Integrated Chemistry II (Dr. Jarnuzi Gunlazuardi) 2020.12.

18
Visiting Professorship program

Photocatalytic CO2 reduction

as artificial photosynthesis
Hisao Yoshida
Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies,
Kyoto University

I. Photocatalytic CO2 reduction by water

1. Ag/K2Ti6O13 photocatalyst
2. Dual cocatalyst
3. Facet selective dual cocatalyst deposition
II. Photothermally catalytic CO2 reduction by methane

1
 Reply to the questions from students (1)
• How physisorption and chemisorption can be beneficial in
environmental issues?
– Chemisorption is related to the catalysts that can
contribute to the energy/environmental issues.

• Is it possible for us to convert all greenhouse gases into

products that are useful to us? For example, I want to
decompose 2SOx (g) -> 2S (s) + xO2 (g) with a catalyst,
since I have read that sulfur is good for skin.
– The reaction looks not so easy because of a large Gibbs
energy (SO2 ΔG O=300 kJ/mol). We need energy input
such as thermal energy, photoenergy, or chemical energy.
(but if H2 is used, products may be H2S and H2O..!).
– Of course, they must be treated before dilution/diffusion.

2
 Reply to the questions from students (2)
• What actions have been taken in Japan to overcome global
warming? Is there anything suitable to do in Indonesia?
– We are trying the followings in Japan:
• Developing new technologies to use renewable energy,
i.e., solar energy, including photosynthesis especially
for H2 production.
• Developing carbon free technologies such automobile
with fuel cells.
• Promoting recycle of materials.
• Energy saving in our daily life.
– Similar ways can be promoted also in Indonesia.

• Can you explain how do photocatalytic air purifiers work?

– Photocatalytic oxidation of organic compounds.
For example; HCHO + O2 → CO2 + H2O
3
 CO2 reduction (decomposition)

CO2 CO + ½ O2 ΔrG O298 K = 257.2 kJ/mol

ΔrH O298 K = 282.9 kJ/mol

CO + ½ O2

ΔrG O298K = 257 kJ mol-1

CO2

4
 Carbon cycling and Artificial photosynthesis
Photosynthesis

CO2 plants
waste renewable
/burning CO2
Artificial
Photosynthesis reduction
Chemical
products
CO
Too long
Catalytic processes
Petrochemical
industry petroleum
Finite
resources 5
 Our strategy for highly active photocatalyst
Reductive
e- reaction
CO, H2O
Ag
Reduction
e- CO2 2 e- Oxidation
h+ Oxidative 2 H+
reaction H 2O
Powder photocatalyst 2 h+
• Large specific surface area
½ O2 + 2 H+
• Many crystal defects
Highly active photocatalyst should be:
 Less crystal defects,
 less recombination between electrons and holes
 Fine crystal structure with facets,
 good separation of electrons and holes
 clear separation of the reaction fields
6
 Preparation of Ag/K2Ti6O13 photocatalyst
A flux (molten salt) method Solid state method(SSR)

K2CO3 +TiO2+Flux No flux was used.

 K2CO3:TiO2:Flux=1:6:x
( )
 x=
( ) ( )
Photodeposition (PD) of Ag NPs
 Flux: LiCl, NaCl, KCl,CaCl2.

Mixed for 20 mins Ag+ + e− → Ag

Calcined at 1073-1573K e−
for y hours in air h+
KTO H2O + 2h+ → ½O2 + 2H+
Cooled to 773K at
100 K h-1

Washed and dried

Ag/KTO
K2Ti6O13(KTO)
7
 Photocatalytic Reaction conditions

 Reaction set-up  Reaction condition

Condition
Catalyst amount 0.2/0.3 g

Light source 100 W Hg lamp

Light intensity
22 mW/cm2
@254 ±10 nm

Temperature 285 K

Substrate 0.5 M NaHCO3 aq. 400 mL

CO2 15 or 30 mL min-1(bubbling flow)

Analysis GC-TCD(carrier gas:Ar)

SCO (%) = 100 × RCO/ (RCO + RH2) R(e−/h+) = (2RCO + 2RH2)/4RO2

8
 KTO prepared with various KCl flux ratio

SSR 10% 50%

70% 90% 95%

Enough KCl flux provided fine and longer rod-like crystals.

9
 Photocatalytic activities: KCl flux ratio

1 wt% Ag

The rod-like KTO crystals synthesized with 70% KCl flux

gave the highest activity among these samples.
10
 KTO prepared at various holding temp.

1073K 1173K 1273K

1373K 1473K 1573K

The width of the rod-like KTO crystals increased with

the holding temperature.
11
 Photocatalytic activities: holding temp.

1 wt% Ag

The KTO sample synthesized at 1273 K gave the

highest activity among these samples.
12
 Structure-activity relationship

1 wt% Ag

 Optimum specific surface area (moderate size of

KTO crystals) showed the highest activity.
 No strong correlation was found with aspect ratio.
13
 Optimized KTO crystals

1 wt%Ag/KTO(KCl)
70%KCl, 1273 K, 10 h, 100 K h-1

• Optimized conditions : 70%KCl, 1273 K, 10 h, 100 K h-1.

• Moderate size of rod-like KTO crystals was suitable for
the photocatalytic CO2 reduction with water.
14
Integrated Chemistry II (Dr. Jarnuzi Gunlazuardi) 2020.12.18
Visiting Professorship program

Photocatalytic CO2 reduction

as artificial photosynthesis
Hisao Yoshida
Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies,
Kyoto University

I. Photocatalytic CO2 reduction by water

1. Ag/K2Ti6O13 photocatalyst
2. Dual cocatalyst
3. Facet selective dual cocatalyst deposition
II. Photothermally catalytic CO2 reduction by methane

15
 Loading dual cocatalyst
Photodeposition (PD, simultaneous)

K2Ti6O13 (KTO)

AgNO3 & PdCl2, HAuCl4, Cu(NO3)2, Cr(NO3)2,

Ni(NO3)2, Co(NO3)2, Mn(NO3)2,
Photoirradiation by a 100 W Hg lamp
for 2 h with Ar flow

Washed and dried

Ag-Pd/KTO, Ag-Au/KTO, Ag-Cu/KTO, Ag-Cr/KTO,

Ag-Ni/KTO, Ag-Co/KTO, Ag-Mn/KTO.

16
 Activities: Dual cocatalysts
1 wt% Ag

• Ag-Pd, Ag-Au, and Ag-Cu produced H2 preferably.

• Ag-Cr, Ag-Ni, Ag-Co, and Ag-Mn(0.09) gave higher CO
selectivity (SCO ≥ 85%).
17
 Activities: Dual cocatalysts
1 wt% Ag

2 times

CO evolution was increased to 2 times with the optimum

Mn loading.
18
 Activities: Dual cocatalysts

Highest SCO

Ag-Mn Dual cocatalyst can much enhance the CO evolution

with high selectivity (97%).
19
 Role of dual cocatalyst: O2 evolution

Sacrificial reagents:
AgNO3 solution (0.5 M)

Ag+ + e− → Ag

e−
h+
H2O + 2h+ → ½O2 + 2H+
KTO

A tiny amount of MnOx cocatalyst promoted O2 evolution.

20
 Activities: Ag-Mn/KTO photocatalyst

1st cycle 2nd cycle

Photocatalytic CO2 reduction with water continuously took

place over the Ag-Mn/KTO photocatalyst.
CO2 → CO + ½O2
21
 TEM images: Ag(PD)-Mn(PD)/KTO
(after reaction)
Bare KTO Mn/KTO Ag/KTO Ag(PD)/KTO

50nm 50nm 50nm

Ag/KTO Ag-Mn/KTO Ag-Mn/KTO Ag-Mn/KTO

20nm 20nm 20nm

TEM and STEM-EDS mapping shows the presence Ag

nanoparticles but not Mn species due to low loading
amount of Mn(0.09 wt%)
22
 Ag and Mn K-edge (XANES)

Ag-Mn/KTO Mn/KTO
Normalized absorption

Normalized absorption
Normalized absorption
Ag/KTO Ag-Mn/KTO
MnO2
Ag foil
Mn2O3
Ag2O
MnO
Mn foil

The state of Ag species was metallic.

Part of Mn element were mainly trivalent species (Mn3+).
23
 Ag and Mn K-edge (EXAFS)

Mn/KTO
Ag-Mn/KTO Ag-Mn/KTO

Ag/KTO MnO2

Mn2O3
Ag foil
MnO
Ag2O
Mn foil

The Mn species are not aggregated as a single phase but

well dispersed with unique local structure and valences.
24
Integrated Chemistry II (Dr. Jarnuzi Gunlazuardi) 2020.12.18
Visiting Professorship program

Photocatalytic CO2 reduction

as artificial photosynthesis
Hisao Yoshida
Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies,
Kyoto University

I. Photocatalytic CO2 reduction by water

1. Ag/K2Ti6O13 photocatalyst
2. Dual cocatalyst
3. Facet selective dual cocatalyst deposition
II. Photothermally catalytic CO2 reduction by methane

25
 Four samples with dual cocatalyst
KTO was prepared by a flux method. Impregnation (IMP)
PD method simultaneously
Ag(PD)-Mn(PD)/KTO KTO
Impregnation
IMP method simultaneously of precursor
Ag(IMP)-Mn(IMP)/KTO
KTO
First: Ag(PD) Second: MnOx(IMP)
Calcination
Mn(IMP)/Ag(PD)/KTO

First: MnOx(IMP) Second: Ag(PD)

KTO
Ag(PD)/Mn(IMP)/KTO:

26
 Real loading amount of dual cocatalysts
 Real amount of cocatalyst was confirmed by XRF.
Prepared samples Ag loaded MnOx loaded
amount (wt%) amount (wt%)
Ag/KTO 1.0 −
Ag(PD)-Mn(PD)/KTO 1.0 0.09
Ag(IMP)-MnOx(IMP)/KTO 1.0 1.0
MnOx(IMP)/Ag(PD)/KTO 1.0 1.0
Ag(PD)/MnOx(IMP)/KTO 1.0 1.0
Ag(PDMeOH)/KTO 5.0 −
MnOx(PDIO3)/KTO − 5.0
MnOx(PDIO3)/Ag(PDMeOH)/KTO 5.0 5.0

Desired amount was loaded successfully except for the

sample prepared by the simultaneous PD method.
27
 Activities: Four dual cocatalysts

Mn(0.09)

Mn(1.0)

Ag(PD)-Mn(PD)/KTO exhibited the highest the activity.

28
 Activities: MnOx amount

(a) Bare KTO

(b) Ag/KTO

CO (c) Ag(PD)-Mn(PD,0.09)/KTO
(d) Ag(PD)/Mn(IMP,0.1)/KTO
(e) Ag(PD)/Mn(IMP,0.5)/KTO
H2 (f) Ag(PD)/Mn(IMP,1.0)/KTO
O2

• The amount of Mn did not affect the activity so much.

• Deposition method is important. The resulting structure
and location would be important.

29
 Ag K-edge XAFS spectra

Ag(PD)/Mn(IMP)/KTO
Mn(IMP)/Ag(PD)/KTO

Ag(IMP)-Mn(IMP)/KTO

Ag(PD)-Mn(PD)/KTO

Ag(PD)/KTO

Ag foil
Ag2O

Ag species were present as a metallic particles.

30
 DR UV-vis spectra

Kubelka-Munk function
0.8
Ag/KTO
0.6 Mn-Ag/KTO
0.4

0.2
KTO Mn/KTO
0
300 400 500 600 700 800
Wavelength/nm

LSPR of Ag nanoparticles were observed.

31
 Mn K-edge XAFS spectra

Ag(PD)/Mn(IMP)/KTO
Mn(IMP)/Ag(PD)/KTO
Ag(IMP)-Mn(IMP)/KTO
Ag(PD)-Mn(PD)/KTO
MnO2

Mn2O3

MnO
Mn foil

The MnOx species on Ag(PD)-Mn(PD)/KTO had a unique structure,

while MnOx species existed as MnO2 on other samples.
32
 Role of MnOx species: O2 evolution
Sacrificial reagents: AgNO3 solution (0.5 M) .
(c) 0.15% Mn(PD)/KTO
(e) 0.15% Mn(IMP)/ KTO
(b) 0.12%Mn(PD)-Ag(PD)/KTO
(d) 0.15%Mn(IMP)/Ag(PD)/KTO
(a) Ag(PD)/KTO

States of MnOx might less influence on the oxidative activity.

Other explanation should be responsible for the high activity.

33
 TEM images: Ag(PD)/Mn(IMP)/KTO

20nm 20nm 20nm 20nm

Ag Mn

100nm 1μm

MnOx and Ag species were dispersed on the surface.

34
 TEM images: Mn(IMP)/Ag(PD)/KTO

100nm 20nm 20nm 20nm

Mn Ag

100nm

Core-shell structure was observed.

Ag cocatalyst was covered by MnOx cocatalyst.
35
 KTO loaded with 5 wt% cocatalyst

Ag(PD,1.0)-Mn(PD,0.09)/KTO
Mn was failed to be detected

Ag(PDMeOH)/KTO MnOx(PDIO3)/KTO
IO3− + 5e− + 6H+
Ag+ + e− → Ag
→ 1/2I2+ 3H2O
e− e−
h+ h+
KTO CH3OH + 6h++ H2O KTO
→ CO2 + 6H+ Mn2+ + 2h+ + 2H2O → Mn(IV)O2 + 4H+
2Mn2+ +2h+ + 3H2O → Mn2(III)O3 + 6H+

Ag/KTO Mn/KTO
5 wt% cocatalyst was loaded using MeOH and IO3−. 36
 SEM images: 5 wt% cocatalyst
5 wt% cocatalyst was loaded using MeOH and IO3−.

MnOx(PDIO3)
Ag(PDMeOH)/KTO MnOx(PDIO3)/KTO /Ag(PDMeOH)

Ag
Ag
Mn

20nm 20nm 20nm

Mn

Almost all Ag was loaded the long facet.

Many MnOx species covered on the short facets.

37
 TEM images: 5 wt% cocatalyst
Ag(PDMeOH)/KTO Ag

50nm 50nm 200nm

MnOx(PDIO3)/KTO Mn

100nm 50nm 200nm

Almost all Ag was loaded the long facet.

Many MnOx species covered on the short facets.
38
 Variation in states of the dual cocatalyst

Oxidation cocatalyst on hole-rich facets.

Mn2+ + 2h+ + 2H2O → Mn(IV)O2 + 4H+
2Mn2+ +2h+ + 3H2O → Mn2(III)O3 + 6H+
Reduction cocatalyst electron-rich facet.
Ag+ + e− → Ag 39
 Proposed Structure and mechanism
CO2 Reduction: CO2 + 2H+ + 2e− → CO + H2O
H2O + 2h+ → ½O2 + 2H+
97% selectivity

40
 Cover picture, in Chem. Commun., 2019

X. Zhu, A. Yamamoto, S. Imai, A. Tanaka, H. Kominami, H. Yoshida,

Chem. Commun., 2019, 55, 13514
Appl. Catal. B, 2020, 274, 119085. 41
 Acknowledgement
Dr. Xing Zhu (Kyoto University)
Prof. Akira Yamamoto (Kyoto University)
Mr. Akihiko Anzai (Kyoto University)
Mr. Shota Imai (Kindai University)
Prof. Atsuhiro Tanaka (Kindai University)
Prof. Hiroshi Kominami (Kindai University)
Prof. Ying Zhou (Southwest Petroleum University)
Prof. Tomoko Yoshida (Osaka City University)
■ Financial supports
• The joint research program of the Artificial Photosynthesis, Osaka City
University.
• Otsuka Chemical Co. Ltd, Hirose holdings & Co. Ltd,
• Kyoto University Foundation
• Program for Element Strategy Initiative for Catalysts & Batteries (ESICB,
JPMXP0112101003)
• Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Innovative Areas “Singularity” 42
Integrated Chemistry II (Dr. Jarnuzi Gunlazuardi) 2020.12.18
Visiting Professorship program

Photocatalytic CO2 reduction

as artificial photosynthesis
Hisao Yoshida
Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies,
Kyoto University

I. Photocatalytic CO2 reduction by water

1. Ag/K2Ti6O13 photocatalyst
2. Dual cocatalyst
3. Facet selective dual cocatalyst deposition
II. Photothermally catalytic CO2 reduction by methane

43
 Dry reforming of CO2 (DRM)

CO2 + CH4 2CO + 2H2 ΔrG O298 K = 170 kJ/mol

ΔrH O298 K = 247 kJ/mol

2CO + 2H2

ΔrG O298K = 170 kJ mol-1

CH4 + CO2

44
 Experimental
 Catalyst preparation  Catalytic activity test
 Impregnation method 10%CO2/10%CH4/Ar
200 ml min–1
1. Impregnation
Radiation Thermocouple
• γ-Al2O3 (JRC-ALO-7） thermometer
with heater
• Rh(NO3)3 or Ni(NO3)2 T= 473–573 K
2. Calcination (673 K, 2 h)
 Ni(5,15,25,50)/Al2O3
 Rh(1,15,25)/Al2O3 Catalyst: 0.300 g
Quartz reactor
 Pretreatment Irradiation
Xe lamp (2×2 cm2)
1. Oxidation (723 K , 30 min) 190 mW cm–2
@250 nm
100%O2: 5 ml min–1 λ > 430 nm to GC-TCD
2. Reduction (723 K , 30 min)
10%H2/Ar: 20 ml min–1
45
 Rh and Ni/Al2O3 catalysts (UV-Vis-NIR)

UV-Vis-NIR (1/10 diluted)

1.2 1.2
Ni(50)/Al2O3

Kubelka-Munk function
Kubelka-Munk function

0.9 0.9

0.6 0.6 Ni(15)/Al2O3

Rh(25)/Al2O3
0.3 Ni(25)/Al2O3
0.3 Rh(15)/Al2O3
Rh(1)/Al2O3 Ni(5)/Al2O3
0 0
200 700 1200 1700 200 700 1200 1700
Wavelength / nm Wavelength / nm

 Black catalysts absorbed the visible-NIR light widely. 46

 Rh and Ni/Al2O3 catalysts (XRD)
■Rh metal ● Ni metal
△ γ-Al2O3 △ γ-Al2O3
●
1000 cps △△ △ △ △
■
2000 cps △△ △ △△
■ ■ ● ●
△ △
intensity (cps)

Intensity (cps)
Rh(25)/Al2O3 Ni(50)/Al2O3×1/3

Ni(25)/Al2O3
Rh(15)/Al2O3
Ni(15)/Al2O3

Rh(1)/Al2O3 Ni(5)/Al2O3
10 30 50 70 10 30 50 70
2θ (degree) 2θ (degree)

 After H2 reduction treatment, Rh and Ni were metallic.

47
  Photothermal catalytic reaction tests
CO2/CH4=10%/10%, 200 ml min–1
DRM: CO2 + CH4 → 2CO + 2H2 •
• T = 473 K
8 • Photoirradiation: 190 mW cm–2
CO (Rh) λ > 430 nm
Production rate / mmol h−1

6
CO (Ni)

• 25 wt% catalysts showed the

4
H2 (Rh) H2 (Ni) maximum CO production rate.
2
• Rh catalysts were more active
0 than Ni catalysts
0 20 40 60 • Production rate of CO was
Loading amount of Ni or Rh (wt%)
always higher than that of H2.
 CO2 + H2 →CO + H2O
 CO2 + 2H2 →CH4 + 2H2O
48
 Effect of light and stability of the reaction
DRM: CO2 + CH4 → 2CO + 2H2
 CO2 + H2 →CO + H2O Carbon balance(%) =

 CO2 + 2H2 →CH4 + 2H2O (COout + CH4out + CO2out) / (CH4in + CO2in)

8 8
100 100
Production rate / mmol h−1

Carbon balance

Production rate / mmol h−1

Carbon balance

Carbon balance (%)

Carbon balance (%)
6 6
CO
4 50 4 CO 50
H2 H2
2 2
Rh(25)/Al2O3 Ni(25)/Al2O3
0 0 0 0
0 2 4 6 0 2 4 6
Time on stream / h Time on stream / h

• Photoirradiation increased the reaction rate 7 times.

• The reaction took place with good stability for 5 h at least.
49
  Effect of light at various temperatures
14 Cell surface
CO (Light) Outside
12 temperature
temperature
Production rate / mmol h-1

10

6 CO(Dark)
4 Vis-NIR
2
Rh(25)/Al2O3
0
450 500 550
Outside temperature / K
600 Rh
Photothermal conversion?
• Light increased the catalytic activity at each temperature.
• The cell surface temperature was 501 K in the light when
the outside temperature (with a heater) was 473 K.
50
 Estimation of the real temperature by XAFS
 Operando measurement cell  Rh K-edge EXAFS
thermocouple Decreasing temperature
Gas
Gas to micro-GC 35

Pyrex glass 30 313 K

25 373 K

FT (k3χ(k))
20 473 K

Light X-ray 15 573 K

Quatz window Capton window 673 K
10
5
• SPring-8 BL28B2
0
• Rh K-edge, dispersive, operando 0 2 4 6
• Gas: 12.5%CO2/10%CH4/He, 50 ml min-1 Interatomic distance / Å

• Xe lamp with a collecting lens • Temperature of Rh NPs

Light intensity: 800 mW cm-2 @250 nm was estimated by the
Wavelength: λ > 430 nm peak intensity.
• Room temperature (without heater) 51
  Photoirradiation increasing temperature
 Time course of operand analysis Calcination temperature︓1073 K
1.2 Rh(25)/Al2O3 (RhCl3) d: 24 nm
Production rate /

CO production rate
mmol h-1

0.8

0.4

0
0 1 2 3
700
On On On
Temperature from EXAFS / K

Off Off Off

600

500
Light increased
 temperature of Rh NPs
400
 catalytic production rate
300
0 1 2 3
Time on stream / h

52
  Photoirradiation increasing temperature
 Time course of operand analysis Calcination temperature︓1073 K
1.2 Rh(25)/Al2O3 (RhCl3) d: 24 nm
Production rate /

CO production rate
Rh(25)/Al2O3 (Rh(NO3)3) d: 8.7 nm
mmol h-1

0.8

0.4
Heat emission
0
0 1 2 3
700
Temperature from EXAFS / K

Heat transfer Al2O3

• Input of photoenergy and

600

500
output of heat determine
the temperature of NPs.
400 • Larger NPs can be well
heated but show lower
300
0 1 2 3
catalytic activity due to
Time on stream / h low dispersion.
53
 Photothermal DRM
1. The metal catalyst, Rh/Al2O3 and Ni/Al2O3, showed high
catalytic activity for dry reforming of methane (DRM) at low
temperature under visible and NIR light irradiation.
2. Rh catalysts exhibited higher catalytic activity than Ni
catalysts.
3. Operand dispersive XAFS analysis revealed that the light
irradiation increases the temperature of Rh nanoparticles
(photothermal conversion) and their catalytic performance.
4. Larger NPs can be more easily heated
than smaller NPs although low dispersion
resulted in the lower production rate.

D. Takami, A. Yamamoto, H. Yoshida,

Catal. Sci. Technol., 2020, 10, 5811. 54
 Cover picture, in Sus. Energy Fuels., 2019

D. Takami, Y. Ito, S. Kawaharasaki, A. Yamamoto, H. Yoshida

Sustainable Energy Fuels, 3(2019)2968-2971.
D. Takami, A. Yamamoto, H. Yoshida
Catal. Sci. Technol., 10 (2020) 5811-5814 55
 Acknowledgement
Mr. Daichi Takami (Kyoto University)
Prof. Akira Yamamoto (Kyoto University)
Prof. Tetsuya Shishido
(Tokyo Metropolitan University)

■ Financial supports
• CREST, JST (JPMJCR1541).
• Grant-in-Aid for Young Scientists (B), KAKENHI (19K15359)
56
Material Functions and Correlations, Course of Studies on Material Science, Department of Interdisciplinary
Environment, Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University
Contribute to solve energy, environmental and resources issues since 2013
with catalysis and photocatalysis

Yoshida Laboratory studying catalysis & photocatalysis (^0^)/~

CO
1. Artificial photosynthesis (CO2 reduction) 1/2O2
Photocatalytic CO2 reduction with water and water splitting CO2

2. Methane conversion
Photocatalytic methane conversion to hydrogen, ethane, or CO.
3. Photocatalytic organic syntheses (Green chemistry)
Development of novel and simple photocatalytic reactions
4. Supported metal catalysts
Fundamental studies of precious metal catalysts and automobile catalysts

Totally 20 members from Japan, China, Korea, India, Indonesia, and Iran !! 57
Integrated Chemistry II (Dr. Jarnuzi Gunlazuardi) 2020.12.18
Visiting Professorship program

Photocatalytic CO2 reduction

as artificial photosynthesis
Hisao Yoshida
Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies,
Kyoto University

Terima kasih
I. Photocatalytic CO2 reduction by water
1. Ag/K2Ti6O13 photocatalyst
2. Dual cocatalyst
3. Facet selective dual cocatalyst deposition
II. Photothermally catalytic CO2 reduction by methane
58