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Article history: Extra-pyramidal symptoms (EPS) such as akinesia, dystonia, gait alteration and tremors are observed when dopa
Received 30 August 2012 mine D2-receptors are blocked by pharmacological agents such as haloperidol. These alterations produce a
Received in revised form 30 November 2012 Parkinson disease-like state (PLS). Physical exerdse has been proven to improve gait and locomotor symptoms in
Accepted 23 December 2012
Parkinson's disease; we sought to eluddate the effects of physical exerdse on PLS induced by chronic administration
Available online 2 January 2013
of haloperidol in rats. We used 48 rats distributed into four groups: Contrai, Exercise, Haloperidol, and Hal + Exe. Ali
Keywords: the animais received a daily injection of saline or haloperidol for 30 days, and the exercise groups underwent a daily
Exercise 30-minute exerdse protocol for 20 days. Toe animais were subjected to the ink-paw test, bar test and open-field
Antipsychotics test throughout the training period. Toe haloperidol-induced akinesia increased throughout the days of injections,
Dopamine but exercise was shown to alleviate it. Toe assessment showed shortened stride length and increased stance width
Parkinsonism with the use ofhaloperidol, which were significantly alleviated by exercise. These results indicate that exercise could
Akinesia be an interesting approach towards redudng unwanted EPS caused by haloperidol.
Gait © 2013 Elsevier Inc. Ali rights reserved.
0091-3057 /$ - see front matter © 2013 Elsevier lnc. Ali rights reserved.
http://dx.doi.org/10.10I 6/j.pbb.2012.12.020
114 P.PA. Baptista eta/. / Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior 104 (2013) 113-118
Exercise (Exercise), 3 - Haloperidol and Sedentary (Haloperidol) and The open-field apparatus consisted of a 50 cm high, 60 cmx40 cm
4 - Haloperidol and Exercise ( Hal + Exe). Ali procedures were ap box made of plywood, with one glass side. Toe floor was divided by
proved by our institution's ethics committee and were in accordance drawn lines, composing 12 equal rectangles. Animais were individually
with the National lnstitute ofHealth (USA). Ali efforts were made to re placed in a comer of the apparatus and their behavior was recorded for
duce number and suffering of animais used. 3 min. Ali behavior measurements were automated using ANY-Maze
software (Version 4.70, Stoelting). The following parameters were ana
lyzed: Lines crossed, total distance traveled, average speed, time mobile,
2.2. Drug and exercise program
time immobile, time in the center and immobile episodes. Rearing data
was also analyzed. However, it is a rater-dependent variable.
Saline solution (0.9% NaCI) or Haloperidol (0.3 mg/kg/day - Janssen
A timeline with ali experimental procedures can be seen in Fig. 1.
Cilag Farmaceutica Ltda., Brazil) was administered intraperitoneally in a
single daily dose during 30 days. This dose was chosen based as previous
2.4. Statistics
studies (Iwahashi et ai., 1996; Kapur et ai., 2003; Miyamoto et ai., 2005;
Putzhammer et ai., 2005) in which the plasmatic drug levei was approx
To evaluate the ink-paw and open field tests, one-way ANOVA was
imately 1 nM. The first 4 days ofdrug injections, prior to initiating the ex
performed followed by Tukey's post hoc test to evaluate the differences
ercise protocol, were used for treadmill habituation and to establish the
among the groups in the sarne period, while the differences in the sarne
speed to be used in the study. Toe exercise protocol consisted oftreadmill
group in different periods (PT and 4 weeks) were analyzed using a
walking for 30 min, 5 days a week for 4 consecutive weeks (a total of
t-paired test.
20 days of exercise). Ali injections were applied 20-30 min before the
Repeated measures ANOVA followed by Tukey's post hoc test was
exercise session. Toe exercise load consisted of a low-intensity treadmill
used to evaluate the bar test. Ali procedures were performed in the
walk at a speed of 4 m/min for 5 min, and then 6 m/min for the
SPSS 11.0 software (P<0.05).
remaining 25 min. This protocol was adapted from a previous study
using PD models (Yoon et ai., 2007).
3. Results
Toe animais were weighed in the pre-training (PT) period and at the ln this study no significant change to the animais' weight was ob
end of each week (1 week, 2 weeks, 3 weeks, and 4 weeks). Toe ink served (data not shown).
paw test and the open-field test were performed in PT and in 4 weeks.
Toe bar test was used in PT, 2 weeks and 4 weeks. Ali tests were 3.2. lnk-paw test
performed before the daily injection to avoid the acute effects of the drug.
For the ink-paw test, the hind paws of the animais were dyed with Toe ink-paw test demonstrated haloperidol induced gait alterations
non-toxic ink. Then, animais were individually placed on a catwalk with that were alleviated by exercise. After 4 weeks of treatment the Haloper
the floor covered by white paper. As the animais walked on the appara idol group showed a reduced stride length (F{3,46)=4.45, P<0.05) and
tus, paw prints were left on the paper. A set of six consecutive steps larger stance width (Fc3•46i = 11.14, P<0.001) when compared to ali
were analyzed using these parameters: 1 - Stride length (longitudinal groups. These effects were not seen in the Hal + Exe group (Fig. 3A and
distance between consecutive prints); 2 - Stance width (latitudinal dis B), hence, exercise alleviated gait alterations. However, the statistical
tance between consecutive left and right paw prints); 3 - Paw length analysis showed that there was no significant change in paw length and
(distance between the print of the tip of the third toe and the ankle); paw width in any ofthe groups (see Fig. 3C and D).
and 4 - Paw width (distance between the tip of the first toe and the
tip ofthe fifth toe) (Ilha et ai., 2008) (Fig. 2). 3.3. Bar test
ln the bar test, akinesia was evaluated by placing both forelimbs on a
9 cm high horizontal bar and measuring the time taken by the animais Toe bar test showed a significant increase in akinesia associated with
to remove both paws from the bar (Ohno et ai., 2010; Vasconcelos et al., haloperidol treatment, as represented by the time spent on the bar at the
2003; Wu et ai., 2009). different test intervals. Toe bar test results showed a significant effects in
! !
after PT behavioral tests drug/saline administration.
1 1
t
lW 2W 3W 4W
l
PT:
OF
2W:
Bar test
l
4W:
·OF
lnk-paw •lnk-paw
Bar test ·Bar test
One day after
the end of
protocols
Fig. 1. A timeline ofthe experimental design. PT=pre-training, OF=open field test, W=weeks.
P.PA. Baptista et ai./ Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior 104 (2013) 113-118 115
1- Stride length the 2 week (F { 3.46) = 10.36, P<0.001) and 4 week (Fc3.46) = 15.70,
2- Stance width P<0.001) measurements. ln the Haloperidol group, PT was different
from the 2 week and 4 week measurements (P<0.05 and P<0.001 re
3-Paw length spectively), and the 2 week measurements differed from the 4 week
,. 4-Paw width measurements (P<0.05). The Hal + Exe group demonstrated a less
intense progression of akinesia, PT being statistically different only to
4 weeks (P<0.05) (Fig. 4). These results show a down-regulation of
akinesia in animais treated with haloperidol and exercise.
When the groups were compared in the sarne period of treatment
(2 weeks ar 4 weeks) a significant increase in the time spent on the
bar was observed in both haloperidol treated groups in comparison
with the Contrai (P<0.001; P<0.001 respectively) and Exercise groups
(P<0.05; P<0.05 respectively) (Fig. 4). The most important finding of
this test was that the increase in akinesia seen on the Haloperidol
group was attenuated by 4 weeks of physical exercise observed on the
Hal + Exe group (Fig. 4).
1
4 3.4. Open-field test
r
8 4
7 3,5
4
3
2
;,: 1,5
2
1
1 0,5
o o
PT 4W PT 4W
r
2,5 2
1,5
0,5
r 1
0,5
o
PT 4W
PT 4W
□ Control ■ Exercise ■ Haloperidol ■ Hal+Exe
Fig. 3. Effects of haloperidol and exercise on gait in the ink-paw test. Where (A) a= P<0.01 when compared to all other groups; (B) a= P<0.001 when compared to all other groups;
(C) a=P<0.01 when compared to the Control and Hal + Exe groups, b=P<0.05 when compared to the Control and Hal + Exe groups; (D) a=P<0.01 when compared to the Exercise
and Hal + Exe groups (mean distance±SE).
116 P.PA. Baptista eta/. / Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior 104 (2013) 113-118
Total Distance
A Lines Crossed B Travelled e Average Speed
90
0,05
Í
80
70 0,04
60
0,03
� 50
:::. 40
0,02
0,01
PT 4W PT 4W PT 4W
6
20
g 15
f:
120
100
j
80
� 10
60
40 ·e
40
a: 5
20 20
o o o
PT 4W PT 4W PT 4W PT 4W
□ Control ■ Exeràse ■ Haloperldol ■ Hal+Exe
Fig. S. Effects of haloperidol and exercise on bradykinesia in the open-field test. ln ali graphs "P<0.05, ""P<0.01, and """P<0.001 when PT was compared with 4 weeks in ali groups
(mean values ±SE).
P.PA. Baptista et ai./ Phannacology, Biochemistry and Behavior 104 (2013) 113-118 117
best of our knowledge, the first to demonstrate changes in this parameter group, a significant decrease in exploration was observed over time
promoted by haloperidol use. Measurements of stance width are com (Fig. 5). The reduced exploratory behavior observed after 4 weeks could
monly evaluated in animal models of PD using different neurotoxic be an indication of task apparatus habituation (Vianna et ai., 2000).
agents, such as 6OHDA and MPTP (Amende et ai., 2005; Guillot et ai., Long-term habituation to novel stimuli is one of the most elementary
2008; Metz et ai., 2005; Pothakos et ai., 2009). ln these studies, reductions forms of nonassociative leaming and has been shown to be long-lasting
in stance width are normally observed (Amende et ai., 2005; Guillot et ai., even in its most elementary forms (Carew et ai., 1972).
2008). These PD models are based on specific damaged dopaminergic
neurons in the substantia nigra (Amende et ai., 2005; Metz et ai., 4.1. Conclusion
2005; Pothakos et ai., 2009), whereas the use of haloperidol affects dif
ferent neuronal populations (Huang et ai., 2010). Moreover, haloperidol The main findings in our study are that chronic exposure to haloper
is responsible for reduced dopamine binding, but it may also be respon idol induces substantial gait alterations and increased akinesia. These
sible for depolarization-blockage in other neuronal populations (Boye changes in locomotor activity are attenuated by exercise. Thus, this
and Rompré, 2000). Similarly, haloperidol has been shown to inhibit study further elucidates important aspects of the motor EPS/PLS in
the neuronal nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity in vitro (lwahashi et duced by haloperidol and some possible advantages of the application
ai., 1996) and chronic haloperidol treatment resulted in decreased of physical exercise to support psychiatric treatments.
striatal nitric-oxide (NO) leveis in rats (Bishnoi et ai., 2009); which au
thors further relate to the onset of EPS. This reports could explain the Acknowledgments
differences between typical APD-induced PLS and PD.
One of the most important findings of our study is that the stride This work was supported by Brazilian funding agencies ( CNPq and
length and stance width of the Hal + Exe did not alter after the CAPES).
4 week program, indicating that this approach could be interesting to
alleviate haloperidol-induced gait alterations. Previously, Putzhammer
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