ADDITIONAL

GRAMMAR
INTERMEDIATE TWO
This material is
going to help you
I2 to understand
grammar in
Intermediate Two.
INTERMEDIATE TWO

Buying a Car

Accidents

Problems

Helping Out

Dreams and Ambitions

Money Matters

Politics

Instructions

I2
 UNIT 1

BUYING A CAR
CONDITIONAL: REAL CONDITIONAL
Real Conditionals
Conditional sentences express a choice and the possible conse-
quences at that choice.
Real Conditional involves a present choice and a future conse-
quence.
For example:
IF Clause Result Clause

If I have time today, I will visit my friend

If you eat your spinach, you will grow stronger.
If I quit my job, I will spend more time with you.
If you study hard, you will pass the test

Note! We never use

“will, or won’t” in
the “if part” of the
sentence.
If you pass the driving test,
I will buy you a car.

If I go to the Mall, If I have a day off from work,

I will buy a dress. I will go to the beach.
 UNIT 2

Accidents
Past Perfect Progressive

The Past Perfect Progressive
The past perfect continuous tense is used to talk about longer
situations that continued up to the moment in the past we are
talking about.

The past perfect continuous tense is made with the auxiliaries

had been + present participle

Positive statement: I had been doing.

Negative statement: I had not been doing.
Question form: Had I been doing?
Negative question: Had I not been doing?

For example:

He had been driving less than Her back was sore because
an hour when he ran out of she had been sitting at the
gas. computer all day.

I had not been working all day; so I wasn’t tired and went to the
disco at night.

He hadn’t been studying much until he failed his first exam.

 lw ays
: I t is a f
e
Not length o a
a e”
“for” nd “sinc
a
time in time.
t
poin
I had not been walking for a long
time, when it suddenly began to
rain.

We had been looking for her ring for two hours and then we
found it in the bathroom.

We had been sleeping for 9 hours when he woke us up.

They were very tired in the evening because they had been
helping on the farm all day.

They had been waiting for two hours when the bus finally
arrived.

Leyla had been working at the store since 2005 when it closed

They had been cycling all day

so their legs were sore in the
evening.
 UNIT 3

Problems
Past Perfect Simple Tense
 Past Perfect Simple Tense
The past perfect simple tense is used to make it clear that an
event was completed before another event.

It is made with the auxiliary verb had + past participle

Positive statement: I had done.

Negative statement: I had not done
Question form: Had I done?
Negative question: Had I not done?

For example:

I had visited Choluteca before, They had studied English be-

so I knew where the Cathedral fore they went to Miami.
was.

Had they studied English before they went to Miami?

Henry changed his job because he had worked as an accountant for

many years and was bored.
I had already done the I was late for work, by the time I
shopping by the time he came arrived the client had already left.
home.

When I arrived there Sarah had already left.

I had written an e-mail.

She had already gone home when I arrived at the party.

I was so hungry! I had not eaten anything since the morning.

I t is also used to say how long something went on for, up to a

time in the past.

For example:

We apologized because we had kept them waiting for 3 hours.

We apologized because we had kept them waiting since

lunchtime.
 UNIT 4

Helping Out
Indirect Speech/Reported Speech
Indirect Speech / Reported Speech

T o report or describe statements/ideas or questions without

using the speaker’s exact words.

The main clause contains the “reporting or question verb”:

or t i n g Verbs: V e rbs:
Rep t i on
e l l, P ro mise, Ques er,
Say, T , W on d
elieve, Ask
Kn o w , B / W ould
l a i m , etc. Wa n t
Think, C
e T o K now
Li k

The noun clause contains the statement or question which is

being reported.

For statements, we use the conjunction THAT, which is omitted

in informal English.

For example: He told me that he lived in Greenwich.

However, that is optional.
For example: He told me he lived in Greenwich.

Example: He asked me if I
would come to the party.
“that” is
never used
in questions, She asked me if I spoke
instead we often English.
use “if ”.
 Reporting Verbs

Said, told and asked are the most common verbs used in indirect
speech.

We use “asked” to report questions:

For example: I asked Lesly what time the lesson started.

We use “told” with an object. Note - here

For example: Lesly told me she felt tired. “me” is the
object.
We usually use “said” without an object.
For example: Lesly said she was going to teach English online.

If “said” is used with an object we must include “to”;

For example: Lesly said to me that she’d never been to China.

Note - there are many other verbs we can use

apart from told, asked and said, these include:-
accused, admitted, advised, alleged, agreed,
apologized, begged, boasted, complained, de-
nied, explained, implied, invited, offered, orde-
red, promised, replied, suggested and thought.

Using them properly can make what you say much more
interesting and informative.
For example:
She asked me to come to the party:
She invited me to the party.
She begged me to come to the party.
She ordered me to come to the party.
She advised me to come to the party.
She suggested I should come to the party.
 UNIT 5

Dreams and Ambitions

Unreal Conditionals
 Unreal Conditionals

T he unreal conditional is used to express unreal, impossible, or

very improbable situations in the present and future.

The verb in the Result Clause

always has a Modal, usually

WOULD (to express a certainty), We can begin a

sentence with
MIGHT (to express a possibility), either a condition
or a result clause.
or COULD (to express ability).
Example:

If I had more time, I would do more on my business. (I don’t

have more time - therefore the condition is unreal).

If I were you, I wouldn’t do that. (I am not you - therefore the

condition is unreal).

If I owned a car, I would drive to work. (But I don’t own a

car.)

She would travel around the world if she had more money.
(But she doesn’t have much money.)

If I won the lottery, I would

buy a new house.

I would read more if I didn’t

watch so much TV.

If they worked harder, they

would earn more money.
 If I had worked harder, I
would have passed my exam.

If I had gotten paid, I could have traveled with you.

If I had known that you were going to the movies, I would

have gone too.

If I had known you were sick, I could have brought you some
soup.

If it had been sunny, we could have gone out.

NOTE: If we use the verb “BE” as the main

verb, or in the past progressive form, we
use WERE instead of WAS.

For example:

If he were French, he would live in Paris.

If she were rich, she would buy a yacht.

I would play basketball if I were taller.

I would buy that computer if it were cheaper.

I would buy that computer if it was cheaper. (Incorrect)

 UNIT 6

Reported Speech/Time Aspects

Reported Speech: Time Aspects

If the reported sentence contains an expression of time, you must

change it to fit in with the time of reporting.
For example we need to change words like here and yesterday if
they have different meanings at the time and place of reporting.

“Today’s lesson is on presentations.”

She said yesterday’s lesson was on presentations.
or
She said yesterday’s lesson would be on presentations.

“I am going to London Chris asked, “Would you like to

next week,” she said. have dinner with me tomorrow
night?”

Note:

If you report something that someone

said in a different place to where you
heard it you must change the place (here)
to the place (there).
 She says, “I wash my hair every day.”

She says she washes her hair every day.

She has said, “I wash my hair every day.”

She has said that she washes her hair every day.

She will say, “I wash my hair every day.”

She will say that she washes her hair every day.

*Exceptions:

If the speaker reports

If the reported sentence
deals with a fact or
general truth, the present
tense can be retained.
something immediately
or soon after it was
said, the noun clause
verb often remains as
spoken.

She said that the moon causes What did the bus driver say?
the tides. He said that the next stop is Metro
Mall.
 If “will” is the modal in the reported utterance and
expresses future time, and if the situation described
in the quote still holds true at the time of the indirect
report, the “will” may not be changed to “would”
even though the reporting verb is in the past tense:

Mr. Arden said that a volcanic eruption will occur

next year.

Changes in time and place words

Direct Speech Indirect Speech

today the following day/ the next
day/ a day later
tonight that night
this week/month/year that week/month/year
tomorrow the next day
next week/month/year the following week/month/
year
yesterday the day before or the previous
day
last week/month/year the week/month year befo-
re or the previous week/mon-
th/year
now then/at that time
Another Changes
here there
 UNIT 7

Politics
Reported Speech/Review
Reported Speech: Review
Direct Speech Reported Speech

Present Simple Past Simple

“He is American,” she said. She said he was American.

“I am happy to see you,” Mary said. Mary said that she was happy to see me.

He asked, “Are you busy tonight?” He asked me if I was busy that night.

Present Continuous Past Continuous

“Dan is living in San Francisco,” she She said Dan was living in San Francisco.
said.

He said, “I’m making dinner.” He told me that he was makingdinner.

“Why are you working so hard?” they They asked me why I was working so hard.
asked.

Past Simple Past Perfect Simple

“We went to the movies last night,” he He told me they had gone to the movies the
said. night before.

Greg said, “I didn’t go to workyesterday.” Greg said that he hadn’t gone to work the day
before.

“Did you buy a new car?” she asked. She asked me if I had bought a new car.

Past Continuous Past Perfect Continuous

“I was working late last night,” Vicki Vicki told me she’d been working latethe ni-
said. ght before.

They said, “we weren’t waiting long.” They said that they hadn’t been waiting long.
He asked, “were you sleeping when I He asked if I’d been sleeping when he called.
called?”

Present Perfect Simple Past Perfect Simple

Heather said, “I’ve already eaten.” Heather told me that she’d alreadyeaten.

“We haven’t been to China,” they said. They said they hadn’t been to China.

“Have you worked here before?” I as- I asked her whether she’d workedthere before.
ked.

Present Perfect Continuous Past Perfect Continuous

“I’ve been studying English for two He said he’d been studying English for two
years,” he said. years.

Steve said, “we’ve been dating for over a Steve told me that they’d been dating for over
year now.” a year.

“Have you been waiting long?” they They asked whether I’d been waiting long.
asked.

Past Perfect Simple Past Perfect Simple (No change)

“I’d been to Chicago before for work,” He said that he’d been to Chicago before for
he said. work.

Past Perfect Continuous Past Perfect Continuous (No chan-

ge)
She said, “I’d been dancing for years be- She said she’d been dancing for years before
fore the accident.” the accident.
 UNIT 8

Instructions
Causatives and Permissive
Causatives and Permissive
Causative verbs express the idea of somebody causing
something to happen or causing another person to do
something.

Would like
Want
Have something done
Get
Let someone do something
Have
Make

Would like
Want
Allow
Ask
Tell
someone to do something
Get
Persuade
Encourage
Require
Order
Force

Make somebody do something
(make + object + infinitive without to):

Somebody requires another person to do something

The barking dog made the postman run away.

The rain has made the tourists stay in the hotel this morning.

I don’t think she can make her husband buy that expensive ring.

Sad movies always make me cry.

 Have something done
(have + object + 3rd form of the verb):

Somebody wants something to be done for them

Did you have the car washed yesterday?

I have my hair cut once in 2-3 months.

We’ve had the grass mowed by the neighbor’s son.

Jane will have the curtains cleaned at the dry cleaner’s

tomorrow.
Get somebody to do something
(get + object + infinitive with to):
Somebody requires or inspires another person to do
something

The tap is leaking, get a plumber

to fix it.

She always gets me to help with get is often used

her homework. instead of have in
informal speech:
Did you get your hair cut before
the weekend?

We must get the house decorated for the wedding.

Let’s get mother to bake a cake on Sunday.

I couldn’t get my sister to wash my dirty overalls.