Heating, Ventilation and Air

Conditioning (HVAC) Systems

Module (1.1)
Types of A/C Units and System
 HVAC SYSTEM
OPERATION AND TYPES
Types of A/C Units and System according to
Air Cooling Methods
2) CH-Chilled Water 1) DX-Direct Expansion
Types of A/C Units and System according to
Air Cooling Methods
2) CH-Chilled Water 1) DX-Direct Expansion
Freon ‫الوحدة‬ Freon
CH. W. ‫الداخلية‬
Cooling Cooling
Cool Air Indoor
Water Unit Air

(COLD AIR)

‫ لاــمحيط الدـاـخـلى‬-Interior
DX Units types
DX-Direct Expansion ‫تكييف مباشر للهواء‬
DX-Components
DX-Package Unit DX-Ducted Split
 ‫‪Ducted‬‬
‫‪Split Unit‬‬
‫‪Features‬‬
‫‪*To be fixed in lower floors at multi‬‬
‫‪story villas.‬‬
‫‪*multi story buildings.‬‬
‫& ‪*Occupied less outer space‬‬
‫‪reduce ducting.‬‬
‫‪*Can connect more than one room.‬‬
‫‪*Give more flexibility for decoration.‬‬
‫‪*Cheaper than package units.‬‬
‫‪*Difficult to replacing the future if‬‬
‫‪needed.‬‬
‫‪*Efficiency Ratio: 1.8 kw per ton in‬‬
‫‪average.‬‬
‫* كفاءة التبريد‪ 1,8 :‬كيلوات لكل طن‬
‫وحدة منفصلة‬
‫المميزات‬
‫* تركب في األدوار السفلي من المنازل‬
‫المتعددة األدوار‪.‬‬
‫* العمارات السكنية متعددة األدوار‪.‬‬
‫* تشغل مساحة خارجية اقل‪.‬‬
‫* توفر في مجاري الهواء ومساحة‬
‫اإلشغال‪.‬‬
‫* يمكنها ربط أكثر من غرفة‬
‫* تتيح التحكم في تصميم الديكورات‪.‬‬
‫* أقل في التكلفة وأرخص من المدمجة‪.‬‬
‫* أصعب عند االستبدال في المستقبل‪.‬‬
‫تبريد فى المعدل‪.‬‬
Ducted Split Unit
 ‫وحدة مدمجة‬
Package Unit
* To be fixed at villas of one floor.
*To be fixed at higher floor in
multi story villa.
*Easier to maintain &
repair
*Less inconvenience.
*Easier to replace in the future.
*Efficiency Ratio: 1.6 kw per ton
in average
Features
‫* تركب في المنازل ذات الدور‬
‫الواحد‬
‫* تركب في الدور العلوي للمنزل‬
‫ذات الدورين‬
‫* أسهل في الصيانة وعند اإلصالح‬
.‫* أقل إزعاجا ألهل البيت‬
‫* أسهل عند االستبدال في‬
.‫المستقبل‬
‫ كيلوات لكل‬1,6 :‫* كفاءة التبريد‬
‫طن تبريد فى المعدل‬
‫المميزات‬
PKG in Duty
 ‫وحدة منفصلة‬
Mini-Split Unit
Features ‫المميزات‬

*To be fixed in lower floors at multi ‫* تركب في األدوار السفلي من المنازل‬

story buildings.
*Occupied less outer space & reduce
ducting.
*Can't connect more than one room.
*Give more flexibility for decoration.
*Cheaper than package units.
*Easiest to replace in the future if
needed.
*Efficiency Ratio: 2.0 kw per ton in
average.
.‫المتعددة األدوار‬
.‫* تشغل مساحة خارجية أقل‬
‫* توفر في مجاري الهواء ومساحة‬
.‫اإلشغال‬
.‫*ال يمكنها ربط أكثر من غرفة معا‬
.‫* تتيح الحرية في تصميم الديكورات‬
‫* أقل في التكلفة من المدمجة‬
.‫والمنفصلة‬
.‫* األسهل عند االستبدال في المستقبل‬
‫ طن‬/‫ كيلوات‬2,00 :‫* كفاءة التبريد‬
Split Unit Working
 ‫المميزات‬
‫وحدة منفصلة‬
Mini-Split Unit Features

*Stylish Decorative Unit.. .‫* وحدة ديكورية جميلة‬

*Occupied less inside space & reduce
ducting.
*Can't connect more than one room.
*Give more flexibility for decoration.
*Cheaper than package units.
*Easiest to install & replace in the
future if needed.
*Drain Pump for Condensate Water
*Efficiency Ratio: 2.0 kw per ton in
average.
.‫* تشغل مساحة داخلية أقل‬
‫* توفر في مجاري الهواء ومساحة‬
.‫اإلشغال‬
.‫* تتيح الحرية في تصميم الديكورات‬
‫* أقل في التكلفة من المدمجة‬
.‫والمنفصلة‬
‫•األسهل عند التركيب واالستبدال في‬
.‫المستقبل‬
.‫•مضخة لدفع مياه التكثيف‬
‫ طن‬/‫ كيلوات‬2,00 :‫* كفاءة التبريد‬
‫تبريد فى المعدل‬
 ‫أنواع الوحدات المنفصلة‬
‫‪Types of Mini-Splits‬‬
Decorative Units provide Flexibility, fast to install,
cheaper and easy to replace
 ‫وحدة منفصلة متعددة‬
‫‪Multi-Split Unit‬‬
‫‪*Can be fixed various‬‬ ‫* تصلح للتركيب في‬
‫‪building types.‬‬ ‫كافة المنازل‪.‬‬
‫‪*Flexible operation‬‬ ‫* تتالءم في تشغيلها مع‬
‫‪matches space usage.‬‬ ‫طبيعة إشغال مرافق‬
‫‪*Occupied less outer‬‬ ‫المنزل‪.‬‬
‫‪space.‬‬
‫* تشغل مساحة خارجية‬
‫‪*Cond. Unit can be‬‬
‫‪fixed as far as 50 mtr.‬‬
‫أقل‪.‬‬
‫‪*Optimum operation‬‬ ‫* يمكن تركيبها بعيدا‬
‫‪with higher efficiency.‬‬ ‫عن المنزل وعن سطحه‪.‬‬
‫* يتميز تشغيلها‬
‫بالكفاءة العالية وتوفير‬
‫‪Features‬‬ ‫المميزات‬ ‫استهالك الكهرباء‪.‬‬
VRF-Reliability
VRF-Flexibility
VRF-Components
Chillers types
 ‫شلير مبرد مدمج لمياه التكييف‬
‫‪Air Cooled Package Chiller‬‬
Chiller Components
Air Cold Chiller
Industrial air conditioner-
Condenser types
 Condenser Air Cooled System
Air cooled units absorb heat
from the indoor space and
rejects it to ambient air.

PARTS
Condenser
compressor,
propeller fans
and controls
These are the most common
system used in residential and
light commercial applications.
Chilled Water System with Air
Cooled Condenser
Condenser Water System – Cooling Tower

Water cooled units absorb the heat from the

indoor space and rejects that heat to water
which in turn may either reject heat via fluid
coolers or cooling towers, or dry air coolers
with adiabatic kits.

o higher coefficient of performance (COP).

o most common
o multi-storey offices, hotels, airports and
shopping complexes.
Chilled Water System with Water
Cooled Condenser
Condenser Water System

H2O

air cooled unit water cooled unit

Compressor types
Rotary Compressor‫ ضاغط دوار‬-
.Reciprocating Comp-‫ضاغط ترددى كباس‬
Full Strokes
.Reciprocating Comp-‫ضاغط ترددى كباس‬
Sealed‫ مغلق‬- Semi-Sealed‫ نصف‬-
Scroll Compressor –‫ضاغط لولبي‬
Compression Method – ‫طريقة الضخ‬
Screw Compressor –‫ضاغط برغي‬
Compression Method – ‫طريقة الضخ‬
Compression Method – ‫طريقة الضخ‬
Compression Method – ‫طريقة الضخ‬
New Compression Method ‫طريقة ضغط جديدة‬
Turbo core Compressor
Turbo core Compressor
Turbo core Chiller
Range of Applications of Compressors
Cooling Capacity

Domestic Automotive Room Air Unitary Air Commercial Large Air

Refrigerators Air Cond’g Conditioners Conditioners Air Cond’g & Conditioning
& Freezers & Heat Pumps Refrigeration

Fractional 200 kW (50 tons)

Reciprocating
Fractional 10 kW (3 tons)
Rotary
5 kW (1.5 tons) 70 kW (20 tons)
Scroll
150 kW (40 tons) 1500 kW (400 tons)
Screw
350 kW (100 tons) and up
Centrifugal
 Application Considerations
 The
refrigerant
WATER COOLED CHILLER DUTY and
18 application
32 POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT, determine
16 ROTARY, SCROLL, RECIP, SCREW
 Flow
152a
14  Lift

410A
 PD
12 Compressors
134
22 11 are ideally
10 143a 134a suited for
DELTAH, (Btu/lb)

500 113
507 124
123 higher lift
8
502 12  Centrifugal
125 114
6 Compressors
have high
4 volumetric
CENTRIFUGAL flow
2

0
.1 1 10 100
50
CFM/TON
 ‫وحدات دفع الهواء‬
Air Handling Units
FAN-COIL UNIT
FCU-Fan Coil Unit is the part of
Chilled Water System that deliver
cooling to independent zones.
These typically used in separate
rooms/guestroom and small offices
with limited ductwork for better air
distribution.
‫وحدة دفع الهواء هي جزء هام من‬
‫منظومة التكييف المركزى بالمياه‬
‫المبردة تخدم فى األغلب منطقة‬
‫فندقية أو مكتب‬/‫محددة مثل غرفة‬
‫ و ثدفع الهواء البارد عبر‬,‫صغير‬
‫مجارى دكت قصيرة لتوزع الهواء‬
.‫بشكل أفضل‬
 FAN COIL UNIT
• It part of an HVAC system found in residential, commercial, and
industrial buildings.
• A simple device consisting of a heating or cooling coil and fan.
•  Used to control the temperature in the space where it is
installed, or serve multiple spaces.
•  It is controlled either by a manual on/off switch or by
thermostat.
• Fan coil units are more economical to install than ducted or
central heating systems with air handling units.
• They can be noisy because the fan is within the same space.
A/C Unit is: Fan + Coil = FCU
 Fan Coil System - Advantages
• Central equipment may be sized smaller by taking
advantage of building heating and cooling diversity.
• The system requires only piping installation which takes
up less space than all-air duct systems.
• It is usually easier to install wire and water pipes than
ducts making this a good choice for retrofit applications.
• Unoccupied areas of the building may be isolated and
shut down, saving money.
• Zones can be individually controlled.
• Can take up to 100% outside air capability (see next slide).
Fan Coil Unit – FCU Components
 DESIGN - ‫التصميم‬
• A fan coil unit may be concealed or exposed within the room or
area that it serves.
• An exposed fan coil unit may be wall mounted, freestanding or
ceiling mounted.
• It typically include an appropriate enclosure to protect and conceal
the fan coil unit itself.
•  Return air grille and supply air diffuser set into that enclosure to
distribute the air.
• A concealed fan coil unit will typically be installed within an
accessible ceiling void or services zone.
• The return air grille and supply air diffuser will be ducted to and
from the fan coil unit.
 OPERATION‫ التشغيل‬-
• The coil receives hot or cold water from a central plant, and removes heat
from or adds heat to the air through heat transfer.
• Traditionally fan coil units can contain their own internal thermostat, or
can be wired to operate with a remote thermostat.
• In most modern buildings with a Building Energy Management
System (BEMS), the control of the fan coil unit will be by a local digital
controller. equipment for adding heat to the building's water.

• Fan coil units circulate hot or cold water

through a coil in order to condition a space.
•  The unit gets its hot or cold water from a
central plant, or mechanical
room containing equipment for removing
heat from the central building's closed-loop.
•  The equipment used can consist of
machines used to remove heat  and
 TYPES‫اـألنواـعـ‬ -
Decorative FCU Exposed

Conceal
FCU
Conceal
FCU
with
Duct
 TYPES‫اـألنواـعـ‬ -
Four-pipe FCU
for Two-pipe
Cooling/Heating FCU for
Cooling Only
High Static FCU
with more TYPES‫اـألنواـعـ‬ -
ducting
Medium Static
FCU with
ducting

Low Static FCU

(No Duct or
Small Duct
 AHU
Air Handling Unit
 AHU System - Disadvantages
• Long, big in size and expensive GI Duct.
• Taking extra space from the building.
• Relatively high noise levels (at high output)
• Might have week return from far branch.
• High operating and maintenance costs (for
changing the filter and fan)
What is AHU?
• An air handler, or air handling unit (often abbreviated to AHU),
is a device used to condition and circulate air as part of a
heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning (HVAC) system.
• An air handler is usually a large metal box containing a blower,
heating or cooling elements, filter racks or chambers, sound
attenuators, and dampers.

• Air handlers usually connect to a ductwork ventilation system

that distributes the conditioned air through the building and
returns it to the AHU.
• Sometimes AHUs discharge (supply) and admit (return) air
directly to and from the space served ………without ductwork.
‫المياه‬
‫الباردة‬
‫‪water‬‬
‫اـــواء‬
‫‪ -Air‬له‬
1
2
3
4
CONSTRUCTION AND MATERIALS
• The air handler is normally constructed around a framing system
with metal infill panels as required to suit the configuration of
the components
• In its simplest form the frame may be made from metal
channels or sections, with single skin metal infill panels. The
metal work is normally galvanized for long term protection.
• For outdoor units some form of weatherproof lid and additional
sealing around joints is provided.
• Larger air handlers will be manufactured from a square section
steel framing system with double skinned and insulated infill
panels.
• Such constructions reduce heat loss or heat gain from the air
handler, as well as providing acoustic attenuation. Larger air
handlers may be several meters long and are manufactured in a
sectional manner and therefore, for strength and rigidity, steel
section base rails are provided under the unit.
AHU ‫وحدة معالجة الهواء‬
Air Handling Unit
AHU Operation –‫نظرية العمل‬
COMPONENTS
• An air handling unit; air flow is
• from the right to left in this case.
• Some AHU components shown are
• 1 – Supply duct
• 2 – Fan compartment
• 3 – Vibration isolator ('flex joint')
• 4 – Heating and/or cooling coil
• 5 – Filter compartment
• 6 – Mixed (recirculated + outside) air duct
AHU classified on basis of

installation
• VERTICAL AHU

HORIZONTAL AHU

CELING MOUNTED AHU

VERTICAL AIR HANDLING UNITS

• designed for vertical in room mounting

• VAHU comes with a fan and a cabinet
that can produce high profile static
pressures without occupying the larger
footprint area
FEATURES
•high performance
•cost effective small air-handling
•Suitable for spaces with less area
APPLICATION
• Classroom
• Laboratories
• Pharmaceutical
labs
 HORIZONTAL AHU
Features: floor mounted air handler is usually a large metal
 Low cost box containing a bowler, heating or cooling
element
Reliable
Easy to use
High durability

Application
homes
offices
institutions
factories
 
CEILING MOUNTED AHU
•Can be suspended from the ceiling and hence require
Features : no floor space
Cost efficient •Noiseless units and can be placed above the false
High quality product ceiling in the conditioned area
•Units are unobtrusive giving flexibility to the design
Easy to use of the interior
Perfect functionality

Applications :
Shopping Malls
Multiplexes
Small Offices
Ware houses
 
 AHU-according to feeding Area
• single-zone Multi-zones
 TYPE OF AHU DEPENDING ON LOCATION OF FAN
Draw through type:
fan located after
cooling coil

Blow through type:

fan located before
cooling coil
 TYPE OF AHU DEPENDING ON TYPE OF FAN
Draw through type:
fan located after
cooling coil

Blow through type:

fan located before
cooling coil
 TYPE OF AHU DEPENDING ON LOCATION OF FAN
Draw through type
Lower condensation of water
Less air leakage
heat generated by fan
and motor added to air
downstream
of  cooling coil, requiring
a colder leaving-coil
temperature to achieve
a desired supply-air
temperature
Blow through type
Higher condensation
More chances of air leaking
Heat generated by the fan and
motor is added to the air
upstream
 of the cooling coil, allowing
for a warmer leaving-coil
temperature to achieve
a desired supply-air
temperature
•PACKAGED AHU
•common in smaller buildings and
commercial applications, particularly as
rooftop units.
•Packaged unit contain fans, coils, filters,
and dampers in a single casing
• casing include air conditioning
compressors, heaters such as gas burners,
electric heating coils, or heat pump coils.
•serve single temperature zones, VAV
serving multiple terminal boxes (zones) are
available.
•FEATURES
• Compact
• lower initial costs
•DISADVANTAGES
• inefficient
• maintenance intensive
ADVANTAGES
• Modular construction and wide selection of air handling unit sizes
• Wide application range
• Low energy consumption
• Low risk of condensation : air tight
• Easy installation and adaptability to building condition
• Easy maintenance: hygienically friendly

DISADVANTAGES
• AHU is physically large and requires careful planning in terms of a suitable
location.
• The space required for ducting and the corresponding holes through building
fabric require careful co-ordination with builders and other mechanical
services within the room.
• Rooms with variable or moving sources of heat gain such solar gain
traversing around the room require sophisticated duct work and controls.
Zone heaters may have to be incorporated into duct branches.
 INSTALLATION PROCESS
lifting or rigging the AHU to the
site 
locate the AHU in the AHU room
preparing unit for the installation
assembling the unit
cabinet installation
fan installation
electrical installation
 coil and piping installation sheet
metal installation
final installation
controls installation
final sensor and actuator
……………………..calibration
verification
Duct & Accessories
COMPONENTS

• Filters
•  to provide clean dust-free air to the building occupants
•  It may be via simple , HEPA, electrostatic, or a
combination of techniques. Gas-phase and ultraviolet air
treatments may be employed as well.
• Filtration is typically placed first in the AHU in order to
keep all the downstream components clean.
• Depending upon the grade of filtration required, typically
filters will be arranged in two (or more) successive banks
with a coarse-grade panel filter ……..provided in front of
a fine-grade bag filter.
Heating and/or cooling elements
• Air handlers may need to provide heating, cooling, or both to
change the supply air temperature, and humidity level depending on
the location and the application.
• Such conditioning is provided by heat exchanger coil(s) within the
AHU air stream, such coils may be direct or indirect in relation to
the medium providing the heating or cooling effect.
• Coils are typically manufactured from copper for the tubes, with
copper or aluminum fins to aid heat transfer.
Dehumidifier ‫لاـمبخـــــــرـ‬
• If dehumidification is required, then the cooling coil is
employed to over-cool so condensation occurs. A
heater coil placed after the cooling coil re-heats the air
to the desired supply temperature. This has the effect of
reducing the relative humidity level of the supply air.
Humidifier
• Humidification is often necessary in colder climates where continuous
heating will make the air drier, resulting in uncomfortable air quality

• Various types of humidification may be used:

• Evaporative: dry air blown over a reservoir will evaporate some of the water.
The rate of evaporation can be increased by spraying the water onto baffles in
the air stream.
• Vaporizer: steam or vapor from a boiler is blown directly into the air stream.
• Spray mist: water is diffused either by a nozzle or other mechanical means
into fine droplets and carried by the air.
• Ultrasonic: A tray of fresh water in the airstream is excited by an ultrasonic
device forming a fog or water mist.
• Wetted medium: A fine fibrous medium in the airstream is kept moist with
fresh water from a header pipe with a series of small outlets. As the air passes
through the medium it entrains the water in fine droplets. This type of
humidifier can quickly clog if the primary air filtration is not maintained in
good order.
 Humidifier-‫المبخـــــر‬
• Humidification is often necessary in colder climates
where continuous heating will make the air drier,
resulting in uncomfortable air quality
Various types of humidification may be used:
• Evaporative: dry air blown
over a reservoir will
evaporate some of the
water. The rate of
evaporation can be
increased by spraying the
water onto baffles in the air
………..stream.
Humidifier‫ المبخـــــر‬-
• Humidification is often necessary in colder
climates where continuous heating will make the
air drier, resulting in uncomfortable air quality
Various types of humidification may be used:

• Vaporizer:
steam or vapor
from a boiler is
blown directly
into the air
……….stream.
Humidifier‫ المبخـــــر‬-
• Humidification is often necessary in colder
climates where continuous heating will make
the air drier, resulting in uncomfortable air
quality
• Various types of humidification may be used:
• Spray mist: water is
diffused either by a nozzle
or other mechanical means
into fine droplets and
carried by the air.
• Ultrasonic: A tray of fresh
water in the airstream is
excited by an ultrasonic
device forming a fog or
…………water mist.
 Humidifier‫ المبخـــــر‬-
• Humidification is often necessary in colder climates
where continuous heating will make the air drier, resulting
in uncomfortable air quality
• Various types of humidification may be used:
• Wetted medium: A fine fibrous
medium in the airstream is kept
moist with fresh water from a
header pipe with a series of small
outlets. As the air passes through
the medium it entrains the water
in fine droplets. This type of
humidifier can quickly clog if the
primary air filtration is not
maintained in good order.
Mixing chamber
• In order to maintain indoor air quality, air handlers
commonly have provisions to allow the introduction
of outside air into, and the exhausting of air from
the building.
• In temperate climates, mixing the right amount of
cooler outside air with warmer return air can be
used to approach the desired supply air temperature.
A mixing chamber is therefore used which has 
dampers controlling the ratio between the return,
outside, and exhaust air.
Blower/fan
• Air handlers typically employ a large  blower .
• The blower may operate at a single speed, offer a
variety of set speeds,  to allow a wide range of air
flow rates. Flow rate may also be controlled by inlet
vanes or outlet dampers on the fan
• Multiple blowers may be present in large
commercial air handling units, typically placed at
the end of the AHU and the beginning of the supply
ductwork .
Heat recovery device
• A heat recovery device heat exchanger of many types, may be fitted to
the air handler between supply and extract airstreams for energy
savings and increasing capacity. These types more commonly include
for:
Heat recovery device
• Recuperate, or Plate Heat exchanger: A sandwich of plastic or metal
plates with interlaced air paths. Heat is transferred between airstreams
from one side of the plate to the other. The plates are typically spaced at
4 to 6mm apart. Heat recovery efficiency up to 70%.
Heat recovery device
• Thermal Wheel, or Rotary heat exchanger: A slowly rotating matrix of
finely corrugated metal, operating in both opposing airstreams.
• When the AHU is in heating mode, heat is absorbed as air passes
through the matrix in the exhaust airstream, during one half rotation,
and released during the second half rotation into the supply airstream.
• When the AHU is in cooling mode, heat is released as air passes
through the matrix in the exhaust airstream, during one half rotation,
and absorbed during the second half rotation into the supply airstream.
Heat recovery efficiency up to 85%.
• Controls
• Controls are necessary to regulate every aspect of an air handler, such as:
•  flow rate of air,
• supply air temperature,
• mixed air temperature, humidity, air quality.
• Common control components include temperature sensors, humidity sensors, sail
switches, actuators, motors, and controllers.
• Vibration isolators
• The blowers in an air handler can create substantial vibration and the large area of
the duct system would transmit this noise and vibration to the occupants of the
building.
• To avoid this, vibration isolators (flexible sections) are normally inserted into the
duct immediately before and after the air handler and often also between the fan
compartment and the rest of the AHU. The rubberized canvas-like material of these
sections allows the air handler components to vibrate without transmitting this
motion to the attached ducts.
Overall View
 AHU System - Disadvantages
• Long, big in size and expensive GI Duct.
• Taking extra space from the building.
• Relatively high noise levels (at high output)
• Might have week return from far branch.
• High operating and maintenance costs (for
changing the filter and fan)
Full Equipped FAHU
 By Eng. Juma Yousef Juma
jumayjuma@gmail.com +971-50-4948385