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Solar Power Generation using SPS and Wireless Power Transmission

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PROCEEDINGS OF INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT MARCH 19-21, 2009
Solar Power Generation using SPS and Wireless
Power Transmission
S. Sheik Mohammed and K.Ramasamy
Abstract— In this paper, the fundamentals and technological
developments in generating Solar Power from Space, Wireless Power
Transmission (WPT) Technology and its impact in the field of
research are discussed. The possibilities of generating electricity by
placing Geo-Synchronizing Satellites with solar arrays in the space
i.e., the Solar Power Satellite concept (SPS), Microwave Power
Transmission (WPT) and Lased Based Solar Power satellite (L-SPS)
concepts are presented. We further discuss the advantages and
disadvantages of SPS concept, various research activities carried out
and those are in progress across the world related to the Solar Power
Satellite concept.
Keywords— Laser Based Solar Power Satellites (L-SPS),
Microwave Power Transmission (MPT), Solar Power
Satellites (SPS), Wireless Power Transmission (WPT).
I. INTRODUCTION
E LECTRICITY runs everything in our life. But, when we
look on the history electricity didn’t have an easy
beginning. The history of electricity runs light from the period
before Christ up to the computer age of today. The invention
of electricity was a chain of inventions that paved a path for
use of electricity in modern times. The generation of
electricity started in New York by Edison in his Pearl Street
Power station in 1882[1]. The first major power plant for
Alternating Current was opened by George Westinghouse at
Niagara Falls in the year of 1895. Various resources are used
for generation of electricity and it has been changing time to
time due to various factors which make them better from one
another. The energy era started from wood and in the due
course of time coal is found to be the superior fuel than wood
and has been used for generation of electricity for centuries.
As the years passed, oil was found in the ground of Texas in
19th century and proved to be a very cheap resource. Each new
resource brings prosperity and growth to the world.
The prices of resources were very low in 20th century. The
scenario has changed, the resources are vanishing, population
increases, and the underdeveloped nations have also started
improving their living standards to meet that of developed
nations. The impact of above factors results in demand of
electricity and increase in cost of it. For example,only 2% of
the energy in the United States was used to make electricity in
1920. But now about 41% all energy is used to make
electricity. Apart from the factor of cost, there are some
environmental factors such as green house effect and global
warming due to the use of coal, oil and nuclear power. For
S. Sheik Mohammed and Dr. K. Ramasamy are with the College of
Engineering, Dhofar University, Salalah, PB No.2509, Sultanate of Oman, 211
(e-mail: sheik@du.edu.om, ramasami_krs@yahoo.co.in).
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Example, the burning of oil releases carbon dioxide and other
greenhouse gases and carcinogens into the air.
The era of wood and coal has elapsed and the era of oil is
also elapsing. These energy eras are not renewable. Once it is
gone, it is gone. We may find another source to tap, but that
source may run out, as well. The world gives everything and
there are tremendous developments in every field and the
technology promises that there is always a substitute for every
crisis. It is essential to think about the solution before the
world runs out of the energy sources. The solution for the
problem is find the new era of energy that should be
renewable, independent, easily accessible, and low in cost and
should be environmentally clean.
The problems discussed above can be solved by the
technology of Solar Power Satellites. The advantages of solar
power are far-reaching. Although solar power is an energy
source that we have only recently tapped into, it may easily
become the most important energy source of the future.
In Chapter II, we present an overview of SPS, the Concept
of Solar Power Satellites and Ground Test Program proposed
by Solar Space Industries. Laser Based SPS and its system
concepts are discussed in Chapter III. The advantages,
disadvantages of SPS in presented in chapter IV. Chapter V
focused on the research activities in SPS across the world and
the future research programs. The discussion is concluded in
chapter VI.
II. SPS – A REVIEW
Brown demonstrated a beam-powered helicopter at the
Spencer Laboratories of Raytheon Corporation in 1964. The
helicopter is powered by 2.45 GHz microwave beam [2]. In
1967, a beam positioned helicopter is demonstrated by Brown
in which all of the information required for controlling the
pitch, yaw and roll of helicopter is provided by microwave
beam [3]. Based on the practical development of Wireless
Power transmission Dr. Peter Glaser of Arthur D. Little
proposed the concept of placing large SPS in Geostationary
Earth Orbit (GEO) to generate solar energy and transmitting
the energy to the earth as electromagnetic beam in 1968[4].
The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) and the National
Aeronautical and Space administration (NASA) examined the
Solar Power Satellite concept in the late of 1970s. The study
of Solar Power Satellites conducted by DOE started in the
year of 1975 and ended in the early of 1980s [5]. This study
was focused on various aspects such as technical impact,
social impact, environmental impact and cost. Constructing a
large-scale power infrastructure in space with 60 Solar Power
Satellites to generate and deliver 300GW power to the U.S.
national grid was the main feature of 1979 SPS Reference
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PROCEEDINGS OF INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT MARCH 19-21, 2009
system [6]. The NASA/DOE reference model is shown in Fig.
1. The solar array of proposed SPS is 5km wide and 10km in
length and the diameter of rectifying antenna (rectenna) is
1km. Similarly the area of rectenna on ground is 10km by
13km in oval axis.
Fig. 1Solar Arrays and transmitting antenna (1979 NASA/DOE
Reference Model)
In the early of 1980s, the major group of research scientists,
economists and Organization personalities are assembled in
Lincoln, Nebraska to report their findings. It was concluded
that the concept of SPS could be developed for power
generation from space [7].
A. Solar Power Satellites
The concept of the Solar Power Satellite energy system is to
place giant satellites, covered with vast arrays of solar cells, in
Geo Synchronous Orbit (GEO) 22,300 miles above the Earth's
equator. Each satellite will be illuminated by sunlight 24 hours
a day for most of the year because of the 23" tilt of the Earth’s
shadow. It is only during the equinox period in the spring and
fall that they will pass through the shadow. They will be
shadowed for less than 1% of the time during the year.
Fig. 2 illustrates the concept of Solar power Satellite. The
solar cells will convert sunlight to electricity, which will then
be changed to radio-frequency energy by a transmitting
antenna on the satellite and beamed to a receiver site on Earth.
It will be reconverted to electricity by the receiving antenna,
and the power would then be routed into our normal electric
distribution network for use here on the Earth.
Each satellite will have an output equivalent to the current
capacity of a large Earth-based power plant. The great
advantage of placing the solar cells in space instead of on the
ground is that the energy is available 24 hours a day, and the
total solar energy available to the satellite is between four and
five times more than is available anywhere on Earth and 15
times more than the average location. Testing has
demonstrated that wireless energy transmission to the Earth
can be accomplished at very high efficiencies. Tests have also
shown that the energy density in the radio-frequency beam can
be limited to safe levels for all life forms. The concept is
simple; the technology exists.
B. Ground Test Program of SPS
The Ground Test Program was proposed by Solar space
Industries to test validate and verify the cost, efficiency of
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power generation, environmental safety, operating
characteristics and the possibilities of wireless power
transmission to bring the process of Solar Power Satellites into
next stage. The ground test installation is the duplicate system
of SPS in small scale on earth. It consist all the components of
SPS except for the space environment, the range and size of
the microwave beam.
A small-scale terrestrial based solar array is connected with
the transmitting antenna through the power coordinator. The
power coordinator consists of Magnetron and impedance
matching circuit. Magnetron generates microwaves from the
power generated by solar arrays and impedance matching
circuit matches the impedance of microwave with the
transmitting antenna. The power transmission takes place
without wires from transmitter to receiver. The receiving
antenna (rectenna), a combination of antenna and Schottky
diodes, receives microwaves and converts it into DC. The
power conditioner consists of filter and impedance matching
circuit which is connected between the rectenna and inverter
smoothen the output, matches the impedance of the output
with the inverter connected with it. The inverter converts DC
into AC and feed it to the existing commercial distribution
grid.
III. LASER BASED SPS
Laser Based Power Transmission is another promising
option for Solar Power Satellites. Laser Based Solar Power
Satellites and its system architecture were seriously considered
during the SPS Exploratory Research and Technology (SERT)
program [8]. The Laser Based SPS (L-SPS) is proposed by
JAXA in 2004. The concept is relatively new and its system
concept was proposed within JAXA. JAXA is conducting a
study of a direct solar pumping laser system with the Institute
of Laser Technology (ILT) and the Institute of Laser
Engineering at Osaka University. Recent advances in the
technology shown that it is possible to achieve high
conversion and transmission efficiency in the pumping solar
as laser beam and convert into power. This is called as direct
solar pumping laser power generation [9].
The Laser Based SPS system concept is shown Fig. 3. The
laser beam will be produced from the solar energy using solid-
state laser devices. This laser beam will be collected on
ground and will be used to produce electrical energy of other
type of energy sources such as hydrogen. Technical challenge
of this method is to how to produce laser beam from the solar
energy, and how to convert the laser beam to other form of
storable or transmittable energy forms [10].
The National Space Development Agency of Japan
(NASDA) has plans to develop a satellite-based SPS. The
concept is for a large satellite carrying solar panels placed in
orbit at an altitude of 36,000km. Electricity generated by the
satellite will be transmitted in the form of a laser to an airship
floating in a lower orbit at 20km above the earth, and then to
ground-based antennas as microwave signal or via optical
fibres. The plan still has to deal with many challenges such as
launch costs for solar panel construction and technical studies
of laser transmission. The project team currently expects to
complete basic laser technologies within the next 10 years and
has set a goal to conduct its first power transmission test in
2025.
© ENVIROENERGY2009
PROCEEDINGS OF INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT MARCH 19-21, 2009
Fig. 2 Solar Power Satellite System
Figure 3. Laser Based SPS
The advantages of laser based SPS are as follows. The
collection efficiency of aperture is one major advantage of
Laser power transmission. A secondary advantage is that laser
based systems lend themselves more readily to incremental
developments than microwave based systems. However, the
major hurdle that lasers based systems face is atmospheric
losses especially due to the rain attenuation. To provide
continuous power, this would be necessary to qualify SPS as
base load power generation, the laser system would either
have to have massive ground energy storage capability or
multiple sites located sufficiently far apart such that one of the
sites would be available at all times. The Lased SPS allows
smooth transmission as compared with conventional power,
offers more useful space applications [11, 12].
IV. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF SPS
The SPS system has numerous advantages and
disadvantages in technical, economical and environmental
aspects. Very few of them are considered for discussion in this
paper.
A. Advantages
1) Solar Energy is Renewable, Clean and Exhaustless
The main causes which prevent using fossil fuels for power
generation are the limited availability of fossil fuels and they
emit CO2, green house gases which results global warming.
The CO2 emission is almost zero as compared with fossil
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fuels and nuclear power [13]. So, the SPS system could be the
promising solution for global warming.
2) High Transmission and Conversion Efficiency
Major amount of electrical power is wasted during
transmission due to the resistance of cables and wires. The
power is transmitted from SPS without using wires. So, the
transmission efficiency will be much better. The power
conversion efficiency of ground system is also above 90%.
3) SPS Could Meet Power Demand of the Future
The world population was 6.1 billion in 2000 and the rise
could be expected more than 9 billion in next 50 years [14].
According to the rise of population the energy demand will be
several times larger than today in next 50 years. The Solar
Power Satellites generate power from sun 24 hours a day for
most of the year, the greater amount of power generated by
SPS could compensate the power demand across the globe.
4) Ease of Transmission
The power generated in the space will beam to the earth as
microwaves. The receiving stations in the ground receives the
microwaves, convert it into DC power. The power can be
transmitted to any point on a globe from space.
5) Non-hazardous Radiation
Common beliefs fear the effects of such high levels
microwaves. Researches and studies on this domain repeatedly
showed that the microwave radiation of the SPS system is
very low. The cellular phones operate with the power densities
at or below the level of ANSI/IEEE exposure standards [15,
© ENVIROENERGY2009
PROCEEDINGS OF INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT MARCH 19-21, 2009
16]. The SPS-WPT system proposed by Japan’s METI will be
designed to have microwave density lower than that of the
radiation emitted by cellular phones. Thus the radiation of SPS
system will not be harmful.
B. Disadvantages
1) System Cost
Developing giant solar satellites is not such an easy task.
Launch cost and maintenance costs to replace aging
components are the most important parameter in assessing the
SPS. Studies and research are initiated to develop a system
around 30 years back and still the evaluation on both financial
and technical prospects to develop the SPS system are on
progress. The capital cost of the system is very high and it
takes and it will take years for construction [17].
2) Space Requirement
Enormous numbers of satellites were already in GEO orbit.
A massive satellite of SPS system may congest the orbit.
Similarly, the rectenna size is also very large.
3) High Interference Possibility
The satellites require separation of about 64km if the
spectrum congestion is negligible [18]. The SPS satellite could
be operated with less separation and there is a possibility for
interference with the current communication satellites.
4) Effect of Thermal Radiation and Reflection from Solar
Cells
The reflections of Solar Cells may affect the radio
astronomical observations, depends upon the telescope
location on the earth [19]. An important effect of the SPS on
radio astronomy arises from the passive thermal radiation of
solar cells [20].
V. WORLD WIDE RESEARCH ACTIVITIES ON SPS
As world-wide activities, the SPS research groups have
initiated international collaboration such as Japan-US SPS
workshop [21], International Conference on SPS and WPT
[22], International Astronautical Congress (IAC) Space Power
Committee [23] and URSI inter-commission working group.
The contribution on SPS concept, studies and research
activities of United States, Japan and Europe are discussed in
this chapter.
A. U.S. Research
The SPS concept development and evaluation program
tasked by U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) and National
Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) started in
1978 is remarkable in the history of power transmission in the
United States. This study examined technical, environmental
and societal aspects of the SPS concept. During 1995-97,
NASA re-examined the concept of Space Solar Power (SSP)
in the fresh look study and in SSP concept definition study
during 1998[24, 25]. Space Solar Power Exploratory Research
and Technology Program (SERT) to evaluate the studies of
general feasibility, design and requirements to develop a Solar
Power Satellite (SPS) concept was conducted by NASA in the
year 1999.The SSP Concept and Technology
Maturation(SCTM) program has been conducted by NASA
from 2001-02. During 2001-2003 NASA and National
Science foundation jointly conducted SSP research and
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Technology Program. Exploration Systems Research and
Technology (ESR & T) Program was conducted from 2004-
2005. On October 2007, the Pentagon’s National Security
Space Office intended its interest to a study on SPS and which
simultaneously announced the formation of the Space Solar
Alliance for Future Energy (SSAFE), a new organization
advocating investment in space-based solar power
technologies to address the planets future energy needs. [26].
B. Japanese Research
The research on SPS system was started by the Japanese
scientists and engineers in early 1980’s.A series of MPT
experiments were held by them and the important of which is
the world’s first rocket ionosphere experiment in 1983 [2, 28]
and experiments on the ground. Many computer simulations
and theoretical works were also conducted [29, 30]. The Japan
Aerospace and Exploration Agency (JAXA) initiated various
studies on the conceptual and technical feasibility of SPS.
JAXA proposed its first SPS model in 2001. In 2001 model,
the efficiency of the entire module was degraded by excessive
heat [31].In the subsequent year; the 2002 model was
conceived by JAXA to solve the main problems of the 2001
model [32]. A major breakthrough in SPS development is the
formation flying SPS which was proposed in 2003[33].A
simple, technically feasible and practically configurable SPS
has been investigated and a simpler model is proposed by the
institute for Unmanned Space Experiment Free Flyer (USEF)
[34, 35]. The Solar Power Satellite working group of the
Institute of Space and Aeronautical Science(ISAS) proposed
SPS-2000 for demonstration of electrical power supply to the
customers at the earliest opportunity in the year 2002[36].
Various aspects such as social, economic, legal, political and
other non-engineering aspects have also been considered in
SPS-2000 [37]. Recently, JAXA is said to begin testing on the
microwave power transmission system with an attempt to
beam power over 2.45 GHz band to power a household heater
at 50m [38].
C. European Research
France is at the fore front of European interest in Wireless
Power Technology. In 1995 France proposed the transmission
of 100kW power across a 3km chasm on Reunion Island. The
“Sail tower” SPS was proposed by Europeans in 2001[39, 40].
In the year 2003, the Advanced Concepts Team(ACT) of the
European Space Agency initiated a three phased multiyear
program related to solar power from space [41, 42] and a
point to point wireless transmission to deliver 10 kW of
electricity power to reunion island was also examined in the
same year [43, 44].
D. Future Research
Ground Demonstration of power relays to test the WPT up
to 10kms, laboratory demonstration for initial SSP platforms
for 100kW and lunar pole exploration using robotic rovers
powered by WPT in the power range from 5kW to 20kW are
planned for 2008-2010. Moderate size SSP platform for
10MW power could be developed and demonstrated by the
period 2016-2020. Beyond 2020, technology needed for full-
scale in-space SSP prototype platform which produces 1 to
2GW of power or greater could demonstrate base load power
transmission for terrestrial market [45, 46, 47]. JAXA, which
© ENVIROENERGY2009
PROCEEDINGS OF INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT MARCH 19-21, 2009
plans to have a Space Solar Power System (SSPS) up and
running by 2030, envisions a system consisting of giant solar
collectors in geostationary orbit 36,000 kilometers above the
Earth’s surface. The satellites convert sunlight into powerful
microwave (or laser) beams that are aimed at receiving
stations on Earth, where they are converted into electricity
[48]. Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI), Japan
announced the plan to begin the operation Solar Power
generation from space by 2040 [49].
VI. CONCLUSION
The Solar Power Generation concept offers greater
possibilities for power generation from space and transmitting
power to earth by Microwave Power Transmission. It helps to
meet the demand of electricity and to keep the environment
safe and clean for the future generations. The commercial SPS
can be realized by resolving technical issues. Further, the
energy can be transmitted to any distance by implementing a
wireless power transmission system. The electricity will come
to homes like a satellite TV or like receiving a call in cellular
phones in few decades if the commercial system for wireless
power transmission is implemented by overcoming the
technical, commercial and environmental issues.
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