AWS A4.2M - 2006 Calibrating Magnetic Instruments

ßÉÍ ßìòîÓæîððê ø×ÍÑ èîìçæîððð ÓÑÜ÷
ß² ß³»®·½¿² Ò¿¬·±²¿´ Í¬¿²¼¿®¼
Í¬¿²¼¿®¼ Ð®±½»¼«®»-
º±® Ý¿´·¾®¿¬·²¹
Ó¿¹²»¬·½ ×²-¬®«³»²¬-
¬± Ó»¿-«®» ¬¸» Ü»´¬¿
Ú»®®·¬» Ý±²¬»²¬ ±º
ß«-¬»²·¬·½ ¿²¼ Ü«°´»¨
Ú»®®·¬·½óß«-¬»²·¬·½
Í¬¿·²´»-- Í¬»»´
É»´¼ Ó»¬¿´
Ý±°§®·¹¸¬ ß³»®·½¿² É»´¼·²¹ Í±½·»¬§

Ð®±ª·¼»¼ ¾§ ×ØÍ «²¼»® ´·½»²-» ©·¬¸ ßÉÍ
Ò± ®»°®±¼«½¬·±² ±® ²»¬©±®µ·²¹ °»®³·¬¬»¼ ©·¬¸±«¬ ´·½»²-» º®±³ ×ØÍ
Õ»§ É±®¼- Instrument calibration, delta ferrite, ßÉÍ ßìòîÓæîððê ø×ÍÑ èîìçæîððð ÓÑÜ÷
stainless steel weld metal, austenitic ß² ß³»®·½¿² Ò¿¬·±²¿´ Í¬¿²¼¿®¼
stainless weld metal, duplex stainless
weld metal ß°°®±ª»¼ ¾§ ¬¸»
ß³»®·½¿² Ò¿¬·±²¿´ Í¬¿²¼¿®¼- ×²-¬·¬«¬»
Ö«´§ ïðô îððê
Í¬¿²¼¿®¼ Ð®±½»¼«®»- º±® Ý¿´·¾®¿¬·²¹

Ó¿¹²»¬·½ ×²-¬®«³»²¬- ¬± Ó»¿-«®» ¬¸»
Ü»´¬¿ Ú»®®·¬» Ý±²¬»²¬ ±º ß«-¬»²·¬·½ ¿²¼ Ü«°´»¨
Ú»®®·¬·½óß«-¬»²·¬·½ Í¬¿·²´»-- Í¬»»´ É»´¼ Ó»¬¿´
Supersedes ANSI/AWS A4.2M/A4.2:1997
Prepared by the
American Welding Society (AWS) A5 Committee on Filler Metals and Allied Materials
Under the Direction of the

AWS Technical Activities Committee
Approved by the
AWS Board of Directors
ß¾-¬®¿½¬
Calibration procedures are specified for a number of commercial instruments that can then provide reproducible
measurements of the ferrite content of austenitic stainless steel weld metals. Certain of these instruments can be further
calibrated for measurements of the ferrite content of duplex ferritic-austenitic stainless steel weld metals. Calibration
with primary standards (nonmagnetic coating thickness standards from the U.S. National Institute of Standards and
Technology) is the preferred method for appropriate instruments. Alternatively, these and other instruments can be calibrated
with weld-metal-like secondary standards.
Reproducibility of measurement after calibration is specified. Problems associated with accurate determination of ferrite
content are described.
550 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, FL 33126
Ý±°§®·¹¸¬ ß³»®·½¿² É»´¼·²¹ Í±½·»¬§

Ð®±ª·¼»¼ ¾§ ×ØÍ «²¼»® ´·½»²-» ©·¬¸ ßÉÍ
Ò± ®»°®±¼«½¬·±² ±® ²»¬©±®µ·²¹ °»®³·¬¬»¼ ©·¬¸±«¬ ´·½»²-» º®±³ ×ØÍ
International Standard Book Number: 0-87171-044-7

American Welding Society
550 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, FL 33126
© 2006 by American Welding Society
All rights reserved
Printed in the United States of America
Photocopy Rights. No portion of this standard may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any
form, including mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the copyright
owner.
Authorization to photocopy items for internal, personal, or educational classroom use only or the internal, personal, or
educational classroom use only of specific clients is granted by the American Welding Society provided that the appropriate
fee is paid to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, tel: (978) 750-8400; Internet:
<www.copyright.com>.
ii
Ý±°§®·¹¸¬ ß³»®·½¿² É»´¼·²¹ Í±½·»¬§
Ð®±ª·¼»¼ ¾§ ×ØÍ «²¼»® ´·½»²-» ©·¬¸ ßÉÍ
Ò± ®»°®±¼«½¬·±² ±® ²»¬©±®µ·²¹ °»®³·¬¬»¼ ©·¬¸±«¬ ´·½»²-» º®±³ ×ØÍ
Í¬¿¬»³»²¬ ±² ¬¸» Ë-» ±º ß³»®·½¿² É»´¼·²¹ Í±½·»¬§ Í¬¿²¼¿®¼-
All standards (codes, specifications, recommended practices, methods, classifications, and guides) of the American
Welding Society (AWS) are voluntary consensus standards that have been developed in accordance with the rules of the
American National Standards Institute (ANSI). When AWS American National Standards are either incorporated in, or
made part of, documents that are included in federal or state laws and regulations, or the regulations of other govern-
mental bodies, their provisions carry the full legal authority of the statute. In such cases, any changes in those AWS
standards must be approved by the governmental body having statutory jurisdiction before they can become a part of
those laws and regulations. In all cases, these standards carry the full legal authority of the contract or other document
that invokes the AWS standards. Where this contractual relationship exists, changes in or deviations from requirements
of an AWS standard must be by agreement between the contracting parties.
AWS American National Standards are developed through a consensus standards development process that brings
together volunteers representing varied viewpoints and interests to achieve consensus. While AWS administers the process
and establishes rules to promote fairness in the development of consensus, it does not independently test, evaluate, or
verify the accuracy of any information or the soundness of any judgments contained in its standards.
AWS disclaims liability for any injury to persons or to property, or other damages of any nature whatsoever, whether
special, indirect, consequential or compensatory, directly or indirectly resulting from the publication, use of, or reliance
on this standard. AWS also makes no guaranty or warranty as to the accuracy or completeness of any information
published herein.
In issuing and making this standard available, AWS is not undertaking to render professional or other services for or on
behalf of any person or entity. Nor is AWS undertaking to perform any duty owed by any person or entity to someone
else. Anyone using these documents should rely on his or her own independent judgment or, as appropriate, seek the
advice of a competent professional in determining the exercise of reasonable care in any given circumstances.
This standard may be superseded by the issuance of new editions. Users should ensure that they have the latest edition.
Publication of this standard does not authorize infringement of any patent or trade name. Users of this standard accept
any and all liabilities for infringement of any patent or trade name items. AWS disclaims liability for the infringement of
any patent or product trade name resulting from the use of this standard.
Finally, AWS does not monitor, police, or enforce compliance with this standard, nor does it have the power to do so.
On occasion, text, tables, or figures are printed incorrectly, constituting errata. Such errata, when discovered, are posted
on the AWS web page (www.aws.org).
Official interpretations of any of the technical requirements of this standard may only be obtained by sending a request,
in writing, to the Managing Director, Technical Services Division, American Welding Society, 550 N.W. LeJeune Road,
Miami, FL 33126 (see Annex E). With regard to technical inquiries made concerning AWS standards, oral opinions
on AWS standards may be rendered. However, such opinions represent only the personal opinions of the particular
individuals giving them. These individuals do not speak on behalf of AWS, nor do these oral opinions constitute official
or unofficial opinions or interpretations of AWS. In addition, oral opinions are informal and should not be used as a
substitute for an official interpretation.
This standard is subject to revision at any time by the AWS A5 Committee on Filler Metals and Allied Materials. It must
be reviewed every five years, and if not revised, it must be either reaffirmed or withdrawn. Comments (recommenda-
tions, additions, or deletions) and any pertinent data that may be of use in improving this standard are required
and should be addressed to AWS Headquarters. Such comments will receive careful consideration by the AWS A5
Committee on Filler Metals and Allied Materials and the author of the comments will be informed of the Committees
response to the comments. Guests are invited to attend all meetings of the AWS A5 Committee on Filler Metals and
Allied Materials to express their comments verbally. Procedures for appeal of an adverse decision concerning all such
comments are provided in the Rules of Operation of the Technical Activities Committee. A copy of these Rules can be
obtained from the American Welding Society, 550 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, FL 33126.
iii
Ý±°§®·¹¸¬ ß³»®·½¿² É»´¼·²¹ Í±½·»¬§
Ð®±ª·¼»¼ ¾§ ×ØÍ «²¼»® ´·½»²-» ©·¬¸ ßÉÍ
Ò± ®»°®±¼«½¬·±² ±® ²»¬©±®µ·²¹ °»®³·¬¬»¼ ©·¬¸±«¬ ´·½»²-» º®±³ ×ØÍ
This page is intentionally blank.
iv
Ý±°§®·¹¸¬ ß³»®·½¿² É»´¼·²¹ Í±½·»¬§
Ð®±ª·¼»¼ ¾§ ×ØÍ «²¼»® ´·½»²-» ©·¬¸ ßÉÍ
Ò± ®»°®±¼«½¬·±² ±® ²»¬©±®µ·²¹ °»®³·¬¬»¼ ©·¬¸±«¬ ´·½»²-» º®±³ ×ØÍ
Ð»®-±²²»´
AWS A5 Committee on Filler Metals and Allied Materials
D. A. Fink, Chair The Lincoln Electric Company
J. S. Lee, 1st Vice Chair CB&I
H. D. Wehr, 2nd Vice Chair Arcos Industries LLC
R. Gupta, Secretary American Welding Society
*R. L. Bateman Electromanufacturas, S.A.
J. M. Blackburn Department of the Navy
R. S. Brown RSB Alloy Applications LLC
J. C. Bundy Hobart Brothers Company
R. J. Christoffel Consultant
D. D. Crockett The Lincoln Electric Company
*R. A. Daemen Consultant
J. DeLoach Naval Surface Warfare Center
D. A. Del Signore Consultant
J. DeVito ESAB Welding and Cutting Products
H. W. Ebert Consultant
D. M. Fedor The Lincoln Electric Company
J. G. Feldstein Foster Wheeler North America
S. E. Ferree ESAB Welding and Cutting Products
G. L. Franke Naval Surface Warfare Center
R. D. Fuchs Bohler Thyssen Welding USA, Incorporated
C. E. Fuerstenau Lucas-Milhaupt, Incorporated
J. A. Henning Deltak
R. M. Henson J. W. Harris Company, Incorporated
*J. P. Hunt Consultant
*S. Imaoka Kobe Steel Limited
M. Q. Johnson Los Alamos National Laboratory
S. D. Kiser Special Metals
P. J. Konkol Concurrent Technologies Corporation
D. J. Kotecki The Lincoln Electric Company
L. G. Kvidahl Northrop Grumman Ship Systems
A. S. Laurenson Consultant
K. F. Longden Canadian Welding Bureau
W. A. Marttila Daimler Chrysler Corporation
R. Menon Stoody Company
M. T. Merlo Edison Welding Institute
D. R. Miller ABS Americas
B. Mosier Polymet Corporation
C. L. Null Consultant
M. P. Parekh Consultant
R. L. Peaslee Wall Colmonoy Corporation
*M. A. Quintana The Lincoln Electric Company
S. D. Reynolds, Jr. Consultant
P. K. Salvesen Det Norske Veritas (DNV)
K. Sampath Consultant
W. S. Severance ESAB Welding and Cutting Products
*Advisor
v
Ý±°§®·¹¸¬ ß³»®·½¿² É»´¼·²¹ Í±½·»¬§
Ð®±ª·¼»¼ ¾§ ×ØÍ «²¼»® ´·½»²-» ©·¬¸ ßÉÍ
Ò± ®»°®±¼«½¬·±² ±® ²»¬©±®µ·²¹ °»®³·¬¬»¼ ©·¬¸±«¬ ´·½»²-» º®±³ ×ØÍ
AWS A5 Committee on Filler Metals and Allied Materials (Continued)

*E. R. Stevens Stevens Welding Consulting
M. J. Sullivan NASSCONational Steel and Shipbuilding
*E. S. Surian National University
R. C. Sutherlin ATI Wah Chang
R. A. Swain Euroweld, Limited
R. D. Thomas, Jr. R. D. Thomas and Company
K. P. Thornberry Care Medical, Inc.
L. T. Vernam AlcoTec Wire Corporation
*F. J. Winsor Consultant
AWS A5D Subcommittee on Stainless Steel Filler Metals

D. A. DelSignore, Chair Consultant
D.J. Kotecki, Vice Chair The Lincoln Electric Company
R. Gupta, Secretary American Welding Society
*F. S. Babish Sandvik Steel Company
R. S. Brown RSB Alloy Applications LLC
R. E. Cantrell Constellation Energy Group
*R. J. Christoffel Consultant
J. G. Feldstein Foster Wheeler North America
R. D. Fuchs Böhler Thyssen Welding USA, Incorporated
*K. K. Gupta Westinghouse Electric Corporation
J. A. Henning Deltak
*J. P. Hunt Consultant
*S. Imaoka Kobe Steel Limited
G.A. Kurisky Consultant
F. B. Lake ESAB Welding and Cutting Products
M. T. Merlo Edison Welding Institute
R. A. Swain Euroweld, Limited
*R. D. Thomas, Jr. R. D. Thomas and Company
J. G. Wallin Stoody Company
H. D. Wehr Arcos Industries LLC
*Advisor
vi
Ý±°§®·¹¸¬ ß³»®·½¿² É»´¼·²¹ Í±½·»¬§
Ð®±ª·¼»¼ ¾§ ×ØÍ «²¼»® ´·½»²-» ©·¬¸ ßÉÍ
Ò± ®»°®±¼«½¬·±² ±® ²»¬©±®µ·²¹ °»®³·¬¬»¼ ©·¬¸±«¬ ´·½»²-» º®±³ ×ØÍ
Ú±®»©±®¼
This foreword is not a part of AWS A4.2M:2006 (ISO 8249:2000 MOD), Standard Procedures for
Calibrating Magnetic Instruments to Measure the Delta Ferrite Content of Austenitic and Duplex
Ferritic-Austenitic Stainless Steel Weld Metal, but is included for informational purposes only.
This document is an adoption of ISO 8249:2000, Welding Determination of Ferrite Number (FN) in austenitic and
duplex ferritic-austenitic Cr-Ni stainless steel weld metals, with additional normative and informative annexes, to replace
AWS A4.2M/A4.2:1997, Standard Procedures for Calibrating Magnetic Instruments to Measure the Delta Ferrite Content
of Austenitic and Duplex Ferritic-Austenitic Stainless Steel Weld Metal, first published in 1974 and revised in 1986 and
again in 1991. These specifications were prepared by the Subcommittee on Welding Stainless Steel of the Welding
Research Council and by the AWS Committee on Filler Metals. Then it was revised again in 1997 by AWS A5 Committee
on Filler Metals and Allied Materials. The current revision is the second to use the SI system of measurement as the primary
system, and updates the standard in the light of new information.
The current revision is a modified adoption of ISO 8249:2000 due to the inclusion of Annex C (normative). While
everything acceptable to ISO 8249:2000 is acceptable to AWS A4.2M:2006, calibration of instruments according to
Annex C is not acceptable according to ISO 8249:2000. A listing of changes from ISO 8249:2000 is shown in Annex F.
Also note that ISO uses commas (,) and AWS uses periods (.) for decimals. The ISO decimal commas have been
replaced by periods in this document for consistency.
A certain minimum ferrite content in most austenitic stainless steel weld metals is useful in assuring freedom from
microfissures and hot cracks. Upper limits on ferrite content in austenitic stainless steel weld metals can be imposed to
limit corrosion in certain media or to limit embrittlement due to transformation of ferrite to sigma phase during heat
treatment or elevated temperature service. Upper limits on ferrite content in duplex ferritic-austenitic stainless steel weld
metals can be imposed to help assure ductility, toughness, and corrosion resistance in the as-welded condition.
Reproducible quantitative ferrite measurements in stainless steel weld metals are therefore of interest to filler metal
producers, fabricators of weldments, weldment end users, regulatory authorities, and insurance companies.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this standard may be the subject of patent rights. AWS
and ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
At present, there is no universal opinion concerning the best experimental method that gives an absolute measurement of
the amount of ferrite in a weld metal, either destructively or non-destructively. This situation has led to the development
and use, internationally, of the concept of a Ferrite Number or FN. A Ferrite Number is a description of the ferrite
content of a weld metal determined using a standardized procedure. Such procedures are described in this standard. The
Ferrite Number of a weld metal has been considered approximately equivalent to the percent ferrite content, particularly at
low FN values. More recent information suggests that the FN may overstate the volume percent ferrite at higher FN by a
factor in the order of 1.3 to 1.5, which depends to a certain extent upon the actual composition of the alloy in question.
Although other methods are available for determining the Ferrite Number, the standardized measuring procedure,
described in this standard, is based on assessing the tear-off force needed to pull the weld metal sample from a magnet of
defined strength and size. The relationship between tear-off force and FN is obtained using primary standards consisting
of a non-magnetic coating of specified thickness on a magnetic base. Each non-magnetic coating thickness is assigned
an FN value.
The ferrite content determined by this method is arbitrary and is not necessarily the true or absolute ferrite content. In
recognition of this fact, the term Ferrite Number (FN) shall be used instead of ferrite percent when quoting a ferrite
content determined by this method. To help convey the message that this standardized calibration procedure has been
used, the terms Ferrite Number and FN are capitalized as proper nouns.
vii
Ý±°§®·¹¸¬ ß³»®·½¿² É»´¼·²¹ Í±½·»¬§
Ð®±ª·¼»¼ ¾§ ×ØÍ «²¼»® ´·½»²-» ©·¬¸ ßÉÍ
Ò± ®»°®±¼«½¬·±² ±® ²»¬©±®µ·²¹ °»®³·¬¬»¼ ©·¬¸±«¬ ´·½»²-» º®±³ ×ØÍ
Comments and suggestions for the improvement of this standard are welcome. They should be sent to the Secretary, AWS A5
Committee on Filler Metals and Allied Materials, American Welding Society, 550 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, FL 33126.
Official interpretations of any of the technical requirements of this standard may only be obtained by sending a request,
in writing, to the Managing Director, Technical Services Division, American Welding Society. A formal reply will be
issued after it has been reviewed by the appropriate personnel following established procedures.
viii
óóÀôôÀôôÀôôôôôÀÀÀô
Ý±°§®·¹¸¬ ß³»®·½¿² É»´¼·²¹ Í±½·»¬§

Ð®±ª·¼»¼ ¾§ ×ØÍ «²¼»® ´·½»²-» ©·¬¸ ßÉÍ
Ò± ®»°®±¼«½¬·±² ±® ²»¬©±®µ·²¹ °»®³·¬¬»¼ ©·¬¸±«¬ ´·½»²-» º®±³ ×ØÍ
Ì¿¾´» ±º Ý±²¬»²¬-
Ð¿¹» Ò±ò
Personnel......................................................................................................................................................................v
Foreword ....................................................................................................................................................................vii
List of Tables ................................................................................................................................................................x
List of Figures...............................................................................................................................................................x
1. Scope.....................................................................................................................................................................1
2. Normative reference............................................................................................................................................1
3. Principle ...............................................................................................................................................................1
4. Calibration ...........................................................................................................................................................2
4.1 Coating thickness standards.........................................................................................................................2
4.2 Magnet .........................................................................................................................................................2
4.3 Instruments ..................................................................................................................................................2
4.4 Calibration curve .........................................................................................................................................2
4.5 Calibration of other instruments with primary standards ............................................................................3
5. Standard method for shielded metal arc covered electrode test pads ............................................................4
5.1 Dimensions of weld metal test specimens ...................................................................................................4
5.2 Depositing weld metal test specimens.........................................................................................................4
5.3 Measuring ....................................................................................................................................................6
6. Standard methods for test pads of other processes and for production welds..............................................6
6.1 Standard method for test pads for other weld metals ..................................................................................6
6.2 Production welds .........................................................................................................................................6
7. Other Methods.....................................................................................................................................................7
7.1 Methods .......................................................................................................................................................7
7.2 Results .........................................................................................................................................................7
7.3 Maintaining calibration................................................................................................................................7
8. Procedures used to prepare secondary standards for delta ferrite in austenitic
stainless steel weld metal.....................................................................................................................................8
Annex A (informative)Manufacture of secondary standards by strip cladding .......................................................9
Annex B (informative)Manufacture of secondary standards by centrifugal chill casting......................................19
Bibliography ...............................................................................................................................................................27
National Annexes .......................................................................................................................................................29
Annex C (Normative)Calibration of Legacy Instruments with Primary Standards ...............................................29
Annex D (Informative)Instruments ........................................................................................................................33
Annex E (Informative)Guidelines for the Preparation of Technical Inquiries.......................................................39
Annex F (Informative)List of Deviations from ISO 8249:2000 ............................................................................41
AWS Filler Metal Specifications by Material and Welding Process .........................................................................43
AWS Filler Metal Specifications and Related Documents ........................................................................................45
ix
Ý±°§®·¹¸¬ ß³»®·½¿² É»´¼·²¹ Í±½·»¬§
Ð®±ª·¼»¼ ¾§ ×ØÍ «²¼»® ´·½»²-» ©·¬¸ ßÉÍ
Ò± ®»°®±¼«½¬·±² ±® ²»¬©±®µ·²¹ °»®³·¬¬»¼ ©·¬¸±«¬ ´·½»²-» º®±³ ×ØÍ
Ô·-¬ ±º Ì¿¾´»-
Ì¿¾´» Ð¿¹» Ò±ò
1 Relationship between Ferrite Number and thickness of non-magnetic coating of coating
thickness standards (specified in 4.1) for calibration of instruments for measurement of ferrite
content through attractive force (specified in 4.3) using the standard magnet (specified in 4.2)...................3
2 Welding parameters and deposit dimensions .................................................................................................4
3 Maximum allowable deviation in the periodic FN check...............................................................................6
A.1 Welding parameters ........................................................................................................................................9
A.2 Example of the chemical composition of seventh layer of strip clad deposits.............................................13
A.3 NBS standards employed for Magne-Gage calibration for strip cladding secondary standards...............14
A.4 Example of the tabular presentation of results on the card accompanying each box of standards
(Secondary weld metal standards, Set 68May 1980)................................................................................15
B.1 NIST standard used for Magne-Gage calibration for centrifugally cast secondary standard samples .....24
B.2 tolerance on the position of calibration points using primary standards ......................................................24
B.3 Examples of the tabular presentation of results of the card accompanying each box of
centrifugally cast standards...........................................................................................................................26
C.1 Ferrite Numbers (FN) for Primary Standards for Feritscope Model FE8-KF Calibration ...........................30
C.2 Maximum Allowable Deviation of the Periodic Ferrite Number (FN) Check for Feritscopes/
Ferritescopes .................................................................................................................................................30
C.3 Ferrite Numbers (FN) for Primary Standards for Inspector Gage Calibration.............................................31
C.4 Maximum Allowable Deviation of the Periodic Ferrite Number (FN) Check for Inspector Gages ............31
óóÀôôÀôôÀôôôôôÀÀÀôôôÀÀôôÀôÀÀÀôôóÀóÀôôÀôôÀôÀôôÀóóó
Ô·-¬ ±º Ú·¹«®»-
Ú·¹«®» Ð¿¹» Ò±ò
1 Relationship between the tear-off forces of the standard magnet defined in 4.2 and the
coating thickness standards defined in 4.1 .....................................................................................................2
2 Weld metal specimen for ferrite determination ..............................................................................................4
A.1 Method of depositing weld metal for secondary standard by strip cladding................................................10
A.2 Bead deposition and machining sequences for secondary standards by strip cladding
A.3 Cutting sequences for secondary standard by strip cladding........................................................................12
A.4 Extraction of individual strip cladding secondary standards........................................................................12
A.5 Marking of each strip cladding ferrite secondary standard ..........................................................................13
A.6 Marking on each strip cladding secondary standard sample and identification of the five
measuring points...........................................................................................................................................14
B.1 Centrifugally chill cast ring for secondary standards ...................................................................................20
B.2 Dimensions and FN measurement positions on six faces of blocks machined from
centrifugally chill cast rings..........................................................................................................................21
B.3 IIW Commission II, 6th round robin measurement resultsOverall results...............................................22
B.4 IIW Commission II, 6th round robin measurement resultsFace centre results.........................................23
D.1 Magne-Gage-Type Instruments ....................................................................................................................34
D.2 Ferritescope Model FE8-KF .........................................................................................................................35
D.3 Inspector Gage ..............................................................................................................................................36
D.4 Ferrite Indicator (Severn Gage) ....................................................................................................................37
D.5 Foerster Ferrite Content Meter .....................................................................................................................37
x
Ý±°§®·¹¸¬ ß³»®·½¿² É»´¼·²¹ Í±½·»¬§
Ð®±ª·¼»¼ ¾§ ×ØÍ «²¼»® ´·½»²-» ©·¬¸ ßÉÍ
Ò± ®»°®±¼«½¬·±² ±® ²»¬©±®µ·²¹ °»®³·¬¬»¼ ©·¬¸±«¬ ´·½»²-» º®±³ ×ØÍ
É»´¼·²¹ ‰ Ü»¬»®³·²¿¬·±² ±º Ú»®®·¬» Ò«³¾»® øÚÒ÷ ·² ¿«-¬»²·¬·½

¿²¼ ¼«°´»¨ º»®®·¬·½ó¿«-¬»²·¬·½ Ý®óÒ· -¬¿·²´»-- -¬»»´ ©»´¼ ³»¬¿´-
ï Í½±°»
Ì¸·- -¬¿²¼¿®¼ -°»½·º·»- ¬¸» ³»¬¸±¼ ¿²¼ ¿°°¿®¿¬«- º±®
‰ ¬¸» ³»¿-«®»³»²¬ ±º ¬¸» ¼»´¬¿ º»®®·¬» ½±²¬»²¬ô »¨°®»--»¼ ¿- Ú»®®·¬» Ò«³¾»® øÚÒ÷ô ·² ´¿®¹»´§ ¿«-¬»²·¬·½ ¿²¼
¼«°´»¨ º»®®·¬·½ó¿«-¬»²·¬·½ -¬¿·²´»-- -¬»»´ï÷ ©»´¼ ³»¬¿´ ¬¸®±«¹¸ ¬¸» ¿¬¬®¿½¬·ª» º±®½» ¾»¬©»»² ¿ ©»´¼ ³»¬¿´
-¿³°´» ¿²¼ ¿ -¬¿²¼¿®¼ °»®³¿²»²¬ ³¿¹²»¬å
‰ ¬¸» °®»°¿®¿¬·±² ¿²¼ ³»¿-«®»³»²¬ ±º -¬¿²¼¿®¼ °¿¼- º±® -¸·»´¼»¼ ³»¬¿´ ¿®½ ½±ª»®»¼ »´»½¬®±¼»-ò Ì¸»
¹»²»®¿´ ³»¬¸±¼ ·- ¿´-± ®»½±³³»²¼»¼ º±® ¬¸» º»®®·¬» ³»¿-«®»³»²¬ ±º °®±¼«½¬·±² ©»´¼- ¿²¼ º±® ©»´¼ ³»¬¿´
º®±³ ±¬¸»® °®±½»--»-ô -«½¸ ¿- ¹¿- ¬«²¹-¬»² ¿®½ ©»´¼·²¹ô ¹¿- -¸·»´¼»¼ ³»¬¿´ ¿®½ ©»´¼·²¹ ¿²¼ -«¾³»®¹»¼
¿®½ ©»´¼·²¹ ø·² ¬¸»-» ½¿-»-ô ¬¸» ©¿§ ±º °®±¼«½·²¹ ¬¸» °¿¼ -¸±«´¼ ¾» ¼»º·²»¼÷å
‰ ¬¸» ½¿´·¾®¿¬·±² ±º ±¬¸»® ·²-¬®«³»²¬- ¬± ³»¿-«®» ÚÒò
Ì¸» ³»¬¸±¼ ¼»-½®·¾»¼ ·² ¬¸·- -¬¿²¼¿®¼ ·- ·²¬»²¼»¼ º±® «-» ±² ©»´¼ ³»¬¿´- ·² ¬¸» ¿-ó©»´¼»¼ -¬¿¬» ¿²¼ ±² ©»´¼
³»¬¿´- ¿º¬»® ¬¸»®³¿´ ¬®»¿¬³»²¬- ½¿«-·²¹ ½±³°´»¬» ±® °¿®¬·¿´ ¬®¿²-º±®³¿¬·±² ±º º»®®·¬» ¬± ¿²§ ²±²ó³¿¹²»¬·½
°¸¿-»ò ß«-¬»²·¬·¦·²¹ ¬¸»®³¿´ ¬®»¿¬³»²¬- ©¸·½¸ ¿´¬»® ¬¸» -·¦» ¿²¼ -¸¿°» ±º ¬¸» º»®®·¬» ©·´´ ½¸¿²¹» ¬¸» ³¿¹²»¬·½
®»-°±²-» ±º ¬¸» º»®®·¬»ò
Ì¸» ³»¬¸±¼ ·- ²±¬ ·²¬»²¼»¼ º±® ³»¿-«®»³»²¬ ±º ¬¸» º»®®·¬» ½±²¬»²¬ ±º ½¿-¬ô º±®¹»¼ ±® ©®±«¹¸¬ ¿«-¬»²·¬·½ ±®
¼«°´»¨ º»®®·¬·½ó¿«-¬»²·¬·½ -¬»»´ -¿³°´»-ò
î Ò±®³¿¬·ª» ®»º»®»²½»
Ì¸» º±´´±©·²¹ ²±®³¿¬·ª» ¼±½«³»²¬ ½±²¬¿·²- °®±ª·-·±²- ©¸·½¸ô ¬¸®±«¹¸ ®»º»®»²½» ·² ¬¸·- ¬»¨¬ô ½±²-¬·¬«¬»
°®±ª·-·±²- ±º ¬¸·- -¬¿²¼¿®¼ò Ú±® ¼¿¬»¼ ®»º»®»²½»-ô -«¾-»¯«»²¬ ¿³»²¼³»²¬- ¬±ô ±® ®»ª·-·±²- ±ºô ¬¸·- °«¾´·½¿¬·±²
¼± ²±¬ ¿°°´§ò Ø±©»ª»®ô °¿®¬·»- ¬± ¿¹®»»³»²¬- ¾¿-»¼ ±² ¬¸·- -¬¿²¼¿®¼ ¿®» »²½±«®¿¹»¼ ¬± ·²ª»-¬·¹¿¬» ¬¸»
°±--·¾·´·¬§ ±º ¿°°´§·²¹ ¬¸» ³±-¬ ®»½»²¬ »¼·¬·±² ±º ¬¸» ²±®³¿¬·ª» ¼±½«³»²¬ ·²¼·½¿¬»¼ ¾»´±©ò Ú±® «²¼¿¬»¼
®»º»®»²½»-ô ¬¸» ´¿¬»-¬ »¼·¬·±² ±º ¬¸» ²±®³¿¬·ª» ¼±½«³»²¬ ®»º»®®»¼ ¬± ¿°°´·»-ò Ó»³¾»®- ±º ×ÍÑ ¿²¼ ×ÛÝ
³¿·²¬¿·² ®»¹·-¬»®- ±º ½«®®»²¬´§ ª¿´·¼ ×²¬»®²¿¬·±²¿´ Í¬¿²¼¿®¼-ò
×ÍÑñÌÎ ïëëïðæïççéô Í¬¿·²´»-- -¬»»´- ‰ Ý¸»³·½¿´ ½±³°±-·¬·±²ò
í Ð®·²½·°´»
Ì¸» ³»¿-«®»³»²¬ ±º ¬¸» º»®®·¬» ½±²¬»²¬ ±º ´¿®¹»´§ ¿«-¬»²·¬·½ -¬¿·²´»-- -¬»»´ ©»´¼ ³»¬¿´ ¬¸®±«¹¸ ¬¸» ¿¬¬®¿½¬·ª»
º±®½» ¾»¬©»»² ¿ ©»´¼ ³»¬¿´ -¿³°´» ¿²¼ ¿ °»®³¿²»²¬ ³¿¹²»¬ ·- ¾¿-»¼ «°±² ¬¸» º¿½¬ ¬¸¿¬ ¬¸» ¿¬¬®¿½¬·ª» º±®½»
¾»¬©»»² ¿ ¬©±ó°¸¿-» ø±® ³«´¬·°¸¿-»÷ -¿³°´» ½±²¬¿·²·²¹ ±²» º»®®±³¿¹²»¬·½ °¸¿-» ¿²¼ ±²» ø±® ³±®»÷ ²±²ó
º»®®±³¿¹²»¬·½ °¸¿-»ø-÷ ·²½®»¿-»- ¿- ¬¸» ½±²¬»²¬ ±º ¬¸» º»®®±³¿¹²»¬·½ °¸¿-» ·²½®»¿-»-ò ×² ´¿®¹»´§ ¿«-¬»²·¬·½
¿²¼ ¼«°´»¨ º»®®·¬·½ó¿«-¬»²·¬·½ -¬¿·²´»-- -¬»»´ ©»´¼ ³»¬¿´ô º»®®·¬» ·- ³¿¹²»¬·½ô ©¸»®»¿- ¿«-¬»²·¬»ô ½¿®¾·¼»-ô
-·¹³¿ °¸¿-» ¿²¼ ·²½´«-·±²- ¿®» ²±²óº»®®±³¿¹²»¬·½ò
ï÷ Ì¸» ¬»®³ •¿«-¬»²·¬·½óº»®®·¬·½ ø¼«°´»¨÷ -¬¿·²´»-- -¬»»´Œ ·- -±³»¬·³»- ¿°°´·»¼ ·² °´¿½» ±º •¼«°´»¨ º»®®·¬·½ó¿«-¬»²·¬·½ -¬¿·²´»--
-¬»»´Œò
1
Ý±°§®·¹¸¬ ß³»®·½¿² É»´¼·²¹ Í±½·»¬§
Ð®±ª·¼»¼ ¾§ ×ØÍ «²¼»® ´·½»²-» ©·¬¸ ßÉÍ
Ò± ®»°®±¼«½¬·±² ±® ²»¬©±®µ·²¹ °»®³·¬¬»¼ ©·¬¸±«¬ ´·½»²-» º®±³ ×ØÍ
ì Ý¿´·¾®¿¬·±²
ìòï Ý±¿¬·²¹ ¬¸·½µ²»-- -¬¿²¼¿®¼-
Ì¸» ½±¿¬·²¹ ¬¸·½µ²»-- -¬¿²¼¿®¼- -¸¿´´ ½±²-·-¬ ±º ²±²ó³¿¹²»¬·½ ½±°°»® ¿°°´·»¼ ¬± ¿² «²¿´´±§»¼ -¬»»´ ¾¿-» ±º
-·¦» íð ³³ I íð ³³ò Ì¸» ¬¸·½µ²»-- ±º ¬¸» «²¿´´±§»¼ -¬»»´ ¾¿-» -¸¿´´ ¾» »¯«¿´ ¬± ±® ¹®»¿¬»® ¬¸¿² ¬¸»
»¨°»®·³»²¬¿´´§ ¼»¬»®³·²»¼ ³·²·³«³ ¬¸·½µ²»-- ¿¬ ©¸·½¸ ¿ º«®¬¸»® ·²½®»¿-» ±º ¬¸» ¬¸·½µ²»-- ¼±»- ²±¬ ½¿«-» ¿²
·²½®»¿-» ±º ¬¸» ¿¬¬®¿½¬·ª» º±®½» ¾»¬©»»² ¬¸» -¬¿²¼¿®¼ °»®³¿²»²¬ ³¿¹²»¬ ¿²¼ ¬¸» ½±¿¬·²¹ ¬¸·½µ²»-- -¬¿²¼¿®¼ò
Ì¸» ¬¸·½µ²»-- ±º ¬¸» ²±²ó³¿¹²»¬·½ ½±°°»® ½±¿¬·²¹ -¸¿´´ ¾» µ²±©² ¬± ¿² ¿½½«®¿½§ ±º o ë û ±® ¾»¬¬»®ò Ì¸»
½¸»³·½¿´ ½±³°±-·¬·±² ±º «²¿´´±§»¼ -¬»»´ -¸¿´´ ¾» ©·¬¸·² ¬¸» º±´´±©·²¹ ´·³·¬-æ
Û´»³»²¬ Ô·³·¬
û
Ý ðòðè ¬± ðòïí
Í· ðòïð ³¿¨ò
Ó² ðòíð ¬± ðòêð
Ð ðòðìð ³¿¨ò
Í ðòðëð ³¿¨ò
Ì¸» ½±°°»® ½±¿¬·²¹ ³¿§ ¾» ½±ª»®»¼ ¾§ ¿ ½¸®±³·«³ º´¿-¸ò Ì¸» º±®½» ®»¯«·®»¼ ¬± ¬»¿® ±ºº ¿ ¹·ª»² °»®³¿²»²¬ ³¿¹²»¬
º®±³ ¬¸» ½±°°»® ½±¿¬·²¹ -·¼» ±º -«½¸ ¿ -¬¿²¼¿®¼ ·²½®»¿-»- ¿- ¬¸» ¬¸·½µ²»-- ±º ¬¸» ½±°°»® ½±¿¬·²¹ ¼»½®»¿-»-ò
ÒÑÌÛ Ì± »²-«®» ¿¼»¯«¿¬» ®»°®±¼«½·¾·´·¬§ ±º ¬¸» ½¿´·¾®¿¬·±²ô ¬¸» ½±¿¬·²¹ ¬¸·½µ²»-- -¬¿²¼¿®¼- ¼»º·²»¼ ¿¾±ª» -¸±«´¼ ¾»
«-»¼ò ×² °¿®¬·½«´¿®ô ½±¿¬·²¹ ¬¸·½µ²»-- -¬¿²¼¿®¼- °®±¼«½»¼ ¾§ ¬¸» ËÍ Ò¿¬·±²¿´ ×²-¬·¬«¬» ±º Í¬¿²¼¿®¼- ¿²¼ Ì»½¸²±´±¹§
øÒ×ÍÌô º±®³»®´§ Ò¿¬·±²¿´ Þ«®»¿« ±º Í¬¿²¼¿®¼- ±® ÒÞÍ÷ ³¿§ ¾» «-»¼ò
ìòî Ó¿¹²»¬
Ì¸» -¬¿²¼¿®¼ ³¿¹²»¬ -¸¿´´ ¾» ¿ °»®³¿²»²¬ ³¿¹²»¬ ±º ½§´·²¼®·½¿´ -¸¿°»ô î ³³ ·² ¼·¿³»¬»® ¿²¼ ¿¾±«¬ ëð ³³
·² ´»²¹¬¸ò Ñ²» »²¼ ±º ¬¸» ³¿¹²»¬ -¸¿´´ ¾» ¸»³·-°¸»®·½¿´ô ©·¬¸ ¿ ï ³³ ®¿¼·«- ¿²¼ °±´·-¸»¼ò ß- ¿² »¨¿³°´»ô
-«½¸ ¿ ³¿¹²»¬ ½¿² ¾» ³¿¼» ±º íê û ½±¾¿´¬ ³¿¹²»¬ -¬»»´ô ìèòìë ³³ o ðòðë ³³ ´±²¹ô ³¿¹²»¬·½¿´´§ -¿¬«®¿¬»¼
¿²¼ ¬¸»² ¼·´«¬»¼ ¬± èë ûò Ì¸» ³¿¹²»¬·½ -¬®»²¹¬¸ ±º ¬¸» ³¿¹²»¬ -¸¿´´ ¾» -«½¸ ¬¸¿¬ ¬¸» º±®½» ²»»¼»¼ ¬± ¬»¿® ±ºº
¬¸» -¬¿²¼¿®¼ ³¿¹²»¬ º®±³ ¬¸» ¼·ºº»®»²¬ ½±¿¬·²¹ ¬¸·½µ²»-- -¬¿²¼¿®¼- ·- ©·¬¸·² o ïð û ±º ¬¸» ®»´¿¬·±²-¸·° -¸±©²
·² Ú·¹«®» ï ø¬¸» ©»·¹¸¬ ±º ¬¸» ³¿¹²»¬ »¨½´«¼»¼÷ò Ì¸·- ·- »¯«·ª¿´»²¬ ¬± ¿ ®»´¿¬·±²-¸·° ¾»¬©»»² ¬»¿®ó±ºº º±®½» ¿²¼
Ú»®®·¬» Ò«³¾»® ±º ëòð ÚÒñ¹ o ðòë ÚÒñ¹ò
ìòí ×²-¬®«³»²¬-
Ì¸» ³»¿-«®»³»²¬ ¾§ ¬¸·- ³»¬¸±¼ -¸¿´´ ¾» ³¿¼» ¾§ ¿² ·²-¬®«³»²¬ »²¿¾´·²¹ ¿² ·²½®»¿-·²¹ ¬»¿®ó±ºº º±®½» ¬± ¾»
¿°°´·»¼ ¬± ¬¸» ³¿¹²»¬ °»®°»²¼·½«´¿®´§ ¬± ¬¸» -«®º¿½» ±º ¬¸» ¬»-¬ -°»½·³»²ò Ì¸» ¬»¿®ó±ºº º±®½» -¸¿´´ ¾»
·²½®»¿-»¼ «²¬·´ ¬¸» °»®³¿²»²¬ ³¿¹²»¬ ·- ¼»¬¿½¸»¼ º®±³ ¬¸» ¬»-¬ -°»½·³»²ò Ì¸» ·²-¬®«³»²¬ -¸¿´´ ¿½½«®¿¬»´§
³»¿-«®» ¬¸» ¬»¿®ó±ºº º±®½» ©¸·½¸ ·- ®»¯«·®»¼ º±® ¼»¬¿½¸³»²¬ò Ì¸» ®»¿¼·²¹ ±º ¬¸» ·²-¬®«³»²¬ ³¿§ ¾» ¼·®»½¬´§ ·²
ÚÒ ±® ·² ¹®¿³-óº±®½» ±® ·² ±¬¸»® «²·¬-ò ×º ¬¸» ®»¿¼·²¹ ±º ¬¸» ·²-¬®«³»²¬ ·- ·² «²·¬- ±¬¸»® ¬¸¿² ÚÒô ¬¸» ®»´¿¬·±²-¸·°
¾»¬©»»² ¬¸» ÚÒ ¿²¼ ¬¸» ·²-¬®«³»²¬ ®»¿¼·²¹ -¸¿´´ ¾» ¼»º·²»¼ ¾§ ¿ ½¿´·¾®¿¬·±² ½«®ª»î÷ò
ìòì Ý¿´·¾®¿¬·±² ½«®ª»

×² ±®¼»® ¬± ¹»²»®¿¬» ¿ ½¿´·¾®¿¬·±² ½«®ª»ô ¼»¬»®³·²» ¬¸» º±®½» ²»»¼»¼ ¬± ¬»¿® ±ºº ¬¸» -¬¿²¼¿®¼ ³¿¹²»¬ ¼»º·²»¼ ·²
ìòî º®±³ -»ª»®¿´ ½±¿¬·²¹ ¬¸·½µ²»-- -¬¿²¼¿®¼- ¼»º·²»¼ ·² ìòïò Ì¸»² ½±²ª»®¬ ¬¸» ¬¸·½µ²»-- ±º ²±²ó³¿¹²»¬·½
½±¿¬·²¹ ±º ¬¸» ½±¿¬·²¹ ¬¸·½µ²»-- -¬¿²¼¿®¼- ·²¬± ÚÒ ¿½½±®¼·²¹ ¬± Ì¿¾´» ïô ±® ¿½½±®¼·²¹ ¬± ¬¸» »¯«·ª¿´»²¬
»¯«¿¬·±² øï÷ô ¿- º±´´±©-æ
ÚÒ ã »¨°¥ïòèðëç Š ïòïïèèê Å´²øt÷Ã Š ðòïééìð Å´²øt÷Ãî Š ðòðíëðî Å´²øt÷Ãí Š ðòððíêé Å´²øt÷Ãì£ øï÷
©¸»®» t ·- ¬¸» ²±²ó³¿¹²»¬·½ ½±¿¬·²¹ ¬¸·½µ²»--ô »¨°®»--»¼ ·² ³³ò
î÷ Ó¿²§ ·²-¬®«³»²¬- «-»¼ ¬± ³»¿-«®» ¬¸» ¬¸·½µ²»-- ±º ¿ ²±²ó³¿¹²»¬·½ ½±¿¬·²¹ ±ª»® ¿ º»®®±³¿¹²»¬·½ ¾¿-» ¿®» -«·¬¿¾´»
ø»ò¹ò ÓßÙÒÛóÙßÙÛ ±º ËÍß ±®·¹·²÷ ¿²¼ -±³» ½±³³»®½·¿´´§ ¿ª¿·´¿¾´» ·²-¬®«³»²¬- ¿®» ¼»-·¹²»¼ ¼·®»½¬´§ º±® ³»¿-«®»³»²¬
±º º»®®·¬» ½±²¬»²¬ ø»ò¹ò ßÔÐØßóÐØßÍÛóÓÛÌÛÎ ±º º±®³»® ËÍÍÎ ±®·¹·²÷ò ×² ¿¼¼·¬·±²ô ¿º¬»® -«·¬¿¾´» ·²ó¸±«-» ¿´¬»®¿¬·±²-ô
-±³» ´¿¾±®¿¬±®§ ¾¿´¿²½»- ½¿² ¾» «-»¼ò
2
Ý±°§®·¹¸¬ ß³»®·½¿² É»´¼·²¹ Í±½·»¬§
Ð®±ª·¼»¼ ¾§ ×ØÍ «²¼»® ´·½»²-» ©·¬¸ ßÉÍ
Ò± ®»°®±¼«½¬·±² ±® ²»¬©±®µ·²¹ °»®³·¬¬»¼ ©·¬¸±«¬ ´·½»²-» º®±³ ×ØÍ
Ú·¹«®» ï ‰ Î»´¿¬·±²-¸·° ¾»¬©»»² ¬¸» ¬»¿®ó±ºº º±®½»- ±º ¬¸» -¬¿²¼¿®¼ ³¿¹²»¬ ¼»º·²»¼ ·² ìòî ¿²¼ ¬¸»
½±¿¬·²¹ ¬¸·½µ²»-- -¬¿²¼¿®¼- ¼»º·²»¼ ·² ìòï
Ú·²¿´´§ô °´±¬ ¬¸» ½¿´·¾®¿¬·±² ½«®ª» ¿- ¬¸» ®»´¿¬·±²-¸·° ¾»¬©»»² ¬¸» ¬»¿®ó±ºº º±®½» ·² ¬¸» «²·¬- ±º ¬¸» ·²-¬®«³»²¬
®»¿¼·²¹ ¿²¼ ¬¸» ½±®®»-°±²¼·²¹ ÚÒò
Ì± ½¿´·¾®¿¬» ¬¸» ·²-¬®«³»²¬ º±® ³»¿-«®»³»²¬ ±º º»®®·¬» ½±²¬»²¬ ©·¬¸·² ¬¸» ®¿²¹» º®±³ ð ¬± ¿°°®±¨·³¿¬»´§ íð ÚÒô
©¸·½¸ ·- ¿°°®±°®·¿¬» º±® ²±³·²¿´´§ ¿«-¬»²·¬·½ -¬¿·²´»-- -¬»»´ ©»´¼ ³»¬¿´-ô ¿ -»¬ ½±²-·-¬·²¹ ±º ¿ ³·²·³«³ ±º
»·¹¸¬ -¬¿²¼¿®¼- ©·¬¸ ½±°°»® ½±¿¬·²¹ ¬¸·½µ²»--»- ¾»¬©»»² ¿°°®±¨·³¿¬»´§ ðòïé ³³ ¿²¼ ¿°°®±¨·³¿¬»´§ î ³³ ·-
®»½±³³»²¼»¼í÷ò Ì± »¨¬»²¼ ¬¸» ½¿´·¾®¿¬·±² º®±³ ¿°°®±¨·³¿¬»´§ íð ÚÒ ¬± ïðð ÚÒô ©¸·½¸ ·- ¿°°®±°®·¿¬» º±®
¼«°´»¨ º»®®·¬·½ó¿«-¬»²·¬·½ -¬¿·²´»-- -¬»»´ ©»´¼ ³»¬¿´-ô ¿ -»¬ ½±²-·-¬·²¹ ±º ¿ ³·²·³«³ ±º º·ª» -¬¿²¼¿®¼- ©·¬¸
½±¿¬·²¹ ¬¸·½µ²»--»- ¾»¬©»»² ðòðí ³³ ¿²¼ ðòïé ³³ ·- ®»½±³³»²¼»¼ò
ìòë Ý¿´·¾®¿¬·±² ±º ±¬¸»® ·²-¬®«³»²¬- ©·¬¸ °®·³¿®§ -¬¿²¼¿®¼-

×² °®·²½·°´»ô ·²-¬®«³»²¬- ©·¬¸ ±¬¸»® ¬¸¿² ¿ -¬¿²¼¿®¼ ³¿¹²»¬ô ¿²¼ ·²-¬®«³»²¬- «-·²¹ ¿² ¿°°®±¿½¸ ¬± ³¿¹²»¬·½
°®±°»®¬§ ³»¿-«®»³»²¬ ±¬¸»® ¬¸¿² ³¿¹²»¬·½ ¿¬¬®¿½¬·ª» º±®½»ô ½¿² ¾» ½¿´·¾®¿¬»¼ ©·¬¸ °®·³¿®§ -¬¿²¼¿®¼-
°®±ª·¼·²¹ ¬¸¿¬ -«ºº·½·»²¬ -¬¿¬·-¬·½¿´ ¼¿¬¿ ·- ½±´´»½¬»¼ò Ì¸·- ¸¿- ¾»»² ¼±²» ±²´§ ©·¬¸ ¬©± ±´¼»® •´»¹¿½§Œ
·²-¬®«³»²¬- ‰ -»» ß²²»¨ Ýò
í÷ Ì¸·- ½¿´·¾®¿¬·±² °®±½»¼«®» ³¿§ ¹·ª» ³·-´»¿¼·²¹ ®»-«´¬- ·º «-»¼ ±² ·²-¬®«³»²¬- ³»¿-«®·²¹ ¬¸» º»®®·¬» ½±²¬»²¬ ·² ©¿§- ±¬¸»®
¬¸¿² ¬¸®±«¹¸ ¬¸» ¿¬¬®¿½¬·ª» º±®½» ±® ±² ·²-¬®«³»²¬- ³»¿-«®·²¹ º»®®·¬» ¬¸®±«¹¸ ¬¸» ¿¬¬®¿½¬·ª» º±®½» ¾«¬ »³°´±§·²¹ ±¬¸»® ¬¸¿² ¬¸»
-¬¿²¼¿®¼ ³¿¹²»¬ ¼»º·²»¼ ·² ìòîò ×²-¬®«³»²¬- ©¸·½¸ ½¿²²±¬ ¾» ½¿´·¾®¿¬»¼ ¾§ ¬¸» ½±¿¬·²¹ ¬¸·½µ²»-- -¬¿²¼¿®¼- ¿²¼ ¾§ ¬¸»
°®±½»¼«®» -°»½·º·»¼ ·² ìòî ¬± ìòì ³¿§ ¾» ½¿´·¾®¿¬»¼ ¿- ¼»-½®·¾»¼ ·² ½´¿«-» éò
3
Ý±°§®·¹¸¬ ß³»®·½¿² É»´¼·²¹ Í±½·»¬§
Ð®±ª·¼»¼ ¾§ ×ØÍ «²¼»® ´·½»²-» ©·¬¸ ßÉÍ
Ò± ®»°®±¼«½¬·±² ±® ²»¬©±®µ·²¹ °»®³·¬¬»¼ ©·¬¸±«¬ ´·½»²-» º®±³ ×ØÍ
Ì¿¾´» ï ‰ Î»´¿¬·±²-¸·° ¾»¬©»»² Ú»®®·¬» Ò«³¾»® ¿²¼ ¬¸·½µ²»-- ±º ²±²ó³¿¹²»¬·½ ½±¿¬·²¹ ±º ½±¿¬·²¹
¬¸·½µ²»-- -¬¿²¼¿®¼- ø-°»½·º·»¼ ·² ìòï÷ º±® ½¿´·¾®¿¬·±² ±º ·²-¬®«³»²¬- º±® ³»¿-«®»³»²¬ ±º º»®®·¬»
½±²¬»²¬ ¬¸®±«¹¸ ¿¬¬®¿½¬·ª» º±®½» ø-°»½·º·»¼ ·² ìòí÷ «-·²¹ ¬¸» -¬¿²¼¿®¼ ³¿¹²»¬ ø-°»½·º·»¼ ·² ìòî÷
Ý±¿¬·²¹ ÚÒ Ý±¿¬·²¹ ÚÒ Ý±¿¬·²¹ ÚÒ Ý±¿¬·²¹ ÚÒ Ý±¿¬·²¹
¬¸·½µ²»-- øt÷ ¬¸·½µ²»-- øt÷ ¬¸·½µ²»-- øt÷ ¬¸·½µ²»-- øt÷ ¬¸·½µ²»-- øt÷
³³ ³³ ³³ ³³ ³³ ÚÒ
ðòðîð ïïðòë ðòðìç êèòí ðòðéè ëïòð ðòïíì íëòí ðòíðð ïçòï
ðòðîï ïðèòð ðòðëð êéòë ðòðéç ëðòê ðòïíê íìòç ðòíîð ïèòï
ðòðîî ïðëòé ðòðëï êêòé ðòðèð ëðòî ðòïíè íìòë ðòíìð ïéòî
ðòðîí ïðíòì ðòðëî ëêòç ðòðèî ìçòí ðòïìð íìòî ðòíêð ïêòì
ðòðîì ïðïòí ðòðëí êëòï ðòðèì ìèòê ðòïìî ííòè ðòíèð ïëòé
ðòðîë ççòî ðòðëì êìòì ðòðèê ìéòè ðòïìì ííòë ðòìðð ïëòð
ðòðîê çéòí ðòðëë êíòé ðòðèè ìéòï ðòïìê ííòî ðòìîð ïìòì
ðòðîé çëòì ðòðëê êíòð ðòðçð ìêòì ðòïìè íîòè ðòììð ïíòè
ðòðîè çíòê ðòðëé êîòí ðòðçî ìëòé ðòïëð íîòë ðòìêð ïíòî
ðòðîç çïòç ðòðëè êïòê ðòðçì ìëòï ðòïëë íïòé ðòìèð ïîòé
ðòðíð çðòí ðòðëç êðòç ðòðçê ììòì ðòïêð íïòð ðòëðð ïîòí
ðòðíï èèòé ðòðêð êðòí ðòðçè ìíòè ðòïêë íðòí ðòëëð ïïòî
ðòðíî èéòî ðòðêï ëçòé ðòïðð ìíòî ðòïéð îçòé ðòêðð ïðòí
ðòðíí èëòè ðòðêî ëçòï ðòïðî ìîòê ðòïéë îçòð ðòêëð çòê
ðòðíì èìòì ðòðêí ëèòë ðòïðì ìîòï ðòïèð îèòì ðòéðð èòç
ðòðíë èíòð ðòðêì ëéòç ðòïðê ìïòë ðòïèë îéòç ðòéëð èòí
ðòðíê èïòé ðòðêë ëéòí ðòïðè ìïòð ðòïçð îéòí ðòèðð éòé
ðòðíé èðòë ðòðêê ëêòè ðòïïð ìðòë ðòïçë îêòè ðòçðð êòè
ðòðíè éçòí ðòðêé ëêòî ðòïïî ìðòð ðòîðð îêòí ïòððð êòï
ðòðíç éèòï ðòðêè ëëòé ðòïïì íçòë ðòîðë îëòè ïòîðð ìòçí
ðòðìð ééòð ðòðêç ëëòî ðòïïê íçòð ðòîïð îëòí ïòìðð ìòðç
ðòðìï éëòç ðòðéð ëìòé ðòïïè íèòê ðòîîð îìòì ïòêðð íòìë
ðòðìî éìòè ðòðéï ëìòî ðòïîð íèòï ðòîíð îíòê ïòèðð îòçì
ðòðìí éíòè ðòðéî ëíòé ðòïîî íéòé ðòîìð îîòè îòððð îòëì
ðòðìì éîòè ðòðéí ëíòî ðòïîì íéòî ðòîëð îîòï îòîðð îòîï
ðòðìë éïòè ðòðéì ëîòè ðòïîê íêòè ðòîêð îïòì îòìðð ïòçì
ðòðìê éðòç ðòðéë ëîòí ðòïîè íêòì ðòîéð îðòè îòêðð ïòéî
ðòðìé éðòð ðòðéê ëïòç ðòïíð íêòð ðòîèð îðòî îòèðð ïòëí
ðòðìè êçòï ðòðéé ëïòì ðòïíî íëòê ðòîçð ïçòê íòððð ïòíê
ë Í¬¿²¼¿®¼ ³»¬¸±¼ º±® -¸·»´¼»¼ ³»¬¿´ ¿®½ ½±ª»®»¼ »´»½¬®±¼» ¬»-¬ °¿¼-
ëòï Ü·³»²-·±²- ±º ©»´¼ ³»¬¿´ ¬»-¬ -°»½·³»²-

Í¬¿²¼¿®¼ ©»´¼ ³»¬¿´ ¬»-¬ -°»½·³»²- º±® -¸·»´¼»¼ ³»¬¿´ ¿®½ ½±ª»®»¼ »´»½¬®±¼»- -¸¿´´ ¾» ±º ¬¸» -·¦» ¿²¼ -¸¿°»
·²¼·½¿¬»¼ ·² Ú·¹«®» îò Ú±® ¬¸» ³»¿-«®»³»²¬ ±º º»®®·¬» ½±²¬»²¬ ¾§ ·²-¬®«³»²¬-ñ³¿¹²»¬- ±® °®±½»--»- ±¬¸»® ¬¸¿²
¬¸±-» -°»½·º·»¼ ·² ìòî ¿²¼ ìòíô ¿ ´¿®¹»® -°»½·³»² ³¿§ ¾» ²»½»--¿®§ò ×² -«½¸ ½¿-»-ô ¬¸» -·¦» ¿²¼ ©¿§ ±º
°®±¼«½·²¹ ¬¸» °¿¼ -¸¿´´ ¾» ½´»¿®´§ ¿²¼ ½¿®»º«´´§ ¼»º·²»¼ò
ëòî Ü»°±-·¬·²¹ ©»´¼ ³»¬¿´ ¬»-¬ -°»½·³»²-

¿÷ Ì¸» ©»´¼ °¿¼ -¸¿´´ ¾» ¾«·´¬ «° ¾»¬©»»² ¬©± ½±°°»® ¾¿®- ´¿·¼ °¿®¿´´»´ ±² ¬¸» ¾¿-» °´¿¬»ò Í°¿½·²¹ -¸¿´´ ¾»
¿¼¶«-¬»¼ ¬± ¿½½±³³±¼¿¬» ¬¸» »´»½¬®±¼» -·¦» ¬± ¾» «-»¼ ¿- -°»½·º·»¼ ·² Ì¿¾´» îò
4
Ý±°§®·¹¸¬ ß³»®·½¿² É»´¼·²¹ Í±½·»¬§
Ð®±ª·¼»¼ ¾§ ×ØÍ «²¼»® ´·½»²-» ©·¬¸ ßÉÍ
Ò± ®»°®±¼«½¬·±² ±® ²»¬©±®µ·²¹ °»®³·¬¬»¼ ©·¬¸±«¬ ´·½»²-» º®±³ ×ØÍ
¾÷ Ì¸» ©»´¼ °¿¼ -¸¿´´ ¾» ¾«·´¬ «° ¾§ ¼»°±-·¬·²¹ ´¿§»®- ±²» ±² ¬±° ±º ¬¸» ±¬¸»® ¬± ¿ ³·²·³«³ ¸»·¹¸¬ ±º ïîòë ³³
ø-»» ¬¸» ²±¬» ±² Ú·¹«®» î÷ò Û¿½¸ ´¿§»® -¸¿´´ ¾» ³¿¼» ·² ¿ -·²¹´» °¿-- º±® »´»½¬®±¼» ¼·¿³»¬»®- ì ³³ò Ú±®
-³¿´´ ¼·¿³»¬»®-ô »¿½¸ ´¿§»® »¨½»°¬ ¬¸» ¬±° ´¿§»® -¸¿´´ ¾» ½±²-¬·¬«¬»¼ ¾§ ¬©± ±® ³±®» ¾»¿¼- ¼»°±-·¬»¼ ©·¬¸ ¿
³¿¨·³«³ ©»¿ª» ±º í I ¬¸» ½±®» ©·®» ¼·¿³»¬»®ò Ì¸» ¿®½ -¸¿´´ ²±¬ ¾» ¿´´±©»¼ ¬± ½±³» ·²¬± ½±²¬¿½¬ ©·¬¸ ¬¸»
½±°°»® ¾¿®ò
Ü·³»²-·±²- ·² ³·´´·³»¬®»-
Õ»§
ï Ý±°°»® ¾¿® ±º ¼·³»²-·±²- éð I îë I îë
ÒÑÌÛ Ì¸» ¾¿-» ³»¬¿´ -¸±«´¼ °®»º»®¿¾´§ ¾» ¿«-¬»²·¬·½ Ý®óÒ· -¬»»´ ¬§°» ÈîÝ®Ò·ïèóç ÅíðìÔÃ ±® ÈëÝ®Ò·ïèóç ÅíðìÃ ø-»»
×ÍÑñÌÎ ïëëïð÷ ¿²¼ ·² ¬¸·- ½¿-» ¬¸» ³·²·³«³ °¿¼ ¸»·¹¸¬ ·- ïí ³³ò Ó·´¼ -¬»»´ øÝóÓ² -¬»»´÷ ³¿§ ¿´-± ¾» «-»¼ ¿²¼ ·² ¬¸·-
½¿-» ¬¸» ³·²·³«³ °¿¼ ¸»·¹¸¬ ·- ïè ³³ò
¿ Ú»®®·¬» ½±²¬»²¬ -¸¿´´ ¾» ³»¿-«®»¼ ·² ¬¸·- ¿®»¿ò
Ú·¹«®» î ‰ É»´¼ ³»¬¿´ -°»½·³»² º±® º»®®·¬» ¼»¬»®³·²¿¬·±²
½÷ Ì¸» ¿®½ ´»²¹¬¸ -¸¿´´ ¾» ¿- -¸±®¬ ¿- °®¿½¬·½¿¾´»ò

¼÷ Ì¸» ©»´¼·²¹ ½«®®»²¬- -¸¿´´ ½±³°´§ ©·¬¸ ¬¸» ª¿´«»- ¹·ª»² ·² Ì¿¾´» îò Ì¸» ©»´¼ -¬±°- ¿²¼ -¬¿®¬- -¸¿´´ ¾»
´±½¿¬»¼ ¿¬ ¬¸» »²¼- ±º ¬¸» ©»´¼ ¾«·´¼ó«°ò Ì¸» ©»´¼·²¹ ¼·®»½¬·±² -¸¿´´ ¾» ½¸¿²¹»¼ ¿º¬»® »¿½¸ °¿--ò
»÷ Ì¸» ©»´¼ °¿¼ ³¿§ ¾» ½±±´»¼ ¾»¬©»»² °¿--»- ¾§ ©¿¬»® ¯«»²½¸·²¹ ²± -±±²»® ¬¸¿² îð - ¿º¬»® ¬¸»
½±³°´»¬·±² ±º »¿½¸ °¿--ò Ì¸» ³¿¨·³«³ ¬»³°»®¿¬«®» ¾»¬©»»² °¿--»- -¸¿´´ ¾» ïðð pÝò Û¿½¸ °¿-- ±º ¬¸»
´¿-¬ ´¿§»® -¸¿´´ ¾» ¿·® ½±±´»¼ ¬± ¿ ¬»³°»®¿¬«®» ¾»´±© ìîë pÝ ¾»º±®» ©¿¬»® ¯«»²½¸·²¹ò
º÷ Û¿½¸ ©»´¼ °¿-- -¸¿´´ ¾» ½´»¿²»¼ ¾»º±®» ¬¸» ²»¨¬ ·- ¼»°±-·¬»¼ò
¹÷ ×² ¿´´ ½¿-»-ô ¬¸» ¬±°³±-¬ ´¿§»®ô ¿¬ ´»¿-¬ô -¸¿´´ ½±²-·-¬ ±º ¿ -·²¹´» ¾»¿¼ ¼»°±-·¬»¼ ©·¬¸ ¿ ³¿¨·³«³ ©»¿ª» ±º
í I ¬¸» ½±®» ©·®» ¼·¿³»¬»®ò
Ì¿¾´» î ‰ É»´¼·²¹ °¿®¿³»¬»®- ¿²¼ ¼»°±-·¬ ¼·³»²-·±²-

Û´»½¬®±¼» ¼·¿³»¬»® É»´¼·²¹ ½«®®»²¬ ¿ ß°°®±¨·³¿¬» ¼·³»²-·±²-
©·¼¬¸ øw÷ ´»²¹¬¸ øl÷
³³ ß ³³ ³³
ïòê íë ¬± ìë ïîòë íð
î ìë ¬± ëë ïîòë íð
îòë êë ¬± éë ïîòë ìð
íòî çð ¬± ïðð ïîòë ìð
ì ïîð ¬± ïìð ïîòë ìð
ë ïêë ¬± ïèë ïë ìð
êòí îìð ¬± îëð ïè ìð
¿ Ñ® çð û ±º ¬¸» ³¿¨·³«³ ª¿´«» ®»½±³³»²¼»¼ ¾§ ¬¸» »´»½¬®±¼» ³¿²«º¿½¬«®»®ò
5
Ý±°§®·¹¸¬ ß³»®·½¿² É»´¼·²¹ Í±½·»¬§
Ð®±ª·¼»¼ ¾§ ×ØÍ «²¼»® ´·½»²-» ©·¬¸ ßÉÍ
Ò± ®»°®±¼«½¬·±² ±® ²»¬©±®µ·²¹ °»®³·¬¬»¼ ©·¬¸±«¬ ´·½»²-» º®±³ ×ØÍ
ëòí Ó»¿-«®·²¹
ëòíòï Í«®º¿½» º·²·-¸·²¹
ßº¬»® ©»´¼·²¹ô ¬¸» ©»´¼ ¾«·´¼ó«° ±º ²±³·²¿´´§ ¿«-¬»²·¬·½ -¬¿·²´»-- -¬»»´ ©»´¼ ³»¬¿´- øä íð ÚÒ÷ -¸¿´´ ¾»
°®»°¿®»¼ -³±±¬¸ ¿²¼ º´¿¬ô ¬¿µ·²¹ ½¿®» ¬± ¿ª±·¼ ¸»¿ª§ ½±´¼ ©±®µ·²¹ì÷ ±º ¬¸» -«®º¿½»å ¬¸·- ¿·³ ½¿² ¾» ¿½¸·»ª»¼
¾§ ¼®¿© º·´·²¹ ©·¬¸ ¿ -¸¿®° ½´»¿² íëð ³³ º´¿¬ ³·´´ ¾¿-¬¿®¼ º·´» ¸»´¼ ±² ¾±¬¸ -·¼»- ±º ¬¸» ©»´¼ ¿²¼ ©·¬¸ ¬¸» ´±²¹
¿¨·- ±º ¬¸» º·´» °»®°»²¼·½«´¿® ¬± ¬¸» ´±²¹ ¿¨·- ±º ¬¸» ©»´¼ò Ü®¿© º·´·²¹ -¸¿´´ ¾» ¿½½±³°´·-¸»¼ ¾§ -³±±¬¸ º±®©¿®¼
-¬®±µ»- ¿´±²¹ ¬¸» ´»²¹¬¸ ±º ¬¸» ©»´¼ ©·¬¸ ¿ º·®³ ¼±©²©¿®¼ °®»--«®» ¾»·²¹ ¿°°´·»¼ò Ì¸» ©»´¼ -¸¿´´ ²±¬ ¾»
½®±--óº·´»¼ò
ßº¬»® ©»´¼·²¹ô ¬¸» ©»´¼ ¾«·´¼ó«° ±º ¼«°´»¨ º»®®·¬·½ó¿«-¬»²·¬·½ -¬¿·²´»-- -¬»»´ ©»´¼ ³»¬¿´- øâ íð ÚÒ÷ -¸¿´´ ¾»
¹®±«²¼ ©·¬¸ -«½½»--·ª»´§ º·²»® ¿¾®¿-·ª»- ¬± ¿ º·²·-¸ ±º êðð ¹®·¬ ±® º·²»®ò Ý¿®» -¸¿´´ ¾» ¬¿µ»² ¼«®·²¹ ¹®·²¼·²¹ ¬±
¿ª±·¼ »¨½»--·ª» °®»--«®» ¬¸¿¬ ´»¿¼- ¬± ¾«®²·-¸·²¹ ±® ±ª»®¸»¿¬·²¹ ±º ¬¸» -«®º¿½»ò
Ì¸» º·²·-¸»¼ -«®º¿½» -¸¿´´ ¾» -³±±¬¸ ©·¬¸ ¿´´ ¬®¿½»- ±º ©»´¼ ®·°°´» ®»³±ª»¼ò Ì¸» °®»°¿®»¼ -«®º¿½» -¸¿´´ ¾»
½±²¬·²«±«- ±ª»® ¬¸» ´»²¹¬¸ ¬± ¾» ³»¿-«®»¼ ¿²¼ ²±¬ ´»-- ¬¸¿² ë ³³ ·² ©·¼¬¸ò
ëòíòî ×²¼·ª·¼«¿´ ³»¿-«®»³»²¬-
ß ³·²·³«³ ±º -·¨ º»®®·¬» ®»¿¼·²¹- -¸¿´´ ¾» ¬¿µ»² ¿¬ ¼·ºº»®»²¬ ´±½¿¬·±²- ±² ¬¸» º·²·-¸»¼ -«®º¿½» ¿´±²¹ ¬¸»
´±²¹·¬«¼·²¿´ ¿¨·- ±º ¬¸» ©»´¼ ¾»¿¼ò Ý¿®» -¸¿´´ ¾» ¬¿µ»² ¬± ·-±´¿¬» ¬¸» ©»´¼³»²¬ «²¼»® ¬»-¬ º®±³ ª·¾®¿¬·±²-
©¸·½¸ ½¿² ½¿«-» °®»³¿¬«®» ³¿¹²»¬ ¼»¬¿½¸³»²¬ ¼«®·²¹ ³»¿-«®·²¹ò
Ú±® ©»´¼ ³»¬¿´- ±º îð ÚÒ ±® ´»--ô ±²´§ ¿ -·²¹´» ®»¿¼·²¹ ²»»¼ ¾» ¬¿µ»² ¿¬ »¿½¸ ´±½¿¬·±²ò Ú±® ©»´¼ ³»¬¿´- ¿¾±ª»
îð ÚÒô º·ª» ®»¿¼·²¹- -¸¿´´ ¾» ¬¿µ»² ¿¬ ¿²§ -·²¹´» ´±½¿¬·±²ô ¿²¼ ±²´§ ¬¸» ®»¿¼·²¹ ½±®®»-°±²¼·²¹ ¬± ¬¸» ¸·¹¸»-¬
ÚÒ ¿³±²¹-¬ ¬¸±-» º·ª» ®»¿¼·²¹- -¸¿´´ ¾» ¿½½»°¬»¼ ¿- ¬¸» ÚÒ º±® ¬¸¿¬ ´±½¿¬·±²ò ß ³·²·³«³ ±º -·¨ ´±½¿¬·±²-
-¸¿´´ ¾» -± ³»¿-«®»¼ ¿- ¬± ±¾¬¿·² ¬¸» ®»¯«·®»¼ ª¿´«»- º±® ¿ª»®¿¹·²¹ò
ëòíòí Î»°±®¬·²¹
Ì¸» -·¨ ±® ³±®» ¿½½»°¬»¼ ®»¿¼·²¹- ±¾¬¿·²»¼ -¸¿´´ ¾» ¿ª»®¿¹»¼ ¬± ¿ -·²¹´» ª¿´«» º±® ½±²ª»®-·±² ¬± ¬¸» Ú»®®·¬»
Ò«³¾»® ®»°±®¬»¼ º±® ¬¸» ©»´¼ ³»¬¿´ «²¼»® ¬»-¬ò
ê Í¬¿²¼¿®¼ ³»¬¸±¼- º±® ¬»-¬ °¿¼- ±º ±¬¸»® °®±½»--»- ¿²¼ º±® °®±¼«½¬·±² ©»´¼-
êòï Í¬¿²¼¿®¼ ³»¬¸±¼ º±® ¬»-¬ °¿¼- º±® ±¬¸»® ©»´¼ ³»¬¿´-
Ì¸» -¬¿²¼¿®¼ ³»¬¸±¼ º±® °®±¼«½·²¹ ½±ª»®»¼ »´»½¬®±¼» ¬»-¬ °¿¼- ³¿§ ¾» ¿´³±-¬ ¼·®»½¬´§ ¿°°´·½¿¾´» ¬± ±¬¸»®
©»´¼ ³»¬¿´-ô »ò¹ò º´«¨ ½±®»¼ ¿®½ ©»´¼ ¼»°±-·¬-ò ×² °®»°¿®·²¹ -«½¸ ¬»-¬ °¿¼-ô ¬¸» °¿¼ ´»²¹¬¸ ³¿§ ²»»¼ ¬± ¾»
·²½®»¿-»¼ -± ¬¸¿¬ ¬¸» ¿®»¿ ±º º»®®·¬» ³»¿-«®»³»²¬- ¼±»- ²±¬ ·²½´«¼» ¬¸» ©»´¼ ½®¿¬»®ò Ú±® -«¾³»®¹»¼ ¿®½ ©»´¼
³»¬¿´ô ¬¸» ¬»-¬ °¿¼ ©·¼¬¸ ¿²¼ ´»²¹¬¸ ³¿§ ¾±¬¸ ²»»¼ ¬± ¾» ·²½®»¿-»¼ò Ú±® ¿´´ ¬»-¬ °¿¼-ô ¬¸» °¿¼ -¸¿´´ ½±²-·-¬ ±º
¿ ³·²·³«³ ±º -·¨ ´¿§»®-ô ©·¬¸ ¿¬ ´»¿-¬ ¬¸» ¬±° ´¿§»® ½±²-·-¬·²¹ ±º ¿ -·²¹´» ¾»¿¼ò ×² ¹»²»®¿´ô °®»°¿®¿¬·±² ¿²¼
³»¿-«®»³»²¬ -¸¿´´ º±´´±© ¬¸» ·²-¬®«½¬·±²- ±º ½´¿«-» ë ¿- º¿® ¿- °±--·¾´»ò
êòî Ð®±¼«½¬·±² ©»´¼-

Ì¸» ³»¬¸±¼ ±º ¼»°±-·¬·²¹ ¬¸» ©»´¼ ¬»-¬ -°»½·³»² ¸¿- ¿ ½±²-·¼»®¿¾´» ·²º´«»²½» «°±² ¬¸» ®»-«´¬ ±º º»®®·¬»
½±²¬»²¬ ³»¿-«®»³»²¬ò Ý±²-»¯«»²¬´§ô ¬¸» ®»-«´¬- ±º º»®®·¬» ½±²¬»²¬ ³»¿-«®»³»²¬ ±¾¬¿·²»¼ ±² -°»½·³»²-
¼»°±-·¬»¼ ·² ¿ ©¿§ ¼·ºº»®·²¹ º®±³ ¬¸¿¬ -°»½·º·»¼ ·² ëòï ¿²¼ ëòîô ±® êòïô ¿²¼ ±² °®±¼«½¬·±² ©»´¼- ¿®» ´·µ»´§ ¬±
¼·ºº»® º®±³ ¬¸» ®»-«´¬- ±¾¬¿·²»¼ ±² -°»½·³»²- ¼»°±-·¬»¼ ¿½½±®¼·²¹ ¬± ëòï ¿²¼ ëòîô ±® êòïò ×² ¿´´ ½¿-»-ô
¸±©»ª»®ô º»®®·¬» ½±²¬»²¬ ³»¿-«®»³»²¬ -¸¿´´ ¾» ³¿¼» ¿´±²¹ ¬¸» ¿°°®±¨·³¿¬» ½»²¬®»´·²» ±º ¿ ¹·ª»² ©»´¼ ¾»¿¼ò
ì÷ Ý±´¼ ©±®µ·²¹ ³¿§ °®±¼«½» ³¿®¬»²-·¬»ô ©¸·½¸ ·- ¿´-± º»®®±³¿¹²»¬·½ ¿²¼ ¹·ª»- ¿ º¿´-» º»®®·¬» ·²¼·½¿¬·±²ò
6
Ý±°§®·¹¸¬ ß³»®·½¿² É»´¼·²¹ Í±½·»¬§
Ð®±ª·¼»¼ ¾§ ×ØÍ «²¼»® ´·½»²-» ©·¬¸ ßÉÍ
Ò± ®»°®±¼«½¬·±² ±® ²»¬©±®µ·²¹ °»®³·¬¬»¼ ©·¬¸±«¬ ´·½»²-» º®±³ ×ØÍ
×¬ ·- ²»½»--¿®§ ¬± »²-«®» ¬¸¿¬ ¬¸» ³»¿-«®»³»²¬ ·- ²±¬ ¼·-¬«®¾»¼ ¾§ ¬¸» ·²½·¼»²¬¿´ °®»-»²½» ±º -¬®±²¹´§
º»®®±³¿¹²»¬·½ ³¿¬»®·¿´-ô -«½¸ ¿- ³·´¼ -¬»»´ ±® ½¿-¬ ·®±²ò Ü«®·²¹ ³»¿-«®»³»²¬ô -«½¸ ³¿¬»®·¿´- -¸¿´´ ¾» µ»°¬ ¿¬
¿ ¼·-¬¿²½» ±º ¿¬ ´»¿-¬ ïè ³³ º®±³ °»®³¿²»²¬ ³¿¹²»¬- ±º ¬¸» -·¦» ¿²¼ -¬®»²¹¬¸ ±º ¬¸» -¬¿²¼¿®¼ ³¿¹²»¬ò Ñ¬¸»®
³¿¹²»¬- ¿²¼ñ±® ·²-¬®«³»²¬- ³¿§ ®»¯«·®» ´¿®¹»® ±® -³¿´´»® ¼·-¬¿²½»- ¬± ¾» º®»» º®±³ ¬¸» »ºº»½¬ ±º ²»¿®¾§
-¬®±²¹´§ º»®®±³¿¹²»¬·½ ³¿¬»®·¿´-ò
Ý¿«¬·±² ·- ²»½»--¿®§ ©¸»² ³»¿-«®·²¹ ¬¸» º»®®·¬» ·² ½´¿¼¼·²¹ ¼»°±-·¬»¼ ±² º»®®±³¿¹²»¬·½ ³¿¬»®·¿´-ô ¿²¼ ©¸»²
³»¿-«®·²¹ ¬¸» º»®®·¬» ·² ¬¸·² -¬¿·²´»-- -¬»»´ ©»´¼- ø»ò¹ò ´»-- ¬¸¿² ë ³³ ¬¸·½µ÷ò Ì¸» º·®-¬ ½¿-» ³¿§ ´»¿¼ ¬± º¿´-»
¸·¹¸ ª¿´«»-ô ¿²¼ ¬¸» -»½±²¼ ³¿§ ´»¿¼ ¬± º¿´-» ´±© ª¿´«»-ò Ì¸» ®»¯«·®»¼ ³·²·³«³ -¬¿·²´»-- -¬»»´ ©»´¼
¬¸·½µ²»-- º±® ½±®®»½¬ º»®®·¬» ³»¿-«®»³»²¬ ¼»°»²¼- «°±² ¬¸» ¼»°¬¸ ±º ³¿¬»®·¿´ -»²-»¼ ¾§ ¬¸» °¿®¬·½«´¿®
·²-¬®«³»²¬ ·² «-»ò
é Ñ¬¸»® ³»¬¸±¼-
éòï Ó»¬¸±¼-
Ó»¬¸±¼- º±® ¼»¬»®³·²·²¹ º»®®·¬» ½±²¬»²¬ ±¬¸»® ¬¸¿² ¬¸®±«¹¸ ¬¸» »ª¿´«¿¬·±² ±º ¿¬¬®¿½¬·ª» º±®½» ±® ³»¬¸±¼-
¼·ºº»®·²¹ º®±³ ¬¸¿¬ ¼»-½®·¾»¼ ·² ¬¸·- -¬¿²¼¿®¼ ³¿§ ¾» «-»¼ô -«½¸ ¿- ª±´«³»¬®·½ ¼»¬»®³·²¿¬·±² ¾§ ³¿¹²»¬·½
-¿¬«®¿¬·±²ô °®±ª·¼»¼ ¬¸¿¬ ¬¸»§ ¸¿ª» ¾»»² ½¿´·¾®¿¬»¼ ¾§ -»½±²¼¿®§ -¬¿²¼¿®¼- ·² ©¸·½¸ ¬¸» º»®®·¬» ½±²¬»²¬ ¸¿-
¾»»² ¼»¬»®³·²»¼ ¾§ ¬¸» ³»¬¸±¼ ¼»-½®·¾»¼ ·² ¬¸·- -¬¿²¼¿®¼ò Í»½±²¼¿®§ -¬¿²¼¿®¼- ½¿² ¾» °®»°¿®»¼ «-·²¹ ¬¸»
³»¬¸±¼ -°»½·º·»¼ ·² ëòï ¿²¼ ëòîô ¾§ ¿--·¹²·²¹ ¬± ¬¸»³ ÚÒ ª¿´«»- ¾§ ¬¸» ³»¬¸±¼ -°»½·º·»¼ ·² ëòíò Í»» ß²²»¨ Ü
º±® ¿ ¼»-½®·°¬·±² ±º -»ª»®¿´ ·²-¬®«³»²¬- ©¸·½¸ ¸¿ª» °®±ª»² -«·¬¿¾´»ò
ÒÑÌÛ Ì¸»-» -»½±²¼¿®§ -¬¿²¼¿®¼-ô °®»°¿®»¼ ¿- -¸±©² ·² ¿²²»¨»- ß ¿²¼ Þô ¿®» ¿ª¿·´¿¾´» º®±³ ¬¸» ×²¬»®²¿¬·±²¿´ ×²-¬·¬«¬» ±º
É»´¼·²¹ ø××É÷ ª·¿ ÌÉ× øÌ¸» É»´¼·²¹ ×²-¬·¬«¬»÷ ·² ¬¸» Ë²·¬»¼ Õ·²¹¼±³ ±® ¬¸» Ò¿¬·±²¿´ ×²-¬·¬«¬» ±º Í¬¿²¼¿®¼- ¿²¼ Ì»½¸²±´±¹§
øÒ×ÍÌ÷ ·² ¬¸» ËÍßò
éòî Î»-«´¬-
Ì¸» ®»-«´¬- ±¾¬¿·²»¼ ¾§ ³»¬¸±¼- ±¬¸»® ¬¸¿² ¬¸» ³»¬¸±¼ ¼»-½®·¾»¼ ·² ¬¸·- -¬¿²¼¿®¼ô »ª»² ·º ½¿´·¾®¿¬»¼ ·²
¿½½±®¼¿²½» ©·¬¸ éòïô ³¿§ô «²¼»® ½»®¬¿·² ½·®½«³-¬¿²½»-ô ¼·ºº»® º®±³ ¬¸±-» ±¾¬¿·²»¼ ¾§ ¬¸» ³»¬¸±¼ ¼»-½®·¾»¼ ·²
¬¸·- -¬¿²¼¿®¼ò Ø»²½»ô ·² ½¿-»- ±º ¼·-°«¬»ô ¬¸» ³»¬¸±¼ ¼»-½®·¾»¼ ·² ¬¸·- -¬¿²¼¿®¼ -¸¿´´ ¾» «-»¼ò
Ñ² ¿ ¹·ª»² -°»½·³»²ô ¬¸» ¿ª»®¿¹» ÚÒ ¿- ¼»¬»®³·²»¼ ¾§ ±¬¸»® ³»¬¸±¼- ¿²¼ ½±³°¿®»¼ ©·¬¸ ³»¿-«®»³»²¬-
±¾¬¿·²»¼ ©·¬¸ ¬¸» ³»¬¸±¼ ¼»-½®·¾»¼ ·² ¬¸·- -¬¿²¼¿®¼ô -¸¿´´ ¾» ©·¬¸·² ¿ ¬±´»®¿²½» ¾¿²¼ ±º o ï ÚÒ ·² ¬¸» ÚÒ
®¿²¹» «° ¬± ïð ÚÒ ¿²¼ ¬¸·- ³¿§ ¾» °®±°±®¬·±²¿´´§ ¸·¹¸»® ¿- ¬¸» ÚÒ ·²½®»¿-»- ¾»§±²¼ ïð ÚÒò
éòí Ó¿·²¬¿·²·²¹ ½¿´·¾®¿¬·±²

×²-¬®«³»²¬- -¸¿´´ ¾» ½¸»½µ»¼ °»®·±¼·½¿´´§ ¿¹¿·²-¬ -»½±²¼¿®§ -¬¿²¼¿®¼- ±® °®·³¿®§ -¬¿²¼¿®¼-ò ×¬ ·- ¬¸»®»º±®»
®»½±³³»²¼»¼ ¬¸¿¬ ¬¸» ±®¹¿²·¦¿¬·±² ©¸·½¸ «-»- ¬¸» ·²-¬®«³»²¬ »²-«®» ¬¸¿¬ ¿ -»¬ ±º -¬¿²¼¿®¼- ¾» ¿ª¿·´¿¾´»ò ×¬
·- ¬¸» ®»-°±²-·¾·´·¬§ ±º ¬¸» «-»® ¬± -»» ¬¸¿¬ ¬¸» º®»¯«»²½§ ±º ½¸»½µ·²¹ ·- ¿¼»¯«¿¬» ¬± ³¿·²¬¿·² ½¿´·¾®¿¬·±²ò Ñ²»
-¬¿²¼¿®¼ -¸¿´´ ¾» «-»¼ º±® »¿½¸ ±º ¬¸» ®¿²¹»- ø-»» Ì¿¾´» í÷ º±® ©¸·½¸ ¬¸» ·²-¬®«³»²¬ ·- ¬± ¾» «-»¼ò Ì¸»
¿ª»®¿¹» ª¿´«» ±º º·ª» ³»¿-«®»³»²¬- ¿¬ ·²¼·ª·¼«¿´ °±-·¬·±²- ±² ¬¸» -¬¿²¼¿®¼ -¸¿´´ ¾» ©·¬¸·² ¬¸» ³¿¨·³«³
¼»ª·¿¬·±²- -°»½·º·»¼ ·² Ì¿¾´» íò
Ì¿¾´» í ‰ Ó¿¨·³«³ ¿´´±©¿¾´» ¼»ª·¿¬·±² ·² ¬¸» °»®·±¼·½ ÚÒ ½¸»½µ

ÚÒ ®¿²¹» Ó¿¨·³«³ ¼»ª·¿¬·±² º®±³ ¬¸» ÚÒ
ª¿´«» ¿--·¹²»¼ ¬± ¬¸» -¬¿²¼¿®¼
ð ä ÚÒ ì o ðòë
ì ä ÚÒ ïð o ðòë
ïð ä ÚÒ ïê o ðòê
ïê ä ÚÒ îë o ðòè
îë ä ÚÒ ëð o ë û ±º ¿--·¹²»¼ ÚÒ
ëð ä ÚÒ ïïð o è û ±º ¿--·¹²»¼ ÚÒ
7
Ý±°§®·¹¸¬ ß³»®·½¿² É»´¼·²¹ Í±½·»¬§
Ð®±ª·¼»¼ ¾§ ×ØÍ «²¼»® ´·½»²-» ©·¬¸ ßÉÍ
Ò± ®»°®±¼«½¬·±² ±® ²»¬©±®µ·²¹ °»®³·¬¬»¼ ©·¬¸±«¬ ´·½»²-» º®±³ ×ØÍ
è Ð®±½»¼«®»- «-»¼ ¬± °®»°¿®» -»½±²¼¿®§ -¬¿²¼¿®¼- º±® ¼»´¬¿ º»®®·¬» ·² ¿«-¬»²·¬·½

-¬¿·²´»-- -¬»»´ ©»´¼ ³»¬¿´
Ý±¿¬·²¹ ¬¸·½µ²»-- -¬¿²¼¿®¼- ¿®» ²±¬ -«·¬¿¾´» º±® «-» ¿- °®·³¿®§ -¬¿²¼¿®¼- ©·¬¸ ¿´´ ¬§°»- ±º º»®®·¬» ³»¿-«®·²¹
·²-¬®«³»²¬-ò ß ²»»¼ ¬¸»®»º±®» »¨·-¬- º±® -»½±²¼¿®§ -¬¿²¼¿®¼- º±® ¾±¬¸ ½¿´·¾®¿¬·±² ¿²¼ ½®±--ó®»º»®»²½» ±º
·²-¬®«³»²¬- ·² ¬¸» ´¿¾±®¿¬±®§ ¿²¼ «²¼»® -¸±° ¿²¼ º·»´¼ ½±²¼·¬·±²-ò Ì¸» º·®-¬ -»¬ ±º -»½±²¼¿®§ -¬¿²¼¿®¼- ©¿-
³¿¼» ¾§ Ì»´»¼§²» Ó½Õ¿§ ·² ¬¸» ´¿¬» ïçêð-ò Ì¸»-» ©»®» ¿ ¾«·´¼ «° ±º ÍÓßÉ ³«½¸ ´·µ» ¬¸» °¿¼ -¸±©² ·² ëòîò
Ì¸»§ ©»®» «-»¼ ¬± ¼»ª»´±° ¬¸» ÚÒ -§-¬»³ ±º ³»¿-«®·²¹ º»®®·¬» ¿- ©» µ²±© ·¬ ¬±¼¿§ô ®»°´¿½·²¹ ¬¸» û º»®®·¬»
-§-¬»³ °®»ª·±«-´§ «-»¼ò Ì»´»¼§²» Ó½Õ¿§ -«¾-»¯«»²¬´§ °®±¼«½»¼ ¿²¼ -±´¼ -»¬- ±º ¬¸»-» -»½±²¼¿®§
-¬¿²¼¿®¼-ô ¾«¬ ½»¿-»¼ ¼±·²¹ -± ·² ¬¸» ´¿¬» ïçéð-ò Ì¸»®»º±®» ·² ¿¾±«¬ ïçèðô ¬¸» ×²¬»®²¿¬·±²¿´ ×²-¬·¬«¬» ±º
É»´¼·²¹ ø××É÷ ®»¯«»-¬»¼ -±³» ±®¹¿²·¦¿¬·±²-ô ·² °¿®¬·½«´¿® ÌÉ× øÌ¸» É»´¼·²¹ ×²-¬·¬«¬»ô ËÕ÷ ¬± °®»°¿®» -»¬- ±º
-»½±²¼¿®§ -¬¿²¼¿®¼-ô »¿½¸ ½±²-·-¬·²¹ ±º »·¹¸¬ ¾´±½µ- ±º ¿«-¬»²·¬·½ -¬¿·²´»-- -¬»»´ ©»´¼ ³»¬¿´ ©·¬¸ Ú»®®·¬»
Ò«³¾»®- ·² ¬¸» ¿°°®±¨·³¿¬» ®¿²¹» í ÚÒ ¬± îé ÚÒò ß² ±®·¹·²¿´ ³¿²«º¿½¬«®·²¹ ®«² ±º ïðð -»¬- ©¿- °®»°¿®»¼ ¾§
-¬®·° ½´¿¼¼·²¹ò É¸»² ¬¸» ±®·¹·²¿´ ïðð -»¬- ¸¿¼ ¾»»² ¼·-¬®·¾«¬»¼ ·²¬»®²¿¬·±²¿´´§ô ¿ ²»© °®±½»¼«®» º±® °®±¼«½·²¹
-»½±²¼¿®§ -¬¿²¼¿®¼- ©¿- ¼»ª»´±°»¼ øÝÒ××ÌÓßÍØô Î«--·¿÷ «-·²¹ ½»²¬®·º«¹¿´ ½¸·´´ ½¿-¬·²¹ ¬± °®±¼«½» ´¿®¹»
®·²¹- ·² ©¸·½¸ ³±-¬ ±º ¬¸» ©¿´´ ¬¸·½µ²»-- ½±²¬¿·²»¼ ¿ ©»´¼ó³»¬¿´ó´·µ» ³·½®±-¬®«½¬«®»ò Þ´±½µ- ±º ¼·³»²-·±²-
¿°°®±¨·³¿¬»´§ ïð ³³ I ïî ³³ I îð ³³ ©»®» ³¿½¸·²»¼ º®±³ ¬¸» °±®¬·±² ±º ¬¸» ®·²¹ ©¿´´ ½±²¬¿·²·²¹ ¬¸»
©»´¼ó³»¬¿´ó´·µ» ³·½®±-¬®«½¬«®»ò Ì¸·- ²»© °®±½»¼«®» ©¿- -¸±©²ô ¾§ ®±«²¼ ®±¾·² ¬»-¬·²¹ ·² ××É Ý±³³·--·±² ××ô
¬± °®±¼«½» ³¿¬»®·¿´- -«·¬¿¾´» º±® -»½±²¼¿®§ -¬¿²¼¿®¼- ±ª»® ¬¸» ©¸±´» ®¿²¹» º®±³ ²»¿® ¦»®± ¬± ±ª»® ïðð ÚÒò
ÚÒ ³»¿-«®»³»²¬- ¿²¼ ¿--·¹²³»²¬ ±º ¬¸» ½»®¬·º·»¼ ÚÒ º±® »¿½¸ ¾´±½µ ©»®» ½¿®®·»¼ ±«¬ ¿¬ ÌÉ× ±® Ò×ÍÌò Ì¸»
°®±½»¼«®»- «-»¼ ¬± °®»°¿®» ¬¸» ´¿-¬ ¬©± ¬§°»- ±º -»½±²¼¿®§ -¬¿²¼¿®¼- ¿®» ¼»-½®·¾»¼ ·² ¿²²»¨»- ß ¿²¼ Þò
8
Ý±°§®·¹¸¬ ß³»®·½¿² É»´¼·²¹ Í±½·»¬§
Ð®±ª·¼»¼ ¾§ ×ØÍ «²¼»® ´·½»²-» ©·¬¸ ßÉÍ
Ò± ®»°®±¼«½¬·±² ±® ²»¬©±®µ·²¹ °»®³·¬¬»¼ ©·¬¸±«¬ ´·½»²-» º®±³ ×ØÍ
ß²²»¨ ß
ø·²º±®³¿¬·ª»÷
Ó¿²«º¿½¬«®» ±º -»½±²¼¿®§ -¬¿²¼¿®¼- ¾§ -¬®·° ½´¿¼¼·²¹
ßòï Ó¿¬»®·¿´-
ßòïòï Þ¿-» ³»¬¿´
Ì¸» ¾¿-» ³»¬¿´ ±² ©¸·½¸ ¬¸» ²±³·²¿´´§ ¿«-¬»²·¬·½ ©»´¼ ³»¬¿´ ©¿- ¼»°±-·¬»¼ ©¿- «²¿´´±§»¼ -¬»»´ ¬§°» Þï ø-»»
×ÍÑ ìçëì÷ ·² ¬¸» º±®³ ±º ¾¿®- ©·¬¸ ¼·³»²-·±²- ïðð ³³ I ïðð ³³ I èðð ³³ò Ì¸» -«®º¿½»- ¬± ¾» ½´¿¼ ©»®»
½´»¿²»¼ ¾§ º®»»ó¸¿²¼ ¹®·²¼·²¹ò
ßòïòî É»´¼·²¹ ½±²-«³¿¾´»-

Ì¸» -«¾³»®¹»¼ ¿®½ -¬®·° ½´¿¼¼·²¹ °®±½»-- ©¿- «-»¼ò Í«·¬¿¾´» ½±³¾·²¿¬·±²- ±º -¬®·°- ¿²¼ º´«¨»- ©»®» «-»¼ -±
¬¸¿¬ ·¬ ©¿- °±--·¾´» ¬± ±¾¬¿·² »·¹¸¬ ÚÒ ´»ª»´- ·² ¬¸» ®¿²¹» í ÚÒ ¬± îé ÚÒ ·² «²¼·´«¬»¼ ©»´¼ ³»¬¿´ò É»´¼·²¹
-¬®·°- ½±²-·-¬·²¹ ±º «²-¬¿¾·´·¦»¼ô »¨¬®¿ó´±©ó½¿®¾±² ¿«-¬»²·¬·½ -¬¿·²´»-- Ý®óÒ· -¬»»´ ©»®» «-»¼ô ©·¬¸ ¿ ½®±--ó
-»½¬·±²¿´ ¿®»¿ ±º êð ³³ I ðòë ³³ò Ì¸» ©»´¼·²¹ º´«¨»- ©»®» ¿¹¹´±³»®¿¬»¼ ¿²¼ ½±²¬¿·²»¼ ª¿®§·²¹ ³»¬¿´
°±©¼»® ¿¼¼·¬·±²-ò Þ»º±®» «-»ô ¬¸» º´«¨»- ©»®» ®»¾¿µ»¼ ¿¬ íðð pÝ º±® ï ¸ò
ßòî É»´¼·²¹ °®±½»¼«®»-

Ì¸» ©»´¼ ³»¬¿´ ·² »¿½¸ ½¿-» ½±²-·-¬»¼ ±º ¿ -»ª»²ó´¿§»® -¬®·° ½´¿¼ ¼»°±-·¬ ±² ¬¸» ¾¿-» ³¿¬»®·¿´ô ¿- ·´´«-¬®¿¬»¼
·² Ú·¹«®» ßòïò ßº¬»® »¿½¸ ´¿§»®ô ¬¸» ©»´¼·²¹ ¼·®»½¬·±² ©¿- ½¸¿²¹»¼ò Ì¸» °±©»® -«°°´§ «-»¼ ¸¿¼ ¿ ¼®±±°·²¹
½¸¿®¿½¬»®·-¬·½ò É»´¼·²¹ °¿®¿³»¬»®- «-»¼ ¿®» ¹·ª»² ·² Ì¿¾´» ßòïò
Ì¸» ¾»¿¼ ¼»°±-·¬·±² -»¯«»²½» ·- -¸±©² ·² Ú·¹«®» ßòîò Ì± ³·²·³·¦» ¬¸» ¼·-¬±®¬·±² ±º ¬¸» ¾¿-» ³»¬¿´ô ±²» -·¼»
±º ¬¸» ¾¿® ©¿- º·®-¬ ½´¿¼ ©·¬¸ ¬¸®»» ´¿§»®-ò ßº¬»® ¬«®²·²¹ ¬¸» ¾¿®ô ¬¸®»» ´¿§»®- ©»®» ©»´¼»¼ ±² ¬¸» ±°°±-·¬» -·¼»ò
Ì¸·- °®±½»¼«®» ©¿- ½±²¬·²«»¼ ©·¬¸ ¬©± °¿-- -»¯«»²½»- «²¬·´ ¬¸» ´¿-¬ ¾»¿¼ò
Ì¿¾´» ßòï ‰ É»´¼·²¹ °¿®¿³»¬»®-

Ý«®®»²¬ êëð ß
Ê±´¬¿¹» îç Ê
Í°»»¼ ±º ¬®¿ª»´ ïðð ³³ñ³·²
Í¬·½µ ±«¬ îë ³³
Ð±´¿®·¬§ ±º ¬¸» -¬®·° ¼ò½òñ»´»½¬®±¼» °±-·¬·ª»
Ð®»¸»¿¬·²¹ Ò±²»
×²¬»®°¿-- ¬»³°»®¿¬«®» îðð pÝ ³¿¨ò
Ý±±´·²¹ ¿º¬»® ©»´¼·²¹ ¬¸» ´¿-¬ ´¿§»® Í¬·´´ ¿·®
9
Ý±°§®·¹¸¬ ß³»®·½¿² É»´¼·²¹ Í±½·»¬§
Ð®±ª·¼»¼ ¾§ ×ØÍ «²¼»® ´·½»²-» ©·¬¸ ßÉÍ
Ò± ®»°®±¼«½¬·±² ±® ²»¬©±®µ·²¹ °»®³·¬¬»¼ ©·¬¸±«¬ ´·½»²-» º®±³ ×ØÍ
Ü·³»²-·±²- ·² ³·´´·³»¬®»-
Õ»§
ï É»´¼ ¼»°±-·¬ô é ´¿§»®-
î Í¬®·° ½±²-«³¿¾´»
í Þ¿-» ³»¬¿´
ì Ð¿--»- ïô íô ëô é ±² »¿½¸ -·¼»
ë Ð¿--»- îô ìô ê ±² »¿½¸ -·¼»
Ú·¹«®» ßòï ‰ Ó»¬¸±¼ ±º ¼»°±-·¬·²¹ ©»´¼ ³»¬¿´ º±® -»½±²¼¿®§ -¬¿²¼¿®¼ ¾§ -¬®·° ½´¿¼¼·²¹
10
Ý±°§®·¹¸¬ ß³»®·½¿² É»´¼·²¹ Í±½·»¬§
Ð®±ª·¼»¼ ¾§ ×ØÍ «²¼»® ´·½»²-» ©·¬¸ ßÉÍ
Ò± ®»°®±¼«½¬·±² ±® ²»¬©±®µ·²¹ °»®³·¬¬»¼ ©·¬¸±«¬ ´·½»²-» º®±³ ×ØÍ
Ü·³»²-·±²- ·² ³·´´·³»¬®»-
Õ»§
ï É»´¼ ¼»°±-·¬
î Í»½±²¼¿®§ -¬¿²¼¿®¼
í Þ¿-» ³»¬¿´
Ú·¹«®» ßòî ‰ Þ»¿¼ ¼»°±-·¬·±² ¿²¼ ³¿½¸·²·²¹ -»¯«»²½»- º±® -»½±²¼¿®§ -¬¿²¼¿®¼- ¾§ -¬®·° ½´¿¼¼·²¹
ßòí Ó¿½¸·²·²¹ ¿²¼ ³¿®µ·²¹
ßòíòï Ý«¬¬·²¹ °®±¹®¿³³»

×²·¬·¿´´§ô ¬¸» »²¼ -»½¬·±² ©¿- ½«¬ ±ººô ½±®®»-°±²¼·²¹ ¬± ´·²»- •ïŽ Š •ïŽ ·² Ú·¹«®» ßòíò Ý¸·°- º±® ¬¸» ½¸»³·½¿´
¿²¿´§-·- ±º ¬¸» -»ª»²¬¸ ´¿§»® ©»®» ¬¿µ»² ¿¬ ¬¸» ´±½¿¬·±²- ³¿®µ»¼ ¾§ •¿Ž ·² Ú·¹«®» ßòíò Ý«¬¬·²¹ ±º ¬¸» ±¬¸»® »²¼
-»½¬·±² º±´´±©»¼ ¿´±²¹ ´·²»- •îŽ Š •îŽò
Ì¸» ®»-¬ ±º ¬¸» ¾¿® ©¿- ¼·ª·¼»¼ ¿´±²¹ ´·²»- •íŽ Š •íŽô ¿²¼ ¬¸» ¼»°±-·¬- -»°¿®¿¬»¼ º®±³ ¬¸» ¾¿-» ³»¬¿´ ¿´±²¹
´·²»- •ìŽ Š •ìŽ ø-»» Ú·¹«®» ßòí÷ò
11
Ý±°§®·¹¸¬ ß³»®·½¿² É»´¼·²¹ Í±½·»¬§
Ð®±ª·¼»¼ ¾§ ×ØÍ «²¼»® ´·½»²-» ©·¬¸ ßÉÍ
Ò± ®»°®±¼«½¬·±² ±® ²»¬©±®µ·²¹ °»®³·¬¬»¼ ©·¬¸±«¬ ´·½»²-» º®±³ ×ØÍ
Ì¸» ®±«¹¸ °®»°¿®¿¬·±² ±º ¬¸» ¬»-¬ -«®º¿½» º±´´±©»¼ô ¿´±²¹ ´·²»- •ëŽ Š •ëŽ ø-»» È ·² Ú·¹«®» ßòî÷ò
Í«¾-»¯«»²¬´§ô ´¿¬»®¿´ ³¿½¸·²·²¹ ¿´±²¹ ´·²»- •êŽ Š •êŽ ¿²¼ ³¿½¸·²·²¹ ±º ¬¸» ¾±¬¬±³ -«®º¿½» ¿´±²¹ ´·²»- •éŽ Š •éŽ
©¿- °»®º±®³»¼ ø-»» Ú·¹«®» ßòî÷ò
Ì¸» ¼·ª·-·±² ±º ¬¸» ®±«¹¸ ³¿½¸·²»¼ ©»´¼ ¾¿®-ô º±´´±©·²¹ ¬¸» ´·²»- •èŽ Š •èŽô ·- -¸±©² ·² Ú·¹«®»- ßòí ¿²¼ ßòìò
Í«¾-»¯«»²¬´§ô ¬¸» -·²¹´» -°»½·³»²- ©»®» º·²·-¸»¼ò Ì¸·®¬§ -°»½·³»²- ½±«´¼ ¾» °®±¼«½»¼ º®±³ »¿½¸ ¾¿® ½´¿¼
±² ¾±¬¸ -·¼»-ò
Ü·³»²-·±²- ·² ³·´´·³»¬®»-
¿ Ý¸·°- º±® ½¸»³·½¿´ ¿²¿´§-·- ¬¿µ»² ¿¬ ¬¸»-» °±·²¬-ò
Ú·¹«®» ßòí ‰ Ý«¬¬·²¹ -»¯«»²½»- º±® -»½±²¼¿®§ -¬¿²¼¿®¼ ¾§ -¬®·° ½´¿¼¼·²¹
Õ»§
ï Ì»-¬ -«®º¿½»-
î Ó¿®µ·²¹ ®»¹·±²-
Ú·¹«®» ßòì ‰ Û¨¬®¿½¬·±² ±º ·²¼·ª·¼«¿´ -¬®·° ½´¿¼¼·²¹ -»½±²¼¿®§ -¬¿²¼¿®¼-
12
Ý±°§®·¹¸¬ ß³»®·½¿² É»´¼·²¹ Í±½·»¬§
Ð®±ª·¼»¼ ¾§ ×ØÍ «²¼»® ´·½»²-» ©·¬¸ ßÉÍ
Ò± ®»°®±¼«½¬·±² ±® ²»¬©±®µ·²¹ °»®³·¬¬»¼ ©·¬¸±«¬ ´·½»²-» º®±³ ×ØÍ
ßòíòî Ü·³»²-·±²-ô ¬±´»®¿²½»-ô -«®º¿½» º·²·-¸

Ì¸» ¼·³»²-·±²- ¿²¼ ¬±´»®¿²½»- ±º ¬¸» º·²·-¸»¼ •º»®®·¬» -»½±²¼¿®§ -¬¿²¼¿®¼-Œ ¿®» -¸±©² ·² Ú·¹«®» ßòëò Ì¸» ¬»-¬
-«®º¿½» ©¿- ¹®±«²¼ ©·¬¸ ¿² èßóèðóÙóçóÊíç ¹®·²¼·²¹ ¼·-½ ø-»» ×ÍÑ ëîë÷ò ß´´ ¬¸» ±¬¸»® -«®º¿½»- ©»®» ®±«¹¸
º·²·-¸»¼ò
Ü·³»²-·±²- ·² ³·´´·³»¬®»-
Õ»§
ï Ì»-¬ -«®º¿½»
î Ó¿®µ·²¹ ®»¹·±²
Ú·¹«®» ßòë ‰ Ó¿®µ·²¹ ±º »¿½¸ -¬®·° ½´¿¼¼·²¹ º»®®·¬» -»½±²¼¿®§ -¬¿²¼¿®¼
ßòíòí Ó¿®µ·²¹ º±® -¬¿²¼¿®¼ ·¼»²¬·º·½¿¬·±²

Ì¸» ³¿®µ·²¹ ±º ¬¸» -¬¿²¼¿®¼- ¬±±µ °´¿½» ±² ¿ -·¼» º¿½» ¿- -¸±©² ·² Ú·¹«®»- ßòì ¿²¼ ßòëò Ì¸» ³¿®µ-
°®±¼«½»¼ ©·¬¸ º·¹«®» -¬¿³°- ©»®» ¿®®¿²¹»¼ -± ¬¸¿¬ ¬¸» ¼·-¬¿²½» º®±³ ¬¸» ¬»-¬ -«®º¿½» ©¿- ¿- ¹®»¿¬ ¿-
°±--·¾´»ò
Ì¸» ®»¿¼·²¹ ¼·®»½¬·±² ±º ¬¸» ³¿®µ·²¹ ·²¼·½¿¬»- ¬¸» ©»´¼·²¹ ¼·®»½¬·±² ·² ¬¸» -»ª»²¬¸ ´¿§»®ò Ì¸» ¼»-·¹²¿¬·±² ±º
¬¸» -¬¿²¼¿®¼- ½±²-·-¬- ±º ´»¬¬»®- ¿²¼ ²«³¾»®-ò Ì¸» ´»¬¬»®- øß ¬± Ø÷ ·²¼·½¿¬» ·²½®»¿-·²¹ ÚÒ ª¿´«»-ô ©·¬¸ ¬¸»
²«³¾»® º±´´±©·²¹ ·²¼·½¿¬·²¹ ¬¸» -»¬ ²«³¾»®ò
ßòì Ý¸»³·½¿´ ½±³°±-·¬·±²

ß² »¨¿³°´» ±º ¬¸» º«´´ ½¸»³·½¿´ ¿²¿´§-·- ±º ¬¸» -»ª»²¬¸ ´¿§»® ±º ¬¸» ¼»°±-·¬ øº±® ¿´´ ¬¸» -¬¿²¼¿®¼-÷ ·- -¸±©² ·²
Ì¿¾´» ßòîò
Ì¿¾´» ßòî ‰ Û¨¿³°´» ±º ¬¸» ½¸»³·½¿´ ½±³°±-·¬·±² ±º -»ª»²¬¸ ´¿§»® ±º -¬®·° ½´¿¼ ¼»°±-·¬-
Í»ª»²¬¸ Û´»³»²¬
´¿§»® ±º ³¿-- º®¿½¬·±² øû÷
¼»°±-·¬»¼
³»¬¿´
Ý Í· Ó² Ð Í Ý® Ó± Ò· Ò¾
ßïóßïë ðòðîð ïòðð ðòéè ðòðîï ðòðïç ïçòêî ðòïí ïïòéç ä ðòðë
ßòë Ó¿®µ·²¹ º±® ÚÒ ³»¿-«®·²¹ °±·²¬ ´±½¿¬·±²

Ì¸» -¬¿²¼¿®¼- ©»®» ®»½»·ª»¼ ¿¬ ÌÉ× ·² ¬¸» ½±²¼·¬·±²- ¼»-½®·¾»¼ ·² Ý´¿«-» ßíò ÚÒ ³»¿-«®»³»²¬- ©»®» ¬± ¾»
³¿¼» ¿¬ º·ª» ´±½¿¬·±²- ±² »¿½¸ -¬¿²¼¿®¼ò Ì¸» ·²¼·ª·¼«¿´ -¿³°´»- ©»®» ¬¸«- ³¿®µ»¼ ¾§ -½®·¾·²¹ ±² ¬¸» -·¼»-
¿- ·²¼·½¿¬»¼ ·² Ú·¹«®» ßòêò Ì¸» ·²¬»®-»½¬·±²- ±º ¬¸» ·³¿¹·²¿®§ ´·²»- ¶±·²·²¹ ¬¸»-» ³¿®µ- ¼»º·²»¼ º±«®
³»¿-«®·²¹ °±·²¬-ò Ì¸» º·º¬¸ ³»¿-«®·²¹ °±·²¬ ©¿- ·² ¬¸» ½»²¬®» ±º ¬¸» ³»¿-«®·²¹ º¿½»ò Ì¸» °±·²¬- ©»®»
·¼»²¬·º·»¼ ¾§ ø·÷ ¬± øª÷ ¿- -¸±©² ·² Ú·¹«®» ßòêô ¾«¬ ¬¸»-» ½¸¿®¿½¬»®- ©»®» ²±¬ ³¿®µ»¼ ±² ¬¸» ¾´±½µ ·¬-»´ºò
13
Ý±°§®·¹¸¬ ß³»®·½¿² É»´¼·²¹ Í±½·»¬§
Ð®±ª·¼»¼ ¾§ ×ØÍ «²¼»® ´·½»²-» ©·¬¸ ßÉÍ
Ò± ®»°®±¼«½¬·±² ±® ²»¬©±®µ·²¹ °»®³·¬¬»¼ ©·¬¸±«¬ ´·½»²-» º®±³ ×ØÍ
Ü·³»²-·±²- ·² ³·´´·³»¬®»-
Õ»§
ï Ð±·²¬- ·¼»²¬·º·»¼ ¾§ ·²¬»®-»½¬·±² ±º ·³¿¹·²¿®§ ´·²»-
î Ý»²¬®¿´ °±·²¬
í Í½®·¾»¼ ´·²»-
ì Í¬¿²¼¿®¼ -»¬ ²«³¾»®
ë ×²¼·ª·¼«¿´ -¬¿²¼¿®¼
Ú·¹«®» ßòê ‰ Ó¿®µ·²¹ ±² »¿½¸ -¬®·° ½´¿¼¼·²¹ -»½±²¼¿®§ -¬¿²¼¿®¼ -¿³°´» ¿²¼ ·¼»²¬·º·½¿¬·±² ±º ¬¸» º·ª»
³»¿-«®·²¹ °±·²¬-
ßòê ÚÒ ³»¿-«®·²¹ ·²-¬®«³»²¬- ¿²¼ ½¿´·¾®¿¬·±²

ßòêòï ×²¬®±¼«½¬·±²
Ì¸» ·²-¬®«³»²¬- ¿²¼ °®±½»¼«®»- «-»¼ ©»®» ·² ½±²º±®³·¬§ ©·¬¸ ¬¸» ®»¯«·®»³»²¬- ±º ¬¸·- -¬¿²¼¿®¼ò Þ»º±®»
½±³³»²½·²¹ °®±¼«½¬·±² ¿²¼ ³»¿-«®»³»²¬ ±º -»¬- ±º ÚÒ -¬¿²¼¿®¼- º±® ¹»²»®¿´ ·--«»ô ÌÉ× ½¿®®·»¼ ±«¬ ¬®·¿´- ±²
¿ °®±¬±¬§°» -»¬ ±º -¬¿²¼¿®¼-ò Ì¸»-» ¼»³±²-¬®¿¬»¼ ¬¸¿¬ ÚÒ ª¿´«»- ¿-½®·¾»¼ ¬± -¬¿²¼¿®¼- ¾§ ÌÉ× ©»®»
½±²-·-¬»²¬ ©·¬¸ ®»-«´¬- ±¾¬¿·²»¼ ¾§ ±¬¸»® ±®¹¿²·¦¿¬·±²-ô ¿²¼ ¿´-± ¬¸¿¬ ¬¸» -¬®·° ½´¿¼¼·²¹ -¿³°´»- ½±«´¼ ¾» «-»¼
º±® ¿ ®¿²¹» ±º ½±³³»®½·¿´ º»®®·¬» ³»¿-«®·²¹ ·²-¬®«³»²¬-ò
ßòêòî ×²-¬®«³»²¬- «-»¼

Ì©± •Ó¿¹²»óÙ¿¹»-r Œ ë÷ô ³¿²«º¿½¬«®»¼ ¾§ ¬¸» ß³»®·½¿² ×²-¬®«³»²¬ Ý±³°¿²§ øËÍß÷ ê÷ô ©»®» «-»¼ ¬± ³¿µ»
³»¿-«®»³»²¬- ±² »¿½¸ -»¬ ±º -¬¿²¼¿®¼-ò Ì± »²-«®» ¬¸¿¬ ¬¸» ¼·ºº»®»²½»- ¾»¬©»»² ¬¸» ¬©± ·²-¬®«³»²¬- ©»®» ©·¬¸·²
¿½½»°¬¿¾´» ´·³·¬-ô ¿¬ ¬¸» ½±³³»²½»³»²¬ ±º ¬¸» °®±¹®¿³³» ¾±¬¸ •Ó¿¹²»óÙ¿¹»-Œô ¿º¬»® ½¿´·¾®¿¬·±² ¿- ¼»-½®·¾»¼
·² ßòêòìô ©»®» «-»¼ ¬± ³¿µ» ³»¿-«®»³»²¬- ±² ¿´´ -¿³°´»- ½±³°®·-·²¹ ±²» ½±³°´»¬» -»¬ ±º -¬¿²¼¿®¼-ò Ì¸» ¬©±
-»¬- ±º ¼¿¬¿ ©»®» ©»´´ ©·¬¸·² ¬¸» ®¿²¹» ±º ª¿®·¿¬·±² ·² ³»¿-«®»³»²¬- »¨°»½¬»¼ º±® çë û ±º •Ó¿¹²»óÙ¿¹»-Œò
ßòêòí Ó¿¹²»¬ -¬®»²¹¬¸ ½¸»½µ-

Þ»º±®» ¬¸» ½±³³»²½»³»²¬ ±º ³»¿-«®»³»²¬-ô ¬¸» ³¿¹²»¬- ¿--±½·¿¬»¼ ©·¬¸ »¿½¸ ±º ¬¸» •Ó¿¹²»óÙ¿¹»-Œ ©»®»
½¸»½µ»¼ ¬± »²-«®» ¬¸»§ ½±®®»-°±²¼»¼ ¬± ¬¸» ®»¯«·®»³»²¬- ±º ¬¸·- -¬¿²¼¿®¼ò Ì¸·- ©¿- ¼±²» ¾§ «-·²¹ ¿
´¿¾±®¿¬±®§ ¾¿´¿²½» ¬± ³»¿-«®» ¬»¿®ó±ºº º±®½»- º®±³ ¿ -»¬ ±º »·¹¸¬ ËÍß Ò¿¬·±²¿´ ×²-¬·¬«¬» ±º Í¬¿²¼¿®¼- ¿²¼
Ì»½¸²±´±¹§ øÒ×ÍÌ÷ é÷ ½±¿¬·²¹ ¬¸·½µ²»-- -¬¿²¼¿®¼-ò Ì¸» -¬¿²¼¿®¼- »³°´±§»¼ ø-»» Ì¿¾´» ßòí÷ ©»®» ¬¸» -»ª»²
-«°°´·»¼ ©·¬¸ »¿½¸ ·²¼·ª·¼«¿´ ·²-¬®«³»²¬ô ¬±¹»¬¸»® ©·¬¸ ¿² »·¹¸¬¸ ±²» øÍÎÓ ïíïîô ²±³·²¿´ ¬¸·½µ²»-- ðòî ³³÷
¿½¯«·®»¼ ¼·®»½¬´§ º®±³ Ò×ÍÌò
ë÷ Ó¿¹²»óÙ¿¹» ·- ¿ ®»¹·-¬»®»¼ ¬®¿¼»³¿®µ ±º Ó¿¹²»óÙ¿¹» Í¿´»- ú Í»®ª·½» Ý±òô ×²½ò

ê÷ Ò±© Ó¿¹²»óÙ¿¹» Í¿´»- ú Í»®ª·½» Ý±òô ×²½ò
é÷ Ò×ÍÌ ©¿- º±®³»®´§ ²¿³»¼ Ò¿¬·±²¿´ Þ«®»¿« ±º Í¬¿²¼¿®¼- øÒÞÍ÷ò
14
Ý±°§®·¹¸¬ ß³»®·½¿² É»´¼·²¹ Í±½·»¬§
Ð®±ª·¼»¼ ¾§ ×ØÍ «²¼»® ´·½»²-» ©·¬¸ ßÉÍ
Ò± ®»°®±¼«½¬·±² ±® ²»¬©±®µ·²¹ °»®³·¬¬»¼ ©·¬¸±«¬ ´·½»²-» º®±³ ×ØÍ
Ì¿¾´» ßòí ‰ Ò×ÍÌ -¬¿²¼¿®¼- »³°´±§»¼ º±® •Ó¿¹²»óÙ¿¹»Œ ½¿´·¾®¿¬·±²

º±® -¬®·° ½´¿¼¼·²¹ -»½±²¼¿®§ -¬¿²¼¿®¼-
Ò×ÍÌ ÍÎÓ Ò±ò Ò±³·²¿´ ½±¿¬·²¹ ¬¸·½µ²»--
³³
ïíïî ðòî
ïíïí ðòîë
ïíïì ðòíè
ïíïë ðòë
ïíïê ðòêì
ïíïé ðòéê
ïíïè ïòðï
ïíïç ïòëî
ßº¬»® ³»¿-«®»³»²¬- ±² »ª»®§ ïð -»¬- ±º -»½±²¼¿®§ -¬¿²¼¿®¼-ô ¬¸» ³¿¹²»¬ -¬®»²¹¬¸- º±® »¿½¸ ·²-¬®«³»²¬
©»®» ®»½¸»½µ»¼ ¬± »²-«®» ¬¸¿¬ ¬¸»§ -¬·´´ ½±²º±®³»¼ ¬± ¬¸» ®»¯«·®»³»²¬-ò
Ó¿¹²»¬- ©»®» ½´»¿²»¼ ¿½½±®¼·²¹ ¬± ¬¸» ³¿²«º¿½¬«®»®Ž- ·²-¬®«½¬·±²- ¾»º±®» »¿½¸ ½¿´·¾®¿¬·±²ò
ßòêòì Ú»®®·¬» ²«³¾»® ½¿´·¾®¿¬·±²

Ì¸» Ú»®®·¬» Ò«³¾»® øÚÒ÷ ª»®-«- ¬¸» ©¸·¬» ¼·¿´ ®»¿¼·²¹ ½¿´·¾®¿¬·±² º±® »¿½¸ •Ó¿¹²»óÙ¿¹»Œ ·²-¬®«³»²¬ ©¿-
¼»®·ª»¼ ¿½½±®¼·²¹ ¬± ¬¸» °®±½»¼«®» ¼»-½®·¾»¼ ·² ¬¸·- -¬¿²¼¿®¼ò Ì¸» »·¹¸¬ Ò×ÍÌ ½±¿¬·²¹ ¬¸·½µ²»-- -¬¿²¼¿®¼-
«-»¼ ©»®» ¬¸±-» -¸±©² ·² Ì¿¾´» ßòí ¿²¼ ¿ ¦»®± °±·²¬ ©¿- ¿´-± ¼»¬»®³·²»¼ «-·²¹ ¿ ½±³°´»¬»´§ ²±²ó³¿¹²»¬·½
³¿¬»®·¿´ò
Þ±¬¸ •Ó¿¹²»óÙ¿¹»-Œ ¼·-°´¿§»¼ ¿ ¾»²¼ ·² ¬¸» ½¿´·¾®¿¬·±² ¿¬ ¿¾±«¬ ïí ÚÒô ¿²¼ ¬¸«- -»°¿®¿¬» ¾»-¬óº·¬ -¬®¿·¹¸¬
´·²»- ø´»¿-¬ó-¯«¿®»- ³»¬¸±¼÷ ©»®» ¼®¿©² ¬¸®±«¹¸ ¬¸» ½¿´·¾®¿¬·±² °±·²¬- ¿¾±ª» ¿²¼ ¾»´±© ¬¸·- ´»ª»´ò Ì¸»
»¯«¿¬·±²- ±º ¬¸»-» ´·²»- ©»®» «-»¼ ¬± ¼»®·ª» ÚÒ ª¿´«»- º®±³ ©¸·¬» ¼·¿´ ®»¿¼·²¹- ¼«®·²¹ -«¾-»¯«»²¬
³»¿-«®»³»²¬ ©±®µ ±² ¬¸» -»½±²¼¿®§ -¬¿²¼¿®¼-ò
Ì¸» ³¿¨·³«³ ¬±´»®¿²½»- ±² ¬¸» °±-·¬·±²- ±º ·²¼·ª·¼«¿´ ½¿´·¾®¿¬·±² °±·²¬- ©»®» ¬¿µ»² ¿- ¬¸±-» -°»½·º·»¼ ·²
ßÉÍ ßìòîò ×² º¿½¬ô ³«½¸ ¾»¬¬»® ¬±´»®¿²½»- ©»®» ¿½¸·»ª»¼ ·² ¿´´ ½¿-»-ò
ß ½¿´·¾®¿¬·±² ©¿- ½¿®®·»¼ ±«¬ ±² »¿½¸ •Ó¿¹²»óÙ¿¹»Œæ
‰ ¿¬ ¬¸» -¬¿®¬ ±º »¿½¸ ¼¿§Ž- ©±®µô ¿²¼
‰ ¿º¬»® ¬¸» ³»¿-«®»³»²¬ ±º ì -»¬- ±º -»½±²¼¿®§ -¬¿²¼¿®¼-ò
ßòé Ó»¿-«®·²¹ °®±½»¼«®» ±² -»½±²¼¿®§ -¬¿²¼¿®¼-
ßòéòï ×²-¬®«³»²¬- ¿²¼ ±°»®¿¬±®-

Ú±«® ½±³°´»¬» -»¬- ±º ®»¿¼·²¹- ©»®» ¬¿µ»² ±² »¿½¸ -»¬ ±º »·¹¸¬ º»®®·¬» -»½±²¼¿®§ -¬¿²¼¿®¼-ô ¾§ ¬©± ±°»®¿¬±®-
»¿½¸ «-·²¹ ¾±¬¸ •Ó¿¹²»óÙ¿¹»-Œò ß´¬¸±«¹¸ ±²´§ ¬©± ±°»®¿¬±®- ©»®» »³°´±§»¼ ±² ¿²§ ¹·ª»² -»¬ ±º -»½±²¼¿®§
-¬¿²¼¿®¼-ô -»ª»®¿´ ±°»®¿¬±®- ©»®» »³°´±§»¼ ¼«®·²¹ ¬¸» »²¬·®» ³»¿-«®»³»²¬ °®±¹®¿³³»ò
ßòéòî Ü»³¿¹²»¬·¦¿¬·±²
Ò± ¿¬¬»³°¬ ©¿- ³¿¼» ¬± ¼»³¿¹²»¬·¦» ¬¸» -¬¿²¼¿®¼-ô ¿- ¬¸» •Ó¿¹²»óÙ¿¹»Œ ¸¿- ¾»»² ®»°±®¬»¼ ¬± ¾»
·²-»²-·¬·ª» ¬± °®»³¿¹²»¬·¦¿¬·±²ò
15
Ý±°§®·¹¸¬ ß³»®·½¿² É»´¼·²¹ Í±½·»¬§
Ð®±ª·¼»¼ ¾§ ×ØÍ «²¼»® ´·½»²-» ©·¬¸ ßÉÍ
Ò± ®»°®±¼«½¬·±² ±® ²»¬©±®µ·²¹ °»®³·¬¬»¼ ©·¬¸±«¬ ´·½»²-» º®±³ ×ØÍ
ßòéòí Ó»¿-«®»³»²¬- ±² »¿½¸ º»®®·¬» -¬¿²¼¿®¼

Ñ² »¿½¸ ·²¼·ª·¼«¿´ º»®®·¬» -¬¿²¼¿®¼ô ¬¸®»» ®»¿¼·²¹- ©»®» ¬¿µ»² ¿¬ »¿½¸ ±º ¬¸» º·ª» ³»¿-«®»³»²¬ °±·²¬-ô º±®
»¿½¸ ±°»®¿¬±® ¿²¼ •Ó¿¹²»óÙ¿¹»Œò Ò±²ó³¿¹²»¬·½ ¶·¹- ©»®» º·¬¬»¼ ±ª»® ¬¸» -¬¿²¼¿®¼- ¬± ¿·¼ ®¿°·¼ ¿²¼ ¿½½«®¿¬»
´±½¿¬·±² ±º ¬¸» ³»¿-«®»³»²¬ °±·²¬-ô ¬¸»-» ½±²-·-¬·²¹ ±º ®»½»--»¼ ¾´±½µ- ±º °´¿-¬·½ ©·¬¸ -«·¬¿¾´§ -·¦»¼ ¿²¼
°±-·¬·±²»¼ ¸±´»-ò Ì¸» -¬¿²¼¿®¼ ©¿- ²±¬ ®»°±-·¬·±²»¼ ¾»¬©»»² ¬¸» ¬¸®»» ·²¼·ª·¼«¿´ ³»¿-«®»³»²¬- ±² ¿²§ ±²»
°±·²¬ò
Û¿½¸ -¬¿²¼¿®¼ ¬¸«- ¸¿¼ ¿ ¬±¬¿´ ±º êð •Ó¿¹²»óÙ¿¹»Œ ©¸·¬» ¼·¿´ ®»¿¼·²¹- ¬¿µ»² º®±³ ·¬ô ¬©»´ª» º±® »¿½¸
·²¼·ª·¼«¿´ ³»¿-«®»³»²¬ -»--·±²ò
Î»¿¼·²¹- º±® »¿½¸ ±°»®¿¬±® ¿²¼ •Ó¿¹²»óÙ¿¹»Œ ©»®» ½±³°´»¬»¼ ©·¬¸·² ±²» ³»¿-«®»³»²¬ -»--·±²ò
ßòéòì Ü¿¬¿ ®»½±®¼·²¹ ¿²¼ ¿²¿´§-·-

Ü¿¬¿ º®±³ ¬¸» ®»¿¼·²¹- ¾§ »¿½¸ •Ó¿¹²»óÙ¿¹»Œ ±°»®¿¬±® ©»®» ®»½±®¼»¼ ¬±¹»¬¸»® ©·¬¸ ¬¸» •Ó¿¹²»óÙ¿¹»Œ
²«³¾»®ô ÚÒ ½¿´·¾®¿¬·±² ®»º»®»²½»ô ¼¿¬» ¿²¼ ±°»®¿¬±®Ž- ²¿³»ò
Û¿½¸ -»¬ ±º ¬¸®»» ©¸·¬» ¼·¿´ ®»¿¼·²¹- °»® ·²¼·ª·¼«¿´ ³»¿-«®»³»²¬ °±·²¬ ©¿- ¿ª»®¿¹»¼ ¿²¼ ¿² ÚÒ ª¿´«»
°®±¼«½»¼ º®±³ ¬¸» ¿°°®±°®·¿¬» ½¿´·¾®¿¬·±² »¯«¿¬·±² º±® »¿½¸ °±·²¬ò ß² ¿ª»®¿¹» ÚÒ ª¿´«» º±® »¿½¸ -¬¿²¼¿®¼
©¿- °®±¼«½»¼ º®±³ ¬¸» ÚÒ ª¿´«»- º±® ¬¸» º·ª» ³»¿-«®»³»²¬ °±·²¬-ò
ßòéòë Ð®»-»²¬¿¬·±² ±º ®»-«´¬-

Ì¸» °®»-»²¬¿¬·±² ±º ¬¸» ®»-«´¬- ±² ¬¸» ½¿®¼ ¬± ¿½½±³°¿²§ »¿½¸ -»¬ ±º -¬¿²¼¿®¼- ©¿- ¿- ·´´«-¬®¿¬»¼ ·² ¬¸»
»¨¿³°´» ·² Ì¿¾´» ßòìò
×² ¿¼¼·¬·±²ô ¿ ´¿¾»´ ¿¼¶¿½»²¬ ¬± »¿½¸ -¬¿²¼¿®¼ ·² ¬¸» ¾±¨ -¸±©»¼ ¬¸» ±ª»®¿´´ ¿ª»®¿¹» ÚÒ ª¿´«» º±® ¿´´
³»¿-«®»³»²¬- ±² ¬¸¿¬ -¬¿²¼¿®¼ò ß´´ ª¿´«»- ©»®» ¯«±¬»¼ ¬± ðòï ÚÒò
Û¿½¸ ¾±¨»¼ -»¬ ±º »·¹¸¬ -¬¿²¼¿®¼- ©¿- ¿´-± °®±ª·¼»¼ ©·¬¸ ¿ -¸±®¬ ¾±±µ´»¬ô ¾®·»º´§ ¼»-½®·¾·²¹ ¬¸» °®»°¿®¿¬·±² ±º
¬¸» -»¬ò
16
Ý±°§®·¹¸¬ ß³»®·½¿² É»´¼·²¹ Í±½·»¬§
Ð®±ª·¼»¼ ¾§ ×ØÍ «²¼»® ´·½»²-» ©·¬¸ ßÉÍ
Ò± ®»°®±¼«½¬·±² ±® ²»¬©±®µ·²¹ °»®³·¬¬»¼ ©·¬¸±«¬ ´·½»²-» º®±³ ×ØÍ
Ì¿¾´» ßòì ‰ Û¨¿³°´» ±º ¬¸» ¬¿¾«´¿® °®»-»²¬¿¬·±² ±º ®»-«´¬- ±² ¬¸» ½¿®¼ ¿½½±³°¿²§·²¹ »¿½¸ ¾±¨ ±º
-¬¿²¼¿®¼- øÍ»½±²¼¿®§ ©»´¼ ³»¬¿´ -¬¿²¼¿®¼-ô Í»¬ êè ‰ Ó¿§ ïçèð÷
Í¬¿²¼¿®¼ Ó»¿-«®»ó •Ó¿¹²»óÙ¿¹»Œ ï •Ó¿¹²»óÙ¿¹»Œ î Ó»¿² ÚÒ
²«³¾»® ³»²¬ °±·²¬ ÚÒ ±ª»®¿´´
Ñ°»®¿¬±® Ò±ò ï Ñ°»®¿¬±® Ò±ò î Ñ°»®¿¬±® Ò±ò ï Ñ°»®¿¬±® Ò±ò î º±® »¿½¸ ¿ª»®¿¹»
°±·²¬
ÚÒ Ó»¿² ÚÒ Ó»¿² ÚÒ Ó»¿² ÚÒ Ó»¿²
»¿½¸ ÚÒ »¿½¸ ÚÒ »¿½¸ ÚÒ »¿½¸ ÚÒ
°±·²¬ ¿´´ º·ª» °±·²¬ ¿´´ º·ª» °±·²¬ ¿´´ º·ª» °±·²¬ ¿´´ º·ª»
°±·²¬- °±·²¬- °±·²¬- °±·²¬-
ï îòè îòè îòé îòê îòé

î îòë îòè îòê îòë îòë
ßêè í îòè îòé îòè îòé îòê îòê îòê îòê îòé îòé
ì îòé îòê îòë îòë îòê
ë îòè îòé îòê îòê îòé
ï ìòê ìòê ìòë ìòê ìòê
î ìòê ìòê ìòë ìòì ìòë
Þêè í ìòè ìòé ìòè ìòé ìòë ìòë ìòê ìòê ìòé ìòê
ì ìòè ìòè ìòë ìòê ìòé
ë ìòê ìòê ìòì ìòê ìòë
ï èòç èòè èòè èòé èòè
î èòç èòç èòé èòê èòè
Ýêè í èòç èòç èòè èòç èòê èòé èòë èòê èòé èòè
ì çòî çòï èòè èòè èòç
ë èòç èòç èòê èòê èòé
ï ïïòð ïïòð ïðòê ïðòè ïðòç
î ïðòè ïðòç ïðòë ïðòè ïðòé
Üêè í ïïòï ïïòð ïïòî ïïòï ïðòì ïðòë ïðòè ïðòé ïðòç ïðòè
ì ïðòè ïðòè ïðòí ïðòì ïðòê
ë ïïòí ïïòê ïðòé ïðòç ïïòï
17
Ý±°§®·¹¸¬ ß³»®·½¿² É»´¼·²¹ Í±½·»¬§
Ð®±ª·¼»¼ ¾§ ×ØÍ «²¼»® ´·½»²-» ©·¬¸ ßÉÍ
Ò± ®»°®±¼«½¬·±² ±® ²»¬©±®µ·²¹ °»®³·¬¬»¼ ©·¬¸±«¬ ´·½»²-» º®±³ ×ØÍ
18
Ý±°§®·¹¸¬ ß³»®·½¿² É»´¼·²¹ Í±½·»¬§
Ð®±ª·¼»¼ ¾§ ×ØÍ «²¼»® ´·½»²-» ©·¬¸ ßÉÍ
Ò± ®»°®±¼«½¬·±² ±® ²»¬©±®µ·²¹ °»®³·¬¬»¼ ©·¬¸±«¬ ´·½»²-» º®±³ ×ØÍ
ß²²»¨ Þ
ø·²º±®³¿¬·ª»÷
Ó¿²«º¿½¬«®» ±º -»½±²¼¿®§ -¬¿²¼¿®¼-
¾§ ½»²¬®·º«¹¿´ ½¸·´´ ½¿-¬·²¹
Þòï Ó¿¬»®·¿´-
ß- ¿ ®»-«´¬ ±º ¬»-¬- ½¿®®·»¼ ±«¬ ¾§ ¬¸» Î«--·¿² ¼»´»¹¿¬·±² ¬± ××É Ý±³³·--·±² ××ô ·¬ ©¿- º±«²¼ ¬¸¿¬ ½»²¬®·º«¹¿´´§
½¸·´´ ½¿-¬ ®·²¹- ©·¬¸ ¿ ¼·¿³»¬»® ±º ¿°°®±¨·³¿¬»´§ ëðð ³³ ¿²¼ ©¿´´ ¬¸·½µ²»-- ±º ¿°°®±¨·³¿¬»´§ îð ³³ô ±º
²±³·²¿´´§ ¿«-¬»²·¬·½ ¿²¼ ¼«°´»¨ º»®®·¬·½ó¿«-¬»²·¬·½ ½¸®±³·«³ó²·½µ»´ -¬»»´-ô »¨¸·¾·¬»¼ ¿ ©»´¼ó³»¬¿´ó´·µ»
³·½®±-¬®«½¬«®» ¬¸®±«¹¸ ³±-¬ ±º ¬¸» ©¿´´ ¬¸·½µ²»--ò ×² ®±«²¼ ®±¾·² ¬»-¬- ¿³±²¹ ²·²» ´¿¾±®¿¬±®·»- ·² -·¨
½±«²¬®·»-ô ·¬ ©¿- »-¬¿¾´·-¸»¼ ¬¸¿¬ ¬¸» ¸±³±¹»²»·¬§ ±º -³¿´´ ¾´±½µ- ³¿½¸·²»¼ º®±³ ®·²¹- ±º º»®®·¬» ½±²¬»²¬-
º®±³ ²»¿® ¦»®± ÚÒ ¬± ¿¾±«¬ ïðð ÚÒ ©¿- »¨½»´´»²¬ ±ª»® ¬¸» ©¸±´» ®¿²¹» ±º ·²¬»®»-¬ò Í«½¸ ¾´±½µ- ½±«´¼ ¬¸«-
-»®ª» ¿- -»½±²¼¿®§ -¬¿²¼¿®¼- º±® ½¿´·¾®¿¬·±² ±º ª¿®·±«- ·²-¬®«³»²¬-ò Ü«» ¬± ¬¸» ¸±³±¹»²»·¬§ ±º ¬¸» ¾´±½µ-ô
¬¸»§ ½±«´¼ ¾» -«·¬¿¾´»ô ·² °¿®¬·½«´¿®ô º±® ½¿´·¾®¿¬·²¹ ·²-¬®«³»²¬- «¬·´·-·²¹ ³¿¹²»¬·½ -¿¬«®¿¬·±² ³»¬¸±¼- º±®
¼»¬»®³·²·²¹ ¿ ª±´«³»¬®·½ °»®½»²¬¿¹» ±º º»®®·¬»æ ¬¸«-ô ·² °®·²½·°´»ô ·¬ ©±«´¼ ¾» °±--·¾´» ¬± »-¬¿¾´·-¸ ¿
®»´¿¬·±²-¸·° ¾»¬©»»² ÚÒ ¿²¼ ª±´«³»¬®·½ °»®½»²¬ º»®®·¬» øÚÐ÷ ±ª»® ¿ -°»½·º·½ ¿´´±§ ®¿²¹»ò ß´-±ô ¼«» ¬± ¬¸»
¸±³±¹»²»·¬§ ±º ¬¸» ½»²¬®·º«¹¿´´§ ½¿-¬ ³»¬¿´ô ¬¸» °®»°¿®¿¬·±² ±º -¿³°´»- ¸¿ª·²¹ ®»½¬¿²¹«´¿® ±® ½§´·²¼®·½¿´ º±®³
¿²¼ -«·¬¿¾´» ¬± ¾» ½»®¬·º·»¼ ·² ¾±¬¸ ÚÒ ¿²¼ ÚÐ ø¬¸» ´¿¬¬»® ¾§ «¬·´·-·²¹ ¬¸» ³¿¹²»¬·½ -¿¬«®¿¬·±² ³»¬¸±¼÷ ·-
°±--·¾´»ò Í«½¸ -¿³°´»- ³·¹¸¬ ¬¸»² ¾» «-»¼ º±® ½¿´·¾®¿¬·²¹ ª±´«³»¬®·½ ¿²¼ ´±½¿´ ¼»ª·½»-ò
Ú·¹«®» Þòï -¸±©- ¿ -µ»¬½¸ ±º ¿ ½»²¬®·º«¹¿´´§ ½¸·´´ ½¿-¬ ®·²¹ º®±³ ©¸·½¸ ¬¸» -³¿´´ ¾´±½µ- ©»®» ³¿½¸·²»¼ò ÚÒ
©¿- ³»¿-«®»¼ ¿¬ »¿½¸ ±º º·ª» °±·²¬- ±² »¿½¸ ±º ¬¸» -·¨ -«®º¿½»- ±º ¬¸» ¾´±½µ-ô ³»¿-«®·²¹ ïð ³³ I ïî ³³
I îð ³³ô ¿- -¸±©² ·² Ú·¹«®» Þòîô ¼«®·²¹ ¬¸» ®±«²¼ ®±¾·² »ª¿´«¿¬·±²-ò Ú·¹«®» Þòí -¸±©- ¬¸» ±ª»®¿´´ ¿ª»®¿¹»
³»¿-«®»³»²¬- º±® -»ª»®¿´ -¿³°´»-ô ©¸·´» Ú·¹«®» Þòì -¸±©- ¬¸» ¿ª»®¿¹»¼ º¿½» ½»²¬®» ®»-«´¬- ±²´§ò Ò±
-·¹²·º·½¿²¬ ¼·ºº»®»²½» ½¿² ¾» ²±¬»¼ ¾»¬©»»² ¬¸» º¿½» ½»²¬®» ®»-«´¬- ¿²¼ ¬¸» ±ª»®¿´´ ®»-«´¬-ô ¿¬¬»-¬·²¹ ¬± ¬¸»
¸±³±¹»²»·¬§ ±º ¬¸» ¾´±½µ-ò Ì¸«-ô ±²» ½±«´¼ô ·² °®·²½·°´»ô ¿--·¹² ¾±¬¸ ¿² ÚÒ ¾¿-»¼ «°±² -«®º¿½»
³»¿-«®»³»²¬-ô ¿²¼ ¿² ÚÐ ¾¿-»¼ ±² ª±´«³»¬®·½ ³»¿-«®»³»²¬ ¾§ ³¿¹²»¬·½ -¿¬«®¿¬·±²ô ¬± ¿ ¹·ª»² ¾´±½µ ±®
½§´·²¼»® ±º ¬¸·- ³¿¬»®·¿´ò
ß- ¿ ®»-«´¬ ±º ¬¸» ¸±³±¹»²»·¬§ ±º ¬¸»-» -¿³°´»- ¿- ¼»³±²-¬®¿¬»¼ ·² ¬¸» ®±«²¼ ®±¾·² ¬»-¬·²¹ô ××É Ý±³³·--·±²
××ô ¾§ Î»-±´«¬·±² Ò±ò ì ¬¿µ»² ¼«®·²¹ ¬¸» ïççí Ù´¿-¹±© ß²²«¿´ ß--»³¾´§ô ¿-µ»¼ ¬¸» Î«--·¿² ¼»´»¹¿¬·±² ø¬¸»
½±³°¿²§ ÓÔßÜ×Í÷ ¬± °®±½»»¼ ©·¬¸ °®±¼«½¬·±² ±º ®·²¹- ¬± °®±ª·¼» -»¬- ±º »·¹¸¬ ¾´±½µ- ©»´´ ¼·-¬®·¾«¬»¼ ±ª»® ¬¸»
®¿²¹» ±º ²»¿® ¦»®± ÚÒ ¬± ¿¾±«¬ íð ÚÒô ¿²¼ -»¬- ±º »·¹¸¬ ¾´±½µ- ©»´´ ¼·-¬®·¾«¬»¼ ±ª»® ¬¸» ®¿²¹» ±º ±ª»® íð ÚÒ ¬±
19
Ý±°§®·¹¸¬ ß³»®·½¿² É»´¼·²¹ Í±½·»¬§
Ð®±ª·¼»¼ ¾§ ×ØÍ «²¼»® ´·½»²-» ©·¬¸ ßÉÍ
Ò± ®»°®±¼«½¬·±² ±® ²»¬©±®µ·²¹ °»®³·¬¬»¼ ©·¬¸±«¬ ´·½»²-» º®±³ ×ØÍ
Ü·³»²-·±²- ·² ³·´´·³»¬®»-
Ú·¹«®» Þòï ‰ Ý»²¬®·º«¹¿´´§ ½¸·´´ ½¿-¬ ®·²¹ º±® -»½±²¼¿®§ -¬¿²¼¿®¼-
20
Ý±°§®·¹¸¬ ß³»®·½¿² É»´¼·²¹ Í±½·»¬§
Ð®±ª·¼»¼ ¾§ ×ØÍ «²¼»® ´·½»²-» ©·¬¸ ßÉÍ
Ò± ®»°®±¼«½¬·±² ±® ²»¬©±®µ·²¹ °»®³·¬¬»¼ ©·¬¸±«¬ ´·½»²-» º®±³ ×ØÍ
Ü·³»²-·±²- ·² ³·´´·³»¬®»-
Ú·¹«®» Þòî ‰ Ü·³»²-·±²- ¿²¼ ÚÒ ³»¿-«®»³»²¬ °±-·¬·±²- ±² -·¨ º¿½»- ±º ¾´±½µ- ³¿½¸·²»¼ º®±³
½»²¬®·º«¹¿´´§ ½¸·´´ ½¿-¬ ®·²¹-
21
Ý±°§®·¹¸¬ ß³»®·½¿² É»´¼·²¹ Í±½·»¬§
Ð®±ª·¼»¼ ¾§ ×ØÍ «²¼»® ´·½»²-» ©·¬¸ ßÉÍ
Ò± ®»°®±¼«½¬·±² ±® ²»¬©±®µ·²¹ °»®³·¬¬»¼ ©·¬¸±«¬ ´·½»²-» º®±³ ×ØÍ
Ú·¹«®» Þòí ‰ ××É Ý±³³·--·±² ××ô ê¬¸ ®±«²¼ ®±¾·² ³»¿-«®»³»²¬ ®»-«´¬- ‰ Ñª»®¿´´ ®»-«´¬-
22
Ý±°§®·¹¸¬ ß³»®·½¿² É»´¼·²¹ Í±½·»¬§
Ð®±ª·¼»¼ ¾§ ×ØÍ «²¼»® ´·½»²-» ©·¬¸ ßÉÍ
Ò± ®»°®±¼«½¬·±² ±® ²»¬©±®µ·²¹ °»®³·¬¬»¼ ©·¬¸±«¬ ´·½»²-» º®±³ ×ØÍ
Ú·¹«®» Þòì ‰ ××É Ý±³³·--·±² ××ô ê¬¸ ®±«²¼ ®±¾·² ³»¿-«®»³»²¬ ®»-«´¬- ‰ Ú¿½» ½»²¬®» ®»-«´¬-
23
Ý±°§®·¹¸¬ ß³»®·½¿² É»´¼·²¹ Í±½·»¬§
Ð®±ª·¼»¼ ¾§ ×ØÍ «²¼»® ´·½»²-» ©·¬¸ ßÉÍ
Ò± ®»°®±¼«½¬·±² ±® ²»¬©±®µ·²¹ °»®³·¬¬»¼ ©·¬¸±«¬ ´·½»²-» º®±³ ×ØÍ
¿¾±«¬ ïïð ÚÒò ßº¬»® ³¿½¸·²·²¹ô ¬¸» ·²¼·ª·¼«¿´ ¾´±½µ- ©»®» °®±ª·¼»¼ ¬± ÌÉ× º±® ¿--·¹²³»²¬ ±º ÚÒô °¿½µ¿¹·²¹ô
¿²¼ ¼·-¬®·¾«¬·±² ¬± °«®½¸¿-»®-ò
Þòî Ó¿½¸·²·²¹ ¿²¼ ³¿®µ·²¹

Ì¸» -»½±²¼¿®§ -¿³°´»- ©»®» ½«¬ º®±³ ¬¸» ½»²¬®·º«¹¿´ ½¿-¬ ®·²¹- ¾§ ½±´¼ -¿©·²¹ò Ì¸»§ ©»®» ¬¸»² ³¿½¸·²»¼ ¬±
ïð ³³ I ïî ³³ I îð ³³ ¿²¼ º·²·-¸»¼ ¾§ ³¿½¸·²» ¹®·²¼·²¹ò Ì¸» ·¼»²¬·º·½¿¬·±² ²«³¾»® ±º »¿½¸ -¿³°´» ©¿-
»²¹®¿ª»¼ ±² ¿ ïî ³³ I îð ³³ º¿½»ô ±°°±-·¬» ¬± ¬¸» ¬»-¬ º¿½»å ¬¸» ´¿¬¬»® º¿½» ©¿- ´»º¬ «²³¿®µ»¼ò
Þòí ÚÒ ³»¿-«®·²¹ ·²-¬®«³»²¬- ¿²¼ ½¿´·¾®¿¬·±²

Ì©± •Ó¿¹²»óÙ¿¹»Œ ·²-¬®«³»²¬-ô ³¿²«º¿½¬«®»¼ ¾§ ¬¸» ß³»®·½¿² ×²-¬®«³»²¬ Ý±³°¿²§ øËÍß÷ô ©»®» «-»¼ ¬±
³¿µ» ÚÒ ³»¿-«®»³»²¬- ±² »¿½¸ -¿³°´»ò Ì¸» ·²-¬®«³»²¬- ¿²¼ ³¿¹²»¬- «-»¼ ©»®» ¿- ¼»-½®·¾»¼ ·² ßòêòïô
ßòêòî ¿²¼ ßòêòíò
Ý¿´·¾®¿¬·±² ±º ¬¸» ·²-¬®«³»²¬- º±® ³»¿-«®»³»²¬- «° ¬± íð ÚÒ ©¿- ½¿®®·»¼ ±«¬ ¿- ·² ßòêòìò Ú±® ³»¿-«®»³»²¬-
¿¾±ª» íð ÚÒô ¬¸» ·²-¬®«³»²¬- ©»®» ½¿´·¾®¿¬»¼ «-·²¹ ¬¸» Ò×ÍÌ ½±¿¬·²¹ ¬¸·½µ²»-- -¬¿²¼¿®¼- -¸±©² ·² Ì¿¾´» Þòïô
©·¬¸ ¬¸» ½±«²¬»®©»·¹¸¬- ·²¼·½¿¬»¼ò
Ì¿¾´» Þòï ‰ Ò×ÍÌ -¬¿²¼¿®¼ «-»¼ º±® •Ó¿¹²»óÙ¿¹»Œ ½¿´·¾®¿¬·±² º±® ½»²¬®·º«¹¿´´§ ½¿-¬ -»½±²¼¿®§
-¬¿²¼¿®¼ -¿³°´»-
ÍÎÓ Í¬¿²¼¿®¼ Ò±³·²¿´ ½±¿¬·²¹ Ý±«²¬»®¾¿´¿²½»

Ò±ò ®»º»®»²½» Ò±ò ¬¸·½µ²»-- ²±³·²¿´ ©»·¹¸¬
³³ ¹
ïíîí ‰ ðòðçè è
ïíîí ‰ ðòïïï è
ïíîí ‰ ðòïíí è
ïíîí ‰ ðòïéí è
ïíîï ‰ ðòðíìì ïê
ïíîï ‰ ðòðíéé ïê
ïíîï ‰ ðòðìî ïê
ïíîï ‰ ðòðìè ïê
Þòì Ó»¿-«®·²¹ °®±½»¼«®» ±² -»½±²¼¿®§ -¬¿²¼¿®¼-
Þòìòï ×²-¬®«³»²¬- ¿²¼ ±°»®¿¬±®-

Ú±«® ½±³°´»¬» -»¬- ±º ®»¿¼·²¹- ©»®» ¬¿µ»² ±² »¿½¸ -»¬ ±º »·¹¸¬ º»®®·¬» -»½±²¼¿®§ -¬¿²¼¿®¼-ô ¾§ ¬©± ±°»®¿¬±®-
»¿½¸ «-·²¹ ¾±¬¸ •Ó¿¹²»óÙ¿¹»-Œò
ß ½¸»½µ ½¿´·¾®¿¬·±²ô «-·²¹ ¬¸» ¿°°®±°®·¿¬» °®·³¿®§ -¬¿²¼¿®¼-ô ©¿- ½¿®®·»¼ ±«¬ ¿¬ ¬¸» -¬¿®¬ ±º »¿½¸ ¼¿§Ž- ©±®µ
¿²¼ ¿º¬»® ¬¸» ³»¿-«®»³»²¬ ±º ¿ ³¿¨·³«³ ±º ì -»¬- øíî -°»½·³»²-÷ ±º -»½±²¼¿®§ -¬¿²¼¿®¼-ò Ì¸»-» ½¸»½µ
³»¿-«®»³»²¬- º»´´ ©·¬¸·² ¬¸» ®¿²¹»- ±º ³¿¨·³«³ ¼»ª·¿¬·±² ¹·ª»² ·² ßÒÍ×ñßÉÍ ßìòî ¿²¼ ´·-¬»¼ ·² Ì¿¾´» Þòîò
Ì¿¾´» Þòî ‰ Ì±´»®¿²½» ±² ¬¸» °±-·¬·±² ±º ½¿´·¾®¿¬·±² °±·²¬- «-·²¹ °®·³¿®§ -¬¿²¼¿®¼-
Ú»®®·¬» ²«³¾»® ®¿²¹» Ó¿¨·³«³ ¿´´±©¿¾´» ¼»ª·¿¬·±²
ð ä ÚÒ ë o ðòì
ë ä ÚÒ ïð o ðòë
ïð ä ÚÒ ïë o ðòé
ïë ä ÚÒ îð o ðòç
îð ä ÚÒ íð o ïòð
íð ä ÚÒ çð o ë û ±º ¿--·¹²»¼ ÚÒ
24
Ý±°§®·¹¸¬ ß³»®·½¿² É»´¼·²¹ Í±½·»¬§
Ð®±ª·¼»¼ ¾§ ×ØÍ «²¼»® ´·½»²-» ©·¬¸ ßÉÍ
Ò± ®»°®±¼«½¬·±² ±® ²»¬©±®µ·²¹ °»®³·¬¬»¼ ©·¬¸±«¬ ´·½»²-» º®±³ ×ØÍ
Þòìòî Ü»³¿¹²»¬·¦¿¬·±²
Ò± ¿¬¬»³°¬ ©¿- ³¿¼» ¬± ¼»³¿¹²»¬·¦» ¬¸» -¬¿²¼¿®¼-ô ¿- ¬¸» •Ó¿¹²»óÙ¿¹»Œ ¸¿- ¾»»² ®»°±®¬»¼ ¬± ¾»
·²-»²-·¬·ª» ¬± °®»³¿¹²»¬·¦¿¬·±²ò
Þòìòí Ó»¿-«®»³»²¬- ±² »¿½¸ º»®®·¬» -¬¿²¼¿®¼

Û¿½¸ -¿³°´» ©¿- °±-·¬·±²»¼ «²¼»® ¬¸» ³¿¹²»¬ -± ¬¸¿¬ ¬¸» ½±²¬¿½¬ °±·²¬ ©¿- ¿¬ ¬¸» ½»²¬®» ±º ¬¸» ¬»-¬ º¿½»ô ·ò»ò
¿¬ ¬¸» ·²¬»®-»½¬·±² ±º ·³¿¹·²¿®§ ´·²»- ¼®¿©² º®±³ ±°°±-·¬» ½±®²»®-ò
Ñ² »¿½¸ ·²¼·ª·¼«¿´ º»®®·¬» -¬¿²¼¿®¼ô º·ª» ®»¿¼·²¹- ©»®» ¬¿µ»² ¿¬ ¬¸» ³»¿-«®»³»²¬ °±·²¬ô º±® »¿½¸ ±°»®¿¬±® ¿²¼
•Ó¿¹²»óÙ¿¹»Œò ß ²±²ó³¿¹²»¬·½ ¶·¹ ©¿- º·¬¬»¼ ±ª»® ¬¸» -¿³°´» ¬± ¿·¼ ®¿°·¼ ¿²¼ ¿½½«®¿¬» ´±½¿¬·±² ±º ¬¸»
³»¿-«®»³»²¬ °±·²¬ò Ì¸·- ¶·¹ ½±²-·-¬»¼ ±º ¿ ®»½»--»¼ ¾´±½µ ±º °´¿-¬·½ ©·¬¸ ¿ -«·¬¿¾´§ -·¦»¼ ¿²¼ °±-·¬·±²»¼ ¸±´»ò
Ì¸» -¬¿²¼¿®¼ ©¿- ²±¬ ®»°±-·¬·±²»¼ ¾»¬©»»² ¬¸» ·²¼·ª·¼«¿´ ³»¿-«®»³»²¬- ±² ¿²§ ±²» °±·²¬ò
Û¿½¸ -¬¿²¼¿®¼ ¬¸«- ¸¿¼ ¿ ¬±¬¿´ ±º îð •Ó¿¹²»óÙ¿¹»Œ ©¸·¬» ¼·¿´ ®»¿¼·²¹- ¬¿µ»² º®±³ ·¬ò Î»¿¼·²¹- ¾§ ±²»
±°»®¿¬±® «-·²¹ ±²» •Ó¿¹²»óÙ¿¹»Œ ©»®» ½±³°´»¬»¼ ©·¬¸·² ±²» ³»¿-«®»³»²¬ -»--·±²ò
Þòìòì Ü¿¬¿ ®»½±®¼·²¹ ¿²¼ ¿²¿´§-·-

Ü¿¬¿ º®±³ ¬¸» ®»¿¼·²¹- ¾§ »¿½¸ •Ó¿¹²»óÙ¿¹»Œ ±°»®¿¬±® ©»®» ®»½±®¼»¼ ¬±¹»¬¸»® ©·¬¸ ¬¸» •Ó¿¹²»óÙ¿¹»Œ
²«³¾»®ô ÚÒ ½¿´·¾®¿¬·±² ®»º»®»²½»ô ¼¿¬» ¿²¼ ±°»®¿¬±®Ž- ²¿³»ò
Ú±® º»®®·¬» ´»ª»´- «° ¬± îð ÚÒô »¿½¸ -»¬ ±º º·ª» ©¸·¬» ¼·¿´ ®»¿¼·²¹- ©¿- ¿ª»®¿¹»¼ ¿²¼ ¿² ÚÒ ª¿´«» °®±¼«½»¼ º®±³
¬¸» ¿°°®±°®·¿¬» ½¿´·¾®¿¬·±² »¯«¿¬·±²ò Ú±® º»®®·¬» ´»ª»´- ¿¾±ª» îð ÚÒô ¬¸» ¸·¹¸»-¬ ÚÒ ª¿´«» ©¿- ¬¿µ»² º®±³ ¬¸»
º·ª» ©¸·¬» ¼·¿´ ®»¿¼·²¹-ò
ß² ¿ª»®¿¹» ÚÒ ª¿´«» º±® »¿½¸ -¬¿²¼¿®¼ ©¿- °®±¼«½»¼ º®±³ ¬¸» ÚÒ ª¿´«»- º±® ¬¸» ³»¿-«®»³»²¬- ±º ¬¸» º±«®
±°»®¿¬±®ñ•Ó¿¹²»óÙ¿¹»Œ ½±³¾·²¿¬·±²-ò
Þòìòë Ð®»-»²¬¿¬·±² ±º ®»-«´¬-

Ì¸» °®»-»²¬¿¬·±² ±º ¬¸» ®»-«´¬- ±² ¬¸» ½¿®¼ ¿½½±³°¿²§·²¹ »¿½¸ -»¬ ±º -¬¿²¼¿®¼- ©¿- ¿- ·´´«-¬®¿¬»¼ ·² ¬¸»
»¨¿³°´» ·² Ì¿¾´» Þòíò ×² ¿¼¼·¬·±²ô ¿ ´¿¾»´ ¿¼¶¿½»²¬ ¬± »¿½¸ -¬¿²¼¿®¼ ·² ¬¸» ¾±¨ -¸±©»¼ ¬¸» ±ª»®¿´´ ¿ª»®¿¹» ÚÒ
ª¿´«» º±® ¿´´ ³»¿-«®»³»²¬- ±² ¬¸¿¬ -¬¿²¼¿®¼ò Ê¿´«»- ©»®» ¯«±¬»¼ ¬± ðòï ÚÒ º±® -¿³°´»- «° ¬± íð ÚÒô ¿²¼ ¬±
ðòë ÚÒ º±® -¿³°´»- ½±ª»®·²¹ ¬¸» ®¿²¹» íð ÚÒ ¬± ¿¾±«¬ ïðð ÚÒò
Û¿½¸ ¾±¨»¼ -»¬ ±º »·¹¸¬ -¬¿²¼¿®¼- ©¿- ¿´-± °®±ª·¼»¼ ©·¬¸ ¿ -¸±®¬ ¾±±µ´»¬ô ¾®·»º´§ ¼»-½®·¾·²¹ ¬¸» °®»°¿®¿¬·±² ±º
¬¸» -»¬ò
25
Ý±°§®·¹¸¬ ß³»®·½¿² É»´¼·²¹ Í±½·»¬§
Ð®±ª·¼»¼ ¾§ ×ØÍ «²¼»® ´·½»²-» ©·¬¸ ßÉÍ
Ò± ®»°®±¼«½¬·±² ±® ²»¬©±®µ·²¹ °»®³·¬¬»¼ ©·¬¸±«¬ ´·½»²-» º®±³ ×ØÍ
Ì¿¾´» Þòí ‰ Û¨¿³°´»- ±º ¬¸» ¬¿¾«´¿® °®»-»²¬¿¬·±² ±º ®»-«´¬- ±º ¬¸» ½¿®¼ ¿½½±³°¿²§·²¹ »¿½¸ ¾±¨ ±º
½»²¬®·º«¹¿´´§ ½¿-¬ -¬¿²¼¿®¼-
øÍ»½±²¼¿®§ ©»´¼ ³»¬¿´ -¬¿²¼¿®¼-ò Í»¬ Ò±ò ïð ‰ Ú»¾®«¿®§ ïççë÷
ÚÒ ¿¬ ¬»-¬ º¿½» ½»²¬®»

ÚÒ
Í¬¿²¼¿®¼
Ó¿¹²»óÙ¿¹» Ò±ò ï Ó¿¹²»óÙ¿¹» Ò±ò î ±ª»®¿´´
²«³¾»®
¿ª»®¿¹»
Ñ°»®¿¬±® Ò±ò ï Ñ°»®¿¬±® Ò±ò î Ñ°»®¿¬±® Ò±ò ï Ñ°»®¿¬±® Ò±ò î
ìèî ïòð ïòï ðòç ïòï ïòð

ïçï îòð îòï îòï î îòï
éç ìòç ìòè ìòé ìòè ìòè
ïííï èòí èòë èòî éòç èòî
ïéðç ïîòð ïîòð ïïòé ïïòê ïïòè
êêç ïëòë ïëòê ïëòï ïëòî ïëòì
êðë îíòï îíòð îîòí îîòì îîòé
ëèì îçòë îçòð îèòê îçòë îçòî
øÍ»½±²¼¿®§ ©»´¼ ³»¬¿´ -¬¿²¼¿®¼-ò Í»¬ Ò±ò íð ‰ Ó¿®½¸ ïççë÷
ÚÒ ¿¬ ¬»-¬ º¿½» ½»²¬®»

ÚÒ
Í¬¿²¼¿®¼
Ó¿¹²»óÙ¿¹» Ò±ò ï Ó¿¹²»óÙ¿¹» Ò±ò î ±ª»®¿´´
²«³¾»®
¿ª»®¿¹»
Ñ°»®¿¬±® Ò±ò ï Ñ°»®¿¬±® Ò±ò î Ñ°»®¿¬±® Ò±ò ï Ñ°»®¿¬±® Ò±ò î
éíí íîòë ííòë íîòð íïòð íîòë

ïêîë íèòë íèòë íéòë íéòð íèòð
ïèìë ìïòë íçòë ìïòð ìïòë ìïòð
çïí ìèòð ìçòë ëïòë ëðòð ëðòð
îìð ëèòë ëèòð ëçòð ëèòð ëèòë
ïëéè éîòë éíòð êèòð êçòð éðòë
ïîðí èíòë èîòð éçòð èîòð èîòð
ïîîî èêòë çðòë èêòë èêòë èéòë
26
Ý±°§®·¹¸¬ ß³»®·½¿² É»´¼·²¹ Í±½·»¬§
Ð®±ª·¼»¼ ¾§ ×ØÍ «²¼»® ´·½»²-» ©·¬¸ ßÉÍ
Ò± ®»°®±¼«½¬·±² ±® ²»¬©±®µ·²¹ °»®³·¬¬»¼ ©·¬¸±«¬ ´·½»²-» º®±³ ×ØÍ
Þ·¾´·±¹®¿°¸§
ÅïÃ ×ÍÑ ëîëæïçççô Þ±²¼»¼ ¿¾®¿-·ª» °®±¼«½¬- ‰ Ù»²»®¿´ ®»¯«·®»³»²¬-ò

ÅîÃ ×ÍÑ ìçëìæïççíô Í¬»»´- º±® ½±´¼ ¸»¿¼·²¹ ¿²¼ ½±´¼ »¨¬®«¼·²¹ò
27
Ý±°§®·¹¸¬ ß³»®·½¿² É»´¼·²¹ Í±½·»¬§
Ð®±ª·¼»¼ ¾§ ×ØÍ «²¼»® ´·½»²-» ©·¬¸ ßÉÍ
Ò± ®»°®±¼«½¬·±² ±® ²»¬©±®µ·²¹ °»®³·¬¬»¼ ©·¬¸±«¬ ´·½»²-» º®±³ ×ØÍ
28
Ý±°§®·¹¸¬ ß³»®·½¿² É»´¼·²¹ Í±½·»¬§
Ð®±ª·¼»¼ ¾§ ×ØÍ «²¼»® ´·½»²-» ©·¬¸ ßÉÍ
Ò± ®»°®±¼«½¬·±² ±® ²»¬©±®µ·²¹ °»®³·¬¬»¼ ©·¬¸±«¬ ´·½»²-» º®±³ ×ØÍ
Ò¿¬·±²¿´ ß²²»¨»-
ß²²»¨ Ý øÒ±®³¿¬·ª»÷
Ý¿´·¾®¿¬·±² ±º Ô»¹¿½§ ×²-¬®«³»²¬-
©·¬¸ Ð®·³¿®§ Í¬¿²¼¿®¼-
This annex is a part of AWS A4.2M:2006 (ISO 8249:2000 MOD), Standard Procedures for
Ferritic-Austenitic Stainless Steel Weld Metal, and includes mandatory elements for use with this standard.
C1. Introduction C3. Calibration of a Fischer

Since each type of ferrite measuring instrument responds
Feritscope8 Model FE8-KF with
differently to the primary standards, it is not possible to Primary Standards
use the same table of coating thickness versus Ferrite C3.1 This instrument, with analog readout and dual-
Number for all instruments. Depending primarily upon contact normalized probe, may have a scale reading in
the volume sensed by the instrument probe, the calibra- FN, but the scale shall be calibrated against the FN val-
tion table is different for different instruments. It is a ues given in Table C.1 for primary standards before
laborious process to develop a calibration table, such as using the instrument to determine Ferrite Number of
Table 1 which is specific to one particular instrument weld samples. Alternately, the instrument may be cali-
(the Magne-Gage) with one particular magnet (the Num- brated with secondary standards as given in Clause 7.
ber 3 magnet) as described in 4.2. To develop an appro-
priate calibration table, it is necessary to use secondary
C3.2 The manufacturers instructions with regard to the
standards to find which instrument reading corresponds use of the instrument and the adjustments of the scale
to which FN, with several instruments of the same design shall be followed.
to take into account instrument variability, then deter-
mine the coating thickness of a primary standard which
C3.3 The FNs shall be assigned from Table C.1 to each
corresponds to a given instrument reading. This has been
of the available primary standards. For thicknesses
done only with two specific instruments other than a
between those given in Table C.1, the FNs shall be inter-
Magne-Gage.
polated as closely as possible. Eight or more thickness
standards shall be used, with nominal thickness corre-
sponding to Ferrite Numbers well distributed in the range
0 to 25 FN. The instrument reading for each of the avail-
C2. Scope able primary standards shall then be determined.
This Annex provides for calibration of a pre-1980 Fis- C3.4 The instrument readings shall be plotted on Carte-
cher Feritscope Model FE8-KF with analog readout and sian coordinates paper versus the FN assigned from
dual-contact normalized probe, using primary stan- Table C.1 for each primary standard. A best fit line
dards. No tables for calibration with primary standards shall be drawn through the data. Alternately, a regression
are available for post-1980 Feritscope instruments (those
with digital readouts or single-pole probes). A separate
calibration is provided for an Inspector Gage Model 8 Both Feritscope and Ferritescope are used inter-
Number 111 with either a 6F (% ferrite) or a 7F (FN) changeably and are trademarks of Helmut Fischer GmbH and
scale. Company.
29
Ý±°§®·¹¸¬ ß³»®·½¿² É»´¼·²¹ Í±½·»¬§
Ð®±ª·¼»¼ ¾§ ×ØÍ «²¼»® ´·½»²-» ©·¬¸ ßÉÍ
Ò± ®»°®±¼«½¬·±² ±® ²»¬©±®µ·²¹ °»®³·¬¬»¼ ©·¬¸±«¬ ´·½»²-» º®±³ ×ØÍ
Ì¿¾´» Ýòï
Ú»®®·¬» Ò«³¾»®- øÚÒ÷ º±® Ð®·³¿®§ Í¬¿²¼¿®¼- º±® Ú»®·¬-½±°» Ó±¼»´ ÚÛèóÕÚ Ý¿´·¾®¿¬·±²
Coating Thickness Coating Thickness Coating Thickness
mm FN mm FN mm FN
2.00 1.9 0.72 7.3 0.38 13.1

1.90 2.1 0.70 7.5 0.37 13.4
1.80 2.3 0.68 7.7 0.36 13.8
1.70 2.6 0.66 8.0 0.35 14.1
1.60 2.8 0.64 8.2 0.34 14.5
1.50 3.1 0.62 8.4 0.33 14.9
1.45 3.3 0.60 8.7 0.32 15.3
1.40 3.5 0.58 9.0 0.31 15.7
1.35 3.7 0.56 9.3 0.30 16.2
1.30 3.8 0.54 9.6 0.29 16.7
1.25 4.0 0.52 9.9 0.28 17.2
1.20 4.3 0.50 10.3 0.27 17.8
1.15 4.5 0.49 10.4 0.26 18.4
1.10 4.7 0.48 10.6 0.25 19.1
1.05 5.0 0.47 10.8 0.24 19.8
1.00 5.3 0.46 11.1 0.23 20.5
0.95 5.6 0.45 11.3 0.22 21.4
0.90 5.9 0.44 11.5 0.21 22.3
0.85 6.2 0.43 11.7 0.20 23.3
0.80 6.6 0.42 12.0 0.19 24.4
0.78 6.8 0.41 12.3 0.18 25.6
0.76 7.0 0.40 12.5
0.74 7.1 0.39 12.8
equation shall be fit to the data collected as described in C3.6 The graph plotted as in C3.4, or a regression equa-
C3.3. tion fit to it, may now be used to determine the FNs of
stainless steel weld metals from the instrument reading.
C3.5 For approved calibration, all readings shall fall
within the maximum allowable deviations shown in
Table C.2 from the best fit line. If any calibration read-
ings fall outside of these allowed variations, the data C4. Calibration of Inspector Gages9
shall be restudied, or the manufacturer of the instrument
C4.1 This instrument is the Inspector Gage Model Num-
shall be consulted, or both.
ber 111 with either a 6F (% ferrite) or a 7F (FN) scale.
The latter is preferable because it has smaller divisions.
C4.2 The manufacturers instructions with regard to the
Ì¿¾´» Ýòî use of the instrument and adjustments of the scale shall
be followed.
Ó¿¨·³«³ ß´´±©¿¾´» Ü»ª·¿¬·±²
±º ¬¸» Ð»®·±¼·½ Ú»®®·¬» Ò«³¾»® øÚÒ÷ C4.3 The FNs shall be assigned from Table C.3 to each
Ý¸»½µ º±® Ú»®·¬-½±°»-ñÚ»®®·¬»-½±°»- of the available primary thickness standards. For thick-
nesses between those given in the table, the FNs shall be
Maximum Allowable Deviation interpolated as closely as possible. Seven or more thick-
of the Periodic FN Check ness standards shall be used, with nominal thicknesses
from the FN Assigned to the
Ferrite Number Range Primary Standard in Table C.1 corresponding to Ferrite Numbers well distributed in the
range 0 to 30 FN. The instrument reading for each of the
0 to 5 ±0.40 available primary standards shall then be determined.
Over 5 to 10 ±0.40
Over 10 to 15 ±0.70
Over 15 ±1.00 9 Trademark of Elcometer Instruments Ltd.
30
Ý±°§®·¹¸¬ ß³»®·½¿² É»´¼·²¹ Í±½·»¬§
Ð®±ª·¼»¼ ¾§ ×ØÍ «²¼»® ´·½»²-» ©·¬¸ ßÉÍ
Ò± ®»°®±¼«½¬·±² ±® ²»¬©±®µ·²¹ °»®³·¬¬»¼ ©·¬¸±«¬ ´·½»²-» º®±³ ×ØÍ
Ì¿¾´» Ýòí
Ú»®®·¬» Ò«³¾»®- øÚÒ÷ º±® Ð®·³¿®§ Í¬¿²¼¿®¼- º±® ×²-°»½¬±® Ù¿¹» Ý¿´·¾®¿¬·±²
Coating Thickness Coating Thickness Coating Thickness
mm FN mm FN mm FN
2.00 3.9 0.88 11.2 0.53 18.1

1.95 4.1 0.86 11.5 0.52 18.4
1.90 4.3 0.84 11.7 0.51 18.7
1.85 4.5 0.82 12.0 0.50 19.0
1.80 4.7 0.80 12.3 0.49 19.3
1.75 4.9 0.78 12.6 0.48 19.7
1.70 5.2 0.76 13.0 0.47 20.0
1.65 5.4 0.74 13.3 0.46 20.4
1.60 5.6 0.72 13.7 0.45 20.8
1.55 5.9 0.70 14.0 0.44 21.2
1.50 6.1 0.69 14.2 0.43 21.6
1.45 6.4 0.68 14.4 0.42 22.0
1.40 6.7 0.67 14.6 0.41 22.4
1.35 7.0 0.66 14.8 0.40 22.9
1.30 7.3 0.65 15.0 0.39 23.3
1.25 7.7 0.64 15.3 0.38 23.8
1.20 8.0 0.63 15.5 0.37 24.3
1.15 8.4 0.62 15.7 0.36 24.8
1.10 8.9 0.61 15.9 0.35 25.4
1.05 9.3 0.60 16.2 0.34 25.9
1.00 9.8 0.59 16.4 0.33 26.5
0.98 10.0 0.58 16.7 0.32 27.1
0.96 10.3 0.57 16.9 0.31 27.8
0.94 10.5 0.56 17.2 0.30 28.4
0.92 10.7 0.55 17.5 0.29 29.1
0.90 11.0 0.54 17.8 0.28 29.9
C4.4 The instrument readings shall be plotted on Carte-

Ì¿¾´» Ýòì
sian coordinates paper versus the FN assigned from
Table C.3 for each primary standard. A best fit line Ó¿¨·³«³ ß´´±©¿¾´» Ü»ª·¿¬·±²
shall be drawn through the data. Alternately, a regression ±º ¬¸» Ð»®·±¼·½ Ú»®®·¬» Ò«³¾»® øÚÒ÷
óóÀôôÀôôÀôôôôôÀÀÀôôôÀÀôôÀôÀÀÀôôóÀóÀôôÀôôÀôÀôôÀóóó
equation shall be fit to the data collected as described in Ý¸»½µ º±® ×²-°»½¬±® Ù¿¹»-
C4.3. Maximum Allowable Deviation
of the Periodic FN Check
C4.5 For approved calibration, all readings shall fall from the FN Assigned to the
Ferrite Number Range Primary Standard in Table C.3
within the maximum allowable deviations shown in
Table C.4 from the best fit line. If any calibration read- 0 to 5 ±0.40
ings fall outside of these allowed variations, the data Over 5 to 10 ±0.40
shall be restudied, or the manufacturer of the instrument Over 10 to 15 ±0.70
shall be consulted, or both. Over 15 ±1.00
31
Ý±°§®·¹¸¬ ß³»®·½¿² É»´¼·²¹ Í±½·»¬§
Ð®±ª·¼»¼ ¾§ ×ØÍ «²¼»® ´·½»²-» ©·¬¸ ßÉÍ
Ò± ®»°®±¼«½¬·±² ±® ²»¬©±®µ·²¹ °»®³·¬¬»¼ ©·¬¸±«¬ ´·½»²-» º®±³ ×ØÍ
32
Ý±°§®·¹¸¬ ß³»®·½¿² É»´¼·²¹ Í±½·»¬§
Ð®±ª·¼»¼ ¾§ ×ØÍ «²¼»® ´·½»²-» ©·¬¸ ßÉÍ
Ò± ®»°®±¼«½¬·±² ±® ²»¬©±®µ·²¹ °»®³·¬¬»¼ ©·¬¸±«¬ ´·½»²-» º®±³ ×ØÍ
ß²²»¨ Ü ø×²º±®³¿¬·ª»÷
×²-¬®«³»²¬-
This annex is not a part of AWS A4.2M:2006 (ISO 8249:2000 MOD), Standard Procedures for
D.1 Acknowledgment D2.2 Returning the Magne-Gage periodically to the fac-

tory for maintenance is desirable. With frequent use, one
These standard procedures are based upon studies and year is a reasonable time; with occasional use, two years.
recommendations made by the Subcommittee on Weld-
ing Stainless Steel of the High Alloys Committee of the D2.3 A Magne-Gage No. 3 Magnet or equivalent can be
Welding Research Council (WRC)10 and work within used with a variety of torsion balances to obtain the same
International Institute of Welding Subcommission II-C. results as are obtained with a Magne-Gage. A complete
The document on which much of this standard is based is example of such a Magne-Gage-type instrument is given
the Calibration Procedure for Instruments to Measure in Extension of the WRC Ferrite Number System, refer-
the Delta Ferrite Content of Austenitic Stainless Steel enced in E1. Numerous other configurations could also
Weld Metal, published by the WRC on July 1, 1972. be conceived. This is outside the scope of this standard.
Expansion of the measurement system beyond 28 FN is D2.4 A Magne-Gage No. 3 Magnet normally complies
based upon Extension of the WRC Ferrite Number Sys- with the requirements of 4.2. Once this is verified, the
tem, D. J. Kotecki, Welding Journal, November, 1982, Magne-Gage No. 3 Magnet can be used, after calibration
and International Institute of Welding Documents II-C- with primary standards, for Ferrite Number measurement
730-84, II-C-821-88, II-C-835-88 and II-C-836-88. either with a Magne-Gage instrument, or with a suitably
modified beam balance.
D.2 Magne-Gage and Magne-

Gage-Type Instruments D3. Feritscope/Ferritescope12
D2.1 The Magne-Gage11 (Figure D.1) is usable only in These instruments, which consist of a probe connected
the flat position on relatively small specimens. The probe by a cable to an electronics package (Figure D.2), are
is a long, thin magnet hung from one end of a balance usable in any position. Several models and a variety of
beam, with a counterweight fixed to the other end of the probes are available. Only one model and probe (FE8-
balance beam. A spiral spring allows the force applied to KF) has been shown to be able to be calibrated with pri-
the magnet to be varied. The spring is wound by means mary standards, as given in Table C.1. All other models
of turning a knob with a corresponding reading on a dial. must be calibrated with weld-metal-like secondary stan-
When the magnet is pulled free of a specimen, the white dards as no standard tables have been developed for cali-
dial reading used in conjunction with the calibration bration with primary standards. Models are available in
curve establishes the FN of the specimen. either battery-powered or alternating current versions. At
least one model (the MP30) can be calibrated with
secondary standards up to 80 FN or more.
10 Welding Research Council, P.O. Box 201547, Shaker Heights,
OH 44120.
11 Manufactured by Magne-Gage Sales & Service, 629 Packer 12 Manufacturedby Fischer Technology, 750 Marshall Phelps
Street, Avoca, PA 18641. Road, Windsor, CT 06095.
33
Ý±°§®·¹¸¬ ß³»®·½¿² É»´¼·²¹ Í±½·»¬§
Ð®±ª·¼»¼ ¾§ ×ØÍ «²¼»® ´·½»²-» ©·¬¸ ßÉÍ
Ò± ®»°®±¼«½¬·±² ±® ²»¬©±®µ·²¹ °»®³·¬¬»¼ ©·¬¸±«¬ ´·½»²-» º®±³ ×ØÍ
øß÷ ÍÌßÒÜßÎÜ ÓßÙÒÛóÙßÙÛ
øÞ÷ ÓßÙÒÛóÙßÙÛ ÚÎÑÓ ÎÛßÎô ÝÑËÒÌÛÎÉÛ×ÙØÌ ßÜÜÛÜ ÌÑ ÔÛÚÌ Í×ÜÛ ÑÚ ÞßÔßÒÝÛ ÞÛßÓ
Figure D.1Magne-Gage-Type Instruments
34
Ý±°§®·¹¸¬ ß³»®·½¿² É»´¼·²¹ Í±½·»¬§
Ð®±ª·¼»¼ ¾§ ×ØÍ «²¼»® ´·½»²-» ©·¬¸ ßÉÍ
Ò± ®»°®±¼«½¬·±² ±® ²»¬©±®µ·²¹ °»®³·¬¬»¼ ©·¬¸±«¬ ´·½»²-» º®±³ ×ØÍ
øÝ÷ ÌÑÎÍ×ÑÒ ÞßÔßÒÝÛ É×ÌØ ÓßÙÒÛóÙßÙÛ ÒÑò í ÓßÙÒÛÌ
Figure D.1 (Continued)Magne-Gage-Type Instruments
Figure D.2Ferritescope Model FE8-KF
35
Ý±°§®·¹¸¬ ß³»®·½¿² É»´¼·²¹ Í±½·»¬§
Ð®±ª·¼»¼ ¾§ ×ØÍ «²¼»® ´·½»²-» ©·¬¸ ßÉÍ
Ò± ®»°®±¼«½¬·±² ±® ²»¬©±®µ·²¹ °»®³·¬¬»¼ ©·¬¸±«¬ ´·½»²-» º®±³ ×ØÍ
D4. Inspector Gage13 of this printing, the ability of these instruments to deter-
mine ferrite above 30 FN is unknown.
This instrument (Figure D.3) is usable in any position. It
is a hand-held magnetic instrument with thumb-actuated D5.1 Ferrite Indicator.14 This instrument (Figure D.4)
spring tension. The instrument gives direct readings in is commonly called a Severn Gage. It is usable in any
FN if it is a new model designed to do so. Older models position. It is a go-no-go type gage which determines
can be rebuilt by the manufacturer to give acceptable whether the ferrite content of the weld under test is above
readings on weld metal in terms of FN. At the time of or below that of each of a number of inserts of various
this printing, the ability of Inspector Gages to determine magnetic strengths which come with the instrument. At
ferrite above 30 FN is unknown. The Inspector Gage least one unthreaded test insert must be available for use
Model Number 111 with either a 6F (% ferrite) or a 7F in conjunction with one of the threaded inserts with spec-
(FN) scale can be calibrated with primary standards ified FN values. The purpose of the unthreaded inserts is
according to D4. Other models can only be calibrated to assure that the magnet has not lost strength. Details
with secondary standards. may be obtained from the manufacturer for conversion of
percent-ferrite values on earlier model Severn gages to
FN. Severn gages calibrated directly in terms of FN are
now available. Older model gages can be converted to
D5. Other Instruments the FN scale by the manufacturer. Calibration of a Sev-
ern gage with secondary standards can only be approxi-
The following instruments at the time of the writing of mate because the Severn gage does not provide a discrete
this revision are not capable of being calibrated to pri- FN test value, only a range of possible FN values for the
mary standards. They can, however, be calibrated with sample under test.
weld-metal-like secondary standards and produce
acceptable consistent results. Again, it is the responsibil- D5.2 Foerster Ferrite Content Meter.15 This is a light
ity of the user to ensure that instrument calibration is battery-powered instrument (Figure D.5) usable in any
maintained and to have the instrument repaired by the position. It closely resembles the Feritscope in its operation
manufacturer if consistent readings on the weld-metal-
like secondary standards cannot be obtained. At the time
14 Manufactured by Severn Engineering Co., Inc., 98 Edge-
wood Street, Annapolis, MD 21401.
13 Manufactured by Elcometer, Inc., 1893 Rochester Industrial 15 Marketed by Foerster Instrument, Inc., 140 Industry Drive,
Drive, Rochester Hills, MI 48309. RIDC Park West, Pittsburgh, PA 15275.
Figure D.3Inspector Gage
36
Ý±°§®·¹¸¬ ß³»®·½¿² É»´¼·²¹ Í±½·»¬§
Ð®±ª·¼»¼ ¾§ ×ØÍ «²¼»® ´·½»²-» ©·¬¸ ßÉÍ
Ò± ®»°®±¼«½¬·±² ±® ²»¬©±®µ·²¹ °»®³·¬¬»¼ ©·¬¸±«¬ ´·½»²-» º®±³ ×ØÍ
Figure D.4Ferrite Indicator (Severn Gage)
Figure D.5Foerster Ferrite Content Meter
37
Ý±°§®·¹¸¬ ß³»®·½¿² É»´¼·²¹ Í±½·»¬§
Ð®±ª·¼»¼ ¾§ ×ØÍ «²¼»® ´·½»²-» ©·¬¸ ßÉÍ
Ò± ®»°®±¼«½¬·±² ±® ²»¬©±®µ·²¹ °»®³·¬¬»¼ ©·¬¸±«¬ ´·½»²-» º®±³ ×ØÍ
except that it has a single contact-point probe which purposes. Many are regarded as not suitable in their
allows ferrite determination in very localized regions. On present form because of limitations such as range, prob-
older models, the meter output indicates ferrite content lems in calibration, or varying response due to the posi-
as a percentage, which can be effectively converted to tion of use or to their relation to the north-to-south
FN values by use of suitable weld-metal-like secondary magnetic field lines of the earth. Instruments which are
standards to produce a satisfactory calibration curve. suitable in other respects must still be calibrated to the
Newer models are now available on which the meter FN scale in a manner traceable to this standard. This can
reads directly in FN values. be accomplished by the use of a set of weld-metal-like
secondary standards, as specified in Clause 7. The estab-
D5.3 Unspecified Instruments. A number of other mag- lishment of an adequate correlation is the responsibility
netic measuring instruments are available for various of the user.
38
Ý±°§®·¹¸¬ ß³»®·½¿² É»´¼·²¹ Í±½·»¬§
Ð®±ª·¼»¼ ¾§ ×ØÍ «²¼»® ´·½»²-» ©·¬¸ ßÉÍ
Ò± ®»°®±¼«½¬·±² ±® ²»¬©±®µ·²¹ °»®³·¬¬»¼ ©·¬¸±«¬ ´·½»²-» º®±³ ×ØÍ
ß²²»¨ Û ø×²º±®³¿¬·ª»÷
Ù«·¼»´·²»- º±® ¬¸» Ð®»°¿®¿¬·±² ±º Ì»½¸²·½¿´ ×²¯«·®·»-
E1. Introduction sion(s) shall be identified in the scope of the inquiry

along with the edition of the standard that contains the
The American Welding Society (AWS) Board of Directors provision(s) the inquirer is addressing.
has adopted a policy whereby all official interpretations
of AWS standards are handled in a formal manner. E2.2 Purpose of the Inquiry. The purpose of the inquiry
Under this policy, all interpretations are made by the shall be stated in this portion of the inquiry. The purpose
committee that is responsible for the standard. Official can be to obtain an interpretation of a standards require-
communication concerning an interpretation is directed ment or to request the revision of a particular provision
through the AWS staff member who works with that in the standard.
committee. The policy requires that all requests for an E2.3 Content of the Inquiry. The inquiry should be
interpretation be submitted in writing. Such requests will concise, yet complete, to enable the committee to under-
be handled as expeditiously as possible, but due to the stand the point of the inquiry. Sketches should be used
complexity of the work and the procedures that must be whenever appropriate, and all paragraphs, figures, and
followed, some interpretations may require considerable tables (or annex) that bear on the inquiry shall be cited. If
time. the point of the inquiry is to obtain a revision of the
standard, the inquiry shall provide technical justification
for that revision.
E2. Procedure
E2.4 Proposed Reply. The inquirer should, as a
All inquiries shall be directed to: proposed reply, state an interpretation of the provision
that is the point of the inquiry or provide the wording for
Managing Director
a proposed revision, if this is what the inquirer seeks.
Technical Services Division
American Welding Society
550 N.W. LeJeune Road
Miami, FL 33126 E3. Interpretation of Provisions of
All inquiries shall contain the name, address, and affilia- the Standard
tion of the inquirer, and they shall provide enough infor-
Interpretations of provisions of the standard are made by
mation for the committee to understand the point of
the relevant AWS technical committee. The secretary of
concern in the inquiry. When the point is not clearly
the committee refers all inquiries to the chair of the par-
defined, the inquiry will be returned for clarification. For
ticular subcommittee that has jurisdiction over the por-
efficient handling, all inquiries should be typewritten and
tion of the standard addressed by the inquiry. The
in the format specified below.
subcommittee reviews the inquiry and the proposed reply
E2.1 Scope. Each inquiry shall address one single provi- to determine what the response to the inquiry should
sion of the standard unless the point of the inquiry be. Following the subcommittees development of the
involves two or more interrelated provisions. The provi- response, the inquiry and the response are presented to
39
Ý±°§®·¹¸¬ ß³»®·½¿² É»´¼·²¹ Í±½·»¬§
Ð®±ª·¼»¼ ¾§ ×ØÍ «²¼»® ´·½»²-» ©·¬¸ ßÉÍ
Ò± ®»°®±¼«½¬·±² ±® ²»¬©±®µ·²¹ °»®³·¬¬»¼ ©·¬¸±«¬ ´·½»²-» º®±³ ×ØÍ ôð
the entire committee for review and approval. Upon dard with the information that such an interpretation can
approval by the committee, the interpretation is an official be obtained only through a written request. Headquarters
interpretation of the Society, and the secretary transmits staff cannot provide consulting services. However, the
the response to the inquirer and to the Welding Journal staff can refer a caller to any of those consultants whose
for publication. names are on file at AWS Headquarters.
E4. Publication of Interpretations E6. AWS Technical Committees

All official interpretations will appear in the Welding The activities of AWS technical committees regarding
Journal and will be posted on the AWS web site. interpretations are limited strictly to the interpretation of
provisions of standards prepared by the committees or to
consideration of revisions to existing provisions on the
basis of new data or technology. Neither AWS staff nor
E5. Telephone Inquiries the committees are in a position to offer interpretive or
Telephone inquiries to AWS Headquarters concerning consulting services on (1) specific engineering problems,
AWS standards should be limited to questions of a gen- (2) requirements of standards applied to fabrications
eral nature or to matters directly related to the use of the outside the scope of the document, or (3) points not
standard. The AWS Board of Directors policy requires specifically covered by the standard. In such cases, the
that all AWS staff members respond to a telephone inquirer should seek assistance from a competent engi-
request for an official interpretation of any AWS stan- neer experienced in the particular field of interest.
40
Ý±°§®·¹¸¬ ß³»®·½¿² É»´¼·²¹ Í±½·»¬§
Ð®±ª·¼»¼ ¾§ ×ØÍ «²¼»® ´·½»²-» ©·¬¸ ßÉÍ
Ò± ®»°®±¼«½¬·±² ±® ²»¬©±®µ·²¹ °»®³·¬¬»¼ ©·¬¸±«¬ ´·½»²-» º®±³ ×ØÍ
ß²²»¨ Ú ø×²º±®³¿¬·ª»÷
Ô·-¬ ±º Ü»ª·¿¬·±²- º®±³ ×ÍÑ èîìçæîððð
Additional Normative Annex: Deleted be after should in the Note of Figure 2.
Annex C, Calibration of Legacy Instruments with Pri- Changed laid to deposited in 5.2 item f.
mary Standards
Changed over to of in 5.2, item e.
Additional Informative Annexes: Added reference to Annex D in 7.1.
Annex D, Instruments Deleted to hand from the end of second sentence of
7.3.
Annex E, Guidelines for the Preparation of Technical
Inquiries Added after first two sentences in Clause 8, The first set
of secondary standards was made by Teledyne McKay in
the late 1960s. These were a build up of SMAW much
Editorial Changes:
like the pad shown in 5.2. They were used to develop the
The title has been changed from Welding Determination FN system of measuring ferrite as we know it today,
of Ferrite Number (FN) in austenitic and duplex ferritic- replacing the % ferrite system previously used. Tele-
austenitic Cr-Ni stainless steel weld metals to Standard dyne McKay subsequently produced and sold sets of
Procedures for Calibrating Magnetic Instruments to these secondary standards, but ceased doing so in the late
Measure the Delta Ferrite Content of Austenitic and 1970s.
Duplex Ferritic-Austenitic Stainless Steel Weld Metal. Added last in Clause 8, last sentence.
In all cases changed This International standard to This Added apostrophe to third line of A.3.1 to read 2 2.
standard.
Changed National Bureau of Standards (NBS) to
In the Scope changed manual metal arc to shielded National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)
metal arc. in A.6.3.
Added new subclause 4.5. Added footnote 7 NIST was formerly named National
Bureau of Standards (NBS).
Added zeroes in Table 1 after decimal to make these
figures consistent. Changed NBS to NIST in A.6.3, Table A.3, and
A.6.4.
Added Shielded Metal Arc in title of Clause 5.
Changed by one operator to for each operator and in
Changed manual to shielded metal arc covered in 5.1. the last sentence of A.7.3.
41
Ý±°§®·¹¸¬ ß³»®·½¿² É»´¼·²¹ Í±½·»¬§
Ð®±ª·¼»¼ ¾§ ×ØÍ «²¼»® ´·½»²-» ©·¬¸ ßÉÍ
Ò± ®»°®±¼«½¬·±² ±® ²»¬©±®µ·²¹ °»®³·¬¬»¼ ©·¬¸±«¬ ´·½»²-» º®±³ ×ØÍ
42
Ý±°§®·¹¸¬ ß³»®·½¿² É»´¼·²¹ Í±½·»¬§
Ð®±ª·¼»¼ ¾§ ×ØÍ «²¼»® ´·½»²-» ©·¬¸ ßÉÍ
Ò± ®»°®±¼«½¬·±² ±® ²»¬©±®µ·²¹ °»®³·¬¬»¼ ©·¬¸±«¬ ´·½»²-» º®±³ ×ØÍ
ßÉÍ Ú·´´»® Ó»¬¿´ Í°»½·º·½¿¬·±²- ¾§ Ó¿¬»®·¿´ ¿²¼ É»´¼·²¹ Ð®±½»--

GTAW
GMAW
OFW SMAW PAW FCAW SAW ESW EGW Brazing
Carbon Steel A5.20 A5.10 A5.18 A5.20 A5.17 A5.25 A5.26 A5.8, A5.31
Low-Alloy Steel A5.20 A5.50 A5.28 A5.29 A5.23 A5.25 A5.26 A5.8, A5.31
Stainless Steel A5.40 A5.9, A5.22 A5.22 A5.90 A5.90 A5.90 A5.8, A5.31
Cast Iron A5.15 A5.15 A5.15 A5.15 A5.8, A5.31
Nickel Alloys A5.11 A5.14 A5.14 A5.8, A5.31
Aluminum Alloys A5.30 A5.10 A5.8, A5.31
Copper Alloys A5.60 A5.70 A5.8, A5.31
Titanium Alloys A5.16 A5.8, A5.31
Zirconium Alloys A5.24 A5.8, A5.31
Magnesium Alloys A5.19 A5.8, A5.31
Tungsten Electrodes A5.12
Brazing Alloys and Fluxes A5.8, A5.31
Surfacing Alloys A5.21 A5.13 A5.21 A5.21 A5.21
Consumable Inserts A5.30
Shielding Gases A5.32 A5.32 A5.32
43
Ý±°§®·¹¸¬ ß³»®·½¿² É»´¼·²¹ Í±½·»¬§
Ð®±ª·¼»¼ ¾§ ×ØÍ «²¼»® ´·½»²-» ©·¬¸ ßÉÍ
Ò± ®»°®±¼«½¬·±² ±® ²»¬©±®µ·²¹ °»®³·¬¬»¼ ©·¬¸±«¬ ´·½»²-» º®±³ ×ØÍ
44
Ý±°§®·¹¸¬ ß³»®·½¿² É»´¼·²¹ Í±½·»¬§
Ð®±ª·¼»¼ ¾§ ×ØÍ «²¼»® ´·½»²-» ©·¬¸ ßÉÍ
Ò± ®»°®±¼«½¬·±² ±® ²»¬©±®µ·²¹ °»®³·¬¬»¼ ©·¬¸±«¬ ´·½»²-» º®±³ ×ØÍ
ßÉÍ Ú·´´»® Ó»¬¿´ Í°»½·º·½¿¬·±²- ¿²¼ Î»´¿¬»¼ Ü±½«³»²¬-

Designation Title
FMC Filler Metal Comparison Charts
IFS International Index of Welding Filler Metal Classifications
UGFM Users Guide to Filler Metals
A4.2M Standard Procedures for Calibrating Magnetic Instruments to Measure the Delta Ferrite Content Austenitic and
(ISO 8249 MOD) Duplex Ferritic-Austenitic Stainless Steel Weld Metal
A4.3 Standard Methods for Determination of the Diffusible Hydrogen Content of Martensitic, Bainitic, and Ferritic
Steel Weld Metal Produced by Arc Welding
A4.4M Standard Procedures for Determination of Moisture Content of Welding Fluxes and Welding Electrode Flux Coverings
A5.01 Filler Metal Procurement Guidelines
A5.1/A5.1M Specification for Carbon Steel Electrodes for Shielded Metal Arc Welding
A5.2 Specification for Carbon and Low Alloy Steel Rods for Oxyfuel Gas Welding
A5.3/A5.3M Specification for Aluminum and Aluminum-Alloy Electrodes for Shielded Metal Arc Welding
A5.4/A5.4M Specification for Stainless Steel Electrodes for Shielded Metal Arc Welding
A5.5/A5.5M Specification for Low-Alloy Steel Electrodes for Shielded Metal Arc Welding
A5.6 Specification for Covered Copper and Copper Alloy Arc Welding Electrodes
A5.7 Specification for Copper and Copper Alloy Bare Welding Rods and Electrodes
A5.8/A5.8M Specification for Filler Metals for Brazing and Braze Welding
A5.9/A5.9M Specification for Bare Stainless Steel Welding Electrodes and Rods
A5.10/A5.10M Specification for Bare Aluminum and Aluminum-Alloy Welding Electrodes and Rods
A5.11/A5.11M Specification for Nickel and Nickel-Alloy Welding Electrodes for Shielded Metal Arc Welding
A5.12/A5.12M Specification for Tungsten and Tungsten-Alloy Electrodes for Arc Welding and Cutting
A5.13 Specification for Surfacing Electrodes for Shielded Metal Arc Welding
A5.14/A5.14M Specification for Nickel and Nickel-Alloy Bare Welding Electrodes and Rods
A5.15 Specification for Welding Electrodes and Rods for Cast Iron
A5.16/A5.16M Specification for Titanium and Titanium Alloy Welding Electrodes and Rods
A5.17/A5.17M Specification for Carbon Steel Electrodes and Fluxes for Submerged Arc Welding
A5.18/A5.18M Specification for Carbon Steel Electrodes and Rods for Gas Shielded Arc Welding
A5.19 Specification for Magnesium Alloy Welding Electrodes and Rods
A5.20/A5.20M Specification for Carbon Steel Electrodes for Flux Cored Arc Welding
A5.21 Specification for Bare Electrodes and Rods for Surfacing
A5.22 Specification for Stainless Steel Electrodes for Flux Cored Arc Welding and Stainless Steel Flux Cored Rods for
Gas Tungsten Arc Welding
A5.23/A5.23M Specification for Low-Alloy Steel Electrodes and Fluxes for Submerged Arc Welding
A5.24/A5.24M Specification for Zirconium and Zirconium Alloy Welding Electrodes and Rods
A5.25/A5.25M Specification for Carbon and Low-Alloy Steel Electrodes and Fluxes for Electroslag Welding
A5.26/A5.26M Specification for Carbon and Low-Alloy Steel Electrodes for Electrogas Welding
A5.28/A5.28M Specification for Low-Alloy Steel Electrodes and Rods for Gas Shielded Arc Welding
A5.29/A5.29M Specification for Low-Alloy Steel Electrodes for Flux Cored Arc Welding
A5.30 Specification for Consumable Inserts
A5.31 Specification for Fluxes for Brazing and Braze Welding
A5.32/A5.32M Specification for Welding Shielding Gases
45
Ý±°§®·¹¸¬ ß³»®·½¿² É»´¼·²¹ Í±½·»¬§
Ð®±ª·¼»¼ ¾§ ×ØÍ «²¼»® ´·½»²-» ©·¬¸ ßÉÍ
Ò± ®»°®±¼«½¬·±² ±® ²»¬©±®µ·²¹ °»®³·¬¬»¼ ©·¬¸±«¬ ´·½»²-» º®±³ ×ØÍ
46
Ý±°§®·¹¸¬ ß³»®·½¿² É»´¼·²¹ Í±½·»¬§
Ð®±ª·¼»¼ ¾§ ×ØÍ «²¼»® ´·½»²-» ©·¬¸ ßÉÍ
Ò± ®»°®±¼«½¬·±² ±® ²»¬©±®µ·²¹ °»®³·¬¬»¼ ©·¬¸±«¬ ´·½»²-» º®±³ ×ØÍ
Ý±°§®·¹¸¬ ß³»®·½¿² É»´¼·²¹ Í±½·»¬§
Ð®±ª·¼»¼ ¾§ ×ØÍ «²¼»® ´·½»²-» ©·¬¸ ßÉÍ
Ò± ®»°®±¼«½¬·±² ±® ²»¬©±®µ·²¹ °»®³·¬¬»¼ ©·¬¸±«¬ ´·½»²-» º®±³ ×ØÍ

AWS A4.2M - 2006 Calibrating Magnetic Instruments

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

AWS A4.2M - 2006 Calibrating Magnetic Instruments

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

ßÉÍ ßìòîÓæîððê ø×ÍÑ èîìçæîððð ÓÑÜ÷

ß² ß³»®·½¿² Ò¿¬·±²¿´ Í¬¿²¼¿®¼

Ý±°§®·¹¸¬ ß³»®·½¿² É»´¼·²¹ Í±½·»¬§

Í¬¿²¼¿®¼ Ð®±½»¼«®»- º±® Ý¿´·¾®¿¬·²¹

Supersedes ANSI/AWS A4.2M/A4.2:1997

Under the Direction of the

550 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, FL 33126

Ý±°§®·¹¸¬ ß³»®·½¿² É»´¼·²¹ Í±½·»¬§

International Standard Book Number: 0-87171-044-7

Í¬¿¬»³»²¬ ±² ¬¸» Ë-» ±º ß³»®·½¿² É»´¼·²¹ Í±½·»¬§ Í¬¿²¼¿®¼-

This page is intentionally blank.

AWS A5 Committee on Filler Metals and Allied Materials (Continued)

AWS A5D Subcommittee on Stainless Steel Filler Metals

Ý±°§®·¹¸¬ ß³»®·½¿² É»´¼·²¹ Í±½·»¬§

É»´¼·²¹ ‰ Ü»¬»®³·²¿¬·±² ±º Ú»®®·¬» Ò«³¾»® øÚÒ÷ ·² ¿«-¬»²·¬·½

ìòì Ý¿´·¾®¿¬·±² ½«®ª»

ìòë Ý¿´·¾®¿¬·±² ±º ±¬¸»® ·²-¬®«³»²¬- ©·¬¸ °®·³¿®§ -¬¿²¼¿®¼-

ëòï Ü·³»²-·±²- ±º ©»´¼ ³»¬¿´ ¬»-¬ -°»½·³»²-

ëòî Ü»°±-·¬·²¹ ©»´¼ ³»¬¿´ ¬»-¬ -°»½·³»²-

Ú·¹«®» î ‰ É»´¼ ³»¬¿´ -°»½·³»² º±® º»®®·¬» ¼»¬»®³·²¿¬·±²

½÷ Ì¸» ¿®½ ´»²¹¬¸ -¸¿´´ ¾» ¿- -¸±®¬ ¿- °®¿½¬·½¿¾´»ò

Ì¿¾´» î ‰ É»´¼·²¹ °¿®¿³»¬»®- ¿²¼ ¼»°±-·¬ ¼·³»²-·±²-

ëòíòî ×²¼·ª·¼«¿´ ³»¿-«®»³»²¬-

êòî Ð®±¼«½¬·±² ©»´¼-

éòí Ó¿·²¬¿·²·²¹ ½¿´·¾®¿¬·±²

Ì¿¾´» í ‰ Ó¿¨·³«³ ¿´´±©¿¾´» ¼»ª·¿¬·±² ·² ¬¸» °»®·±¼·½ ÚÒ ½¸»½µ

è Ð®±½»¼«®»- «-»¼ ¬± °®»°¿®» -»½±²¼¿®§ -¬¿²¼¿®¼- º±® ¼»´¬¿ º»®®·¬» ·² ¿«-¬»²·¬·½

ßòïòî É»´¼·²¹ ½±²-«³¿¾´»-

ßòî É»´¼·²¹ °®±½»¼«®»-

Ì¿¾´» ßòï ‰ É»´¼·²¹ °¿®¿³»¬»®-

Í°»»¼ ±º ¬®¿ª»´ ïðð ³³ñ³·²

Ð±´¿®·¬§ ±º ¬¸» -¬®·° ¼ò½òñ»´»½¬®±¼» °±-·¬·ª»

×²¬»®°¿-- ¬»³°»®¿¬«®» îðð pÝ ³¿¨ò

Ý±±´·²¹ ¿º¬»® ©»´¼·²¹ ¬¸» ´¿-¬ ´¿§»® Í¬·´´ ¿·®

ßòí Ó¿½¸·²·²¹ ¿²¼ ³¿®µ·²¹

ßòíòï Ý«¬¬·²¹ °®±¹®¿³³»

¿ Ý¸·°- º±® ½¸»³·½¿´ ¿²¿´§-·- ¬¿µ»² ¿¬ ¬¸»-» °±·²¬-ò

Ú·¹«®» ßòí ‰ Ý«¬¬·²¹ -»¯«»²½»- º±® -»½±²¼¿®§ -¬¿²¼¿®¼ ¾§ -¬®·° ½´¿¼¼·²¹

ßòíòî Ü·³»²-·±²-ô ¬±´»®¿²½»-ô -«®º¿½» º·²·-¸

Ú·¹«®» ßòë ‰ Ó¿®µ·²¹ ±º »¿½¸ -¬®·° ½´¿¼¼·²¹ º»®®·¬» -»½±²¼¿®§ -¬¿²¼¿®¼

ßòíòí Ó¿®µ·²¹ º±® -¬¿²¼¿®¼ ·¼»²¬·º·½¿¬·±²

ßòì Ý¸»³·½¿´ ½±³°±-·¬·±²

ßòë Ó¿®µ·²¹ º±® ÚÒ ³»¿-«®·²¹ °±·²¬ ´±½¿¬·±²

ßòê ÚÒ ³»¿-«®·²¹ ·²-¬®«³»²¬- ¿²¼ ½¿´·¾®¿¬·±²

ßòêòî ×²-¬®«³»²¬- «-»¼

ßòêòí Ó¿¹²»¬ -¬®»²¹¬¸ ½¸»½µ-

ë÷ Ó¿¹²»óÙ¿¹» ·- ¿ ®»¹·-¬»®»¼ ¬®¿¼»³¿®µ ±º Ó¿¹²»óÙ¿¹» Í¿´»- ú Í»®ª·½» Ý±òô ×²½ò

Ì¿¾´» ßòí ‰ Ò×ÍÌ -¬¿²¼¿®¼- »³°´±§»¼ º±® •Ó¿¹²»óÙ¿¹»Œ ½¿´·¾®¿¬·±²

ßòêòì Ú»®®·¬» ²«³¾»® ½¿´·¾®¿¬·±²

ß ½¿´·¾®¿¬·±² ©¿- ½¿®®·»¼ ±«¬ ±² »¿½¸ •Ó¿¹²»óÙ¿¹»Œæ

‰ ¿¬ ¬¸» -¬¿®¬ ±º »¿½¸ ¼¿§Ž- ©±®µô ¿²¼

‰ ¿º¬»® ¬¸» ³»¿-«®»³»²¬ ±º ì -»¬- ±º -»½±²¼¿®§ -¬¿²¼¿®¼-ò

ßòé Ó»¿-«®·²¹ °®±½»¼«®» ±² -»½±²¼¿®§ -¬¿²¼¿®¼-

ßòéòï ×²-¬®«³»²¬- ¿²¼ ±°»®¿¬±®-

ßòéòí Ó»¿-«®»³»²¬- ±² »¿½¸ º»®®·¬» -¬¿²¼¿®¼

ßòéòì Ü¿¬¿ ®»½±®¼·²¹ ¿²¼ ¿²¿´§-·-

ßòéòë Ð®»-»²¬¿¬·±² ±º ®»-«´¬-

ï îòè îòè îòé îòê îòé

This page is intentionally blank.

Ú·¹«®» Þòï ‰ Ý»²¬®·º«¹¿´´§ ½¸·´´ ½¿-¬ ®·²¹ º±® -»½±²¼¿®§ -¬¿²¼¿®¼-

Þòî Ó¿½¸·²·²¹ ¿²¼ ³¿®µ·²¹

Þòí ÚÒ ³»¿-«®·²¹ ·²-¬®«³»²¬- ¿²¼ ½¿´·¾®¿¬·±²

ÍÎÓ Í¬¿²¼¿®¼ Ò±³·²¿´ ½±¿¬·²¹ Ý±«²¬»®¾¿´¿²½»

Figure D.1Magne-Gage-Type Instruments

Figure D.1 (Continued)Magne-Gage-Type Instruments

Figure D.2Ferritescope Model FE8-KF

Figure D.3Inspector Gage

Figure D.4Ferrite Indicator (Severn Gage)

Figure D.5Foerster Ferrite Content Meter