badr, eighty miles away near the Red Sea. They
had three horses, sixty camels, and sixty suits of armour. Whereas the Quraish had seventy horses,
and a large number of weapons and supplies. The Prophet seized the water source and blocked up
all the wells except the one nearest to Madina. The Muslim army encamped at the hill and the
enemy was at the slope?  It rained at night that made the land smooth and the sand firm for the
Muslims and slippery for the enemy. The Quran says, "He sent down water on you from heaven, to
purify you .....and to strengthen your hearts and to confirm your feet". The Prophet spent the night
praying for divine help. "O Allah if this small band of men perishes, there will be no one alive to
worship you ...". Allah sent down a thousand angels to help them," I will assist you with a thousand
angels, ranks on ranks." When the battle began the Prophet threw a handful of dust which struck the
eyes of the enemy. The Quan says,"it was not you who slew them; it was Allah ....."
The Prophet arranged the ranks and told them to shoot arrows, then throw stones and then fight
with swords. The battle start with an individual combat, from the Quraish side Utba, Shaiba and
Waleed came. Ali,Hamza and Abu Ubaida killed them. The general battle began, Muslims fought
bravely with the help of Allah. The leaders like Abu Jahal, Umayya and 12 main leaders were killed.
Total seventy Quraish were killed and 70 were made prisoners, only 14 Muslims were martyred. The
Muslims got 115 camels,14 horses and and large amount war equipment as war booty.

B.describe the importance of the battle for the Muslims.

It was the first encounter between the Muslims and the unbelievers. The Quran calls it Al Furqan the
day of distinguishing , as it distinguished between right and wrong. Muslims won the battle inspite of
their numerical minority and limited resources because they were fighting for the truth. The victory
strengthened Muslim's faith in Allah and strengthened Islam. It teaches Muslims to pray to Allah in
all difficulties. Alaah's promise came true," fight in the way of Allah so that you may be successful".
The Bedouin tribes when saw Muslim victory formed alliances and treaties with Muslims. Islam
appeared as a force before Quraish. The hypocrites became more careful. Strength of Quraish was
weakened because of the death of prominent leaders. Muslims also got booty.

C. What do we learn about the conduct of the Prophet during the battle?
The Prophet Mohammad fought bravely and had strong faith in Allah. He kept praying all the
night.he taught us to pray to Allah for his help in difficulties , as. the Quran says," When you face an
army be firm and remember Allah much so that you may be successful ". He told Muslims not to take
personal revenge during the battle. He was a man of peace and reconciliation, he did not allow to
attack first. The prisoners of war were treated kindly . He did not allow to tie them with ropes, he
said " treat the prisoners as you treat yourself, feed them as you feed yourself and cloth them as you
cloth yourself "this teaches Muslims ,to be kind even to their enemies, they should never be cruel.
Terrorism and suicide bombing has no place in Islam. Islam is a religion of peace, forgiveness is the
important virtue of Muslims .

Muslim leaders should be strong vigilant and inspirational .

Battle of Uhad
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Describe the battle of
The Quraish of Makka had earned enough profit from the caravan brought by Abu Sufyan to prepare
a large army to take revenge of Badr. The Quraish considered Madina as a threat to their political
and commercial interests. Several of their leaders were killed in the battle, and they wanted to take
revenge. Defeat of Badr was a severe blow to their prestige. Kaab bin Ashraf and other Jewish poets
wrote poems to instigate the Quraish to take revenge. Abu Sufyan went to the Jews to take their
help and they promised to help.
The Quraish prepared an army of 3000 well equipped men under Abu Sufyan, with 200horses and
3000 camels. Women also accompanied them.
The Prophet consulted his companions about war strategy. He and some senior companions wanted
to remain inside Madine but the younger men wanted to fight in the open.according to the opinion
of majority 1000 Muslims went outside Madina at the foot of Uhad mountain on the rising ground.
Muslim women also participated. Abdullah bin Obey the hypocrite left with 300 men making excuse
that he wanted to fight from inside.
Muslims were at an advantage due to their position the enemy found it difficult to approach them.
The Prophet posted 50 archers under command of Abdullah bin Jubair to guard a pass to protect
Muslims army; they were instructed not to leave their position under any circumstances. The
Prophet said to them,"do not leave your place Wether we win or loose , wether you saw us bein
slain..."
Talaha was carrying the banner of Quraish he came out for individual combat but was killed by
Hazrat Ali. Muslims fought very bravely. Muslims killed all their standard bearers. The enemy
deserted the battle field leaving behind a great deal of booty. The archers guarding the rear of the
Muslim army left their place. They joined in taking possessions left by the Makkans. Khalid bin
Waleed saw the post unguarded attacked from the rear, other retreating army also joined.
Confusion spread Among Muslims .The enemy attacked , the Prophet and wounded him, he became
unconscious, a rumour spread that he was killed. The Muslims stopped fighting . Later when they
came to know that he was alive, attacked the enemy and forced them to retreat. Muslims had a
great loss, Hamza, the Prophet's uncle was killed by Wahshi a slave trained to do so. His body was
mutilated by Hind, wife of Abu Sufyan in revenge of her relatives during the battle of Badr . 70
Muslims were killed and many got badly injured. While leaving the battle field AbuSufyan said," we
have taken our revenge" . The Prophet replied ," no your dead will go to hell and ours are living in
paradise".

What do we learn from the battle

Battle of Uhad was a set back for the Muslims but it taught them some important lessons. they
learnt to be obedient to Allah and his messenger. Their victory turned into defeat due to
disobedience of the archers. The Quran has said," obey Allah and obey the Prophet". Another
important lesson was not to get greedy or run after material gains. Muslims realised that ,they
should not listen to the people of week faith. Those who left with Abdullah bin Obey realised their
mistake. The Quran says," those of you who turned back when two hosts met, it was satan who
caused them to fail". Muslim also learnt that sometimes the need to give their life to please Allah,
and that they will directly go to paradise if they are slain during jehad. The prophet said ,"paradise
lies under the shadow of swords".

C. Explain why the people of Makkah fought against the Muslims of Madina.

The Quraish of Makkah were not pleased with the growth of Islam, they felt threatened for their
religion and social status. Specially after migration to
Madina they felt threatened by the Muslim state of Madina that lay right across the path of caravan
traffic between Syria and Makka .  They wanted to save their trade rout from the threat of Muslims .
Therefore they were looking for an excuses to attack Madina . They got the excuse before the battle
of Badr. The Makkan forces came to protect the caravan. Later they wanted to take revenge of their
defeat and to restore their lost prestige. They considered Islam as danger to their respect which they
enjoyed being caretakers of Kaaba. They wanted to destroy Islam and kill the Prophet Mohammad .

A.  Describe the battle of Trench.

After the battle of Uhad, there were still some conspiracies against the Muslims of Madina.
Some of this plotting was between the Jewish tribes and the Makkans. The Jewish tribe of Banu
Nadir who had been exiled due to breaking their treaty with the Prophet,and were settled in Khyber,
planned to attack on Muslims with the help of Makkans. The Jews also persuaded the Ghatafan and
other tribes in the desert to join hands with Quraish. Jews promised to give them half of their
produce for their participation in the battle. All made an alliance and prepared an army of 10000 in
627CE to attack on Muslims under the leadership of Abu Sufyan .
Prophet's uncle Abbas informed him. He consulted the companions. Salman al,Farsi, a companion
from Persia .suggested to dig trenches at the vulnerable south and South East sides as a defence
strategy .muslims worked day and night for 8days dug the trenches wide and deep enough to cross
over.
When the Allies army reached Madina they were quite upset to see the trenches. They waited for
four weeks, laying siege to Madina . Meanwhile the Makkans tried to cross the ditch but the Muslim
threw stones and arrows. The Muslims had to remain on guard all the time, one day they even miss
their Asr prayer. The Prophet prayed to Allah to destroy those who let them miss their prayer. Once
Akrama bin Abu Jahl and some others entered from the narrow side of trench near mount silla.
Hazrat Ali made them run away, Abd Wud and Amr were killed. Abu Sufyan conspired with the
Jewish tribe Banu Qurayza, to attack on Muslims from the rear though they promised to be loyal to
Muslims . They sent a spy to check the defence but he was killed by Safia the Prophet's aunt. The
Prophet broke his alliance with Jews and punished them after the battle. The prophet also used a
man from Ghatafan tribe to creat descent between the Quraish and their Jewish allies to break their
strength . As a result the split and their strength broke.
The Arabs were not used to fight long wars. They got annoyed , they had food shortages. It was
winter the cold breeze began to blow , their enigmas began to die due to cold and hunger. Then a
heavy storm came with rain and chilled wind.
"We/sent against them a hurricane and the hosts you see not ". This uprooted their tents . Finally
they flexed from the battle field. The Quran says, " surely Allah is strong ,mighty".

B.  What lessons can muslims learn.  from the battle of Trench.

The battle of Trench teaches that Muslim should have strong faith in Allah in all circumstances and
should not be dishearten in difficulties . Muslims remained thirsty and hungry, they tolerated cold
weather but remained steadfast . The Quran says'" How often has all force vanquished a numerous
host by Allah's permission". Muslims should be united and firm in the face of enemy and be well
prepared. The Prophet adopted a good Strategy to counter the strength of the enemy. The Quran
says, " when you face an enemy be firm and remember Allah much so that you may be successful. "

What do we learn about the conduct of the prophet?

The prophet was a humble man, he did not hesitate to take suggestion from his companions and
followed the idea of a former slave. This shows he was not proud being the leader of Muslims. He
worked with other Muslims in digging the tranches, he proved him as an example for others, by
keeping two stones on his stomach. The Prophet showed foresightedness by telling the companions
to cut date crop earlier , because he knew that battle would last long. He sensed betrayed of Jews
before hand and appointed men on guard. He was a good military commander.

A.   Describe briefly the treaty of Hudaybiyyah .

In 628CE, six years after migration , the Prophet Mohammad saw a dream that he was performing    
pilgrimage at Kaaba and the next year , he took 1500 Muslim pilgrims to the makkah for the umra.
Although they had travelled to perform pilgrimage the Quraish were very concerned for their
number. They sent an army under Khalid bin Waleed but the Prophet changed the route and
stopped at Hudaybiyyah . The Prophet sent a messenger to Makkah to take permission to enter, who
was ill treated by the Quraish . Then he sent Uthman , who was related to Abu Sufyan , rumour
spread that Uthman had been killed. The Prophet took an path to fight and avenge the blood of
Uthman with all companions. It was known as Bayt Al Ridwan, the Quran says, "Allah indeed was
pleased with the believers, when they swore allegiance to you under the tree...." . The Prophet kept
his hand on top of other companions the Quran says" it was My hand on top.." It means Allah' help
was with them.
Uthman returned and the Quraish sent Suhail bin Amr to negotiate ,finally a treaty was signed which
was known as Treaty of Hudaybiyyah . The terms of the treaty was as follows.
-   The Muslims would not enter Makka now, but would return the following year.
-    Makkans taking refuge in Madina would be handed back, but Muslims taking refuge in Makkah
wold not be returned.
-    There was to be peace between the two sides for ten years. During that time , Muslims would be
allowed to go to Makkah and Al- Taif, and the Makkans would be allowed to go to Syria through
Madina .
-    Both the Muslims and the Makkans would stay neutral if there was a war with another group.
-    Agreement could be made with either the Muslims or Makkans by other tribes.
Although the terms seemed to be unfavourable to the. Muslims but Allah gave a tiding of clear
victory in a revelation. " Surely we have granted you a clear victory". The treaty indirectly led to the
establishment of Islam in Makka , as two years later Prophet Mohammad conquered Makkah .

A.  Explain how treaty of Hudaybiyyah turned out to be a victory for the Prophet.

Treaty of Hudaybiyyah proved to be very successful for the spread of Islam. It declared Madina as an
equal power to Makkah. When the people of Makka came to visit Madina they studied the way of
life of the Prophet and the Muslims they started accepting Islam. In two years more people acceptad
Islam than in the previous six years. The generals like Khalid bin Waleed and Amr bin Aas also
accepted Islam .the peaceful condition of the city gave time to the Prophet to spread Islam outside
Arabia. Messages were sent to different rulers and emperors. Ruler of Oman and Behrain accepted
Islam. The Makkans had to break the term of the treaty that new convert would not be allowed to
leave Makka . They posed a threat to the Makkan caravans. Due to treaty of Hudaybiyyah Muslims
could easily perform pilgrimage .

Conquest of Makka

Defeat of Mutah encouraged the Quraish to adopt a hostile attitude towards Muslims .
Ikrimah bin Abu Jahal told Abu Sufyan to break the treaty of Hudaybiyyah . He did not agree
therefore Ikrimah encouraged Banu Bakr An ally of Quraish to attack on Banu Khuza the ally of
Muslims. Ikrimah and other Quraish leaders helped Banu Bakr by providing them weapons,some also
fought in the battle. Some men of Banu Khuza were killed in the skirmish . Chief of Khuza went to the
prophet to seek protection and help. The Prophet sent three alternatives to the Quraish :
-      To pay blood money to Banu Khuza
-       To dissolve their agreement with Banu Bakr
-        To dissolve the treaty of Hudaybiyyah .

The Quraish opted for the third alternative". Therefore the Prophet sent messages to his allies to
prepare for the battle secretly. The Prophet moved towards Makka with 10000 men in 630 CE,10th
Ramadan. Muslims reached at night. The Prophet told them to light up torches to magnify the size of
Muslim army in the eyes of Quraish . Abu Sufyan came to see the prophet with two men. Prophet's
uncle Abbas told him to surrender . All three accepted Islam. The Prophet sent Abu Sufyan to Makka
to announce that those who would take shelter in Abu Sufyan's house or would stay quietly in their
own house or go to Kaaba would not be harmed.
Prophet had brought a large army against which all resistance would be futile.
      The Prophet divided his army into four columns , each had to enter from a different part of
Makka . The first column under the Prophet advanced from north. Column under Khalid bin Waleed
entered from the lower parts of Makka from the southern route. They were attacked by Ikrimah bin
Abu Jahal , the leaders escaped but 13 Quraish died while Muslims lost two.
Prophet had ordered all generals to be patient for bloodless capture of Makkah. The
Prophet entered Makka without any resistance . He entered in the city with a Victorias army but
with his head bowed with humbleness. He did not shout with martial joy but bent down in thanks
giving, prostrating himself before one God. He was reciting ,
" truth has come and falsehood has vanished". He went to Kaaba and performed the
Tawaf around Kaaba . Opened the doors of Kaaba , prayed inside it. Then he purified it of idols by
striking each of them down with his stick reciting ,"Say the truth has come and false has vanished.
Surely , falsehood is bound to vanish".he gave the keys of Kabah back to its traditional caretakers.
A general amnesty was proclaimed throughout Makkah . Those who fled away not pursued. All men
were assembled near mount Safa . The Prophet asked them,"Do you know what punishment I am
going to give you ?" They replied you are a noble brother and son of a noble brother." And the
Prophet said," no blame on you this day. Go you are free." They could not imagine it. The
magnanimity and mercy of the Prophet captivated their hearts. Even the bitterest enemy was
convinced of the truth of his faith, Islam went deep into their hearts ' this was the true conquest of
Makka .majority of them accepted Islam.

Importance

The conquest of Makkah opened the way to the general spread of Islam throughout the Arabian
peninsula . The Arabs were waiting for the Quraish to become Muslims they used to say, "let him
settle it with his own people alone. If he wins he is surely a true prophet". This eventually paved the
way to a great Muslim empire. The conquest of Makkah enhanced the spiritual position of the
Prophet, which in turns increased his political power. Thus the conquest of Makka opened the way
to the progress and supremacy of Islam in Central and Southern Arabia , which was not that easy. 
The enemies of the Prophet became his most trusted allies and helped him in the spread of Islam .
The holy Kaaba was purified out of idols and opened as the centre of Islam.

Describe the battle of Khyber .

The Jews expelled from Madina were settled in Khyber , a fertile valley, seventy miles to the north of
Madina . It was a cluster of fortified villages,hence known as Khyber means 'fortified'. There were
around twenty fortresses , around which lay the farms of the Jews.
The Jews had been a source of constant trouble for Muslims and Khyber had become a centre of
conspiracies .The treaty of Hudaybiyyah was taken as a mark of weakness of Muslims by the Jews .
They began preparation to attack on Madina and convinced Ghatafan tribes to join in war.
When the Prophet heard about it , he prepared an army of 1600 men and marched towards Khyber
secretly in 628 CE/ 7A.H.The Jews were taken by surprise , they fortified themselves in their forts.
The flag was given to Hazrat Ali. The Prophet directed to attack on weak fortresses . Muslims first
attacked on Naim, it was taken. Muslims carried on until they reached the most powerful one.  Six
strongholds remained unconquered , it took many weeks to take them over. The strongest of all was
Al Qamus , which was conquered after days of fierce battle. Hazrat Ali was given the flag to lead . Ali
cut down the Jewish champions in single combat. Finally he broke the strong door and used it as
shield . Thte Jews lost 93 men, and Muslims lost 19 in the whole campaign . After the defeat of al
Qamus Kinana the chief of Khyber surrendered.
The Jews were allowed to live in Khyber on condition that they would pay half of their produce of
fruits and vegetables to Muslims

Battle of Mutah

The Prophet(s) sent letters to different rulers and emperors inviting them to Islam after the treaty of
Hudaybiyyah .  A party was sent to the prince of Bostra. They were killed by the chief of Mutah on
the border of Syria . Killing of an ambassador was an act of war. When the Prophet came to know
about it , he sent a force of 3000 men under command of Zaid bin Haritha in 7 AH, 629 CE. The
Prophet told them if Zaid would fall Jaffer bin Abu Talib would take command. After Jaffer Abullah
bin Rawah would take charge.
Muslims faced a huge Christian army of 100 000 well equipped men at the border between Arabia
and the Roman Empire . Theodorus the kings's brother was leading the battle. Their huge number
did not discourage the Muslims .They fought bravely , all the commanders were martyred one by
one. Finally Khalib bin Waleed was sent to bring back rest of the Muslims, he made a successful
retreat and it was a miracle that the entire Muslim army was not wiped out by the huge Roman
force. The battle proved the bravery and courage of the Muslims and that they were not afraid of
mighty Romans.

Tabuk expedition :   

  the Roman emperor felt threatened by the Muslims conquest of Makka because they had seen
Muslims fighting in the battle of Mutah . They placed their army at the border to attack on Madina in
the ninth year of Hijra. The Prophet therefore decided to go and fight them in their land before they
challenge the security of Muslim state.  The Prophet gave a call for jehad. Muslim state was facing
many problems at that time, there was famine on Arabia , the weather was very hot, date crop was
ready for harvesting. Besides that Roman army was professionally trained and hypocrites were
creating fear among Muslims and discouraging them to fight. But Mohammad (s) decided to face the
enemy. Allah sent a revelation," they say do not go for thin the heart ,' say the fire of Allah is
hotter" .
Holy Prophet asked for donations from the Muslims for jehad. All Muslims donated generously. Abu
Bakr gave all of his valuables , Umar gave half of his possessions , Uthman gave1000 gold dinars,
100camels and50 horses.
Muslims encamped at Tabuk. The Romans called back their forces. The Prophet stayed there for
twenty days. He sent small expeditions to different Jews and Christians princes ,many of them came
under Muslim protection and agreed to pay jizya tex, which was far less than taxes Romans used to
charge.
The tabuk expedition warned Muslims the future danger to Islam . It was the last campaign Of the
Holy Prophet. After this peace was restored all over Arabia.  In 9AH all of Taif accepted Islam.             
10

Year of deputations:

in the tenth year of prophethood different Christian and non believers tribe visited Madina to meet
the Prophet. Most of them accepted Islam and signed treaties with the Prophet. Those who did not
accept Islam came under the protection of Muslim state and agreed to give jizya. The Prophet sent
teachers and judges with them to teach them fundamentals of Islam . Special instructions were given
to them to treat new convers politely. All delegations were treated respectfully , even those who did
not accept Islam.
Year of deputations: in the tenth year of prophethood different Christian and non believers tribe
visited Madina to meet the Prophet. Most of them accepted Islam and signed treaties with the
Prophet. Those who did not accept Islam came under the protection of Muslim state and agreed to
give jizya. The Prophet sent teachers and judges with them to teach them fundamentals of Islam .
Special instructions were given to them to treat new convers politely. All delegations were treated
respectfully , even those who did not accept Islam. 4

Farewell pilgrimage :

in the 10th year of Hijra the Prophet decided to perform pilgrimage to Makka . Muslims from all
parts of Arabia were informed to join him . The prophet left Madina on 25thof Ziqad with one
hundred and fourteen thousand of his followers, all his wives accompanied . They reached Makka on
4th Zulhajah . He went to Mina on 8th day of the month. On 9th he went to Arafat , where he
performed wuquf and delivered his famous sermon. The farewell sermon contained important
messages for the community. The prophet informed Muslims that he would soon die and reminded
them of their accountability before God on the day of judgement . He told Muslims to be regular in
prayer, fast in the month of Ramadan and perform Haj if the could afford.
He talked about rights of women, " O people ! You have rights over your wives and your wives have
rights over you. Treat them with kindness . Verily you have taken them on the security of Allah ...."
He also reminded Muslim of brotherhood ," as you are one brotherhood, you will not take your
brother 's belongings ..guard yourself from doing injustice ". He told about equality of mankind by
removing all distinctions ," there is no superiority of Arab over a non Arab , and there is no
superiority of White over black" . All are children of Adam , and Adam was made of clay.        4

Last days of the Prophet:    

     By the 11th year of Hijra Islam had spread all over Arabian peninsula . In the 11 th year of Hijra
the Prophet decided to send an expedition to Syria. But he got sick and it was postponed. He had
terrible headache and fever. But he continued going to the mosque.to lead prayers. He told his close
friends that Allah had taken his choice to have the treasures of world or the blessings of the
hereafter. He said he had chosen to meet his Lord to enjoy blessings of the hereafter . The
companions got sad but he told them that he would meet them again in paradise. The Prophet
showed his desire to move to Ayesha's apartment . His other wives allowed and he shifted. He
became more sick with fever and told Abu Bakr to lead prayers. On the day of his death he went to
the mosque, let Abu Bakr lead prayer and sat behind. After prayer he gave his last speech . He
repeated what he said to the companions about choice given to him by Allah and told about his reply
to prepare companions for his death. He delivered a small speech in which he told Muslims to take
care of the Ansar and to be regular in prayer. He also reminded them of the rights of women and
servants. He told them not to worship his grave.
It was 12th Rabi al awal he went home in pain . He spoke to his daughter fatima telling her that she
would be the first one to join him in paradise. She was upset by the pain he was suffering he told her
that her father will suffer no more in pain after this day. Then he said his last words," now none but
the companion in High is needed" he was63 years old at that time . He was buried in ayasha's
apartment by his will. His funeral was performed by Hazrat Ali and other Muslims this spot is now in
the mosque of nabvi.       10
,  

2. a.  Outline the events that took place from the Prophet 's conquest of Makka till his death.10

Note: I have written all events in detail but you can make them brief for this answer.

Battle of Hunain:  soon after the conquest of Makka the tribes of Hawazin and Thaqif , two very
strong warring tribes of Taif , decided to fight with the Muslims to take revenge of the fall of Makka .
They collected a huge army. They told the soldiers to bring their family , life stock and all valuables.
This was to show their do or die status. Muslim army was 12000, including 2000 new converts, who
were not familiar with the jehad. They became proud of their number and bravery which Allah did
not like.
Hawazin were very good archers, they posted best of their archers on both side of the narrow
Hunain valley. The sooner Muslims entered, they were attacked from both sides. Muslims started to
run in confusion . The Prophet who was standing on a higher side with some of his companions
when saw this called them back saying, " O companions of the trees I am Mohammad , the true
messenger of Allah " . They got the message that they had success due to help of Allah not because
of their number or strength . The Quran refers to this, " your great number elated you but you get
nothing out of it.....but Allah did pour His calm on the apostle and the believers and sent down
forces which you saw not". Muslims returned and attacked the enemy and gave them crushing
defeat . 6000people were made prisoners and Muslim got big amount of booty. The enemy
retreated and went back to Taif and closed the doors . Muslim put a seige for a month but the
Prophet decided to go back .
The battle taught an important lesson to the Muslims that they should always ask for Allah 's help
when they face enemy. The Quran says, " when you face an enemy be firm, remember Allah much
so that you may be successful ". The defeat of the two tribes made clear to other nomadic tribes that
the Prophet was invincible . The supremacy of Islam was ensured all over Arabia .      10

Tabuk expedition : the Roman emperor felt threatened by the Muslims conquest of Makka because
they had seen Muslims fighting in the battle of Mutah . They placed their army at the border to
attack on Madina in the ninth year of Hijra. The Prophet therefore decided to go and fight them in
their land before they challenge the security of Muslim state.  The Prophet gave a call for jehad.
Muslim state was facing many problems at that time, there was famine on Arabia , the weather was
very hot, date crop was ready for harvesting. Besides that Roman army was professionally trained
and hypocrites were creating fear among Muslims and discouraging them to fight. But Mohammad
(s) decided to face the enemy. Allah sent a revelation," they say do not go for thin the heart ,' say the
fire of Allah is hotter" .
Holy Prophet asked for donations from the Muslims for jehad. All Muslims donated generously. Abu
Bakr gave all of his valuables , Umar gave half of his possessions , Uthman gave1000 gold dinars,
100camels and50 horses.
Muslims encamped at Tabuk. The Romans called back their forces. The Prophet stayed there for
twenty days. He sent small expeditions to different Jews and Christians princes ,many of them came
under Muslim protection and agreed to pay jizya tex, which was far less than taxes Romans used to
charge.
The tabuk expedition warned Muslims the future danger to Islam . It was the last campaign Of the
Holy Prophet. After this peace was restored all over Arabia.  In 9AH all of Taif accepted Islam.             
10

Year of deputations: in the tenth year of prophethood different Christian and non believers tribe
visited Madina to meet the Prophet. Most of them accepted Islam and signed treaties with the
Prophet. Those who did not accept Islam came under the protection of Muslim state and agreed to
give jizya. The Prophet sent teachers and judges with them to teach them fundamentals of Islam .
Special instructions were given to them to treat new convers politely. All delegations were treated
respectfully , even those who did not accept Islam.
Year of deputations: in the tenth year of prophethood different Christian and non believers tribe
visited Madina to meet the Prophet. Most of them accepted Islam and signed treaties with the
Prophet. Those who did not accept Islam came under the protection of Muslim state and agreed to
give jizya. The Prophet sent teachers and judges with them to teach them fundamentals of Islam .
Special instructions were given to them to treat new convers politely. All delegations were treated
respectfully , even those who did not accept Islam. 4

Farewell pilgrimage : in the 10th year of Hijra the Prophet decided to perform pilgrimage to Makka .
Muslims from all parts of Arabia were informed to join him . The prophet left Madina on 25thof
Ziqad with one hundred and fourteen thousand of his followers, all his wives accompanied . They
reached Makka on 4th Zulhajah . He went to Mina on 8th day of the month. On 9th he went to
Arafat , where he performed wuquf and delivered his famous sermon. The farewell sermon
contained important messages for the community. The prophet informed Muslims that he would
soon die and reminded them of their accountability before God on the day of judgement . He told
Muslims to be regular in prayer, fast in the month of Ramadan and perform Haj if the could afford.
He talked about rights of women, " O people ! You have rights over your wives and your wives have
rights over you. Treat them with kindness . Verily you have taken them on the security of Allah ...."
He also reminded Muslim of brotherhood ," as you are one brotherhood, you will not take your
brother 's belongings ..guard yourself from doing injustice ". He told about equality of mankind by
removing all distinctions ," there is no superiority of Arab over a non Arab , and there is no
superiority of White over black" . All are children of Adam , and Adam was made of clay.        4

Last days of the Prophet:          By the 11th year of Hijra Islam had spread all over Arabian peninsula .
In the 11 th year of Hijra the Prophet decided to send an expedition to Syria. But he got sick and it
was postponed. He had terrible headache and fever. But he continued going to the mosque.to lead
prayers. He told his close friends that Allah had taken his choice to have the treasures of world or
the blessings of the hereafter. He said he had chosen to meet his Lord to enjoy blessings of the
hereafter . The companions got sad but he told them that he would meet them again in paradise.
The Prophet showed his desire to move to Ayesha's apartment . His other wives allowed and he
shifted. He became more sick with fever and told Abu Bakr to lead prayers. On the day of his death
he went to the mosque, let Abu Bakr lead prayer and sat behind. After prayer he gave his last speech
. He repeated what he said to the companions about choice given to him by Allah and told about his
reply to prepare companions for his death. He delivered a small speech in which he told Muslims to
take care of the Ansar and to be regular in prayer. He also reminded them of the rights of women
and servants. He told them not to worship his grave.
It was 12th Rabi al awal he went home in pain . He spoke to his daughter fatima telling her that she
would be the first one to join him in paradise. She was upset by the pain he was suffering he told her
that her father will suffer no more in pain after this day. Then he said his last words," now none but
the companion in High is needed" he was63 years old at that time . He was buried in ayasha's
apartment by his will. His funeral was performed by Hazrat Ali and other Muslims this spot is now in
the mosque of nabvi.       10