SUBMITTED BY : PRINSU SEN

B.A LL.B. 6th SEM (B) [2017-2022]

SECTION-B
ROLL NO: 11
ENROLLMENT NO.- DL1700168

ANSWER OF THE QUESTION 1

A. League of Nations
B. Woodrow Wilson
C. Kathmandu
D. Antonio Gutress

ANSWER OF THE QUESTION 2

Answer A. INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL DETERMINENTS OF

INDIAN FOREIGN POLICY

Meaning

Foreign policy consists is self-interest strategies chosen by the state to

safeguard its national interests and to achieve its own goals through relations
with other countries. The approaches are strategically employed to interact with
other countries.

Determinants of Foreign Policy

A. External Determinants of Foreign Policy

1. The international system or power structure

Foreign policy is essentially shaped by one’s relative power within the
international system. The world is continuously changing, new events and
personalities create fresh foreign policy problems for all concerned.
 2. International law
The international law is generally defined as a set of rules that regulate relations
between states. Cali defined it as “a system of rules created deliberately and
explicitly by states.

3. International organizations
Currently, there are over 68,000 International Organizations (both active and
inactive) in the world. Many International Organizations (IOs) play an enormous
role in the current international system.

4. Alliances
Alliance formulation is considered to be one of the most curious aspects of
international relations. It is regarded as the cornerstone of security policy;
however, conventional wisdom holds that is commitment are notoriously
unreliable.

5. Military strategy/Arm race

An arm race denotes the quantity or quality of instruments of military and naval
power by rival states in peacetime. The first modern arm race took place when
France and Russia challenge the naval superiority of Britain in the late 19th
century.

B. Internal Determinants of Foreign Policy

1. Culture and history

Culture provides people with ways of thinking, seeing and interpreting the things
around them. It shapes our ideas and serves an instrument for us in analyzing
everything happening around us. Everything from our racial features, to the food
we eat, the way we dress, the language we speak, the music we listen to, and where
we live, all form a part of culture.

2. Geography, size and population

The size of a state’s territory, its geography and population greatly influence its
foreign policy implementation. It is generally believed that leaders and people of
states with small territory and population do not expect their country to carry out
heavy weight in international affairs.

3. Economic development and natural resources

The level of economic development of a country also influences the foreign policy
of that country. Many advance industrialist countries play dominant role in world
politics, and formulate their foreign policies to maintain such superiority in the
system.

4. Military capabilities
The military strength of a country, also determines the foreign policy strategy of
states. The capability of a state to defend its borders against armed aggression
plays a profound role in both internal and external policies that states make.

5. Personality and character of the leader

Leadership in general, the personality of a leader in particular plays a profound
role in foreign policy formulation. The role of personality in foreign policy
encompasses cognitive processes, and assumes that decision making is the result of
individual ‘human agency’; that is, ultimately,

6. Political parties and interest groups

7. Press and public opinion
8. Science and technology

Answer C. NON-ALIGNED MOVEMENT (NAM)

 The term 'non-alignment' is used to describe the foreign policies of those

states that refused to align with either of the two blocs led by the two
Superpowers i.e. the U.S. and the U.S.S.R., and instead, opted to pursue an
independent course of action in international politics. The Non-Aligned
Movement (N.A.M.) emerged when individual non-aligned states came
together and coordinated their efforts on a common platform. It changed the
 nature of inter-state relations by enabling the newly independent developing
countries to play a significant role in world affairs.

PRINCIPLES
As J.L Nehru was founding members, the principles of NAM was largely guided
by Panchsheel principles, some of them are:

1. Respect for the principles enshrined in the charter of the United Nations
and international law.
2. Respect for sovereignty, sovereign equality and territorial integrity of all
States.
3. Peaceful settlement of all international conflicts in accordance with the
charter of the United Nations.
4. Respect for the political, economic, social and cultural diversity of
countries and peoples.
5. Defence and promotion of shared interests, justice and cooperation,
regardless of the differences existing in the political, economic and social
systems of the States, on the basis of mutual respect and the equality of rights.
6. Respect for the inherent right of individual or collective self-defence, in
accordance with the charter of the United Nations
7. Non-interference in the internal affairs of States. No State or group of
States has the right to intervene either directly or indirectly, whatever the
motive, in the internal affairs of any other State.
8. Promotion and defence of multilateralism and multilateral organisations as
the appropriate frameworks to resolve, through dialogue and cooperation, the
problems affecting humankind.
INDIA’S POSITION
1. India being a founder and largest member in NAM was an active
participant in NAM meetings till 1970s but India’s inclination towards
erstwhile USSR created confusions in smaller members. It led to the
weakening of NAM and small nations drifted towards either US or USSR.
2. Further disintegration of USSR led the unipolar world order dominated by
US. India’s New Economic Policy and inclination towards US raised questions
over India’s seriousness over non alignment.
3. Prime Minister of India skipped the 17th Non Aligned Movement (NAM)
summit held in Venezuela in 2016, it was only second such instance when
Head of a state didn’t participate in NAM conference.
RELEVANCE OF NAM
NAM continues to hold relevance as a platform and due to its principles.

1. World peace Territorial integrity and sovereignty

2. Third World nations
3. Support of UN
4. Equitable world order
5. Interest of developing countries
6. Cultural diversity and human rights
7. Sustainable development
8. Economic growth

ANSWER OF QUESTION 3
Answer A India Sino Relation
Synopsis

1. Introduction
2. Beginning of Friendship
3. Bitterness in the Relationship
4. Post-Cold War Developments Peace-Making After Second World War
5. Current relation

1. Introduction
India and China are among the oldest civilisations on the planet and have had one
of the longest uninterrupted continuations as nations in world history. The cultural,
religious and trade links between these two countries are centuries old.

Intellectual and scholarly interactions between the Indian and Chinese pilgrims and
travellers laid a strong foundation of understanding between these two great
civilisations. Among the bestknown Chinese scholars who visited India was Fa
Hien, Sung Yun, Hsuan-Tsang and I-Tsung.Even in the modern history of the
world, India and China emerged as independent nation-stateabout the same time.
India became independent in 1947 and China took birth as a Communist State in
1949.By 2003, both countries had decided to move ahead and build friendship
without allowing border question to hamper the Sino-Indian relations.

2. Beginning of Friendship
1. Soon after independence, India adopted a policy of non-alignment in the midst
of a Cold Warclimate. But China established close alliance with the former
Soviet Union. But it did not affect India-China relations, because prime minister
Jawaharlal Nehru considered it to be in India’s interest to befriend China.
2. Nehru quickly welcomed the birth of Communist China in October 1949 and
advocated that China had a legitimate place in the comity of nations. India was not
only the first among the noncommunist countries to have recognised the People’s
Republic of China (December 1949) but also promoted with greater zeal its
representation in the United Nations.

3. Tibet Region of China agreement also incorporated the five principles of

Panchsheel. The two leaders, Nehru and Chou issued a joint statement reiterating
Panchsheel—five principles of peaceful co-existence, which later became an
important set of principles to guide international relations.

4. As India consistently championed the cause of China’s representation in the UN,

so did many other developing countries. Some analysts criticised Nehru for
supporting China’s entry into the UN. But others rgued that Nehru’s China policy
enabled India to manage peace and tranquility on the northeastern borders for at
least fifteen years.

3. Bitterness in the Relationship

1. The principles of Panchsheel and the spirit of Bandung disappeared by late
1950s. The contention between India and China on the border issue and the status
of Kashmir gave birth to a period of bitterness in the bilateral relationship.

2. China also claimed the Aksai-Chin region of Kashmir as an area originally

belonging to its Sinkiang province.

3. China reversed its policy and began to challenge Kashmir’s accession to India.
Chinese statements on Kashmir indicated two points: (a) it regarded Kashmir as a
disputed territory; and(b) it supported the principle of self-determination in
Kashmir. The building of a controversial road in the Aksai Chin area and frequent
border skirmishes in other sectors finally led to a border war in October 1962,
when China attacked India.

5. Post-Cold War Developments

1. By the time prime minister Narasimha Rao visited Beijing in 1993, the entire
international milieu

had changed. Rao’s visit to China fructified with the signing of a landmark
agreement to maintain peace and tranquility along the Line of Actual Control
(LAC

2. But the relationship soon turned sour in the aftermath of a series of nuclear tests
by India in May

1998. A reported statement by the defence minister George Fernandes

characterising China as asource of threat to India infuriated the Chinese.

3. A leaked letter from prime minister Atal Behari Vajpayee to the US president
Bill Clinton justifying the Indian nuclear tests on the ground of China’s expanding
nuclear arsenals further annoyed the Chinese government.

4. The leaders of both the countries also emphasised the need to enhance economic
cooperation between the two countries. In 2003, first the defence minister,
Fernandes and then prime minister Vajpayee paid highly successful visits to China,
strengthening the bilateral relations. During Vajpayee visit the two countries
agreed to address border questions with care and caution.

Current Relation

●There is a systematic buildup of negative images of how each side viewed the
other’s foreign policies along with a collapse in geopolitical trust.

●China’s attempt to raise its economic and political profile in the subcontinent was
seen as a challenge to India’s authority in the region. India’s military engagements
with the U.S. and Japan (China’s main strategic rivals) was seen as a serious
challenge to Chinese security.
●Both Delhi and Beijing seemed to be convinced that only an assertive policy will
work and for past few years, they have been exploiting leverages and pressures
particularly with respect to India’s US tilt and China’s Pak tilt.

●PM Modi with his visit to China attempted a course correction. It is being called
a ‘reset’.

Answer B terrorism
Synopsis

1. Introduction
2. Genesis Of International Terrorism Importance of NPT
3. Types of International Terrorism
4. Causes of Terrorism
5. Terrorism in India
6. Prevention Of Terrorism Through Law
7. Conclusion

1. Introduction

The word 'terrorism' has emerged from the Latin verbs 'terrere' and 'deterre' which
means an act to tremble and frighten respectively. It implies a strategy to achieve
avowed objectives via the systematic use of violence thereby undermining the
lawful authority of a government or a state. When the ruling authorities or the state
fails to redress the grievances of the people and resorts to oppression and an undue
infringement on their rights, it becomes imperative for the terrorists to make the
concerned authorities accept their perspective by means of terror. Terrorism thus
particularly has political overtures as it seeks to influence politics and
governmental behaviour through in an adverse manner.

2. Genesis Of International Terrorism

As terrorism is a world wide phenomenon, any related act involves several nations
thereby making the process a complicated one. essential precondition of
international terrorism calls for international linkages between terrorist
organisations and groups. Their use of violence at times makes their goals and
objectives obscured. These groups . however exchange equipments, involve
themselves in combine operation planning, avail he benefits of each others training
areas and support each other from the administrative and logical points of view.

3. Types of International Terrorism

i. Discriminate and Indiscriminate Terrorism

ii. Right wing terrorism and Left wing Terrorism
iii. Nationalists and separatists

4. Causes of Terrorism

1) Psychology
2) Political and Institutional Order
3) Economic Factors
4) Religion
5) Identity and Cultural Clash
6) Modernization Strain

5. Terrorism in India

Political Causes : In Assam and Tripura it is seen that due to the failure of the
government to control large scale illegal immigration of Muslim from Bangladesh,
to fulfill the demand of economic benefits for the son and daughters of the soil etc.

Economic Causes : Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Orissa, Bihar

and West Bengal are prime examples. The economic factors include the absence of
land reform, rural unemployment, exploitation of landless labourers, etc. These
economic grievances and gross social injustice have given rise to ideological
terrorist groups such as Maoist groups operating under different names.
Ethnic Causes : It is seen mainly in northeastern states such as Nagaland, Mizoram
and Manipur due to feelings of ethnic separateness which has given rise to terrorist
groups like ULFA etc..

Religious Causes : Seen mainly in Punjab before 1995 and in Jammu and
Kashmir since 1989.In Punjab, some Sikh leaders allege during the 1970 that the
Sikhs were being ignored in Indian society. On the said backdrop in the 1980, there
was an armed movement and it turned violent.

6. Prevention Of Terrorism Through Law

a. Establishment of a national investigation agency through National Investigation

Agency Act, 2008, with the objective of bringing in more professionalism in the
investigation process in terrorist activities.

b. The amendments in the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act, 1967.

c. Amendments in the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973.

Conventions

a. The Tokyo Convention on offences and Certain Other Acts Committed on Board
Aircraft, of 14 September 1963

b. The Hague Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Seizure of Aircraft, of

16 December 1970

c. The Montreal Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the
Safety of Civil Aviation, of 23 September 1971, and the Protocol thereto of 1 May
1984

d. The Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of Crimes against

Internationally Protected Persons, including Diplomatic Agents, of 14 December
1973
 e. The International Convention against the Taking of Hostages, of 17 December
1979

f. The provisions of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, of
1982, relating to piracy on the high seas.

Conclusion
I think there is a need for stringent provisions for the prevention of terrorism. In a
country like India if a law regarding terrorism is enacted it should be made so
stringent that the culprit is brought to book and does not go scot-free just because
of loopholes or lacunas in the ordinary law. Also, we need to consider that our
neighbouring nation Pakistan which is the cause of perpetrating terrorism in India
has also enacted stringent laws something which India also need to follow
diligently. The most important change brought about recently is the establishment
of the National Investigation Agency Act (NIA), 2008 as the first step towards
effective handling of terrorism related offences. Combating terrorism is a joint
responsibility of central, state and local governments. This Act envisages centre-
state partnership in the investigation of terrorist cases.

Answer C

SAARC

1. Introduction

In the history of regionalism, he South Asian Association for Regional

Cooperation (SAARC) is a unique experiment. In terms of national profiles or
superpower connections (till the end of the Cold War), it has few parallels in the
world. Comprised of seven unequal states in terms of size, population, political
system and development status -Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, the Maldives, Nepal,
Pakistan and Sri Lankaon one extreme it has India.

2. History
Earlier efforts at regionalism in Asia in general and South Asia in particular were
both un-pragmatic and far fetched. Being too diffused in both membership and
scope they did not have any lasting significance. For example, the seven
conferences were convened between 1947 and 1955: the Asian Relations
Conference, New Delhi, March 1947; Conference on Indonesia, New Delhi,
January 1949; Baguio Conference, Baguio, Phillippines, May 1950; Colombo Plan,
formally launched on 1 July 1950, after a decision at the meeting of the Ministers
of Independent British Commonwealth countries in Sydney and London in 1950;
Colombo Powers Conference, Colombo, April 1954; Afro-Asian Conference,
Bandung, Indonesia,April 1955; and Simla Conference, Simla, May 1955.
Convened against the background of recent decolonization movements, the
meetings were prompted either by an anti-colonial ethos or by prodding ofex-
colonial masters as reflected in the Colombo plan. They included countries fiom
several world regions.

3. Saarc Summits

1. The first SAARC summit was held in Dhaka in December 1985.

2. At the second SAARC summit held in Bangalore in November 1986.

3. The third SAARC summit was held in Kathmandu in November 1987.

4. The fourth SAARC summit was held in Islamabad in 1988. At this summit, an
integrated development plan called 'SAARC 2000.

5. The fifth SAARC summit was held in Male in November 1990. At this summit,
the leaders called for the welfare ofthe disabled and the girl child, convention on
narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances.

6. The Summit sixth SAARC summit at Colombo was originally scheduled to be

held in November 1991.

7. The seventh SAARC summit was held at Dhaka in April 1993. In this summit,
the SAARC Preferential Trading Arrangement (SAPTA) was signed.
8. At the eighth SAARC summit held in New Delhi in 1995, the SAPTA was
formally launched.

9. At the ninth SAARC summit at Male held in 1997, the SAARC Group of
Eminent Persons was established.

10.The group contemplated the creation of SAARC Economic Vision through

creating a SAARC common market and effecting macro-economic policy
coordination.

11.The eleventh SAARC Summit at Kathmandu was originally scheduled for

November 1999 but had to be postponed because ofthe military coup in Pakistan
on 12 October 1999.

12.The twelfth SAARC summit was held in Islamabad from 4-6 January 2004.

4. Problems Besetting The Organisation

4. Built in Contradictions
1. Conflicting Security Perceptions
2. Problem of Diverse Political Culture
3. Indo-Pak Conflict
4. Absence of Required Political Thrust
5. Problem of Resource Development

5. Prospects For SAARC

i) Inherent Positive Points of the Region

ii) South Asian 'Economic Union

Members of SAARC
SAARC comprises of eight member States:
Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka
There are currently nine Observers to SAARC, namely: (i) Australia; (ii) China;
(iii) the European Union; (iv) Iran; (v) Japan; (vi) the Republic of Korea; (vii)
Mauritius; (viii) Myanmar; and (ix) the United States of America.
Areas of Cooperation
1. Human Resource Development and Tourism
2. Agriculture and Rural Development
3. Environment, Natural Disasters and Biotechnology
4. Economic, Trade and Finance
5. Social Affairs
6. Information and Poverty Alleviation
7. Energy, Transport, Science and Technology
8. Education, Security and Culture and Others

The Objectives of the SAARC

1. To promote the welfare of the people of South Asia and to improve their
quality of life.
2. To accelerate economic growth, social progress and cultural development in
the region and to provide all individuals the opportunity to live in dignity
and to realize their full potentials.
3. To promote and strengthen collective self-reliance among the countries of
South Asia.
4. To contribute to mutual trust, understanding and appreciation of one
another’s problems..
5. To promote active collaboration and mutual assistance in the economic,
social, cultural, technical and scientific fields.
6. To strengthen cooperation with other developing countries.
7. To strengthen cooperation among themselves in international forums on
matters

Significance for India

1. Neighbourhood first: Primacy to the country’s immediate neighbours.
2. Geostrategic significance: Can counter China (OBOR initiative) through
engaging Nepal, Bhutan, the Maldives and Sri Lanka in development
process and economic cooperation.
3. Regional stability: SAARC can help in creation of mutual trust and peace
within the region.
4. Global leadership role: It offers India a platform to showcase its leadership
in the region by taking up extra responsibilities.
5. Game changer for India’s Act East Policy: by linking South Asian
economies with South East asian will bring further economic integration and
prosperity to India mainly in the Services Sector.