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Delivery
Presenter: Mbi Mbi
Year of Study: MBBS V
Rotation: OBGYN
Date: 25/02/15
Outline
• Introduction
• Operative Vaginal Delivery Definition
• Classification, Indications and Prerequisites
• Forceps and Vacuum Delivery
• Complication
• Prevention
• Conclusion
Introduction
• An operative delivery refers obstetric
procedure in which active measures are taken
to accomplish delivery.
• This procedures can be divided into operative
vaginal delivery and caesarean section.
Operative vaginal Delivery (OVD)
• OVD refers to emergency or elective assisted
delivery using either vacuum extraction
(ventouse) or an obstetric forceps.
• The goal of OVD is to mimic spontaneous
vaginal birth, expediting delivery with a
minimum maternal or neonatal morbidity.
ACOG Classification of OVD
OUTLET • Fetal scalp visible without separating the labia
• Fetal skull has reached the pelvic floor
• Sagittal suture is in the anterio-posterior diameter or right or
left occiput anterior or posterior position (rotation does not
exceed 45º)
• Fetal head is at or on the perineum
LOW Leading point of the skull (not caput) is at station plus 2 cm or more
and not on the pelvic floor
Two subdivisions:
• rotation of 45º or less from the occipito-anterior position.
• rotation of more than 45º including the occipito-posterior
position.
ACOG Classification Cont’d
MILD Fetal head is no more than 1/5th palpable per abdomen
Leading point of the skull is above station plus 2 cm but not
above the ischial spines
Two subdivisions:
• rotation of 45º or less from the occipito-anterior position
• rotation of more than 45º including the occipito-posterior
position
HIGH Not included in the classification as operative vaginal delivery is
not recommended in this situation where the head is 2/5th or
more palpable abdominally and the presenting part is above the
level of the ischial spines
Indication of OVD
Types Indication
Fetal • Malposition with relative dystocia (e.g. occiput posterior or
transverse).
• Suspected or anticipated fetal compromise.
Maternal Shorten and reduce the effects of the second stage of labor on
medical conditions;
• cardiac disease, NYHA III or IV
• hypertensive crises
• myasthenia gravis
• spinal cord injury patients at risk of autonomic dysreflexia
• proliferative retinopathy
Inadequate progression of labor;
• Nulliparous women 2hrs without regional anesthesia (3hrs
with)
• Multiparous women 1hr without regional anesthesia (2hrs
with)
Maternal fatigue/exhaustion
Contraindications of OVD
Absolute Relative
• Operator inexperience • Predisposition to fracture (e.g.
• Incompletely dilated cervix osteogenesis imperfecta).
• Unknown fetal position • Suspected bleeding disorder such as
• Unengaged head haemophilia or alloimmune
• Malpresentation e.g. brow or face thrombocytopenia.
presentation • Vertically transmitted disease i.e.
• Suspected CPD (assess with HIV.
abdominal and pelvic assessment )
• Ventouse delivery: Gestation < 36+0
weeks (risk of intracranial
hemorrhage and cephalhematoma).
RCOG Prerequisite for OVD
Full abdominal & • Head is ≤1/5th palpable per abdomen
vaginal examination • Vertex presentation.
• Cervix is fully dilated and the membranes ruptured.
• Exact position of the head can be determined so proper
placement of the instrument can be achieved.
• Assessment of caput and mouding.
• Pelvis is deemed adequate. Irreducible molding may
indicate CPD.
PELVIC CURVE
NB: The blades are oval or elliptical and can be fenestrated or solid.
Commonly Used Forceps
Simpson forceps Elliot forceps
• The most • Has adjustable pin
commonly used for regulating the
types of forceps lateral pressure
in outlet delivery. on the handles.
• Has elongated • They are used
cephalic curve. most often when
• These are used when there is minimal
there is substantial molding.
molding of the fetal • More suitable for
head. outlet delivery.
Commonly Used Forceps Cont’d
Kielland forceps Piper's forceps
• Has small pelvic • Distinct perineal
curve and a sliding curve.
lock. • Allows for
• Suitable for head with application
little molding. to the after-coming
• The most common head in breech
forceps used for
delivery.
rotational delivery.
• Helps correct
asynclitism.
Commonly Used Forceps Cont’d
Tucker-McLane Braton Forceps
Forceps and Traction
• Suitable for fetal
head with
Handle
• Rotational delivery.
little molding.
• Most importantly
• Used in rotational
used for delivery
delivery.
of OT positions in
a platypelloid pelvis.
Application of Obstetric Forceps
The left handle of the forceps is held Continued insertion of the left blade.
in the left hand. The blade is Note the arc of the handles as they
introduced into the left side of the rotate to be applied to the mother’s
pelvis between the fetal head and left.
fingers of the operator’s right hand.
Application Cont’d
Complication Instrument
Maternal 1st and 2nd degree perineal tear. > Forceps
Anal sphincter dysfunction & voiding dysfunction. > Forceps (OP
position)
FORCEPS VACUUM
• Less likely to result in neonatal • There is an increased incidence
morbidity (e.g. of cephalhaematoma, subgaleal
cephalhaematoma, subgaleal and retinal haemorrhage in the
and retinal haemorrhage). newborn.
• More likely to result in maternal
soft tissue injury. • Less likely than forceps to result
in successful vaginal delivery.
• More likely to result in
successful vaginal delivery and • Less use of regional anesthesia.
will occur over a shorter time • Less serious maternal injury.
frame. • Less pain 24 hours after delivery.
• Suitable for assisted vaginal
deliveries < 36+0 of gestation.
Predicators of Complications
Higher rates of failure and serious or frequent
complications are associated with:
• Higher maternal body mass index (BMI > 30).
• Ultrasound estimated fetal weight > 4,000 g or
clinically large baby.
• OP position.
• Mid-cavity delivery or when 1/5 fetal head
palpable abdominally.
Preventative Measures Against OVD
RCOG recommends the following;
• All women should be encouraged to have continuous support
during labor as this can reduce the need for operative vaginal
delivery.
• Use of upright or lateral positions during 2nd stage of labor.
• Avoiding epidural analgesia.
• Delayed pushing for 1 to 2hrs in primiparous women with an
epidural until the urge to push becomes stronger.
Conclusion
• OVD should be undertaken by a skilled obstetrician with
adequate knowledge of pelvic and fetal skull anatomy.
• The same indications and contraindications used for
forceps deliveries should be applied to vacuum-assisted
deliveries.
• Forceps are associated mostly with maternal morbidity
where as vacuums have higher rates of neonatal morbidity.
• Early recognition and abandonment of failing procedure
and paramount importance.
• When performed right, children born via OVD have no
neurodevelopmental delay when compared to those born
via spontaneous vaginal delivery.
References
1. A. H. Decherney et al (2013). Current Diagnosis &
Treatment Obstetrics and Gynecology 11th ed. Pg 334-
340.
2. F. G. Cunningham et al (2009). Williams Obstetrics
23rd ed. 511-525.
3. Royal College of Obstetrics and Gynecology (2011).
Green Top Guide No.26 Operative Vaginal Delivery.
4. SA Maternal & Neonatal Clinical Network (2013).
South Australian Perinatal Practice Guidelines –
operative vaginal deliveries.
5. http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/263603-
treatment
Thank You !!!!