2 5 Years Previous Solved Papers ESE 2020 UPSC ENGINEERING SERVICES EXAMINATION Preliminary Examination Topicwise Presentation Also useful for State Engineering Services Examinations, Public Sector Examinations & Other Competitive ExaminationsR= MADE EASY Publications Corporate Office: 44-A/4, Kalu Sarai (Near Hauz Khas Moto lation), New Delhi-110016 E-mail: nfomep@madeeasy:n Contact: 011-45124660, 08860378007 Visitus at waww.madecasypublications.org ESE-2020 Preliminary Examination Mechanical Engineering :Volume-1_ | Topicwise Objective Solved Questions: (1995-2018) £ Copyright by MADE EASY Pubioations [Airghts are reserved, No part ofthis publication may be reproduced, sored ino intoduce inte aretioval system, oF ransmited in any form 0” by any means (tectonic, mechariel peto-copying, recording oF ‘erwie, without he prior writen permission ofthe above mentioned publ sho his Book 1st alton 2007 2nd Edition : 2008 3d Editon 2008 4th Eation: 2010 Sth Editon :2011 ‘th Edition 2012 7h Edition 2013 Sth Edition 2014 9th Edion 2015, 10th Edition 2016 Nth Edition 2017 12th Eattion; 2018 13th Edition: 2019 MADE EASY PUBLICATIONS has aken due cain allcting the data and providing the soltns, befor publshing his book Insite af thf any accuracy or pring eror ecu then MADE EASY PUBLICATIONS owes na respi. MADE EASY PUBLICATIONS wil be gates you could point aut any sue ena Your suggestion wil eapprected © Align resered by MADE EASY PUBLICATIONS Ho pr of his book maybe repre or tae nay farm without the ven perissan rm the publ.Director’s Message Engineering is one of the most chosen graduating field. Taking ‘engineering is usually a matter of interest butthis eventually develops into “purpose of being an engineer" when you choose engineering sorvices as a carrier option, Train goes in tunnel we dont panic but sit stil and trust the engineer, even we don't doubt on signalling system, ‘we dont think twice crossing over a bridge reducing our B. Singh (IES) traveltime; every enginearhas a purpose inhis department ‘hich when coupled with his unique talent provides service to mankind. I believe “the educator must realize in the potential power ofhis pupil and he must employ all his at, in seeking to bring his pupilto experience this power’. To support creams of every engineer and to make eficientuse of capabiltcs of aspirant, MADE EASY team has put sincere etfortsin compiling all the previous years’ ESE-Pre questions with accurate and detailod explanation, The objective Of this book is to faciitate every aspirant in ESE preparation and so, questions are segrevated cchapterwise and topicwise to enable the student to do topiowise preparation and strengthen the ‘concept as and when they are read. | would lke to acknowledge efforts of entre MADE EASY team who worked hard to solve previous years’ papers with accuracy and | hope this book will stand up to the expectations of aspirants. ‘and my desire to serve student fraternity by providing best study material and quality guidance will get accomplished. B. Singh (Ex I) (CMD, MADE EASY Groupsi. Contents Mechanical Engineering Objective Solved Questions of UPSC Engineering Services Examination Topic Fluid Mechanics and Fluid Machinery Thermodynamics Heat Transfer. Internal Combustion Engines. Refrigeration and Air-conditioning Turbo Machinery.. Power Plant Engineering Renewable Sources of Energy... Pages 1141 142-225 226-306 307-358 359-431 432-557 558-604 605-608UNIT Fluid Mechanics Syllabus Fluid Mechanics: Basic Concepts and Properties of Fluids, Manometry, Fluid Statics, Buoyancy, Equations cf Mation, Bernoulli's equation and applications, Viscous flow of incompressible fluids, Laminar and Turbulent flows, Flow through pipes and head losses in pipes: Contents S| Topic [Page No. 1. Fluid Properties 2 2. Fluid Pressure and Measurement 16 3. Hydrostatic Forces on Surface 2B 4, Buoyancy, Floatation and Liquids in Relative Equilibrium % 5. Fluid Kinematics 49 6. Fluid Dynamics and Flow Measurement er 7. Flow Through Pipes 81 8 VortexFlow. % 9. Laminar Flow 100 0. Turbulent Flow 107 11. Boundary Layer Theory 110 12, OpenChennel Flow 121 13. Drag and Lift 15 44, Dimensional Analysis 131 45, Flow overNotches and Weirs 140 2000A 1 14 12 Match List-l (Properties of fluids) with List-II (Definition/Results) and select the correct answer using the codes given below the lists: 1 A. Ideal fluid B. Newtonian fluid ©, D. wp |. Mercury in glass fT 1. Viscosity does not vary with rate of deformation 2. Fluid of zoro viscosity 3. Dynamic viscosity 4. Capillary depression 5. 6. Cx Kinematic viscosity Capillary rise A B C D @ 1 2 4 6 ) 1 2 3 4 © 2 1 3 6 @ 2 1 5 4 [ESE : 1995] Math List (Fiuid properties) with List-ll (Related terms) and select the correct answer using the codes given below the lists: List List A. Capilarty 1, Cavitation B. Vapourpressure 2. Density of water C. Viscosity 3. Shearforce D. Specific gravity 4. Surface tension Codes: A B C D @ 1 4 2 3 ® 1 4 3 2 ©4123 @® 4 13 2 [ESE : 1996] Fluid Properties 1.3 Assertion (A): In fluid, the rate of deformation is far more important than the total deformation itselt, Reason (R): A fluid continues to deform so long as the external forces are applied (a) Both A and R are individually true and Ris the correct explanation of A (©) Both A and R are individually true but R is not the correct explanation of A (c) Ais true but Ris false (@) Ais false but Ris true [ESE : 1996] 1.4. Which one of the following is the bulk modulus K ofa fluid? (Symbols have the usual meaning) 2 Pp. @ 9% oe ap ob © Pop © oop [ESE : 1997] The dimensions of surtace tension are (a) Nim® {b) Jim (c) Jim? (@) Wim [ESE: 1997] 1.8 Which of the following forces act on a fluid atrost? 1. Gravity foree 2. Hydrostatic force 3. Surface tension 4. Viscous force Select the correct answer using the codes given below: (@) 1,2,.3and4 —(b) 1, 2and3 (©) 2and4 (@ 1,3and4 [ESE : 1998] 1.7. Surface tension is due to (@) viscous forces (b) cohesion (©) adhesion (qd) the difference between adhesive and cohesive forces [ESE : 1998]Fluid Mechanics 9 1.58 Statement (I) : A small insect can sit on the free surface of aliquid though insects density is highor than that of the liquid, Statement (II): Liquids have viscosity (@) Both Statement (I) and Statement (Il) are individually true and Statement (Il) is the correct explanation of Statomont (1). (©) Both Statement (I) and Statement (Il) are individually true but Statement (II)is NOT the correct explanation of Statement (I). (6). Statement (I)is tue but Statement (Il) is false (a) Statoment I) is false but Statement (lis true [ESE : 2014) 1.59 Which of the following fluids exhibit a certain shear stress at zero shear strain rate followed by a straight line relationship between shear stress. and shear strain rate? (a) Newtonian fluids (b) Ideal Bingham plastic fluids (c) Pseudo-plastic fluids (4) Dilatant fluids [ESE : 2015} 1.80 I angle of contact of a drop of liquid is acute, then (a) cohesion is equal to adhesion (b) cohesion is more than adhesion (c) adhesion is more than cohesion (d) both adhesion and cohesion have no connection with angle of contact [ESE : 2016] 1.61 Aspherical waterdrop of 1 mm in diameter splits Up in air into 64 smallor drops of equal size. The GEE Fluia Properties surface tension coefficient of water in air is 0.073 Nim. The work required in splitting up the drop is (@) 096x10%J (b) 069% 10°) (©) 032x10%J (¢) 0.28% 10°) [ESE : 2017] 1.62 A 150 mm diameter shaft rotates at 1500 rpm. within a 200 mm long journal bearing with 150.5 mm internal diameter. The uniform annular space between the shaft and the bearing is filled with, cil of dynamic viscosity 0.8 poise. The shear stress on the shaft will be (@) 1.77 kNim?—(b) 2.77 kNim? (©) 3.77kNim? (6) 4,77 N/m? [ESE : 2018] 1.63 The normal stresses within an isotropic Newtonian fluid are related to 1.Pressure 2.Viscosity of fluid 3.Velocity gradient Which of the above are correct? (@) tand2only —(b) 1 and3 only (c) 2and only (d) 1,2and3 [ESE:2018) 1.64 A plate weighing 160 N and measuring 0.8 m X 0.8 m just slides down an inclined plane over an oil film of 1.2 mm thickness for an inclination of 80° and velocity of 0.2 m/s. Then the viscosity of the oil used is: 11 (d) 1.2 (6) 13 @ 14 @ 15 (© 1.10 (d) 1.14 (6) 1.12 (b) 1.18 (6) 1.14 (a) 1.19 (0) 1.20 c) 1.21 () 1.22 (b) 1.23 (b) 1.28 (d) 1.29 (a) 1.80 (0) 1.81 (6) 1.82 (0) 1.37 (b) 1.38 () 1.89 (@) 1.40 () 1.41 (o) 1.46 (d) 1.47 (0) 1.48 (b) 1.49 (6) 1.50 (0) 1.55 (a) 1.56 (b) 1.57 (2) 1.58 () 1.59 (b) 1.64 (d) (@) 0.3 Nsim? (0) 0.4 Nsim® (©) 0.5 Nsim? (@) 0.7 Naim? [ESE : 2019) . 16 ©) 17 &) 18 © 19 @ 1.18 (8) 1.16 (a) 1.17 (0) 1.18 (@) 1.24 (d) 1.25 (b) 1.26 (b) 1.27 (d) 1.33 (c) 1.34 (b) 1.35 (@) 1.36 @ 1.42 (0) 1.43 @ 1.44 (2) 1.48 (b) 1.51 (@) 1.62 (b) 1.83 (6) 1.84 (©) 1.80 (c) 1.61 (b) 1.62 (c) 1.63 (d)10 FEENEY Mechanical Engineering + Volume! Solved Papers [EEEEEIEEEY Fei Properties (d) ‘A Newtonian fluid is a fluid whose stress versus strain rate curve is linear and passes through, origin. The constant of proportionality is known, as the viscosity, In fluid mechanics, the term (hifp) is observed frequently and hence for convenience, itis called as kinematic viscosity, The depression of the meniscus of a liquid contained in a tube where the liquid does not wet walls of container, as in mercury barometer, the meniscus has a convex shape, resulting in a depression. Hw Viscosiy: tis ameasure of resistance of alc which is being deformed by either shear stress Specific gravity: It is the ratio of density of fluid to tho density of standard Mid, Capillary: tisthe ability of quid to tow against gravity combination of surface tension and adhesion act to lit tho livid Wilke) Bulk modulus, op viv ® — dtp av Specific volume, Taking log, both sides, we get logy v= og, ° On differentiating a) v Pp ob ° s|e Substituting in Eq (i), we get kK ae © =dp ip = Ite) The property of the liquid surface film to exert a lension is called the surface tension, It is the force required to maintain unit length of the film in equilibrium. In SI units surface tension is expressed in Nim or Jim®. In matric gravitational system of units it is expressed in kaflem or kgfim He For a fid at rest, there ean be no shear force (ie. viscous force), The only frees acting on the free body are the normal pressure force, exerted by tho surrounding fu onthe plano surface and weight ofthe element j(b) Surface tensions due to cohesion between liquid particles at the surface, where as capillaity is due to both cohesion and adhesion The property of cohesion enables a liquid to resist tensile stress, while adhesion enables it to stick to another body. Ec) Newton's law of viscosity «12d snore ear tess oy t & — rate of strain dy Hie The pressure at any point in a fiuid at rest has the same magnitude in all directions. In other words, when a certain pressure is applied at any point in a fluid at rest, the pressure is equally transmitted in all the direction and to every other point in the fluid. It is known as Pascal law.2.1. The depth of a fluid is measured in vertical z-direction; x and y are the other two directions and are mutually perpendicular. The static pressure variation in the fluids given by (symbols have the usual meaning) op & @ oro OF dp_ dp ( Bog @) Bag [ESE : 1995] 2.2. It Zs vertically upwards, pis the density and g gravitational acceleration (see figure), then the pressure ap/az in fluid at rest due to gravity is given by | y @ (@) po#i2 (©) -pg (©) -poz (@) pglz [ESE : 1996] 2.3. Themanometer shown inthe figure below connects, two pipes, carrying oil and water respectively. Hotzontal rane” Mercury Fron he figure one (a) can conclude that the pressure in the pipes are equal (b) can conclude that the pressure in the oil pipe ishigher 2.4 2.5 Fluid Pressure and WCET Tag (6) can conclude that the pressure in the water pipe is higher (d)_ cannot compare the pressure in the two pipes: for want of sufficient data [ESE : 1996] Assertion (A): U-tube manometer connected to a venturimeter fitted in a pipeline can measure the velocity through the pipe. Reason (R): U-tube manometer directly measures dynamic and static heads. (@) Both A and R are individually true and R is the correct explanation of A (b) Both A and R are individually true but R is not the correct explanation of A (©) Ais true but Ris false (a) Ais false but R is true [ESE : 1996] A differential manometer as shown in figure below is used to measure the difference in pressure at points Aand Bin terms of specific weight of water, w. The specific gravities of the liquids X, Yand Z are respectively S,, S,, and S, Pa _ Pe (@) 8,-1.8, + 1,8, (©) Hy, + h,S,- AS, (©) h8,-,S, + 1,8, (A) 8, + h,S,—hySy [ESE : 1997]Fluid Mechanics 17 2.6 27 Inthe figure shown below, air is contained in the pipe and water in the manometer liauid. woter The pressure at Ais approximately (a) 10.14 mof water absolute (b) 02 mot water (6) 1.2mofwater vacuum (a) 4901 Pa [ESE : 1998] ‘A meroury manometer is fitted to a pipe. It is mounted on the delivery line of a centrifugal pump. ‘One limb of the manometer is connected to the upstream side of the pipe at A and the other limb 1 B, just below the valve Vas shown in the figure below. = The manometer reading h varies with different valve positions. Assertion (A): With gradual closure of the valve, the magnitude of hwill go.on increasing and even situation may arise when mercury will be sucked in by the water flowing around B. Reason (R): With the gradual closure of the valve, the pressute at A will go on increasing, (a) Both A and R aro individually true and R is the correct explanation of A (b) Both A and R are individually true but R is not the correct explanation of A (o) Ais true but Ris false (d) Ais false but R is true [ESE : 1998) 2.8 The reading of gauge A shown in the figure below is we ts Ht same | tot S| Sth (@) -31.392kPa —_(b) -1.962kPa (©) 31.392kPa (@) +19.62KPa [ESE : 1999) 2.9. AU-tube manometer is connected to a pipeline conveying water as shown in the figure below. mosphere Mercury Spc = 136 The pressure head of water in the pipeline is. (@) 7.12 (0) 6.6m (©) 6.0m (a) 512m [ESE : 2000] 2.10 Pitot static tube is used to measure the velocity of water using a differential gauge which contains a manometric fluid of relative density 1.4. The deflection of the gauge fluid when water flows at a velocity of 1.2 m/s will be (the coefficient of the tube may be assumed to be 1) (@) 183.5mm (0) 2.4mm. (©) 524mm (@ 734mm [ESE : 2000] 2.11 Differential pressure head measured by mercury oil differential manometer (specific gravity of oi is 0.9) equivalent to a 600 mm difference of mercury levels will nearly be @) 7.62motoil (0) 76.2 motel (©) 7.34motoil —_{) 8.47 mofo [ESE : 2001]Fluid Mechanics 21 2.39 In a differential manometer a head of 0.6 m of fluid A in limb 1 is found to balance a head of 0.3 m of fluid 8 in limb 2. The ratio of specific. gravities of A to Bis (a) 2 (o) 03 (b) 05, @) 0.18 [ESE : 2013] 2.40 Manometer is a device used for measuring (2) Velocity at a point in a fluid (b) Pressure at a point in a fluid (6) Discharge of atid (d) None of the above [ESE : 2014) 2.41. What is the intensity of pressure in the following Slunits, when specific gravity of mercury is 13.6 and the intensily of pressure is 400 KPa? (@) 0.3 bar or 4.077 m of water or 0.299 m of Hg (b) 4 bar or 5.077 mof water or 0.399 m of Hg (©) 0.3 bar or 5.077 m of water or 0.599 m of Hg (d) 4 bar or 4.077 mof water or 0,299 m of Hg [ESE : 2015] 2.42 Ina differential manometer, a head of 0.5 m of fluid A in limb 1 is found to balance a head of 0.3 m of fluid 8 in limb 2. The atmospheric pressure is 760 mm of mercury. The ratio of specific gravities of A to Bis (a) 025 (b) 06 (©) 2 (a) 4 [ESE : 2016] 2.43 The pressure at a point in water column is 3.924 Nlom?, What is the corresponding height (@) 8m (b) 6m () 4m (@) 2m [ESE : 2016] 2.44 A vacuum gauge fixed on a steam condenser reads 80 kPa vacuum. The barometer indicates 1.013 bar, The absolute pressure in terms of mercury head is, nearly (@) 160 mm of Hg (b) 190 mm of Hg (€) 380 mm of Hg (a) 760 mm of Hg [ESE : 2016) 2.45 Statement (I) : A differential inverted U-tube manometer determines the difference in pressures. between two points in a flow section to which itis connected Statement (Il) : The sensitivity of an inclined gauge depends on the angle of inclination, (@) Both Statement (I) and Statement (II) are individually true and Statement (II) is the correct explanation of Statement (I). (©) Both Statement () and Statement (II) are individually true but Statement Il) is not the correct explanation of Statement (|). (6) Statement (I)is true but Statement (l)is fase. (a) Statement (I) is false but Statement (Il) is tue. [ESE : 2018] 2.46 Statement (I) : There exists a positive pressure difference between the inlet and throat ofa venturi meter. Statement (Il): The costficient of discharge of a venturimeter accounts for the non-uniformity of flow at both inlot and throat (@) Both Statement (I) and Statement (Il) are individually true and Statement (II) is the correct explanation of Statement (I). (©) Both Statement (I) and Statement (II) are individually true but Statement Il) is not the correct explanation of Statement (|). (¢) Statement (I)is true but Statement (is false. (@) Statement (I) is false but Statement (I) is true [ESE : 2018]22 [EEEIEG Mechanical Engineering « Volume Sahed Papers EEEEEIIEN Fluid Pressure and Measurement 241 (d) 2.2 (o) 2.3 (d) 24 (c) 265 (a) 26 (a) 27 (a) 28 (bo) 29 (c) 2.10 (a) 2.11 (a) 2.12 (b) 2.13 (c) 2.14 (a) 2.18 (b) 2.16 (b) 2.17 (c) 2.18 (c) 2.19 (c) 2.20 (a) 2.21 (a) 2.22 2.23 (d) 2.24 (bo) 2.25 (d) 2.26 (Gd) 2.27 (b) 2.28 (b) 2.29 (c) 2.30 (b) 2.31 (b) 2.32 (b) 2.33 (b) 2.34 (d) 2.35 (b) 2.36 (b) 2.37 (c) 2.38 (c) 2.39 (b) 2.40 (b) 2.41 (d) 2.42 (b) 2.43 (c) 2.44 (a) 2.45 (b) 2.46 (b) GES Flsid Pressure and Measurement Ble ‘The pressure intensity p at any point in a static mass of fluid does not vary in x and y directions and it varies only in z-direction. do Hence, az 2.2 (3) The pressure intonsity pat any point in amass of fluid does not vary in x and y directions and it varies only 2 direction B--99 The negative signin the above equation signifies that the pressure decreases in the direction in which zinereases i.e in the upward direction. Bale) Starting from point A and wring manometic -eg Pas ng nS Sy PE Pa w 2.6 (6) Pressure at Ais equal to almospheric pressure, 2 = hyS, HS, + hySp w With gradual closure the valve, the valve will be restricted the flow of liquid. Then pressure at A will be increased, Ew Pressure of air Py =~ 0.25 x 13.6 = Now, Py, + 4x 0.8 = Dy y= -8.4+3.2=—0.2 mot water p, =~ 1.962 kPa Ec) Starting from pipeline and write manometric equation p +056 x 1-048 x 136-05 x 088-0 6 mof water 3.4 m of water Be Pitot static tubo. Flow through pipe 5, v= Pox{ Sas a ) vihere x = manometic deflection §,, = specific gravity of manomettefuid 3 = spesilic gravy of owing fuid 5, legs Se—1 v= po 22-1) 12 = fexoen| 44] _ (ay = Dyggix04 = 0.1835 m = 188.5 mm Be Given data Specitc graviy of ol, Sy = 08Fluid Mechanics 23 fot y 4 200 men TL [tern 600 mm of Hig = 0.60 m of Hg Si 13.6 vo] - 0088-4 {= | 060] Se-1 = 8.47 mof oil -) 1000 x 9.81 x 0.1 (2-1) 981 N/m? Bourden pressure gauge: Bourden tubes measure gauge pressure relative to ambient atmospheric pressure, as opposed to absolule pressure, vacuum is sensed as reverse mation Pressure transducer: It is a type of pressure ‘sensor, that are designed to measure in a dynamic mode very high speed changes in pressure. U-tube manometers: It can measure both negative and positive gauge pressure. Hydrostatic law states that the pressure varios with the depth, in a static fluid, Be P.. Sihsah)-S,(hy+ AA) = pat SU ab)-Sih ah) =0 ra S/,-hS+ah(S,- S) Be Difference in pressu Ec) P+ pth Poh—palh—h}=p Bc) Gas pressure cannot be measured by means of piezometers because a gas forms no free atmosphere surface and it can't be used when large prossures in the lightor liquid aro to be measured Bc) Fx (08) x= 19 hy =37.8em Now, 18.6% h=87.8 37.8 78 280m 13.6 Be Ee) Reference is always taken from atmospheric pressure which is indicated by Barometer. Barometer reads the local almespherie pressure. So pressure = 700-380 = 320 mmof Hg vacuum Now, pg (x,+x,) sin 30 = 1.85 pg (h,+h,)A 3 3.1. Arectangular water tank, {ull to the brim, has its length, breadth and height in the ratio of 2: 1 2 The ratio of hydrostatic forces at the bottom to that at any largor vertical surface is (@) We () 1 () 2 (@) 4 (ESE: 1996) 3.2. Acylindrical gates holding water on one side as shown in the figure below. aE > | Nu The resultant vertical component of force of water per moter wicth of gate will be (@) Zero (6) 700.8Nim (6) 18401.1Nim —(d) 30808.4Nim [ESE : 1997) 8.3. Astopped cylinctrical containers filed with aliquid ‘as shown in the figure below. leet =u The container with its axis vertical, is frst placed with its larger diameter downward and then upward, The ralio of the forces at the bottomin the two cases willbe (@) We (1 (©) 2 (@) 4 (ESE: 1998] 3.4 A circular annular plate having outer and inner diameters of 1.4 m and 0.6 m respectively is. immersed in water with its plane making an angle (of 60° with the horizontal. The centre of the circular annular plate is 1.85 m below the free surface. 3.5 3.6 a7 38 Hydrostatic Forces on Surface The hydrostatic thrust on one side of the plate is (@) 1975N (0) 19.75N (©) 11.4N (@) 22.8kN [ESE : 1998] Ahousetop water tank is made of flat plates and is full to the brim. Its height is twice that of any side. The ratio of force on the bottom of the tank to that on any side will be (a) 4 (0) 2 1 (a) 2 (ESE: 1998] A vertical sluice gate, 2.5 m wide and weighing 500 kg is held in position due to horizontal force cof water on one side and associated friction force. When the water level drops down to 2m above the bottom of the gale, the gate just starts sliding down. The coofficiont of friction betwoon the gate and the supporting structure is (@) 020 (0) 0.10 (©) 008, (a) 0.02 (ESE: 1999] Assertion (A): Dopth of contre of prossure of any immersed surface is independent of the density of liquid, Reason (R): Contre of area of immersed surface lis below the contre of pressure. (@) Both A and R are individually true and R is the correct explanation of A (b) Both A and R are individualy true but R is not the correct explanation of A (©) Ais true but R is false (@) Ais false but Ris tue [ESE : 1999] The height of a cylindrical container is twice that ofits diameter. The ratio of the horizontal forces fon the wall of the cylinder when it is completely filed to that when itis haif filed with the same liquid, is (@) 2 3 (©) 35 (a4 [ESE : 2000]Fluid Mechanics 27 3.9. A rectangular tank of square cross-section is having its height equal to twice the length of any side at the base. If the tank is filled up with a liquid, the ratio of the total hydrostatic force on. any vertical wall to that at the bottom is (a) 20 (o) 15 (©) 10 (@) 05 [ESE : 2001] 8.10 Three immiscible liquids of specific densities p, 2p and 3p are kept in a jar. The height of the iquids in the jar and at the piozometer fitted to the bottom of the jar are as shown in the figure below. fy, 18 | 2 oF 4 ‘an t The ratio Hihis. @4 (b) 35 3 (a) 25 [ESE : 2001) 3.11 A dam is having a curved surface as shown in the figure below. The height of the water retained by the dam is 20 m, density of water is 1000 kgim®. Assuming gas.9.81 m/s*, the horizontal force acting on the ‘dam per unit length is (@) 1.962% 108N —(b) 2x 10°N (©) 1.962% 10°N (a) 3.924 10°N [ESE : 2002) 3.12 Consider the following statements about hydrostatic force on a submerged surface: 1, Itremains the same even when the surface is tured 2. It acts vertically even when the surface is tured, Which of these statements is/are correct? (a) Only 1 (©) Only2 (©) Both tand 2 (d) Neither t nor 2 [ESE : 2003] 8.18 The vertical component of force on a curved surface submerged in a static liquid is equal to the (2) weight of liquid column above the CG of the curved surface (©) woight of liquid above the curved surface (6) product of pressure at CG, multiplied by the area of the curved surface (@) product of pressure at CG, multiplied by the projected area ofthe curved surface [ESE : 2003] 3.14 The point of application of ahorizontal force on a curved surface submerged in iquid is (symbols have their usual meanings) Ie a) 2h @Z we (7th [ESE : 2003] 3.15 The depth of centre of pressure for a rectangular lamina immersed vertically in water up to height his given by h h @> oF 2h 3h OF @> [ESE : 2003] 3.16 Assertion (A): For a vertically immersed surface, the depth of the centre of pressure is independent of the density of the liquid Reason (R): Centre of pressure lies above the centre of area of the immersed surface. (@) Both A and R are individually true and R is the correct explanation of A (b) Both A and R are individually true but R is not the correct explanation of A (6) Ais true but Ris false (2) Ais false but R is true [ESE : 2003]30 [EEEIEG Mechanical Engineering « Volume Saved Papers 3.35 The centve of pressure of a plane submerged @4 (2 surface @1 (@) 08 (@) is a point on the submerged area at which [ESE : 2016) wereaitant create 18 SUPE 3 44 opp yall ami Om. Theale acting on vertical wall per metre length is {b) should always coincide within the centre of weg on eee sarge cermnk Qo) aSN (0 shndd bo stnoconvoct ray tho plane IESE 2016] (@) is always below the centroid of area 3.42 Statement (I) : Depth of contre of pressure of [ESE : 2013} any immersed surface is independent of the 3.86 When a dolohin glides through air it experiences density of the quid see ncinal peanuts of vo ct neleury toe Statement (Il): Centre of area ofthe immersed absolute pressure on dolphin whenitis m below body ies below the centre of pressure ene eon copa {@) Both Statement () and Statement (il) are oto ty oe Ninm® individually ttue and Statement (I) is the (© 10Nimm? ——(d) O.18Nimm? correct explanation of Statement () (Ese: 2014) (b) Both Statement () and Statement (Il) are individually tue but Statement (isnot the 3.87 Atankof length, breadth and height in the ratio correct explanation of Statement (I) of 2:1: 2s fll ofwator Tho ratio of hydrostatic (©) Statement()is tue but Statement (I) is false force atthe bottom to that at any larger vertical (@) Statement ()istalse but Statement (I) is true surlaceis (ESE : 2017] @1 (b) 4 o> ta 3 3.43 A section of a dam made of concrete, p = 26, (ESE: 2018] total height = 35 m, with top walkway width of 6 mis shown, The upstream bettommost point is 3.88 An isosceles triangular lamina of base t m and called the Hee! ofthe dam. The sloped part on height2 mis located in tho waterin vertical plane downstream side is 3 vertical on 2 horizontal and its vertex is 1 m below the free surface of Water standstill 2 m short of the top ofthe dam ‘ho water. Tho position of force acting on the section, The netresullantforce acting on the base lamina from the free water surface is level ofthe dam is nearly (a) 242m (b) 233m Q 2mm asm wad ont [ESE : 2016] 1 8.39 A solid body of specific gravity 05 is 10m long 3m wide and 2 m high. When it floats in water Weston with ite shortest edge vertical, ite metacentric “ao heights (@) 075m (b) 048m | (© 025m (@) 0.1m ESE : 2016] HeHoat “fe Base width | 3.40 A house-top water tank is made of flat plates (@) 1370kkgf_ —(@) 1585 k kat and is full othe brim. its height is twice thal (©) "400k kgf (@) 1488 k kat (ESE : 2017] of any side. The ratio of total thrust force on the bottom of the tank to that on any side will beMADE EASY Fluid Mechanics 31 EERIE Hydrostatic Forces on Surface 31 () 32 ©) 33 @ 84 @) 88 ©) 36 () 37 ©) 38 @) 39 (© 3.10 (c) 3.11 (0) 3.12 (d) 3.13 (0) 3.14 (bo) 3.15 (©) 3.16 (c) 3.17 (0) 3.18 (b) 3.19 (0) 3.20 (@) 3.21 (a) 3.22 (o) 3.23 (0) 3.24 (6) 3.25 (a) 3.26 (0) 3.27 (A) 3.28 (b) 3.29 (c) 8.80 (b) 3.31 (0) 3.82 (a) 3.93 (>) 3.84 (1) 3.95 (d) 3.86 (a) 3.87 (@) 3.38 @) 3.89 (0) 3.40) 3.41 (b) 3.42) 3.43 (d) EEE Hydrostatic Forces on Surface Ee a a 2 2 = 2 Foros onthe bottom Eo (F)=pal2x4)x2=4p9 Hydrostatic thrust = pgAh ‘orce on the vertical surface = 9.81x5 {(1.47 -(0.6)'}1.85% 1000 (Fe)=pg(2x2)x1= 4og = 22.8 KN fay Ee A F,=Force at bottom = yx(axa) x2a=2ay Hc Fr fore atone side Vertical forces = weight of fluid corresponding to = x(a x28) xa=2ayy semicircular volume Roy 2 a -o( 25} -sencrenon 2A xf Ee of Pressure force 0 x 1000 x 2x 25 x wi = 15401.1 Nim = AR = 10x 1000 x2%25x1 = 50 kN EE) Fr =0 ® og? 2N = P= 50 l F, = pox2hx™x(20) = 2m 1 = pgx2hx 7 x(2d)° = 2rpghe? N= 25kN on, noe _ mpghd? Now N = pgx2nxZd? = A= pox2hxt t 5 500 x w, fe S010 0.1 Now = 4 % 25x 100032 FEENEY Mechanical Engineering + Volume! Solved Papers 13.7 [G) Depth of centre of pressure is proportional to ecard moment of area ebcut the weler eurtace area of surface, and depth of centre of gravity, i.e, igsiko wel where, lepth of pressure Fi = centoid of surface area A= surface area Ig = moment of inertia of the area about an axis passing through the centroid of the area. 8 . from horizontal Centre of area of immersed surface lies above the centre of pressure. Ei Rat Ec) 1 pgtxarH 2 =4 1 A, A pI XRT F, = force on vertical wall x2axaxa=2aly F, = force al the bottom yxaxax2a=2a'y Be) , nos Horizontal force per u 9.81 x 1000 x 20% 1x10 = 1,982 x 108 Nim Hao Magnitude of hydrostatic force on plane surface is independent ofthe inclination of the surface. Only when surface is rotated about its centroid. 13.13 (0) Vertical component of a curved surface is equal tothe weight ofthe quid contained extending vertically above the curved surface Upto the froe surface ofthe liquid Ee) portion For the lamina submerged vertically: @ fede = foxAh an Hac Depth of centre of pressure hy RA 2" (xt hie = Hc Depth of ©. P. (ht) = _Jasine An Which is independent of the density of the liquid. gsieo nro >0 Wh Centre of pressure lies below the centre of area of the immersed surface Ee) Tolal force on the face of plate = wAR 81x 10004] (1.2)° -(0.8)° }x1.628 = 10kNFluid Mechanics 33 The magnitude of total force is independent of the inclination of the surface, Ec) Centre of pressure (H) in case of inclined surface is given by b a 16 sin? +12. sinto An Hor, [= Area moment of inertia about centoidal axis and parallelto free axis Fi = Perpendicular distance of centre of agravity of body from tree surface A = Areatouching fluid Ee) The center of pressure is the point on a surface where the total sum of a pressure field acts causing a force and nomoment about that point. (a) Moment of thrust = Pressure x Aroax <7 Volume for vertical component x raf) ne A els Be ey 2 wis) Aloe t le "7 2372 Ele) 240.75 cas = 1.375 m Total pressure force = pgAr = 1000 981 x Fx (1.5) 1.875 = 23.84 KN = 24 KN Ea Vertical component of pressure force on the submerged curved surfaces equalto the gravity force of liquid vertically above the curved surface upto the free surface. Ede) Depth of centre of pressure is given by —Z Moment of force about 0, dM = pgx. dA. x = pgx? dA m= pgfx? ga Fxh=M = wAexh = pgfx? dA = pgAExh = pal, Ty _ eg + AR? Pressure force on one side of plate = wAh 2.4 sin 60° = (085x981) x (0.75%2.4) x {= = 15.60 KN