Intermediate 1

Additional Grammar
This material is going to
Help you to understand
Grammar in basic three
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Unit1
Education

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The Present Perfect Simple Tense

T o make the positive present perfect tense, use:

‘have’ / ‘has’ + the past participle
Make the past participle by adding ‘ed’ to regular verbs (for example, ‘play’ becomes ‘played’)
There are a few verbs that change their spelling when you add ‘ed’ (for example, ‘study’
becomes ‘studied’)
 Positive Positive Short Form
I have played I´ve played
You have worked You´ve worked
He has written He´s written
They have studied They´ve studied

The negative is really simple too. Just put ‘not’

after ‘have’ or ‘has’:
Negative Negative Short Form
I have not eaten breakfast today I haven´t eaten
You have not been to Asia You haven´t been
He has not seen the new film He hasn´t seen
She has not played tennis She hasn´t played

To make a question, put ‘have’ or ‘has’ in

front of the subject:
‘Yes / No’ Questions
Have they studied English grammar before?
Have we arrived too early?
Has she met John?
Have you visited London?
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As you can imagine, for ‘wh’ questions, we just
put the question word before ‘have’ or ‘has’
‘Wh’ Questions
Where have they learned English before?
Why has it rained so much this summer?
Why has he gone already?
What have you done today?
Using the Present Perfect
This is one of the most difficult tenses to
use correctly. I hope the rules below are When should we use the present
helpful:
perfect tense?

Present
Perfect
Unfished actions
or situations
Tense

‘How Long’
I´ve know julie for ten years Finished Actions
(Imet her ten years ago and I still or Situations
know her).
We have live here since 2004.

With ‘since’ and ‘for’. Life Experience

Often with stative verbs. I´ve been to mexico.
She has never studied
Japanese.
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Often with ‘never’
and ‘ever’

Unfinished Time
Present Result word
I´ve lost my keys! She´s had lunch today.
John has missed the bus,so he´ll We´ve seen Lucy this
be late. week.
I´ve already done my homework
We use this tense for unfinished and finished actions:

Unfinished Actions
We use this tense when we want to talk about
unfinished actions that started in the past and
continue to the present. Usually we use it to say ‘how
long’ an action or state has continued with ‘since’ and
‘for’. Often, we use stative verbs in this situation:

I’ve known Karen since 1994.

She’s lived in London for three years.

‘Since’ and ‘For’

We use ‘since’ with a fixed time in the past (2014, April 23rd,
last year, two hours ago). The fixed time can be another action,
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indicated with the past simple (since I was at school, since I
arrived):
I’ve known Sam since 1992.
I’ve liked chocolate since I was a child.
She’s been Studying since 2pm.
We use ‘for’ with a period of time (2 hours, three years, six
months):

I’ve known Julie for ten years.

I’ve been hungry for hours.
She’s had a cold for a week.

Finished Actions

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I have been to London.

She has lived inNew York.
They have visited Paris three times.
We have never seen that film.
Have you ever read ‘War and Peace’?
I’ve lost my keys (so I can’t get into my house).
She’s hurt her leg (so she can’t play tennis to-
day).
They’ve missed the bus (so they will be late).
I’ve cooked dinner (so you should come and
eat).

I haven’t seen her this month.

She’s drunk three cups of coffee today.
This week they’ve been shopping four times. INTERMEDIATE 1
Unit 2
Away from Home

Present Perfect Continuous Tense

The present perfect continuous is made up of two elements:
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Subject has/have been base+ing

She has been swimming
 Affirmative: She has been / She’s been running.
Negative: She hasn’t been running.
Interrogative : Has she been running?
Interrogative negative: Hasn’t she been running?

Actions that started in the past and continue in the present

She has been waiting for you all day (= and she’s still
waiting now).
I’ve been working on this report since eight o’clock INTERMEDIATE 1
this morning (= and I still haven’t finished it).
They have been travelling since last October (= and
they’re not home yet).
Actions that have just finished,but we are interested in the result

She has been cooking since last night (= and

the food on the table looks delicious).
It’s been raining (= and the streets are still wet).
Someone’s been eating my chips (= half of them
have gone).

Verbs Without Continuous forms

With verbs not normally used in the continuous form, use the simple present perfect. For
example:
I’ve wanted to visit China for years.
She’s known Robert since she was a child.
I’ve hated that music since I first heard it.
I’ve heard a lot about you recently.
We’ve understood everything. INTERMEDIATE 1
we’ve heard this morning.
Unit 3
Celebrations

The Passive: Form With or Without Agent

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The majority of passive sentences in English do

not include explicit agents to indicate exactly
who performed the actions; however, agents
exist; and they can be indicated, if need be, by a
prepositional phrase beginning with by
Although most passive voice sentences in English do not include agents, there are three
narrow instances when speakers and writers tend to express them:
1. The agent is expressed when it is a proper name indicating an artist, an inventor, a
discoverer, or an innovator.

a. The Mona Lisa was painted (by Leonardo da Vinci).

b. The Americas were discovered (by Christopher Columbus).

2. The agent is expressed when it is an indefinite noun phrase conveying new information
that the speaker/writer thinks is important enough to mention.

a. These works of art were all produced (by a woman).

b. The corner store was robbed (by a masked gunman).

3. The agent is expressed when it is an unexpected inanimate noun.

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a. Thirteen people were injured (by a tornado in Florida).

b. All the lights in this building are controlled (by computers).
With few exceptions, passive voice sentences can be
recast in the active voice with the agent moved to the
subject position with no essential change of meaning.
Note these examples:

Summary of Agents in Passive Voice Sentences

1. Agents always exist in passive voice sentences, mostly unexpressed but sometimes
expressed by means of a by-phrase.

2. An agent is most frequently expressed when it is

a. the proper name of an artist, inventor, discoverer, innovator;

b an indefinite noun phrase conveying new information;
c. an unexpected inanimate noun.

3. Passive voice sentences can be recast into the active voice with the agent in the
subject position.

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Unit 4
Bad Weather

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Relative clauses
We can use relative clauses to join two English sentences, or to give more information about
something.
I bought a new car. It is very fast.
→ I bought a new car that is very fast.
She lives in New York. She likes living in New York.
→ She lives in New York, which she likes.
 A defining relative clause tells which noun we are talking about:

I like the woman who lives next door.

(If I don’t say ‘who lives next door’, then we
don’t know which woman I mean).

A non-defining relative clause gives us extra information about something. We don’t need
this information to understand the sentence.
I live in London, which has some fantastic
parks.
(Everybody knows where London is, so ‘which
has some fantastic parks’ is extra information).

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1: The relative pronoun is the subject:
First, let’s consider when the relative pronoun is the subject of a defining relative clause.
We can use ‘who’, ‘which’ or ‘that’. We use ‘who’ for people and ‘which’ for things. We
can use ‘that’ for people or things.
The relative clause can come after the subject or the object of the sentence. We can’t drop
the relative pronoun.
Important
For example (clause after the object of the sentence):
 I’m looking for a secretary who / that can use a computer
well.
I sent a letter which / that arrived three weeks later.

More examples (clause after the subject of the sentence):

The people who / that live on the island are very friendly.
The house which / that belongs to Julie is in Copan.

2: The relative pronoun is the object:

Next, let’s talk about when the relative pronoun is the object of the clause. In this case we
can drop the relative pronoun if we want to. Again, the clause can come after the subject
or the object of the sentence. Here are some examples:
(Clause after the object)

She loves the chocolate (which / that) I bought.

John met a woman (who / that) I had been to school
with.
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(Clause after the subject)

The bike (which / that) I loved was stolen.

The doctor (who / that) my grandmother liked lives
in New York.
Non-defining relative clauses:
We don’t use ‘that’ in non-defining relative clauses, so we need to use ‘which’ if the pronoun
refers to a thing, and ‘who’ if it refers to a person. We can’t drop the relative pronoun in
this kind of clause, even if the relative pronoun is the subject of the clause.
(Clause comes after the subject)

My boss, who is very nice, lives in Tegucigalpa.

My bicycle, which I’ve had for more than ten years, is
falling apart.

(Clause comes after the object)

Yesterday I called our friend Julie, who lives in New York.

I really love the new Chinese restaurant, which we went to
last night.

Prepositions and relative clauses

If the verb in the relative clause needs a preposition, we put it at the end of the clause: INTERMEDIATE 1
listen to
The music is good. Julie listens to the music.
→ The music (which / that) Julie listens to is good.
work with
The music is good. Julie listens to the music.
→ The music (which / that) Julie listens to is good.
go to
The country is very hot. He went to the country.
→ The country (which / that) he went to is very hot.
Whose
‘Whose’ is always the subject of the relative clause and can’t be left out. It replaces a
possessive. It can be used for people and things.

The dog is over there. The dog’s / its owner lives next door.
→ The dog whose owner lives next door is over there.
The little girl is sad. The little girl’s / her doll was lost.
→ The little girl whose doll was lost is sad.

Where / when / why

We can sometimes use these question words instead of relative pronouns and prepositions.
I live in a city. I study in the city.
→ I live in the city where I study.
→ I live in the city that / which I study in.
→ I live in the city in which I study.

The bar in Barcelona is still there. I met my wife in that bar.

→ The bar in Barcelona where I met my wife is still there.

→ The bar in Barcelona that / which I met my wife in is still
there.
→ The bar in Barcelona in which I met my wife is still there. INTERMEDIATE 1

→ The summer when I graduated from university was long and

hot.
→ The summer that / which I graduated from university in was
long and hot.
→ The summer in which I graduated was long and hot.

The summer was long and hot. I graduated from university in the summer.
Unit 5
Arts and
Entertainment

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Important
The Passive: Indirect Form
The passive can also be used in sentences that have two objects a direct object and an indirect
object.
Because many sentences with both a direct and an indirect object can be written in two
different ways (with and without to or for), the corresponding passive sentences can also be
written in two different ways:
 Examples

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 Some verbs show indirect objects with to, other verbs show indirect
objects with for, and a few verbs show indirect objects with both
to and for.
Here a few examples:

to + I.O. for + I.O. to / for + I.O.

ask build bring*
feed buy leave*
give draw bring (something) to (someone) means ‘bring
hand fix (something) and give it to (someone).’
lend paint
owe bring something for (someone) means ‘bring
pass (something) that is intended for (someone).
pay
promise leave (something) to (someone) means
read ‘make arrangements for (someone) to have
sell (something) as an inheritance.’
send
show leave (something) for (someone) means
teach ‘leave (something) that is intended for (someone).’
tell
write
Unit 6
At Work

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Present Perfect : Contrast With Other Tenses

The present perfect consists of two verbs: helping verb

(have/has) and main verb (past participle).

Subject Helping Verb Main Verb

I,you,we,they have past participle
She,he,it Has past participle
When to use the Present Perfect Tense

Examples:

She has been in her room since this morning.

It has rained for days.
I have known Tina since high school.

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Examples:

I have taken three tests this semester.

The hens have laid plenty of eggs.
John has gone out again.
Examples:

We have seen this movie already.

I have lost my wallet.
There has been an accident.

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Examples:

I have made you a cup of tea.

He has cut his finger.
Unit 7
Sending a package

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The Passive: Modals

Affirmative Form Object + may, must, can, could, ought to, should + be + verb3
Question Form Must, may, can, should, might + object + be + verb3 (past
participle)
Something must / can / should... be done by someone
at sometime.

Active : Our English teacher may give an exam today.

Passive: An exam may be given by our English teacher
today.

Active : Thomas has written many books.

Passive: Many books have been written by Thomas.

Active : Do you have to pay the bill before leaving the restaurant?
Passive: the bill have to be paid before leaving the restaurant?

Active : Juan can give them some information about the job.
Passive: Some information can be given about the job by Juan.
Passive2: They can be given some information about the JOB by Juan.

Active : You must obey the traffic rules.

Passive: The traffic rules must be obeyed.

Necessity or Obligation

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These words express necessity or obligation. They usually indicate that someone else has
imposed conditions on us. For example:
I have to take out the garbage. (It’s something I must
do now. My mother told me to do it.)

I am expected to take out the garbage. (It’s a regular

responsibility, a daily chore that my parents have given
me.)
A related expression is be supposed to.
I am supposed to clean my room. (I’m required to do it.)

In the negative, these expressions have different meanings. For example:

I don’t have to go to the dance this weekend. (There is no obligation. I can choose to go or not.)

I’m not expected to go to the dance this weekend. (There is no expectation. People will be
surprised if I do go.)

I’m not supposed to go to the dance this weekend. (I’m prohibited from going. It would probably
be rude for me to go.)
Modal Verbs of Probability
We can use these modal verbs (also called modals of deduction, speculation or certainty) when
we want to make a guess about something. We choose the verb depending on how sure we
are.
Talking about the present:
must / might / could / may / can’t
For example:
I am waiting for Julie with another friend,
David.
I ask: ‘Where is Julie?’
David guesses:
She must be on the bus. (I’m fairly sure this is a good
guess) INTERMEDIATE 1
She might come soon. (maybe)
She could be lost. (maybe)
She may be in the wrong room. (maybe)
She can’t be at home. (I’m fairly sure this isn’t true)
Notice that the opposite of ‘must’ is ‘can’t in this case.
Unit 8
Emergency

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Noun Clauses
A noun clause is a group of words that include a subject and a verb, and it functions as a
noun. A noun clause is a subordinate clause, which means it is not a complete statement. As
a dependent clause, it must connect to an independent clause (main clause). Noun clauses
usually begin with words such as how, that, what, whatever, when, where, which, who,
whoever, and why. The most common word among them is that.
Important
 Examples of noun clause shown in bold.

Why he said he would not get married,

nobody knows.
You can go if you do not like being here.
Ask him whether he has drunk from your
glass or mine by mistake.

Adverbial Clauses
An adverbial clause (or an adverb clause) is a group of words which plays the role of an adverb.
(Like all clauses, an adverbial clause will contain a subject and a verb.) For example:

Important

Examples of adverbial
Keep hitting the gong hourly.
(normal adverb)
Keep hitting the gong until I tell you to stop.
(adverbial clause)
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