Bildwissenschaft

Bildwissenschaft is an academic discipline in the German-speaking world. Similar to visual studies, and
defined in relation to art history, Bildwissenschaft (approximately, "image-science") refers to a number of
different approaches to images, their interpretation and their social significance. Originating in the early 20th
century, the field has become more prominent since the 1990s. In the contemporary period, significant theorists
and practitioners of Bildwissenschaft have included Klaus Sachs-Hombach, Gottfried Boehm, Hans Belting,
Horst Bredekamp and Lambert Wiesing, each of whom have developed distinct orientations toward their
subject matter.

Contents
Etymology
Overview
History
Theorists and practitioners
Klaus Sachs-Hombach
Gottfried Boehm
Hans Belting
Horst Bredekamp
Lambert Wiesing
Notes
References

Etymology
Wissenschaft (from Wissen, meaning "knowledge") is similar in meaning to "science", but is used differently
and with different connotations.[1] Whereas "science" typically refers specifically to empirical investigations in
the natural sciences and social sciences, Wissenschaft does not carry the same methodological implications.[1]
Nevertheless, Wissenschaft is more restrictive than the English "studies", as it indicates the systematic ordering
of knowledge, that attention be paid to questions of method, and that a discipline aspire to a comprehensive
treatment of its subject.[1]

Similarly, Bild is close in meaning to "image", but refers to pictures of all kinds, both representational and
abstract, including paintings, drawings, photographs, computer-generated images, film and sculpture;
illustrations, figures, maps and diagrams; and mental images and metaphors.[1]

Overview
Bildwissenschaft expands the parameters of art history to encompass, and to take seriously, images of all
kinds.[2] The polysemic character of the term Bild has been embraced by proponents of Bildwissenschaft as a
means of encouraging interdisciplinarity and collaboration.[1] This characteristic also facilitates the avoidance
of any distinction between high culture and low culture.[3] Accordingly, Bildwissenschaft incorporates not
only the study of "low culture" images but also of scientific, architectural and cartographic images and
diagrams.[4]

Bildwissenschaft occupies a more central role in the liberal arts and humanities in German-speaking nations
than that afforded to art history or visual studies in the United States and United Kingdom.[5] The tendency in
the English-speaking world to see art history and visual studies as entirely distinct disciplines has carried over
into the German and Austrian context to an extent, and efforts to define Bildwissenschaft in opposition to art
history have been pursued.[6]

Significant differences between Bildwissenschaft and Anglophone cultural and visual studies include the
former's examination of images dating from the early modern period, and its emphasis on continuities over
breaks with the past.[7] Whereas Anglo-American visual studies can be seen as a continuation of critical theory
in its attempt to reveal power relations, Bildwissenschaft is not explicitly political.[8]

Charlotte Klonk has argued that Bildwissenschaft is ontological rather than historical, concerned with
fundamental questions "of what images are able to achieve in general and what distinguishes them from other
vehicles of knowledge."[9] Matthew Rampley describes Bildwissenschaft as "a heterogeneous and disunified
field that encompasses widely divergent and often competing interests and approaches."[10]

History
The major elements of Bildwissenschaft were developed in Germany and Austria in the period from 1900 to
1933.[2] Art historians including Herman Grimm, Wilhelm Lübke, Anton Heinrich Springer, Jacob
Burckhardt, Heinrich Wölfflin and Erwin Panofsky, all of whom saw value in photographs and slides,
contributed to the development of Bildwissenschaft.[11] After 1970 it saw a revival and began to incorporate
the study of advertising, photography, film and video, political symbolism, digital art and Internet art.[2] The
development of Bildwissenschaft to an extent paralleled that of the field of visual culture in the United
Kingdom and United States.[10] Rampley suggests that while the discipline's development can be situated as
part of a wider process in Anglophone scholarship, as well as in France, Spain and Italy, such an account is
accurate "only in the most general sense of a shift away from art history as the master discourse governing
interpretation and analysis of the image."[12]

Bildwissenschaft subsequently influenced the structuralism of Claude Lévi-Strauss and the habitus theory of
Pierre Bourdieu, as well as developments in art history.[13]

Klonk argues that the re-emergence of Bildwissenschaft within art history after 1998 was the result of, first, the
contention that the circulation of images in mass media had the effect of reconfiguring previously text-based
societies as image-based societies; second, that the methodologies of the discipline of art history were well-
suited to apprehending this new conjuncture; and, third, that art history's focus would of necessity expand to
encompass (for example) scientific imagery, advertisements and popular culture.[14] Work in Bildwissenschaft
in the 2000s and 2010s has tended to argue that linguistic theories of meaning and interpretation cannot be
applied to the visual realm, which has sui generis characteristics, and that prevalent approaches to art history
unjustifiably prioritise the linguistic over the visual.[7]

Gilles Deleuze, Aby Warburg, Carl Justi, Carl Schmitt, Pierre Bourdieu and Paul Feyerabend have been
identified as precursors of modern Bildwissenschaft.[10]

In 2012, Rampley wrote that Bildwissenschaft "is increasingly gaining currency as the denominator of a new
set of theoretical discourses" in the German-speaking world, and had been the subject of several books
offering introductions to the field, but emphasised that this was not indicative of "a single unified field".[15]
Theorists and practitioners

Klaus Sachs-Hombach

In the 1990s and 2000s, Klaus Sachs-Hombach used the concept in his discussion of the semantics and
psychology of images, and the possibility in semiotics of an analogy between images and texts, an analogy he
called into question.[16] Sachs-Hombach's conception of Bildwissenschaft frames the concept in terms of
theoretical issues of cognition and models of interpretation.[17] His edited volume Bildwissenschaft:
Disziplinen, Themen, Methoden (2005) draws together work by experts across 28 disciplines (including art
history) to argue for the possibility of a universal and interdisciplinary Bildwissenschaft that would function not
as a wholly new discipline, but rather as a "common theoretical framework that could provide an integrative
research programme for the various disciplines".[4] Understood in this way, Sachs-Hombach argued that
Bildwissenschaft should integrate and systematise insights from these various bodies of knowledge, analyse
and define a set of common basic concepts, and develop strategies for interdisciplinary co-operation.[18] Jason
Gaiger has argued that Sachs-Hombach's work is the best representation "of Bildwissenschaft as an
interdisciplinary research project".[4]

Gottfried Boehm

Gottfried Boehm's account of the concept drew on aesthetics and the work of Maurice Merleau-Ponty, Hans-
Georg Gadamer, Hans Jonas, Arthur Danto, Meyer Schapiro, Kurt Bauch and Max Imdahl.[17] Boehm
addressed questions around the phenomenology of viewing and pictorial representation and the question of
medium.[17] He also sought to understand the cognitive processes involved in the presentation and perception
of images, and their differences from linguistic processes.[19]

Hans Belting

Hans Belting, in 2001, offered another account, which sought to develop an anthropological theory of the
image in order to examines its universal functions that span cultural distinctions, and considered the
relationship between the image and the body.[20][21] Belting examined images used in religious contexts in
order to identify the original non-artistic functions of images today considered art objects, and argued that "art"
was a unit of analysis had emerged in the 16th century that obstructed corporeal engagements with images.[22]
In Likeness and Presence (1990), Belting argued for the necessity of understanding the ways images give
meaning to their contexts, rather than gaining meaning from their contexts, in order to understand images as
actors with their own agency.[19] Belting argues that art history as a disciplinary formation is outmoded and
potentially obsolete,[23] and that a universal Bildwissenschaft, the exact scope and methods of which remain
uncertain, should be sought.[24]

Horst Bredekamp

Horst Bredekamp's 21st-century work considered the cognitive functions performed by the image, the question
of a stylistic history of scientific imagery, and the role played by visual argumentation during the Scientific
Revolution.[25] Focusing primarily on images that fall outside of art proper, such as those used in the works of
the philosophers Thomas Hobbes and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz and the scientists Charles Darwin and
Galileo Galilei, Bredekamp argues that images inculcate a particular kind of understanding that could not be
formed in their absence.[26] Bredekamp criticises the idea, associated with Sachs-Hombach, that
Bildwissenschaft might be constructed by amassing the pre-existing insights of various disciplines, arguing that
a new science cannot be straightforwardly established through the adding together of existing disciplines.[24]
Against Sachs-Hombach's argument that art history is one of many disciplines on which Bildwissenschaft
should draw, and Belting's argument that art history is outdated or obsolescent, Bredekamp argues that
(Austro-German) art history has always contained an incipiently universal orientation and a focus on non-art
images.[23]

Lambert Wiesing

The philosopher Lambert Wiesing shares with Bredekamp the belief that Bildwissenschaft's universalism is
inherent in art history, but argues that Bildwissenschaft differentiates itself by virtue of its attention to images
per se rather than specific images or groups of images.[27] Wiesing distinguishes between Bildwissenschaft and
Bildtheorie ("image theory"), arguing that, while the two are complementary, the former is concerned with
specific, concrete images, whereas the latter seeks answers to the question of what an image is.[28]

Notes
1. Gaiger 2014, p. 209.
2. Bredekamp 2003, p. 418.
3. Gaiger 2014, pp. 209–10.
4. Gaiger 2014, p. 210.
5. Craven 2014, p. 140.
6. Bredekamp 2003, p. 419.
7. Gaiger 2014, p. 212.
8. Gaiger 2014, p. 213.
9. Craven 2014, p. 143–4.
10. Rampley 2012, p. 121.
11. Bredekamp 2003, p. 422.
12. Rampley 2012, p. 133.
13. Bredekamp 2003, p. 428.
14. Craven 2014, p. 142.
15. Rampley 2012, p. 134.
16. Rampley 2012, pp. 121–2.
17. Rampley 2012, p. 123.
18. Gaiger 2014, p. 210–11.
19. Craven 2014, p. 143.
20. Rampley 2012, p. 126.
21. Gaiger 2014, pp. 211–12.
22. Rampley 2012, pp. 126–7.
23. Gaiger 2014, p. 214.
24. Gaiger 2014, p. 211.
25. Rampley 2012, p. 130.
26. Craven 2014, p. 144.
27. Gaiger 2014, pp. 215–16.
28. Gaiger 2014, p. 217.
References
Bredekamp, Horst (2003). "A Neglected Tradition? Art History as Bildwissenschaft". Critical
Inquiry. 29 (3): 418–428. doi:10.1086/376303 (https://doi.org/10.1086%2F376303).
Craven, David (2014). "The New German Art History: From Ideological Critique and the
Warburg Renaissance to the Bildwissenschaft of the Three Bs". Art in Translation. 6 (2): 129–
147. doi:10.2752/175613114X13998876655059 (https://doi.org/10.2752%2F175613114X1399
8876655059).
Gaiger, Jason (2014). "The Idea of a Universal Bildwissenschaft" (http://aesthetics.ff.cuni.cz/file
_download/49). Estetika: The Central European Journal of Aesthetic. LI (2): 208–229.
Rampley, Matthew (2012). "Bildwissenschaft: Theories of the Image in German-Language
Scholarship". In Rampley, Matthew; Lenain, Thierry; Locher, Hubert; Pinotti, Andrea; Schoell-
Glass, Charlotte; Zijlmans, Kitty (eds.). Art History and Visual Studies in Europe: Transnational
Discourses and National Frameworks. Brill Publishers. pp. 119–134.

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