I

sl
ami
cLa
w
‘
Isl
ami cla
w’ref
erstothedivers
eleg
al
sy
ste
mst hathavebeenandc onti
nueto
beproducedwit
ht heobjec
ti
v eofbei
ng
i
na ccordwit
htheI s
lamicf
aith.
Mus li
mLa wortheI s
lami cLawi s
beli
evedt ohavebeeno rigi
nate
df rom
thedivine.TheDi vi
nec ommuni catedit
toProphe tMuha mma dwhopr escri
bed
themi nQur an.Inthelaterdays,t
he
dis
ciplesofProphetMuha mma d(or
Mus li
mj uris
ts
)haverefine dandpol is
hed
thes
epr inci
ples
.Thepr ovisi
onsofQur an
arevasta nddeal
twitha lmostal
la spec
ts
ofhuma nli
fe.
Theword"
Musl
im"meansonewho
s
ubmit
stot
hewi
llofGod.
Thefir stpri
nc i
pleofIsl
ami sknowna s
theSha haadah(Test
imonyofFa i
th),and
isasfoll
ows:"The r
eisnoonewor thyof
worshipe x
ceptAl l
ah(God) and
Muha mma distheFinalApos t
le
(
Me s
senger)ofGod.”Inabr oadersense,
anyonewhowi ll
ingl
ysubmi tst
ot hewi l
l
ofGodi saMus l
im.Thus ,allt
he
prophe t
sprecedingProphetMuha mma d,
areconsideredasMus li
ms .
ByBirt
h:Eveninthecas
eoneofthe
pare
ntsar
eMus l
imtha
nt hepe
rsonhas
tobecons
ide
redasaMuslim.
ByConver
si
on: Anypers
onofsound
mindandhasat
tai
nedtheageof
major
it
yaf
terr
enounci
nghisrel
ig
ion.

FiqhorI sla
mi cjurisprudencei sthe
sour
ceofar ang eofl awsindi fferent
topi
cstha tgov ernt hel i
vesoft he
Mus l
imsi na llfacetsofe ver
y da yli
fe
.The
word“ Fiqh”i sa nAr abicte
r mme ani
ng
“deepunde rsta nding ”or“f ull
compre hension” .

Sour
cesofI
sl
ami
cJur
is
prude
nce
:
Fi
qhisanexpa
nsi
onofShar
iahor
Is
lami
clawbas
edonfours
ource
swhi
ch
a
rec
las
si
fiedi
ntopr
ima
rya
nds
econda
ry:

Pri
ma r
ysources
:TheQur anand
SunnahSecondarys
ources
:
Ij
ma (
Consens
usofopini
on)andQiy
as

School
sofMus li
mLa w“Differ
enceof
opini
onamongmyc ommunit
yisasig
n
ofthebountyofAll
ah”-
Prophet
Muha mma d.

The
rear
etwomainschool
sinMus
li
m
l
awaret
heSunni
es,
Shi
asa
ndbot
hthes
egme
ntsa
redi
vi
ded
i
ntos
ub-school
s.TheSunnis
choolc
an
bedi
vide
di nt
ofours
ub-sc
hool
sas
Hanafi,
Mali
ki,ShafiandHanba l
i.Shi
aschoolof
t
houghtc a
nbedivi
dedintothre
ea s
I
smail
a ,Zaydi
aandIt
hanaAs hari
a.

Mus
li
mMa
rri
age
Definit
ionofma r
riageI sl
amic
Ma r
ri
ag esref
erstoallma r
ri
agesthat
havebeenc ontr
actedbe t
weenaMus l
im
maleandMus l
imf ema l
eimma te
ria
lof
the
irracesanda ges
,a ndhavebeen
wit
ness
e dbya tleas
ttwoma l
esorama le
andtwof emales.
Jus
ti
ceMahmood:“ Ma r
ri
ageamong
Muha mmadansisnotasac
rament
,but
pure
lyaci
vilco
ntract
”.
M.U.S.Jung:“Ma r
ria
gethoug
h
e
ssent
ial
lyac ont
racti
sal
soade v
oti
onal
ac
t,it
sobjec
tsa r
etheri
ghtofenj
oyment
,
procre
ati
onofchi
ldr
ena ndthe
regul
ati
onofsoc
iall
if
eintheint
ere
sto
f
thesoci
et
y.
Ma r
ria
g eisaleg
a lproces
sbywhichthe
s
e x
ualinterc
oursea ndprocr
eati
onand
l
egit
imationofchildrenbet
we e
nma n
andwome nisperf
e ct
lyl
awfulandval
id”
.
 Obj
ect
ive
sofMa
rri
age
:
1.Pr
omot
ionofanor
malf
ami
lyl
if
e
2.Le
gal
iz
ings
exua
lint
erc
our
se
3.Le
git
ima
cyofc
hil
dre
n
4.Dome
sti
cands
oci
all
if
e
5.Res
pectt
owa
rdss
pous
eand
chi
ldr
en
6.Guardi
ngt
hehumansf
rom
foul
nes
sandunc
has
it
y
 Na
tur
eofMus
li
mMa
rri
age

Musli
mMa rr
iag
eha
senume
rat
ed
t
hre
easpe
cts
:
Lega
lAspect
:Ma r
ri
agehasle
gal
as
pect
.Ithasl
egal
iz
edsexua
l
i
nter
cours
eandprocre
ati
onand
l
egi
ti
ma t
ingofc
hil
dren.
Soci
alAspect
:Ma r
ri
agegiv
est
othe
womenahi ghers
tat
usand
res
tr
ict
ionsuponunl
imit
edpol
ygamy.
Rel
igiousAs
pe ct
:Marr
iageisan
i
nsti
tuti
onle
a dstot
heupli
ftofman
andisame ansfort
heconti
nuanceof
humanr ac
e.ProphetMuha mmad
(
Sm) s
aid:“Noinsti
tuti
onofIs
lami
s
l
ike
dbyAl lahmoret hant
hatof
marri
age.
InMusli
mo rMoha mme danLaw,
marri
agehavebeenc at
egoriz
ed
undert
hefol
lowingheads :
i)
Sahihor
Vali
dMa rr
iage–Av a
li
dma rr
iagei
s
oneinwhic
ha lles
sent
ialcondit
ions
ofmarri
age
sa r
efound.
Ess
e nti
al
sofaVal
id(
Sa hi
h)Ma rri
age
–AMus li
mma r
ri
age(Nikah)t
obe
val
id,thefol
l
owi
ngcondit
ionsareto
besa t
is
fied:
A)
Civ
ilCont
rac
t:AMus
li
m
marri
ageispure l
yac i
vi
lcontr
act.As
i
nthec as
eo fac ont
ract
,the
rearet wo
par
ti
es.Onepa rt
yma kesa
pr
oposal(
Ij
ab) andthesameis
ac
ceptedbyt heotheratoneme e
ting.
a)Propos al(
Ija
b)andAc ceptance
(
Qa bool )–Thepr oposalisma deby
thebridegroom.Thepr oposali s
cal
led‘Ijab’.Thepropos a
lc onsist
sthe
amountofdowe r.Thebr ides i
ts
behi
ndt hecurtai
n(pardah) withthe
rel
ati
ve saccumulatedf
ort hispur pose
.

b)
Atoneme
eti
ng:TheI
jaba
nd
Qa boolmus
tbedoneatonemeeti
ng.
TheI j
abatonet
ime,a
ndQa boolat
anothert
ime,ma
kethema r
ri
agevoid.
c)
Consent:Thec
ons
entofbot
hthe
par
ti
esmustbewi
thf
reewi
ll
,
notunderundueinfluenc
e,
misr
epre
sentat
ionorcoer
cion.
B)Ca pacit
yofPart
ie
s:Thepa r
ti
esto
thema rr
iagemustbecompet
entto
ma r
ry.InMus l
imLa w,ape
rson,who
i
ss a
ne( s
oundmind)andhasatt
aine
d
pubertyiscompet
enttomar
ry.The
pers
on,
whohasnota
tta
inedpuber
tyi
sa
minor
.Theageofpuber
tyf
orbot
ha
boyandgi
rli
s15y
ear
s.
UnderShi
a
Law,int
hecas
eofmal
es,
pube
rtyi
spresumedtobeat
tai
neda
t
thea
geof15 y
earsbuti
nca
seof
fema
lesi
tis9yea
rs.

C) Fr
e eConsent:Thema r
ria
g et
obe
val
id,theparti
esmustbef r
eely
consentedt
o. I
ftheconsentis
obtai
ne dbyforceorfr
aud,itisno
consentandthema rr
iageisnotval
id.
Inordertoval
idat
ethema rria
g eofa
boyorg i
rlwhohasnota tt
ainedthe
ageofpubert
y,theconsentofthe
l
egalguardi
anisnecess
ary.
D)Prohibite
dDe gr
eesofRel
ati
ons
hip:
Thepa r
tiestot
hema rr
iag
eshoul
d
notbewi t
hinprohi
bit
eddegr
eesof
rel
ati
onship.
Theprohi
bit
ionmaybe:1.Abs
olut
e
Pr
ohibi
ti
on;and2.Rel
ati
ve
Pr
ohibi
ti
on.
Theabsol
uteprohi
bit
ionr
enderst
he
marri
agevoi
d.Whi l
ether
ela
tiv
e
pr
ohibi
ti
onrenderst
hema r
ri
age
i
rre
gular
.
1.Abs
olut
ePr
ohi
bit
ion:
I
tiss
ub-
div
ide
dint
o:
(
A)Prohi
bit
edDe
gre
esof
Rel
ati
ons
hip:
(
i
)Cons
ang
uini
ty;
(
i
i)Affini
ty;
(
i
ii
)Fos
ter
age
(
B)Pol
yandr
y
(
i)Cons ang uini
ty:Itme ans‘
blood
r
e l
ati
ons hip”.Ama r
ri
agebe t
we en
t
hefol l
owi ngr e
lat
ionsisprohibi
ted
andv oid–a )Mothe randSonb)
Grandmot he r(
howhi ghsoeve r
);and
c)Brothera ndSi s
ter;(
d)Unc l
ea nd
Niece(e) Ne phewa ndAunt .
(
ii
)Affinity:Itmeans“re
lati
onshi
pby
marr
iag
e ”
.Ama ns houl
dnotma rry
hi
s(a
)Wi f
e’smot
he rorgr
andmot he
r
howhighsoever
;(b)Wife’
sdaughte
r
orgrandda ughte
rhowlows oe
v e
r;(
c)
Wifeoffatherorpat
ernala
nces
tor;(
d)
Wifeofsonors on’
ssonordaught
er’
s
sonhowl ows oever
.

(
i
ii
)Fos t
erag e:Itme ansfost
e r
r
ela
tionship.Ifawoma ns uckl
esthe
c
hil
dofa nother
,f os
terrelat
ionshi
pis
c
reated.Thus ,ama rria
gebe tween
t
wope rsonsha vingfost
err e
lati
onshi
p
i
sprohibited.
(
B)Poly
andry:I
fawomanha
stwo
hus
bands,i
tisc
all
ed“
big
amy”.
Ifs
hehassev
e r
al(
moret
hanone)
husba
nds,i
tiscal
le
d“Pol
yandr
y”.
AMus l
imma ncanhav
efourwivesa
t
atime
.ButaMus l
imwoma ncannot
havemoretha
nonehusband.I
fso,
themarr
iag
eisvoi
d.

2.Re
lat
ivePr
ohi
bit
ion:
Re l
ati
vePr ohibit
ionv i
z.abs
enceof
witnes
ses,polygamy (havi
ngsev
eral
wives)i
.e.,moretha nfourwive
s,
ma rr
iagedur i
ng“ IddatPeri
od”etc
.
rendersthema r
ri
a geir
regul
arand
notvoid.
i
i)
Bat
ilorVoi
dMa
rri
age:
Avoi
dma r
ri
agei
sonewhic
h
ac
cor
dingt
otheSha
ria
tdoesnot
c
omei
ntoe
xis
tenc
eata
ll
.
Mullade finesVoidMarri
ageas–‘A
voi
dma rr i
ageisonewhi
chis
unl
awfuli nit
sel
fthepr
ohibi
ti
on
agai
nstthema rri
agebei
ngperpe
tua
l
andabsolute.
Ama rriagewhichhasnol egalres
ult
s
i
sterme dbati
lorv oi
d.Itisthe
se
mbl anceofma rri
agewithoutthe
re
a l
it
y.Ama rr
iagecontr
ac t
edby
part
iessufferi
ngfroma bsolute
capaci
tyi.e.
,
prohi
bit
edont hegr
oundsof
consa
nguini
ty,affini
ty,f
ost
era
ge,
e
tc.i
svoi
d.
Ifprohibi
tionisperpetualor
perma nent,ma r
riageisvoid.Av oi
d
ma rr
iageisa nunlawfulconnection
andnomut ualr
ightsofinheri
tance
betweent hepa r
ti
esa r
iseanda l
so
chil
dreng etanyrightofinhe r
it
ance.
Childrenc annotbee ven"
a
cknowle
dged"a
schi
ldr
ena
re
i
ll
egi
ti
mate.
i
ii
)Fa
sidorI
rre
gul
arMa
rri
age
:
InIsl
ami claw,Sunnischoolconsi
ders
t
hreek i
ndso fmarri
agesna melyval
id,
voi
da ndi r
regul
arma rr
iage.
AccordingtoShiaschoolther
ei sno
i
rre
g ula
rori nval
idma r
riageand
t
hereareonl
yt woma r
ri
ages:Vali
d
andVoidMa rri
ages
.Theirreg
ular
marri
agess
tandinbetwee
nt hevoi
d
andval
idma rr
iage
s.
Fy
zeehasc
las
si
fiedir
reg
ular
marr
iag
esi
ntofivec
las
ses
,
name ly:i)Ama r
ria
gewit
hout
witness,i
i)Ama r
ri
agewit
hawoma n
undergoingiddat
,ii
i)Amarr
iage
prohibite
dbyr e
asonofdi
ffere
nceof
rel
igi
on,i v)
Ama rri
agewi
thtwo
si
ster
s,
orcont
raryt
other
ule
sofunl
awful
conj
unct
ion,a
ndv)Amarri
agewit
ha
fift
hwif
e.
Acc ordi ngtoMul la,‘Ani rreg ular
ma rriag eisonewhi chi snotunl awful
i
ni tself,butunl awful‘ f
ors ome thing
els
e ’
,a swhe r
et hepr ohibitioni s
tempor aryorr elati
ve ,orwhe nt he
i
r r
e gular i
tyarisesfroma na cc i
de nt
cir
c ums ta
nc essucha sa bsenc eof
witne sses.
’ AFa sidma rr
iagema ybe
ter
mi na te
dbye it
he rpa rtya ta nyt i
me;
neithe rdiv or
c enort hei nterve nti
onof
ac our tisne cess
a r
y.Oneoft he mma y
sayIha vereli
nqui s
he dy ou"a ndt he
unhol ya l
lia
nc eends .Ifther eha s
bee nc ons umma ti
on,t hewi fei s
entitl
e dt odo wer( Ma ha r)
,pr ope ror
spec i
fie d,
whicheveri
sle
s se
randshemus t
obse
r v
eIddatforthr
eecourse
s.Whi
le
bet
we enthewifeandhusbandno
ri
ghtofinher
it
a ncei
screat
ed.

MUTA-TEMPORARYFORM
OFMARRIAGE
TheShi
ala
wrecog
niz
est
wok
indso
f
mar
ri
age
,name
ly,
per
ma nentandmutaorte
mporary.
Mutaisak i
ndofte
mporarymarri
age
re
cogniz
e donl
yintheShi
aSchoolof
Musli
mLa w.
Theterminol
ogy'Muta'i
susedwhen
part
ie
s(bri
degroomandbride)i
nte
nt
toent
erintoatempora
ryna t
ureof
the
irmarit
alunion.
AShiama lema ycontr
a ctamut a
ma r
ri
a g
ewi t
hawoma npr ofess
ingthe
Moha mme dan,Chris
ti
a norJ ewish
rel
ig
ionore ve
nwithawoma nwhoi s
afire-wors
hipper(
e.g.
.–Zor oastr
ian),
butnotwit
hawoma nf oll
owi ngany
othe
rr e
li
gionandisint
oI dolworship.
Thet e
rm‘muta’i
mpli
es‘enj
oyment’
or‘use
’.MutaMa r
ri
ageisama r
ri
a g
e
forte
mporarybutafixedperi
odafter
speci
fyi
ngdower(
amounttobepaid)
.
Mut aMa rri
ageisaki
ndoftemporar
y
ma r
riageforafixedperi
odi.
e.,f
ora
day,fewda ys
,fe
wwe eks
,fewmonths
oryears.AShiawoma ncannot
contra
ctMut aMa rr
iag
e.
Thepe ri
odo fma
rri
ageisfixedby
ente
ringintoanagr
eementbetwe
en
t
hepa rt
iesonpaymentofsome
consi
derati
on.

Es
sent
ial
sofMut
aMa
rri
age:

Amutamar
ri
aget
obeva
li
d,t
he
f
oll
owi
ngc
ondi
ti
onsa
ret
obesat
is
fied:
i
)Thepe
riodofc
oha
bit
ati
ons
houl
d
befix
ed.
i
i)Thea mountofdowers
houl
dbe
fixed.Halfoft
heamountwoul
dbe
paidift
hema r
ria
geisnot
consumma t
ed.

TheMut ama r
ri
agec ome stoanend
onthee xpiryofthestipulat
edperi
od.
Ther ei
snodi vorceinr es
pectofa
mutama r
r i
age.Evenbe forethe
expiryofthetermt heHus bandma y
puta nendt othema rriagebyma ki
ng
ag i
ftofrema i
ningtermt ohe ra
nd
payingthefullamountofdowe r.
Childrenbo rnduri
ngmut ama rr
iag
e
a
rel
eg i
ti
ma t
eandaree
ntit
ledt
o
i
nhe
ritproper
tyf
romboththepar
ent
s.

Di
ss
olut
ionofMa
rri
age
Diss
oluti
onofMus li
mMa r
ria
ge
me a
ns“ putt
ingt
hema r
riagetoan
end’
’.Itisaproc
essbywhichthe
ma r
it
alre l
ati
ons
hipbet
we e
nthe
Husbanda ndWi f
eisext
ingui
she
d.
I
nMus l
imLaw,di
ssol
uti
onof
mar
ria
geta
kespl
acebythef
oll
owi
ng
mea
ns:
A)
Byde
atho
fei
the
rspous
e.
B)Bythea ctofpa
rti
esorDivor
cei)
Atthei
nstanceofhusband(
Ta l
aq)
ii
)
Atthei
nstanceofwif
e(Tala
q-i-
Taf
wid)ii
i)Bymut ua
lconse
ntofboth
t
heHus banda ndwif
e.
i
v)Byjudic
ialpr
ocessa
gai
nstpet
it
ion
f
ordecreeofDivor
cebyei
therof
s
pouse
s
A)
Byde
atho
fei
the
roft
hes
pous
es:
Av al
idma r
ri
a gei
sdis
sol
vedor
te
rminate
da tthedeat
hofhusbandor
wif
e.Incaseofdeathofwi
fethe
husbandisf
reetoma r
ryanot
her
woma nimme diat
el
yifhesowis
hes
buti ncaseofdeat
hofthehus band,
wif
eha st
ounde rg
oa ndobserve
periodofiddatorincaseofsheis
pregna nt
,unti
lshedeli
vers
,be f
ore
shei sent
itl
edtoma r
ry,ifs
hes o
wishe s
.
B)
Byt
hea
ctoft
hepa
rti
es(
Div
orc
e):
InMus l
imLaw,ma r
riag
eisnota
sacr
amentandispur
elyacivi
l
contr
act
.AMus li
mMa r
ri
agemaybe
dis
sol
vedunderthef
oll
owingways
:
i
)Attheinsta
nc eofhusband(Tala
q)ii
)
Att
heinstanceofwife(Tala
q-i-
Taf
wid)ii
i)Bymut ualconse
ntofboth
t
heHus banda ndwife.i
v)Byjudici
al
pr
oces
sagai
nstpet
iti
onfordecr
eeof
Div
orcebyei
therofspous
es.
i
)Att
heins
tanc
e/wi
lloft
hehus
band
(
Tal
aq):
-AnyMoha mme da
n,
whoi sofsoundmi nda ndha s
at
taine dpuberty,candivorcehiswi f
e,
whene verhede sir
esbypr onouncing
ta
laq.Ta laqma ybee ffec
tedorall
yor
bywr itt
endoc ume ntcall
ed‘Ta l
ak
Nama ’
.Itma ybepr onounc edevenin
her(wi f
e’
s)absencea ndne ednotto
beaddr ess
edtohe r
.Itmus tcomet o
herk nowledgeforthepur poseof
dowe r.Talaqispronounc edinthe
pres
e nceofKa zioroft hewife’
sfather
orothe rwit
nesses.
Mode sofTalaq/Unilat
eralTal
aq–
Foll
owingarethediffere
ntmode sby
whichTa l
aqispronounced.1)
Ta l
aq-
al
-Sunna( i
.e
.,
conformitywit
ht hedic t
atesof
Prophet).Tal
aqa lSunnai sagain
cla
ssifiedint
otwoc las
ses:i)Ta laq
Asha n(Themos ta pproved)ii
) Tala
q
Ha s
a n(
Approved) 2)Ta l
aq- a
l-Biddat
(i.
e.
,ofi nnov
ati
on,
there
forenotapproved)i
)Thre
e
declar
ati
ons(
theso-cal
le
dtri
ple
divorc
e)atonetime,orii
)One
i
r r
evocabl
ede c
larat
ion(
gene
ral
lyi
n
writi
ng)
.
1)Ta laqa l
-Sunna(ProperTa laq)–
Tala qa lSunna(Sunna t)mea nsa
tal
a qwhi chisinconformitywi th
Sunna ti .
e.
,thetra
ditionofthe
Prophe t.InTa l
aq-ul-
Sunna t,the
husba ndha sanoppor tunit
yt o
reconsiderhisdeci
siona ndha sthe
optiont orevokeit
.
i)Ta la
q- e
-Ahsan(
veryg oodf ormof
Ta l
a q):
-‘Ahsan’me a
ns‘ veryg ood’.
Ac cordingtoAme erAli,Pr ophe thad
appr ovedtalaq-
eAshanf romt he
beg i
nninga ndisconseque ntl
y
regardeda stheregul
arorpr opera nd
orthodoxf ormofdivorce.I tcons i
st
s
ofsinglepronounceme ntdur ing
‘
Tuhr ’pe r
iod.Tuhrpe ri
odme ans
‘
pe riodofpur itybe twe e
nt wo
succe ss
iveme nstrua t
ions’.Tuhr
periodi snota ppl i
c ableifthewifehas
passe dthea geofme ns t
ruati
onorif
thema rri
ag eha snotbe en
consumma ted.Thi skindofTa laqis
revoc abledur ingt hei ddatperi
od.
i
i)Ta l
aq-e-Ha s
an(Goodf ormof
Ta l
aq):
-Anot herme thodoft alaqis
tal
aq-e-
Ha san.Ha sanme ans‘good’.
Thisisal
s oak i
ndoft alaq-esunna t
butconsideredlessapprov edthan
tal
aq-e-
ahs an.Itconsis
tsofthree
pronounce mentofTa l
aqoft hree
succes
si
vet uhrs.Duringt hatperiod
sexualint
ercourseshoul
dnott ake
place
.Itisirre
voc a
ble.Talaq-e-
Ha s
an
consi
stsofthreepronounce ment
ma deduringsuc c
essi
vetuhrs(Peri
od
betweenme nstruati
on)fol
lowedby
absti
nencefroms exualint
e r
coursef
or
theperiodofIdda t
.
Whenthethi
rdpronounc
ementi
s
madet
alaqbecomesir
rev
oca
ble.
Intalaq-e-
ha s
an,itisnotnecessar
yto
wa i
tforthewhol epe ri
odofiddatfor
thetalaqtobe c
omec omplet
e .
Re ma r
ria
gebe tweent heparti
es
become simpossibleunles
sthewi f
e
l
a wfull
yma r
ri
esa notherhusband,
andt hatotherhusbandl awf
ully
di
vor
cedheraf
terthema
rria
geha
s
be
enactua
ll
yconsummated.
2)Talaq-ul
-BiddatorTalaq-
I-Badai:
-
Biddat(orBidat)meansdi
sapproved,
wronginnova t
ionortosomee xte
nt
for
bidden.Thisiscal
led‘i
nsta
nttripl
e
tal
aq’.Thisf
ormoft ala
qwa sall
owe d
bysecondCa l
iphofIsl
am,Uma r
.
Tal
ak-
e-bi
ddatc
oul
dbepr
onounc
ed
byt
wowa ys
:
i
) Inthefir
stf
orm,t
hre
e
pronounce
mentsar
ema dei
nas
ing
le
tuhr,
e
it
heri
nonesent
ence,e
.g.
,‘Idi
vor
ce
t
heet
ri
plyo
rthri
ce’
orinthree
s
ent
enc
es,‘Idiv
orc
ethe
e,Idi
vor
ce
t
hee
,Idivorc
ethee
’.
Suchat al
aqislawful
,al
thoughsi
nful
,
i
nHa nafiLaw;buti nIt
hnaAshari
andtheFa t
imidlawsiti
snot
per
mi ss
ibl
e.Thisiscal
le
d‘alt
ala
qa l
bai
n’,ir
revoca
bledivorc
e.
i
i)Anot herformoft hedisapprove d
divorceisasingleir
revocable
pronounc ementma dee it
herdur ing
theperiodoft uhroreve notherwise.
Thi sf
ormi salsocall
ed‘ at
-t
alaq-al-
bain(al
soc a
ll
e d‘ta
laqe-bai
n’ or‘bain-
tal
a q’
) andma ybeg i
veninwr it
ing .
Thi
ski
ndofdi
vor
cebe
come
s
ir
rev
ocablei
mme
dia
tel
yatt
heopt
ion
ofHusband.
i
i)AttheInstanceofWife(Tala
q-e-
Tafwid)orContingentDivor
ceor
De l
egate
dDi vorce
:-Adivorc
ema y
bepronounc e
ds oastotakeeffecton
thehappeningofaf ut
ureeve
nt.In
thi
scase,thehusbandcandelegatet
o
thewifehisri
ghtofpronounci
ng
divor
ce.
InMoha mme da nlaw,theHus band
hasthepowertode leg
atehisown
rig
htofpronounc i
ngdivorcetosome
thi
rdpersoni.
e.,tothewi f
eherse
lf,
whichiscal
ledtafwid(genera
ll
ymi s-
spel
t‘t
afweez’
).
Ana gre
e mentmadeeit
herbeforeor
aft
erthema rr
iag
ewhe rei
tisprovi
ded
thatwif
ewouldbea tl
iber
tyto
div
orcehe r
sel
ffr
omhe rhusband
undercerta
inspeci
fiedcondit
ions,
is
val
id,provi
dedfirst
ly,
thatt
heopt i
onisnotabsol
uteand
uncondit
ionala
nds ec
ondly,tha
tthe
condi
ti
onsa rer
easonableandnot
opposedtopubli
cpoli
c y
.
i
ii)Div
or c
ebyMut ualConsent:-I
n
Mus l
imLa w,marri
ageisacivi
l
contr
act.Simila
rly
,ma rr
iagema ybe
dis
sol
vedbya nagree
me ntbetween
thepart
ies.Thiski
ndofdivorceis
knowna s‘divor
cebymut ualconse
nt’
.
I
tisoft
wok
indsna
mel
y:
1.Khul
a;a
nd2.Muba
raa
t.

1.Khula:
-Thewor dk hulmeans
li
te
rall
y‘totakeoff’ andthenc
e,‘t
olay
downone ’saut
hor i
tyoverawife’
.
Raikgive
si t
sleg
a ldefinit
ionasi
t
me a
ns‘getti
ngridoft heowners
hipby
ma r
ria
ge’.
Quran,theorig
inalsourceofI
sl
amic
Law,providest
hes y
stemofKhula.
In
l
awitisthesurrenderofri
ghtof
hus
bandov e
rhiswifeforan
exc
hange .
Ac
cor
dingt
oSy
edAme
erAl
i,whe
n
thewifeowingt ohe raversi
ont othe
husband,orhe runwi ll
ingnesstoful
fil
theconjugaldutie
si sdesi
rousof
obtai
ningadi vorce,shema yobtai
na
rel
easefromhe rma ri
talcontra
ctby
givi
ngupe ithe
rhe rs et
tle
ddowe r
,or
tosomeot herparty,suchadi vorceis
consequentl
yca l
ledk hula.
Akhul
adiv
orc
eisa
ccompl
is
heda
t
onc
eby:
i
)offe
rfr
omt
hewi
fe
;
i
i)it
sa cc
ept
ancebythehusba
nd,and
i
ii)withani
wa d(
ret
urn,c
onsi
derat
ion)
passi
ngfromthewif
etothehusba
nd
forredempt
ion.
Iti
sadi vorce,whicht ake splaceat
theinst
anceofwi fe.But ,itiseffected
withthemut ualcons entoft hepa rt
ies
.
Sheoffe rstothehus ba ndf orrelea
sing
herfromma t
r i
moni altie.Shea lso
dis
cha r
gesthehus bandf r omdowe r
debtifany.Whe nonc eiti saccepte
d
bythehus band,itisirrevoc abl
e.

2.Mubaraat:Muba r
aatme ans
li
te
ral
ly‘r
ele
ase’whi
cha l
soput san
endtoma t
ri
monialri
ghts.Accordi
ng
toFat
h-ul
-Qa de
er,mubaraatma y
comeunderthedefinit
ionofk hula
.
Muba
raa
tisa
lsoaf
ormofdi
vor
ceby
mutua lcons
entofwif
ea ndthe
husband.Unde rMuba r
a a
tfreedom
couldtakeplaceduet
oa vers
ionon
bothsidesandbothsi
desa r
e
convincedthatthemarr
iagecannot
goon,he ncetheymutuall
yag r
e et
o
separate
.
Proposalmayc omefr
omeit
hers
ide
anda f
teracce
pt a
ncei
tbe
comes(
tal
aq-
ul-bai
n) fina
l.
Itist
hea ctualdivorcebymut ual
consent.Inthiscase,boththepart
ies
desir
etoha veas eparati
on.Offe rmay
proceedfrome i
theroftheparti
es.
Whe ntheoffe ri
sa ccept
edbyt he
otherpa r
ty,t
hedi vorceisval
id.
i
v )Divorc
ebyJ udi
ci
alProces
sor
Judic
ialDivorc
e(Non-Unil
ate
ral
Ta l
aq):-Judi
ci
alDivorc
etakespl
ace
byfoll
owingme ans:
1.I
la2.
Zi
har
3.Li
an(
Lie
n)orMut
ualI
mpr
eca
tion.
4.Fa
skha
ndTa
fri
d.