RMEOC\OJN
\MCVO LN@ NXAOJNRO XNLN JNV_N RNR\VN

Camd
Nefnro`o NR, E.Due.
@nzan Endnrn`o ]enyn, E.Due.
 o

LNG\NV ORO

JN\N XM@KN@\NV
FNKON@ > RNR\VN LN@ \MCVO RNR\VN
n. Xmrjme
Xmrjmefn`fn`knkn`` Rnstr
Rnstrnn ln`
ln` \mcro
\mcro Rnst
Rnstrn
rn
f. Rmeoct
Rmeoctojoj ssmfn
mfnkn
knoo \m
\mcro
cro Rnstrn
Rnstrn
FNKON@ 6 EM\CLM N@NAOROR N@NAOROR LN@ XM@MAO\ON@ RNR\VN
n. Emtc
Emtclmlm Xm`m
Xm`maot
aoton
on`` Rnst
Rnstrn
rn
f. Xm
Xm`m
`mao
aoto
ton`
n` Rns
Rnstr
trnn
FNKON@ 2 XM@LMJN\N@ RMEOC\OJN
n. Xm
Xm`l
`lmj
mjntntn`
n` Rmeo
Rmeoct ctoj
ojnn
f. Ros
Rostme
tme \n`ln`ln
b. An`kj
An`kjndnd Xm`lmj
Xm`lmjntn ntn`` Rmeoct
Rmeoctojnojn
FNKON@ < XM@KMV\ON@ LNRNV RMEOC\OJN
n. Xm
Xm`k
`kmr
mrton
ton`
` Lnsn
Lnsnrr Rmeoc
Rmeoctoj
tojnn

f
b.. Fndn
OFn
aeu
aednsn
u sn
\nsmfn
`lfnkn
sm n knoo \n`
\n`ln ln
l. RmRmeo
eoct
ctoj
ojnn Rns
Rnstr
trnn
FNKON@ = RMINVND RMEOC\OJN
FNKON@ 7 \O@IN]N@ R\V]J\]VNA RMEOC\OJN
n. \o`inun`
\o`inun` Rtrujtu
Rtrujturnarna Rmeoctojn
Rmeoctojn pnln @cvma
@cvma N`nj Fnin`k
Fnin`k Em`k
Em`kkoro`k
koro`k
N`ko` jnryn Ro`ldu`ntn
f. Ol
Olm`
m`to
togo
gojn
jnsoso \me
\menn
b. Ol
Olm`
m`to
togo
gojn
jnsoso Ant
Antnr
nr
l. Olm`
Olm`tog
togoj
ojns
nsoo \cjc
\cjcd d
FNKON@ ; RMEOC\OJN VOGGN\MVVM
n. Xm
Xmefefnbnbnn ln`
ln` Enj`
Enj`nn Fnd Fndns
nsnn
f. Xm
Xmefefnbnbnn
nn`` Dmur
Dmuros ostoj 
toj 
b. Xm
Xmefefnbnbnn
nn`` Dmre
Dmrem` m`ut
utoj 
oj 
l. Xm
Xm`k`kkn
kn`t
`ton
on`` Nrt
Nrtoo
m. Xm
Xm`y`yoe
oepnpn`k
`kn`
n` Nrto
Nrto
g. Xm`b
Xm`bop optn
tnnn` Nrto
rto
FNKON@ 4 JNION@ RMEOC\OJN VOGGN\MVVM
n. Fnaan
Fnaanln ln Jn
Jnsnsn`
` ln` Xnto
Xntoen
en Jnryn
Jnryn [R[R Vm`lrn
Vm`lrn
f. Xm
Xmefefnbnbnn
nn`` Dmur
Dmuros ostoj 
toj 
b. Xm
Xmefefnbnbnn
nn``D Dmr
mrem
em`m`mututoj 
oj 
l. Olm`
Olm`tog
togoj
ojns
nsoo \men
\men ln ln`` Ensn
Ensnanand
d
m. N`na
N`naos osos
os ]`su
]`sur- r-u`
u`susurr Rninj 
Rninj 
g. Dufu
Dufu`k `kn`
n` Rtr
Rtruj
ujtuturn
rnaa n`tnr
n`tnr ]`s
]`surur
FNKON@ ? RMEOC\OJN BDNVAMR RN@LMV XMOVBM

n.
f. \n`ln
\n`
Xm
Xmenlnj`nn
enj`ln``O`
nn`O`tmp
\tmprmt
\n` rmtnso
n`ln
ln nso \n`ln
\n`ln
b. Im
Im`
`os \n`ln
FNKON@ >8 JNION@ RMEOC\OJN BDNVAMR RN@LMV XMOVBM
 FNKON@ >8 JNION@ RMEOC\OJN BDNVAMR RN@LMV XMOVBM
n. Jnio
Jnion`
n` Rm
Rmeoeoct
ctoj
ojnn
f. Xm
Xm`n
`n`l
`lnn (Rok`
(Rok`ogo
ogomr
mr)) ]tnen
]tnen

oo

b. Lm`c
Lm`ctn
tnso
so ln
ln`` Jc`
Jc`ctctns
nsoo
l. O`
O`tm
tmpr
prmt
mtns
nsoo \n`l
\n`lnn
FNKON@ >> RMEOC\OJN GMVLO@N@L LM RN]RR]VM
FNKON@ >6 JNION@ RMEOC\OJN XNLN @CWMA BN-FN]-JN@ JNV_N
VME_ ROANLC

LNG\NV X]R\NJN
 ooo

JN\N XM@KN@\NV

Rmeoctojn emrupnjn` snand sntu jnion` snstrn yn`k emefndns enj`n tn`ln.
Xnln pmendnen` jnion` snstrn smeoctojn, smeun jnryn snstrn emeoaojo enj`n
tn`lnn smfnkno
tn`l smfnkno pmefn`
pmefn`ku`
ku` jnryn,
jnryn, ln`
ln` tn`ln lopndn
lopndneo
eo emanauo
emanauo jnion`
jnion` smeoctojn.
smeoctojn.
Lm`kn` lmeojon` pmefnbn
pmefnbn ln` pm`ojent snstrn en
enepu
epu em`meujn` enj`n
enj`n yn`k
lou`k
lou`kjn
jnpjn
pjn`
` pm`knrn
pm`knrn`k.
`k. Rmrn`
Rmrn`kj
kjnon
non`
` jnion`
jnion` snstrn
snstrn fmrgu
fmrgu`ks
`ksoo lnane
lnane
em`kmefn`kjn`
em`kmefn`kjn` oaeu snstrn ln` jnryn snstrn emanauo rnkne jnion`, snand sntu`yn
smeoctojn` yn`k lnpnt puan fmrgu`kso smfnkno nbun` lnane prcsms pm`maoton` jnryn
oaeond
oaeond fmrup
fmrupnn fuju
fuju pn`l
pn`lun
un`.
`. Camd
Camd jnrm`
jnrm`nn otu,
otu, losnio
losniojn
jn`
` fuju
fuju pn`lu
pn`lun`
n` yn`k
yn`k
jdusus em`u`tu`
em`u`tu` pmefnbn
pmefnbn lnane emendneo jnryn
jnryn snstrn emanauo pmendnen`
pmendnen`
enj`n tn`ln.
Gu`ks
Gu`ksoo fuju
fuju o`o ku
ku`n
`n emefn`
emefn`tu
tu pnrn
pnrn pmemrdn
pmemrdnto
to ln` pm`ma
pm`maoto
oto snstrn
snstrn,, pnr
pnrnn
pm`kninr snstrn,
snstrn, jdusus`yn
jdusus`yn pnln foln`k jnion` smeoctojn. Xmrodna yn`k losniojn`
lnane
lnane fuju o`o tmcro smeoctojn
smeoctojn emegcjusj
emegcjusjn`
n` pnln an`lnsn`
an`lnsn` tmcro
tmcro smeoctojn
smeoctojn vmrso
Gmrlo
Gmrlo`n`
`n`tt lm Rnussu
Rnussurm,
rm, Eobdnm
Eobdnmaa Voggnt
Voggntmrr
mrrm,
m, ln`
ln` Bdn
Bdnram
ramss Rn`lmr
Rn`lmr Xomrbm
Xomrbm lm`kn
lm`kn`
`
pn`ln`kn` smrtn jc`smp lnsnr yn`k loeoaojo smfnkno jnrnjtmrostoj pmendnen`
enj`nn tn`ln lnane
enj` lnane jnryn snstr
snstrn.
n. Lo snepo`k
snepo`k tmcro, losniojn`
losniojn` puan
puan npaojnso
npaojnso tmcro-
tmcro-

tmcro
tmcro tmrsm
tmrsmfut
fut pnln
pnln `cvma
`cvma ln`
ln` puoso.
puoso.
Njdor jntn loubnpjn` tmroen jnsod jmpnln smeun podnj ln` o`stn`so yn`k
tmand emefn`tu lnane pm`mrfotn` fuju o`o. Rmdufu`kn` lm`kn` jmtmrfntnsn`
yn`k nln pnln fuju o`o, smknan fm`tuj jrotoj ln` snrn` yn`k lntn`k ln` fmrsognt
emefn`tu smrtn pcsotog njn` jneo pmrtoefn`kjn` lmeo jmeniun` ln`
pmrjmefn`kn` oaeu snstrn u`tuj em`bnpno jmsmepur`nn`, jdusus`yn foln`k
 smeoctojn.

Xm`uaos

ov

FNKO
FNKON@
N@ >
RNR\VN LN@ \MCVO RNR\VN

n. Xmrj
Xmrjme
mefn
fn`k
`kn`
n` Rn
Rnst
strn
rn ln
ln`
` \mcr
\mcroo Rns
Rnstr
trn
n O`l
O`lc`
c`ms
mson
on

Rnstrn O`lc`mson pmr`nd em`knaneo pmroclmsnso, do`kkn emandorjn`

pm`kmacepcjjn`
pm`kmacepcjjn` znen` pnln
pnln sminrnd pmrjmefn`kn`
pmrjmefn`kn` jnryn
jnryn snstrn O`lc`mson.
O`lc`mson. Xnrn

pm`knent snstrn ln` jrotojus emanjujn` to`lnjn` n`naosos tmrdnlnp smtonp

jnrnjtmrostoj jnryn snstrn O`lc`mson

O`lc`mson smsuno lm`kn`
lm`kn` jnrnjtmr znen`
znen` jmandorn`
jmandorn` jnryn
jnryn

snstrn tmrtm`tu. Dna

Dna o`o emandorjn`
emandorjn` pmroclmsnso fmrfm`tuj jnryn snstrn jansoj,
jansoj,

Xuin`kkn Fnru, Fnano

Fnano Xustnjn, do`kkn pmroclm jnryn snstrn O`lc`mson
O`lc`mson eclmr`

(emensujo nfnl
nfnl jm->?). Lnro
Lnro pmr`yntnn` fmrojut, nln fmfmrnpn
fmfmrnpn dna
dna yn`k lnpnt
lnpnt

loinlojn`
loinlojn` lnsnr
lnsnr u`tuj
u`tuj lojmtnduo
lojmtnduo lnane
lnane prcsms
prcsms pmend
pmendnen`
nen` tmrdnlnp
tmrdnlnp snstr
snstrn,
n, jnryn
jnryn

snst
snstrn
rn ln`
ln` dnj
dnjoj
ojnt
nt snst
snstrn
rn.. Do
Do`k
`kkn
kn ensn
ensn jo`o
jo`o pu`
pu` pmrj
pmrjme
mefn
fn`k
`kn`
n` tm
tmrd
rdnl
nlnp
np

pmendnen` snstrn emefnwn dnsoa pnln eu`bua`yn ostoand km`rm sns

snstr
trnn yn`k

loscsonaosnsojn`
loscsonaosnsojn` smfnkno rnkne im`os jnryn snstrn.

Camd pnrn pm`maoto snstrn ln` pnrn jrotojus, rnkne im`os snstrn pu` lon`kknp
 nj
njn`
n` emepm`
emepm`kn
knrud
rudoo andor
andor`y
`ynn fmrnkn
fmrnkne
e tmc
tmcro
ro sns
snstrn,
trn, do`kkn
do`kkn enepu
enepu pua
puann

emeu`bua
emeu`buajn`
jn` tmcro snstrn
snstrn fnru, ln` jmtmrdufu
jmtmrdufu`kn`
`kn` n`tnrn
n`tnrn tmcro fnru ln` tmcro

smfmaue`
smfmaue`yn,
yn, jnryn
jnryn snstrn
snstrn lm`kn`
lm`kn` fmrnkne
fmrnkne dna
dna lo aunr jnryn
jnryn snstrn.
snstrn. Lm`kn`
Lm`kn`

lmeo
lmeojo
jon`
n`,, npn
npnfo
foan
an fmrf
fmrfob
obnr
nrnn jnry
jnrynn snst
snstrn
rn,, njn`
njn` emef
emefnw
nwnn smi
sminr
nrnd
nd ln`
ln`
pmrjmefn
pmrjmefn`kn`
`kn` snstrn
snstrn,, tmcro snstrn,
snstrn, smrtn
smrtn jrotoj
jrotoj snstrn
snstrn puan.
puan. Rmbnrn
Rmbnrn smlmrdn
smlmrdn`n
`n tmcro
tmcro

snstrn fmrjmefn`k ln`

ln` tmrfn`ku` camd jnrm`n u`sur
u`sur ano` yn`k tolnj tmrposndjn`,

yno
notu
tu jnry
jnrynn snst
snstrn
rn ln`
ln` rnkn
rnkne
e jr
jrot
otoj
oj snst
snstrn
rn do`k
do`kk
kn em
em`y
`ymr
mrup
upno
no so
soja
jaus
us yn`k
yn`k tn
tnj 
j 

tmrputusjn`.

>

Rnstrn
Rnstrn ln`
ln` tmcro
tmcro snstr
snstrnn emeoao
emeoaojo
jo jmtmr
jmtmrjno
jnotn`
tn` mrnt
mrnt tmrdnl
tmrdnlnp
np rn
rnkn
kne
e to`lnjn
to`lnjn`
`

pm`maoton`
pm`maoton`.. O`o emeu`buaj
emeu`buajn`
n` nln`yn
nln`yn jmbm`lmru
jmbm`lmru`kn`
`kn` fndwns
fndwnsn`yn
n`yn tmcro
tmcro pu` andor

lnro tmcro tmrlnduau yn`k tmand emanauo prcsms pm`kuion`, ln` jnryn snstrn pu` andor

lm`kn`
lm`kn` pm`knrud
pm`knrud jnryn
jnryn snstrn
snstrn smfmaue`
smfmaue`yn.
yn. Xmrufndn
Xmrufndn`
` ln` pmrjmefn`
pmrjmefn`kn`
kn`

emefnwn tmcro
tmcro iukn ojut fmrjmefn`k,
fmrjmefn`k, smdo`kkn
smdo`kkn n`tnrn tmcro ln` to`lnj pm`maoton`
pm`maoton`

fmrnln
fmrnln lnane
lnane sntu
sntu jmrn`kjn
jmrn`kjn oaeond yn`k
yn`k jcdmrm`
jcdmrm` lnane
lnane w
woanyn
oanynd
d lu`on snstrn.
snstrn.

Lm`kn` lmeojon`, jmsusnstrnn` lnane pmrjmefn`kn``yn tmand emefn`ku`

fn
fn`y
`ynj
nj tmcro
tmcro snst
snstrn.
rn. Rmfnk
Rmfnkno
no snand
snand sntu
sntu lnro
lnro rnkne
rnkne foln`k
foln`k oaeu lnane
lnane ao`kjup
ao`kjup

snstrn (aotmrnturm ) ln` lu`on oaeu pm`k

pm`kmtnd
mtndun`.
un`. Fmfmrnpn
Fmfmrnpn dna smfnkno
smfnkno bc`tcd
bc`tcd yn`k
yn`k

smjorn`yn lnpnt
lnpnt emefujn wnbn`n
wnbn`n tmrlnduau nlnand pm`lmgo`oson` ntns npnjnd otu

puoso.

Xn
Xnln
ln nwn
nwna`
a`yn
yn pu
puos
osoo lopn
lopndn
dneo
eo smf
smfnk
nkno
no sna
snand
nd snt
sntu
u km`rm snstrn lm`kn`

jnrnjtmrostoj, emeoaojo
emeoaojo fnot, fnros, ln` em`kku`njn`
em`kku`njn` fndnsn yn`k
yn`k pnlnt lnane
 em`ku`kjnpjn`
em`ku`kjnpjn` pmsn` yn`k o`ko`
o`ko` losnepnojn` (lnpnt loaodnt lnro pmeoaodn` jntn).

Fndnsn yn`k loku`njn`

loku`njn` tolnjand aukns, tmtnpo
tmtnpo pm`ud enj`n lo fnaoj jntn-jntn yn`k

losniojn` lnane
lnane puoso. \opcacko snstrn
snstrn lotm`tujn` smfnkno
smfnkno jnrnjtmr
jnrnjtmr puoso. Fm`tuj 
Fm`tuj 

puoso yn`k emrupnjn` juepuan` fnot tmrnrnd. @neu` pnln ensn jo`o euano

fmreu`buan` jnryn snstrn yn`k em`ymrupno prcsn, tolnj emeoaojo fnot-fnot, ln`

fndnsn aukns pu` loku`njn`. O`o em`inlo pmefmaninrn` ntns pmrjmefn`kn` jnryn
snstrn, pmendnen` dnrus em`kojuto pmrjmefn`kn``yn. Jnryn snstrn fmrfm`tuj 

puoso tolnj fosn lofntnso dn`yn pnln fm`tuj puoso, jn`lu`kn` fnot, ln` smtonp fnot

fmrosojn` fnros jntn-jntn yn`k tolnj dn`yn em`kku`njn` fndnsn aukns.

Dnjojnt
Dnjojnt jnryn
jnryn snstrn
snstrn smfnkno
smfnkno dnsoa
dnsoa boptnn
boptnn`
` yn`k
yn`k em`k
em`kn`lu
n`lu`k
`k `o
`oano
ano mstmto
mstmtojn,
jn,

oenio`nso, ln` jrmnso emandorjn` rnkne jnrnjtmr

jnrnjtmr ln` km`rm snst
snstrn
rn,, smpm
smpmrto
rto prcs
prcsn,
n,

puos
puoso,
o, ln`
ln` lrn
lrnen
en.. ]`su
]`surr jrmn
jrmnto
togo
gotn
tnss em`i
em`inl
nloo jnpn
jnpnso
sotn
tnss pm`k
pm`knr
nrn`
n`k
k ln
lnan
ane
e

emefn
emefn`k
`ku`
u` lu`o
lu`onn jntn
jntn lm`k
lm`kn`
n` oenio`
oenio`ns
nsoo to`kj
to`kjnt
nt to
to`kk
`kkoo do`kk
do`kknn em`kd
em`kdnso
nsoajn
ajn`
`

smfund jnryn. Rmeun otu njn`

njn` emefn`ku`
emefn`ku` lu`on snstrn
snstrn ln` tmcro snstrn lnane
lnane

pmrjmefn`kn``yn.

f. Rme
Rmeocto
octojn
jn smfn
smfnkn
knoo \
\mc
mcro
ro Rnstr
nstrn
n

Emanau
Emanauoo pmrjm
pmrjmefn
efn`kn
`kn`
` jnryn
jnryn sns
snstrn,
trn, lnp
lnpnt
nt loaodn
loaodntt ln` lofujt
lofujtojn
ojn`
` lm`kn
lm`kn`
`

pmrjmefn`kn` tmcro snstrn fndwn, do`kkn nfnl jm-68, pmrjmefn`kn` tmcro snstrn

tolnj lnpnt
lnpnt loampnsj
loampnsjn`
n` lnro
lnro strujtur
strujturnaose
naosemm smfnkn
smfnknoo tmcro
tmcro ln` naorn`
naorn` tmrlnduau.
tmrlnduau.
 Rm
Rmdo
do`k
`kkn
kn eu`b
eu`bua
ua ln
ln`
` ando
andorr tmcr
tmcro-t
o-tmc
mcro
ro fnru
fnru smfn
smfnkn
knoo upny
upnynn ec
eclo
logo
gojn
jnso
so yn
yn`k
`k

losmsuno
losmsunojn`
jn` lm`kn`
lm`kn` dnjojnt
dnjojnt cfimj (jnryn
(jnryn snstrn)
snstrn) ln` pmrjmefn
pmrjmefn`kn`
`kn``yn.
`yn. Rmpm
Rmpmrto
rto

dn
dna`y
a`ynn tm
tmcr
croo Rtru
Rtrujt
jtur
urna
naos
osem
em km
km`m
`mto
toj
j lm
lm`k
`kn`
n` tcj
tcjcd
cd`y
`ynn Kcal
Kcalen
en`,
`, Rmeoc
Rmeocto
tojn
jn camd
camd

Rn
Rnus
ussu
surm
rm ln
ln`
` Xmor
Xmorbm
bm,, Lmjc
Lmjc`s
`str
truj
ujso
so camd
camd Lmrro
Lmrroln
ln,, Xcst
Xcstru
rujt
jtur
urna
naos
osem
em camd
camd Km`m
Km`mttm
ttm,,

Bdnten`, Fnjdto`, [dotm, Fnrtdms, Mbc, Gcubnuat,

Gcubnuat, Ayctnrl, Fnulroaanrl, ln`

Vmsmpso camd Inuss, Voggntmrm, Buaamr, O`tmrtmjs

O`tmrtmjs camd
camd Jrostmvn,
Jrostmvn, smrtn ensod fn`ynj 
fn`ynj 

anko ano``yn
ano``yn (@ycen`
(@ycen`,, 688<9<-=
688<9<-=)) pnrn tcjcd tmrsmfut
tmrsmfut emepmrdn
emepmrdntojn`
tojn`

pmrjmefn`kn`
pmrjmefn`kn` jnryn snstrn lm`kn` pmrdnton` jdusus
jdusus ln` gcjus u`tuj emand
emandorjn`
orjn`

pmrsmpso ln` pmendnen`

pmendnen` smbnrn
smbnrn oaeond em`km`no u`sur pmefn`ku`
pmefn`ku` jnryn snstrn,

smrtn pmrn` jnryn snstrn lo lu`on aunr,

a unr, smrtn jmdolupn` en`uson yn`k pm`ud lm`kn`

enj`n tmrsmefu`yo.

Em`urut
Em`urut [maamj
[maamj ln` [nrrm`
[nrrm` (>?76)
(>?76) \mcro
\mcro snstrn
snstrn lnane
lnane dna
dna o`o emrupnjn
emrupnjn`
`

smpmrn`kjnt jc`smp yn`k njn` em`imansjn` smiueand kminan snstrn smbnrn oaeond,

sostmentos, ln` emefmrojn` o`tm`sotns pnln jc`smp, pro`sop, ln` jntmkcro

(@yce
(@ycen`
n`,, 688<
688<:>
:>8)
8).. \o`l
\o`lnj
njn`
n` oaeon
oaeond
d ku`n
ku`n pmr
pmrjm
jmef
efn`
n`kn
kn`
` oaeu
oaeu sns
snstr
trnn

emefutudjn` jc`smp u`tuj em`imansjn` gm`cem`n snstrn yn`k tmrsostmentos

smsuno lm`kn` crom`tnso pm`bnpnon`.

pm`bnpnon`. Emanauo jc`smp,
jc`smp, pmefnbn ln` o`tmrprmtmr 

jnryn snstrn smfnkno

smfnkno snand sntu fm`tuj
fm`tuj Gm`cem`n yn`k
yn`k lotn`kjnp emanauo
emanauo prcsms

pmendnen
pmendnen`,
`, emefunt
emefunt fmrnkne
fmrnkne o`tmprmtns
o`tmprmtnsoo tmrdnlnp
tmrdnlnp jmfmrgu`k
jmfmrgu`kson`
son` pcan pojor

tmrdnlnp
tmrdnlnp mjsostm
mjsostm`so
`so jnryn
jnryn snstrn.
snstrn. Em`ko`knt
Em`ko`knt strujtur
strujturnaose
naosemm smfnkno
smfnkno naorn`
naorn`
 tmrlnduau
tmrlnduau,, enjn lnane
lnane emendneo
emendneo jnryn
jnryn snstrn lo`oano
lo`oano jnryn snstrn
snstrn tmrfn`ku`
tmrfn`ku` camd
camd

u`sur-
u`sur-u`s
u`sur
ur smbnrn
smbnrn o`tro`
o`tro`soj
soj.. O`
O`tro`
tro`soj
soj lopn
lopndn
dneo
eo smf
smfnkn
nknoo smknan
smknan u`sur
u`sur yn`k
yn`k nl
nlnn lo

lnane tufud jnryn

jnryn snstrn otu sm`loro. Do`kkn jo`o pmendnen`
pmendnen` tmrsmfut ensod

lopmkn`k junt
junt smfnkno dna yn`k em`lnsnr
em`lnsnr lnane emendneo msm`so
msm`so jnryn snstrn.

Xmrjmefn`kn`
Xmrjmefn`kn` yn`k tmrinlo nlnand
nlnand eu`bua`yn pmendnen`
pmendnen` jnryn
jnryn snstrn
snstrn

smfnkno
smfnkno jnryn
jnryn yn`k tolnj
tolnj dn`yn tmrfn`k
tmrfn`ku`
u` ln` loenj`no
loenj`no emanauo
emanauo u`sur o`stro`soj 
o`stro`soj 

snin. Ln` dna o`o emandorjn` fn`ynj eclogojnso

eclogojnso tmcro snstrn u`tuj emendneo

jnryn snstrn. Jnryn snstrn tmrfn`ku`

tmrfn`ku` camd u`sur o`tro`soj ln` mjstro`soj.
mjstro`soj. lopndneo

jnryn snstrn
snstrn tolnj emampnsjn` u`sur-u`sur pmefn`ku`
pmefn`ku` jnryn smbnrn o`tro`soj,
o`tro`soj,

smrt
smrtnn mj
mjst
stro
ro`s
`soj
oj.. ]`tu
]`tuj
j otua
otuand
nd,, stru
strujt
jtur
urna
naos
osem
em sn`
sn`kn
kntt fm
fmrp
rpmr
mrn`
n` fmsn
fmsnrr lnan
lnane
e

pmrjmefn`kn`
pmrjmefn`kn` ln` jmandorn` tmcro-tmcro smtmand`yn.

@oano mstmtojn,
mstmtojn, oenio`ns
oenio`nso,
o, ln` jrmnso
jrmnso loluju`k
loluju`k puan
puan camd fmfmrn
fmfmrnpn
pn nspmj
nspmj lo

aunr jnryn snstrn otu sm`loro, smpmrto dna`yn nspmj pm`knrn`k, pmefnbn, ln`

pm
pm`mr
`mrfot
fot.. Emanau
Emanauoo dna tmrs
tmrsmf
mfut,
ut, andoran
andorand
d fmfmr
fmfmrnp
npnn tmcro
tmcro pmrjm
pmrjmefn
efn`kn
`kn`
` ln
ln`
`

<

eclogojnso tmcro snstrn tmrlnduau (strujturnaosem) em`inlo amfod fmrnkne ln`

lm
lm`kn
`kn`
` spmsog
spmsogojn
ojnso
so yn`k
yn`k amfod
amfod jdus
jdusus.
us. Emend
Emendneo
neo enj`n
enj`n jntn,
jntn, en
enj`n
j`n grn
grnsm
sm,, ln`
ln`

enj`n jnaoent, smrtn jnryn

jnryn snstrn smbnrn jm
jmsmaurudn`
smaurudn` lnpnt
lnpnt loanjujn` lnro fn`ynj 

pm`lmjntn` smpmrto fockrngos (pm`knrn`k), scsocackos, psojcackos, n`trcpcackos,

dostcros, eotcpcoj,
eotcpcoj, mjsprmsog,
mjsprmsog, eoemsos,
eoemsos, prnkentos,
prnkentos, ln` cfimjtog. jmtmrjnotn` tmcro
snstrn ln` jnryn snstrn dnlor u`tuj snao`k em`luju`k, ln` tolnj lnpnt loposndjn`
 lnane upnyn
upnyn emendneo
emendneo jnryn snstrn
snstrn smrtn pmrjmefn`kn`
pmrjmefn`kn` jnryn
jnryn snstrn. Emanauo

tmcro snstrn
snstrn jotn
jotn lnpnt
lnpnt emendneo
emendneo rnkne
rnkne u`sur
u`sur pmefn`ku`
pmefn`ku`,, `oano, enj`n
enj`n,, smrtn

mjsostm`so jnryn snstrn tmrsmfut lnane lu`on oaeu pm`kmtndun`. Lm`kn` lmeojon`,

tmcro snstrn em`inlo po`tu ensuj lnane em`mausuro pmrjmefn`kn` snstrn ln`

emendneo
emendneo enj`n
enj`n lnro jnryn
jnryn snstrn tmrtm`tu,
tmrtm`tu, ln` smbnrn
smbnrn toefna
toefna fnaoj u`tuj 
u`tuj 

dnsoa`yn.

Nfstrnjso
Nfstrnjso jc`smp
jc`smp tmcro snstrn
snstrn jm
jm lnane
lnane rueusn`
rueusn` oaeond
oaeond ln` lnpn
lnpntt louio
louio

jmfm`nrn``yn
jmfm`nrn``yn u`tuj locpmrnsojn`
locpmrnsojn` smbnrn
smbnrn prnjtos. Xm`maoton` yn`k loanjujn` pn
pnln
ln

jnryn snstrn emen`gnntjn` tmcro-tmcro yn`k sulnd nln smfmaue`yn u`tuj 

lopmrtn`ynjn`
lopmrtn`ynjn` smfnkno dopctmsos.
dopctmsos. Lm`kn`
Lm`kn` lmeojon`, njn` eu`bua
eu`bua tmcro-tmcro fnru,

smpmrto
smpmrto snand
snand sntu`yn
sntu`yn nlnand
nlnand tmcro smeoctoj
smeoctojnn yn`k andor
andor lnro tmcro
tmcro strujturnaosem
strujturnaosem,,

yn`k smbnrn
smbnrn km`msos tmand nln smem`inj
smem`inj znen` Nrostctmams, dnsoa nlcpso
nlcpso pmeojorn`

pnrn snrin`n Fnrnt (@ycen`, 688<). Xm`maoton`

Xm`maoton` snstrn lonrndjn` camd
camd tmcro snstrn

smfnkno upnyn pm`n`kjnpn`

pm`n`kjnpn` ntns gm`cem`n
gm`cem`n tmrfnbn lm`kn` emanjujn`
emanjujn` n`naosos
n`naosos

yn`k em`kku`njn`
em`kku`njn` emtclm
emtclm ln`
ln` tmj`oj,
tmj`oj, em`kdufu`kj
em`kdufu`kjn`
n` strujturnaosem
strujturnaosem yn`k

lon
on`k
`kkn
knp
p sm
smfnk
nknno tm
tmcr
croo nw
nwna, lm`k
lm`knn` pm
pmrjm
rjmefn
efn`kn
`kn``yn
`yn do`k
o`kkn pnl
pnln

prcstrujturnaosem (@ycen`, 688<), o`o nlnand trnloso.

Njueuanso yn`k gamjsofma tmrdnlnp

tmrdnlnp pmrjmefn`kn`
pmrjmefn`kn` tmcro snstrn
snstrn lotngsorjn`

lm`kn` em`ymsunojn`
em`ymsunojn` jnpnsotns
jnpnsotns pm`maoto.
pm`maoto. Rmpmrto yn`k
yn`k lojntnjn`
lojntnjn` camd Nfrnes

fndwnsn`yn lnane emendneo jnryn snstrn, lm`kn` jmtm`tun` tmcro smfnkno

pm`luju`k to`lnj n`naosos, tmrfnko ntns soso mjsprmsog, eoemsos, prnkentos, ln`
 cfimjtog. Xnln to`lnj mjsprmsog yn`k em`knrndjn` pmendnen` pnln gcjus

pm`knrn`k ln` jnryn snstrn smfnkno dnsoa pm`ku`kjnpn`. \o`lnj eoemsos lm`kn`

pn`ln`kn` tmrdnlnp jnryn snstrn yn`k lon`kknp smfnkno torun` lu`on jmdolupn`.

\o`lnj pmendnen` smbnrn prnkentos yn`k emen`ln`k jnryn snstrn emeoaojo

pmrn` pmefnbn, smrtn cfimjtog yn`k emen`ln`k pmendnen` jnryn snstrn

emendneo`yn smfnkno cfimj smpm`ud`yn, do`kkn dn`yn njn` emrnefnd lu`on lo

lnane jnryn snstrn fmrupn smknan u`sur pmefn`ku` jnryn snstrn (o`tro`soj).

Lm`kn` lmeojon`
lmeojon` jnpnsotns pm`maoto em`knbu
em`knbu pnln to`kjntn`
to`kjntn` jmenepun` pm`maoto
pm`maoto

lnane emendneo
emendneo jc`smp pnln smtonp
smtonp pm`lmjntn` tmcro snstrn lnane smknan
smknan to`lnj 

pm`maoton` snstrn yn`k loanjujn``yn.

Lnane dna o`o, tmcro emrupnjn` nant yn`k lopmrku`njn`

lopmrku`njn` u`tuj em`knrndjn`
em`knrndjn`

ln` emefn`t
emefn`tu
u emendneo
emendneo cfimj
cfimj smbnrn
smbnrn enjsoena,
enjsoena, lm`kn`
lm`kn` gu`kso
gu`kso yn`k stntos
stntos ln`

lo`neos u`tuj em`kdnlorjn`

em`kdnlorjn` jc`smp lnsnr, fmrosojn`
fmrosojn` u`sur-u`sur, n`tnrdufu`kn`,
n`tnrdufu`kn`,

ln` tctnaotn
tctnaotns.
s. Jmfmjun`
Jmfmjun` yn`k
yn`k pmr`nd
pmr`nd lonane
lonaneoo camd naorn`
naorn` strujturna
strujturnaosem,
osem, jmtojn
jmtojn

loanjujn` pm`kjnion` ln` pmendnen` jnryn snstrn dn`yn emeusnt pnln strujtur

pmefn`ku
pmefn`ku`
` jnryn
jnryn snstrn,
snstrn, smbnrn
smbnrn fmroro`k
fmroro`kn`
n` eu`bua
eu`bua smeoctojn
smeoctojn,, fmrtndn`
fmrtndn` do`kkn
do`kkn

emeu`buajn`
emeu`buajn` pmrsmpso u`tuj
u`tuj jmlun
jmlun tmcro
tmcro tmrsmfut nlnand tmcro yn`k olm`toj,

em`knbu pnln strujtur jnryn

jnryn snstrn lm`kn` strujturnaosem fmrfobnrn
fmrfobnrn pnln jnryn,
jnryn,

ln` smeoctojn fmrfobnrn pnln tn`ln, tmtnp pnln jnryn snstrn.

Rmbnrn smeoctos, jnryn

jnryn snstrn yn`k
yn`k emwnjoajn`
emwnjoajn` suntu inen`
inen` lopmrsmpsojn`

lu`on yn`k tmrfn`ku` nlnand

nlnand lu`on yn`k lopm`udo camd tn`ln
tn`ln smfnkno
smfnkno pmrn`tnrn
 n`tnrn jnryn snstrn lm`kn` smknan nspmj yn`k fmrnln lo smjmaoao`k jnryn snstrn,

smrtnn yn`k fmrnln

smrt fmrnln lo lnane
lnane jnryn
jnryn snstrn
snstrn otu sm`loro.
sm`loro. Lnane
Lnane jc`tmjs
jc`tmjs jnryn
jnryn snst
snstrn
rn

yn
yn`k
`k fmrjce
fmrjceu`o
u`ojn
jnso,
so, smeoct
smeoctoj
oj em`n`l
em`n`lnjn
njn`
` fndwn
fndwnsn`
sn`yn
yn smfnk
smfnkno
no tmcro,
tmcro, smeocto
smeoctojn
jn

do`kk
do`kknn jo`o
jo`o em`in
em`inlo
lo snand
snand sntu
sntu tmcro
tmcro fmsnr
fmsnr lnane
lnane pmrj
pmrjmef
mefn`k
n`kn`
n` jnryn
jnryn snst
snstrn
rn ln`
ln`

tmcroo snstrn yn`k

tmcr yn`k ensod dolup
dolup lm`kn`
lm`kn` smknr.
smknr.

Jnryn snstrn tolnj dn`yn smentn loenj`no smfnkno jnryn yn`k emeoaojo

u`sur-u`sur lnane pmefn`ku`n``yn, `neu` iukn lolukn emeoaojo tn`ln-tn`ln

yn`k lnpnt
lnpnt loenj`no smfnkno
smfnkno soefca, fmsmrtn pmrn`kjnt
pmrn`kjnt tn`ln ano``yn (sok`, ojc`,

o`lmjs)
o`lmjs) yn`k
yn`k emefutu
emefutudjn`
djn` jc`smp
jc`smp lnane
lnane emendneo
emendneo ln`
ln` em`n`k
em`n`kjnp
jnp enj`n
enj`n

lofn
lofnao
aoj
j jntn
jntn smrt
smrtnn u`su
u`surr pmef
pmefn`
n`ku
ku`
` jnry
jnrynn lnan
lnane
e em`y
em`yne
nepn
pnoj
ojn`
n`,, ln`
ln`

em`kmjsprmsojn` dna yn`k fmrnln lo aunr jnryn snstrn, enupu` dna yn`k

emantnrfmanjn`ko
emantnrfmanjn`ko tmrandor`yn jnryn snstrn.

Rmknan
Rmknan nspmj
nspmj loeu`kjo`
loeu`kjo`jn`
jn` fmrpmrn`
fmrpmrn` lnane
lnane andor
andor`yn
`yn jnryn
jnryn snstrn
snstrn tmrtm`tu.
tmrtm`tu.

Rmdo`kkn n`tnrn snstrn ln` tmcro snstrn emeoaojo jmtmrjnotn`

jmtmrjnotn` yn`k mrnt pnln

enso`k-e
enso`k-enso`k
nso`k jmandorn``y
jmandorn``yn.
n. Lmeojon`
Lmeojon` puan
puan lm`k
lm`kn`
n` sm
smeoctoj
eoctojnn pnln
pnln lu`on jnryn
jnryn

snstrn. Rulut pn`ln`k jnryn snstrn emanauo

emanauo sostme tn`ln yn`k
yn`k tmrjn`lu`k
tmrjn`lu`k lnane

jnryn snstrn u`tuj loenj`no, ln` lopndneo smfnkno pmtu`iuj ntns nspmj 

pmefn`ku` jnryn snstrn (pm`knrn`k, pmefnbn, jnryn snstrn, ao`kju`kn`, smrtn

`oano-`oano
`oano-`oano)) lm`kn`
lm`kn` pm`imansn
pm`imansn`
` pnln fnk
fnkon`
on` smtmand
smtmand o`o, jmtmrjnot
jmtmrjnotn`
n` n`tnrn
n`tnrn snstrn,
snstrn,

tmcroo snstrn, smrtn

tmcr smrtn pmrjmefn`k
pmrjmefn`kn``y
n``ynn njn` emefn`tu
emefn`tu lnane
lnane emendneo
emendneo ln`

emenj`no
emenj`no jnryn
jnryn snstrn.

 
 FNKO
FNKON@
N@ 6
EM\CLM N@NAOROR LN@ XM@MAO\ON@ RNR\VN

n. Emtclm Xm
Xm`maoton`
on` Rn
Rnstrn

Emtclmm fmrnsna
Emtcl fmrnsna lnro
lnro jntn
jntn emtdclc
emtdclcss ( Anto`
 Anto`) lm`kn` pm`kmrton` amfod auns

sm
smfnk
fnkno
no suntu
suntu bnrn
bnrn,, strnt
strntmk
mko,
o, yn`k
yn`k lotm
lotmepu
epud
d u`tu
u`tuj
j emanj
emanjujn
ujn`
` ln` em`bn
em`bnpn
pnoo

smsuntu
smsuntu dna ku`n emendneo
emendneo rmnaotns
rmnaotns tmrtm`tu
tmrtm`tu smbnrn
smbnrn sostmentos,
sostmentos, ackos,
ackos, tmcrotos,
tmcrotos, smrtn

n`naotos.
n`naotos. Emtclm
Emtclm lnane
lnane suntu
suntu to`lnjn`
to`lnjn` pm`maoton`
pm`maoton` em`knrnd
em`knrndjn`
jn` inan``yn
inan``yn prcsms
prcsms

n`naosos tmrdnlnp suntu dna, yn`k smfmaue`yn tmand emeoaojo dopctmsos, smrtn

pm`kdnlorn` gm`cem`n u`tuj lojnio em`inlo to`lnjn` yn`k oaeond lnane lu`on

oaeu pm`km
pm`kmtndun
tndun`.
`. Em`mrnpjn
Em`mrnpjn`
` emtclm
emtclm lnane
lnane to`lnjn`
to`lnjn` n`naos
n`naosos,
os, fmrnrto
fmrnrto

em`m
em`mrn
rnpj
pjn`
n` su
sunt
ntu
u bnrn
bnrn u`tu
u`tuj
j loku
loku`n
`njn
jn`
` pnln
pnln snn
snntt eman
emanjs
jsn`
n`nj
njn`
n` tto`
o`ln
lnjn
jn`
`

em`kn`naosos. Jnotn``yn lm`kn` pm`maoton` snstrn, emtclm n`naosos em`inlo bnrn

ln
lnane
ane fm`tu
fm`tuj
j sostme
sostme n`naosos
n`naosos lm`k
lm`kn`
n` cfimj
cfimj jnryn
jnryn snstr
snstrn.
n. Fnko
Fnko oaeuwn
oaeuwn`,
`, pm`maoto
pm`maoton`
n`

fm
fmros
rosojn
ojn`
` jc`sm
jc`smp
p yn`k
yn`k em`u`t
em`u`tu`
u` to`lnj
to`lnjn`
n` jc`vm
jc`vm`so
`soc`n
c`naa oaeo
oaeond
nd smrtn
smrtn rm
rmamv
amvn`
n`,,

smsuno jmsmpnjntn`
jmsmpnjntn` yn`k nln, jmoaeuwn`,
jmoaeuwn`, ln` smsuno
smsuno lm`kn`
lm`kn` inen`.
inen`. ]`sur

pmefn`ku
pmefn`ku`
` lnane
lnane to`lnj
to`lnjn`
n` oaeond emrupnjn`
emrupnjn` pmrn`kjn
pmrn`kjntt pm
pm`to`k
`to`k.. Rmpmrto
Rmpmrto u`sur
u`sur

ln
lnro
ro lnane
lnane loro
loro (pn`ln
(pn`ln`kn
`kn`
` dolup,
dolup, pmefm
pmefm`tu
`tujn
jn`
` loro cam
camd
d ao`kj
ao`kju`k
u`kn`
n`,, gm`
gm`cem
cem`n
`n

pm`knane
pm`knanen`,
n`, smrtn rnkne
rnkne pmroanju).
pmroanju). Xnln koaorn``y
koaorn``ynn em`kjc`los
em`kjc`losojn`
ojn` tmcro,
tmcro,

emtcl
emtclm,
m, tmj`o
tmj`oj
j ln` prcsm
prcsms,
s, fnoj
fnoj smbnrn
smbnrn oepaos
oepaosot,
ot, enup
enupu`
u` mj
mjsp
spaoso
aosott smfnk
smfnkno
no

pmefntns to`lnjn`.

Xmendnen` smbnrn oepaosot lnane to`lnj pm`maoton` emrupnjn` emtclcacko

ln` pm`lmjntn`, ln` smbnrn mjspaosot emrupnjn` emtclm ln` tmj`oj, yn`k lnane

jnryn snstrn
snstrn emeoaojo tokn sufimj,
sufimj, ynotu pm`knrn`k,
pm`knrn`k, pmefnbn,
pmefnbn, ln` pm`maoto.
pm`maoto. Jnryn

 
snstrn smfnkno dnsoa jnryn
jnryn boptn yn`k
yn`k emeoaojo
emeoaojo `oano mstmtojn,
mstmtojn, oenio`nso,
oenio`nso, ln`
ln`

jrmntogotns
jrmntogotns,, emrupnjn
emrupnjn`
` cfimj
cfimj yn`k
yn`k jmrnp
jmrnp lo`oano
lo`oano u`oj.
u`oj. Xm`k
Xm`kmrton
mrton`
` u`oj lnane jnryn
jnryn

snstrn nlnand fmrnkne enj`n smrtn `oano lnane jnryn snstrn yn`k lnpnt lopndneo

emanauo o`tmprmtnso lnro fmrnkne sulut pn`ln`k lm`kn` jmfmfnsn` o`tmprmtnso

smbnrn jc`vm`soc`na.
jc`vm`soc`na. Jnryn snstrn lon`kknp
lon`kknp smfnkno
smfnkno lu`on boptnn`
boptnn` lnane fm`tuj 

fndnsn ln` jntn yn`k fmrosojn` anynj`yn smfund lu`on yn`k nln. Rmknan yn`k nln

lnane jmdolupn` `yntn, lnpnt loamtnjjn` lnane lu`on jnryn snstrn smfnkno lu`on

boptnn`.

Lu`on yn`k tmrfn`ku` smfnkno dnsoa boptn synrnt lm`kn` `oano, enjsul ln`

tuiun` yn`k lodnlorjn` camd pm`knrn`k u`tuj lnpnt tmrfnbn camd pmefnbn, ln`

lnpnt lopndneo smfnkno suntu prcsms pm`ynepnon` enj`n. Rmknan u`sur

pmefn`ku` jnryn snstrn lnane fmfmrnpn pmroclm pmrjmefn`kn` znen` jnryn

snstrn em`lntn`kjn
em`lntn`kjn`
` fmrnkne
fmrnkne nsueso tmrdnlnp jn`lu`kn`
jn`lu`kn` jnryn snstrn. Fnko

fmfmrnpn km`mrnso n`kjntn` snstrn em`yntnjn` fndwnsn`yn jnryn snstrn tmrfn`ku`

ntns lun enbne u`surm, ynotu yn`k tmrkcac`k lnane o`stro`soj (tmen, naur, smto`k,

tcjcd, sulut pn`ln`k lu`on) ln` mjstro`soj (smknan fm`tuj ao`kju`kn` ln` `oano)

yn`k tmramtnj lo aunr tufud

tufud jnryn snstrn otu sm`loro. Xmendnen` ntns
ntns enj`n smfund

jnryn snstrn
snstrn tmru`kjnp lm`kn`
lm`kn` lun bnrn,
bnrn, ynotu oepaosot (loeu`buajn` lnane
lnane jnryn

snstrn smbnrn tmrsornt) ln` mjspaosot (losnepnojn` emanauo jnryn snstrn smbnrn

tmrsurnt) ntnu tnepnj smbnrn

smbnrn aukns
aukns pnln smtonp fn`ku` fnkon` jn
jnryn
ryn snstrn.
snstrn.

Jnrynn snstrn
Jnry snstrn ln` to`lnjn`
to`lnjn` u`tuj emendneo`
emendneo`yn
yn lnpn
lnpntt loanjujn
loanjujn`
` lm
lm`kn`
`kn`

fmrnkne bnrn
bnrn ln` sulut pn`ln`k. Lnane dna o`o pmendnen`
pmendnen` jnryn
jnryn snstrn njn`
njn`

logcjusjn` pnln pmendnen` smbnrn smeoctos. Jnryn snstrn yn`k emeoaojo strujtur

?
 

pmefn`ku`,, smpmrto
pmefn`ku` smpmrto dna`yn strujtur `oano ln` sostme pmrau loanjujn`
loanjujn` smfund
smfund

pm`ymsun
pm`ymsunon`
on` lnane
lnane to`lnjn`
to`lnjn` pm`maoton`
pm`maoton` yn`k
yn`k njn` loanjuj
loanjujn`,
n`, tuiu
tuiun`
n` pm`maoton`
pm`maoton`,,

emtcl
emtclm,
m, ln` jc`smp
jc`smp lm`kn
lm`kn`
` em`kk
em`kku`n
u`njn`
jn` tmcro
tmcro yn`k
yn`k rmamvn
rmamvn`.
`. Fmf
Fmfmrn
mrnpn
pn dna
dna

tmrsmf
tmrsmfut
ut smbnr
smbnrnn tmj`o
tmj`oss njn`
njn` em`in
em`inlo
lo pmrn
pmrn`k
`kjnt
jnt p
pm`m
m`maoto
aoton`.
n`. Rmpmrt
Rmpmrtoo yn`k
yn`k tman
tmand
d

lojntnjn` smfmaue`yn, emtclm em`yn`kjut bnrn yn`k cpmrnsoc`na lnane

pm`maoton` (O`lrnswnrn, 688494). Rmbnrn auns emtclm

emtclm lon`kknp smfnkno bnrn,

strntmko,
strntmko, ln` an`kjnd
an`kjnd sostmentos
sostmentos lnane
lnane pm`maoton`.
pm`maoton`. Xrcsm
Xrcsmss fmrupn jansogojns
jansogojnso,
o,

lmsjropso, jcepnrnso, snepao`k, o`lujso, lmlujso, mjspan`nso, o`tmprmtnso,

jun`totntog ln` junaotntog emrupnjn` smiueand emtclm yn`k sulnd fmrsognt ueue

(@ycen`, 688<). Fmfmrnpn wnbn`n em`ynepnojn`

em`ynepnojn` pmrfmlnn`
pmrfmlnn` emtclm lm`kn`

emtcl
emtclcac
cacko
ko emeoaoj
emeoaojoo pmeos
pmeosnd
nd pmen
pmendn
dnen`
en` yn`k
yn`k sn`kn
sn`kntt top
topos
os ln`
ln` rosjn`
rosjn` smrtn
smrtn

bm`lmru
bm`lmru`k
`k fmrsognt
fmrsognt rn`bu.
rn`bu. ]`tuj otu pmrauand
pmrauand jorn`y
jorn`ynn amfod emendneo
emendneo jmlun
jmlun dna

tmrsmfut lm`kn` tmaoto.

Lo`yntnjn` fndwnsn`yn emtclcacko em`knrnd pnln prcsmlur o`tmamjtuna

lnane jceu`otns
jceu`otns oaeond yn`k enepu em`koepaojnsojn`
em`koepaojnsojn` emtclm,
emtclm, tolnj fmrjnotn`
fmrjnotn`

lm`kn` tmj`oj
tmj`oj pm`maoton`. Lnane dna o`o, tmj`oj lnane
lnane to`lnjn` oaeond bm`lmru`k
bm`lmru`k

fmrdufu`kn` lm`kn` lntn proemr pm`maoton`, smpmrto wnwn`bnrn, jumsoc`mr,

rmjnen`,
rmjnen`, stntostoj,
stntostoj, lcjue
lcjuem`,
m`, n`kjmt,
n`kjmt, ln` jnrtu lntn.
lntn. Rmln
Rmln`kjn
`kjn`,
`, emtcl
emtclmm nlnand
nlnand

bnrn u`tuj emanjujn`

emanjujn` pm`maoton` yn`k em`yn`kjut
em`yn`kjut tmj`oj puan. Nknr tolnj 

emefo`ku`kn`,
emefo`ku`kn`, enjn urutn` yn`k
yn`k rmantog fnju em`km`no
em`km`no dna-dna em`lnsnr
em`lnsnr lnane

to`lnj pm`maoton` nlnand

nlnand pnrnloken, emtclcacko,
emtclcacko, tmcro, emtclm, ln` tmj`oj lm`kn`

emep
emepmr
mrto
toef
efn`
n`kj
kjn`
n` auns
auns`y
`ynn in`kj
in`kjnu
nun`
n` (Ruw
(Ruwnr
nrlo
lo,, 6884)
6884).. Xnrn
Xnrnlok
loken
en ln`
ln`

emtclcacko losmfnfjn`
losmfnfjn` pm`mausurn`
pm`mausurn` ensn anepnu.
anepnu. \mcro losmfnfjn`
losmfnfjn` camd nln`yn
nln`yn
 >8

pmrjmefn`kn` smbnrn tmrus em`mrus tmrdnlnp rnkne dnsoa pm`knentn` oaeond.

Emtclm ln` tmj`oj losmfnfjn`

losmfnfjn` pm`kku`nn` smbnrn an`ksu`k (@ycen`:688<)

Lm`kn` pmendnen` tmrdnlnp fmfmrnpn pm`kmrton` tmrsmfut, njn` tnepnj 

amfod imans nrnd to`lnjn` n`naosos yn`k emanauo prcsms to`lnj pm`maoton` smsuno

lm
lm`kn
`kn`
` tntn`n`
tntn`n``yn
`yn.. Rmln`
Rmln`kjn
kjn`,
`, lun enbne
enbne pm`ma
pm`maoton
oton`
` smbnrn
smbnrn ueue,
ueue, lnpn
lnpntt

lopnd
lopndneo
neo n`
n`tnr
tnrnn ano`
ano` pm`ma
pm`maoton
oton`
` fmrup
fmrupnn to`ln
to`lnjn
jn`
` lna
lnane
ne ao`k
ao`kjup
jup anpn`k
anpn`kn`
n` ln
ln`
`

to`lnjn`
to`lnjn` lnane
lnane ao`kj
ao`kjupn`
upn` pm`maoton`
pm`maoton` pustnjn.
pustnjn. Emtclm
Emtclm lnane
lnane to`lnjn`
to`lnjn` aeond

smbnrn ueue tmrfnko ntns junaotntog ln` jun`totntog yn`k olm`toj lofmlnjn` lm`kn`

emtclm smbnrn lmsjroptog

lmsjroptog pnln to`lnjn` junaotntog,
junaotntog, ln` stntostoj lnane to`lnjn`
to`lnjn`

jun`to
jun`totnt
tntog.
og. Dna
Dna ano`
ano` lnane
lnane to`ln
to`lnj
j pm`
pm`mao
maoton
ton`
` nlna
nlnand
nd pm`lmj
pm`lmjntn
ntn`
` yn`k
yn`k lna
lnane
ne

to`lnjn` oaeond
oaeond ntnu pm`maoton`
pm`maoton` jmrnp losnenjn` lm`kn`
lm`kn` emtclm.
emtclm. Lnane dna o`o

pm
pm`l
`lmj
mjnt
ntn`
n` emeo
emeoaoj
aojoo tto`
o`kj
kjnt
nt nfst
nfstrn
rnjs
jsoo amf
amfod
od to
to`k
`kko
ko ln
lnro
ropn
pnln
ln emtc
emtclm
lm,, ln
ln`
`

bm`lmru`k losmininrjn` lm`kn` foln`k oaeu tmrtm`tu, smpmrto pm`lmjntn` scsocacko

snstrn, psojcackos snstrn, cfimjtog, mjsprmsog, eoemtoj ln` prnkentoj yn`k

lojm`najn` camd Nfrnes (@ycen`, 688<).

Fmfmrnpn fn`tun` lnane

lnane emendneo emtclm smpmrto
smpmrto dna`yn emtclm o`tuotog 

em`mjn`jn` pnln o`tuoso, pm`ngsorn` tmrdnlnp u`sur-u`sur, smfnf njofnt, ln`

fmrjnotn` lm`kn` pmrnsnn`. Emtclm dmrem`mutojn em`mjn`jn` pnln upnyn

pmendnen` ntnu o`tmprmtnso tmrdnlnp smfund pmendnen` smfnkno pm`ynepnon`

pmsn`. Fmfmrnpn bc`tcd tmrsmfut

tmrsmfut yn`k tmand lo`yntnjn` sm
smfnkno
fnkno fnkon` lnro rnkne

emtclm lnane to`lnjn` pm`maoton`, jdusus`yn pm`maoton` snstrn fmrnln lnane lun
 pnyo`k fmsnr
fmsnr fnkon` emtclm smbnrn
smbnrn ueue, ynotu junaotntog, ln` jun
jun`totntog.
`totntog. Emtclm

>>

junaotntog  yn
yn`k
`k smbnrn
smbnrn jmsmauru
jmsmaurudn`
dn` em`knrn
em`knrnd
d pnln sognt lmsjr
lmsjroptog.
optog. Ln` emtclm
emtclm

jun`totntog  em`knrnd pnln sognt stntostoj.

f. Xm`maoton` Rn
Rnstrn

Bnrnn em`kd
Bnr em`kdnep
neporo
oro cfimj
cfimj pm`m
pm`maoto
aoton`
n` eman
emanauo
auo rnk
rnkne
ne pm`lm
pm`lmjnt
jntn`
n` lnan
lnane
e

pm`maoton`
pm`maoton` snstrn
snstrn dnlor em`ln
em`lnduauo
duauo tmcro ln`
ln` emtclm.
emtclm. Jmtoj
Jmtojnn jmimansn`
jmimansn` ntns cfimj,
cfimj,

ln` pm`lmjntn` yn`k njn` lopmrku`njn` lnane to`lnj pm`maoton`, enjn

em`m`tujn` tmcro
tmcro ln` emtclm njn`
njn` amfod tmrnrnd. Fmfmrnpn ndao
ndao yn`k tmand tmrbntnt

ln` tmrnjuo em`ymfutjn` fmfmrnpn pm`lmjntn` yn`k lnpnt lotmrnpjn` lnane

pm
pm`ma
`maoton
oton`
` snstrn
snstrn n`
n`tnr
tnrnn ano
ano`,
`, pm`lm
pm`lmjnt
jntn`
n` fockrngos yn`k em`knrnd pnln

pmefobnrnn` prcsms jrmntovotns, pm`lmjntn` scsocackos yn`k em`knrnd pnln

n`naosos dufu`kn` jnryn snstrn lm`kn` en`uson ln` ensynrnjnt, fnoj jmacepcj 

enupu` o`lovolu.

Xm`lmjntn`  psojcacko
 psojcackoss em`k
em`knrnd
nrnd pnln
pnln dufu`kn
dufu`kn``yn
``yn lm`kn`
lm`kn` tokn k
kminan
minan

utnen, ynotu pm`knrn`k, jnryn snstrn, ln` pmefnbn. Xm`lmjntn` n`trcpcackos

lceo`n` pnln jmtmrjnotn` jnryn

jnryn snstrn lm`kn`
lm`kn` cfimj vmrfna.
vmrfna. Xm`lmjntn` dostcroms

yn`k emepmrtoefn`kjn` jmsminrndn` jnryn snstrn smfnkno wuiul pmrjmefn`kn`

jnryn. Xm`lmjntn` mjsprmsog , tolnj dn`yn em`knrnd pnln fnknoen`n jnryn

loboptnjn`, tmtnpo iukn em`knrnd pnln fm`tuj yn`k tmrinlo lnane pmrjmefn`kn`
 jnryn snstrn,
snstrn, n`tnrn pm`knrn`k
pm`knrn`k ln` jnryn snstrn. Xm`lmjntn` eoemsos em`mjn`jn`

pnln nln`yn n`kknpn` jnryn snstrn smfnkno smfund torun` lu`on. Xm`lmjntn`

 prnkentos emrupnjn` pm`lmjntn` yn`k emefmrojn` pmrdnton` pnln pmrn`

pmefnbn. Ln` pm`lmjntn` cfimjtog  emrupnjn` pm`lmjntn` yn`k emeusntjn`

>6

pmrdnton` smentn-entn pnln u`sur-u`sur, ntnu smbnrn

smbnrn o`tro`soj
o`tro`soj tmrdnlnp jnryn

snstrn.

Emanauo
Emanauo pmendnen
pmendnen`
` tmrdnlnp
tmrdnlnp dna tmrsmfut,
tmrsmfut, pro`sop
pro`sop lns
lnsnr
nr lnane
lnane emanjujn`
emanjujn`

pm`maoton` fmrjnotn` mrnt lm`kn` rn`kjnon` nsueso ntnu to`lnj pm`luknn` nwna

fmrlnsnrjn`
fmrlnsnrjn` gm`cem`n yn`k nln,
nln, jc`smp, jc`struj,
jc`struj, smrtn prcpcsoso ntnu dufu`kn`
dufu`kn`

ackos n`tnr
n`tnr jmlun jc`smp
jc`smp u`tuj em`mrn`kjn`
em`mrn`kjn` gm`cem`n tmrsmfut smbnrn sostmentos

lm`kn` rueusn` dufu`kn` yn`k tmrtntn. Gm`cem`n yn`k tmrtn`kjnp em`inlo

nbun`
nbun` lm`kn`
lm`kn` loojuto
loojuto rnkne
rnkne gnjtn lnane
lnane to`lnj
to`lnj fm`tuj
fm`tuj to`lnj
to`lnj oaeond,
oaeond, ln` njn`
njn`

em`inlo lntn
lntn ntns lnsnr n`kknpn`
n`kknpn` smfnkno
smfnkno dna-dna yn`k tmand lojmtnduo
lojmtnduo smrtn

lonsuesojn`. Lntn lnpnt fmrupn wuiul smfnkno lntn junaotntog ln` jun`totntog. Xnln

pm`maoton` snstrn lntn junaotntog lnpnt lojntmkcrojn` pnln lntn yn`k lopmrcamd

emanauo
emanauo to`lnjn`
to`lnjn` tn`pn fm`tuj
fm`tuj n`kjn ntnu
ntnu dotu`kn`,
dotu`kn`, smpmrto
smpmrto rmjnen`,
rmjnen`, dnsoa
dnsoa

pm`knent
pm`knentn`,
n`, wnwn`bnr
wnwn`bnrn,
n, ntnu lntn
lntn lnane fm`tuj
fm`tuj fndn` tmrtuaos.
tmrtuaos. Rmln`k
Rmln`kjn`
jn` lntn

jun`totntog smbnrn smlmrdn`n lopndneo smfnkno lntn yn`k fmrfm`tuj n`kjn, emanauo

to`lnj n`naosos pm`kdotu`kn`

pm`kdotu`kn` ntnu pm`kujurn`
pm`kujurn` tmrtm`tu (vmrogojnso lntn).

Jc`smp lnsnr to`lnj pm`maton` yn`k tmand

t mand tmrsmfutjn` em`yntnjn` fndnsn`y
fndnsn`ynn

lnane to`lnj pm`maoton`, enjn smbnrn ueue njn` emaofntjn`, cfimj, emtclm,
 pm`lmjntn`, tmcro, gm`cem`n smfnkno fnkon` dopctmsos, ln` bntntn` oaeond yn`k

fmrjnotn
fmrjnotn`
` smfmaue`y
smfmaue`ynn smfnkno
smfnkno fnkon`
fnkon` lnro jnion`
jnion` pustnjn
pustnjn.. Vn`k
Vn`kjnon`
jnon` tmrsmfut
tmrsmfut

lodnrnpjn` tolnj loaupnjn``yn pmrn` vnronfam lnane to`lnj pm`maoton` snstrn.

Wnronfma lnane to`lnj pm`maoton` snstrn lopndneo lnpnt fmrwuiul jntmkcrojna ln`

fmrsnefu`kn` (Jo`nynto ln` Ruenryntn9688<) lm`kn` vnronfam fmrsnefu`kn`

tmrfnk
tmrfnkoo ntns
ntns vnron
vnronfma
fma fmfns
fmfns (emepm
(emepm`kn
`knrud
rudoo vnron
vnronfma
fma ano
ano`)
`) ln`
ln` vnr
vnronf
onfma
ma tmrojn
tmrojntt

>2

(vnronfam yn`k lopm`knrudo vnronfma ano`). Wnronfam-vnronfma yn`k lodnlorjn`

lnane to`lnj pm`maoton` tmrsmfut njn` em`luju`k to`lnj n`naotos lnane pm`maoton`

snstrn. Lnane pm`maton`

pm`maton` snstrn,
snstrn, smano` vnronfam yn`k
yn`k lnpnt
lnpnt em`luju`k prcsms

pm`maoton`.

Xm`kku`
Xm`kku`nn`
nn` snepma
snepma lnane to`lnj pm`maoton`
pm`maoton` snstrn
snstrn iukn lnpnt
lnpnt lopmrku`njn`
lopmrku`njn`

npnfoan lopmraujn`. Rnepam lnane dna o`o smbnrn

smbnrn ueue lopndneo
lopndneo smfnkno fn
fnkon`
kon`

lnro u`ot-u`ot lnane cfimj pm`maoton` lm`kn` jnrnjtmrostoj yn`k tmand lotm`tujn`.
Fmfmrnpn dna yn`k lnpnt em`luju`k lotm`tujn``yn snepam smfnkno fnkon`

pm`luju`k to`lnj pm`maoton` snstrn, lm`kn` nln`yn snepam enjn knefnrn`

tmrdn
tmrdnlnp
lnp cfimj
cfimj lnpnt
lnpnt lodns
lodnsoaj
oajn`.
n`. jmtmp
jmtmpntn
ntn`
` snsnrn`
snsnrn` loluju
loluju`k
`k emanau
emanauoo to`lnj
to`lnjn`
n`

pm`ngsorn`, smrtn enepu emefmrojn` jmtmrn`kn` smam`kjnp eu`kjo` em`km`no

to`lnjn` oaeond yn`k

yn`k tm`knd
tm`knd loinan`o`yn.
loinan`o`yn. Rnepma loamtnjjn` pnln jnrtu lntn, yn`k

smbnrn junaotntog lopn`ln`k smfnkno lntn tmrbntnt yn`k em`inlo gcbus to`lnjn`

n`naosos, ln` smbnrn jun`totntog lnpnt lopn`ln`k smfnkno lntn yn`k emeoaojo

njueuanso jn`lu`kn` `oano-`oano smbnrn stntostoj jc`vm`soc`na.

jc`vm`soc`na.
 Jmefnao em`knbu pnln pmr`yntnn` yn`k tmand loimansjn` tmrsmfut, smeoctojn

yn
yn`k
`k iukn
iukn mrnt
mrnt jnotn`
jnotn``y
`ynn smbnrn
smbnrn strujt
strujturn
urnaa pnln
pnln cfi
cfimj
mj jnryn
jnryn ssns
nstrn
trn lnane
lnane

pm`maoton` snstrn
snstrn smbnrn naneond
naneond njn` em`k
em`knrnd
nrnd pnln strujtur
strujtur jnryn snstrn.
snstrn. ]`sur

pmefn`ku` jnryn snstrn smbnrn

smbnrn oaeond lotmausuro ln`
ln` lodnlorjn` lnane pm`maoton`

sn
snstr
strn.
n. Xnln
Xnln pm`m
pm`maoto
aoton`
n` snstr
snstrnn woany
woanynd
nd smeoc
smeoctoj
tojnn em`m
em`mrnp
rnpjn
jn`
` emtc
emtclm
lm ln`

pm`lmjntn`
pm`lmjntn` smeoctojn,
smeoctojn, ln` fmrsognt junaotntog.
junaotntog. Dna o`o fmrjnotn` lm`kn` cfimj 

pm`maoton`
pm`maoton` snstrn
snstrn smfnkno
smfnkno snand
snand sntu jnryn
jnryn snstrn poaodn`
poaodn` smbnrn
smbnrn cfimjt
cfimjtog
og n`naotos,
n`naotos,

ln` gm`cem`na
gm`cem`na yn`k fmrfm`tuj
fmrfm`tuj lu`on jntn
jntn ln` enj`n.

><

Gm`cem`n yn`k lodnlorjn` smfnkno antnr fmanjn`k to`lnj pm`maoton` oaeond

snstrn emrupnjn`
emrupnjn` bntntn`
bntntn` dna yn`k
yn`k lon`kknp
lon`kknp smfnkno
smfnkno smfund kminan. Dopctmsos

smfnkno
smfnkno pm`luju`
pm`luju`k
k to`lnj
to`lnj pm`ma
pm`maoton`,
oton`, lodnlorjn
lodnlorjn`
` smfnk
smfnkno
no nsueso
nsueso nwna smrtn

luknn`
luknn` smem`tn
smem`tnrn
rn njn` em`kn
em`knrndjn
rndjn`
` pm`maoton`
pm`maoton` pnln
pnln snsnrn`
snsnrn` yn`k
yn`k tmand
tmand

lotm`tujn` u`tuj jmefnao logcjusjn`

logcjusjn` pnln cfimj jnion`. Xm`maoton`
Xm`maoton` lojc`losojn`

smfn
smfnkn
knoo ju
juep
epua
uan`
n` jc
jc`s
`smp
mp ku
ku`n
`n em`u
em`u`t
`tu`
u` to`ln
to`lnjn
jn`
` jc`vm
jc`vm`s
`soc
oc`n
`naa oaeond
oaeond smrtn
smrtn

rmamvn`, smsuno jmsmpnjntn` yn`k nln, jmoaeuwn`, ln` smsuno lm`kn` inen`.

Xnln koaorn``yn,
koaorn``yn, dna o`o njn` em`kjc`losojn` tmcro, emtclm
emtclm,, tmj`oj ln`

prcsms, fnoj smbnrn oepaosot, enupu` mjspaosot smfnkno pmefntns to`lnjn`.

Xm`ma
Xm`maoton
oton`
` snstrn
snstrn lm`kn`
lm`kn` pm`lm
pm`lmjnt
jntn`
n` smeocto
smeoctojn
jn smbnrn
smbnrn mjspa
mjspaoso
osott fmroso
fmrosojn
jn`
` emt
emtclm
clm

ln
ln`
` tmj
tmj`o
`oj
j yn
yn`k
`k lonr
lonrnd
ndjn
jn`
` pnl
pnlnn pm
pm`k
`knr
nrn`
n`k,
k, pm
pmef
efnb
nbn,
n, ln`
ln` pm`
pm`ma
maoto
oto.. Dna
Dna o`o
o`o

loanjujn`
loanjujn` u`tuj lotm`tujn`
lotm`tujn``yn
`yn sufimj
sufimj utnen.
utnen. Rmbnrn
Rmbnrn smeoctoj,
smeoctoj, jnryn
jnryn snstrn
snstrn lo`oano
lo`oano
 fmrsognt
fmrsognt mstmtos,
mstmtos, oenio`ntog,
oenio`ntog, ln` jrmntogot,
jrmntogot, lon`kknp
lon`kknp emeoaojo
emeoaojo rnkne
rnkne sostme
sostme tn`l
tn`lnn

u`tuj lopndneo
lopndneo emanauo enj`n yn`k
yn`k tmrjn`lu`k smbnrn jc`vm`soc`na.
jc`vm`soc`na. Euano lnro

pm`kku`nn` jntn-jntn poaodn` (lojso) smfnkno jnrnjtmr pm`knrn`k, rn`kjnon` jntn

yn`k emefn`ku` jnaoent-jnaoent pm`kdnsoa jclm yn`k emwnjoao pmsn` emanauo

enj`n,
enj`n, do`kkn
do`kkn u`sur o`tro`soj
o`tro`soj yn`k
yn`k emefn`ku`
emefn`ku` enj`n
enj`n emanauo
emanauo tmen, pmeoaodn`
pmeoaodn`

tcjcd, pmrwntnjn`
pmrwntnjn` tcjcd, pm`kku`nn`
pm`kku`nn` smtto`k, smrtn naur ln`
ln` pmefn`ku`n`
pmefn`ku`n` inan`

bmrotn smfnkno cfimj tmrgcjus yn`k u`oj.

Dna tmrsmfut em`inlo pmrn`kjnt utnen lnane emenj`no rnkne `oano yn`k

dnlorr emanauo
dnlo emanauo rnkne
rnkne jntmkcro
jntmkcro sostme
sostme tn`ln
tn`ln lnane jnryn
jnryn snstrn
snstrn emanauo
emanauo prcsms
prcsms

o`tmp
o`tmprmt
rmtns
nsoo yn`k
yn`k fmfn
fmfnss ln` jc`vm`
jc`vm`soc
soc`na
`na.. Lu`on
Lu`on yn`k
yn`k tmrf
tmrfn`k
n`ku`
u` tmr
tmrsm
smfut
fut smfnk
smfnkno
no

dnsoa
dnsoa boptn njn` em`kdnlorj
em`kdnlorjn`
n` `oano,
`oano, enjsul
enjsul ln`
ln` tuiun`
tuiun` yn`k lodnlorjn`
lodnlorjn` camd
camd

>=

pm`knrn`k u`tuj lnpnt tmrfnbn camd pmefnbn, ln` lnpnt lopndneo smfnkno suntu

prcsms
prcsms pm`ynepn
pm`ynepnon`
on` enj`n lm`kn`
lm`kn` emanauo
emanauo prcsms pm`maoton
pm`maoton`.
`. Enj`n
Enj`n lnro tn`ln

yn`k losnepnojn` smbnrn oepaosot njn` em`kdnlorjn` fm`tuj fmrfmln pnln npn

yn`k dm`lnj
dm`lnj losnepnojn`
losnepnojn` pm`knrn`k
pm`knrn`k smbnrn
smbnrn jc`vm`soc`na
jc`vm`soc`na lm`kn` yn`k
yn`k tnepnj 

pnln jnryn`yn.
jnryn`yn. Ln` smbnrn mjspaosot,
mjspaosot, rnkne enj`n losnepnojn`
losnepnojn` emanauo jmensn`
jmensn`

`yntn lnane fm`tuj rnkne u`kjnpn`

u`kjnpn` yn`k tmrenj`no
tmrenj`no smbnrn jc`vm`soc`na.
jc`vm`soc`na.
Dna o`o em`yntnjn` fndwn emtclm em`yn`kjut bnrn cpmrnsoc`na lnane

pm`maoton`
pm`maoton` (O`lrn
(O`lrnswnr
swnrn,
n, 688494).
688494). Xrcsms
Xrcsms jansogojns
jansogojnso,
o, lmsjrops
lmsjropso,
o, jcepnrn
jcepnrnso,
so,

snepao`k, o`lujso, lmlujso, mjspan`nso, o`tmprmtnso, jun`totntog ln` junaotntog 

emrupnjn` smiueand emtclm yn`k sulnd

sulnd fmrsognt
fmrsognt ueue (@ycen`,
(@ycen`, 688<).
688<). Xnln
 pm`maoton`
pm`maoton` snstrn
snstrn u`tuj emenj`no
emenj`no sostme
sostme tn`ln
tn`ln lnane
lnane jnryn snstrn
snstrn emefn`
emefn`ku`
ku`

jansogojnso smfnkno fm`tuj lnro sok`ogomr  ln` sok`gom, pmtn`ln

pmtn`ln ln` pm`n`l
pm`n`ln.
n. Jml
Jmlun
un

jansogojnso tmrsmfut em`kdnsoajn` lntn yn`k njn` lopndneo smbnrn lmjsroptog 

smtmand emanauo prcsms o`tmprmtnso, smfnkno lntn proemr.

pro emr.

Lntn proemr njn` em`knaneo prcsms pmefnbnn` smfnkno fnkon` lnro prcsms

o`tmprmtnso, smbnrn dmurostoj ln` dmrem`mutos. Lm`kn` fmrlnsnrjn` pnln gm`cem`n

yn`k nln, jc`smp, jc`strujs, smrtn prcpcsoso ackos smbnrn sostmentos em`ntn enj`n

yn`k dnlor emanauo sostme tn`ln pnln cfimj pm`maoton`. Jmsmeun otu em`kdnlorjn`

vnronfam lnane fm`tuj

fm`tuj rn`kjnon` sostme tn`ln,
tn`ln, ntnu snepam yn`k
yn`k iukn dnlor lnane

fm`tuj
fm`tuj rn`kjnon`
rn`kjnon` sostme
sostme tn`ln
tn`ln puan.
puan. Lm`kn`
Lm`kn` lmeojon`
lmeojon` smbnrn
smbnrn sjmentos,
sjmentos, prcsms
prcsms

pm`maoton` snstrn yn`k lojnotjn` lm`kn` fm`tuj pm`maoton` lm`kn` pm`lmjntn`

smeoctoj, lnpnt loknefnrjn` smfnkno fmrojut:

>7

Xmrueusn` Ensnand

Olm`togojnso gm`cem`n
yn`k lon`kknp
smfnkno tn`ln-tn`ln

Wnronfma Wnronfma

Dnsoa olm`togojnso
tmrdnlnp nwna
cfimj
(Jnryn snstrn)

\mcro
 Voggntmrrm  Ntnu Xmorbm  Ntnu Gmrlo`n`l lm Rnussurm

 N`naosos  N`naosos  N`naosos

Ro`tmsos \mcro

Jc`strujso

Jmrn`kjn fmrpojor  Lmgo

Lmgo`o
`oso
so Cpmr
Cpmrns
nsoc
oc`n
`naa Joso
Joso-j
-jos
osoo O`st
O`stru
ruem
em`
`

O`struem`

Ruefmr O`gcrenso Lntn Meporoj

Xm`kuion` Dopctmsos

\msos

Oepaojnso ntnu pmembndn` ensnand smfnkno scauso natmr`ntog 

>;

FNKON@ 2
XM@LMJN\N@ RMEOC\OJN

n. Xm`lmjntn` Rm
Rmeoctojn

\mand lo`yntnjn` smfmaue`yn, to`lnj pm`maoton` smbnrn ueue ememraujn`

emtclm, pm`lmjntn` ln` tmj`oj. emtclm njn`

njn` fmrgu`kso
fmrgu`kso smfnkno
smfnkno fntnsn` bnrn
 lnane emanjujn` to`lnj pm`maoton` yn`k njn` lotmrnpjn` ln` tmand loputusjn`

smfnkno bnrn
bnrn yn`k smsuno.
smsuno. Xosnu yn`k njn`
njn` lopmrku`njn`
lopmrku`njn` lnane em`mausuro
em`mausuro cfimj 

pnln pm`maoton`
pm`maoton` lnpnt
lnpnt losmfut smfnkno pm`lmjntn`.
pm`lmjntn`. Ntnu lnpnt
lnpnt iukn lopndneo

fndwnsn`yn pm`lmjntn` emrupnjn` pmrspmjtog yn`k emefn`ku` woanynd ln`

ao`kjup lnane
lnane to`lnj n`naosos.
n`naosos. Ln` tmj`oj emrupnjn` fm`tuj cpmrnsoc`na
cpmrnsoc`na yn`k
yn`k

lotmrnpjn` lnane prcsms to`lnj pm`maoton` snstrn tmrsmfut. Lnane pm`maoton` snstrn

fmrnkne pm`lmjntn` lnpnt lopaod u`tuj em`luju`k

em`luju`k prcsms pm`maoton`.
pm`maoton`. Rmpmrto

yn`k tmand lou`kjnpjn`, fndwn gu`kso pm`lmjntn` lnane pm`maoton` snstrn nlnand

smfnkno
smfnkno entn posnu
posnu yn`k
yn`k lopmrk
lopmrku`nj
u`njn`
n` u`tuj
u`tuj em`kknao
em`kknao smbnrn
smbnrn n`naosos.
n`naosos.

Rmeoctojn lnane to`lnj pm`maoton` snstrn em`inlo snand sntu pm`lmjntn`,

yn`k tmrdotu`k jmrnp loku`njn` lnane rnkne pm`maoton` snstrn. Xm`kknaon` `oano

ln` enj`n emanauo tn`ln-tn`ln yn`k tmrlnpnt pnln jnryn snstrn tm`tu`yn njn`
tmrjn
tmrjnot
ot mrnt
mrnt lm`kn
lm`kn`
` smeoct
smeoctojn
ojn yn`k
yn`k emeoaj
emeoajoo gcjus
gcjus pnln
pnln sos
sostme
tme tn`ln
tn`ln.. \mr
\mrjn
jnot
ot

lm`kn`
lm`kn` to`lnjn`
to`lnjn` n`naos
n`naosos
os smeoctoj
smeoctoj tmrdnlnp
tmrdnlnp jnryn
jnryn snstrn,
snstrn, pnln gcjus
gcjus pmefob
pmefobnrnn
nrnn`
`

fuju o`o, enjn pm`maoton` snstrn (smeoctojn) njn` emaofntjn` fndnsn yn`k

lon`kk
lon`kknp
np smfnk
smfnkno
no emlon
emlon jceu`o
jceu`ojns
jnsoo lnane
lnane fm`tuj
fm`tuj fnd
fndns
nsnn yn`k
yn`k eme
emeun
untt fn`yn
fn`ynj 
j 

sostme
sostme tn`ln
tn`ln..

>4

Jnion`
Jnion` smeoc
smeoctoj
toj emefnw
emefnwnn pnln
pnln nsueso
nsueso fndwn
fndwnsn
sn`yn
`yn jnion`
jnion` tmrsm
tmrsmfut
fut

emrupnjn
emrupnjn`
` jnion`
jnion` yn`k lotmrnp
lotmrnpjn`
jn` pnln
pnln jnryn
jnryn snstrn
snstrn yn`k iukn emrupnjn`
emrupnjn` sostme
sostme

tn`ln,
tn`ln, fmr
fmrgu`
gu`ks
ksoo smf
smfnk
nkno
no snrn`n
snrn`n jceu`o
jceu`ojns
jnsoo mstm
mstmtos
tos.. Rnrn`
Rnrn`nn yn`k
yn`k njn`
njn`

em`kdufu`kjn`
em`kdufu`kjn` jnryn snstrn lm`kn`
lm`kn` enj`n ln` `oano-`oano yn`k tmrjn`lu`k u`tuj 
 lopndneo emanauo prcsms
prcsms o`tmprmtnso
o`tmprmtnso tmrdnlnp
tmrdnlnp so`tnken ln` pnrnloken
pnrnloken smfund
smfund

jnryn snstrn. \o`lnj pm`maoton` snstrn

snstrn lm`kn` em`kk
em`kku`njn`
u`njn` pm`lm
pm`lmjntn`
jntn` smeoctoj 

lnpntt
lnpn lojntn
lojntnjn`
jn` emrupnjn
emrupnjn`
` pmrjme
pmrjmefn`kn
fn`kn`
` ln`
ln` pm`mr
pm`mrusn`
usn` lnro naorn`
naorn`

strujturnaosem smfnkno naorn` yn`k emandorjn` oaeu pnln en

ensn
sn yn`k tmrlnduau,

smpmrto yn`k tmand losnepnojn` smfmaue`yn. Jnrm`n jnryn snstrn emrupnjn`

strujtur tn`ln yn`k fmrenj`n, enjn emendneo`yn pu` tolnj lnpnt loampnsjn`

lnro strujtur pmefn`ku`

pmefn`ku` jnryn snstrn.
snstrn. Rmbnrn ueue, jnryn
jnryn snstrn tmrfn`ku`
tmrfn`ku` camd

u`sur-u`sur, fnoj yn`k tnepnj ntnu smbnrn mjspaosot, enupu` smbnrn oepaosot.

]`tuj
]`tuj lnpnt
lnpnt emendneo
emendneo smknan
smknan u`sur
u`sur jnryn
jnryn snstrn
snstrn smbnrn
smbnrn cptoena
cptoena fmrnrto
fmrnrto dnrus
dnrus

emendneo,
emendneo, sostme
sostme tn`ln,
tn`ln, tn`ln,
tn`ln, jc`vm`s
jc`vm`soo enj`n,
enj`n, ln` jc`v
jc`vm`so
m`so tn`ln.
tn`ln.

f. Rostme \n`ln

Rostme tn`ln emrupnjn`

emrupnjn` knfu`kn` lnro
lnro smknan u`sur yn`k
yn`k tmrsostme do`kk
do`kknn
emandorjn
emandorjn`
` dna yn`k
yn`k lon`kknp
lon`kknp smfnkno
smfnkno tn`ln.
tn`ln. \n`ln
\n`ln emrupnjn`
emrupnjn` pmrwn
pmrwnjoan`
joan` enj`n
enj`n

yn`k dnlor smbnrn oepaosot ln` tmrwnjoao. Enj`n emrupnjn` pm`kmrton` yn`k

lopndneo ln` lnpnt lotmeujn` emanauo smfund tn`ln. Ln` jc`vm`so tn`ln

emrupnjn` wuiul lnro jmsmpnjntn` fmrsnen em`km`no jmfmrnlnn` tn`ln,

jmdnlorn` tn`ln,
tn`ln, smrtn pmenj`nn``yn.
pmenj`nn``yn. Xnln to`lnj emenj`no
emenj`no tn`ln yn`k tmrlnpnt
tmrlnpnt

pnln jnryn snstrn rnkne bnrn smbnrn smeoctos pnln ueue`yn loanauo lm`kn`

>?

tndnpn` bnrn ([maamj ln` [nrrm`: >?76) ynotu smbnrn o`stro`soj (n`naosos
 eojrcstrujtur) ln` smbnrn mjstro`soj (n`naosos enjrcstrujtur) lm`kn`

em`kknfu`kjn` mepnt nspmj smpmrto yn`k lou`kjnpjn` Nfrnes (@ycen`, 688<),

ynotu pm`knrn`k
pm`knrn`k (mjsprmsog), smems
smemstnn`
tnn` (eoemtoj) pmefnbn (prnkentob),
(prnkentob), ln` jnryn
snstrn otu sm`loro (cfimjtog).

Emlon fndnsn
fndnsn yn`k
yn`k lopmrku`njn`
lopmrku`njn` lnane em`mausuro
em`mausuro tn`ln lnane
lnane jnryn
jnryn

snstrn emeoaojo gu`kso,

gu`kso, pmsn`, ln` pm`knrud smbnrn
smbnrn smeoctos lo n`tnrn`yn.
n`tnrn`yn. Fndnsn

em`inlo emlon utnen, ln` fndnsn snstrn emrupnjn` eclma jmlun lnro fndnsn, ln`

sostme jceu`ojnso lm`kn` rnkne pm`ngsorn` em`kdnlorjn` tn`ln smfnkno pmsn`.

\n`lnn dnlor lnane

\n`l lnane pmeojorn`
pmeojorn` pm`ngso
pm`ngsorr yn`k lootmprmtn
lootmprmtnsojn
sojn`.
`. Emloue yn`k
yn`k

loenjsuljn` lnpnt fmrupn jntn, rn`kjnon` jntn, jnaoent, yn`k emwnjoao tn`ln.

Cfimj ln` anju smfnkno pnrcam lnro suntu an`kum yn`k em`lnsnro tntn fndnsn jnryn

snstrn, smpmrto yn`k lou`kjnpjn` Xrmeo`kmr ljj (EXR,

(EXR, >??<).
>??<). Xmeosndn`
Xmeosndn` sntun`

eo`oena yn`k loku`njn` camd sostme pnln prcsms n`naosos dnrus puan loluju`k

camd pm`m`tun` jc`trns n`tnr sntun` yn`k em`kdnsoajn` nrto ln` nturn` u`tuj 

lojmacepcjjn`
lojmacepcjjn` smfnkno pmefm`tuj strujtur. Lnane prcsms pmenj`nn` tn`ln pnln

smtonp km`rm snstrn tolnj fcamd emampnsjn` jc`vm`so enj`n yn`k nln. Rmano` otu,

jnryn snstrn lopndneo

lopndneo emanauo pm`lmjntn` smeoctoj iukn lnpnt
lnpnt emanauo fm`tuj 

pmefnbnn` tmrdnlnp enj`n, ynotu pmefnbnn` smbnrn dmurostoj  ln` dmrem`mutoj 

yn`k fmrsognt pm`kurnon`. Jnryn snstrn smfnkno snrn`n jceu`ojnso lm`kn`

jc`vm`so.

Rnrn`n jceu`ojnso
jceu`ojnso smbnrn
smbnrn smeoctoj iukn lojntmkcrojn`
lojntmkcrojn` em`inlo
em`inlo n`tnrn ano`

sok`nas ln` soefca (Rmkmrs, 6888) yn`k jmrnp lopmrku`njn` lnane lu`on snstrn

68

 
 lnane
lnane em`mrnpjn
em`mrnpjn`
` pm`lmjntn
pm`lmjntn`
` smeoctoj
smeoctoj lnane
lnane emendneo
emendneo jnryn
jnryn snstrn
snstrn emanauo
emanauo

tn`ln.

b. An`kjnd Xm`lmjntn` Rmeoctojn

Fmfmrnpn ndao pu` em`kntnjn` fndwnsn`yn emendneo jnryn snstrn lm`kn`

pm`lmjn
pm`lmjntn`
tn` smeoctoj
smeoctoj iukn lnpnt
lnpnt loanjujn`
loanjujn` lm`kn` em`mepu
em`mepud
d < an`kj
an`kjnd,
nd, smpmrto
smpmrto

yn`k
yn`k lou`kjnp
lou`kjnpjn`
jn` camd [nrlcy
[nrlcyc
c (688<)
(688<) smfnkn
smfnknoo n`bn`kn
n`bn`kn`
` smeoctoj,
smeoctoj, n`tnrn
n`tnrn ano`:
ano`:

An`k
An`kjn
jnd
d >) ynotu
notu em`
em`bn
bnro
ro sok`ogomr  utnen yn`k lnpnt emrmprmsm`tnsojn`
emrmprmsm`tnsojn` smaurud

o`to jnryn snstrn. Lnpnt puan em`bnro npn yn`k fosn lon`kknp smfnkno pm`n`ln

utnenn yn`k
utne yn`k lnpnt
lnpnt emeprm
emeprmsm`tn
sm`tnsojn
sojn`
` o`o
o`o smaurud
smaurud jnryn
jnryn snstrn
snstrn.. An`kjnd
An`kjnd 6) ynot
ynotu
u

emefunt n`naosos so`tnkentok ntnu pnrnlokentoj  u`tuj em`bnro lmtnoa pm`luju`k

 pnrnlokentoj 

sok`ogomr  utnen. Lnane emanjujn` n`naosn pnrnlokentoj lnpnt lotmtnpjn` smfund

cpcsoso fo`mr yn`k smornen lm`kn` sok`ogomr  utn

utnen.
en. An`k
An`kjn
jnd
d 2) ynotu
ynotu u`tuj 
u`tuj 

em`luju`k amfod an`iut sok`ogomr  utnen lnpnt lotmtnpjn` lnane an`kjnd pmrtnen

yn`k loam`kjnpo lm`kn` n`naosn so`tnkentoj. Rmano` otu gu`kso n`naosn so`tnkentoj 

nlnand
nlnand em`bnro
em`bnro jnotn`
jnotn` n`tnr
n`tnrnn smjon`
smjon` fn`ynj
fn`ynj pnrnloken
pnrnlokentoj
toj yn`k eu`bua
eu`bua lnane
lnane

jnrynn snstrn.
jnry snstrn. An`kjnd
An`kjnd <) ynotu
ynotu emanjujn
emanjujn`
` n`naosos
n`naosos so`tnke
so`tnkentoj.
ntoj.
Em`meujn` sok`ogomr  utnen nlnand lm`kn` em`meujn` suntu pmrostown ntnu

suntu fnkon` bmrotn yn`k loinlojn` rmprmsm`tnso o`to lnro smaurud pmrostown lnane

bmrotn. Rmpmrto pnln `cvma  Fmjosnr Emrnd jnr

jnryn
yn Ndenl
Ndenl \cdnro
\cdnro (Nefn
(Nefnro`o
ro`o,68
,688?)
8?)..

Lnro iulua `cvma tmrsmfut (Fmjosnr Emrnd) em`u`iujjn` nln`yn smmjcr fmjosnr

yn`k emrupnjn` sok`ogomr utnen yn`k lnpnt lotngsorjn` smfnkno smmjcr u`kkns

fanstmrn` yn`k lopmaodnrn camd jnan`kn` crn`k jnyn. Dna tmrsmfut

emep
emeprm
rmsm
sm`t
`tns
nsojn
ojn`
` o`to
o`to smau
smauru
rud
d bmro
bmrotn
tn lna
lnane
ne `cv
`cvma
ma tmr
tmrsm
smfu
fut.
t. \cjc
\cjcd
d Anso
Anso yn
yn`k
`k

6>

 
emrupnjn` n`nj  fanstmrn` lnro Impn`k
Impn`k ln`
ln` Inwn,
Inwn, em`inlo pmrmepun` soepn`n`

crn`k-
crn`k-crn
crn`k
`k fmrluo
fmrluot,
t, smpmrt
smpmrtoo Dn`lnrf
Dn`lnrfm`o
m`o ln`
ln` Fnef
Fnefu`k
u`k yn`k
yn`k em`
em`kn
kn`kk
`kknp
np Anso
Anso

snfnkno donsn`.
N`naosos so`tnkentok u`tuj em`bnro
em`bnro lmtnoa
lmtnoa pm`luju`k sok`ogomr utn
utnen.
en. Lnane
Lnane

`cvma  Fmjosnr Emrnd

Emrnd lonefoa n`bn`kn` pnrnlokentoj, lm`kn` em`mtnpjn` cpcsoso

fo`mrr yn`k smorne

fo`m smornenn lm`kn`
lm`kn` sok`ogomr
sok`ogomr utnen,
utnen, bc`tcd
bc`tcd pnln
pnln sjmen
sjmen n`naosos
n`naosos

so`tnkentoj fmrojut:

Fnrn
Fnrn`k
`k ln
lnkn
kn`k
`kn`
n` Xmefm
mefmao
ao fnrn
fnrn`k
`k

 Xmrmepun`  Anjo anjo

 \mrto`lns  Em`o`lns

 Loiuna  Emefmao

Xnrnlokentoj 

Rmtman
Rmtmand
d smam
smamsn
snoo emanju
emanjujn`
jn` n`
n`nao
naosos
sos pnrnl
pnrnloke
okento
ntoj
j `cvma
`cvma  Fmjosnr Emrnd

jmeulon`
jmeulon` lopnlujn
lopnlujn`
` lm`kn` n`naosos
n`naosos so`tnken
so`tnkentoj.
toj. O`to tmentoj
tmentoj lnane `cvma
`cvma

 Fmjosnr Emrnd nlnand josnd smcrn`k pmrmepun` yn`k lopmrlnkn`kjn` jmpnln

anjo-anjo u`tuj loinlojn` donsn`, emanauo cpcsoso n`tnrn fnrn`k lnkn`kn` ln`

pmefmao
pmefmao fnrn`k.
fnrn`k. Rmbnrn pnrnloken
pnrnlokentoj
toj pmefmao
pmefmao fnrn`k lonscson
lonscsonsojn
sojn`
` lm`kn`

pnlun` smcrn`k anjo-anjo yn`k em`o`lns jnrm`n sulnd

sulnd emefmao,
emefmao, smln`kjn`
smln`kjn` fnrn`k
fnrn`k

lnkn`kn` lonscsonsojn` lm`kn` pnlun` pmrmepun` yn`k tmrto`lns jnrm`n sulnd

loiuna. Emefunt n`naosos fmrlnsnrjn`

fmrlnsnrjn` cpcsoso
cpcsoso fo`mr u`tuj em`mausuro smjum` bmrotn

66
 

ynotu emanauo n`naosos so`tnkentoj. Rmjum` lnane pm`kmrton`

pm`kmrton` o`o emrupnjn` sntun`

oso bmrotn (@ccr, >???96<).

Lm`kn`
Lm`kn` pm`imansn`
pm`imansn` tmrsmfut,
tmrsmfut, jnion`
jnion` smeoctoj yn`k
yn`k em`k
em`ku`kj
u`kjnp
np jnryn snstrn
snstrn

emanauo sostme tn`kln smfnkno snrn`n jceu`ojnso yn`k fmrsognt mstmtos, pmefnkon`

snrn`n jceu`ojnso (smkmrs,6888) lnpnt lopmrku`njn` smbnrn tmrposnd lm`kn`

loam`kjnpo pmro`bon`
pmro`bon` nknr em`inlo
em`inlo imans. Rufstn`so lnane
lnane tn`ln (Ruwnrlo,
(Ruwnrlo, 688<)

yn`k emeunt sufstn` mjsprmso, oso, ln` fm`tuj oso, pm`n`ln smfnkno smsuntu yn`k

gcrena, ln` pmtn`ln smfnkno jc`smp rmprmsm`tnso lnro pm`n`ln smanau fmrdufu`kn`.

Rmbnrn fmfns, emendneo

emendneo jnryn
jnryn snstrn
snstrn lm`kn` pm`lmjntn` smeoctoj lnpnt em`knbu
em`knbu

pnln fmfmrnpn jc`smp tmcro smeoctoj, smpmrto Xmorbm ntnupu` Voggntmrm lm`kn`

em`kmefnaojn`
em`kmefnaojn` crom`tnso pm`bnpnon` ln` gcjus pm`maoton`.

Fmfmrnpn yn`k lotnwnrjn` Xmorbm (suwnrlo, 6884) lm`kn` tokn gnjtcr yn`k

em`m`tujn` nln`yn
nln`yn tn`ln, smpmrto tn`ln otu sm`loro, dna yn`k lotn`lno, ln` smfund

tn`ln fnru yn`k tmrinlo lnane fnto` pm`mroen tn`ln em`kdnlorjn` ln` emandorjn`

o`tmprmtnso lo fm`nj pm`mroen smfnkno tn`ln fnru yn`k loboptnjn` camd pm`mroen
pmsn`. Ln` tokn im`os tn`ln
tn`ln yn`k camd Xmorbm tmrfnko ntns ojc`, o`lmjs, ln` soefca,

lnpnt loen`gnntjn` lnane pmendnen` enj`n emanauo tn`ln pnln jnryn

jnr yn snstrn.

Rostme
Rostme jmrin pm`maoton`
pm`maoton` snstrn
snstrn lm`kn`
lm`kn` pm`lmjntn`
pm`lmjntn` smeoctoj
smeoctoj iukn lnpnt
lnpnt

loanjujn` lm`kn` lun eclma pmefnbnn`, smpmrto yn`k tmand lou`kjnpjn`

smfmaue`yn (suwnrlo, 688?) ynotu dmurostoj  lm`kn` em`mannd jntn, fnot, ln` tmre

jnryn snstrn, smrtn pmefnbnn` dmrem`mutoj  lm`kn` em`ngsorjn` jnryn snstrn

smbnrn tctna. Fmfmrnpn dna smfnkno

smfnkno nbun`
nbun` yn`k iukn
iukn em`inlo pmrdnton` lnane
lnane

to`lnj
to`lnj pm`maoton`
pm`maoton` snstrn lm`kn`
lm`kn` pm`lmjntn
pm`lmjntn`
` smeoctoj
smeoctoj fmrupn
fmrupn nspmj utnen,
utnen, smpmrto
 62

yn`k lou`kjnpjn` Gcjjmen ln` Ju``m-Ofsbd

Ju``m-Ofsbd (>?;;) nlnand tdm bc`strubtoc` cg 

nfstrnbt sbom`togob eclmas, mxpan`ntcry eclmas, sbdmem soepaobntoc`, ln` yn`k

lou`kjnpjn` roggntmrrm (>?;4) tokn ano``yn smpmrto pm`boptnn` nrto ( lospanbo`k cg 

emn`o`k), pm`yoepn`kn` nrto (lostcrto`k cg emn`o`k), smrtn pm`boptnn` nrto

(brmnto`k cg emn`o`k).

Fmfmrnpn jmeu`kjo`n` yn`k lnpnt lotn`kjnp lnane tmrinlo`yn pm`kkn`ton`

nrto lnane jnryn snstrn losmfnfjn` camd pm`kdnlorn` lm`kn` em`mrnpjn`

emtngcrn, pmrsc`ogojnso, namkcro, emtc`oeo, smfnkno fm`tuj sognt fndnsn.

Rmln`kjn` jmeu`buan` pm`yoepn`kn` nrto lnpnt losmfnfjn` camd nln`yn

pm`mrnpn` euatoenj`n (nefokuotns), to`lnjn` pmranwn`n` sotunso (jc`trnlojso),

(jc`trnlojso),

ln` jntn tolnj fmrenj`n smbnrn ao`kuna (`c`sm`sm) smfnkno smfund pmreno`n`

lnane pm`boptnn`.
pm`boptnn`. Rmano` otu pmreno`n` topckrngo iukn
iukn em`inlo
em`inlo gnjtcr ano`.

Rmeoctoj
Rmeoctoj emen`k
emen`k mrnt dufu`kn
dufu`kn``yn
``yn smbnrn
smbnrn strujturna
strujturna lm`kn`
lm`kn` strujt
strujturnaos
urnaosem,
em, nrnd

pm`maoton`
pm`maoton` smeoctoj
smeoctoj iukn lnpnt
lnpnt lodufu`k
lodufu`kjn`
jn` n`tnrn
n`tnrn tmj
tmjss snstrn lm`kn
lm`kn`
` pmefnbn
pmefnbn

yn`k em`kn`kknp fndwnsn`yn emanauo jnryn snstrn, pm`boptn em`bcfn

emrmgamjsojn` jnryn lm`n` jclm ntnu tn`ln u`tuj lopndneo pmefnbn.

Dufu`kn`
Dufu`kn``yn
`yn lm`kn`
lm`kn` dna
dna tmrsmfut,
tmrsmfut, enjn
enjn fnkon`
fnkon` tmjs snstrn
snstrn iukn
iukn lnpnt
lnpnt

lojntmkcrojn` ntns pmsn` u`tuj lobmr`n (lmbclm), pm`bmr`n pmsn` ntnu pmefnbn

(rmbmovmr), prcsms pm`koroen` pmsn` ( m`bclm) yn`k loanjujn` camd pm`koroe

(sm`lmr) smpmrto yn`k lou`kjnpjn` camd vn` Loij (6888).

Rmtonp
Rmtonp tn`ln
tn`ln yn`k
yn`k dnlor smbnrn
smbnrn smeoctoj
smeoctoj lnpnt
lnpnt lodufu`k
lodufu`kjn`
jn` lm`k
lm`kn`
n` krcu`l,
 smfnkno cfimj `yntn yn`k smininr lm`kn` sok`ogomr  (Rnussurm) enjn tmjs snstrn njn`

emeoa
emeoaoj
ojoo boro
boro.. Lm`ctntue lnane lu`on snstrn emrupnjn` lu`on gojsoc`na, lnane

6<

jntn, ln` iukn lu`on jmeu`kjo`n` yn`k fmrsognt jc`jrmt ln` nfstrnj (ojc`, o`lmjs,

soef
soefca
ca)) ln`
ln` o`tmrprmtn`t  yn`k iukn loluju`k gnjtcr-gnjtcr smbnrn tmj`os smpmrto

dna`yn pm`mrfot, pm`yu`to`k, ln` pntrc`nsm ememkn`k pmrn`n` pm`to`k lnane

emendneo
emendneo sostme
sostme tn`ln.
tn`ln. An`kjnd
An`kjnd n`naosos
n`naosos lntn lnane
lnane pm`maoton`
pm`maoton` smeoctojn
smeoctojn

lojntnjn` lm`kn` emanauo lun eclma pmefnbnn`, ynotu dmurostoj lm`kn` em`mannd

pnln jntn, fnot (puoso), ln` tmre-tmre jnryn snstrn, ln` pmefnbnn` dmremrcsn

`mutob lm`kn`
lm`kn` em`ngsorjn` tctnaotns jnryn snstrn. Jc`smp n`naotoj
n`naotoj emen`k pnln
pnln

ueue`yn loku`njn` pnln pm`maoton` puoso, `neu` tolnj fmrnrto tolnj lnpnt

loku`njn` lnane pm`maoton` km`rm snstrn ano``yn, smpmrto pnln lrnen ln` prcsn.

pmenjnon` fndnsn pnln jnryn

jnryn snstrn smpmrto dna`yn rnkne fndnsn
fndnsn jonsn` emeoaojo

enj`n smfnkno dna yn`k o`ko` losnepnojn` camd pm`knrn`k emanauo jnryn yn`k

lon`kknp smfnkno sostme

sostme tn`ln. Xm`yoepn`kn` nrto lnpnt eu`bua
eu`bua lnane jnryn

snstrn yn`k losmfnfjn` camd fmfmrnpn dna, n`tnrn ano` nln`yn sognt nefoku (enj`n

kn`ln), pmranwn`n` (jc`trnlojso), ln` tnj fmrenj`n smbnrn ao`kuna (`c`sm`sm).

Rmano` otu lnane dna pm`boptnn` nrto fonsn`yn lotnepnjjn` pnln pmreno`n`

topckrngo yn`k jmrnp lotmeuo lnane puoso, ln` smbnrn ao`kuna lm`kn` tolnj 

emeoaojo enj`n yn`k imans pnln prcsn.

Xm`maoton` yn`k lonrndjn` pnln dufu`kn` tmjs ln` pmefnbn (prnkentob)

emepcsosojn` tmjs
tmjs snstrn smfnkno
smfnkno snrn`n jceu`ojnso.
jceu`ojnso. Vmgamjso pm`knrn`k
pm`knrn`k emanauo
 jclm ntnu tn`ln lotuiujn` camd pm`knrn`k jmpnln pmefnbn. Dna yn`k jmrnp toefua

pnln prcsms pm`ngsorn` syefca, enupu` jclm nlnand eu`bua`yn enj`n ano`, ntnu

enj`n fnru. Ln` u`tuj otu enjn lnane dna pmendnen` emanauo soso pm`knrn`k

ln` pmefnbn, soso pm`ngsorn` lonrndjn` pnln jntmkcro pmsn` smfnkno dna yn`k

6=

lobmr`n (lmbclm), smfnkno dna yn`k lotmroen camd pmefnbn (rmbmovm) ln` lojoroe
camd pm`knrn` pnln pmefnbn, ntnu dna yn`k lopm`knrudo camd pm`koroe ntnu

pm`knrn`k (sm`lmr). \n`ln lojceu`jnsojn` emanauo prcsms o`tmprmtnso camd

pmefnbn yn`k tmrwnjoao lnane smfund jc`tmjs emanauo jmlun pmefnbnn` yn`k

tmand tmrsmfut. Dmurostoj nlnand pmefnbnn` fmrlnsnrjn` strujtur jmfndnsnn`

loam`kjnpo lm`kn` pmefnbnn` dmrem`mutos, ynotu pmefnbnn` fmrlnsnrjn` sostme

smeoctoj to`kjnt jmlun

jmlun fmrlnsnrjn`
fmrlnsnrjn` jc`vm`so.
 67

FNKO
FNKON@
N@ <
XM@KMV\ON@ LNRNV RMEOC\OJN

n. Xm`kmr
mrtton` Lnsnr Rme
Rmeoc
octtojn

Lmgo`oso
Lmgo`oso smeoctojn
smeoctojn lnpnt
lnpnt lopndneo
lopndneo emanauo
emanauo pm`kmrton
pm`kmrton`
` smeoctojn
smeoctojn yn`k

fmrnsna lnro jntn smemoc`, fndn

fndnsn
sn nsna _u`n`o
_u`n`o yn`k fmrnr
fmrnrto
to tn`ln. Rmeoctojn

lotm`tujn`
lotm`tujn` smfnkno
smfnkno bnfn`k
bnfn`k oaeu yn`k
yn`k fmrurusn`
fmrurusn` lm`kn`
lm`kn` tn`ln,
tn`ln, euano lnro sostme
sostme

tn`ln, ln`
ln` prcsms yn`k fmranju fnko pm`kku`nn`
pm`kku`nn` tn`ln pnln
pnln njdor nfnl
nfnl jm->4. I.D.

Anefmrt,
Anefmrt, smcrn`k
smcrn`k goasug imren`
imren` yn`k smepnt
smepnt loaupnjn
loaupnjn`,
`, em`kku`n
em`kku`njn`
jn` jntn

smeoctojn
smeoctojn smfnkno
smfnkno smfutn`
smfutn` u`tuj tn`ln.
tn`ln. ]`tuj fmfmrnpn
fmfmrnpn ensn
ensn,, pmrfo`b
pmrfo`bn`k
n`kn`
n`

em`km`no smeoctojn smepnt tm`kkmane ln` tolnj em`nroj pmrdnton` pnrn goasug 

ntnu pmemrdnto
pmemrdnto oaeu fndnsn
fndnsn ln` jmsnstrnn
jmsnstrnn`
` ano``yn.
ano``yn. Fnru smtmand
smtmand smcrn`k
smcrn`k goasug 
goasug 

Ackojn Nemrojn
Nemrojn pmrtnen, B.R. Xmorbm (>42<->?><) em`uaosjn`
em`uaosjn` pojorn``yn
pojorn``yn ku`n

em`lnpnt
em`lnpntjn`
jn` pmrdnton`
pmrdnton` pnln
pnln tndu` 28-n`,
28-n`, smeoctojn
smeoctojn jmefn
jmefnao
ao lojm`n
lojm`naa lo nfnl
nfnl

fnru`yn. Dna o`o lopmrjm`najn`

lopmrjm`najn` camd Bdnrams Ecrros (Nemrojn) ln` Enx fm`sm
 (Mrcpn).
(Mrcpn). Xmrjmefn`
Xmrjmefn`kn`
kn` smeoctojn
smeoctojn smfnkno
smfnkno snand sntu
sntu bnfn`k oaeu emen`k
emen`k

tmrkcac`k
tmrkcac`k smfnkn
smfnknoo oaeu tun yn`k fnru.
fnru. Xmrjmefn`k
Xmrjmefn`kn`
n` tmcro sme
smeoctojn
octojn tolnj lnpnt
lnpnt

lojntnjn` pmsnt. Oaeu tn`ln, sostme tn`ln, smrtn prcsms lnane pm`kku`nn` tn`ln

do`kkn pnln tnrng pmendnen` emanauo enj`n ememraujn` jmpmjnn` yn`k fmsnr.

Enj`n yn`k fmrnln lofnaoj smtonp jnryn snstrn ntnu fndnsn, lm`kn` jmpmjnn`

tmrsmfut njn` lnpnt lou`kjnp ln` lopndneo lm`kn` fnoj.

Xm`kmrton`
Xm`kmrton` smeoctoj
smeoctoj yn`k
yn`k pmr`nd
pmr`nd lojntnjn`
lojntnjn` pnln bntn
bntntn`
tn` sminrnd
sminrnd smeoctoj,
smeoctoj,

fndwnsn
fndwnsn`yn
`yn smeoctoj
smeoctoj emrupnjn
emrupnjn`
` oaeu tm`tn`k
tm`tn`k tn`ln-t
tn`ln-tn`ln
n`ln yn`k
yn`k em`kn`
em`kn`kknp
kknp

gm`cem`n jceu`ojnso scsona ntnu ensynrnjnt ln` jmfulnynn`. Dna tmrsmfut

6;

lon`kk
lon`kknp
np smfnk
smfnkno
no tn`ln-
tn`ln-tn`
tn`ln
ln smeoc
smeoctoj
toj lnane
lnane emepma
emepmanin
ninro
ro sostme
sostme-so
-sostm
stme,
e, nturn`-
nturn`-

nturn` ln` jc`vm`so lm`kn` tcjcd pm`loro, ynotu Gmrlo`n`l lm Rnussurm (>4=;-

>?>2) ln`
ln` Dnrams Rn`lmr
Rn`lmr Xmorbm (>?2?->?><). Rmbnrn smlmrdn`n
smlmrdn`n Gmrlo`n`l lm
lm

Rnussurm (>4=;->?>2) smfnkno

smfnkno crn`k Rwoss pmamtnj
pmamtnj lnsnr oaeu fndnsn em`inlo

kminan yn`k em`urut`yn lnpnt loinlojn` cfimj stulo. Rnand sntu totoj tcanj 

Rnussurm
Rnussurm nlnand
nlnand fndnsn
fndnsn dnrus lopmaninr
lopmaninroo smfnkno
smfnkno sostme
sostme tn`ln,
tn`ln, tmtnpo fujn`
fujn` sntu-

sntu`yn tn`ln. Jmlun goasug tmrsmfut lofmlnjn` camd smfutn` tmrdnlnp oaeu tn`ln

smeoctojn camd Xomrbm ln` Rmeocacko camd Rnussurm yn`k tmro`spornso tm`tn`k

pmendnen
pmendnen``yn
``yn jm nrnd oaeu tn`ln
tn`ln Xomrbm jnrm`n
jnrm`n smknan
smknan yn`k eu`bua
eu`bua em`km`no
em`km`no

smeocacko ln` smeoctojn fmrn`inj lnro ndao ao`kuostoj, do`kkn smeoctojn tmrloro lnro

6 naorn` utnen, ynotu fndnsn (Xomrbm) ln` fndnsn smfnkno pmen`lu (Rnussurm)
 f. Oaeu \n`ln

Rmfnkn
Rmfnknoo oaeu
oaeu tn`ln
tn`ln,, smeoct
smeoctoj
oj emefn
emefnko
ko nspm
nspmj
j tn`ln
tn`ln em`inl
em`inloo pmtn`
pmtn`ln
ln

(sok`ogomr ) ln
ln`
` pmt
pmtn`
n`ln
ln (sok`ogoml ) lm`kn` pmendnen` pm`n`ln smfnkno fm`tuj 

gcrena yn`k em`n`lno pmtn`ln, lopndneo smfnkno smsuntu yn`k lotn`lno camd

pm`n`ln
pm`n`ln.. ]`sur
]`sur jnryn
jnryn snstrn
snstrn lnane
lnane fm`tuj
fm`tuj tn`ln
tn`ln lofmlnj
lofmlnjn`
n` ntns
ntns ojc`,
ojc`, lm`kn`
lm`kn`

pm`kmrton` smfnkno tn`ln yn`k emeoaojo dufu`kn` naneond n`tnrn pm`n`ln ln`

pmtn`ln, olmjs smfnkno tn`ln yn`k fmrsognt emeoaojo dufu`kn` jnusna n`tnrn

pm`n`ln ln` pmtn`ln, smrtn soefca yn`k emrupnjn` tn`ln pmtu`iuj yn`k

em`yntnjn`
em`yntnjn` tolnj nln`yn dufu`kn`
dufu`kn` naneond n`tnrn pm`n`ln
pm`n`ln ln` pmtn`l
pmtn`ln,
n, fmrsognt

nrfotrmr ln` lotm`tujn`

lotm`tujn` camd jc`vm`so (jmsmpnjntn`
(jmsmpnjntn` fmrsnen).
fmrsnen). Jnotn``yn lm`kn`
lm`kn`

fndnsn
fndnsn ln` snstrn
snstrn (jmsus
(jmsusnstrn
nstrnn`)
n`) enjn pm`lmjnt
pm`lmjntn`
n` smeoctoj
smeoctoj lotmtnpjn`
lotmtnpjn` pnln

64

to
to`l
`lnj
njn`
n` n`na
n`naos
osos
os tn`l
tn`lnn yn
yn`k
`k tmrf
tmrfnb
nbnn tmrd
tmrdnl
nlnp
np jn
jnry
rynn snst
snstrn
rn tm
tmrf
rfnb
nbn.
n. Rmbn
Rmbnrn
rn

strujt
strujturn
urna,
a, Fnrtdm
Fnrtdmss (>?=;)
(>?=;) em`yn
em`yntnj
tnjn`
n` fndnsn
fndnsn nt
ntnu
nu pmrn`
pmrn`kj
kjnt
nt yn
yn`k
`k loku`n
loku`njn`
jn`

u`tuj
u`tuj em`kurnoj
em`kurnojn`
n` fndnsn
fndnsn (emtnfn
(emtnfndnsn
dnsn)) ln` jc`ctn
jc`ctnso
so emrupnj
emrupnjn`
n` dns
dnsoa
oa

pm`kmefn`kn`
pm`kmefn`kn` lnane bnrn en`uson emenj`no tn`ln.

Rmknan fm`tuj fndnsn yn`k lopmrku`njn` lnane emefn`ku` jnryn snstrn

lm`kn` jn`lu`kn` enj`n lo lnane`yn njn` em`inlo smfund tn`ln. Lm`kn`

lmeojon`, fndnsn jnryn snstrn lnpnt lojntnjn` smfnkno ojc`, o`lmj, enupu`

soefca yn`k losniojn` ln` lodnlorjn` lm`kn` enj`n. Ln` oaeu yn`k em`lnsnro

prcsms pm`mausurn` ln` upnyn pmendnen` fndnsn smfnkno tn`ln ntns enj`n

tmrtm`tu yn`k loeoaojo jnryn snstrn losmfut lm`kn` smeoctojn.

 b. Fndnsn Rmfnkno \
\n
n`ln
Rmpmrto yn`k tmand lou`kjnpjn` smfmaue`yn, fndnsn smfnkno emlon njtovotns

en`uson fnoj smbnrn aosn` enupu` tuaosn`

tuao sn` yn`k emeoaojo jmenepun` emefn`ku`
emefn`ku`

sminrnd, ec`uem`, ln` tmj`cacko. Lm`kn` lmeojon`, fndnsn emrupnjn` smfund

jc`smrvnso ntnu upnyn pm`knwmtn` smbnrn tmrntur yn`k tmrjunt tmrdnlnp

jmfulnynn` en`uson. Njtovotns jmsnstrnn` emeoaojo junaotns auns ln` jcepamjs

yn`k emeu`kjo`jn` eu`bua`yn nspmj-nspmj pmefn`ku` jmfulnynn` ln` fndnsn

snstrn
snstrn lon`kkn
lon`kknp
p smfnkno
smfnkno sostme
sostme eclma
eclma jmlun
jmlun lnro fndns
fndnsnn (@ycen`,
(@ycen`, 688<9>
688<9>>>)
>>)

smpmrto yn`k loo`trclujso camd Acten`` (>?;;9>=) em`inlo smfund emtngcrn,

jc`ctnso ln` boro-boro pm`ngsorn` kn`ln ano``yn. Rmdo`kkn fndnsn nlnand sosotme

tn`ln. Enj`n yn`k tmrjn`lu`k

tmrjn`lu`k lo fnaoj
fnaoj jntn, grnsm, enupu`
enupu` jnaoent pnln jnryn

6?

snstrn em`kdnlorjn` pmendnen` fndwnsn`yn npn yn`k dnlor emrupnjn` tn`ln

yn`k loeoaojo camd pmtn`ln.

Em`urut @crtd (>??89<6),

(>??89<6), tn`ln-tn`ln dnlor lnane pojorn`
pojorn` pm`ngsor
pm`ngsor (@
(@cen`,
cen`,

688<9>>>) yn`k loo`tmprmtnsojn`, ln` smeoctojn smfnkno oaeu em`urut Nrtdur Nsn

Fmrkmr
Fmrkmr (6888),
(6888), smbnrn
smbnrn lmgo`otog
lmgo`otog em`knrtojn
em`knrtojn`
` fndwnsn
fndwnsn`yn
`yn tn`ln emeoaojo
emeoaojo dna yn`k

lownjoao`yn lm`kn` fndnsn emtngcros jc`ctntog, dnjojnt jrmntovotns oenio`ntog 

em`inlo
em`inlo gnjtcr
gnjtcr utnen jnryn snstrn
snstrn yn`k lolukn
lolukn lolceo`ns
lolceo`nsoo camd sostme
sostme tn`ln.
tn`ln.
 \n`ln-tn`ln snstrn lnro pmendnen``yn smfnkno tn`ln tmrlnpnt pnln tmjs tmrtuaos,

dufu`kn` n`tnrn pm`uaos, jnryn snstrn ln` pmefnbn yn`k em`kntnjn` jnryn snstrn

em`kn`lu`k enj`n tn`ln-tn`ln

tn`ln-tn`ln smfnkno tn`ln
tn`ln `c` vmrfna
vmrfna yn`k smbnrn
smbnrn smeoctoj 

lodufu`kjn` lm`kn` krcu`l , lm`ctntue , o`tmprmtn`t  smfnkno cfimj `yntn yn`k

smininr lm`kn` pm`n`ln (sok`ogomr).

\mjs ln`
ln` jc`tmjs
jc`tmjs ntnu
ntnu sotunso
sotunso tmrensuj
tmrensuj lnane
lnane gnjtcr u`sur
u`sur jmfndnsn
jmfndnsnn`
n` yn`k
yn`k

lojntnjn
lojntnjn`
` puan camd [dcrg
[dcrg (>?=4) fndwns
fndwnsn`yn
n`yn fndnsn
fndnsn ln
lnpnt
pnt emefm
emefm`tuj
`tuj pojorn`
pojorn`

ln` emepm`knrudo
emepm`knrudo mjstmr`naosnso
mjstmr`naosnso jmfulnynn`
jmfulnynn` yn`k
yn`k fmrjnotn
fmrjnotn`
` lm`kn`
lm`kn` pm`boptn

jnryn snstrn. Vn`kjnon` `oano yn`k tmrfnbn ln` lopndneo sm

smfnkno
fnkno pmsn` (emssnkm)

smbnrn oepaosot losnepnojn`

losnepnojn` lnane fm`tuj ano` smfnkno
smfnkno tn`ln. Rmeoctojn smfnkno

oaeu yn`k
yn`k em`kjnio
em`kjnio pmenj`nn`
pmenj`nn` ln`
ln` jmdolupn`
jmdolupn` tn`ln,
tn`ln, em`lmgo`osojn`, tn`ln

fmrjmlulujn`
fmrjmlulujn` smfnkno rmanso
rmanso n`tnrn mjsprmso
mjsprmso ln` oso yn`k
yn`k emwnjoao,
emwnjoao, smrtn o`ko`

losnepno
losnepnojn`
jn` u`tuj
u`tuj lopndneo.
lopndneo. ]`tuj otuand,
otuand, lu`on
lu`on smeoctojn`
smeoctojn` em`kn`k
em`kn`kknp
knp

fndwnsn`yn fndnsn smfnkno snand sntu u`sur pm`lto`k pmefn`ku` jnryn snstrn

emrupnjn` sostme tn`ln.

28

l. Rmeoctojn Rnstrn

Rmeoctojn smbnrn tmcrotos yn`k lon`kknp smfnkno pm`kmefn`kn` lnro naorn`

strujturnaos, emefnwn puan snstrn smfnkno ao`kjup lu`on jnion``yn. Rostme tn`ln

yn`k emamjnt lo fn`ynj tmepnt, snand sntu`yn pnln lu`on snstrn, em`kdnlorjn`

smeoctojn snstrn smfnkno po`tu ensuj emendneo enj`n tn`ln yn`k fmrnln lo
 fnaoj jnryn snstrn.  Lm`ctntue (em`knrnd pnln lm`ctnso) smfund pm`u`iujjn`

em`km`no enj`n pnln jmauknsn` ntns lnsnr jc`vm`so ln` fmrsognt cfimjtog, lnane

jnrynn snstrn
jnry snstrn emrupnjn`
emrupnjn` smfund
smfund jntn-jntn
jntn-jntn,, jmeu`kjo`
jmeu`kjo`n`,
n`, ln`
ln` gojsoc`na
gojsoc`na smfnkn
smfnknoo

lu`on lm`kn` pn`ln`kn` fndwn smknan smsuntu emepu`yno jmeu`kjo`n` u`tuj 

em`inlo tn`ln, fmrsognt jc`jrmt ntnu nfstrnj. \okn sognt lm`ctntue (@ycen`,

688<9>><) ynotu ojc`, o`lmjs, ln` soefca. Lm`kn`

Lm`kn` pmendnen
pmendnen`
` (Xmorbm9
(Xmorbm9 Ruwnrlo,
Ruwnrlo,
6884) fndwn ojc` emrupnjn` tn`ln yn`k smbnrn o`dmrm` emeoaojo jmsnenn`

lm`kn` nrto yn`k lotu`iuj. O`lmjs emrupnjn` tn`ln yn`k em`kn`lu`k dufu`kn`

jnusna lm`kn` npn yn`k lotn`lnjn``yn. Ln` Roefca emrupnjn` tn`ln yn`k

emeoaojo dufu`kn` enj`n lm`kn` yn`k lotn`lnjn``yn fmrsognt nrfotrmr, smsuon

lm`kn` jc`vm`so suntu ao`kju`kn` scsona tmrtm`tu.

Xnln pmrinan`n``yn lnane emendneo sognt lm`ctntue tmrsmfut,

pmrjmefn
pmrjmefn`kn`
`kn` snstrn,
snstrn, jnotn``yn
jnotn``yn n`tnrn
n`tnrn tmjs ln` u`sur-u`s
u`sur-u`sur
ur jnryn smfnkno
smfnkno

o`lmj
o`lmjsoj
sojna
na emefm
emefmlnj
lnjn`
n` pmen
pmendne
dnen`
n` pnln
pnln o`lmj
o`lmjss smf
smfnk
nkno
no >) o`lmjs
o`lmjs lnan
lnane
e

jnotn``yn lm`kn` lu`on lo aunr tmjs, 6) o`lmjs lnane jnotn``yn lm`kn` tmjs ano`

smfnkno o`mrtmjtuna ln`, 2) o`lmjs lnane jnotn``yn lm`kn` tmjs lnane tmjs smfnkno

o`trntmjs
o`trntmjstuna
tuna (@ycen`
(@ycen`,, 688<9>>=).
688<9>>=). Jnryn
Jnryn snstrn yn`k
yn`k lopnd
lopndneo
neo smfnkno
smfnkno jnryn
jnryn sm`o

fmremlon
fmremlon fndnsn
fndnsn lm`kn`
lm`kn` jmluluj
jmlulujn`
n` smfnkno
smfnkno fndn`, emeoaojo
emeoaojo sostme
sostme ln` jc`vm`s
jc`vm`soo

2>

sm`l
sm`lor
oro,
o, smfn
smfnk
kno sost
sostme
me smeo
smeoct
ctoj
oj to`k
to`kjn
jntt jmlu
jmlunn (smbc`l crlmr smeoctobs) lm`kn`

emefmlnjn` nrto u`tuj fndnsn ( emn`o`k) ln` enj`n u`tuj snstrn ( sok`ogobn`bm ).

Lnane snstrn, fndnsn lm`kn` nrto tnefndn` ln` jc`ctnso`yn emefmro nrto
 tnefndn`, smpmrto
smpmrto topckrngo ntnu tntn durug. Fnko Fnrtdms tmjs nlnand tn`ln
tn`ln yn`k

emeoaojo mjsprmso ln` oso smdo`kkn tmjs loaodnt smfnkno >) wuiul ntnu m`toty yn`k

em`kn`lu`k u`sur jmfndnsnn`,

jmfndnsnn`, 6) fmrtuepu pnln jnolnd lnane pmendnen``y
pmendnen``yn,
n,

2) smfnkno
smfnkno fnkon`
fnkon` lnro jmfulny
jmfulnynn`
nn` smfnkn
smfnknoo pmrtoefn`kn`
pmrtoefn`kn` lo gnjtcr
gnjtcr pm`boptn
pm`boptn ln`

pmefnbn.

Em`knbu pnln pmendnen` smfmaue`yn, smeoctojn smfnkno oaeu tn`ln

em`kn`kknp tmjs lopm`udo rnkne tn`ln, ln` lnane dna o`o olm`togojnso tn`ln ln`

susu
susu`n
`n`
` tn`
tn`ln
ln nane
nane tmjs
tmjs lopn
lopndn
dneo
eo eman
emanau
auoo so
sost
stme
me smeo
smeoct
ctoj
ojn.
n. \n`l
\n`lnn

loolm`togojnsojn` fmrupn
fmrupn jntn-jntn, knefnr-knefnr
knefnr-knefnr yn`k em`kd
em`kdnsoajn`
nsoajn` enj`n ln`

tmrloro ntns pm`n`ln (sok`ogomr ) ln` pmtn`ln (sok`ogoml ) lm`kn` jc`smp yn`k

lownjoao camd tn`ln tmrsmfut.

Emtclm
Emtclm smeoc
smeoctoj
toj nj
njn`
n` fmrfo
fmrfobnr
bnrnn em`km
em`km`no
`no to`lnj
to`lnjn`
n` oaeond
oaeond lm`kn`
lm`kn`

pn`ln`kn`
pn`ln`kn` smeoctojn. Rostme jmrin pnln pm`maoton` smeoctojn (emtclm)
(emtclm) lnpnt puan

lm`kn` em`kku`njn` lun fund eclma pmefnbnn`, ynotu dmurostob ln`

dmrem`mutoj. Rmpmrto pnln bc`tcd jnryn snstrn puoso, pmefnbnn` dmurostob nlnand

lm`kn` emanjujn` tmannd tmrdnlnp jntn, fnot, ln` tmre jnryn snstrn puoso tmrsmfut.

Rmln`kjn` u`tuj pmefnbnn` dmrem`mutob pnln jnryn snstrn puoso nlnand to`lnjn`

lnane pm`ngsorn` smknan sostme tn`ln yn`k tmrlnpnt pnln jntn, fnoj ln` tmre jnryn

snstrn. Fmfmrnpn
Fmfmrnpn pn`ln`kn`
pn`ln`kn` ano`, smpmrto
smpmrto yn`k lou`kjnpjn`
lou`kjnpjn` camd Xrmeo`kmr ljj 

(>
(>?;
?;<9
<9?4
?4>)
>),, emrm
emrmjn
jn em`k
em`kme
meuj
ujnj
njn`
n` fnd
fndwn
wnsn
sn`y
`ynn smeo
smeoct
ctoj
oj iukn
iukn emen
emen`l
`ln`
n`k
k

26

cfimj-cfimj smfnkno anju tuturn` ( pnrcam) lnro suntu fndnsn (an`kum) yn`k
 em`lnsnr
em`lnsnroo tntn
tntn fndn
fndnsn`y
sn`ynn (Xrnlc
(Xrnlcpc,
pc, 688<9>66)
688<9>66).. Dufu`
Dufu`kn`
kn` pnrnloken
pnrnlokentoj
toj ln`

nturn` jcefo`nso smfnkno strujtur pmefn`ku` smbnrn so`tnjentoj lon`naosos

smfnkno
smfnkno upnyn
upnyn em`ngsorjn
em`ngsorjn`
` enj`n jnryn
jnryn snstrn
snstrn smfnkno
smfnkno sostme
sostme lm`kn`
lm`kn` jc`v
jc`vm`so
m`so

yn
yn`k
`k nl
nln.
n.

Km`rm snstrn,
snstrn, prcsn, puosos ln` lrnen smrtn tmntmr lojntnjn`
lojntnjn` emeoaojo sostme

lm`kn` jc`vm`so do`kkn tmrfn`ku` enj`n. Rmpmrto dna`yn pnln km`rm puoso,

sntun`-sntun`
sntun`-sntun` tn`ln fmrupn jcsn
jcsn jntn, fndnsn,
fndnsn, fnoj otu emrupnjn` pmrsc`ogojnso,
pmrsc`ogojnso,

soeoam, emtngcrn enupu`

enupu` emtc`oeo. Ntns lnsnr jc`
jc`vm`so
vm`so snstrn yn`k
yn`k fmranju ln`

jc`vm`so fndnsn lnpnt em`boptn enj`n u`tuj lopndneo ln` tngsorjn`. Lm`kn`
lmeojon`, mamem`-mamem` tmrsmfut lojntnjn` smfnkno tn`ln-tn`ln. Dna o`o

loantnrfmanjn`ko camd jc`vm`so smfnkno pmrin`ion` ensynrnjnt smbnrn turu`

tmeuru` yn`k
yn`k emepm`knrudo
emepm`knrudo snstrnwn` lnane em`boptn.
em`boptn. Enjn, emtclm yn`k
yn`k

tmrkn
tmrknefn
efnrr lnan
lnane
e pm`m
pm`maoto
aoton`
n` jnryn
jnryn snstr
snstrnn smb
smbnrn
nrn smeoct
smeoctoj
oj emanau
emanauoo prcs
prcsms
ms

pmefnbnn`
pmefnbnn` dmurostoj
dmurostoj ln` dmrem`mutoj.
dmrem`mutoj.

Xm`mrnpn` emtclm smeoctoj smfnkno

smfnkno upnyn to`lnj
to`lnj pm`maoton` ntnu
ntnu to`lnjn`

n`naosos iukn emepmrdntojn` fmfmrnpn nspmj yn`k em`inlo nbun`, smpmrto yn`k

lou`kjnpjn` Gcjjmen ln` Ju``mr-Ofsbd (Ruwnrlo, 6884) ynotu  pmrtnen,

jc`strujso lnro pm`kknefnrn`

pm`kknefnrn` eclma pm`maoton`, jmlun, lm`kn` eclma pm`imansn`,

jmtokn, sjmen pm`yo`kjntn`.

pm`yo`kjntn`. Rmln`kjn`
Rmln`kjn` em`urut Voggntmrrm
Voggntmrrm (>?;4)
(>?;4) losmfnfjn`
losmfnfjn`

camd tokn dna (Xrnlcpc, 688<9>6<) ynotu pm`kkn`ton` nrto (lospanbmry cg emn`o`k),

pm`yoepn`kn` nrto (lostcro`k cg emn`o`k), ln` pm`boptnn` nrto (brmnto`k cg 

emn`o`k). Xm`kku`nn` fndnsn jons em`ymfnfjn` nln`yn pm`kkn`ton` nrto lnane

22

 
 jnryn snstrn, smrtn pm`yoepn`kn` nrto yn`k lnpnt losmfnfjn` toefua camd

nefokuotns, jc`trnlojso, ln` `c`sm`sm. Xmenjnon` fndnsn snstrn euatoenj`n

em`ymfnfjn`
em`ymfnfjn` nefokuotns, pmranwn`n` sotunso, smrtn andor`yn jntn-jntn yn`k smbnrn

ao`kuna
ao`kuna tolnj
tolnj fmrenj`n.
fmrenj`n. Lnane
Lnane pm`maoton`
pm`maoton` smeoctoj,
smeoctoj, nrnd
nrnd yn`k em`kduf
em`kdufu`k
u`kjn`
jn`

tmjs snstrn lm`kn` pmefnbn emepcsosojn` tmjs snstrn smfnkno snrn`n jceu`ojnso.

Vmgamjso
Vmgamjso jnryn
jnryn snstrn
snstrn lm`kn`
lm`kn` em`kku`nj
em`kku`njn`
n` jclm
jclm ntn
ntnu
u tn`ln.
tn`ln. ]`tu
]`tuj
j otu, amfod

emep
emepmr
mrim
iman
anss fmfm
fmfmrn
rnpn
pn emtc
emtclm
lm sme
smeoc
octo
toj,
j, em`k
em`kne
nent
ntoo lnro
lnro an
ando
dor`y
r`ynn fm
fmfm
fmrn
rnpn
pn

pm`knent ln` pmemrdnto, smrtn oaeuwn` yn`k emepmrdntojn` pmrinan`n`

smeoctojn, enjn pmrau

pmrau puanand, jotn u`tuj em`kmtnduo
em`kmtnduo sminrnd smeoctojn.
smeoctojn.

Npn yn`k lou`kjnpjn` smfmaue`yn, em`mjn`jn` fndwnsn`yn lnane

pm`maoton` smeoctojn smfnkno tmcro dnsoa pm`kmefn`kn` strujturnaosem, pm`maoton`

dnrus emanjujn` to`lnjn` pmeosndn` sntun` eo`oena, pm`m`tun` jc`trns sntun`

yn`k
yn`k em`kdnsoa
em`kdnsoajn`
jn` nrto, smrtn em`kjcef
em`kjcefo`ns
o`nsojn`
ojn` ntur
nturn`-ntu
n`-nturn`
rn` yn`k
yn`k

emeu`kjo`jn` sntun`-sntun` tmrsmfut u`tuj lnpnt lojmacepcjjn` smfnkno

pmefm`tuj
pmefm`tuj strujtur
strujtur yn`k
yn`k amfod auns.
auns. \o`lnjn`
\o`lnjn` fmroj
fmrojut`y
ut`ynn nlnand
nlnand em`m`
em`m`tujn
tujn`
`

jc`vm`so enj`n u`tuj tn`ln-tn`ln yn`k sulnd lojansogojnsojn` smfnkno cfimj 

pmendnen`
pmendnen` enj`n. Lm`kn` upnyn lmeojon`,
lmeojon`, enjn pmefnbnn` dmurostob ln`

dmrem`mutob njn` lnpnt loanjsn`njn` u`tuj jmeulon` lournojn` smfnkno to`lnj 

pm`maoton` tmrsmfut.

2<

 
 FNKON@ =
RMINVND RMEOC\OJN

Rmeoctojn
Rmeoctojn pmrtnen
pmrtnen jnao lojmefn`k
lojmefn`kjn`
jn` ln` fn`ynj
fn`ynj lopmrku`n
lopmrku`njn`
jn` lnane

pm`kjnion` sostme tn`ln. Rmeoctojn lnane jnotn``yn

jnotn``yn lm`kn` dna
dna tmrsmfut nlnand

pmendnen
pmendnen`
` smeoctojn
smeoctojn yn`k
yn`k em`knb
em`knbu
u pnln tmcro smeoctoj
smeoctojnn Gmrlo`n`
Gmrlo`n`l
l Lm Rnusurm
Rnusurm

ln` Rmeoctojn
Rmeoctojn Bdnrams
Bdnrams R`nlmrs Xmorbm, yn`k
yn`k lojm`na
lojm`na smfnkn
smfnknoo fnpnj smeoctojn

eclmr`, smrtn smeoctojn Vcan`l

Vcan`l Fnrtdms,
Fnrtdms, Rmeoctojn
Rmeoctojn B.J. Cklm`
Cklm` ln`
ln` O.N. Vobdnrl,

Rm
Rmeoc
eoctoj
tojnn Eobd
Eobdnm
nmaa Vo
Voggn
ggntm
tmrrm
rrm.. Gmrl
Gmrlo`
o`n`
n`l
l Lm Rnuss
Rnussur
urmm smfn
smfnkn
knoo fn
fnpn
pnj
j smeoc
smeoctoj
tojnn

eclmr`
eclmr` (>4=;->?>
(>4=;->?>2)
2) on emefnko
emefnko rmanso n`tnrn
n`tnrn pm`n`ln
pm`n`ln ( sok`ogomr ) ln` pmtn`ln

(sok`ogoml ) fmrlnsnrjn` jc`vm`so yn`k losmfut lm`kn`

lm`kn` sok`ogojnso. Xm`n`ln loaodnt

smfnkno wuiul gosoj smpmrto jc`smp lo lnane jnryn snstrn. Rmln`kjn`, pmtn`ln

loaodnt smfnkno
smfnkno enj`n yn`k
yn`k nln lo fnaoj wuiul gosoj fmrupn `oano-`oano. Nlnpu`

dufu`kn`
dufu`kn` sok`ogojn` fmrlnsnrjn`
fmrlnsnrjn` ntns jmsmpnjntn` scsona lnane pmenj`nn` tn`ln.

Dufu`kn`
Dufu`kn` smeoctoj
smeoctoj lm`kn`
lm`kn` ao`kuostoj
ao`kuostoj dnrus
dnrus losnln
losnlnro
ro dnjoj
dnjojnt
nt nln`y
nln`ynn oj
ojntn`
ntn` n`tnrn
n`tnrn

lun foln`k tmrsmfut yn`k camd Rnussurm logcjusjn` pnln dnjojnt jntn smfnkno

smfund tn`ln.

Rmeoctojn Vcan`l Fnrtdms (>?>=->?48) em`kmefn`kjn` lun to`kjntn`

pmrtn`lnn`, ynotu
ynotu to`kjnt lm`ctnso
lm`ctnso ln` jc`ctnso. Vmgmrm`so tmrdnlnp
tmrdnlnp pm`n`ln y
yn`k
n`k

lotn`lno smro`k losmfut smfnkno sok`ogojnso tntnrn` pmrtnen ( gorst crlmr cg 

sok`ogobntoc` ) ynotu rmgmrm`so lm`ctnso, smln`kjn` jc`ctnso losmfut smfnkno sostme

pm
pm`n`
`n`ln
ln tntnrn
tntnrn`
` jmlun
jmlun (smbc`l crlmr sok`ogyo`k sostme) (Ruanoen`, 688=9<>).

Rmeoctojn B.J. Cklm` ln` O.N. Vobdnrl em`kmefn`kjn` tmcro smeoctojn

trojctceo yn`k emrupnjn` pm`kmefn`kn` lnro tmcro Gmrlo`n`l Rnussurm ln`

 2=

Vcan`l Fnrtdms. \mcro tmrsmfut ensod em`kmefn`kjn` dufu`kn` n`tnrn pmtn`ln

(sok`ogoml ) ln` pm`n`ln ( sok`ogomr ) lm`kn` lm`ctnso ln` jc`ctnso. Xm`n`ln smbnrn
smbnrn

lm`ctnso emrupnjn` smfund pmrn`to (nbtuna gu`btoc`/ cfimbt prcpmrtoms) ln` smbnrn

jc`ctnso pm`n`ln
pm`n`ln emrupnjn`
emrupnjn` fm`tuj lnro smfund
smfund pmtn`l
pmtn`ln.
n. Inlo tmcro o`o, pmtn`ln

fmrwuiul enj`n, jc`smp, ln` knknsn`, smln`kjn` pm`n`ln emrupnjn` knefnrn`

yn`k em`imansjn` pmrn`to, o`o emrupnjn` pm`imansn` gosoj cfimj, jc`loso cfimj,

ln` bm`lru`k fmrupn boro-boro fm`tuj. Ln` pmrn`to emrupnjn` wuiul fm`ln.

Bdnrams Rn`lmrs Xmorbm iukn emrupnjn` fnpnj smeoctojn eclmr` (>42?-

>?><), on em`kmeujnjn`
em`kmeujnjn` tn`ln lofnko
lofnko em`inlo tokn im`os, ynotu
ynotu olmjs (o`lmx) ojc`

(obc`) ln` syefca (syefca).

(syefca). Ojc` nlnand
nlnand tn`ln dufu`kn` n`tnrn pm`n`ln
pm`n`ln ln`

pmtn`ln`y
pmtn`ln`ynn fmrsognt
fmrsognt pmrsnenn
pmrsnenn`
` fm`tuj
fm`tuj oaeond, o`lmjs
o`lmjs nlnand
nlnand tn`ln
tn`ln yn`k

em`u`iujjn` nln`yn dufu`kn` naneond n`tnrn tn`ln ln` pmtn`ln yn`k fmrsognt

jnusna ntnu dufu`kn` smfnf njofnt, syefca otu tn`ln yn`k tolnj em`u`iujjn`

dufu`kn`
dufu`kn` naneond n`tnrn pm`n`ln ln` pmtn`ln`yn, (Xrnlcpc, >??89>6>)

Rm
Rmeo
eoct
ctoj
ojnn Eobd
Eobdnm
nmaa Vo
Vogg
ggnt
ntmr
mrrm
rm em`k
em`kme
meuj
ujnj
njn`
n` mepn
mepntt dna
dna pcjc
pcjcj
j u`tu
u`tuj 
j 

emeprclujso enj`n, ynotu jmtolnj an`ksu`kn` mjsprmso, pmefnbnn` dmurosoj,

rmtrcnjtog (dmrem`mutob), entroj ln` dopckrne. Jmtolnjan`ksu`kn` mjsprmso

losmfnfjn` camd pm`kkn`ton` nrto pm`yoepn`kn` nrto ln` pm`boptnn` nrto (Jusuio,

>???92, =). Xmefnbnn` dmurostob emrupnjn` pmefnbnn` cfimj fmrlnsnrjn`

strujtur jmfndnsnn``yn. Nlnpu` pmefnbnn` rmtrcnjtog (dmrem`mutob) emrupnjn`

pmefnbnn` uan`k smtmand lonlnjn` pmefnbnn` dmurostob lm`kn` emefmrojn`

pm`ngsorn` fmrlnsnrjn` jc`vm`so snstrn`yn.

snstrn`yn.
 27

Em`urut @crtd nln mepnt trnloso yn`k

yn`k emantnrfmanjn`ko
emantnrfmanjn`ko jmandorn` smeoctojn,
smeoctojn,

ynotu smen`tob, ackojn, rmtcrojn ln` dmrem`mutob, yn`k em`urut Buaamr(>?;;97)

jmlulujn
jmlulujn`
` smeoctoj
smeoctoj olm`toj
olm`toj pnln
pnln tn`ln
tn`ln (@ycen`,
(@ycen`, 688<9
688<9 ?;). Rmbnrn
Rmbnrn lmgo`otog,
lmgo`otog,

em`urut Xnua Bcfamy ln` Aotzn In`z (68869<) smeoctojn fmrnsna lnro jntn smem,

fmrnsna lnro fndnsn _u`n`o yn`k fmrnrto pm`ngsor tn`ln, lm`kn` pm`kmrton` smbnrn

auns smfnkno smfund tmcro, smeoctojn fmrnrto stulo sostmentos em`km`no prclujso

ln` o`tmprmtnso
o`tmprmtnso tn`ln. Lnane dna o`o tmcro
tmcro smeoctojn` tmrjnot lm`kn`
lm`kn` jmdolupn`

en`uson yn`k
yn`k lnpnt
lnpnt lon`kknp
lon`kknp pm`ud lm`kn` tn`ln, ln` smeoctoj smfnkno pmrn`tnrn

tn`ln lnane prcsms fmrjceu`ojnso, smdo`kkn en`uson losmfut lm`kn` dcec

smeoctobus (@ycen`9 688<:?;). Jnion` em`km`no tn`ln loanjujn` smbnrn fnru

loanjujn` nwna nfnl jm-68 camd lun crn`k goacscg, ynotu Gmrlo`n`l lm Rnussurm

(>4=;->?
(>4=;->?>2)
>2) smfnkno
smfnkno ndao fndnsn
fndnsn ln` Bdnrams
Bdnrams sn`l
sn`lmrs
mrs Xmorbm
Xmorbm (>42?-
(>42?->?><
>?><)) smfnkno
smfnkno

ndao goasngnt ln` ackojn.

 2;

FNKO
FNKON@
N@ 7
\O@IN]N@
\O@IN]N@ R\V]J\]VNA
R\V]J\]VNAOREM
OREM RMEOC\OJN
RMEOC\OJN

n. \o
\o`i
`inu
nun`
n` Rtr
Rtruj
ujtu
turna
rnaos
osem
em sme
smeoct
octojn
ojn pnln
pnln @cvma
@cvma N`nj
N`nj Fni
Fnin`k
n`k

Em`kkoro`k N`ko` Jnryn Ro`ldu`ntn

Emendneo jnryn snstrn lnpnt emefn`tu emepmrimans, emepmrlnane ln`

emepmrjnyn pm`kdnyntn` tmrdnlnp smfund jmdolupn`. Camd Ruenrlic (>??>)

jnryn snstrn pnln dnjojnt`yn iukn emrupnjn` upnyn pm`ku`kjnpn` `oano-`oano

jmdolupn`, goacscgo, ln` jmiownn`. Rmdo`kkn camd Ldnren (>?42) lojntnjn`

fndwnsn`yn lo lnane jnryn snstrn tmreunt ensnand jmdolupn` yn`k tmrinlo lo

smjotnr jmdolupn`
jmdolupn` pm`knrn`k. Rmeoctojn
Rmeoctojn emrupnjn` oaeu tn`ln ln` strujtur jnryn

sn
snstr
strnn lnpnt
lnpnt lon`kk
lon`kknp
np smfnk
smfnkno
no tn`ln
tn`ln (Rulio
(Rulioen`
en`,, >??6).
>??6). Rostme
Rostme tn`ln
tn`ln yn`k
yn`k

fmrenj`n ln` tonp-tonp u`surm jnryn snstrn emepu`yno enj`n (Xrnlcpc, >??8)

emanauo smfund
smfund n`naosos
n`naosos strujturna meoctoj njn`
njn` lnpnt
lnpnt emendneo
emendneo enj`n smrtn `oano

mstmtos yn`k tmrjn`lu`k.

Jclrnt jnryn snstrn smfnkno rmgamjso pmeojorn`, pmrnsnn`, ln` jmo`ko`n`

yn`k losnepnojn` emanauo fndnsn lm`kn` euntn` tn`ln-tn`ln (smeoctoj)

emefm`tuj sostme
sostme jmtn`lnn`. @cvma smfnkno
smfnkno snand sntu jnryn snstrn
snstrn pnln km`rm
 snstrn prcsn lopn`ln`k
lopn`ln`k smfnkno
smfnkno dnsoa
dnsoa jrmntovotns.
jrmntovotns. Lnane dna
dna o`o em`kdnlorjn`
em`kdnlorjn`

jmtmrdufu`kn` n`tnr nspmj-nspmj strujtur lm`kn` tn`ln-tn`ln. Lm`kn` lmeojon`

enjn enj`n jnryn snstrn njn` em`bnpno enj`n cptoena lnane pmendnen``yn

emanauo
emanauo tn`ln
tn`ln ln` sostme
sostme tn`ln.
tn`ln. N`kknpn`
N`kknpn` nwna
nwna pnln `cvma
`cvma N`nj Fnin`k
Fnin`k

Em`kkoro`k N`ko` yn`k em`ku`kjnpjn` rm`tmtn` pmrostown jm lnane pmrm`u`kn`

jmdolupn` ku`n em`bnpno dnjojnt smfund jmdolupn`. Lm`kn` em`mausuro tctnaotns

24

enj`n yn`k tmrjn`lu`k lnane `cvma emanauo strujtur-strujtur pmefn`ku``yn.

Lnane bmrotn rmjnn`, u`sur-u`sur pmefn`ku` smpmrto dna`yn

dna`yn antnr,
antnr, pmrkn`ton`
pmrkn`ton`

sulut pn`ln`k, pmrostown, `nen tcjcd ln` pm`cjcdn``yn smfnkno dna fmrwuiul

strujtur yn`k lnpnt loolm`togojnso smfnkno tn`ln.

f. Olm`togojnso \men

@cvma o`o em`ku`kjnpjn` pmriun`kn` en`uson emanwn` jmjuntn` lcsn

yn`k tuefud ln` fmrjmefn`k lnro lun jmo`ko`n` lnsnr en`uson, ynotu jmo`ko`n`

u`tuj
u`tuj emeoaojo ln`
ln` jmscefc`k
jmscefc`kn`
n` yn`k fmramfod
fmramfodn`.
n`. Dna tmrsmfut
tmrsmfut emefunt
emefunt

en`uson tolnj emwnspnlno jmamendn` lor`yn. Rmpmrto tmrjutop pnln fnkon` fmrojut

‑Jnu loduju
lodujue
e camd jmscef
jmscefc`kn`
c`kn` fuloeu
fuloeu sm`loro
sm`loro … ln`
ln` otuand lcsneu
lcsneu――

(Ro`ldu`ntn, >?4<9;). Jmtmrnso`kn` ln` pmscnan` tolnp lnpnt em`ymamsnojn`

pmrscnan`, tmtnpo iustru smfnaoj`yn em`bnepnjjn``yn jm lcsn ln` pm`lmrotnn`.

N`kjnrn eurjn Vndwn`n fmrsnulnrn iustru em`kunt an`tnrn` lopupuj lnane

jc`loso tmrfun`k ln` tmrso`kjor.

Jmo`ko`n` u`tuj emeoaojo smsuntu emefundjn` jmtmrtutupn` loro. N`in`o

 m`kkn` u`tuj fmrfnko, smem`tnrn otu Kuwnrsc ln` Kuwnrso tmran`iut tmrenjn`

camd jmo`ko`n`
jmo`ko`n` dnto u`tuj emeoaojo
emeoaojo npn yn`k lojunsno camd N`in`o. Dna o`o iukn

lonaneo camd Kctnen yn`k nrog, on iukn

i ukn tmrimfnj lnane lcsn an`tnrn` tolnj sn`kkup

emrmlnejn`
emrmlnejn` mecso jmtojn em`ynjsojn` pmrsmtmrun` n`nj`yn.

‑Bupu wnsont otu smfm`nr`yn nlnand pmefmron` ofu`yn, Lmwo [o`lonlo

fmrpmsn`, in`kn`
in`kn` snepno bupu
bupu wnsont otu jmtndun`
jmtndun` camd sonpnpu
sonpnpu`
` iukn,
tmrensuj jmlun jnjnj ln` nynd`yn sm`loro― (Ro`ldu`ntn, >?4<924)

2?

Jutopn` fmrojut emepmraodntjn` fndwn o`ko` emeoaojo u`tuj loro`yn

sm`loro. O`oand emrupnjn` nwna lnro jmlcsnn` en`uson. Dna o`o iukn lnpnt loaodnt

pnln jutopn`
jutopn` fmrojut
fmrojut o`o9

‑Aodntand loroeu sm`loro. Jnu nlnand n`nj jmrn. Fuau fnln`eu

em`ko`kntjn` nju jmtojn lmwn em`kutuj en`uson jnrm`n lcsn-
lcsn`yn. … Jnrm`n iustru n`njeu lnane rupn jmrn o`o sn`knt em`n`to-
em`n`to -
`n`tojn` lu`on yn`k smln`k loaoputo n`kjnrn eurjn. Jmscefc`kn`
lu`on njn` lotnjaujn` camd jmrm`lndn` dnto jmrn― (Ro`ldu`ntn,
>?4<97;)

Xmrufndn` wuiul em`inlo jmrn iustru lon`kknp smfnkno pn`kkoan` u`tuj 

em`uiu pnln jmsubon` dolup, jmpnsrndn`, ln` pm`kn`lnan` jmjuntn` jmpnln Rn`k

pm`boptn. Jmandorn` Vnen em`inlojn`

em`inlojn` lu`on em`mroen
em`mroen scscj en`uson yn`k
yn`k

rm`lnd dnto ln`

ln` rman fmrjcrfn` u`tuj
u`tuj crn`k ano`. On fmrsnen lm`kn`
lm`kn` Anjsnen`n
Anjsnen`n

yn`k tuaus ln` smton pnln jmputusn``yn, ln` em`inlojn` bndnyn fnru lnane
 em`kdnlnpo jmsurnen` dolup njofnt lcsn.

‑Ln` fmrn`kjntand Vnen ln` Anjsnen`n. Em`inan`jn` tukns`yn yn`k

 pmrtnen… Lu`on em`kubnpjn` tmroen jnsod jmpnlneu. \onln yn`k
lnpnt em`n`lo`ko jmsnjton`eu. Jmlntn`kn`eu smkmrn em`kufnd
rownynteu lu`on― (Ro`ldu`ntn, >?4<9;7-;;)
>?4<9;7-;;)

Xmriun`kn` jmfm`nrn` em`inlo tolnj smlmrdn`n. Lm`kn`

L m`kn` lmeojon` smsmcrn`k

dnrus fmrsu`kkud-su`kkud, fmrusndn smenjsoena eu`kjo` u`tuj tmkud ln` tmtnp

smton pnln botn-botn`yn.

botn-botn`yn. Jmpmrbnynn` l
loro
oro yn`k lnpnt emefundjn`
emefundjn` sojnp scefc`k

ln` jmjurn`kwnspnlnn` dnrus tmrus em`mrus lofmrsodjn` lm`kn` sojnp pnsrnd

smrtn tmtnp em`kkn`tu`kjn` loro pnln Rn`k pm`boptn (Ro`ldu`ntn, >?4<)

<8

Lnane pmriun`kn` otuand scaolnrotns n`tnr smsnem tmrinao`. \cjcd ukrowc

yn`k lotnepoajn` lnane jc`loso tmrsmfut loluju`k camd crn`k-crn`k yn`k

smlmrdn`n ln` fnantm`tnrn jmrn. Xmefman jmfm`nrn` lownjoao camd tcjcd N`cen`

yn`k sm`n`k em`lmjntjn` loro pnln Rn`k pm`boptn. On em`kknfu`kjn` loro

lm`kn` emrmjn yn`k andor lnro lcsn `neu` fmrsmlon fmrfnaoj emefman jmfm`nrn`.

[ofosn`n em`inlo botrn en`uson yn`k enepu emepmrfnojo loro.

‑Em`knfloand jmpnln
jmpnln jmfnojn` yn`k jo`o smln`k fmrtndtn lo dnto
Vnenwoinyn, enjn njn` smepur`n sulnd pm`ymsnan` ntns smknan
jmsnandn`ju… Nju dm`lnj pmrko lnro Nam`kjn. Nju dm`lnj em`knflo
jmpnln Vnenwoinyn― (Ro`ldu`ntn, >?4<: >4;->44)
>4;->44)

b. Olm`togojnso Antnr
 Loaodntt lnro antnr,
Loaodn antnr, bmrotn fmreu
fmreuan
an lnro `mkmro
`mkmro Acjnpn
Acjnpnan
an yn`k eurne
eurne jnrm`n
jnrm`n

rnin fmrlujn. Lnro sotu fmrjmefn`k jm `mkmro Nam`kjn yn`k fmrsoefnd lnrnd

jnrm`n pmrsmtmrun`
pmrsmtmrun` pnrn
pnrn rnin u`tuj
u`tuj emepmrmfutjn`
emepmrmfutjn` Lmwo Rujmso. Lun pmrostown

tmrsmfut em`ku`kjnpjn` enj`n jmsurnen` dolup an`tnrn` botn-botn to`kko yn`k

tolnj jmsnepnon` ln` jmfn`kknn` smcrn`k wn`otn njn` jmbn`tojn``yn. Bmrotn

fmrn`inj jm dutn` tmepnt [osrnwn ln` Rujmso dnrus em`inan`o pmefun`kn`

jnrm`n lcsn yn`k emrmjn anjujn`.

‑Fmknwn`, em`knpn lu`on em`kdujue

em`kdujue jotn lm`kn`
lm`kn` jmine fmko`o3
Lmwo Rujmso emro`tod smlod … Enane jmefnao lnto`k, tn`pn tmrn`k
smfund fo`tn`k. [osrnwn ln` Rujmso ensuj lnane dutn` fman`tnrn
kmanp kuaotn― (Ro`ldu`ntn, >?4<928)

<>

Xnln fnkon`
fnkon` jmlun
jmlun loeuano
loeuano lnro smfund
smfund tnen`
tnen` lo tmepnt N`in`o
N`in`o anrut
anrut lnane

jmnsyojn` em`ojento jm`lndn` Bupu en`oj Nstnko`n. Jmsm`n`kn` yn`k

lo`ojento sm`loro em`knjofntjn` jmbmefurun`. Jmm`kkn`n` u`tuj fmrfnko

jm`jentn` em`knjofntjn` eu`bua`yn pmrpmbndn` n`tnr snulnrn. Emrmjn dnrus

to`kkna lo dutn` u`tuj em`km`nao loro sm`loro.

Xmrpo`lnd
Xmrpo`lndn`
n` lnro tnen`
tnen` jm dutn` tolnj losjnp
losjnpoo smfnkno
smfnkno suntu pmefun
pmefun`kn`,
`kn`,

tmtnpo losojnpo smfnkno

smfnkno jmsmepn
jmsmepntn`
tn` fmrnln lo lnane yn`k nsao, dutn`
dutn` iown profnlo.

Dna tmrsmfut loku`njn` smfnkno pm`kman`n loro u`tuj amfod em`lmjntjn` loro pnln

Rn`k pm`boptn. Lo Kun Josjm`ln lo Ku`u`k Emaonwn` jmsminton` dolup Rukrown

 ln` Rufnao em`lcrc`k emrmjn u`tuj to`kkna fmrsnen fn`ksn jmrn u`tuj 

em`kdnynto
em`kdnynto jmrm`lndn`
jmrm`lndn` dnto ln` jmsmepur`nn` dolup.

‑Rufnao jnjnjju, Fmtnrn Kuru fmrbmmrotn, pnln Lmwn em`ynefut

kmeforn pmro`tnd`yn nknr emrmjn emepmrn`njn` n`nj-n`nj jmrn.
Rmfnf emmrmjn pmrbnyn, n`nj-n`nj jmrn o`oand yn`k njn` emefn`tu
jotn u`tuj em`kninj lu`on jmefnao jm jmrm`lndn` dnto`yn …
(RO`ldu`ntn, >?4<97>)

Lo jmrninn` Nyclyn tmepnt Vnen andor tolnj lopoaod Vnen u`tuj 

em`inan`jn` jmdolupn``yn. @neu` iustru dutn`and yn`k lopoaod Vnen u`tuj 

em`lmwnsnjn` loro. N`tnrn jmrninn` ln` dutn` loku`njn` pm`knrn`k u`tuj 

em`ninejn` jmsmlonn` en`uson u`tuj em`o`kknajn` jmenpn`n` ku`n tmrus

em`bnro jmsminton`
jmsminton` loro. Ro`tn ln` Vnen
Vnen meoaoj to`kkna
to`kkna lo dutn` yn`k emrupnjn`

anefo`k jmsmlmrdn`nn` ln` jmeosjo`n` yn`k fmrdnlnpn` lm`kn` ostn`n yn`k

smrfn em`yniojn` gnsoaotns jm`ynen`n`,

jm`ynen`n`, jmnen`n`, pcpuanrotns, ln` jmjunsnn`.

<6

‑O`lnd jmsmlonn` Vnen, lmeo bo`tn jnsod jmpnln nyndeu supnyn on

tolnj tmrjutuj camd suepnd`yn. Jmo`lndn` otu njn` amfod macj, foan
nju fmrinan` lo lmpn``eu emrntnjn` inan` lo dutn`, em`n`kjnp jupu-
jupu`yn, u`tuj em`ymenrnjjn` inan` pm`lmrotnn`eu em`uiu
jmfndnkonn`eu.
jmfndnkonn`eu. (Ro`ldu`ntn,>?4<9?8)
(Ro`ldu`ntn,>?4<9?8)

Lo dutn` tmepnt Vnen em`inan`jn` pm`knflon``yn tmrlnpnt jmjuntn`

n`kjnrn` eurjn lnro jmrninn` Nam`kjn. Lo Nam`kjn tmrlnpnt rnjsnsn yn`k

 em`yorntjn` jmjuntn` ln` jmn`kjnrneurjnn`, jmfmro`knsn`, ln` jmpmrjnsnn`.

Lmeojonn` puan Rdo`tn yn`k ensod tmrkcln

tmrkcln camd rnsn o`ko` emeoaojo smbnrn

fmramfodn` emefunt
emefunt on tmrpmrcscj
tmrpmrcscj jm lnane tnwn`n` ostn`n Nam`kjn. Rmem`tnrn
Rmem`tnrn

Vnen ln` Anjsnen`n lnane jmsm`loron` enepu em`imanind dutn` u`tuj fmrtmeu

lm`kn` smsnem yn`k iukn em`lmrotn ln` tnj fmrlnyn.

Rukrown ln` fnan tm`tnrn jmrn emrupnjn` soefua anposn` tmrfnwnd lnane

ensynrnjnt.
ensynrnjnt. Lo dutn` otuand jmtolnjfmrlnynn`
jmtolnjfmrlnynn` emeu`buajn
emeu`buajn`
` scaolnrotns ntns lnsnr

bo`tn yn`k
yn`k tuaus ln` audur. Jmtmkudn`
Jmtmkudn` dnto
dnto tmrfm`tuj jmjuntn` yn`k
yn`k enepu

em`kdnlnpo
em`kdnlnpo jmjuntn` ostn`n Nam`kjn. Jmlun jmjuntn`
jmjuntn` yn`k snao`k fmrtm`tn`kn`

tmrsmfut fmrtmeu
fmrtmeu lo kmrfn`k
kmrfn`k ostn`n Nam`kjn.
Nam`kjn. Lo sotuand tnepnj
tnepnj fndwn emrmjn

yn`k amfod lmjnt lm`kn` nane, lmwn, ln` pmriun`kn` dolup amfod sn`kkup
emem`n`kjn`
emem`n`kjn` pmrtmepurn`.

‑Fmkotu tofn lo tm`knd emln`, fnantm`tnrn jmrn smkmrn fmrkmrnj lnane

sons
sonsnt
nt pmr
pmrtm
tmep
epur
urn`
n` fujo
fujott jnrn
jnrn`k
`k kma
kmace
cefn
fn`k
`k pnsn
pnsn`k
`k smpm
smpmrt
rtoo
mro`tndjn` Vnenwoinyn…Jmjuntn` sonsnt fujot jnrn`k kmacefn`k
lopmro`tndjn`
lop
pnsn`k o`o sn`knt lnsynt
lnsynt ln` em`kmrojn`.
em`kmrojn`. Fnantm`tnrn rnjsnsn
rnjsnsn fo`ku`k
jmwnandn` jnrm`n naorn` anwn` yn`k tnj eu`kjo` tmrtndn`jn`
(Ro`ldu`ntn, >?4<96;2)

<2

N`tnrn ostn`n ln` dutn` yn`k

yn`k loknefnrjn` camd pm`knrn`k
pm`knrn`k em`kn`lu
em`kn`lu`k
`k nrto

yn`k jc`trns. Fnko wosrnwn ln` Rujmso, dutn` fmrnrto tmepnt pmefun`kn`, fmrnrto

lnpnt lonrtojn` smfnkno syefca jmnso`kn`, dujuen` yn`k emrupnjn` fund

pmrfuntn` sm`loro. Emrmjn jmeulon emandorjn` Vndwn`n, Rnrpnjm`njn yn`k

emrupnjn` fund jmsmrnjndn`, ln` dnus njn` jmjunsnn`.

 Fnko Kuwnrsc ln` Kuwnrso, smrtn N`in`o dutn` emrupnjn` tmepnt u`tuj 

fmrjnbn loro lnane jmdm`o`kn`. Dn`yn lm`kn` em`yn`kjna loro otuand botrn

en`uson lnpnt lornsnjn`. Lmeojon` puan fnko Vnen, Anjsnen`n, ln` Ro`tn dutn`

emrupnjn` emln` pm`knflon` ln` pmriun`kn` dolup.

l. Olm`togojnso \cjcd
Vnen, Ro`tn, ln` Anjsec`c em`o`kknajn` jmrninn` ln` emensujo dutn`

fman`tnrn ln`
ln` euano em`ku`lurjn`
em`ku`lurjn` loro lnro u`tuj em`lnpntjn`
em`lnpntjn` jmdm`o`kn` ln`

jmjuntn` lnro Oaando.

‑Jmtokn n`nj e
em`uson
m`uson otu fnknojn` jmefn`k-jmefn`k yn`k fnru snin
em`km`na jmdolupn` dutn`k lm`kn` jmefn`k-jmefn`k`yn. Em`ntnp
nane lm`kn` jmpnsrndn` dnto`yn. Em`ymaneo roefn rnyn lm`kn`

jmiuiurn``yn. Dutn` yn`k lnsynt ln` kn`ns em`inlo `ngns yn`k tm`n`k
jmdm`o`kn``yn― (Ro`ldu`ntn, >?4<9>8>)
lnane jmdm`o`kn``yn―

Vnenwoinyn yn`k andor lnro Lmwo Rujnsayn emrupnjn` totosn` Lmwn yn`k

lodnrnpjn` lnpnt em`mknjjn` jmnloan` lo lu`on yn`k smenjo` pnrnd camd

jmn`kjnrneurjnn`. Fmrsnen Vnen andor Anjsnen`n yn`k emrupnjn` anefo`k

jmsndninn` dolup ln` jmeur`on` dolup u`tuj emepmriun`kjn` jmsmtonn` ln`

jmnloan` lnane lu`on. Anjsnen`n ln` Vnen fmrsnen-snen fmriun`k ln`

<<

fmrentornkn u`tuj emefman jmnloan` ln` jmlnenon` lu`on yn`k tmrn`bne camd

jnindntn` ln` dnwn `ngsu en`uson.

 Vnen emepu`yno
emepu`yno tukns u`tuj em`inkn jmtm`tmrnen` inknl. In`kn`
In`kn`
jnu dnan`ko
dnan`ko tukns n`njeu,
n`njeu, dn`yn
dn`yn lmeo jnso`k
jnso`k snyn`k sm`loro.
sm`loro. Enjn
lm`kn` dnto fmrnt njdor`yn Lnsnrntn emrmanjn` n`nj`yn pmrko jm dutn`
u`tuj fmrpmrn`k lm`kn` lun rnjsnsn pm`knbnu dolup en`uson otu. Ln`
fmrn`kjntand Vnen fmrsnen Anjsnen`n em`inan`jn` tukns`yn yn`k
 pmrtnen …― (Ro`ldu`ntn, >?4<:;7)

Jmsmtonn` Ro`tn em`koro`ko an`kjnd Vnen lnane em`knru`ko pm`lmrotnn`

yn`k emrmjn pmrbnyno smfnkno nwna jmfndnkonn` dolup sminto. Emanauo dutn`

emrmjn lnpnt smenjo` lopndneo nrto jmdolupn` sminto. Rmem`tnrn otu Vndwn`n
andor lnro lcsn ln` `ngsu emepu`yno jmsmepntn` em`cac`k Rnrpc Jm`cjc,

nloj`yn, lmeo pnero tmrdnlnp `ngsu profnlo`yn. Lm`kn` smen`knt jmindntn``yn on

o`ko` emrm`kkut Ro`tn lnro tn`kn` Vnen. Njofnt nln rnsn jmo`ko`n` lnane loro

Ro`tn, on tmrimfnj ln` tmrimrnt lnane pmrn`kjnp `ngsu Vndwn`n. Ro`tn njdor`yn

jmaunr lnro ao`kjnrn` bo`tn Vnen ln` Anjsnen`n.

‑\mrinloand Ro`tn jmaunr lnro inknl jmboa jmtuausn` dnto Anjsnen`n,

jmaunr lnro ao`kjnrn` Anjsnen`n. Lm`kn` tnwn yn`k em`kkmfu
Vndwn`n tmrfn`k em`kkm`lc`k Ro`tn jm Nam`kjn …―(Ro`ldu`ntn,
>?4<:>66)

Intnyu emrupnjn` botrn pm`cac`k yn`k rman fmrjcrfn` u`tuj emefn`tu yn`k

em`lmrotn. On fmrusndn
fmrusndn em`cac`k Ro`tn lnro tn`kn` Vndwn`n,
Vndwn`n, `neu` jmtmrfntnsn`
jmtmrfntnsn`

jmjuntn``ynn o`tn tolnj lnpnt losmanentjn` lnro Vndwn`n.

jmjuntn``y Vndwn`n. On emefmrojn`
emefmrojn` smdmano

fuau u`tuj em`inkn jmsubon` Ro`tn.

<=

 
 ‑@neu` tnfndjn`and dntoeu, tolnj nln uanr yn`k fosn emrm`kkut
jmsubon`eu. Nefoaand smdmano fuauju, bnfutand fuau otu, dno putrol
yn`k fmrlujn smfmaue nju fo`nsn. Njn` fmrku`n fuau otu u`tuj 
em`inkn jmsubon`eu, jntn intnyu.―
intn yu.― (Ro`ldu`ntn, >?4<9>64)

Insn ln` pm`kcrfn`n` Intnyu em`inlo snrn`n nwna u`tuj emepmrtmeujn`

Vnen ln` Ro`tn. \mramfod fnko Ro`tn, on tmand emefmro pmrao`lu`kn` tmrdnlnp

jmsubon` dolup. Fnko rnen, intnyu em`inlojn` smen`knt Vnen lotmkudjn`

jmefnao yn`k dnepmr fo`nsn. Lnane pmrinan`n` em`bnro jmnloan`, eu`buaand

N`cen` yn`k fmrfnjto jmpnln Vnen em`inlo lutn Nam`kjn. N`cen` fmrsmlon

lnane wnjtu sntu dnro em`inlo lutn jnrm`n lolnsnro jmpmrbnynn` jmpnln Rn`k
[oldo [nsmsn yn`k njn` em`u`tu` dolup`yn.

‑Dnefn dn`yn pmrbnyn njn` Dyn`k [oldo [nsmsn yn`k njn`

em`u`tu` pmrinan`n` dnefn lnane tukns yn`k euaon o`o― (Ro`ldu`ntn,
>?4<9>78)

Rmen`knt n`cen` smenjo` loeur`ojn` camd pmriun`kn` ln` tn`tn`kn`

lnane emanwn` jmindntn`. N`cen` euano em`kcfrnj nfroj Nam`kjn ln`

fmrpmrn`k emanwn` jmindntn` Vndwn`n. @neu` jmsubon` tmtnp em`n`k lo ntns

smknan`yn.. N`cen` enepu emampnsjn` loro lnro jcfnrn` npo Vndwn`n.

smknan`yn

Xmrn`k euano fmrjcfnr lm`kn` tuaus ln` kmeforn jmrn emanjsn`njn`

tukns`yn u`tuj emanwn` n`kjnrn eurjn wnanu smknan ro`tn`kn` tolnj ampns lnro

dnlnpn` emrmjn. Njdor`yn smknan usndn yn`k lolnsnro lm`kn` jmpmrbnynn`,

jmfm`nrn`, ln` pm`ud pm`kcrfn`n` njn` em`n`k ln` emefundjn` bo`tn sminto.

<7

 
 \cjcd
\cjcd Vmso _ckcsw
_ckcswnrn
nrn fmrpmrn`
fmrpmrn` smfnk
smfnkno
no tcjcd yn`k
yn`k em`kdof
em`kdofur
ur ln`

em`kuntjn` dnto Vnen lnane em`kdnlnpo smknan to`tn`kn` dolup. Lm`kn`

dnlor`yn Vmso _cknswnrn, Vnen smenjo` loninj u`tuj em`kmrto smrtn emendneo

rndnson jmdolupn` sminto. Rmrtn enj`n ento rnkn. Rnrpcjm`cjc dnlor u`tuj 

em`kuio
em`kuio bo`tn ln` jmsmton
jmsmtonn`
n` Vnen
Vnen tmrdnlnp
tmrdnlnp Ro`tn.
Ro`tn. Lmeojon`
Lmeojon` puan
puan lopnjno
lopnjno camd
camd

pm`knrn`k u`tuj em`kuio in`io wnlnt yn`k tmand loubnpjn` camd Anjsnen`.

‑Dno pmrmepun`, enngjn`and nju. Nju sulnd fmrin`io tnjjn` jnwo`

smpn`in`k
smpn`in`k dolup
dolupju.
ju. Losnjsoj
Losnjsojn`
n` nsnf
nsnf jurfn`
jurfn` pur`nen
pur`nen soldo, nju
 fmrjnua u`tuj dolup wnlnt― (Ro`ldu`ntn, >?4<9>84)

[ofosn`n tnepoa smfnkno tcjcd yn`k foinjsn`n. On fmrusndn emenlnjn` npo

`ngsu jnjnj`yn, Vndwn`n. Rmem`tnrn Nam`kjn tmrfnjnr camd nenrnd Vndwn`n,

Juefnjr`c, nloj Vndwn`n, tmrtolur puans emefonrjn` loro`yn dolup lnane

jmsm`loron``yn. @neu` lnane tolur`yn on fmreoepo fmrtmeu lm`kn` [ofosn`n,

nloj`yn, yn`k fmrdnto foinjsn`n, yn`k tmr`yntn sulnd ento lo tn`kn` Vndwn`n.

Jnfnr jmenton` tmrsmfut losnepnojn` camd tcjcd \ckck \micen`tro. Lm`kn`

lmeojon` Juefnjnr`c o`ko` emefnans jmenton` nloj`yn.

[ofosn`n yn`k tmand dolup jmefnao em`knflojn` loro`yn jmpnln Vnen

u`tuj fmrsmjutu emanwn` Vndwn`n. Euanoand emrmjn fmriun`k em`kntnso smeun

ro`tn`kn`. [ofosn`n nlnand tcjcd yn`k smfm`nr`yn andor lnr jmkmanpn`, `neu`

jnrm`n enu fmrtcfnt on ampns lnro jmindntn`. On em`inlo foinjsn`n

foi njsn`n ln` smton jmpnln

jmfm`nrn` smdo`kkn on rman em`kcrfn`jn` ojntn` lnrnd lm`kn` Vndwn`n,

jnjnj`yn,, lmeo jmfm`nrn`. Njdor`yn jmjuntn` indnt lnane tcjcd Vndwn`n lnpnt
jnjnj`yn

lodnlnpo ln` lojnandjn`.

<;
 

Npnfoan loru`ut jmefnao tcjcd-tcjcd yn`k

yn`k lotnepajn` camd pm`knrn`k
pm`knrn`k lnpnt
lnpnt

lournojn` smfnkno fmrojut9 lnane `cvma tmrsmfut tmrlnpnt lun jmacepcj sognt yn`k

nln lnane jmdolupn` o`o. Vnenwoinyn emrupnjn jmacepcj tcjcd jmfm`nrn` yn`k

loluju`k camd Anjsnen`n, Ro`tn, N`cen` lm`kn` [ofosn`n yn`k sulnd fmrtcfnt.

Rmln`kjn` Vndwn`n emrupnjn` jmacepcj yn`k em`kknefnrjn` jmdolupn` yn`k

em`ymrnejn` ln` jmlcsnn`. Jmacepcj yn`k tmrnjdor o`oand njdor`yn fo`nsn

jnrm`n lnane jmdolupn` tolnj nln jmsmrnjndn` yn`k lnpnt nfnlo.

\men lnane `cvma tmrsmfut em`kmtm`kndjn` pmriun`kn` en`uson emanwn`

jmindntn` ln` dnwn `ngsu. Nwna lnro lcsn en`uson nalnd sognt en`uson yn`k
emepu`yno rnsn o`ko` emeoaojo yn`k fmramfodn` smdo`kkn en`uson tolnj anko

emepmriun`kjn`
emepmriun`kjn` jmpm`to`kn` fmrsnen, eman`jn` jmpm`to`kn` rpofnlo yn`k amfod

lou`kkuajn`. Antnr dutn` lopnjno camd pm`knrn`k smfnkno emln` pm`knflon`

Vnenwoinyn u`tuj empmriun`kjn` dolup, tmepnt u`tuj fmrbmreo` loro ln`

em`kcand loro lnane jmsmepur`nn` dolup. Npnfoan loaodnt lnro tcjcd-tcjcd lnane

`cvma o`o lnpnt loaodnt pmrn` tcjcd Vnen ln` Anjsnen`n

Anjsnen`n smfnkno
smfnkno botrn pmriun`kn`

jmfm`nrn`,, scscj en`uson yn`k tmkud lnane fmriun`k, fmaninr em`bnro jmfm`nrn`
jmfm`nrn`

ln` em`b`tno lm`kn` smknan pm`kcrfn`n`. Vnsn bo`tn em`u`tut jmfm`nrn`, tcjcd

Ro`tn loeu`buajn` camd pm`knrn`k. @neu` Ro`tn ensod lnpnt tmrimfnj lnane

jm`ko`n` yn`k fmramfod smdo`kkn lnpnt intud jm tn`kn` Vndwn`n smfnkno anefo`k

jmn`kjnrneurjnn`.
 <4

FNKO
FNKON@
N@ ;
RMEOC\OJN VOGGN\MVVM

n. Xmef
mefnbn
nbn ln` Enj`n Fndnsn
nsn

Voggntmrm
Voggntmrm (\mmuw,
(\mmuw, >?42:7=)
>?42:7=) em`kntnj
em`kntnjn`
n` fndwn
fndwn pmefnbn
pmefnbn yn`k
yn`k fmrtu
fmrtukns
kns

emefmro enj`n pnln smfund jnryn snstrn, dnrus euano lm`kn` em`meujn`

emn`o`k u`sur-u`sur`yn fmrupn jntn em`urut jmenepun` fndnsn yn`k

fmrlnsnrjn` gu`kso fndnsn smfnkno nant jceu`ojnso tm`tn`k kminan lo lu`on aunr9

 Eoemtob gu`btoc`- tmtnpo jmeulon` on dnrus em`o`kjnt jm tntnrn` smeoctoj,

smeocto j, loen`n
jclm jnryn snstrn tmrsmfut lofc`kjnr ( lmbclo`k) smbnrn strujturna ntns lnsnr

sok`ogobn`bm- `yn9 pm`yoepn`kn` lnro jclm fndnsn, lnro enj`n yn`k fonsn losmfut

u`krneentobnaotoms smbn
smbnrn
rn eoemt
eoemtoj
oj em`l
em`lnp
npnt
nt sok`ogobn`bm smbnrn smeoctoj,

lm`kn` antnr fmanjn`k jmsmaurudn` jnryn snstrn yn`k losoepn`ko`yn.

]`tuj lnpnt
lnpnt emendneo
emendneo smfund
smfund jnryn snstrn
snstrn pmrau loanjujn`
loanjujn` n`naosos
n`naosos smbnrn
smbnrn

strujturna snand sntu`yn, jnrm`n jnryn snstrn emrupnjn` fm`tuj strujtur utud lnro

jmsmaurudn`.
jmsmaurudn`. Rmpmrto dna`yn pnln
pnln sninj, strujtur lo so`o emeoaojo
emeoaojo nrto fndwnsn`yn

sninj emrupnjn`
emrupnjn` snand sntu dnsoa jnryn snstrn lm`kn`
lm`kn` susu`n` u`sur-u`sur yn`k

fm
fmrso
rsostm
stme,
e, n`tnr
n`tnr u`sur
u`sur tmrinl
tmrinloo dufu`kn
dufu`kn`,
`, ln`
ln` snao`k
snao`k em`m`t
em`m`tujn
ujn`
` (Xrnl
(Xrnlcpc
cpc,,

>??89>>4). Lojntnjn`
Lojntnjn` puan camd Xrnlcpc (>??89 >68) fndwn n`naosos
n`naosos strujturna

smfund
smfund sninj
sninj nlnand
nlnand n`naosos
n`naosos jm
jm lnane
lnane u`sur
u`sur ln` gu`k
gu`kso`y
so`ynn yn`k emepu`yn
emepu`ynoo

enj`nn dn`yn
enj` dn`yn lnane
lnane jnotn``yn
jnotn``yn lm`kn`
lm`kn` u`sur
u`sur yn`k ano`,
ano`, `neu`
`neu` o`o tolnj
tolnj dn`yn
dn`yn

fmranju
fmranju pnln
pnln puoso,
puoso, tmtnpo
tmtnpo iukn jnryn snstrn
snstrn..
 N`naosos
N`naosos smeoctoj
smeoctoj fmrtuiun`
fmrtuiun` em`n
em`n`kjn
`kjnp
p ln` emefmr
emefmroo enj`n
enj`n jmpnln
jmpnln tmjs.
tmjs.

Xrnlcpc (>??89>66) amfod an`iut

an`iut em`kntnjn`
em`kntnjn` fndwn lnane smeoctoj, emn`o`k

<?

(nrto) emrupnjn`
emrupnjn` nrto fndnsn
fndnsn smfnkno sostme tn`ln to`kjnt pmrtnen. nlnpu` lnane

jnryn snstrn emepu`yno tn`ln fmrlnsnrjn` jc`vm`so ensynrnjnt snstrn. O`o

emrupnjn
emrupnjn`
` sostme
sostme smeoctoj
smeoctoj to`kjnt
to`kjnt jmlun.
jmlun. Nrto snstrn
snstrn losmfu
losmfutt enj`n.
enj`n. Amfod an`iut
an`iut

lournojn`
lournojn` fndwn
fndwn snstrn
snstrn fmrsognt
fmrsognt smeoctoj
smeoctoj nlnand
nlnand usndn
usndn u`tuj em`kn`na
em`kn`naosos
osos jnryn
jnryn

snstrn
snstrn lm`kn`
lm`kn` emaodn
emaodntt vnronso-vnr
vnronso-vnronso
onso lo lnane
lnane strujtu
strujturr sninj,
sninj, n`tnr
n`tnr u`sur njn`
njn`

em`kdnsoajn` fmrnbne-enbne enj`n. Rntun`-sntun` fu`yo, jntn, jnaoent,

topckrngo, m`inefmem`t  njn` emefmrojn` enj`n ln` mgmj-mgmj ano` lnro nrto yn`k

lofmrojn` camd pm`kku`nn` fndnsn fonsn.

]`tuj
]`tuj em`kn
em`kn`na
`naoso
ososs sstruj
trujtur
turna
na smeocto
smeoctoj
j lnane
lnane sninj-
sninj-sn
sninj
inj jnryn
jnryn Vm`
Vm`lrn
lrn

pmrau loanjujn`
loanjujn` pmefnbnn`
pmefnbnn` dmurostoj ln` pmefnbnn`
pmefnbnn` rmtrcnjtog ntnu
ntnu dmrem`mutoj 

smpmrto yn`k lou`kjnpjn` Voggntmrm (Xrnlcpc, >???92). Xm`u`iujjn` tmjs jmpnln

tmjs ano` smfnkno dufu`kn` o`tmrtmjstuna yn`k em`knotjn` snstrn smfnkno rmspc`

jnryn snstrn smfmaue`yn smpmrto yn`k lojntnjn` \mmuw (>?4297=) fndwnsn`yn

jnryn snstrn em`lnpntjn` enj`n dnjojo pnln jnryn snstrn smfmaue`yn ln` dna

fmrupn jutopn`, pm`ymrnpn`, trn`sgcrnso tmjs yn`k losmfut dopckrne nan Voggntmrm.

Xmefnbnn`
Xmefnbnn` smbnrn smeoctoj dmurostoj
dmurostoj lnan` pmefnbnn`
pmefnbnn` fmrlnsnrjn` strujtur

fn
fndns
dnsn`y
n`ynn fmrln
fmrlnsn
snrjn
rjn`
` jc`vm
jc`vm`s
`soo sostme
sostme smeoc
smeoctoj
toj to`kjnt
to`kjnt pmrtne
pmrtnen,
n, smln
smln`k
`kjn`
jn`

pmefnbnn
pmefnbnn`
` rmtrcnjtoj
rmtrcnjtoj ntnu dmrem
dmrem`mutoj
`mutoj nlnand
nlnand pmefnbnn`
pmefnbnn` uan`k
uan`k smsuln
smsulnd
d

pmefnbnn`
pmefnbnn` to`kjnt
t o`kjnt pmrtnen.

N`naosos
N`naosos lnane
lnane emendneo
emendneo sninj tmrsmfut
tmrsmfut smbnrn
smbnrn strujturna
strujturna tmtnp
tmtnp dnrus
 N`naosos
N`naosos lnane
lnane emendneo
emendneo sninj tmrsmfut
tmrsmfut smbnrn
smbnrn strujturna
strujturna tmtnp
tmtnp dnrus

loanjujn`, jnrm`n sninj nlnand

nlnand fm`tuj
fm`tuj yn`k
yn`k utud lnro jm
jmsmaurudn`.
smaurudn`. Lnane

smeoctoj, nrto (emn`o`k) emrupnjn` nrto fndnsn smfnkno sostme tn`ln to`kjnt 

 pmrtnen. tn`ln fmrlnsnrjn` jc`vm`so ensynrnjnt snstrn emrupnjn` sostme

=8

smeoctoj  to`kjnt jmlun. Rntun` fu`yo, jntn, jnaoent, topckrngo, m`inefmem`t njn`

emefmrojn` enj`n ln` mgmj ano` lnro nrto yn`k lofmrojn` camd pm`kku`nn` fndnsn

fonsn.
fonsn. Xm`mrn
Xm`mrnpn`
pn` n`
n`nao
naosos
sos smeoct
smeoctoj
oj lnane
lnane bc
bc`tc
`tcd
d jnry
jnrynn snst
snstrn
rn tmrs
tmrsmfu
mfutt pm
pmrau
rau

eman
emanau
auoo pm
pmef
efnb
nbnn
nn`
` dm
dmur
uros
osto
to ln
ln`
` dm
dmrem
rem`m
`muto
utoj
j smpm
smpmrto
rto u`kj
u`kjnp
npn`
n` Vogg
Voggnt
ntmr
mrrm
rm

(prnlcpc, >???)

f. Xmefnbnn` Dm
Dmurostoj

Xmefnbnn` dmurostoj nlnand pmefnbnn` em`urut sostme fndnsn `crentog,

pmefnbnn` pnln to`kjnt pmrtnen. Lnane dna o`o, jnryn snstrn puoso

lo`nturnaosnsojn`,
lo`nturnaosnsojn`, jntn-jntn
jntn-jntn yn`k jmdoan`kn` oefudn` lofmro oefudn`
oefudn` jmefnao.
jmefnao.

smano` otu, lnane dna pmefnbnn` o`o lnpnt puan lotnefndjn` jntn-jntn, grnsm, ntnu

jnaoent u`tuj emepmrimans dufu`kn` n`tnr fnros ln`

ln` fnot. Rmpmrto dna`yn
dna`yn pnln

bc`tcd pmefnbnn` dmurostob pnln jnryn [R Vm`lrn fmriulua Fnaanln Jnsn` ln`

Xntoen:

Fnot
Fnot > 9 Foan
Foan fua
fuan`
n` aoen
aoenu
u rmtn
rmtnj 
j 
Emrntnpand Xntoen pmrnwn` tun

Fnot
Fnot 69
69 Anro
nro jm enjn
enjne
e tn`
tn`nd
nd en
ento
to
 Fuynr rnefut`yn suaur roefn
Lo tn`kn` fnrn ln` jmem`yn`

Fnot 29 Xnto
Xntoen
en!! Xnto
Xntoen
en
Rusu ln` entn pnlnt sodor
Amanjo euln smpojjn` po`n`kn`
Lopn`nso jmtnjutn` ku`n-ku`n
……………..

=>

Xmefnbnn` dmurostoj smfnkno pmefnbnn` em`urut sostme fndnsn `crentog,

ln` pmefnbnn` pnln to`kjnt pmrtnen smpmrto fmrojut:

Fnot > (npn) foan fuan` (yn`k smpmrto) aoenu (sulnd) rmtnj, emrntnpand Xntoen

(yn`k sulnd em`inlo) pmrnwn` tun.

Fnot 6 (on) anro jm enjne tn`nd (yn`k sulnd) ento (lm`kn`) rnefut`yn yn`k
(eme)
(eme) fuyn
fuynrr rnefut
rnefut`yn
`yn (em`)
(em`) suaur
suaur (lo)
(lo) roefn
roefn.. Lo tn`kn
tn`kn`
` (`y
(`yn)
n)

em`kkm`kkne) jmem`yn` yn`k emefnrn.

Fnot 2 Xntoen! Xntoen! Rusu ln` entn (`yn) pnlnt (camd) sodor amanjo euln

smpo (n) jn` po`n`kn` (yn`k)

(yn`k) lopn`nso
lopn`nso (camd) jmtnjutn`
jmtnjutn` (njn`)
(njn`) ku`n-

ku`n.

Xmefnbnn` em`urut sostme fndnsn `crentovm ln` em`inlo pmefnbnn`

 to`kjnt
to`kjnt pmrtnen.
pmrtnen. Xnln fnot > lou`kjn
lou`kjnpjn`
pjn` smbnrn
smbnrn tmrsur
tmrsurnt
nt /Foan
/Foan fuan`
fuan` aoenu
aoenu

rmtnj//Emrntnpand Xntoen pmrnwn` tun/ lm`kn` pmefnbnn` to`kjnt pmrtnen jntn

 /Foan/ emrupnjn` jntn /Npnfoan/ ln` /fuan` aoenu/ emrupnjn` pmr`yntnn`

em`km`no /fuan` yn`k smpmrto aoenu/ , rmtnj lofnbn smfnkno /sulnd rmtnj/ ln` pnln

fnros jmlun fnot > yn`k em`yntnjn` fndwnsn`yn /pntoen yn`k sulnd em`inlo

pmrnwn` tun/ ln` on emrntnp. Ln` lodnlorjn` lnane

lnane fm`tuj /(npn) foan fuan` (yn`k

smpmrto) aoenu (sulnd) rmtnj, emrntnpand Xntoen (yn`k sulnd em`inlo) pmrnwn`

=6

tun/. O`o emrupnjn` to`lnjn` emam`kjnpo sostme fndnsn `crentovm. \olnj dn`yn

fmranju pnln rn`kjnon`

rn`kjnon` jntn, tmtnpo iukn pnln pnrtojma
pnrtojma jntn smpmrto fmrojut:

Xnln fnot 6 yn`k em`kdnlorjn` /Anro jm enjne tn`nd ento//Fuynr

rnefut`yn suaur roefn//Lo tn`kn` fnrn ln` jmem`yn`/ lm`kn` emam`kjnpo

 pnrtojma smpmrto … emam`kjnpo /eme/ pnln jntn /fuynr/ anau /em`/ pnln  /suaur/,

jntn lmpn` /lo/ pnln jntn /roefn/ smrtn /`yn/ lonjdor rn`kjnon` jntn /Lo tn`kn`/.

Ln` lodnlorjn` smbnrn tmjstuna pnln n`naosos lnane fm`tuj /(on) anro jm enjne

tn`nd (yn`k sulnd) ento (lm`kn`) rnefut`yn yn`k (eme) fuynr rnefut`yn (em`)

suaur (lo) roefn. Lo tn`kn` (`yn) em`kkm`kkne)

em`kkm`kkne) jmem`yn`
jmem`yn` yn`k emefnrn
emefnrn/.
/.

b. Xmefnbnn` Dm
Dmrem`mutoj

Xmefnbnn`
Xmefnbnn` dmrem`mutoj lnpnt iukn lon`kknp
lon`kknp smfnkno pmefnbnn
pmefnbnn`
` uan`k ku`n

emefmrojn` pm`ngsorn` lm`kn` fmrlnsnrjn` jc`vm`so snstrn, ynotu puoso smfnkno

 fm`tuj mjsprmso tolnj an`ksu`k. Rmdo`kkn lnpnt loem`kmrto, fndwnsn`yn

pmefnbnn
pmefnbnn`
` dmrem`m
dmrem`mutob
utob emrupnjn`
emrupnjn` pmefnbnn
pmefnbnn`
` em`urut
em`urut sostme
sostme smeoctoj
smeoctoj to`kjnt
to`kjnt

jmlun. O`o emrupnjn` upnyn emepmrimans

emepmrimans enj`n amfod an`iut, pmrau
pmrau pm`bnron`
pm`bnron`

tmen ln` ensnand`yn lm`kn` em`bnro entrojs, eclma ln` vnron`-vnron``yn.

Rmpmrto dna`yn upnyn pmefnbnn` dmrem`mutos pnln jnryn [R Vm`lrn fmriulua

Fnaanln Jnsn` ln` Xntoen fmrojut:

Fnot
Fnot >9 Foan
Foan fuan
fuan`
` aoe
aoenu
nu rmtn
rmtnj 
j 
Emrntnpand Xntoen pmrnwn` tun

Fnot
Fnot 69
69 Anro
nro jm enjn
enjne
e tn`
tn`nd
nd en
ento
to
Fuynr rnefut`yn suaur roefn
Lo tn`kn` fnrn ln` jmem`yn`

=2

Fnot 29 Xnto
Xntoen
en!! Xnto
Xntoen
en
Rusu ln` entn pnlnt sodor
Amanjo euln smpojjn` po`n`kn`
Lopn`nso jmtnjutn` ku`n-ku`n

Jutopn` jnryn [R Vm`lrn fmrojut njn` lofnbn smbnrn dmrem`mutos smfnkno

 fmrojut9 pnln fnot pmrtnen tmrfnbn fndwnsn`yn ‑ Fuan` yn`k

yn`k rmtnj lnpnt
lnpnt loenj`no

smsuntu yn`k sulnd dn`bur. Jmdn`burn` o`o lonaneo camd smcrn`k knlos Xntoen

 yn`k emrntnp―. Fnot 6 tmrfnbn smfnkno, ‑ Jmdolupn` pntoen yn`k dn`bur camd

bo`tn snepno on em`inlo pmrnwn` tun yn`k knkna camd po`n`kn` smlon`yn

loanjujn` camd Jnsn`―. Ln` fnot 2 tmrfnbn smfnkno ‑Xntoen emem`lne lm`lne,
 o`o lou`kjnpjn` pnln fnros /em`luju`k eujn jnanp tm`knlnd jm pusnt jutuj/ 

Xntoen yn`k sn`knt jnanp ln` tmrsojsn camd n`kn`-n`kn``yn lnpnt ememauj 

Jnsn` sn` iminjn tnepn`. O`o emefunt sojsn dnto Xntoen. Dnto`yn sn`knt pmrod

smpmrto aujn yn`k fmren`lojn` bujn, jnrm`n Jnsn` sn`k iminjn yn`k sn`knt 

lobo`tno`yn em`o`kknajn``yn. Jnsn` em`ojnd lm`kn` wn`otn ano`. O`o lnpnt 

losoenj pnln fnro /fmrao`lu`k tulu`k sm`in em`lu`k fmrjm`lnrn pmlnto mepnt 

juln fmrsnen n`nj fo`o ln` to`kknajn` lnju/ ―.

―. Enj`n yn`k dnlor smtmand emanauo

prcsms pmefnbnn` dmrem`mutos njn` dnlor smfnkno sostme enj`n to`kjnt jmlun

yn`k emepmrimans enj`n.

l. Xm`kkn`ton` nrto

Em`urut Voggntmrm pm`kkn`ton` nrto losmfnfjn` camd pm`kku`nn` emtngcrn

ln` emtc`oeo lnane jnryn snstrn yn`k lnane nrto auns`yn fmrtuiun` em`ymfut

=<

fndnsn jonsn` smbnrn ueue lm`kn` rnkne fndnsn jonsn` ano``yn, smpmrto soeoam,

pmrsc`ogojnso, so`mjlcjo,
so`mjlcjo, mpcs, ln`
ln` namkcro. Dna o`o lnpnt jotn tmeuo pnln
pnln n`naosos

pm`kkn`ton` nrto yn`k loanjujn`

loanjujn` camd Vndent
Vndent Licjc Xrnlcpc
Xrnlcpc pnln sn
sninj
inj Bdnoroa

N`wnrr yn`k fmriulua

N`wn fmriulua Rninj
Rninj Xutod (XX:6886)
(XX:6886) fmrojut:
fmrojut:

RNINJ X]\OD

Fnot
Fnot >9 Fmrsn
Fmrsn`ln
`lnrr pnln
pnln tnro
tnro w
wnr`
nr`nn pman
pman`ko
`ko

Jnu lmpn`ju fmrtulu`k sutrn sm`in

Lo dotne entneu jmefn`k enwnr ln` emanto

 Dnrue wnefuteu em`knau` fmrkmaut sm`ln

Fnot
Fnot 69
69 Rmpo
Rmpo em`y
em`yn`y
n`yo,
o, enan
enane
e lnane
lnane em`lc
em`lcnn tofn
tofn

Emronj eujn nor jcane iown

Ln` lnane lnlnju ememrlu anku

Em`nroj em`nro smaurud nju

Fnot
Fnot 29 Dolu
Dolup
p lnro
lnro dolu
dolupj
pju,
u, po`
po`tu
tu tmrf
tmrfuj
ujnn

Rmanen entneu fnkoju em`m`knlnd

Fnot
Fnot <9 Rmanen
Rmanen jnu
jnu lnrn
lnrnd
d em`k
em`knao
naorr lnro
lnro aujn
aujn

N`tnrn jotn Ento lnto`k tolnj emefmand …

N`naosos pm`kkn`ton` nrto camd Xrnlcpc (XX,6886) lou`kjnpjn` fndwn jntn

 /enwnr/ ln` /emanto/ pnln fnkon` /lo dotne entneu jmefn`k enwnr ln` emanto/ 

(fnot > fnro 2) smfnkno smfund emtngcrn yn`k emeoaojo nrto ano` smfnkno smsuntu

yn`k o`lnd, ntnu bo`tn yn`k eur`o. Rmdo`kkn lnane entn jmjnsod so nju tmrsmfut

tnepnj smsuntu yn`k lo`neno bo`tn yn`k o`lnd ntnu bo`tn yn`k em`kknorndjn` ln`

==

eur`o smpmrto
smpmrto jmo`lndn`
jmo`lndn` fu`kn
fu`kn enwnr (yn`k emrnd)
emrnd) ln` emanto (putod) yn`k

emjnr. Lmeojon` puan pnln fnot jmlun, fnros pmrtnen: /smpo em`yn`yo/ yn`k camd

Xrnlcpc lon`kknp smfnkno fm`tuj pmrsc`ogojnso yn`k emeoaojo enj`n jmnlnn`

yn`k emsnr ln` tofn-tofn tmrnsn smpo. /ln` lnane lnlnju ememrlu anku//em`nroj 

em`nro smaurud
smaurud nju/
nju/ ln` lotngsorjn`
lotngsorjn` jntn /anku/ ln` /em`nro/ otu em`konsjn`
em`konsjn`
jmkmefornn`
jmkmefornn` so nju jnrm`n fmrsn`lo`k (emaodnt) jmjnsod`yn yn`k em`kknorndjn`,
 yn`k fmrsn`lnr tnro wnr`n pman`ko, ynotu lnane jmnlnn` yn`k sn`knt

em`ym`n`kjn`.

m. Xm`yoepn`kn` nrto

Voggntmrm
Voggntmrm em`kmeuj
em`kmeujnjn`
njn` (>?;496)
(>?;496) fndwnsn`y
fndwnsn`ynn pm`y
pm`yoepn`k
oepn`kn`
n` nrto

losmfnfjn` camd tokn dna (prnlcpc, 688<9>6=) ynotu >) nefokuotns, 6) jc`trnlojso,

2) `c`sm`sm
`c`sm`sm.. Nefoku
Nefokuotn
otnss eu`bua
eu`bua jnrm`
jnrm`nn nln`y
nln`ynn pmen
pmenj`
j`nn
nn`
` kn`ln
kn`ln

(pcayo`tmprmtnfam)) yn`k jmrnp lotmeuo amfod imans

(pcayo`tmprmtnfam imans pnln puoso, `n
`neu`
eu` tolnj em`utup

jmeu`kjo`n` iukn njn` tmrinlo pnln jnryn snstrn prcsn. jmkn`lnn` nrto emanauo

jntn, grnsm, enupu` jnaoent lojntnjn` smfnkno snand sntu emlon tmrinlo`yn

pm`yoepn`kn` nrto. Rmpmrto pnln sninj Bdnoroa N`wnr fmriulua Lcn (\XR, >??<)

yn`k lojutop fmrojut:

\udn`ju
Nju doan`k fm`tuj 
Vmeuj 

\udn`ju
Nju em`kmefnrn lo `mkmro nso`k

=7

\udn`ju
Lo po`tueu em`kmtuj 
Nju tnj fosn fmrpnao`k
…
 Nefokuotns pnln grnsm
grnsm /Doan`k fm`tuj/ emeoaojo
emeoaojo enj`n kn`ln emsjopu`

emeoaojo nrto pcjcj smfnkno /pm`lmrotnn`/, jntn /rmeuj/ yn`k fmrnrto dn`bur lnpnt

lonrtojn` lnane enj`n ano` smfnkno dn`bur auaud dolup`yn yn`k lnpnt lopndneo

emeoaojo enj`n /tn`pn dnrnpn`//pm`ud pm`lmrotnn`/ ln` /enan`k/. Lmeojon` puan

lm`kn` fnkon` jnaoent /em`kmefnrn lo `mkmro nso`k/ emeoaojo enj`n

 /jmfo`ku`kn`/
 /jmfo`ku`kn`/ yn`k lnpnt emeu`buajn` nefokuotns
nefokuotns jnrm`n lnpnt
lnpnt loenj`no smbnrn

fmrfmln smfnkno / tolnj tndu nrnd//tolnj tndu npn yn`k lojmrinjn``yn//tmrnso`k/ 

ln` /jmsu`yon`/.

Jc`trnlojso pnln jutopn`

jutopn` sninj Bdnoroa
Bdnoroa N`wnr tmrsmfut
tmrsmfut iukn lnpnt lotmeuo

pnln smtonp fnkon`

fnkon` sninj tmrsmfut, smpmrto
smpmrto dna`yn jc`trnlojso yn`k

g. Xm`boptnn` nrto

Xnln n`naosos tmjs o`o fmrsognt vmrfna ntnu fndnsn ln` snstrn npnfoan smsuno

pn
pn`ln
`ln`kn
`kn`
` rmtrcn
rmtrcnjto
jtogg ntnu d
dmre
mrem`m
m`mutoj
utoj smbnrn
smbnrn smeoct
smeoctoj.
oj. Rmeoct
Rmeoctoj
oj tmjs
tmjs lon`kk
lon`kknp
np

smfnkno rnkne lmgo`oso em`km`no tmjs tmrsmfut smfnkno suntu jmsntun` jmfndnsnn`

yn`k smbnrn vmrfna

vmrfna emeoaojo wuiul ln` o`o lm`kn`
lm`kn` sognt jcdmso (n`tnrn u`sur

emeoaojo jmtmrjnotn` smbnrn gcrena), jcdmrm`so (oso lnpnt emem`udo ackojn

tmjstuna), so`tm`soc`naotns (tmjs loprclujso

loprclujso lm`kn`
lm`kn` tuiun`),
tuiun`), jmfmrtmroenn` (fnko

pmefnbn ntnu ensynrnjnt), o`tmrtmjstunaotns (emeoaojo jnotn` smbnrn sostmentos

=;

lm`kn` tmjs ano`) smrtn o`gcrentovotns (em`kn`lu`k o`gcrenso ntnu pmsn`) smpmrto

yn`k pmr`nd lotmeujn` pnln u`kjnpn` Bg. Fmnukrn`lm (>?489 >?-68)

>? -68)
 Xm`boptnn` nrto njn` fmrjnotn`
fmrjnotn` mrnt lm`kn`
lm`kn` jc`vm`so
jc`vm`so fmrupn fm`tuj vosuna
vosuna

smbnrn ao`kuostoj yn`k tolnj emeoaojo nrto, tmtnpo lnpnt em`oefuajn` enj`n, iukn
smfnkno crkn`osnso tmjs lo aunr ao`kuostoj. Xm`mrnpn``yn pnln puoso njn` tnepnj 

pnln pmefnotn`, m`inefmem`t, roen, topckrnso, ln` dcecackums (Xrnlcpc, >??<).

Camd Vndent Licjc Xrnlcpc dna o`o pmr`nd on tmrnpjn` pnln puoso \rnkmlo [o`jn

ln` Rodjn jnryn Rutnrlio (>?4<:>82->8=) yn`k em`kn`kknp puoso tmrsmfut dn`yn

tmrloro lnro lun jntn, ynotu jnwo` ln` jnsod. Enj`n lo nwna lodnlorjn` emanauo

jntn jnwo` yn`k loenj`no smfnkno suntu dufu`kn` ln` pm`kknefnrn` jmdolupn`

yn`k pm`ud jmfndnkonn` lm`kn` loam`kjnpo camd jnsod snyn`k.

Emaodnt topckrngo jmpm`uaosn` puoso tmrsmfut lm`kn` emeutus-eutus jntn

jnwo` ln` jnsod, em`urut fmanou dna tmrsmfut lnpnt emefmrojn` sukm`sto fndwn

lnane aoen pmroclm yn`k loknefnrjn` pnln aoen jnao fm`tuj fmrufnd, smfund

pmrjnwo`n` yn`k loinan`o lnpnt em`inlo smfund trnkmly. N`kjn aoen lnane dna o`o

emwnjoao aoen pmroclm, aoen dnro, aoen tndu`, aoen fuan` ntnu aoen eo`kku.

Xmefnaojn` pm`uaosn` jntn jnwo` em`inlo wo`jn, ln` jnsod em`inlo sodjn

em`kknefnrjn` jc`loso yn`k fmrfnaoj puan, smdo`kkn camd`yn loenj`no fndwn

jmfndnkonn` dolup lnpnt fmrfnaoj em`inlo trnkmlo jmdolupn`. Emanauo topckrngo

yn`k zokznk, aoju-aoju jmdolupn`, lonjdoro lm`kn` fm`bn`n.

=4

 
 FNKON@ 4
JNION@ RMEOC\OJN VOGGN\MVVM

n. Fnaa
Fnaanl
nln
n Jns
nsn`
n` ln
ln`
` Xntoe
ntoen
n Jnryn
nryn [R Vm`l
Vm`lrn
rn

FNANLN JNRN@ LN@ XN\OEN

Foan fuan` aoenu rmtnj 

Emrntnpand Xntoen pmrnwn` tun

Anro jm enjne tn`nd ento

Fuynrr rnefut`yn
Fuyn rnefut`yn suaur roefn
Lo tn`kn` fnrn ln` jmem`yn`

Xntoen! Xntoen
Rusu ln` entn pnlnt sodor
Amanjo euln smpojjn` po`n`kn`
Lopn`nso jmtnjutn` ku`n-ku`n

Xntoen! Xntoen!

Lotmfnd`yn kmrfn`k enjne

Lmeo smknan pmro ln` pu`ton`nj 
Loku`bn`k`ynn smknan tolur
Loku`bn`k`y to lur pmpcjcj jnefcin
Lofn`ku`jn`
Lofn`ku`jn` smknan nrwnd jufur-jufur rm`kjnd
Ln` lm`kn` sunrn knof n`ko` pnln`k fman`tnrn
Loankujn` enseur ln` amdmr tmefnkn
Em`luju`k eujn jnane tm`nlnd jm pusnt jutuj9
-Lud, fuan` aoenu mens, iminjn tnepn`

Lmsnj-lmsnjjn` wnindeu jm lnlnju ro`lu

Fonr pupus
pupus lm`lne yn`k
yn`k jujn`lu`k
jujn`lu`k
Xn`ns fnkno andnr, fnkno aulnd em`tnro

=?

 
-Xntoen
-Xntoen yn`k bmanjn!
bmanjn! Xntoen!
Xntoen!
Lujn npn sojsn npn3
-Xmro-pmro fmrnpo, dn`tu-dn`tu jmanfu

Doepu` jutuj, sodor lnro n`ko`n pnrn`k tman`in`k

Ln` toepnjn` ntns jmpnan Jnsn`!
-Njn` rc`tcj nsne ln` trmefmso fmrjmefn`k
Jmr`n Jnsn` amanjo fnkno amefu, fnkno enane
Lcsn npn, anj`nt npn3
-Xmrod`yn, pmrod`yn! Aujn en`lo bujn
Jnsn` to`kknajn` lnju, emrc`tn pnjsnju
\mrfnwn fofor`yn anpos lnko`k smknr em`tnd

Xm`kdosnp junt jmefn`k kuan pmrnwn`

Ln` n`ko`n fmrjntn9

-fmrao`lu`k tulu`k sm`in em`lu`k
Fmrjm`lnrn pmlnto mepnt juln
Fmrsnen n`nj fo`o jm fnrnt
Jctn lo tn`nd rm`lnd
-Ln` to`kknajn` lnju fmrsnen fmrndo putod
Emefmano jnefo`k-jnefo`k in`tn` lo jn`ln`k
Camd `ynan`yn Xntoen rmfnd
Fmrcec`k n`ko`n,
n`ko`n, lmlnu`
lmlnu` kukur ln` rueputn`
-Fo`o Jnsn` aulnd`yn nor jmanpn
-Ln` entn tonln `ynan ku`n-ku`n
-N`nj`yn tokn putod-putod fnkno ufo yn`k sufur
-Jnsn`, yn, jnsn`! Ju tndu sonpn Jnsn`!
Xnln enane fo`tn`k so`kknd lo entn`yn
Amanjo smenepno fmrlnrnd pn`ns

Lo lnln`yn tmrsoepn` fmfmrnpn wnind pmrnwn`

Ln` lo ntns loroju o`o
o `o jusnjsojn`
Aoen lnrn fmkotu pnsrnd lnane pmine entn

78
 

Fmrojn` enane fmrfu`kn, ro`tod`yn fnkno `yn`yo

` yn`yo
Ln` Jnsn` em`lm`kus fnkno snepno

-Jutuj`yn em`u`kku pnln Xntoen!

-tn`pn bo`tn lojmtuj`yn im`lman pmrnwn` tun otu
-Lntn`k jutuj`yn! Lnto`k jutuj`yn!
-Xntoen em`ku`bo`yn fnko dnto sm`loro
Rmjnao lornsn lopmrturutjn``yn
Lolnefn fnkno fu`kn, losunco fuau jnjo`yn
Fnko loro`yn Buen! Fnko loro`yn Buen!
9enu`yn.
-Lntn`k jutuj`yn! Lnto`k jutuj`yn!
Ln` jo`o
jo`o on anro jmr`n fo`o
fo`o fnu emanto
emanto
Amznt aulnd`yn nor jmanpn

Fnu jmem`yn` ln` jnefcin kc`bn`k

Fn`kjot Xntoen em`bmjnu tn`kn` rmrn`to`k tun
Em`ioant eujn ankot npo pnln entn
Loampns sntu jutuj ntns jmpnan Jnsn`! _n, jnsn`!

Ln` jnsn` fmrjm`lnrn pmlnto mepnt juln

\mrm`kkut lnro nrnd lnane futn entn
\mramepnr jm ku`u`k smantn` tn`nd pnlns
Emrnu`k n`nj fo`o, emro`kjoj juln-juln
Ln` smeun iukn juln lojmaneo futn entn

Lnto`k jutuj`yn! Lnto`k jutuj`yn!

Xnln enane-enane fmrkmeurud lo tn`nd jnpur smantn`
Lmru fmrkuau`k lo pu`kku`k ku`u`k-ku`u`k
Fujn` lmru n`ko`n in`tn` lnro rndoe an`kot
9lmru jnsn` jmefnrn fmrjm`lnrn pmlnto mepnt juln
Anrojn` jutuj`yn amjnt, jmbut bujn pn`ns fnrn.
 7>

f. Xmefnbnn` Dmurostoj

Fnot > (npn)

(npn) foan fuan` (yn`k smpmrto)
smpmrto) aoenu (sulnd) rmtnj, emrnt
emrntnpan
npand
d
Xntoen (yn`k sulnd em`inlo) pmrnwn` tun.

Fnot 6 (on) anro jm enjne

enjne tn`nd (yn`k sulnd) ento (lm`kn`
(lm`kn`)) rnefut`yn
rnefut`yn yn`k

(eme) fuynr (em`) suaur (lo) roefn. Lo tn`kn` (`yn) em`kkm`kkne)

jmem`yn` yn`k emefnrn.

Fnot 2 Xntoen!
Xntoen! Xntoen!
Xntoen! Rusu ln`
ln` entn (`yn)
(`yn) pnlnt
pnlnt (camd) sodor
sodor amanjo euln

smpo (n) jn` po`n`kn` (yn`k) lopn`nso (camd) jmtnjutn` (njn`) ku`n-

ku`n.

Fnot < Xntoen!

Xntoen! Xntoen! Lotmfnd`
Lotmfnd`yn
yn kmrfn`k
kmrfn`k (lo) enjne lmeo smknan
smknan pmro

ln` pu`ton`nj. Loku`bn`k`yn smknan pcjcj jnefcin yn`k smln`k

tolur, lofn`ku`jn``yn smknan nrwnd (lo) jufur-jufur (yn`k sulnd)

emrm`kjnd ln` lm`kn` sunrn` (yn`k) smknof n`ko`n (lo) pnln`k

fman`tnrn loankujn` (`yn) enseur ln` amdmr tmefnkn (yn`k)

em`luju`k eujn (yn`k) jnanp tm`knlnd jm pusnt jn`tuj.

(n) lud, fuan` aoenu mens, iminjn (yn`k) tnepn`. (M`kjnu em)

lmsnj-lmsnjjn` wnindeu jm lnlnju (lm`kn` pm`ud) ro`lu fonr (and)

 pupus lm`lne yn`k ju jn`lu`k (yn`k) pn`ns fnkno (jn`) andnr,

fnkno (jn`) aulnd em`tnro.

76

Xntoen yn`k bmanjn! Xntoen! Lujn (so) npn, sojsn (so) npn3 Xmro-pmro

(yn`k) fmrnpo, dn`tu-dn`tu (yn`k) jmanfu (em`k) doepu` jutuj, sodor

lnro n`ko`n pnrn`k (yn`k) tman`in`k ln` (em) `oepnjn` (lo) ntns

jmpnan Jnsn`!

Njn` (nju) rc`tcj (jn`) nsne ln` (pcdc`) trmefmso (yn`k smln`k)

fmrjmefn`k jnrm`n Jnsn` (emrupnjn`) amanjo (sm) fnkno amefu, (sm)

fnkno enane (yn`k fmrfunt) lcsn (so) npn, (ln`)

(l n`) anj`nt (so) npn3

Xmrod`yn
Xmrod`yn,, pmrod`yn!
pmrod`yn! Aujn
Aujn (smpmrto)
(smpmrto) en`lo
en`lo (lm`kn`)
(lm`kn`) bujn. Jnsn`
Jnsn`

(yn`k tmand em) `o`kknajn` lnju, (nju) emrc`tn (em) enjsnju.

(nju) tmrfnwn (camd) fofor`yn (yn`k smpmrto) anpos lnko`k (yn`k)

smknr (ln`) em`tnd (on) pm`kdosnp (yn`k) junt jmefn`k kuan

pmrnwn`.

Fnot
Fnot = Ln`
Ln` n`ko`
n`ko`nn fmrjn
fmrjntn9
tn9

-Fmrao`lu`k (and lm`kn`) tulu`k (pnln wnjtu) snyn (yn`k) em`lu`k

(lm`kn`) fmrjm`lnrn (n`) pmlnto (lm`kn`) mepnt juln fmrsnen n`nj 

 (ln`) fo`o (em`uiu) jm fnrnt. (lo) jnan lo tn`nd (yn`k) rm`lnd. Ln`

loto`kknajn` (`yn) lnju fmrsnen (lm`kn`) fmrndo (yn`k) putod (yn`k)

( yn`k)

emefmano jnefo`k-jnefo`k yn`k in`tn` lo jn`ln`k.

(camd `ynan`yn Xntoen rmfnd)

72

(On) fmrcec`k (lm`kn`) n`ko`n, lmlnu` (n` yn`k) kukur ln`

rmrueputn`9

-Fo`o jnsn` aulnd`yn (smpmrto) nor jmanpn

-Ln` entn tonln (em) `ynan

` ynan (jn`) ku`n-ku`n

-N`nj`yn tokn putod-putod fnkno (jn`) ufo yn`k sufur

-Jnsn`, yn Jnsn`! (M`k) jnu tndu sonpn (jnd) Jnsn`! Xnln enane

(yn`k) pm`ud lm`kn` fo`tn`k (tmand) so`kknd lo entn`yn. Manjo

smenepno fmrlnrnd pn`nd lo lnln`yn tmrsoepn` fmfmrnpn wnind

pmrnwn` ln` lo ntns loroju o`o (tmaand) jusnjsojn` aoen lnrn (yn`k)

fmkotu pnsrnd (yn`k em) lnane (yn`k) fmrfu`kn, ro`toj`yn fnkno

(em) `yn`yo ln` Jnsn` em`lm`kus fnkno snepo.

-Jutuj`yn (tmand) em`u`kku

em`u`kku pnln Xntoen!

-\n`pn bo`tn lojmtuj`yn im`lman pmrnwn` tun otu

-Lntn`kand jutuj`yn! Lnto`k (and) jutuj`yn

-Xntoen em`ku`bo`yn fnko dnto`yn sm`loro.

Rmjnao lornsnjn` (`yn) lopmru`tujjn``yn lolnefn (jn`) fnkno (jn`)

 fu`kn, lousnpo (`yn) fuau jnjo`yn Buen fnko loro`yn! Buen fnko

loro`yn!9 enu`yn

-Lntn`k (and) jutuj`yn! Lntn`k (and) jutuj`yn!

-Ln` jo`o on anro jnrm`n fnu (`yn) fnu emanto amznt (and) aulnd`yn

(smpmrto) nor jmanpn.

7<

Fnot 7 Fnu jmem`yn`

jmem`yn` ln` jnefcin
jnefcin (em`k) kc`bn`k
kc`bn`k ln` (eme) fn`kjot
fn`kjot

(jn`) Xntoen (ln` On) em`bmjnu (lm`kn`)

(lm`kn`) tn`kn` rmrn`to`k tun (otu).

(On) em`ioant eujn (`yn) (jm) an`kot (yn`k pn`ns) camd npo pnln entn

(`yn) loampns (`yn) sntu jutuj ntns jmpnan Jnsn`! _n, jnsn`!

Fnot ; Ln` Jnsn`

Jnsn` (yn`k
( yn`k)) fmrjm`lnr
fmrjm`lnrnn (n`) pmlnto
pmlnto (lm`kn`) mepnt
mepnt juln

(yn`k) tmrm`kkut lnro nrnd lnane (lm`kn`) entn (yn`k) futn (yn`k)

tmramepnr jm ku`u`k smantn` tn`nd yn`k pnlns. Emrnu`kand n`nj fo`o

(`yn), emro`kjoj (and) juln-juln ln` iukn smeun juln (yn`k)

lojmaneo entn (yn`k) futn.

Fnot 4 Lntn`k
Lntn`k jutuj`yn!
jutuj`yn! Lnto`k
Lnto`k Jutuj`yn
Jutuj`yn!! Xnln enane-enan
enane-enane
e

fmrkmeurud (and) lo tn`nd jnpur smantn` (em`) lmru fmrkuau`k lo

pu`kku`k ku`u`k-ku`u`k, fujn` (fmr) lmru`yn n`ko`n in`tn` lnro

 rndoe an`kot9 (em`) lmru (and) Jnsn` (em) jmefnrn (yn`k)

fmrjm`lnrn (n`) pmlnto (lm`kn` em`kku`njn`) mepnt juln (em)

anrojn` jutuj`yn (yn`k em) amjnt, jmbut (smpmrto bujn (yn`k pn`ns

(eme) fnrn.

b. Xmefnbnn` Dm
Dmrem`mutoj

Xm`mrnpn` pnln jnryn [.R. Vm`lrn, pmefnbnn` o`o lofnbn fmrlnsnrjn`

jc`vm`so-
jc`vm`so-jc`v
jc`vm`s
m`soo snstrn
snstrn em`urut
em`urut sostme
sostme smeoctoj
smeoctoj to`kjnt
to`kjnt jmlun.
jmlun. Losoe
Losoenj
nj lnro

7=

 iulua ‑Fnaanln Jnsn` ln` Xntoen― em`yorntjn` nln`yn bmrotn tm`tn`k Jnsn` ln`

pntoen. Nlnpu` smbnrn jmsmaurudn` tngsorn` sninj tmrsmfut smfnkno fmrojut.

Fuan` yn`k rmtnj lnpnt loenj`no smsuntu yn`k sulnd dn`bur.

Jmdn`burn` o`o lonaneo camd smcrn`k knlos Xntoen yn`k emrntnp.

Jmdolupn` pntoen yn`k dn`bur camd bo`tn snepno on em`inlo pmrnwn`

tun yn`k knkna camd po`n`kn` smlon`yn loanjujn` camd Jnsn`.

Xntoen emem`lne lm`lne, o`o lou`kjnpjn` pnln fnros /em`luju`k

eujn jnanp tm`knlnd jm pusnt jutuj/ Xntoen yn`k sn`knt jnanp ln`

tmrsojsn camd n`kn`-n`kn``yn lnpnt ememauj Jnsn` sn` iminjn

tnepn`. O`o emefunt sojsn dnto Xntoen. Dnto`yn sn`knt pmrod smpmrto
 aujn yn`k fmren`lojn` bujn, jnrm`n Jnsn` sn`k iminjn yn`k sn`knt

lobo`tno`yn em`o`kknajn``y
em`o`kknajn``yn.
n. Jnsn` em`ojnd
em`ojnd lm`kn`
lm`kn` wn`otn ano`. O`o

lnpnt losoenj pnln fnro /fmrao`lu`k tulu`k sm`in em`lu`k fmrjm`lnrn

pmlnto mepnt juln fmrsnen n`nj fo`o ln` to`kknajn` lnju/ 

Lnro jnfnr
jnfnr /fmrcec`k
/fmrcec`k n`ko`n/
n`ko`n/ lojmtnduo
lojmtnduo`yn
`yn fndwn
fndwn jnsn` emen`k
emen`k

sujn emepmreno`jn`
emepmreno`jn` wn`otn 3Jnsn`,
3Jnsn`, yn, jnsn`!
jnsn`! Ju tndu sonpn Jnsn`

…/ lo lnln`yn tmrsoepn` fmfmrnpn wnind pmrnwn` ln` lo ntns loroju

o`o jusnjsojn`/. Dna o`o em`inlojn` Xntoen emrnsn lm`lne, jnrm`n

sn`knt lopmreno`jn`, po`tu dnto`yn sulnd tmrtutup /Jutuj`yn

em`u`kku Xntoen!/ Xntoen em`ku`bo`yn fnko dnto`yn sm`loro/.

77

Jo`oo Xntoen
Jo` Xntoen sulnd
sulnd rm`tn,
rm`tn, lm`l
lm`lne
ne dnto`y
dnto`ynn ensod
ensod tmrfn
tmrfnwn
wn /Xnto
/Xntoen
en

em`bmjne tn`kn` rmrn`to`k tun/ loampns sntu jutuj ntns jmpnan jnsn`!

_n, Jnsn`!/ Jnsn` jmefnrn fmrjm`lnrn pmlnto mepnt juln anrojn`

jutuj`yn amjnt, jmbut bujn pn`ns fnrn/.

l. Ol
Olmm`togo
ogojnso \men ln
ln` Ens
Ensna
nan
nd

\men em`inlo an`lnsn` utnen lnane pm`kubnpn` iown pm`ynor ([nauyc,

>?4;). Lnpnt lojntnjn` fndwn tmen emrupnjn` knknsn` pcjcj yn`k lou`kjnpjn`

camd pm`knrn`k, pcjcj pojorn` pm`knrn`k yn`k `n`to`yn em`inlo an`lnsn` pm`ynor
 lnane pm`kubnpn`
pm`kubnpn` iown`yn. Npn yn`k em`inlo lmsnjn`
lmsnjn` iown pm`ynor lnane
lnane

puoso`yn, otuand tmen lnane puoso

Lm`kn` lmeojon` lnpnt lournojn` tmen lnane ‑Fnaanln Jnsn` ln` Xntoen―

nlnand smfnkno fmrojut9

Vntnpn` Xntoen yn`k em`ynynt jnrm`n lojmbmwnjn` camd Jnsn` yn`k sujn

emepmreno`jn`
emepmreno`jn` wn`otn lou`k
lou`kjnpjn`
jnpjn` lnane /Foan fuan` aoenu rmtnj/. Rmsuntu
Rmsuntu

yn`k sulnd rmtnj emrupnjn` fnrn`k dn`bur. Fuan` emrupnjn` anefo`k jmutudn`,

npnfoan sulnd rmtnj tnj nln jmo`lndn` anko. Dna o`o lonaneo camd Xntoen yn`k

em`inlojn` lm`lne ln` rnsn snjot dnto /Xntoen yn`k bmanjn! Xntoen! Lujn npn

sojsn npn!/ Xmrod`yn-pmrod`yn! Aujn en`lo bujn/.

Rmfund aujn yn`k lokuyur camd bujn, fmtnpn pmlod`yn lojmbmwnjn` camd

smsmcrn`k yn`k lobo`tno`yn. Rnjot lm`lne dn`yn u`tuj Xntoen sm`loro. O`o

lonjofntjn` camd jmtolnjsmtonn`

jmtolnjsmtonn` Jnsn` yn`k
yn`k em`inlo tuepudn` dnto Xntoen /lo

7;

lnln`yn tmrsoepn` fmfmrnpn wnind pmrnwn`: ln` lo ntns loroju o`o jusnjsojn`:

aoen lnrn fmkotu pnsrnd lnane pmine entn: fmrojn` enane fmrfu`kn, ro`tod`y

fnkno `yn`yo: ln` Jnsn` em`lm`kus fnkno snepo: jutuj`yn em`u`kku pnln

Xntoen!/.

m. N`naos
naosoos ]`
]`sur-
r-u
u`su
surr Rni
Rnin
nj

]`tuj emendneo sninj pmrau lon`naosos u`surm-u`sur`yn. Xrnlcpc (>??8:2)

em`kntnjn` fndwn puoso lnpnt lojnio strujtur ln` u`surm-u`sur`yn, lou`kjnpjn`

 puan fndwn
fndwn puoso smfnkno
smfnkno smfund
smfund strujtur yn`k fmrenj`n
fmrenj`n ln`
ln` fmr`oano mstmtos.

Nlnpu` yn`k pmrau lojnio nlnand fu`yo, jntn, pm`koenion`. Rmtmand smeun u`surm

yn`k nln pnln sninj lon`naosos, jmeulon` lojnio dufu`kn` n`tnr u`surm ku`n

lopndneo enj`n lnane sninj tmrsmfut.

>. Fu`yo

Fu`yoo emrupn
Fu`y emrupnjn`
jn` snand
snand sntu
sntu u`surm
u`surm puoso
puoso lo snepo`k
snepo`k u`tuj 

em`lnpntjn` mgmj jmpuotosn` iukn lnpnt em`oefuajn` enj`n tmrtm`tu.

Nsnpu` u`surm fu`yo yn`k nln lnane puoso lnpnt lonento emanauo nsc`n`so,

naotmrnso ln` vnronso fu`yo.

Xnln
Xnln pu
puos
osoo o`o
o`o sn`k
sn`knt
nt lolce
lolceo`
o`ns
nsoo lm`k
lm`kn`
n` nsc`
nsc`n`
n`so
so u yn`k fn
fn`y
`ynj 
nj 
lojcefo`n
lojcefo`nsojn
sojn`
` lm`kn`
lm`kn` fu`yo
fu`yo fmrnt j, t smdo`kkn
smdo`kkn em`oefua
em`oefuajn`
jn` mgmj
mgmj sunsn
sunsn`n
`n

yn`k pnrnu
pnrnu ln` jnbnu.
jnbnu. O`o lnpnt
lnpnt tmraodnt
tmraodnt pnln anroj /em`luju
/em`luju`k
`k eujn jnanp
jnanp

tm`knlnd jm pusnt jutuj/ lnto`k jutuj`yn! Lntn`k jutuj`yn!/ lofn`ku`jn`

smknan nrwnd jufur-jufur rm`kjnd/.

74

Naotmrnso
Naotmrnso iukn loku`n
loku`njn`
jn` lnane
lnane puoso o`o, eosna`y
eosna`ynn pnln
pnln fnros
fnros

 /Fmrao`lu`k tulu`k sm`in em`lu`k/ jc`sc`n` l yn`k lovnronsojn` lm`kn`

vcjnaa u mefmrojn`
vcjn mefmrojn` sunsn`n
sunsn`n yn`k
yn`k sm`lu
sm`lu ln` ro`lu.
ro`lu. O`o njn` emepmrjun
emepmrjuntt

vnronso fu`yo yn`k fmrnt yn`k lotu`iujjn` emanauo fu`yo yn`k jnjcgc`o.

Jcefo`nso fu`yo pnln puoso o`o fnoj vcbna enupu` jc`sc`n`

em`kdnsoajn` fu`yo-fu`yo yn`k pnrnu o`o emepmrjunt mgmj jmjnbnun` dnto

 ln` jmknanun` Xntoen yn`k loto`kkna camd Jnsn`. Lm`kn` lmeojon` fu`yo

pnrnu pnln sninj o`o enepu em`nefnd mjsprmsovotns enj`n ln` jnaoent.

6. Knyn Jntn

Lnane sninj o`o poaodn` jntn losmsunojn` lm`kn` fu`yo`yn. Dna o`o

emefunt sninj em`inlo mjsprmsog ln` tnepnj smjnao fndwn jntn emepu`yno

gu`kso mstmtos. Dna o`o lnpnt loaodnt pnln fnros /fmrao`lu`k tulu`k sm`in

em`lu`k/ lmru fmrkuau`k lo pu`kku`k ku`u`k-ku`u`k/ lmru Jnsn`

jmefnrn fmrjm`lnrn pmlnto mepnt juln/.

Xnln ensnand lojso, rupn`yn pm`ynor em`kku`njn` jntn-jntn yn`k

aukns ln` junt, eosna`yn pnln /jusnlnp lnrnd amanjo/ poaodn` jntn o`o

em`kknef
em`kknefnrjn
nrjn`
` pmrnsnn`
pmrnsnn` yn`k
yn`k jmrns
jmrns ln` kn`ns.
kn`ns. Rmano`
Rmano` otu pm`ynor
pm`ynor

em`kku`njn` knyn pmrfn`lo`kn`, eosna`yn pnln fnro /tmrfujn kubo-kubo

lnln fnin fnkno pmlnkn`k n`kkur lmrenwn`/ njn` rc`tcj nsne ln` trmefmso

fmrjmefn`k/.

Jntn-jntn yn`k lopnjno camd pm`ynor fn`ynj jntn-jntn yn`k fmrenj`n

aukns, smdo`kkn eulnd u`tuj lopndneo. Rmano` otu iun loku`njn` jntn-jntn

7?

jons. Eosna`yn pnln jntn /aujn en`lo bujn/. Jntn-jntn tmrsmfut em`kjonsjn`

pmrnsnn` yn`k sn`knt pmlod. Lmeojon` puan pnln fnros /fn`kjot Xntoen

em`bmjne
em`bmjne tn`kn`
tn`kn` rmrn`to`k
rmrn`to`k tun/ em`ioant
em`ioant npo pnln entn/
entn/ pnln jntn rmrn`to`k
rmrn`to`k
 tun em`yo
em`yornt
rntjn
jn`
` fn
fnln`
ln` jurus
jurus ln`
ln` tun,
tun, an`kot
an`kot smpo
smpo nl
nlnan
nand
d pmrn
pmrnsnn
snn`
` nenrn
nenrnd
d

jnrm`n lm`lne`yn pnln Jnsn`.

2. Knyn Jnaoent

Knyn jnaoent yn`k loku`njn` lnane sninj o`o nlnand knyn dopmrfcan.

Nlnpu` dopmrfcan nlnand knyn yn`k fmramfod-amodn` ([nauyc, >??=94=). Dna

D na

tmrsmfut lnpnt loaodnt pnln /Xmrod`yn!, pmrod`yn!/ Aujn en`lo bujn/ fnros

tmrsmfut em`u`iujjn` fmtnpn Xntoen em`n`kku`k jmpmlodn` dnto yn`k tolnj 

tmrjornjn`, aujn yn`k fmren`lojn` bujn. O`o lnpnt lofnyn`kjn` fmtnpn

pmrod`yn.

Lmeojon` puan pnln fnros /em`luju`k eujn jnanp tm`knlnd jm pusnt

jutuj/. Dna o`o em`u`iujjn` suntu jutujn` yn`k sn`knt lnane, lojntnjn`

pusnt jutuj yn`k fmrnrto jutuj yn`k emeusnt.

Nlnpu` jnaoent-jnaoent yn`k lopnjno camd pm`ynor smkmrn jmsmaurudn`

em`kn`lu
em`kn`lu`k
`k knyn fmrbmrotn
fmrbmrotn.. Rmano`
Rmano` otu iukn knyn fmrtn`y
fmrtn`ynn loku`njn`,
loku`njn`,

eosna`yn pnln fnros /lujn npn, sojsn npn3 / lcsn npn, anj`nt npn3/. jnaoent

tmrsmfut tolnj loenjsuljn` u`tuj fmrtn`yn emano`jn` u`tuj pm`mknsn`.

]`tuj em`mknsjn` smsuntu pm`ynor rupn`yn iukn em`kku`njn` jnaoent

smrun, eosna`yn pnln fnros /Lntn`k jutuj`yn: lnto`k jutuj`yn! /jnaoent o`o

;8

louan`k snepno tokn jnao. O`o em`u`iujjn` nln`yn jutuj yn` lotuiujn`
 jmpnln Jnsn` yn` tolnj dm`to-dm`to`yn.

g. Dufu`kn` Rtrujturna n`tnr ]`

]`sur

Fnot-fnot
Fnot-fnot puoso tmrsmfut
tmrsmfut npnfoan
npnfoan lopmrdntoj
lopmrdntojn`
n` tmrlnpnt
tmrlnpnt nln`yn
nln`yn jmsntun`,
jmsntun`,

jnrm`n n`tnr u`surm tmrlnpnt inao`n` yn`k n`tnrn sntu ln` ano``yn snao`k

em`luju`k. Npnfoan lopmrdntojn` pnln iulua ‑Fnaanln jnsn` ln` Xntoen― jntn

Fnaanln
Fnaanln em`kn`lu
em`kn`lu`k
`k nrto sninj
sninj smlmrdn`
smlmrdn`nn yn`k em`kosn
em`kosndjn`
djn` bmrotn
bmrotn yn`k

em`kdnrujn`.
em`kdnrujn`. Dna tmrsmfut jnanu lodufu`kjn` lm`kn` josnd-josnd yn`k losniojn`

camd pm`ynor emen`k lmeojon`, ynotu em`nepoajn` josnd fmtnpn pmlod`yn

smcrn`k knlos yn`k fmr`nen Xntoen yn`k lojdon`nto camd Jnsn` smdo`kkn jutuj 

ln` lm`lne`yn lofnwn snepno ento.

Xnln fnot pmrtnen tmraodnt nln`yn sunsn`n yn`k em`ymlodjn`.

em`ymlodjn`. O`o tmrknefnr

emana
emanauo
uo poaodn`
poaodn` jntn
jntn aoenu
aoenu rmtnj,
rmtnj, emrntn
emrntnpan
pand.
d. Xoaodn
Xoaodn`
` jntn tmrsm
tmrsmfut
fut emrup
emrupnj
njn`
n`

jcefo`
jcefo`ns
nsoo fu`y
fu`yoo yn`k
yn`k jnjcgc
jnjcgc`o
`o rntnp
rntnp ln` rmtnj
rmtnj o`o em`kn
em`kn`lu
`lu`k
`k fu`yo
fu`yo j, p,
p, t,

yn`k fmrturut-turut.

Runsn`n eurne ln` jmpmlodn` lopmrjunt lm`kn` knyn dopmrfcan yn`k

lojcefo`nso lm`kn` pmrfn`lo`kn`.

pmrfn`lo`kn`. O`o tmrlnpnt pnln fnros /Njn` rc`tcj nsne ln`

trmefmso fmrjmefn`k jmr`n Jnsn` amanjo fnkno amefu/ fnkno enane lcsn npn/ 

anj`nt npn3/-pmrod`yn!
npn3/-pmrod`yn! Xmrod`yn! Aujn
Aujn en`lo bujn/.
bujn/. Lnane u`surm-u`sur knyn

dopmrfcan tnepnj nln`yn u`kjnpn` yn`k sn`knt fmramfodn` ln` pmrfn`lo`kn`

yn`k em`ku`kjnpjn` jmjuntn` lcsn yn`k sn`knt lnsynt.

;>

 
 Inlo, smbnrn
smbnrn strujturna
strujturna lnane
lnane sninj
sninj otu tnepnj
tnepnj nln`yn
nln`yn jcdmrm`so
jcdmrm`so n`tnrn
n`tnrn

enj`n ln` pm`n`ln`yn

pm`n`ln`yn poaodn` jntn,
jntn, fu`yo lnf knyn
knyn fndnsn
fndnsn`yn.
`yn. Rmeun otu

emefmro knefnrn` sunsn`n yn`k pnrnu pm`ud lm`kn` jmpmlodn`.

;6

 
 FNKON@ ?
RMEOC\OJN
RMEOC\OJN BDNVAMR
BDNVAMR RN@LMV
RN@LMV XMOVBM
XMOVBM

n. \n`l
\n`ln
n ln`
ln` O`
O`tm
tmpr
prmt
mtns
nsoo \n
\n`l
`ln
n

Rmeoctojn emrupnjn` suntu to`lnjn` (nbtoc`), pm`knrud, (o`gaum`bm), ntnu

jmrinsnen lnro tokn sufimj, n`tnrn ano` tn`ln (sok`), cfimj ln` o`tmrprmtn`t.

Nlnpu` yn`k loenjsul sufimj nlnand m`totns smeoctojn yn`k sognt`yn nfstrnj,

tolnj lopm`knrudo camd jmfonsnn` fmrjceu`ojnso smbnrn jc`jrmt. \n`ln

emrupnjn
emrupnjn`
` pm`kdufu
pm`kdufu`k
`k n`tnrn
n`tnrn smsuntu
smsuntu lm`kn`
lm`kn` dnsoa tngsorn
tngsorn`
` (o`tmprmtn`
(o`tmprmtn`t)
t) yn`k
yn`k

em`yntnjn
em`yntnjn`
` smsuntu
smsuntu yn`k ano` lnane
lnane fmfmrnpn
fmfmrnpn dna.
dna. Dnsoa tngsorn`
tngsorn` tmrsmfu
tmrsmfutt

emrupnjn` pmrostown psojcackos lnane

lnane pojorn` so pm`ngsor (o`tmrprmtmr).

Bdnrams
Bdnrams Rn`lmr
Rn`lmr Xmorbm
Xmorbm (>42?->?>
(>42?->?><)
<) lojm`na
lojm`na smfnkn
smfnknoo snand
snand smcrn`k
smcrn`k ndao goacscg 
goacscg 

Nemrojn
Nemrojn yn`k iukn lojm`na
lojm`na smfnkno
smfnkno ndao ackojn
ackojn lm`kn`
lm`kn` pmendnen``y
pmendnen``ynn tmrdnlnp
tmrdnlnp

en`uson ln` pm`nanrn` (oaeu pnsto). Ackojn yn`k em`knjnr pnln en`uson jmtojn

fmrpojor emaofntjn` tn`ln smfnkno jmynjo`n` en`uson. Fnko`yn so`c`oe lm`kn`

ackojn emefunt on em`kntnjn` fndwnsn`yn en`uson fmrpojor lnane tn`ln, yn`k

 iukn em`inlo u`sur jceu`ojnso. \n`ln njn` em`inlo tn`ln npnfoan logu`ksojn`

smfnkno tn`ln.

Gu`kso msm`sona tn`ln yn`k lou`kjnpjn` Xmorbm nlnand em`inlojn` rmanso

yn`k tolnj mgosom` em`inlo mgosom`. Rynrnt smsuntu lnpnt losmfut tn`ln npnfoan

lnpnt lotn`kjnp ntnu tnepnj, em`u`iuj pnln smsuntu, em`kkn`tojn`, emwnjoao,

em`yniojn`, smfnkno sognt rmprmsm`tntos yn`k emepu`yno dufu`kn` an`ksu`k

lm`kn` sognt o`tmprmtntog.

o`tmprmtntog. Em`urut`yn dnsoa o`tmprmtnso
o`tmprmtnso nlnand
nlnand toefua`yn tn`ln fnru
fnru

pnln dna
dna yn`k loo`tmpr
loo`tmprmtns
mtnsojn`
ojn``yn,
`yn, smdo`kk
smdo`kknn tokn u`sur
u`sur yn`k
yn`k em`m
em`m`tujn
`tujn`
` tn`ln

;2
 

nlnand tn`ln lnpnt lotn`kjnp, lotu`iuj, emeoaojo rmanso n`tnrn tn`ln ln` pm`mroen

tn`ln yn`k fmrsognt rmprmsm`tntovm yn`k em`knrndjn` pnln o`tmprmtnso. Dna o`o

ku`nn em`bnro
ku` em`bnro nrto jdns tn`ln.
tn`ln.

f. Xmenj`nn` \n`ln

Xmend
Xmendnen
nen`
` tn`ln,
tn`ln, ntnu
ntnu lm`kn`
lm`kn` smfutn
smfutn`
` soefca
soefca em`ur
em`urut
ut fmf
fmfmrn
mrnpn
pn nda
ndaoo

(`ycen`, 688<9>>=) n`tnrn ano` Xmorbm lofmlnjn` lnane boro-boro tmrtm`tu yn`k

camd`yn, soefca lofmlnjn` ntns o`lmjs ln` ojc` yn`k lnpnt lon`naosos emanauo suju

jntn, jntn, jnaoent, nao`mn ln` fnkon` ano``yn do`kkn pmen`gnntn` gcjnaosnso.

Lofobnrnjn
Lofobnrnjn`
` dufu`kn`
dufu`kn` n`tnrn
n`tnrn sostme
sostme soefca
soefca nlnand
nlnand emtngcroj , nrfotrmr , ln` sostme

tn`ln yn`k emrupnjn` mjunvnam`so smfnkno fmrojut (@ycen`, 688<9>>7)

Mjuovnam`so Roefca ln` \n`ln

Roefca \n`ln

Emtngcroj  Emtc`oeoj 

Xnrnlokentob Ro`tnkentos
Dnrec`o (soeuatn`) Vmanso (fmrurutn`)

Lnane dna o`o o`tmrprmtntmur  smfnkno sufimj pm`mroen tn`ln lm`kn` tn`ln yn`k

tmand lodufu`kjn` lm`kn` nbun`, tmrensuj lnane to`lnjn`, pmro`kjnsn`,

pm`kknefnrn` strujtur ln` pm`bmrotnn` jmefnao lm`kn` sntun` eo`oena tmjs

(rdmem) smpmrto jntn-jntn (@ycen`, 688<9>>;).

Fnko Xmorbm
Xmorbm yn`k
yn`k em`ymfut
em`ymfut oaeu
oaeu tn`ln
tn`ln lm`kn`
lm`kn` sm
smfutn
futn`
` smeocsos, inknt rnyn

tmrloro ntns tn`ln-tn`ln (sok`s) smfnkno pn`ln`kn`, fndwnsn`yn tn`ln tolnjand

 ;<

smfnkno suntu strujtur, tmtnpo prcsms pmenj`nn` yn`k loanjujn` lm`kn` tokn
to kn tndnp

(tronlob) ntnu tndnp smeocsos (dcml, 688>9 >2?->77), ynotu tndnp pmrtnen,
pm`bmrnpn` rmprmsm`tnem` (V) wnind aunr tn`ln yn`k fmrjnotn` lm`kn` en`uson

smbnrn an`ksu`k, tndnp jmlun ynotu pm`u`iujn` rmprmsm`tnem` pnln cfimj (C),

smfnkno jc`smp yn`k lojm`na camd pmenjno tn`ln, fmrjnotn` lm`kn` rmprmsm`tnem`

tmrsmfut, ln` tndnp jmtokn,

jmtokn, ynotu pm`ngsorn` an`iut camd pmenjno tn`ln y
yn`k
n`k losmfut

o`tmprmtn`t  (o) smtmand rmprmsm`tnem`

rmprmsm`tnem` lojnotjn` lm`kn`
lm`kn` cfimj. Lm`kn` jmtokn tndnp

tmrsmfut fmrsognt tnj tmrfntns ( u`aoeotml ) smpmr

smpmrto
to pmkkn
pmkknefn
efnrn`
rn` lnane
lnane sjmen
sjmen

fmrojut:

O`tmrprmtn`t

sok`ogomr Vmgmrm`t

Xmorbm em`kntnjn` fndwnsn`yn on em`lulujo smeoctojn lnane jmkontn`

oaeond yn`k smbnrn smlmrdn`n

smlmrdn`n lon`kknp smfnkno
smfnkno upnyn
upnyn pm`infnrn`
pm`infnrn` ntns tn`ln.
tn`ln.

Xcjcj
Xcjcj pmrodn
pmrodnaa yn`k
yn`k fmrsog
fmrsognt
nt prnjto
prnjtoss (prnk
(prnkent
entos)
os) smpmrt
smpmrtoo dna`yn
dna`yn pmendne
pmendnen`
n`

tmrdnlnp enj`n (lmgo`otoc` cg emn`o`k) yn`k smbnrn

smbnrn smlmrdn`n
smlmrdn`n smfnkno
smfnkno upnyn
upnyn

pm`n`kjnpn`
pm`n`kjnpn` enj`n
enj`n lnro
lnro soso mgmjtog`yn. \njsc`ceo Xmorbm smfnkno lnsnr jntmkcro
jntmkcro

ntnu im`os tn`ln smfnkno

smfnkno fmrojut
fmrojut yn`k
yn`k jmeulon`
jmeulon` lo`oano
lo`oano smfnk
smfnkno
no nspmj
nspmj im`os tn`ln,
tn`ln,

ynotu:
 ;=

Vmanso Xrcsms \opcacko Gu`kso

\n`ln lm`kn` Xm`ngsorn` cfimj  Ojc` Jmeoropn`
lm`ctntue camd tn`ln O`lmjs Xm`u`iuj 
(cfimj) soefca Jc`vm`so
\n`ln lm`kn` Xrcsms o`tmprmtnso Vdmem Jmeu`kjo`n`
o`tmrprmtn`t pnln camd sufimj  Lmbosok` Xrcpcsoso
sufimj  Nrkuem`t Jmfm`nrn`
\n`ln lm`kn` Xm`nepoan` ^unaosok` Xrmlojnt
lnsnr rmamvn`so u`tuj  Ro`sok` Cfimj 
em`kdnsoajn` sufimj lnane Amkosok` Jclm, jc`vm`so
pmendnen` jc`tmjs

b. Im`os \n`ln

Vnkne tn`ln yn`k lou`kjnpjn` Xmorbm (Gosjm, >??89<7) n`tnrn ano` nlnand

ojc` yn`k lolmgo`osojn`

lolmgo`osojn` smfnkno
smfnkno tn`ln yn`k smrupn lm`kn`
lm`kn` yn`k lotn`l
lotn`lno,
no, soefca

lm`kn` pm`kmrton` smfnkno tn`lno yn`k tolnj smrupn lm`kn` yn`k lotn`lno, tmtnpo

fmrsognt nrfotrmr ln` eur`o jc`vm`soc`na, smrtn o`lmjs yn`k lolmgo`osojn` smfnkno

tn`ln yn`k fmrsognt tmrjnot smbnrn ctcentos lnane suntu dna lm`kn` yn`k lotn`lno

ntnu jnusna (mjsostm`sona)

Xnrnloken ln` so`tnken lnane strujtur jnaoent, juepuan` tn`ln lontur

lnane jclm-jclm. Xnrnloken emrupnjn` jansogojnso tn`ln, smln`kjn` tn`ln yn`k

emrupnjn` n`kkctn lnro

lnro jntmkcro tmrtm`tu (Rufur, 6886). Fnko Xmorbm boro lnsnr

pm`to`k lnro tn`ln nlnand krcu`l  (lnsnr), ln` fnkon` ntns tn`ln losmfut lm`kn`
 jclm yn`k
yn`k em`knrnd
em`knrnd pnln jclm fndnsn,
fndnsn, tn`ln ln` lnsnr`yn
lnsnr`yn (krcu`l) tmrfnko

em`inlo tokn, ynotu

>) qunaosok`s smfnkn

smfnknoo tn`ln-tn`ln yn`k emrupnjn` tn`ln fmrlnsnrjn
fmrlnsnrjn`
` suntu

sognt,

;7

6) so`sok`s ynotu tn`ln yn`k emrupnjn` tn`ln ntns lnsnr tnepoa`yn lnane
jm`yntnn`, ln`

2) amkosok`s ynotu tn`ln-tn`ln yn`k emrupnjn` tn`ln ntns lnsnr suntu pmrnturn`

yn`k fmranju ueue (jc`vm`so)

Ostoand lm`ctntue lnane lu`on smeoctojn Xmorbm tmrjnot lm`kn` tn`ln smfnkno

ostoand yn`k
yn`k lopmrku`njn`
lopmrku`njn` u`tuj em`n`lnjn`
em`n`lnjn` u`sur jm`yntnn` yn`k lotu`iuj c
camd
amd

tn`ln. Camd Xmorbm loku`njn` lm`kn` ostoand cfimj ln` emefmlnjn``yn em`inlo

tokn enbne:

>) ojc
ojc` sm
smfnk
nknno tn
tn`l
`lnn yn`
yn`k
k nln
nln,,

6) o`lmjs
o`lmjs smfnk
smfnkno
no tn`
tn`ln
ln yn`k
yn`k tmrkn`
tmrkn`tu`
tu`k
k pnl
pnlnn lm`ct
lm`ctntu
ntue,
e, ln`
ln`

2) soefca
soefca ynot
ynotu
u tn`ln
tn`ln yn`k
yn`k fmrdu
fmrdufu`
fu`kn
kn`
` lm`kn
lm`kn`
` lm`
lm`ctn
ctntue
tue lotm`
lotm`tuj
tujn`
n` camd
camd

suntu jc`vm`so.

\n`ln ln` o`tmprmtn`t`yn camd Xmorbm losmfut smfnkno dna eu`bua pnln loro

o`tmprmtn`try lo lnane em`ngsorjn`, enjn tn`ln emanauo prcsms rmprmsm`tnso ln`

o`tmprmtnso, smdo`kkn em`ymfnfjn` pmrjmefn`kn` suntu tn`ln ano`. Camd Xmorbm

emefmlnjn`
emefmlnjn` tokn enbne o`tmprmtnso, n`tnrn ano`,
 >) rdmem, npnfoan lnpnt loo`tmprmtnsojn` smfnkno rmprmsm`tnso lo smuntu

jmeu`kjo`n`
jmeu`kjo`n` lm`ctntue,

6) lmbosok`, foan fnko o`tmprmtn`t`yn tn`ln tmrsmfut em`nwnrjn` dufu`kn`

yn`k fm`nr nln lo n`tnrn

n`tnrn tn`ln lm`ctntue u`tuj
u`tuj otu fnko
fnko Xmorbm tn`ln

lojntnjn` iukn em`inlo tn`ln u`tuj

u`tuj ensynrnjnt
ensynrnjnt ueue,

2) nrkuem`t , npnfoan lnpnt lojnotjn` lm`kn` jmfm`nrn`.

;;

FNKON@ >8
JNION@ RMEOC\OJN BDNVAMR RN@LMV XMOVBM

n. Emaodnt
Emaodnt Bndnyn
Bndnyn Jmdolupn
Jmdolupn`
` lnane Fmam`bc`k
Fmam`bc`k Jnryn
Jnryn Rnc`o
Rnc`o Gnrol
Gnrol

Enuan`n

FMAM@BC@K
FMAM@BC@K (Rc`o Gnrol Enuan`n)
Enuan`n)

\n`pn Eo`ynj 
Lnane kmanr smemstn
Jnu `ynanjn` npo nfnlo. Fmrkmtnr inknl naot
jmaor ‒ jmdolupn`
Xnln jmaor ‒ 
jmdolupn` loeuano-
No, lm`yut jmdolupn` yn`k gn`n

\mrnsn pnln jmdm`o`kn` smjnr pnlenan

Iown emefujn
Em`mroen smknan enj`n nln. \mrnsn
Lnro sulut jm sulut wnjtu
 Lnro run`k jm run`k
Lmanau jmtonlnn`ju loutudjn` bo`tnEu

Lu`on fmkotu o`lnd bo`tnju

Iown em`ynan
\nj dnfos dn`yn smtn`kos emendneoEu
Rnepno loro
Jnu pmauj lm`kn` jmutudn` enut
Lo kmanp sufud
\m`bnp jnyc` dolupju!

;4

Rmeun puoso emeoaojo rndnson yn`k tmrsmefu`yo lo lnane`yn. ]`tuj lnpnt

emaodnt rndnson tmrsmfut pmrau pm`ngsorn` em`ngsorjn` puoso fn`yj bnrn lnpnt

loanjujn`, tmrkn`tu`k pnln enso`k-enso`k o`lovolu njn` emeuano lnro en`n.

Rmpmrto lojntnjn` camd \mmuw (>?429><) fndwn smsmcrn`k njn` em`kupns puoso

lnpnt lnroen`n
lnroen`n snin. \olnj pm`to`k npnjnd
npnjnd euano lnro nspmj
nspmj enj`n, nspmj
nspmj tntn

fndnsn, nspmj strujtur snin ntnu nspmj en`npu`.

Xnln pm`ngsorn` puoso o`o loanjujn` lm`kn` em`mepud < an`kjnd n`bn`kn`

smeoctoj. An`kjnd pmrtnen9 lobnro tmramfod lnduau yn`k lon`kknp smfnkno pm`n`ln

(sok`ogomr) utnen yn`k lnpnt emprmsm`tnsojn` o`to smaurud puoso. An`kjnd jmlun9

puoso lotmannd pnln jntn yn`k em`kku`njn` enj`n lm`ctntovm ln` jc`ctntog.

Rmtmand otu lotmausuro fnknoen`n lm`ctnso ln` jc`ctnso ojut emefn`ku` enj`n

yn`k tmand lotmtnpjn` lnane sok`ogomr utnen. An`kjnd

An`kjnd jmtokn9 emanjujn`
emanjujn` n`naosn
 pnrnlokentob. \mannd o`o em`bnro fnknoen`n pm`ynor em`yniojn` pmeoaodn` yn`k

smbnrn pnrnlokentob tolnj tmmrlukn ln` emefunt tmrinlo`yn

t mrinlo`yn lmvonso fndnsn.

Nln lun enbne pnrnlokentob lmvontoc` yn`k eu`kjo` lotmeujn`, ynj`o

sm
smen`
en`tob
tob lmvo
lmvonto
ntoc`
c` ln`
ln` krne
krnento
ntobn
bnaa lmvon
lmvontoc
toc`
` pnln
pnln tntnrn
tntnrn`
` pnrnl
pnrnloke
okento
ntob.
b. Xnln
Xnln

tmannd o`o smro`k emensujo lnmrnd emtnpdcr ln` njn` emefnwn pnln an`kjnd-

an`kjnd nn`naosos emtnpdcr ln` em`mausuro mgmj npn yn`k o`ko` lobnpno camd

pm`ynor lm`kn` fmrlmvonso smpmrto otu ln` fnknoen`n lmvonso tmrsmfut em`luju`k

sok`ogomr yn`k tmand lotmeujn`. An`kjnd <9 emanjujn` n`naosn so`tnnkentoj. Xnln

n`naosos o`o lotmausuro nln`yn smqum`bm

smqum`bm cg wcrls (urutn` jntn) yn`k tolnj tmrlukn

ln` emefunt tmrinlo`yn lmvonso fndnsn. Iukn pmrau lotmausuro mgmj npn yn`k o`ko`

;?

lobnpno pm`ynor lm`kn` fmrlmvonso smpmrto otu, ln` fnknoen`n lmvonso tmrsmfut

em`luju`k sok`ogomr utnen yn`k tmand lotmeujn`.(wnrlcyc

lot meujn`.(wnrlcyc,, 688<9 6<-6=).

f. Xm`n`
m`n`ln
ln (sok
(sok`o
`ogo
gomr
mr)) utne
utnen
n.

Xm`n`ln
Xm`n`ln (sok`ogomr)
(sok`ogomr) utnen
utnen puoso
puoso o`o nlnand
nlnand / Rmanau
Rmanau jmtonlnn`ju loutudjn`

camd bo`tnEu/  Xuoso o`o em`ku`kjnpjn` tm`tn`k pm`kdnyntn` jmdolupn`

smsmcrn`k yn`k amend

amend ln` loutudjn`
loutudjn` camd bo`tn jnsod \udn`. Lnane puoso o`o
o`o

loku`njn` jntn  /smanau jmtonlnn`ju/ 

jmtonlnn`ju/ . Otu em`u`iujjn` fmtnpn so Nju yn`k tolnj 

fmrlnyn, yn`k tolnj emeoaojo npn npn. Xnln fnros / loutudjn`

loutudjn` camd bo`tnEu/  jntn
  Eu emrupnjn` emtnpdcr lnro \udn`. \udn` yn`k tmand emefunt utud so Nju

(en`uson
(en`uson)) yn`k
yn`k tolnj emeoaojo
emeoaojo npn-np
npn-npnn ln` tolnj
tolnj fmrlnyn
fmrlnyn lm`kn`
lm`kn` bo`t
bo`tnn \udn`.
\udn`.

Xnln jntn / smanau/ 

smanau/  em`u`iujjn` nln`yn wnjtu yn`k tolnj tmrfntns, so Nju emrnsn
bo`tn \udn` smanau em`ymrtno, smdo`kkn so Nju em`inlo utud tolnj fmrbman.

b. Lm`ctnso ln` Jc`ctnso

Fnot >9

Jntn-jntn yn`k loku`njn` camd pm`ynor smbnrn lm`ctntog pnln fnot o`o

nlnand9/tn`pn//eo`ynj//lnane//kmanp//sm
nlnand9/tn`pn//eo`ynj//lnane//kmanp//smemstn//jn`//`ynanjn
emstn//jn`//`ynanjn`//npo//fmrkmtnr//inkn
`//npo//fmrkmtnr//inknl
l

 //naot//pnln//jmaor//jmdolupn`//loeuan//no//lm`yut//yn`k
 //naot//pnln//jmaor//jmdolupn`//loeuan//no//lm`yut//yn`k//gn`n/.
//gn`n/. Nlnpu` jntn-jntn

yn`k iukn lopnjno camd pm`ynor smfnkno jntn yn`k fmrjc`ctnso nlnand:

 /kmanp/`ynanjn`//npo//inknl//jmaor/.
 /kmanp/`ynanjn`//npo//inknl//jmaor/.

Jntn /kmanp/ fmrjc`ctnso tolnj tnepnj, fmaue nln, npnanko jntn tmrsmfut

lorn`kjno lm`kn` /smemstn/. O`o fmrjc`ctnso smemstn ntnu jmdolupn` yn`k tolnj 

48

tnepnj, ntnu fmaue nln jmdolupn` lo nane smemstn o`o. Jntn /`yntnjn`/ 

fmrjc`ctnso lofunt em`inlo dolup, em`inlo fmr`ynwn. Jntn /jnu/ emrupnjn`

emtngcrn lnro \udn`. Jntn /npo/ lojc`ctnsojn` smfnkno jmdolupn`, `ynwn. Jntn

 /inknl/ lojc`ctnsojn` smfnkno jmdolupn` yn`k auns, jmdolupn` en`uson. Xnln

fnros jmlun lnpnt lonrtojn` smfnkno \udn` tmand em`yntnjn` jmdolupn` fnko

en`uson ln` loeuanoand njtovotns jmdolupn` en`uson. Jntn /jmaor/ lojc`ctnsojn`

smfnkno jmdolupn`
jmdolupn` lu`on en`uson. Jntn/no/ em`u`iujjn` pmr`yntnn`
pmr`yntnn` jmjnkuen`.
 Xnln fnot o`o lnpnt loenj`no bndnyn jmdolupn` fmaue loeuano jnrm`n \udn`

fmaue emefmro jmdolupn` pnln en`uson. Xnln snnt \udn` tman emefmrojn`

jmdolupn` en`uson, enjn euanoand tmraodnt njtovotns jmdolupn`. Lm`kn` lmeojon`

jmdolupn` en`uson lo euano. En`uson smtmand emeoaojo jmdolupn` fnru euano

tmrtmku` njn` em`inan`o jmdolupn` lo lu`on gn`n o`o.

Fno
nott 6 9

Jntn-jntn yn`k loku`njn` camd pm`ynor smbnrn lm`ctntog pnln fnot o`o nlnand

 /tmrnsn//jmdm`o`kn`//smjnr//pnlen
 /tmrnsn//jmdm`o`kn`//smjnr//pnlen//iown//emefujn//em`mroen
//iown//emefujn//em`mroen//smknan// 
//smknan// 

enj`n//nln//sulut//wnjtu//run`k//sm
enj`n//nln//sulut//wnjtu//run`k//smanau//jmtonlnn`ju//loutudj
anau//jmtonlnn`ju//loutudjn`//bo`tneu/.
n`//bo`tneu/.

Nlnpu` jntn-jntn yn`k iukn lopnjno camd pm`ynor smfnkno jntn yn`k fmrjc`ctnso,

nlnand /jmdm`o`kn`/ /smjnr pnlen/ /iown emefujn/ /enj`n/ /sulut wnjtu/ 

 /jmtonlnn`ju// /loutudjn`/ /bo`tneu/.

 /jmtonlnn`ju

Jntn /jmdm`o`kn`/ lojc`ctnsojn` smfnkno suntu sunsn`n yn`k dm`o`k, fmrnrto

pnln snnt crn`k emrm`u`k. Jntn /smjnr pnlen/

pnlen/ lnpnt
lnpnt lojc`ctnsojn`
lojc`ctnsojn` smfnkno
smfnkno

smsuntu jmo`lndn` pnln snnt en`uson emeuano jmdolupn` yn`k fnru. Jnrm`n

4>

pmefnbn lnpnt fmroenio`nso nln`yn fu`kn yn`k fnru emjnr ln` em`ymfnrjn` fnu

wn`ko.
wn`ko. Xnln jntn /iown emefujn/
emefujn/ lnpnt
lnpnt lojc`ctnsojn
lojc`ctnsojn`
` smfnkno
smfnkno jmodjansn`,
jmodjansn`,

jmrmann` en`uson lnane jmdolupn``yn. O`o npnfoan lorn`kjno lm`kn` fnros

fmrojut`yn lnpnt loenj`no smfnkno jmrmann` en`uson u`tuj em`mroen smknan

jmdolupn` yn`k lofmrojn` camd \udn`. Jntn /sulut wnjtu/ lnpnt lojc`ctnsojn`
 smfnkno smaurud jmsmepntn`, smaurud wnjtu yn`k lofmrojn` \udn` jmpnln

en`uson. Jntn /jmtonlnn`ju/ fmrnsna lnro jntn /jmtonlnn`/ ln` jntn /ju/. Jntn /ju/ 

lo so`o em`u`iuj pnln pmr`yntnn` en`uson njn` jmtonlnn`, smdo`kkn pnln jntn

jmtonlnn`ju lnpnt lojc`ctnsojn` en`uson tolnj emeoaojo npn-npn, en`uson yn`k

tolnj fmrlnyn,
fmrlnyn, en`uson
en`uson yn`k tolnj smepur`n.
smepur`n. Xnln grnsm /loutudjn` bo`tnEu/ 
bo`tnEu/ 

lnpntt lojc`ctnsoj
lnpn lojc`ctnsojn`
n` smfnkno
smfnkno losmepur`
losmepur`njn`
njn`,, loao`lu`ko
loao`lu`ko camd nln`yn
nln`yn bo`tn
jmfmsnrn` jnsod. Jntn /Eu/ emrupnjn` emtngcrn lnro \udn`.

Xnln fnot o`o lnpnt loenj`no en`uson tmand em`inan`o jmdolupn``yn ln`

euanoand en`uson emrm`u`ko jmdolupn` yn`k fnru ln` sn`knt tmrnsn o`lnd,

smdo`kkn en`uson dnrus ojdans lm`kn` anpn`k lnln em`mroen smknan jmdolupn`

yn`k lofmmrojn` camd \udn`. Lm`kn` lmeojon` smaurud wnjtu jmdolupn` lo

en`npu` en`uson fmrnln smfmtua`yn en`uson tolnj emepu`yno jmjuntn` npn-npn.

Njn` tmtnpo so nju aoroj yn`k smfnkno en`uson emrnsn fndwn lo lnane

jmtolnjfmrlnynn``yn \udn` tmtnp em`ymepur`njn` lm`kn` bo`tn ln` jnsod yn`k

tolnj tmrdo`kkn.

46

Fnot 2

Jntn-jntn yn`k loku`njn`

loku`njn` camd pm`ynor
pm`ynor smbnrn lm`ctntog pnln
pnln fnot o`o nlnand

 /lu`on//o`lnd//bo`tnju//iown//em`ynan//dnf
 /lu`on//o`lnd//bo`tnju//iown//em`ynan//dnfos//smtn`kos//emendn
os//smtn`kos//emendneo//lor//jnu//pmauj 
eo//lor//jnu//pmauj 
  //jmutudn`//enut//kmanp//sufud//tn`bn
 //jmutudn`//enut//kmanp//sufud//tn`bnp//jnyc`//dolupju/.
p//jnyc`//dolupju/. Nlnpnu` /jntn-jntn

yn`k lopnjno
lopnjno camd pm`ynor smfnkno
smfnkno jntn yn`k fmrjc`ctnso nlnand
nlnand /em`ynan//tnj 
/em`ynan//tnj 

dnfos//smtn`kos//jnu//pmauj//jmutudn` enut//tn`bnp jnyc`/. Jntn /em`ynan/ lnpnt

lojc`ctnsojn` smfnkno yn`k fmrjcfnr-jcfnr, fmrsmen`knt, smdo`kkn npnfoan

lorn`kjn
lorn`kjnoo lm`kn`
lm`kn` jntn /iown/
/iown/ lnpnt
lnpnt loenj`no
loenj`no smfnkn
smfnknoo iown en`uson
en`uson yn`k

fmrsmen`knt. Jntn /tnj dnfos/ lojc`ctnsojn` smfnkno tolnj pmr`nd smamsno, smbnrn

tmrus em`mrus. Jntn /smtn`kos/ lnpnt lojc`ctnsojn` smfnkno sntu tn`kosn`, sntu

pmrostown yn`k em`ymlodjn`, smsnnt smfmaue tn`kosn` smamsno, fmaue dnfos

em`ymamsnojn` sntu tn`kosn`. Jntn /Jnu/ loemtngcrjn` smfnkno \udn`. Jntn

 /pmauj/ lnpnt lojc`ctnsojns` smfnkno rm`kjudn` jmemsrnn`, fmrnln lnane

lmjnpn` pnln sunsn`n yn`k

yn`k emsrn.

Jntn /jmutudn`/ lnpnt lojc`ctnsojn` smfnkno jmsmepur`nn` yn`k fmrnsna

lnro \udn`,
\udn`, \udn`
\udn` emefu
emefunt
nt en`uson
en`uson em`inl
em`inloo tolnj tmrbman
tmrbman.. Jntn enut
enut

lojc`ctnsojn` smfnkno jmenton` yn`k em`kmrojn`, njdor lnro jmdolupn` en`uson.

Jntn /tn`bnp jnyc`/ lojc`ctnsojn` smfnkno njdor lnro smfund jmdolupn`, jnrm`n

lnane pmwnyn`kn`, npnfoan jnyc` sulnd lotn`bnpjn` camd sn`k Lnan`k, fmrnrto

jmdolupn` en`uson sulnd fmrnjdor.

Xnln fnot o`o lnpnt

lnpnt loenj`no
loenj`no fndwn
fndwn en`uson
en`uson yn`k
yn`k dolu
dolup
p lo lu`on yn`k
yn`k

pm`ud lm`kn` bo`tn \udn`, fmkotu o`lnd smdo`kkn iown en`uson smanau fmrjcfnr-

jcfnr, fmrsmen`knt u`tuj em`inan`o

em`inan`o dolup.
dolup. @neu`, en`uson fmaue smepnt,

42

 
 emendneo jmdm`lnj \udn`, en`uson fmaue smepnt emrnsnjn` jmdolupn`, iukn

fmaue smepnt em`ymamsnojn` sntu tn`kosn` \udn` tmand emrn`kjua lm`kn` emsrn

jmefnao`yn en`uson jm lnane dnrofnn` \udn`. En`uson tmand jmefnao jm pmaujn`

\udn`
\udn` lm`kn`
lm`kn` jmsmepur`
jmsmepur`nn`
nn` yn`k
yn`k smcand
smcand tolnj
tolnj tmrbman.
tmrbman. Otuand
Otuand njdor lnro
lnro

jmdolupn` en`uson.

l. O`tmprmtnso \n
\n`ln

Lnro urnon` tmrsmfut lo ntns lnpnt losoepuajn` fndwn enj`n yn`k

lou`kjnpjn` pm`ynor lnane puoso  Fmam`bc`k nlnand en`uson dolup lo lu`on tolnj 
 Fmam`bc`k

emepu`ynoo jmjuntn` npn-npn. Lnane

emepu`yn Lnane nrto tolnj fmrlnyn snen smjnao.
smjnao. Nlnpu`
jmjuntn` en`uson lo lu`on o`o, jnrm`n nln`yn bo`tn jnsod \udn`. Bo`tn jnsod

\udn` em`inlojn` en`uson smepur`n, utud, ln` tolnj fmrbman smanen`yn snepno

\udn` emen`kkoa en`uson jm pn`kjun`@yn.

Lnro n`naosos
n`naosos tmrsmfu
tmrsmfutt lo ntns fmrlnsnrjn
fmrlnsnrjn`
` eclma smeoctoj
smeoctoj snstrn,
snstrn, `oano
`oano yn`k

tmrjn`lu`k lnane puoso Fmam`bc`k lnpnt loknefnrjn` lonkrne smfnkno fmrojut:

 Fmam`bc`k

4<

 
 Bndnyn Jmdolupn` Gnasngnd Dolup
(AoB) (W)

Dufu`kn` n`tnrn
en`uson ln` \udn`
(VG)

Anepu eo`ynj  Dolup

(AnB) (])

Rc`o GE Fmam`bc`k Xmefnbn

(N) (R+[) (V)

Xm`knanen` aotmrmr
Xmefnbn em`lnpntjn` pm`knanen`
tm`tn`k dnjojnt dolup lo lu`on,
tm`tn`k bo`tn jnsod \udn` (MA)

Jmtmrn`kn`9

N 9 Xm`knrn`k

[ 9 Jnryn Rnstrn

R 9 Rtrujtur Jnryn snstrn

V 9 Xmefnbn

AoB 9 Enj`
Enj`nn fmrl
fmrlns
nsnr
nrjn
jn`
` Jc`v
Jc`vm`
m`so
so Rn
Rnst
strn
rn

AnB
AnB 9 Enj
Enj`n
`n fm
fmrln
rlnsn
snrj
rjn`
n` Jc`v
Jc`vm`
m`so
so Fndn
Fndnsn
sn

] 9 Fmrsognt ueue (smemstn)

W 9 @oano lnane Jnryn snstrn

MA 9 Xm`k
Xm`kna
nane
nen`
n` aotm
aotmrm
rmrr pmef
pmefnb
nbnn lnr
lnroo p
pm`
m`k
knrn`
nrn`k
k

4=
 

FNKO
FNKON@
N@ >>
RMEOC\OJN GMVLO@N@L LM RN]RR]VM

Gmrlo`n`l lm Rnussurm tmand lojntnjn` smfmaue`yn smfnkno ndao fndnsn ln`

ndao smeoctoj jmfulnynn`. Fmfmrnpn jc`smp Rnussurm (>?44) tmrloro ntns pnsn`kn`
pnsn`kn`

fmrcpcsoso, tn`ln lojntnjn` emeoaojo lun soso, smfnkno lojctceo, ynotu Xm`n`ln

(sok`ogomr, sok`ogon`r, smenoc`) ln` pmtn`ln (sok`ogoml, sk`ogom, smeno`cem`c`),

ubnpn` o`lovoluna ( pnrcam

 pnrcam) ln` fndnsn ueue (an`kum), so`tnkentos ln`

pnrnlokentob, lonjrc`o ln` so`jrc`o.

Xm`n`ln ntnu lm`kn` fndnsn ano``yn losmfut smfnkno knefnrn` njustoj 

emrupnjn` nspmj entmrona smpmrto fu`yo yn`k tmrtn`kjnt (@ycen`,688<9??) ln`

pmtn`ln emrupnjn` nspmj jc`smp. Jmlun`yn emeoaojo dufu`kn` yn`k fmrsognt

nrfotrm
nrfotrmr.
r. Mjsprm
Mjsprmso
so jmfnd
jmfndns
nsnn
nn`
` ( pnrcam, uttmrn`bm), lm`kn` sostme
 pnrcam, spmmbd, uttmrn`bm

pmefmlnn`
pmefmlnn` tn`ln-tn`ln, pnrcam
pnrcam fmrsognt jc`jrm
jc`jrmtt yn`k losmfu
losmfutt smfnkno gnjtn scsona

(an`kum). Jc`smp
Jc`smp Gmrlo`n`l
Gmrlo`n`l lm Rnussu
Rnussurm
rm em`km`no
em`km`no dufu`kn`
dufu`kn` so`tnken
so`tnkentoj,
toj, ao`omr
ao`omr

ln` jmsmwnjtun`,
jmsmwnjtun`, pnrnlokentob,
pnrnlokentob, run`k,
run`k, smrtn nscsontog. Lm`kn` lmeojon`,
lmeojon`, lnpn
lnpntt

lopndneo smbnrn smlmrdn`n, jc`smp yn`k loeoaojo Gmrlo`n` lm Rnussurm nlnand (>)

jc`smp yn`k em`kjnio fndnsn lnane pmrjmefn`kn` sminrnd, lnro wnjtu jm wnjtu,

mvcauso fndnsn. (6) jc`smp em`kjnio fndnsn pnln ensn tmrtm`tu em`km`no

dufu`kn`
dufu`kn` mame`-mamem` fndnsn
fndnsn yn`k fmrlnepo`kn`.
fmrlnepo`kn`. Em`urut Rnussurm
Rnussurm lm`kn`

emaodnt
emaodnt gnjtcr
gnjtcr yn`k
yn`k em`m`tujn
em`m`tujn`
` nln`y
nln`ynn tn`ln
tn`ln,, enjn
enjn tn`ln lofm
lofmlnjn
lnjn`
` ntns

(@ycen`, 688<9>8>)
 47

>. Vmprms
Vmprmsm`
m`tne
tnem`,
m`, krcu`l
krcu`l,, ttn`l
n`lnn otu
otu sm`lor
sm`loroo smfnkn
smfnknoo pmrw
pmrwuiu
uiuln
ln`
` k
kmin
minan
an ueue
ueue

tmrfnko ntns:

n. qunaoso
qunaosok`
k`s,
s, tmrfm
tmrfm`tu
`tuj
j camd
camd junao
junaotns
tns

f. so`sok`,
so`sok`, tcjm`s,
tcjm`s, tmrfm`tuj
tmrfm`tuj emanau
emanauoo rmnaotns
rmnaotns gosoj 

b. amkosok
amkosok`s
`s typms
typms,, fmru
fmrupn
pn dujue
dujue

6. Cfimbt (lmsok`ntue, lm`ctntue, rmgmrm`t ),

), ynotu npn yn`k lonbu, n`tnrn ano`9

n. ojc`, dufu`kn
dufu`kn`
` tn`ln
tn`ln ln` cfimj
cfimj jnrm`n
jnrm`n smrupn
smrupn

f. o`lmjs,
o`lmjs, dufu`kn
dufu`kn`
` tn`ln
tn`ln ln` cfimj
cfimj jnrm`n
jnrm`n smfnf
smfnf njofnt.
njofnt.

b. Ryefca,
Ryefca, dufu`kn
dufu`kn`
` tn`ln
tn`ln ln`
ln` cfimj
cfimj jnrm`n
jnrm`n jmsmpnjn
jmsmpnjntn`.
tn`.

2. O`tmrp
O`tmrprmtn
rmtn`t,
`t, tnln
tnln-tn
-tn`ln
`ln f
fnru
nru yn`k
yn`k tmrinl
tmrinloo lnane
lnane fntdo
fntdo`
` pm`mroe
pm`mroen,
n, n`tn
n`tnrn
rn ano`9
ano`9

n. Vdmem,
Vdmem, tn`ln
tn`ln smfn
smfnkn
knoo jmeu`k
jmeu`kjo`
jo`n`
n`..

f. Lmbosok`
Lmbosok`s,
s, lobm`t
lobm`t sok`s,
sok`s, tn`ln
tn`ln smfnkno
smfnkno gnjtn
gnjtn..

b. Nrkuem`t,
Nrkuem`t, tn`ln
tn`ln tnepnj
tnepnj smfnkno
smfnkno `nanr 9 prcpcsos
prcpcsoso.
o.

Rmeoctoj yn`k losmfut

losmfut smfnkno oaeu tm`tn`k
tm`tn`k tn`ln tmrloro ntns lun eu
eujn
jn yn`k

tolnj tmrposndjn`, ynj`o sok`ogobn`t  ln` sok`ogom. Xr

Xrcs
csms
ms so
sok`
k`og
ogoj
ojns
nsoo yn`
yn`k
k

lojmeujnjn`
lojmeujnjn` Rnussurm smfnkno fnkon` lnro enj`n (Gosjm, >??89<<) nlnand smfnkno

fmrojut:
 4;

sok`

Bcepcsml cg 

sok`ogojnso
Rok`ogoms Rok`ogoms Enj`n (mjstmr`na
Mjsostm`so tn`ln (jc`smp) rmnaoty cg emn`o`k)

Xrcsms
Xrcsms sok`og
sok`ogojn
ojnso
so em`kd
em`kdns
nsoaj
oajn`
n` enj`n
enj`n fnko
fnko p
pm`n
m`ngso
gsorr yn`k
yn`k fmrfml
fmrfmlnn

tmrkn`tu`k pnln jc`smp smbnrn em`tna yn`k loeoaojo pm`ngsor em`km`no tn`ln yn`k

lodnlnpo`yn.
lodnlnpo`yn. Xmrkmsmrn` yn`k
yn`k rnlojna lnane em`kn`naosos sostme tn`ln pnl
pnlnn jnryn

snstrn lnpnt lopndneo emjn`osem rmansoc`na`yn.

Rmbnrn
Rmbnrn struj
strujturn
turnaa jc`smp
jc`smp lns
lnsnr
nr yn`k
yn`k lotnw
lotnwnrj
nrjn`
n` camd
camd Rnuss
Rnussurr
urrmm pnln
pnln

pm`mrnpn``yn tmrdnlnp jnryn snstrn nlnand fmrupn pmrfmlnn` imans n`tnrn,

sok`ogobn`t smfnkno fm`tuj fu`yo, anefo`k, pm`n`ln lm`kn` sok`ogom smfnkno dna

yn`k lonrtojn`, ntnu smfnkno pmtn`ln. Jmeulon iukn Xnrcam smfnkno tuturn`,

pm`kku`nn` fndnsn o`lovoluna lm`kn` an`kum smfnkno fndnsn yn`k dujue-

dujue`yn tmand losmpnjnto

losmpnjnto fmrsnen. Jmeulon` Ro`jrc`o
Ro`jrc`o smfnkno n`naosos jnryn

snstrn yn`k smznen` lm`kn` lonjrc`o smfnkno n`naosos jnryn snstrn lnane

pmrjmefn
pmrjmefn`kn`
`kn` jsminrndn
jsminrndn``yn
``yn.. Lm`kn`
Lm`kn` lmeojon`
lmeojon` Rnussurrm
Rnussurrm emefmrojn
emefmrojn`
`

pm`imansn` tm`tn`k pmendnen` yn`k fm`nr nlnand pmendnen` n`dostcros, o`tmr`na.

 44

FNKON@ >6

JNION
JNION@
@ RMEO
RMEOC\
C\OJ
OJ XNLN
XNLN @CWM
@CWMA
A BN-FN]-JN@  JNV_N VME_

R_ANLC

@cvma em`yniojn` fmrfnkno pmrostown jmdolupn` en`uson yn`k lotun`kjn`

u`tuj lopndneo, loem`kmrto, ln` lo`ojento, smfnkno strujtur yn`k fmrenj`n,

sostme tn`ln yn`k emepu`yno enj`n lm`kn` emloue fndnsn (Xrnlcpc, >??8).

Rmfnkno sostme tn`ln fndnsn lopndneo puan smfnkno jc`vm`so snstrn. Bn-Fnu-Jn`

jnryn Vmey Ryanlc emrupnjn` `cvma yn`k em`ku`kjnpjn` pmrn`n` jmturun`

\oc`kdcn lnane sminrnd

sminrnd pmrkmrnjn`
pmrkmrnjn` memrlmjnn`
memrlmjnn` O`lc`mson.
O`lc`mson. Xmendnen`
Xmendnen` sostme

tn`ln lnane Bn-Fnu-Jn` lnpnt emanauo to`lnjn` n`naosos smeoctoj.

\mand lournojn` smfmaue`yn, em`knpn smeoctoj lnpnt emefn`tu emendneo

enj`n jnryn snstrn emanauo tn`ln-tn`ln yn`k losniojn` camd pm`knrn`k,

fndwnsn`yn smtonp tn`ln tmrloro lnro sok`ogomr ln` sok`ogoml ([nrlcyc, 688<).

Rok`ogomr yn`k emeprmsm`tnsojn` o`to `cvma Bn-Fnu-Jn`, nln`yn pmrtm`tn`kn`

yn`k lojansogojnsojn` jm lnane smfund pm`o`lnsn`. Dna o`o lotnepnjjn` pnln

jnaoent nwna lnane `cvma smpmrto jutopn` fmrojut9

Rnyn n`nj Bn-Fnu-Jn`. Lnane fndnsn Dj-Jon`, smfmtua`yn nrto bn-

  fnu5jn` tnj amfod dn`yn —pmrmepun`‟. \npo enjsul`yn iukn, pmrmepun`
profueo yn`k lopmrfo`o \oc`kdcn lnane jmlulujn` yn`k tolnj smanau

emepmrluaojn` dujue…Rnyn tolnj enrnd jnanu N`ln, smpmrto smeun

aolnd Emanyu, jmpnan`k emangnzjn` bn-fnu-jn` em`inlo bnfc. _n`k snyn
enrnd jnanu N`ln jorn bn-fnu-jn` ntnu bnfc otu pmrmepun` tonln
fmrecrna. O`o pmefmann`. Fujn` dn`yn pmefmtuan` (Ryanlc,6886:>)

4?

Jutopn`
Jutopn` tmrsmfu
tmrsmfutt lo ntns tmrln
tmrlnpnt
pnt u`kjnp
u`kjnpn`
n` dn`yn pmrmepun`, grnsm o`o

emrupnjn` o`lmjs yn`k em`u`iujjn` nln`yn pmrmepun` yn`k lopmrtm`tn`kjn`

lm`kn` anjo-anjo. Xmrtm`tn`kn` o`o fmrgu`ko

fmrgu`ko smfnkno
smfnkno o`lmjs fndwn pmrmepun`

emrupnjn` im`os jmaneo` yn`k tmrto`lns. Rmano` otu lnpnt em`u`iujjn` o`lmjs

jmjunsnn` jnrm`n u`kjnpn` dn`yn em`u`iujjn` fndwn pmrmepun` yn`k tolnj 

emeoaojo jmjuntn` ln` o`o em`u`iujjn` nln`yn anjo-anjo fmrjunsn ntns

 pmrmepun`. Xnln jnaoent ‑ pmrmepun` profueo yn`k lopmrfo`o \oc`kdcn lnane

jmlulujn` yn`k tolnj smanau emepmrluaojn` dujue― em`u`iujjn` nln`yn

pmrmepun` profueo yn`k lopmrtm`tn`kjn` lm`kn` anjo-anjo \oc`kdcn. O`o

fmrgu`kso smfnkno
smfnkno o`lmjs rns, scsona. Fndwn anjo-anjo \oc`kdcn
\oc`kdcn yn`k em`knfnojn`
em`knfnojn`

dujue u`tuj emepmrfo`o pmrmepun`

pmrmepun` profueo yn
yn`k
`k tolnj tndu dujue. Rmano` otu

 iukn em`u`iujjn` nln`yn o`lmjs jmjunsnn` \oc`kdcn ntns profueo. \oc`kdcn

yn`k tndu dujue ln` tolnj emepmrluaojn` dujue, lo ano` podnj profueo yn`k

tolnj tndu dujue lopmreno`jn` camd \oc`kdcn. Xrofueo loknefnrjn`

loknefnrjn` smfnkno topm

yn`k fclcd ln` tmrto`lns.

 ]`tuj em`bnro lmtnoa pm`luju`k sok`ogomr utnen lnro `cvma Bn-Fnu-Jn`

yn`k em`u`iujjn` nln`yn fo`nry cppcsotoc` yn`k smornen lm`kn` sok`ogomr

tmrto`lns ln` pm`o`lns lm`kn` pnrnlokentob smpmrto fmrojut9

 ┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈▹ RO@\NKEN\OJ 

X
\moc``o`kldncsn \ mrto `l ns
  ┈
> Vns Xrofueo  K ┈
┈
E
6 Im`os Jmaneo` Anjo-anjo Xmrmepun` N
2 Jmjunsnn` \oc`kdcn Xrofueo \ 
O  
Impn`k \oc`kdcn/ Xrofueo J
< Jmans scsona Iurnkn`/ \oc`kdcn Furud (bm`tm`k)/  
Xrofueo

?8

An`kjnd sman`iut`yn u`tuj amfod em`luju`k

em`luju`k sok`ogomr utnen tmrto`lns
tmrto`lns ln`

pm`o`lns lotmtnpjn` n`naosos so`tnkentoj. Nlnpu` n`naosos so`tnkentoj lnpnt

lournojn` smfnkno fmrojut:

n. Vns

Xnln `cvma o`o lobmrotnjn` fndwn \oc`kdcn emrupnjn` scscj pmeoaoj 

eclma, pmlnkn`k yn`k lnpnt emanjujn` npn snin lm`kn` imdm`lnj`yn. Rmem`tnrn

profueo emrupnjn` tcjcd yn`k to`kkna emanjsn`njn` pmro`tnd ln` loaujosjn`

smfnkno topm tcjcd yn`k fclcd, tolnj pu`yn eclna ln` emanrnt. Rmpmrto pnln

jutopn` lo fnwnd o`o.

Dnro pmrtnen \o`u`k lo

lo Jnao Iclc, lo tm`kn
tm`knd
d crn`k-crn`k \oc`kdcn
pmafnkno suju yn`k em`bro dofurn` lo sotu, loo`knt`yn smfnkno
pm`knanen` yn`k n`md ln` naod-naod. Rmcrn`k amanjo em`kmaunrjn`
un`k jmrtns, an`ksu`k lotnrud lo eujn entn`yn.

‑@od, enu m`kknj smko`o, snepm pnko,― Jntn crn`k otu.

 Bmrkns Rnclnd emrnepns un`k otu. M`nj nin au, jntn`yn. Lun
jnao o`o, nyc.― Lotnrcd`yn un`k otu lo fnaoj jutn`k`yn. ‑Rnepmj 
 ine lun nim.― (Ryanlc, 68869>7)

Jutopn` lo ntns em`u`iujjn` nln`yn crn`-crn`k \oc`kdcn yn`k emeoaojo

un`k fn`ynj lnpnt

lnpnt ememro`tnd
ememro`tnd smsmcrn`k
smsmcrn`k u`tuj emanjujn` smsuntu. Rmcrn`k

amanjo \oc`kdcn em`kmaunrjn` fn`ynj un`k u`tuj emaneponsjn` `ngsu`yn,

smem`tnrn \o`u`k smfnkno tcjcd yn`k emwnjoao profueo sulnd tmrfmao camd crn`k

\oc`kdcn. \o`u`k dnrus emanyn`o smsuno dnrkn yn`k sulnd losmpnjnto. Xnln

njdor`yn \o`u`k losmwn

losmwn camd \n` Xm`k Aon`k, yn`k
yn`k fmrnsna lnro Kn`k \neo`
\neo`

Fn`lu`k. Rmpmrto jutopn` o`o

?>

\o`u`k losoepn` lo smwn`, \n`kmrn`k, lnane smfund pc`lcj lnro

fndn` smtm`knd tmeefcj. Rmjotnr pc`lcj otu dn`yn pcdc`-pcdc`
posn`k. Lun
Lun jnao lnane
lnane smeo`kku \n` Xm`k Aon`k lnto`k
lnto`k jm sotu.
Xnln dnro-dnro otuand \o`u`k emanyn`o tn` Xm`k Aon`k (Ryanlc,
6886:6>)

Jutopn` o`o em`u`iujjn` nln`yn pm`o`lnsn` yn`k loanjujn` camd \n` Xm`k

Aon`k tmrdnlnp \o`u`k. \o`u`k lon`kknp smfnkno fnrn`k yn`k lnpnt losoepn` ln`

dnrus emanyn`o
emanyn`o \n` Xm`k Aon`k jnrm`n \o`u`k
\o`u`k sulnd tmrfmao. \o`u`k smfnkno

jnue rpofueo yn`k tmrto`lns ln` sulnd jmdoan`kn` jmemrlmjnn``yn.

Rmanen \o`u`k to`kkna lo smwn`, tn`kmrn`k, on fn`ynj emaodnt jmanjujn`

\n` Xm`k Aon`k yn`k sn`knt jnsnr ln` jmine. \o`u`k smro`k emaodnt fnknoen`n
 jmine`yn \n` Xm`k Aon`k em`yurud bm`tm`k-bm`tm`k`yn em`yojsn crn`k yn`k

tmranefnt emefnynr utn`k. O`o em`u`iujjn` nln`yn pm`o`lnsn`. Jm`kmron`

\o`u`k emeu`bnj tntjnan lon emaodnt pnrn bm`tm`k em`yojsn ln` emefu`ud lo

lmpn` \o`u`k. Njdor`yn \o`u`k emanrojn` loro, njn` tmtnpo \o`u`k fmrdnsoa

lotn`kjnp jmefnao. Rmpmrto jutopn` fmrojut:

‑Au julu tn`kjnp lon, sond,― jntn \n` Xm`k Aon`kSSyn`k m`tnd
puan lnro fndn` npn dnto`ynSSbmpnt dn`knt tmrdnlnp nsenrn forndo
smjnaokus bmpnt lo`ko` tmrdnlnp jmjmrnsn`. Jnjo tn`kn``yn sulnd
jm`na fm`nr pmrn`kno otu. Enjn, lon snlnr, pmro`tn eniojn``yn otu
tolnj fcamd auput. Bmpnt lon em`kminr lo sntu-sntu`yn inan` jmaunr
lo tm`knd-tm`knd pcdc` posn`k em`uiu inan` fmrfntu yn`k
em`kdufu`k jm inan` fmsnr. Camd amens ln` amtod`yn \o`u`k,
knepn`k smjnao bm`tm`k \n` Xm`k Aon`k o`o em`yusua`yn. \o`u`k
lotnroj lm`kn` jmrns. \o`u`k em`imrot tnjut ln` emrc`tn. \o`u`k
lotmepmam`k. \o`u`k po`ksn` anko. \o`u`k lopn`kkua, lofnwn jm

?6

ruend, lofnro`kjn` fujn`anko lo jnenr emano`jn` lo smrnefo

eujn. N`tnrn pmrnsnn` pac`k fmrbnepur jmsna, jmbmwn ln` kusnr
jo`o tnepnj lo wnind \n`k Xm`k Aon`k jmtojn lon fmrloro lo lmpn`
\o`u`k tmrfnro`k lo fnwnd`yn (Ryanlc, 6886:6<)

Jutopn` tmrsmfut lo ntns em`u`iujjn` fn

fndwn
dwn tmrlnpnt
tmrlnpnt pm`o`lnsn`
pm`o`lnsn` ntns loro

\o`u`k. \o`u`k emrupnjn` scscj profueo yn`k tmand tmrto`lns camd \n` Xm`k

Aon`k yn`k \oc`kdcn. Rojnp \n`k Xm`k Aon`k yn`k fmrloro lo dnlnpn` \o`u`k

ln` smem`tnrn \o`u`k tnj fmrlnyn tmrkmamtnj lo fnwnd \n`k Xm`k Aon`k

em`u`iujjn` fndwn \o`u`k smpmrto fnrn`k yn`k sulnd jmdoan`kn`

 jmemrlmjnn``yn. Lm`kn` jnsnr \o`u`k lotnroj, lotmepmam`k ln` lojmefnaojn`

jmpnln \n` Xm`k Aon`k. \o`u`k sulnd fmrnln lo fnwnd jmjunsnn` \n` Xm`k

Aon`k. \o`u`k lofnro`kjn` lo smrnefo eujn. Otu em`u`iujjn` fndwn \o`u`k

sulnd tolnj nln dnrkn`yn anko smfnkno en`uson emrlmjn. \o`u`k fujn` lon`kknp

smfnkno smcrn`k profnlo emano`jn` smc`kkcj fnrn`k yn`k tolnj nln ku`n`yn.

Rmfnkno smcrn`k yn`k tmrto`lns, \o`u`k emepu`yno jmo`ko`n` u`tuj 

emrlmjn. Rmpmrto jutopn` fmrojut

‑\cd lnane snnt o`o iukn poorn``yn

poorn`` yn jmefnao lotmjn` jmo`ko`n`
emrlmjn.
emrlmjn. Xman`
Xman` on fn`kjot,
fn`kjot, ln`
ln` tmtnp em`knw
em`knwnso
nso jmnlnn
jmnlnn`
` so
bm`tm`k,…on pnsto njn` anro tu`kkn`k an`kkn`k, em`bnro smanent―
(Ryanlc, 6886:6=).

@nauro
@nauro smcrn`k
smcrn`k yn`k
yn`k tmrto`lns
tmrto`lns ln` tmrn`b
tmrn`bne
ne jmsmane
jmsmanentn`
ntn``yn
`yn tm`tuj
tm`tuj o`ko`

em`bnro jmemrlmjnn``yn. Lnane wnjtu yn`k sn`knt smepot ln` tntjnan bm`tm`k

?2

\n` Xm`k Aon`k

Aon`k tmrtolu
tmrtolur,
r, \o`u`k
\o`u`k fmrusndn
fmrusndn emanrojn`
emanrojn` loro. Xmanron`
Xmanron` tmrsmfut
tmrsmfut

lofn`tu smcrn`k pm`bnro ojn`.

f. Im`os Jmaneo`

@cvma o`o sn`knt pntronrjo pntronrjo nlnand smfutn` tmrdnlnp sostme yn`k

emanau
emanauoo tntn`
tntn`n`
n` scsona
scsona pcaotoj
pcaotoj,, ln`
ln` mjc`c
mjc`ceo`
eo`yn
yn emefmr
emefmrojn
ojn`
` procro
procrotns
tns ln`
ln`

jmjunsnn` tmrdnlnp anjo-anjo, smpmrto u`kjnpn` Eman`o Fulon`tn (Fuloen`,

 6886:68;). O`o em`u`iujjn` fndwn smbnrn an`ksu`k enupu` tnj an`ksu`k anjo-

anjo emanjujn` pm`o`lnsn` tmrdnlnp pmrmepun`.

Xnln nwna bmrotn `cvma o`o lou`kjnpjn` camd pm`knrn`k fndwn \o`u`k pnln

uson >< tndu` jnwo` lm`kn` amanjo tun yn`k tmand fmrostro <. Lm`kn` lmeojon`

\o`u`k em`inlo ostro yn`k jm-=. Dna tmrsmfut em`u`iujjn` fndwn anjo-anjo yn`k

fmrluot lm`kn` eulnd`yn emepu`yno ostro amfod lnro sntu. Xmrmepun` dn`yn

loinlojn` cfimj pmeuns jmamanjon` snin. Knefnrn` pmrmepun` lnane `cvma o`o

 iukn lou`kjnpjn` camd pm`knrn`k smbnrn mjspaosot smfnkno jmacepj pmrmepun`

trnlosoc`na ynotu
ynotu pmrmepun` yn`k n`yn pn`tns
pn`tns fmrnln lo ruend, lnpur, em`kurus
em`kurus

n`nj. Rmpmrto jutopn` fmrojut:

…Npnfoan lon emamwnto acrc`k, jm pnsnr, lo en`n tnepnj 

jmrueu`n` ofu-ofu pm`kn`kkur smfnknoen`n anzoe`yn knefnrn`
wn`otn trnlosoc`na lo `mkmro inindn` o`o em`mroen ecrnaotns ueue
fndwn tmepnt emrmjn nlnand ruend, lnpur, ln` em`mtmjo n`nj,
enjn lo sotu iukn emrmjn fmrfosoj em`kku`io`ko`yn. Euan-euan otu
tmrnsn wninr. Anen jmanenn` otu emefunt`yn suepmj ln` fmrnt
(Ryanlc,6886:>2)

?<

\o`u`k ln` Rnclnd emrupnjn` knefnrn` pmrmepun` yn`k smbnrn tolnj 

an`ksu`k em`inlojn` loro emrmjn smfnkno pmeuns anjo-anjo. O`o em`u`iujjn`

fndwn jmjunsnn` fmrnln lo tn`kn` anjo-anjo. Xmrmepun` loknefnrjn` dn`yn

em`kn`lnajn`
em`kn`lnajn` fnln` ln` jmbn`tojn` u`tuj em`lnpntjn` un`k. Rmpmrto jutopn`
 ‑Au sod eulm, @u`k,― jntn Rnclnd. ‑Xnsto fn`ynj
fn`ynj `yn`k `njsor.
Jnac pns au lnpmt bujc`k, au to`kkna fujn fniu, ao n`tmpo` lom`ym
`ojento` fnln` au, luot fosn smkmpcj― (Ryanlc,6886:><)

Lcrc`kn` ln` luju`kn` ofu \o`u`k, emepmrbmpnt jmlulujn` \o`u`k

em`inlo Bn-Fnu-Jn`.

Rmfnkno Bn-Fnu-Jn`, \o`u`k dnrus smanau emanyn`o anjo-anjo yn`k tmand

emefmao loro`yn. Lo Jnao Iclc otuand \o`u`k lopmaodnrn camd \n` Xm`k Aon`k,

yn`k fmrnsna lnro Kn`k Xo`kkor Rmenrn`k. Njdor`yn \o`u`k dn`yn emanyn`o \n`

Xm`k Aon`k. Rmpmrto jutopn` fmrojut:

Lo enane dnro`yn, \o`u`k, smpmrto jmfn`ynj pmrmepun` O`lc`mson

wnjtu otu, em`kn`kknp fujn fniu, tman`in`k fuant, ln`
em`kn`kjn`k lo rn`in`k, lmeo jmpunsn` amanjo, nlnand gotrnd. Lon
emsto lone, tolnj emanjujn` rmspc`. Nrto`yn u`tuj pmrfuntn` o`o,

pmrmepun`-pmrmepun` O`lc`mson wnjtu otu em`kn`kknp

pmrmepun`-pmrmepun` em`kn`kknp loro`yn
emem`udo synrnt jmofun`, yn`k lnpnt fmrnrto iukn jmfnfun`,
npnfoan lnane jmlulujn` otu, lon fonrjn` loro`yn em`inlo smpmrto
snwnd ntnu anlo`k yn`k emauau lone iojn lopnbua ntnu lofninj 
smfmaue lotn`neo pnlo.
pnlo. \o`u`k pu` lo dnro
dnro pmrtnen lo Kn`k Bnuan`
o`o ofnrnt pntu`k yn`k fmr`ynwn, tnj amfod. Lon tolnj inlo eotrn
forndo lo so`oSSsmnjn` putus tnao sminrnd`yn lm`kn` Jnao Iclc, lo
en`n crn`k smepnt em`iuaujoyn Ro Bdoxon`k. \npo \n` Xm`k Aon`k
em`yujno jmfmrnlnn` \o`u`k jo`o (Ryanlc, 6886:42)

?=

Xnln jutopn` tmrsmfut, imans fndwn \o`u`k smfnkno pmrmepun` dn`yn smfnkno
 cfimj pmeuns anjo-anjo. O`o emepmraodntjn` fndwn smfmtua`yn smbnrn tolnj 

an`ksu`k em`u`iujjn` nln`yn fm`tuj pm`o`lnsn` jnue anjo-anjo tmrdnlnp

pmrmepun`. Xmrmepun` yn`k tmrto`lns sulnd fujn` emrupnjn` profnlo yn`k

emepu`yno jmloron` yn`k utud. Jmemrlmjnn` em`m`tujn` sojnp ntns loro`yn

tolnj nln.
nln. Xmrmepun`
Xmrmepun` emsto lone, otu nlnand gotrnd. Xmrmepun` yn`k
yn`k tmrto`lns

fmrnrto lon dn`yn

dn`yn smfnkno
smfnkno tmepnt u`tuj em`un`kjn`
em`un`kjn` jmpmrjnsnn`
jmpmrjnsnn` anjo-anjo. Lon

dnrus emefonrjn` loro`yn em`inlo smpmrto snwnd, anlo`k yn`k lone ln` sonp

u`tuj lobn`kjua ntnu lofninj.

Lnane pmrinan`n` wnjtu njdor`yn \o`u`k dolup fmrsnen lm`kn` \n` Xm`k

Aon`k, yn`k fmrnsna lnro Kn`k Xo`kkor Rmenrn`k. Lo lnane jmdolupn` fmrsnen

lm`kn` \n` pm`k Aon`k pu`, \o`u`k smfnkno wnjoa lnro tcjcd pmrmepun` tolnj 

emepu`yno dnj u`tuj em`kmeujnjn` pm`lnpnt. Dna o`o emrupnjn` fm`tuj 

pm`o`lnsn`
pm`o`lnsn` anjo-anjo ntns pmrmepun`. Rmpmrto jutopn` fmrojut9

Eujn \o`u`k emacrct. On em`nroj `ngns. ‑_n, nepu`, Jcd. Nym

jn` tolnj anrn`k m`kjcd pmrko. Jnanu m`kjcd enu pmrko, pmrko nin,
Jcd. Nym pmrmepun`. Jnknj pu`yn dnj emanrn`k anjo,―… \o`u`k
em`n`kos. On tnj tndu dnrus fmrjntn npn anko.
‑Rulnd! In`kn` em`n`kos. Xmrmepun` Buen fosn em`n`kos.―
\o`u`kem`ymefnd \n` Xm `k Aon`k. ‑Jnanu m`kjcd jnknj enu
Xm`k
enngo` nym, yn ulnd lmd, fun`k nin nym.― \o`u`k ememkn`k
tn`kn` \n` Xm`k Aon`k, dm`lnj em`boue`yn. (Ryanlc, 6886:2=4-
2=?)

?7

 
 Jutopn` tmrsmfut lo ntns em`u`iujjn` fndwn \o`u`k smfnkno pmrmepun`

emrnsn tolnj pu`yn dnj u`tuj emanrn`k anjo-anjo. Otu emrupnjn` suntu fm`tuj 

fndwn mrmepun` fmrnln lo fnwnd jmjunsnn` anjo-anjo. O`o lojuntjn` iukn camd

\n` Xm`k Aon`k yn`k em`yntnjn` fndwn pmrmepun` dn`yn fosn em`n`kos. Lo

snepo`k otu laujosjn` iukn fndwn pmrmepun` npnfoan emanjujn` jmsnandn` dnrus

em`ymefn
em`ymefnd
d anjo-anjo.
anjo-anjo. Aujosn`
Aujosn` pmrostow
pmrostownn otu smeun
smeun em`u`iu
em`u`iujjn`
jjn` nln`yn
nln`yn

pm`o`lnsn` jnue pmrmepun`.

b. Jmjunsnn`

Nln`yn jmjunsnn` crn`k ntns emeu`buajn` pm`o`lnsn. Crn`k yn`k emrnsn

fmrjunsn lnpnt fmrto`lnj smfnkno pm`o`lns. Lmeojon` iukn crn`k yn`k fmrnln

lnane jmjunsnn` crn`k ano` njn` em`inlo loro`yn smfnkno jnue yn`k tmrto`lns.

Rmfnkno crn`k yn`k tmrto`lns, lon tolnj enepu emanwn` jmjunsnn`.

Lnane `cvma o`o lou`kjnpjn nln`yn jmjunsnn` lnro \oc`kdcn ntns profueo.

Lobmrotnjn` fndwn \oc`kdcn

\oc`kdcn lnto`k jm O`lc`mson
O`lc`mson smfnkno
smfnkno pmlnkn`k.
pmlnkn`k. Rmfnkno
Rmfnkno

pmlnkn`k tm`tu`yn emrmjn emeoaojo eclna un`k yn`k fn`ynj. Lm`kn` un`k yn`k

fn`ynj pnrn
pnrn oeokrn` \oc`kdcn lnto`k jm Jnao Iclc Injnrtn. \mepnt o`o emrupnjn
emrupnjn`
`

tmepnt pmamsorn` tnujm-tnujm u`tuj em`bnro aofurn`. Lo Jnao Iclc o`oand pnrn Bn-

Fnu-Jn` lojmacan camd pnrn tnujm u`tuj em`kdofur. Dofurn` lnpnt fmrupn

`yn`yon` \oc`kjcj ln` iukn pmanyn`n` smjs. \o`u`k emrupnjn` snand smcrn`k

Bn-fnu-Jn` yn`k em`ininjn`

em`ininjn` loro lo Jnao Iclc. Rmpmrto jutopn` fmrojut:

Xnrn Bn-Fnu-Jn` otu ueue`yn lojmacan camd tnujm- tnujm…lo

tnujm-tnujm…lo
pmrndu-pmrndu otuand pnrn Bn-Fnu-Jn` em`nwnrjn` insn`yn
lm`kn` em`yn`yojn` anku-anku fmrsynor nsenrn lnane fndnsn Bon-

?;

 
 Oe…Lo sn`n \o`u` emeuano fnfnj fnru jmdolupn``yn, em`knaneo
pmrnsnn` tmrtm`to snefoa em`canj ln` emefun`k pmrnsnn`-
pmrnsnn` otu lnro o`kntn``yn. Rmtmand jm`bn` pmrtnen o`o usno,ensod

nln anko enane-enane ano`, yn`k jmlun, jmtokn, jmsmpuaud, ln`

jmlunpuaud, ln` smtmrus`yn. \o`u`kpu` em`inlo pmrmepun`
pcpuanr lo Jnao Iclc, loiuaujo Ro Bdo`xon`k (Ryanlc, 6886:>=->7)

Jutopn` tmrsmfut lo ntns em`u`iujjn` fndwn oeokrn` \oc`kdcn lm`kn`

un`k`yn on lnpnt emepmraodntjn`

emepmra odntjn` jmjunsnn``yn ntns smsmcrn`k. Nln smfund

trn`snjso yn`k loanjujn` \oc`kdcn u`tuj emefmao insn lnro profueo. O`o

em`u`iujjn` fndwn lm`kn` un`k enjn smsmcrn`k enepu fmrfunt smsuntu ntns

crn`k ano`. \o`u`k yn`k ensod euln emeuano fnfnj fnru lnane jmdolupn``yn. On

em`inlo wnjoa lnro tcjcd profueo yn`k tmrto`lns camd \oc`kdcn yn`k emeoaojo

fn`ynj un`k.

@cvma o`o iukn em`bmrotnjn` fnknoen`n \n` Xm`k Aon`k, yn`k fmrnsna lnro

Kn`k \neo` fn`lu`k, em`inan`jn` usndn rm`tm`or. \n` Xm`k Aon`k dolup lo

lnmrnd tn`kmrn`k, on em`inan`jn` usndn rm`tm` lm`kn` sostme ‑\\\― so`kjntn`

‑\om` \mruk twnnag―, nrto`yn ‑smpuaud jmefnao lun fmans― (Ryanlc, 6886:6>).

Lm`kn` usndn o`o

o`o imans pnrn pm`kutn`k sulnd em`inlojn`
em`inlojn` loro`yn
loro`yn crn`k yn`k
yn`k

tmrto`lns. \n` Xm`k Aon`k emepu`yno jmjunsnn` pm`ud ntns crn`k-crn`k yn`k

utn`k pnln loro`yn. \n` pm`k Aon`k lnpnt emanjujn` npn snin ntns crn`k-crn`k

yn`k utn`k pnln loro`yn foan pnrn pm`kutn`k tmranefnt em`kmefnaojn` un`k`yn.

Xnln jnjo tn`kn` \n` Xm`k Aon`k em`yojsn fndjn emefu`ud pnrn pm`kutn`k

yn`k tmranefnt emefnynr utn`k. \n` Xm`k Aon`k losmfut smfnkno ‑ao`tnd lnrnt―.

\n` Xm`k Aon`k emrupnjn` tcjcd yn`k emwnjoao scscj rm`tm`or yn`k lm`kn`

?4
 

un`k`yn lon emepu`yno jmjunsnn` u`tuj emanjujn`, ememro`tnd crn`k

smjmdm`lnj
smjmdm`lnj dnto. O`o emrupnjn fm`tuj pm`o`lnsn`, lnane jutopn` fmrojut:

Rmcrn`k rm`tm`or smro`k em`inlo anaoeSSsmpmrto tn` pm`k Aon`kSS

ln` emaodnt jmanjun``yn otu \o`u`k tnjut. \nj smjnao lun, sminj 
\o`u`k losoepn` lo Rmwn`, lon emaodnt fnknoen`n lm`kn`
jmine`yn \n` Xm`k Aon`k em`yurud bm`tm`k-bm`tm`k`yn
em`yojsn crn`k yn`k tmranefnt emefnynr.
emefnynr. Rmsmcrn`k yn`k
yn`k fmaue
emefnynr pnln wnjtu yn`k lotm`tujn`, lo`nojjn` anko fu`kn,
enjo` anen enjo` to`kko. Lo n`tnrn crn`k-crn`k smjotnr
smjotnr tn`kmrn`k
tn`kmrn`k
yn`k pmr`nd fmrensnand lm`kn` \n` Xm`k Aon`k, nlnand yn`k

lokmfuj snepno koko-koko`yn rc`tcj (Ryanlc,6886:66)

Jutopn` tmrsmfut emepmraodntjn` nln`yn pm`yojsnn` yn`k loanjujn` camd

\n` pm`k Aon`k jmpnln crn`k yn`k tmranefnt emefnynr utn`k. Rmano` otu tolnj 

smkn`-smkn` \n` Xm`k Aon`k njn` em`nojjn` fu`kn yn`k smenjo` anen smenjo`

to`kko. Otu emrupnjn` fm`tuj pm`o`lnsn` jnrm`n lm`kn` un`k \n` Xm`k Aon`k

em`kku`njn` jmjnunsnn``yn u`tuj ememrns pnrn pm`kdutn`k. Rmln`kjn`

ensynnjnt yn`k tmrimrnt rm`tm`or lnro \n` Xm`k Aon`k emrupnjn` tcjcd yn`k

emwnjoao ensynrnjnt yn`k tmrto`lns.

Ensnand jmjunsnn` yn`k em`knjofntjn` smfund pm`o`lnsn` iukn loujosjn`

lnane `cva o`o, ynotu Impn`

Impn` ntns profueo.
profueo. Jmtojn n`tnrn Lno @oppc` fmrnln
fmrnln lo

O`lc`mson rnjynt em`inlo

em`inlo sm`ksnrn.
sm`ksnrn. Otu emrupnjn`
emrupnjn` fm`tuj
fm`tuj pm`o`lnsn`
pm`o`lnsn` jnrm`n

smfund jmjunsnn`.
jmjunsnn`. Rmpmrto jutopn` fmrojut:

\m`tnrn Lno @oppc` sm`loro smenjo` anen smenjo` jmenruj, aupn

loro, ln em`ym`ksnrnjn` rnjynt, smdo`kkn crn`k-crn`k yn`k
nwna`yn em`kkn`tu`kjn` dnrnpn` jmpnln Impn`k smfnkno snulnrn
 ??

tun yn`k njn` emefmfnsjn` O`lc`mson lnro Fman`lnSSlopobu

smen`knt emanauo sackn` ln` pcstmr ‑2N― otuSSjo`o fmrufnd
em`inlo jutuj ln` smrnpnd. Npnanko smfnf pmrmepun`-pmrmepun`,
yn`k pmrnwn` ntnu pu` yn`k ostro crn`k lopmrjcsn lm`kn` fm`kos,
jmeuln` loinlojn` tnwn`n` forndo, lokoaor sntu pmrsntu snfn` dnro,
pmbn`, fuan`, tndu`, snepno emrmjn lodmepnsjn` jnrm`n
em`n`kku`k snjot jmaneo` (Ryanlc,68886:646-642)
(Ryanlc,68886:646-642)

Jutopn` tmrsmfut em`u`iujjn` fmtnpn jmjunsnn` Impn`k tmand em`inlojn`

jmsm`ksnrnn` profueo yn`k tolnj fmrlnyn. Xmrmepun` profueo loinlojn` pmeuns

`ngsu. Xmrmepun`
Xmrmepun` em`inlo jnue yn`k
yn`k tmrto`lns ntns jmjunsnn`
jmjunsnn` Impn`k
Impn`k.. Lo n`tnrn

pmrmepun`-pmrmepun` yn`k enan`k tmrsmfut tmrlnpnt \o`u`k. \o`u`k loimeput

camd tm`tnrn Impn`k lnro ruend`yn Kn`k Bdnuan`.

Xnln euan`yn \o`u`k lofnwn jm jn`tcr Jcepm`o u`tuj em`nro ln`

em`yn`yo. \o`u`k pnln euan`yn em`canj njn` tmtnpo tm`tnrn impn`k tmtnp

emefnwn \o`u`k. Xnln njdor`yn \o`u`k lopmrjcsn fmrneno-rneno camd tm`tnrn

Impn`k lm`kn` sn`kn jnsnr. Xnln dnanen` 647-644 pnln `cvma o`o lojosndjn`

fnknoen`n `kmro`yn pmranjun` tm`tnrn Impn`k ntns loro \o`u`k. Lmrnn` ln`

sojsnn` yn`k lolmrotn \o`u`k lo fnwnd jmjunsnn` Impn`k em`inlojn` \o`u`k

smfnkno jnue yn`k tmrto`lns smenjo` doan`k rnsn pmrbnyn loro. Rmenjo` anen

\o`u`k tmrn`bne camd pm`ynjot jmaneo`.

l. Jmans Rcsona