Ieee Draft p551

P551, Draft 1, May 2000
Draft Recommended Practice for

Calculating AC Short-Circuit Currents
in Industrial and Commercial Power
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Systems
Violet Book
Sponsor
Power System Engineering Committee

of the
IEEE Industry Applications Society
Copyright © 2000 by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.

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4 May 2000 P551, D1
CONTENTS
Chapter
1. Overview
1.1 Scope ...............................................................................................................................................................
1.2 Definitions.......................................................................................................................................................
1.3 Symbols...........................................................................................................................................................
1.4 References .......................................................................................................................................................
1.5 Manufacturers' data sources ...........................................................................................................................
2. Description of short-circuit current
2.1 Introduction.....................................................................................................................................................
2.2 Available short-circuit ....................................................................................................................................
2.3 Symmetrical and asymmetrical currents ........................................................................................................
2.4 Short-circuit calculations................................................................................................................................
2.5 Total short-circuit current...............................................................................................................................
2.6 Why short-circuit currents are asymmetrical.................................................................................................
2.7 DC component of short-circuit currents.........................................................................................................
2.8 Significance of current asymmetry ................................................................................................................
2.9 The application of current asymmetry information.......................................................................................
2.10 Maximum peak current.................................................................................................................................
2.11 Types of faults...............................................................................................................................................
2.12 Arc resistance................................................................................................................................................
2.13 Bibliography..................................................................................................................................................
3. Calculating techniques
3.1 Introduction.....................................................................................................................................................
3.2 Fundamental principles...................................................................................................................................
3.3 Short-circuit calculation procedure ................................................................................................................
Copyright © 2000 IEEE. All rights reserved.

This is an unapproved IEEE Standards Draft, subject to change. 4
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3.4 One-line diagram ............................................................................................................................................
3.5 Per-unit and ohmic manipulations..................................................................................................................
3.6 Network theorems and calculation techniques ..............................................................................................
3.7 Extending a three-phase short-circuit program to calculate

short-circuit duties for single-phase branches................................................................................................
3.8 Representing transformers with nonbase voltages ........................................................................................
3.9 Specific time period and variations on fault calculations..............................................................................
3.10 Determination of X/R Ratios for ANSI fault calculations ..........................................................................
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3.11 Three winding transformers .........................................................................................................................
3.12 Duplex reactor...............................................................................................................................................
3.13 Significant cable lengths...............................................................................................................................
3.14 Equivalent circuits ........................................................................................................................................
3.15 Zero sequence line representation................................................................................................................
3.16 Equipment data required for short-circuit calculations ...............................................................................
3.17 References.....................................................................................................................................................
4. Calculating short-circuit currents without ac delay
4.1 Introduction.....................................................................................................................................................
4.2 Purpose ............................................................................................................................................................
4.3 IEEE Guidelines..............................................................................................................................................
4.4 Fault calculations ............................................................................................................................................
4.5 Sample calculations ........................................................................................................................................
4.6 Sample computer printout ..............................................................................................................................
4.7 References .......................................................................................................................................................
5. Calculating short-circuit currents with contributions for synchronous machines
5.1 Introduction.....................................................................................................................................................
5.2 Purpose ............................................................................................................................................................
5.3 IEEE Guidelines..............................................................................................................................................


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5.5 Nature of synchronous machine contributions ..............................................................................................
5.6 Synchronous machine reactances...................................................................................................................
5.7 One-line diagram data.....................................................................................................................................
5.8 Sample calculations ........................................................................................................................................
5.9 Sample computer printout ..............................................................................................................................
5.10 References.....................................................................................................................................................
6. Calculating ac short-circuit currents for systems with contributions from induction motors
6.1 Introduction.....................................................................................................................................................
6.2 Purpose ............................................................................................................................................................
6.3 IEEE Guidelines..............................................................................................................................................

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6.5 Nature of induction motor contributions........................................................................................................
6.6 Large induction motors with prolonged contributions ..................................................................................
6.7 Data accuracy..................................................................................................................................................
6.8 Details of induction motor contribution calculations

according to ANSI standard application guides ............................................................................................
6-9 Recommended practice based on ANSI Standards for representing

induction motors in multivoltage system studies...........................................................................................
6.10 One-line diagram data ..................................................................................................................................
6.11 Sample calculations ......................................................................................................................................
6.12 Sample computer printout ............................................................................................................................
6.13 References.....................................................................................................................................................
7. Capacitor contributions to short-circuit currents
7.1 Introduction.....................................................................................................................................................
7.2 Capacitor discharge current............................................................................................................................
7.3 Breaker concerns.............................................................................................................................................
7.4 Power factor improvement capacitors............................................................................................................
7.5 Motor capacitors .............................................................................................................................................


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7.6 Capacitors in harmonic filters ........................................................................................................................
7.7 Bibliography....................................................................................................................................................
8. Static converter contributions to short-circuit currents
8.1 Introduction.....................................................................................................................................................
8.2 Definitions of converter types ........................................................................................................................
8.3 Converter circuits and their equivalent parameters .......................................................................................
8.4 Short circuit current contribution from the dc system to an ac short circuit ................................................
8.5 Analysis of converter dc faults.......................................................................................................................
8.6 Short circuit between the converter dc terminals ..........................................................................................
8.7 Arc-back short circuits....................................................................................................................................
8.8 Examples .........................................................................................................................................................
8.9 Conclusions.....................................................................................................................................................
8.10 Bibliography..................................................................................................................................................
9. Calculating ac short-circuit currents in accordance with IEEE standards
9.1 Introduction.....................................................................................................................................................
9.2 Purpose ............................................................................................................................................................
9.3 IEEE guidelines ..............................................................................................................................................
9.5 Simplified calculations ...................................................................................................................................
9.6 Detailed calculations.......................................................................................................................................
9.7 Recommended practice based on ANSI standards for representing

source impedances in multivoltage system studies .......................................................................................
9.8 First-cycle asymmetrical and peak current calculations................................................................................
9.9 Interrupting time asymmetrical current calculations.....................................................................................
9.10 Motor data accuracy .....................................................................................................................................
9.11 One-line diagram data ..................................................................................................................................
9.12 Sample calculation........................................................................................................................................
9.13 Line-to-ground calculation ...........................................................................................................................

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9.14 Applying IEEE calculations to non-60 Hertz systems ................................................................................
9.15 Bibliography..................................................................................................................................................
10. Application of short-circuit interrupting equipment
10.1 Introduction...................................................................................................................................................
10.2 Purpose..........................................................................................................................................................
10.3 Application considerations ...........................................................................................................................
10.4 Equipment data .............................................................................................................................................
10.5 Fully rated systems .......................................................................................................................................
10.6 Low voltage series rated equipment.............................................................................................................
10.7 Low voltage breaker derating.......................................................................................................................
10.8 Equipment check list for short-circuit currents evaluation .........................................................................
10.9 Sample system data.......................................................................................................................................
10.10 Equipment phase duty calculations............................................................................................................
10.11 Equipment ground fault duty calculations .................................................................................................
10.12 Capacitor switching ....................................................................................................................................
10.13 One-line diagram data ................................................................................................................................
10.14 Bibliography ...............................................................................................................................................
11. Unbalanced short-circuit currents
11.1 Introduction...................................................................................................................................................
11.2 Purpose..........................................................................................................................................................
11.3 IEEE Guidelines ...........................................................................................................................................
11.4 Procedure.......................................................................................................................................................
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11.5 Connection of sequence networks................................................................................................................
11.6 Sample calculations ......................................................................................................................................
11.7 Bibliography..................................................................................................................................................
12. International standards contents
12.1 Introduction...................................................................................................................................................


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12.2 System modeling and methodologies ..........................................................................................................
12.3 Voltage factors ..............................................................................................................................................

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12.4 Short circuit currents per IEC-909 ...............................................................................................................
12.5 Short circuits “far from generator” ..............................................................................................................
12.6 Short circuits “near generator”.....................................................................................................................
12.7 Influence of the motors.................................................................................................................................
12.8 Fault calculations in complex systems.........................................................................................................
12.9 Comparing the ANSI standards with IEC-909 ............................................................................................
12.10 Sample calculations ....................................................................................................................................
12.11 Bibliography ...............................................................................................................................................
Appendix A Busway .................................................................................................................................................
A.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................................
A.2 Bus duct and busway .....................................................................................................................................
A.3 Zero sequence impedances ............................................................................................................................
A.4 Bibliography...................................................................................................................................................
Appendix B Cables ...................................................................................................................................................
B.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................................
B.2 Cable resistance..............................................................................................................................................
B.3 Cable reactance ..............................................................................................................................................
B.4 Cable zero sequence impedances ..................................................................................................................
B.5 Cable heating limits .......................................................................................................................................
B.6 Bibliography...................................................................................................................................................
Appendix C Generators.............................................................................................................................................
C.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................................
C.2 X/R ratio..........................................................................................................................................................
C.3 Sequence impedances ....................................................................................................................................


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Appendix D Motors...................................................................................................................................................
D.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................................
D.2 Sequence impedances ....................................................................................................................................
Appendix E Transformers.........................................................................................................................................
E.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................................
E.2 Sequence impedances.....................................................................................................................................
Appendix F Transmission Lines...............................................................................................................................
F.1 Introduction.....................................................................................................................................................
F.2 Bibliography ...................................................................................................................................................
Appendix G Utility....................................................................................................................................................
G.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................................
G.2 Sequence impedances ....................................................................................................................................
Appendix H Reactors ................................................................................................................................................
H.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................................

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H.2 Sequence impedances ....................................................................................................................................
Appendix I High-Voltage Power Circuit Breakers..................................................................................................
I.1 Introduction......................................................................................................................................................
I.2 Breaker impedances ........................................................................................................................................
Appendix J Low-Voltage Power Circuit Breakers ..................................................................................................
J.1 Introduction .....................................................................................................................................................
J.2 Breaker impedances ........................................................................................................................................
Appendix K Low-Voltage Molded-Case Circuit Breakers .....................................................................................
Appendix L Power Fuses ..........................................................................................................................................
L.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................................
L.2 References.......................................................................................................................................................
Appendix M Switches...............................................................................................................................................


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Draft Recommended Methods for Calculating AC

Short-Circuit Currents in Industrial and
Commercial Power Systems
Chapter 1
Overview
1.1 Scope
Electric power systems in industrial plants, commercial and institutional buildings are designed to serve
loads in a safe and reliable manner. One of the major considerations in the design of a power system is
adequate control of short-circuits or faults as they are commonly called. Uncontrolled short-circuits can
cause service outage with accompanying production downtime and associated inconvenience, interruption
of essential facilities or vital services, extensive equipment damage, personnel injury or fatality, and fire
damage.
Short-circuits are caused by faults in the insulation of a circuit, and in many cases an arc ensues at the point
of the fault. Such an arc may be destructive and may constitute a fire hazard. Prolonged duration of arcs, in
addition to the heat released, may result in transient overvoltages which may endanger the insulation of
equipment in other parts of the system. Clearly, the fault must be quickly removed from the power system,
and this is the job of the circuit protective devicesthe circuit breakers and fusible switches.
A short-circuit current generates heat which is proportional to the square of the current magnitude, I2R. The
large amount of heat generated by a short-circuit current may damage the insulation of rotating machinery
and apparatus which is connected into the faulted system, including cables, transformers, switches, and
circuit breakers. The most immediate danger involved in the heat generated by short-circuit currents is
permanent destruction of insulation. This may be followed by actual fusion of the conducting circuit, with
resultant additional arcing faults.
The heat which is generated by high short-circuit currents tends not only to impair insulating materials to
the point of permanent destruction, but also exerts harmful effects upon the contact members in interrupting
devices.
The small area common between two contact members which are in engagement depends mainly upon the
hardness of the contact material and upon the amount of pressure by which they are kept in engagement.
Owing to the concentration of the flow of current at the points of contact engagement, the temperatures of
these points reached at the times of peak current are very high. As a result of these high spot temperatures,
the material of which the contact members are made may soften. If, however, the contact material is caused
to melt by excessive I2R losses, there is an imminent danger of welding the contacts together rendering it
impossible to separate the contact members when the switch or circuit breaker is called upon to open the
circuit. Since it requires but very little time to establish thermal equilibrium at the small points of contact
engagement, the temperature at these points depends more upon the peak current than upon the rms current.

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If the peak current is sufficient to cause the contact material to melt, resolidification may occur
immediately upon decrease of the current from its peak value.
Other important effects of short-circuit currents are the strong electromagnetic forces of attraction and
repulsion to which the conductors are subjected when short-circuit currents are present. These forces are
proportional to the square of the current and may subject any rotating machinery and transmission and
switching equipment to severe mechanical stresses and strains. The strong electromagnetic forces which
high short-circuit currents exert upon equipment can cause deformation in rotational machines, transformer
windings, and equipment bus bars, which may fail at a future time. Deformation in breakers and switches
will cause alignment and interruption difficulties.
Modern interconnected systems involve the operation in parallel of large numbers of synchronous
machines, and the stability of such an interconnected system may be greatly impaired if a short-circuit in
any part of the system is allowed to prevail. The stability of a system requires short fault clearing times and
can be more limiting than the longer time considerations imposed by thermal or mechanical effects on the
equipment.
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1.2 Definitions
The following are the definitions of terms commonly used on the subject of short circuits and used in the
following chapters.
1.2.1 arcing time: The interval of time between the instant of the first initiation of the arc and the instant of
final arc extinction in all poles.
1.2.2 armature: The main current carrying winding of a machine. Usually the stator.
1.2.3 armature resistance: R a - The direct current armature resistance. This is determined from a dc
resistance measurement. The approximate effective ac resistance is 1.2*Ra.
1.2.4 available current: The current that would flow if each pole of the breaking device under
consideration were replaced by a link of negligible impedance without any change of the circuit or the
supply.
1.2.5 asymmetrical current: The combination of the symmetrical component and the direct current
component of the current.
1.2.6 breaking current: The current in a pole of a switching device at the instant of the arc initiation.
Better known as “Interrupting Current.”
1.2.7 clearing time: The total time between the beginning of specified overcurrent and the final
interruption of the circuit at rated voltage. In regard to fuses, it is the sum of the minimum melting time of a
fuse plus tolerance and the arcing time. In regard to breakers under 1000 volts, it is the sum of the sensor
time, plus the opening time and the arcing time. In regard to breakers over 1000 volts, it is sum of the
minimum relay time (usually 1/2 cycle), plus the contact parting time and the arcing time. It is sometimes
referred to as “Total Clearing Time” or “Interrupting Time.”
1.2.8 close and latch: The capability of a switching device to close (allow current flow) and immediately
thereafter latch (remain closed) and conduct a specified current through the device under specified
conditions.
1.2.9 close and latch duty: The maximum rms value of calculated short-circuit current for medium and
high voltage circuit breakers during the first-cycle with any applicable multipliers for fault current X/R
ratio. Often the close and latching duty calculation is simplified by applying a 1.6 factor to the calculated

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breaker first cycle symmetrical ac rms short-circuit current. Also called first cycle duty (formerly
momentary duty).
1.2.10 close and latch rating: The maximum current capability of a medium or high voltage circuit
breaker to close and immediately thereafter latching closed for normal-frequency making current. The close
and latching rating is 1.6 times the breaker rated maximum symmetrical interrupting current in ac rms
amperes or a peak current which is 2.7 times ac rms rated maximum symmetrical interrupting current. Also
called first cycle rating, (formerly momentary rating).
1.2.11 circuit breaker: A switching device capable of making, carrying, and breaking currents under
normal circuit conditions and also making, carrying for a specified time, and breaking currents under
specified abnormal conditions such as those of short circuit.
1.2.12 contact parting time: The interval between the time when the actuating quantity in the release
circuit reaches the value causing actuation of the release and the instant when the primary arcing contacts
have parted in all poles. Contact parting time is the numerical sum of release delay and opening time.
1.2.13 crest current: The highest instantaneous current during a period. It is the same as peak current.
1.2.14 direct axis: The machine axis which represents a plane of symmetry in line with the no-load field
winding.
1.2.15 direct axis substranient reactance: X”dv - (saturated, rated voltage) is the apparent reactance of the
stator winding at the instant short-circuit occurs with the machine at rated voltage, no load. This reactance
determines the current flow during the first few cycles after short-circuit.
1.2.16 direct axis subtransient reactance: X”di - (unsaturated, rated current) is the reactance which is
determined from the ratio of an initial reduced voltage open circuit condition and the currents from a three-
phase fault at the machine terminals at rated frequency. The initial open circuit voltage is adjusted so that
rated current is obtained. The impedance is determined from the currents during the first few cycles.
1.2.17 direct axis transient reactance: X'di - (unsaturated, rated current) is the reactance which is
determined from the ratio of an initial reduced voltage open circuit condition and the currents from a three-
phase fault at the machine terminals at rated frequency. The initial open circuit voltage is adjusted so that
rated current is obtained. The initial high decrement currents during the first few cycles are neglected.
1.2.18 direct axis transient reactance: X'dv - (saturated, rated voltage) is the apparent reactance of the
stator winding several cycles after initiation of the fault with the machine at rated voltage, no load. The
time period for which the reactance may be considered X'dv can be up to a half (1/2) second or longer,
depending upon the design of the machine and is determined by the machine direct-axis transient time
constant.
1.2.19 fault: A current that flows from one conductor to ground or to another conductor owing to an
abnormal connection (including an arc) between the two. It is the same as “Short Circuit.”
1.2.20 fault point X/R: The calculated fault point X/R ratio using separate reactance and resistance
networks.
1.2.21 fault point angle: The calculated fault point angle (Tan-1(X/R ratio) using complex (R + jX)
reactance and resistance networks for the X/R ratio.
1.2.22 field: The exciting or magnetizing winding of a machine.
1.2.23 first cycle duty: The maximum value of calculated short-circuit current for the first cycle with any
applicable multipliers for fault current X/R ratio.

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1.2.24 first cycle rating: The maximum current capability of a piece of equipment during the first cycle of
a fault.
1.2.25 frequency: The rated frequency of a circuit.
1.2.26 fuse: A device that protects a circuit by melting open its current-carrying element when an
overcurrent or short-circuit current passes through it.
1.2.27 impedance: The vector sum of resistance and reactance in an ac circuit.
1.2.28 interrupting current: The current in a pole of a switching device at the instant of the arc initiation.
It is sometime referred to as “Breaking Current.”
1.2.29 interrupting time: The interval between the time when the actuating device “sees” or responds to
an operating value, the opening time and arcing time. It is sometimes referred to as “total break time” or
“clearing time.”
1.2.30 maximum rated voltage: The upper operating voltage limit for a device.
1.2.31 minimum rated voltage: The lower operating voltage limit for a device where the rated interrupting
current is a maximum. Operating breakers at voltages lower than minimum rated voltage restricts the
interrupting current to maximum rated interrupting current.
1.2.32 momentary current duty: See presently used terminology of “close and latch duty.” Used for
medium and high voltage breaker duty calculations for breakers manufactured before 1965.
1.2.33 momentary current rating: The maximum rms current measured at the major peak of the first
cycle, which the device or assembly is required to carry. Momentary rating was used on medium and high
voltage breakers manufactured before 1965. See presently used terminology of “close and latch rating.”
1.2.34 negative sequence: A set of symmetrical components that have the angular phase lag from the first
member of the set to the second and every other member of the set equal to the characteristic angular phase
difference and rotating in the reverse direction of the original vectors. For a three-phase system, the angular
different is 120 degrees. Also see “symmetrical components.”
1.2.35 negative sequence reactance: X2v - (saturated - rated voltage) The rated current value of negative-
sequence reactance is the value obtained from a test with a fundamental negative-sequence current equal to
rated armature current. The rated voltage value of negative-sequence reactance is the value obtained from a
line-to-line short-circuit test at two terminals of the machine at rated speed, applied from no load at rated
voltage, the resulting value being corrected when necessary for the effect of harmonic components in the
current.
1.2.36 offset current: A current waveform whose baseline is offset from the ac symmetrical current zero
axis.
1.2.37 opening time: The time interval between the time when the actuating quantity of the release circuit
reaches the operating value, and the instant when the primary arcing contacts have parted. The opening
time includes the operating time of an auxiliary relay in the release circuit when such a relay is required and
supplied as part of the switching device.
1.2.38 peak current: The highest instantaneous current during a period.
1.2.39 positive sequence: A set of symmetrical components that have the angular phase lag from the first
member of the set to the second and every other member of the set equal to the characteristic angular phase

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difference and rotating in the same phase sequence of the original vectors. For a three phase system, the
angular different is 120 degrees. Also see “symmetrical components.”
1.2.40 positive sequence machine resistance: R1 - is that value of rated frequency armature resistance
which, when multiplied by the square of the rated positive-sequence armature current and by the number of
phases is equal to the sum of the copper loss in the armature and the load loss resulting from the flow of
that current. This is not the resistance to be used for the machine in short-circuit calculations.
1.2.41 quadrature axis: The machine axis which represents a plane of symmetry in the field which
produces no magnetization. This axis is 90 degrees ahead of the direct axis.
1.2.42 quadrature axis subtransient reactance: X”qi - (unsaturated, rated current) same as X”di except in
quadrature axis.
1.2.43 quadrature axis subtransient reactance: X”qv - (saturated, rated voltage) same as X”dv except in
quadrature axis.
1.2.44 quadrature axis transient reactance: X q - (unsaturated, rated current) is the ratio of reactive
armature voltage to quadrature-axis armature current at rated frequency and voltage.
1.2.45 quadrature axis transient reactance: X'qv - (saturated, rated voltage) same as X'dv except in q
quadrature axis.
1.2.46 quadrature axis transient reactance: X'qi - (unsaturated, rated voltage) same as X'di except in
quadrature axis.
1.2.47 rating: The designated limit(s) of the operating characteristic(s) of a device. This data is usually on
the device nameplate.
1.2.48 rms: The square root of the average value of the square of the voltage or current taken throughout
one period. In this text rms will be considered total rms unless otherwise noted.
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1.2.49 rms, ac: The square root of the average value of the square of the ac voltage or current taken
throughout one period.
1.2.50 rms, single cycle: The square root of the average value of the square of the ac voltage or current
taken throughout one ac cycle.
1.2.51 rms, total: The square root of the average value of the square of the ac and dc voltage or current
taken throughout one period.
1.2.52 rotor: The rotating member of a machine.
1.2.53 short-circuit: An abnormal connection (including arc) of relative low impedance, whether made
accidentally or intentionally, between two points of different potentials. It is the same as “fault.”
1.2.54 short-circuit duty: The maximum value of calculated short-circuit current for either first-cycle
current or interrupting current with any applicable multipliers for fault current X/R ratio or decrement.
1.2.55 stator: The stationary member of a machine.
1.2.56 symmetrical: That portion of the total current that constitutes the symmetry.
1.2.57 symmetrical components: A symmetrical set of three vectors used to mathematically represent an
unsymmetrical set of three-phase voltages or currents. In a three-phase system, one set of three equal

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magnitude vectors displaced from each other by 120 degrees in the same sequence as the original set of
unsymmetrical vectors. This set of vectors is called the positive sequence component. A second set of three
equal magnitude vectors displaced from each other by 120 degrees in the reverse sequence as the original
set of unsymmetrical vectors. This set of vectors is called the negative sequence component. A third set of
three equal magnitude vectors displaced from each other by 0 degrees. This set of vectors is called the zero
sequence component.
1.2.58 synchronous reactance: Direct axis Xd - (unsaturated, rated current) is the self reactance of the
armature winding to the steady-state balanced three-phase positive-sequence current at rated frequency and
voltage in the direct axis. It is determined from an initial open-circuit voltage and a sustained short circuit
on the asynchronous machine terminals.
1.2.59 three-phase open circuit time constant: Ta3 - is the time constant representing the decay of the
machine currents to a suddenly applied three-phase short-circuit to the terminals of a machine.
1.2.60 total break time: The interval between the time when the actuating quantity of the release circuit
reaches the operating value, the switching device being in a closed position, and the instant of arc
extinction on the primary arcing contacts. Total break time is equal to the sum of the opening time and
arcing time. Better known as “interrupting time.”
1.2.61 total clearing time: See “Clearing Time” or “Interrupting Time.”
1.2.62 voltage, high: Circuit voltages over nominal 34.5 kV. This may be different than other ANSI
definitions.
1.2.63 voltage, low: Circuit voltage under 1000 volts.
1.2.64 voltage, medium: Circuit voltage greater than 1000 volts up to and including 34.5 kV. This may be
different than other ANSI definitions.
1.2.65 voltage range factor: The voltage range factor, K, is the range of voltage to which the breaker can
be applied where E * I equals a constant. K = maximum rated operating voltage / minimum rated operating
voltage.
1.2.66 X/R ratio: The ratio of rated frequency reactance and effective resistance to be used for short-circuit
calculations. Approximately equal to X2V/(1.2*Ra) or 2πf*Ta3.
1.2.67 zero sequence: A set of symmetrical components that have the angular phase lag from the first
member of the set to the second and every other member of the set equal to zero (0) degrees and rotating in
the same direction as the original vectors. Also see “symmetrical components.”
1.2.68 30-cycle time: The time interval between the time when the actuating quantity of the release circuit
reaches the operating value, and the approximate time when the primary arcing contacts have parted. The
time period considers the ac decaying component of a fault current to be negligible.
1.3 Abbreviations and acronyms
The following are the symbols and their definitions that are used in this book:
a Symmetrical component operator = 120 degrees.
e Instantaneous voltage.
eo Initial voltage.

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E Rms voltage.
Emax Peak or crest voltage.
ELN Rms line to neutral voltage.
ELL Rms line to line voltage.
f Frequency in Hertz.
i Instantaneous current.
idc Instantaneous dc current.
iac Instantaneous ac current.
I Rms current.
Imax Peak or crest current.
Imax,s Symmetrical peak current.
Imax,ds Decaying symmetrical peak current.
I' Rms transient current.
I” Rms subtransient current.
I'dd Interrupting duty current.
I”dd First cycle duty current.
ISS Rms steady state current.
j 90 degree rotative operator, imaginary unit
L Inductance.
Q Electric Charge
R Resistance.
Ra Armature resistance.
Ta3 Three-phase open-circuit time constant.
t Time
X Reactance.
Xd' Transient direct-axis reactance.
Xd” Subtransient direct-axis reactance.

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4 May 2000 P551, D1
Xq' Transient quadrature-axis reactance.
Xq” Subtransient quadrature-axis reactance.
X2V Negative sequence rated voltage.
Z Impedance: Z = R + jX.
α Tan-1(ωL/R = tan-1(X/R).
φ Phase angle.
ω Angular frequency ω = 2πf.
τ Intermediate time.
θ Phase angle difference.
1.4 References
This chapter shall be used in conjunction with the following publications. If the following are superseded
by an approved revision, the revision shall apply.
ANSI/IEEE Std 260.1-1993, American National Standard Letter Symbols for Units of Measurement.
IEEE Std 91-1984, IEEE Standard Graphic Symbols for Logic Diagrams.1
IEEE Std 100-1996, IEEE Standard Dictionary of Electrical and Electronics Terms, Sixth Edition.
IEEE Std 141-1993, IEEE Recommended Practice for Electric Power Distribution of Industrial
Plants (IEEE Red Book).
IEEE Std 142-1991, IEEE Recommended Practice for Grounding of Industrial and Commercial
Power Systems (IEEE Green Book).
IEEE Std 241-1990 (R1997), IEEE Recommended Practice for Electric Power Systems in
Commercial Buildings (IEEE Gray Book).
IEEE Std 242-1991, IEEE Recommended Practice for Protection and Coordination of Industrial and
Commercial Power Systems (IEEE Buff Book).
IEEE Std 280-1985 (R1997), IEEE Standard Letter Symbols for Quantities Used in Electrical
Science and Electrical Engineering.
IEEE Std 315-1975 (R1993), IEEE Graphic Symbols for Electrical and Electronics Diagrams.
IEEE Std 399-1997, IEEE Recommended Practice for Industrial and Commercial Power Systems
Analysis (IEEE Brown Book).
IEEE Std 446-1995, IEEE Recommended Practice for Emergency and Standby Power Systems for
Industrial and Commercial Applications (IEEE Orange Book).
IEEE Std 493-1997, IEEE Recommended Practice for the Design of Reliable Industrial and
Commercial Power Systems (IEEE Gold Book).
IEEE Std 602-1996, IEEE Recommended Practice for Electric Systems in Health Care Facilities
(IEEE White Book).
IEEE Std 739-1995, IEEE Recommended Practice for Energy Management in Industrial and
Commercial Facilities (IEEE Bronze Book).
IEEE Std 1100-1992, IEEE Recommended Practice for Powering and Grounding Sensitive
Electronic Equipment (IEEE Emerald Book).
IEEE Std SI 10-1997, (IEEE/ASTM) Standard for Use of the International System of Units
(SI)The Modern Metric System.
1
IEEE publications are available from the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, 445 Hoes Lane,
P.O. Box 1331, Piscataway, NJ 08855-1331, USA (http://www.standards.ieee.org/).

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4 May 2000 P551, D1
1.5 Manufacturers' Data Sources
The last chapter in this reference book contains a collection of data from various manufacturers. While
reasonable care was used to compile this data, equipment with the same identification and manufactured
during different periods may have different ratings. The equipment nameplate is the best source of data and
may require obtaining the serial number and contacting the manufacturer.
The electrical industry, through its associations and individual manufacturers of electrical equipment,
issues many technical bulletins and data books. While some of this information is difficult for the
individual to obtain, copies should be available to each major design unit. The advertising sections of
electrical magazines contain excellent material, usually well-illustrated and presented in a clear and
readable form, concerning the construction and application of equipment. Such literature may be
promotional; it may present the advertiser's equipment or methods in a best light and should be carefully
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evaluated. Manufacturers' catalogs are a valuable source of equipment information. Some of the larger
manufacturers' complete catalogs are very extensive, covering dozens of volumes; however, these
companies may issue abbreviated or condensed catalogs that are adequate for most applications. Data
sheets referring to specific items are almost always available from the sales offices. Some technical files
may be kept on microfilm at larger design offices for use either by projection or by printing. Manufacturers'
representatives, both sales and technical, can do much to provide complete information on a product.


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P551, Draft 1, May 2000

Draft Recommended Practice for

Power System Engineering Committee

Copyright © 2000 by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.

IEEE Standards Department

Copyright The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.

1.1 Scope ...............................................................................................................................................................

1.4 References .......................................................................................................................................................

1.5 Manufacturers' data sources ...........................................................................................................................

2. Description of short-circuit current

2.2 Available short-circuit ....................................................................................................................................

2.3 Symmetrical and asymmetrical currents ........................................................................................................

2.4 Short-circuit calculations................................................................................................................................

2.5 Total short-circuit current...............................................................................................................................

2.6 Why short-circuit currents are asymmetrical.................................................................................................

2.7 DC component of short-circuit currents.........................................................................................................

2.8 Significance of current asymmetry ................................................................................................................

2.9 The application of current asymmetry information.......................................................................................

2.10 Maximum peak current.................................................................................................................................

2.11 Types of faults...............................................................................................................................................

2.12 Arc resistance................................................................................................................................................

3.2 Fundamental principles...................................................................................................................................

3.3 Short-circuit calculation procedure ................................................................................................................

Copyright © 2000 IEEE. All rights reserved.

Copyright The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.

3.4 One-line diagram ............................................................................................................................................

3.5 Per-unit and ohmic manipulations..................................................................................................................

3.6 Network theorems and calculation techniques ..............................................................................................

3.7 Extending a three-phase short-circuit program to calculate

3.8 Representing transformers with nonbase voltages ........................................................................................

3.9 Specific time period and variations on fault calculations..............................................................................

3.10 Determination of X/R Ratios for ANSI fault calculations ..........................................................................

3.12 Duplex reactor...............................................................................................................................................

3.13 Significant cable lengths...............................................................................................................................

3.14 Equivalent circuits ........................................................................................................................................

3.15 Zero sequence line representation................................................................................................................

3.16 Equipment data required for short-circuit calculations ...............................................................................

4. Calculating short-circuit currents without ac delay

4.2 Purpose ............................................................................................................................................................

4.3 IEEE Guidelines..............................................................................................................................................

4.4 Fault calculations ............................................................................................................................................

4.5 Sample calculations ........................................................................................................................................

4.6 Sample computer printout ..............................................................................................................................

4.7 References .......................................................................................................................................................

5. Calculating short-circuit currents with contributions for synchronous machines

5.2 Purpose ............................................................................................................................................................

5.3 IEEE Guidelines..............................................................................................................................................

5.4 Fault calculations ............................................................................................................................................

Copyright The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.

5.5 Nature of synchronous machine contributions ..............................................................................................

5.6 Synchronous machine reactances...................................................................................................................

5.7 One-line diagram data.....................................................................................................................................

5.8 Sample calculations ........................................................................................................................................

5.9 Sample computer printout ..............................................................................................................................

6.2 Purpose ............................................................................................................................................................

6.3 IEEE Guidelines..............................................................................................................................................

6.4 Fault calculations ............................................................................................................................................

6.5 Nature of induction motor contributions........................................................................................................

6.6 Large induction motors with prolonged contributions ..................................................................................

6.7 Data accuracy..................................................................................................................................................

6.8 Details of induction motor contribution calculations

6-9 Recommended practice based on ANSI Standards for representing

6.10 One-line diagram data ..................................................................................................................................

6.11 Sample calculations ......................................................................................................................................