MccneqoBpaHua B OONaCTH OaITO-caBAHCKON HYXOBHOM KYJIbTYpbI 0 RENTER NE DIOS Baraka Kak TEKCT 2POCCHACKAS AKAQEMHSA HAYK MucTHTYT ChaBaAHOBCACHHA MccneqopaHua B oOacTu OasITO-CJlaBAHCKOM YXOBHOM KYJIbTypbI 3araauka Kak TekcT. 2 of tuo «AHAPUK» Mocksa 1999BBK 81 M85 OrseTcTBeHHbIii peaakTop: AOKTOp tpHAONOrMYecKHx HayK 7. M. Huxoaaesa OrpetcTseHHbiit ceKperapb: kaHaaat (punonormuecknx HayK JI. 1. Heecxas Kunra v3aana np noanepxKe PoccwiicKoro ryMaHHTapHoro HayyHoro ornaa (Homep npoexta 97—-04—16180) H85 Mcenenonanna b o6nactu Ga.1r0-craBAHcKoii AYXOBHOH KYIbTYpbI: 3arayixa kak Texcr. 2.— M.: Manatemperso «MHppnk», 1999.—- 184 ¢. ISBN-5-85759-064-7 Tlepsetii TOM, NOCBALUEHHBI reHesHcy, CTPyKType HM ASbIKY 3arag- KM, BbILen B CBeT B 1994r. Bropoit Tom cocTonT M3 AByX YacTeli. B nepsy!o BxoasT paGoTs!, CBA3AHHbIC C KOCMOMOrHYeCKOM 3aranKOl M MHPOBBIM AepeBOM (cTa- tou B. H. Tonoposa, T. M. Cyannx, JI. I. Hescxoit). Bo stopoit yactu MPeACTABACH CONOCTABHTEDHBIM AHANMS 3APAAKM Mi MHBIX MAMIBIX (POsb- KJOPHBIX 2%KAHPOB, Npexve Bcero nocnosnus (crarbu K. Baanwy, A. B. Kpuperxo, K. X9Hcon, MH. A. Ceaaxosoii). Kura paccumrana Ha AMHIBHCTOB, (PONKAOPHCTOB M BCEX, MHTe- Pecyiolunxca NpobemMaMH TpagMUMOHHON AYXOBHOH KYAbTYpbI. Studies on Baltic-Slavic Traditional Spiritual Culture: Riddle as Text. 2. The first volume «Riddle as Text» was out in 1994. The second volume consists of two parts. The first part deals with the problems of cosmological riddle and arbor mundi. This section contains a study by V. Toporov continuing his previous investigation (in coopera- tion with T. Elizarenkova) on the Vedic cosmological riddle. The prob- lems of cosmogenesis are investigated by T. Sudnik and L. Nevskaja. The second part of the book contains comparative analysis of the riddle and other small folklore forms, first of all the proverb: the articles by K. Blanchou, A. Krivenko, C. Hanson, I. Sedakova. The book is assigned to linguists, folklorists and to those who are in- terested in the problems of the traditional spiritual culture. ISBN S—85759—064—7 © Mncrutyt caasanosegzenna PAH, 1999 © Koanextue apropos, 1999 Tlpeaucnosue BHMMaHMio "NTaTeAA NpeACTABAAeTCA BTOpad KHMa KOMEKTHBHOLO Tpyla , 3a/lyMaHHOro M NogrorosneHHoro Ana cepun «Mccneno- BaHHA B OGaCcTH GaTO-caBAHCKOH KyAbTypBI>. [lepsaa kHura 6puia NOCBALeHa pasHbIM acneKTaM, CBAIAHHBIM C M3yYYeHHEM saragxu. Jto— revesc 3aranxn H ee ry6oKMe CeMHOTHYeCKHe CBASH (cTaTEH Bau. Bc. Msanosa u B. H. Tonoposa). Sto — coorHoweHne 3aragku KM Apy- THX, CTOMb Xe ApeBHHX, OpM TeKCTa: 3araiKH M TeKCTOB «meTaMopipo3> (7. B. Hspan), saranxu 4 nocnosuui (T. M. Huxkonaepa), 3araaxn vm Metacboppi (E. A. Xeaumcxuit). Oco6oe BHAMaHMe 6bUI0 yeneHO CeMMOTHYeCKMM ac- nexTaM 3aragku— raappi: A. B. Fonopayesow (0 nparmMaTHKe 3araqKM) 4 M. H. Jlexomuesoii (0 ceMMOTHYeCKHX aCNeKTaX «MHeKCaNbHOM» 3aranKH). PaccMaTpupanach rpaMMaTHKa 3araQkKH B KOppeAALIMH C COLMMaNbHO-H”- AOKYTHBHBIM aciieKTOM (KaTeropHaslbHaa YacTb — T. M. Huxonacsa) 4 cuH- TaKCHC npoctoro npesnoxenua (T. H. Monoumas). Nosrorosnennaa Orge- AOM THMOAOTHH ClaBAHCKHX H GankaHCKHX 93b1KOB MHcTHTyTa CaaBaHopese- Hwa MW GankaHucTuKn PAH, Mouorpadua ectecTBeHHbIM 06pa30M conepxaa HM MccnegoBaHHe 06 STHOASBIKOBbIX OCOGeHHOCTAX 3aranOK MCCeAyemMoro: apeaa (T. H. CpewiHxosa). Koamiexrasyan Monorpadia He OKA3a1aCb NPOCTHIM «TeMaTHYeCKHM C6opHH- KOM»: FHnoresb!, NPCAnONOKeHMA H MHOMMa Nake JIMHEBMCTHYeCKHHL MaTepHan ‘’acTO cOBNaNaIH (B OCObEHHOCTH 3TO OTHOCHI0Cb K PYCCKOMY A3bIKy). OcHOBHEIC Wen HiccnegopaTeneli ONpeAeISVIMCh TE3HCOM O BOSHHKHOBCHMM 3araqKH Kak sBepOanH30BaHHOPO OnbiTa MHTepnpeTalwMH beroMeHos Maxkpoxocmoca yepes aH- TponoueHtpHyeckne cbeHOMeHEI ObrTHs1 Muxpoxocmoca (6onee pave pabo- st B.H. Tonopora, T.A. Enusapenkosoit, Bay. Bc. Apaxopa). MexaHv3M «mBIliie- HHA» 3afAIXK — TO CONOCTABIEHHE, CBAIb Yepe3 TOKMECTBO, HEKAA MEHTA/Ib- HOCTB, NPesUIECTBYIOINAA CEKY/IPH3YIOLIEMY AE AYKTHBHO-MH/LYKTHBHOMY MOnxo- AY CaleayrOulMx cTaanii. Koppeasuma Yenopex — BeeneHHas xapakTepu30sana camble paHHe dop- MBI CTAHOBNeHMA 3araiKH Kak TeKcTa. Kak 3To 2eMoHcrpupyer Gonee nosnHHit CnapaHo-GankaHCKHi MaTepHal, aMana CMeHAeTCA TpHagolt: YenoseK — Ap- Tedaxt — Beenennas. Jimureucrayeckaa Mojenb Mupa oTpaxkaeTca, KaK NpaBHIO, B 3aralKe Yepes coyeTaHHe AxTHBHOro cy6bekTa c MHakTHBHbIM NpeavkaToM, /1460 Kak coueTa- Hye Muaxmpuoro cy6texta c AKTMBHBIM npeavKaToM. PasHooopasHbmM ABIACTCA COOTHOLICHHE AKTHBHO-HHaKTHBHEIX HOMHHalMii B OTTagKe 4 B 3arafBIBaeMoli yactu. Ho, kak npaBmno, dbuKcupyerca HeKHii ycrouMMBbIt O6pa3 Mpa.6 Llpeducaoeue Bropaa KHmra, NocBAleHHas 3aranke, pasBMBacT HICH NepBOI, HO B TO xe BP€MA KOMNOSMUMOHHO OT HEE HECKONBKO OTAMUAeTCA. Monorpadua oTKpbinactca Tpema raapamu B. H. Tonoposa, takxe o6pa- L[€HHbIMH K NPOTOHCTOPHM «3aragoyHOro» TeKcTa. B nepsoit rage apTop so3spaaeTca kK NPHHUMNMaNbHBIM BONpOcaM pa3- JUHA TEKCTOB «3aralKH» B MApe apXaH4ecKOro MHONOSTHYECKOTO BHACHHA Mi B MHpe CoppeMeHHOH norMkH. Ecaw nna nocaenHeii — cmbicn Mupa BHe Mupa, To 218 nepsoi — cmbicn Mupa B HeM caMom. OfHaKo TaBTonorH4d- HOCTb ApeBHeli 3araqkv — MHAMas: MMP CNpallIMBaloulero He HCHTHYCH MH- py oTBeyalomlero, KaK H¢€ TOXMECTBEHHO 3HaHHe CakpanlbHOe M SHAH Mpo- qpanwueckoe. BaxHbim B 3TOH Tape ABIAeTCA NONOXeHMeE 06 sBONIOWMH ap- X@VMMHBIX (OPM 3araQKM, Kora onucaHHe BcenenHo mpespawaerca B pepOanH30BaHHblii 06 pa3 Bcenennont. Mostomy 8 BeaMiCKMX TeKCTaX LeHT- PAAbHBIM JIOKYCOM aBAeTCA MecTo GoruHH peyn — Bay, mpeauiecTBeHHHUbI 6oros ocranbHoro Beaniickoro NaHTeOHa. Vnen opraH3auMn «raneprexcra> 3arankM, BOCXOAAULerO K «3araO4HO- MY» MpOTOTEKCTY, pa3BUBalOTCA BO BTOpOi rape B. H. Tonoposa, B KOTOpoit NpocnexKMBaeTCA M CEMAHTHYCCKAA MCTOPKA 3araRKH, M ee IBOMLOUIMA B LAKE BpIpaxenna. VMimentio anarpamma, no runorese B. H. Tonoposa, 3anonHaer dbyHkKuMOHaib- HOe 3HAHHe MOKLY ConepxKaHMeM H (Popmoii B TeKcTax 3araaxn. [pu 31OM — ec B TEKCTAX CAKPaNbHbIX H MHONOSTHYCCKHX aHarpaMMMpyiotca “MeHa Goros 4 repoes, B 3aralke, HANPOTUB, YACTO MOXHO YBMIICTE KOHACHCHPOBAHHBIC HOMH- HalMMM Gprrosbix NpeAMeToB — OGbeKTOB OTraqKH. AHarpaMMbl B 3arankax — TeMa Tpetbeit rnasbi B. H. Tonoposa. Bumue rosopwiocb o TpHage Yenosex — Apredpaxt — Bcenexxas. B nepsoit KHMre NOAOGHBIE Tprasbt MpeAMeTOM CneuMabHOTO paccmMoTpeHHa He Spun. HM NOCBALEHDI ABE MaBbI BTOPOH KHHTH. T. M. Cyan, pa3Bvipaa MOnoxKeHHA, B KOTOPBIX reHe3HC 3araiKH BOSBOAMTCA K apesHeviemy aHaory, Cnopy Kak nepBHuHbIi cbopme TexcTa 8 pHTyane (nepBaa KHHra), NOAPOSHO:aHANM3MpyeT KOCMOMCFHMYECKHE CBASK ONOPHbIX CTPyKTyp ye JOBEYECKONO OMA, a UMEHHO: feHb, HOYb H eHb/HOUb B GanTO-caBAHCKON STHO- ASbIKOBOH TPAalMLIMH NpeAcTaloT, NepconMHUMpyACh B BARC OKHA— ZBepH ~~ ankv-MaTHUH (HIM HX asUIOBApVaHTOB, NOMYaC MHBEPTHPOBAHHEIX). (Caa3b Maxpo- 1 MuKpoxocmoca H Apretbakra mpocule:KHBaeTca 1 B MCCIe{0- san JI. P. Hesckoii o neun 6 Ganto-cnasarcKoii saraaxe. [eu Konupyerca 4e- pe3 orHomeHHa c Kocmocom. Ho newb ynogobasetca 1 Yenosexy. B To xe Bpe- Ma — neu Jloma — cooTHocHTcs c caMiM JloMoM. Bropaa yacrb 3Toit KHHTH HECOMHEHHO Cheumu4na H HMKaK He MoxeT 6bITb KBaNMHUMposaHa Kak NPOMOwKeHME MEH M TMNOTe3, H3IOKCHHbIX B KHMTE «3araqka kak TeKcT. I». Tpu apTopa, pa6OTbi KOTOPBIX 31€Cb NOMELUCHBI, HE ABA- soTCA MocnemoBarennmu MocKoscKoit ceMMoTHYecKOlt UIKOnLI (B OTAYTHHE OT BCEX BbIMCHASBAHHbIX); AMCHHO MOITOMY THTATesO NOMDKHO SbITh HHTEPECHO KOHLEN- TYaIbHOe COMOCTARNEHHE 3TOHt LUKONIbI MW Apyrx HanpaBneHHit. ITpeducaosue 7 Pa6ora A. B. Kpusenko Hocur cbunocodcxuiit xapaxtep. [ia Hee BaxKHO m0- HAT ONpeneneHHy!0 Mosen Mpa, NpecTaouryio B adbopu3max — HavGonee HH- POpMallMOHHO HacBILeHHEIX (bopMax MalOro TeKcTa (BAKHO, YTO acopH3M, Kak f1paBMno, — TeKCT aBTOPCKMii H TEM CaMBIM He TOX/ECTBEH NapeMHaM). OsHAaKO, B ONpegeEHHOM CMBICIE abopH3M, KAK HM 3aramka, — 9TO BCera OTBET Ha HeKMii BONPOC, He O6A3ATENBHO SKCIVIMUMpOBaHHBI. 3aHMMasch CTpyKTypolt atopu- CTHKH B LIHPOKOM icTopryeckom miaxe, A. B. Kpperko sbigesaet SHMrMaTHue- CKHii BapHaHT acbopHCTH4eCKoro TeKCTa H LEMOHCTPEPyeT €fO BOSMOXKHBIC JOTH- KO-CTPyKTyPHbIe TpaHicpopMaLin. kona cppanuy3ckoro cTpyKTypHO-CeMMOTH4ecKoro Nogxofa K TeKcTy npea- craeT nepen YMTaTeiem B HccrenoBaHMH Karp Baatiny 0 KOHUeNTe «BeTep> B pyCCKHX napemuax. JI pyccKoro uccaegopaTensa paboTa 1 €€ BLIBOAbI KAKYTCA HeOOLMHSIMK H NOTOMy OCObeHHO HHTepecHEIMM. BugHo, Kak «CTHpaloTCa» (B cornacnu c nonoxkeHmamn A. A. [lore6imm) Metacbopuueckue 1 MeTOHHMHe- ckHe o6pa3bi B NapeMMAX, CKOMb YCNOBHEI ACHOTATH NapeMHHBIX NponosH- uit. B crarbe Brainy petep mpeacraeT Kak HEKOe MOdTH YeNOBeyeCKOe cylle- cTBO, 6yitHoe, cTpacTHoe, He BCera cnpaseaNHBoe, onacHoe H Kaparomtee. Takue paSorni Kak Obl «BOCKPellaloT» napemHiitioe COBO, PeKOHCTpyHpya HeKHii MH- cbonosT#ieckHit (peHoMeH, y>Ke MOUTH Ceityac He OLLYLIAeMBIi. Tly6nuxyemas Ha aHrHiiCKOM ASbIKe CTaTbA AMCPHKAHCKOMO MCCAeAOBATENA Kpora XaHcona nocpauleHa TpeM 3I0xAaM Mpeyeckoii 3aragKu (aBTop TpaKTyeT SBOMOMMO OCHOBHBIX TEPMHHOB: yetpog — MepBOHAYAIBHO «KOpSHHa AIA Noli- MaHHOli ppiObl, CeTb», BNOCAEACTBMM — «HeYTO 3anyTaHHoes, H atveypa — «ITO-TO (KAa3aHHOe TEMHO Hl HEACHO>). Astop o6cToaTebHo onncpipaer nepexog oT Gonee H3BECTHBIX y HAC TEKCTOB 3aPQLKH B AHTHIHOM [pen K BAPTYO3HO HM C/IOKHO NOCTPOCHHBIM «3ara404HbIM> TeKcTaM BH3aHTMHCKUKx literati. Tperba anoxa— [pena Hoseiimaa, Kora MOXKHO TOBOPHTE O “MOMECTHKALIMH> 3AraKH, €€ HANPaBeHHOCTH Ha JOM, Ha ROMALITHHX OKMBOTHBIX, Ha 11peaMera! Grrra, (O «0MeCTHKallM» 3aPaaKH TOBOPHTCH TakKEe Ht B sBropoii TpeTbei rapax B. H. Tonoposa) TlocneaHas rapa sTopoit yactu KHMIH (1. A. Cenakosa) pa3sHBaeT nonoxKe- Hua 06 ocobeHHOCTAX CTPyKTYpbl «3araOMHOPO» TeKCTA, C ODHO! CTOPOHBI, H No- NOXKCHHA 0 CHEUMMYECKHX STHOASBIKOBEIX YepTax TEKCTA 3AfANKH B H3YEHHOM ABTOPOM perHoHe — c spyroii. Sta paGora Take NponowKAeT HM HAMCYCHHOE B feppoli KHHNe THMOMOrMYeCKOE CONOCTABNEHME TEKCTOB 3afANKH H MOCMOBHLEI. Bonee koHkpetHo — aprop nuwer 06 amuTeTe-onpeneneHHH 8 SomrapcKHx nape- Miax (HccAepOBaHMe 3aBepLlaeTca HHAeKCaMM ONpeleleHMi W ONpesenAeMbIX B SanrapcKHX napeMMitHBIX TeKcrax). HecoMHeHHEMi WHTepec BBISBIBaeT CHCTeMa upeToobosHaycHHs B GonrapeKHx nocnosHuax 1 3arankax; M1. A. CegaKkopa BbiAB- AWCT HX [IPHHIMNMaNbHY20 PasHHLy B STOM Mate. Virax, asyxuacrHas KHMra 0 GaTo-craBAHCKoli 3aranxe, o 3aranKe BOobmIe — KaK 9BOsOLMMOHMPYIONIEM TEKCTE, KAK TEKCTE COLM@LMSMPYIOUNEM H 4TO-TO CKBI- ‘BalOLIEM — Ha JaHHOM 2Talle K@KETCA 3AKOHYCHHON. T. M. HuxonaeeaYactp I B. H. Tonopoe II. «Bropoe» npoucxoxJenve — 3arayka B pHTyae (BeqHiicKad KOCMOOTHYeCKad 3arayKka ana brahmodya: crpyktypa, byHKWHA, NpoHcxoxKsenHe) Bele TOBOpWOcb*, YTO CyLECTBEHHEHLIMM ABICHHEM B SBONIO- UMM «Mpel-saraykv>, NpHBeWHM ee Ha Mopor cbopMHpOBaHHsA 3a- TaqKM Kak yxKe MHCTHTyaIM3HPpOBaHHOro 2%aHpa GEUIO COeAMHEHHe ee © PHTYAaNOM, KOTOPLIi H CTal BTOPbIM ¢POMMMbIM> JIOHOM 3arast- KH. Tloxamyi, HavGonee mokasaTeNbHbIM MpHMepoM HCIOMb3OBaHHA garaikM B pHTyale MOXHO CYHTATb OcoGpIi THN BeAMHCKMX 3arayloK ¢KOCMONOrHYeCKOTO» comepxKaHHA, Ha3blBaeMbIx brahmodya, 0 KOTO- ppix cm.: (Renou 1949, 22-46; Tonopos 1971, 26 u cr., Enw3apeHKo- Ba, Tortopos 1984, 14—46 u ap.). Yxa3aHHBlii THM 3aralOK, HHTepecHbiit v caM Mo ce6e, MpexcrapaeT co60lt KaHPOBYIO KOHCTPyKUMIO HCKMIOUNTENBHON TeOpeTHMeCcKOH BaxK- HOcTH. J[e0 B TOM, ¥TO OH TIO3BONKET BCKPEITh HEKHH ¢BHETEKCTOBbIH> NOKyc, MHCTHTyasIM3MPOBAaHHY!O MpOTOCMTyAalIHiO, CTABLUY!O ANPOM Bax- HeiiMX PHTyaNOB, KOTOPad OCBELACT APKMM CBETOM POMb AMAOru3- Ma B apxaM4HOH KysIbType, TO, KaK OH CTaHOBHTCH MexaHH3MOM pellie- HHS CaMBIX MaBHBIX, ¢MOCie LHX» BOMpOcoR, HM KaK OH opMupyer ¢1H- ajlorM4ecKUii» MeTON KaK STTMCTeMHONOrMYeckyto crpataremy. Baecte c TeM «BHETEKCTOBOCTb» BOCCTaHaB/IMBaeMOTO HCXOAHOTO JOKyca He OTMe- HaeT HAMA Gonee seMeHTAapHbIX TEKCTOBBIX CIPyKTyp, KOTOpbIe Mpey- IWeCTBOBAIN JAHHOM HW LesbIO KOTOPbIX OBUIO CBASBIBAHHE ABYX 10 TOFO pa3po3HeHHbIX «TonocoB» (A) B crope-coTPyAHMYeCTBE, ¢pa3bITpbIBalo- uleM» o6uryio Tey. O ToM, KaKoii Moryia ObITb «HiCXOuHaa» CxeMa TAKOTO AMavlorHyeckoro NpoToreKcta, GyeT CKa3aHO B DpyroM MecTe. Hecmorps Ha To, YTO spo Be_MiicKOH TpalMUMH CocTaBIsHOT YeTbI- pe Begti, KoTOpple B 2KaHPOBOM OTHOIeHHM, CTporo roBops, NpHHaL- JlexaT K COBepUIeHHO MHBIM K/laccaM TeKCTOB, Hees sarayka! , 3Haye- * Ca: BH. Tonopos. Vs na6mogennit Han saranxoit / Mccrenonanna 8 o6aacma 6anTo-cna- BAACKOH Kynbtyppl. Saranka Kak TeKcT. 1. M., 1994, ¢. 10-117; 7.9. Eausapenxoea, B. H.To- nopos. O senniicKoit saranke Tuna brahmodya f Tlapemmonorayeckne wccnenonarma. M., 1984, ¢. 14-46, 1 Cp.: Beay ramvos («Pursena»), Beny xeprecrHbrx opmyn («Akypseaa>), Beay Hanesos («Camapeaa») v Beay Marryeckux ¢popMya, 3aK/MHaHMii 1 3arosopos («ATxappapea»). Il. «Bropoe» npoucxoxkaenne — 3aragka B puTyane... 9 He BeqMUCKMX MaHHBIX IIA pellleHHA OOWIMX BOIIpocos CTpyKTypbI 3a- TakH, ee THNONOTHH, cbyHKUMOHMpOBAHHA KH OcObeHHO MpOHCXxoKLeHHA TpyaHo nepeouenurs. Topopa B OOilem, 3TO 3HayeHHe onpenensetca coxpaHeHHeM B BeguiicKOH TpadMLMM TOTO HCXOmHOTO JOKyca, B KOTO- POM 3araika BOSHMKIa M MHCTUTyaNM3MpoRanacb. Mpo3spayHOcTb H o4e- BHHOCTD CBASH BCeTO KOpriyca BeHHHCKHX 3araOK B WeN10M C pHTyaIoM, a Yepes Hero C MpelleqeHTOM (T.e. c TeM MepBOHaYaNbHbIM COObITHeEM, KOTOPOe 3HAMEHOBAIO CTAHOBNIEHHE BeHHCKOTO KOCMOCa H Hayao BCeit COOTBETCTBYIOWei TpalMUH), Kak H CAMO COOTHOLIeHHe BOMpoca Hf OT- BeTa (0 4eM CM. Janee), Mpegtomararoulee HaxoxKeHHe MCKOMOTO 3BeHa, HE TONBKO pasbACHAOUero Saranky, HO WM OSHayalOUlero COBepIeHHe HeKOerO KOCMOTOHMYecKOrO (HIM ACMMYprHyeckKoro) aKTa, JOCTaTOUHO YeTKO OTMENAeT BeMMMCKyIO 3aralKy KaK OT BbIPOXKICHHBIX BapHaHTOB 3aragKH, TaK M OT Tex 3arayloK, KOTOpbIe B Pale TPalMUMit BKMOYATHCE B MHBIC KOHTEKCTbI H MOMYYMIH HOBOe pa3BHTHe, HECBOMMMOe K TIpocToit HerenepatiuH (noHMMaemoii Kak 3a0BeHMe TMepBOHaYaIbHBIX NpHHUH- MOB, se>KalIMX B OCHOBe 3araikM, K/WIM HapylleHve rpaHHll Toit ccbephi, B KOTOpOi 3TH NPHHUMMEI JeltcrByloT, Ge3 cbopMHpoBaHMA HOBBIX KOH- CTPYKTHBHBIX HaYall, OMpese/IAIOMUX CTATYC 3aralKH). 7s toro, uTo6bi nyywle yACHHTb MCXOMHBIt noKyc BeyMticKOit 3a- TaQKH VM OCHOBHOM HepB ee, YMeCTHO OGO3HaYHTb HEKOTOpEIe paxiM4Hs Mexiy BeqMcKolt 3arankoit WM 3aralKOH B HEKOTOPEIX JPyTHX, CHJIbHO SBOMIOLMOHMpOBABIIMX TpanHuMax. Benulickad Movemb Mupa Mpesno- Jaraet, uTo CMbICA Mpa — B HEM CaMOM, BHYTPH ero. SToT CMBICA. MO- 2eT ObiTb OTKPHIT, HaliieH, Y3HaH, POXKHCH?, B YaCTHOCTH, MpH pasra- AbIBAHHH 3araKH; Hali2eHHbIii CMbICH BCeTa HOB M CHMHCTBeH, OH He KpoeTos B BONPOCHOM YaCTH 3aramkH, WIK, TOUHee, OH He MOXeT BITE SKCIUIMUMPOBaH H3 Hee B COOTBETCTBHK C HeKoeli THNOBOH NpoLery- Poli: orxpsrrve, opereHve cMbicya BCerla HeYTO CBepXEECTECTBeHHOEe, Beera 4yQ0, JOCTYMHOE JMUIb AIA HOCHTeNeH BEIcWUel Mynpocru. Ho “yO BCer{a YHUKAIbHO M HOBO, M OHO HE MOXET CBASbIBATb TABTONO- 2 Bee stm aciicrsHA WAM 4aCTS HX MOTyT KOAMPOBATSCA OAHUMH Hi TEMH 2Ke MAK nO MeHbUIeH Mepe TeHETHYeCKH CBASAHHBIMM 9NeMeHTAMM (CP. Ben. jan- "sHATE’ HM jfia- ‘poxnars’, 06a 13 u.-eup. *g’en-, OGosHasaomero sHAaHHe Kak POXACHHE H POXIC~ HWe Kak ysHapaHMe, Wan Ben. rad- ‘HaxogHTs’, ‘OTKPIBaTe’ NPH CaaB. *rodi zars’ w t.n.). Cp.: purusam upatapinam jfdtayah paryupdsate, jandsi JGndsi mamiti (Axavg.-Ynan.Vi, 15, 1) «soxpyr (cMeprenbHo 6GonbHoro yenopeKa cobupaiora poacTBeHHuKnH [or podume} u cnpammeaor: TH ysHaéulh MeHA? Tut ysuaémp mena». Cu.: (Schulze 1936, 113; Tonopos 1974, 235-236 u ap). Cemanriyeckaa MOTHBHpOBKa O603HaYeHMi OOpeTeHUA cMBIcaa MUpa KpaTuatiiyM O6pa3oM oTceLiaeT MK CTPyKType BeMHiiCKOl MOEN Mupa, H K OCObeHHOCTAM Be- Autickoro MeHTanuTeTa.10 B.H. Tonopoe Il. «Bropoe» nponcxoxsenue — 3aranka B puTyane... il Twueckve gneMeHTbI (HampHMep, Borpoc M oTBeT 3arankH). CneqoBa- TenbHO, M 3afaka CTpOHTCA TAKHM 06pa30M, 4TO HH © KaKOit OTH YecKOi TaBToNOrHM Borpoca HM orBeTa He MoxeT GprITb u peu. Ecmm BOMpoc 3araiKM BCerla COXpalser cBoH MpaMolt (aHesaraqouHEni>) 4 mpodanwueckwit cMBICH? (H, 3HaYMT, YCTaHOBKy Ha MOTEHIMaTbHyIO TABTONIOFHYHOCTh), TO OTBET PELUMTebHO ycTpaHaeT Takoit CMBICA uM opvernTupyeT OTragyvka Ha Hani6onee rmyOokHe HM CakpavIbHble CMBICJIBI, ViMeIOUIMe OTHOLIeHHe K BBICIUMM LIeHHOCTAM Mpa, Mpexie BCerO K eTo MpovcxoxKMeHMIO, COcTaBy H Mopsliky ero YacTeii, K WX CBASH C 4e- OBEKOM, MHa4e TOBOps, K TOMY, YTO MpoBepsetca H BepHHUMpyeTcs B OCHOBHOM TOOBOM puTyale AaHHOH TpanMUMH. CMBICIBI, BCKDbIBAae~ MBbIe OTBETOM 3arayiKH, BCeTyla MHTCHCHBHEI, MHPO- HW XKH3HECTPOUTEJIb~ HbI. AsbiKoBast (bopMa STHX CMBICIOB, BbICTyTaloWlad B OTBETE, TATOTeeT K TOMY, 4TOGbI ObITb HMCHEM COOCTBEHHEIM («He6o», «3emisa», «Comu- ue», «Mecau», «Ton», «4emozek» T.1.), MOCKOMEKY peub HeT He O HeGe WIM UeoBeKe BooGie, a TONbKO 0 Tom HeGe mM TOM Uenopeke, KOTOpble BOSHHKIIM 30ece u ceiluac, T.e. «B TepBbiit pas», B akre TBOpeHHs. JIMub BHe STON CHTyaL[MH, B yCNOBHAX SKCTEHCMBHOTO M Jecakpanv30BaHHOTO CYMIeCTBOBAHHA, COOTBETCTBYIOUIMe ASBIKOBEIC o6o3Ha¥eHHa craHoRsToa anemirrupamn. Ho mt Toro uTo6pl oTBeT 3araikH BCKPbIBAT HOBBIM KTOYeBOM CMBICH, BOTIPOC JOIDKeH bopmy- JIMpopaTecs OcoGEIM criocoGom. Tipexie Bcero OH He AOUDKeH ObITE He- OOA3aTEABHBIM, Mpa3zi[HbIM, 2KCTCHCHBHBIM, OTHOCAIILHMCA K ecepe Oxi- Toporo, MpodaHHyeckoro (KoTOpoe, OFHAKO, CaMO MOET 6biTb— 1 O6bTUHO GsIBaeT— MaTepHaniom cbopmysmpyemoro Bompoca‘); Hanpo- THB, OH JOUDKeH OBIT eTMHCTBEHHO HEOOXOTMMBIM HM MOCTaTOUHbIM (actexr ry6“HHOH MHTeHCMBHOCTH) BOMTPOCOM © BBICIIMX LieHHOCTAX Mipa, BXOJSILIHM B Leib HepapXH¥ecKH YIOpAOYeHHBIX BOMTPOCOB, KO- TOpble B CBOeH COBOKYMHOCTH HCYEPIbIBalOT CMBICIOByIO CTPYKTYPY MM@onosTHuecKo MOE MHpa. Tlogo6Hai wermb 3aragok Kak Obi MIpoumMpaeT Bech MUP CBepXxy JOHH3y (WIM JHaxpoHMdeckU — OT Hauala JO HaCTOAUIerO BpeMeHH), AKLeHTMpys TEM CaMbIM €fO OCHOBHYIO Bep- THKANBHYIO OCb; FOPUIOHTATHAA Xe TMIOCKOCTb OCBelllaeTcA sarankaM IMU B TOM CTemeHM, B KaKoii OHA NOWKMOYAETCA K PasHbIM YPOBHAM (cpe3am) BeprHKaybHOH JOMHHaHTEI, WIM Ke B COOTBETCTBMH C HeKO- 3. gro OGcTOATEABCTBO H NOSBOAKET NOHMMATE MOGy!0 BONPOCHY!O YaCTb 3arQQKH KaK ee TABTONOrHYCCKHA OTBCT. 4 ra ocoBeHHocTs 3araakH, OSKYHO HrHOpHpyeMad HCCIeAOBATEAAMH, OTHOCHTCA K uncay paxnettux, Takoe NpOCBeMMBAHHe HCKMOMHTEABHOFO Hi CaKPaNbHOTO CBETOM nosceaHesHOTO H GsITODOTO Kak pa3 M OTMeNAeT ray6HIHOe eNMHCTO OSOMX M7aHOB BOIMOXHOCTS Nepexosa OT OAHOTO K APYTOMY. Topol nereHepaumeit mecaKpanusyiouleroca Kopmyca sarayox. Maye TOBOPA, WIA BeLMHiCKOM HM MHOTHX Jpyrux apxaHUHbIx TpayMuit BepHo, uTO Mobo BoTIpoc MoxeT GbITh NOCcTAaBIeH, HO He Ha 00 BOMpoc MoxeT ObITb JaH OTBET; 4TO 3araaKa Mpeynonaraet He W0G0l BoMIpoc, a JMUb BONE OMpelevieHHEM, OrpanwMBaembit ccbepoli cakpauibHo 3HaYMMOTO; YTO 3araKa CyIIeCTBYeT B TOM CMBICHe, YTO ee HTOr — OTKpbITHe HOBOTO (BCé xe TO, YTO MOCTpoeHo B 3arayKe KaK TAaBTONO- THA, He 3aTParMBAeT BbICLUMX CaKPAIbHbIX CMBICHOB HM OTpaHHuMBaeTcs HCKNO4HTENbHO BHELIHAMM YPOBHAMM CTpykTypbI 3araakH). B Takoii opmysMpoBke apxawuHas 3arayka MPOTMBOMOsIOXKHAa NOHMMAHHIO 3a- TAKH B NOTHYeCKOi CeMaHTHKe, Kak M BCeMy TOMY KOHTeKCTY, B KOTO- POM BBICTyMaer 30ecb NOHATHE 3aramKH. B 3TOM JerKo yOequTECA, O60- 3HauMB KMOUeBbIe NO3HUMK «JlorHKO-wiocopeKoro TpakTatay JI. Bur- TeHUTeHHa B COOTBETCTBYIOUIMX BoMpocax: «[IpenoxeHHA JOFMKM CyTb Tapronorun (6.1); «fMpemioxeHna JIOrMKH, CHeMOBaTeNbHO, HMYerO He PoBopsT (6.11); «Teopu, B KOTOpbIX MIpeqyiOxKeHMe JIOTHKH MOxKeT Ka- 3aTbCH COLepxKATEJIbHBIM, BCeTa NOXHEP (6.111); «Tor cakt, ure npent- TOKeHWA JOTHKA— TaBTOMOrHH, MoKasbiBaeT cpopMambHbIe— sorMue- cKHe — cBoiicTBa 3bIka, Mpa. To, UTO HX COCTaBHBIe YacTH, Gyay4H mak CBA3AHBI, NalOT TABTONIOTMIO, XapaKTepH3yeT OTMKy HX COCTABHEIX 4ac- Teli. Uro6ni npemioxeHHsA, COeAMHeHHbIe OMpeseseHHLIM O6pa3om, ja- JM TaBTOMOTMiO, OHH NOIDKHBI HMeTb OnpeseyieHHbie cBolicrBa CrpyKTy- psi. To, 40, Gyny4H max CBA3aHbI, OHH MalOT TABTOJOTHIO, NOKa3bIBaeT, CHEMOBATENBHO, YTO OHM OONaMaloT 9TMMM CBOIiCTBAMH CTpyKTypbI> (6.12); «Cmbicn MHpa OsDKeH JexaTb BHE ero. B MHpe BCe ECTb, KaK OHO eCTb, H BCe IIPOMCXOJHT Tak, KaK MpowcxoaKT. B HeM HeT HHKAKOi WeHHOCTH, a ecaM 6b OHa TAM HM ObUIa, TO OHa He MMeNa Obl HHKAaKOli yeHHoctn. Ecav ecrb We@HHOCT, MMeIOUIa IeHHOCTb, TO OHA NOJDKHA jexKaTb BHe BCerO MpovcxomMuero Mi BHe Takoro (So— Sein). M60 sce mmponcxonsiuee H Takoe — cyyaiiHo. To, yro xenaeT 9TO He cry4ali- HBIM, He MOXeT HaXOJMTbCA B Mupe, HOO B NPOTMBHOM ciyyae OHO cHoga 6syi0 Get cmyyaitHbIM. OHO AOJDKHO HaxXORMTECA BHe MMpa» (6.41); «Jia orpera, Koroppiiit He MoxeT ObITb BbICKa3aH, H€ MOXeT 6pITb BEICKa3aH BOTIpoc. JazadKu He cyujectByer. EcmH Bompoc Boobule MOXeT GbITb MOcTaB/IeH, TO Ha HefO MOXKHO TakKxKe M OTBeTHTE» (6.5) (Witgenstein 1955; Butrenurrei 1958). Yxa3anne pasiwHi Mexoy 3arauKoii B apXavYHOH TpalMlHH WM B JIOrHYecKOl CeMaHTMKe MMeeT enbiO He TONBKO UH, NOxayH, He CTOMbKO TMOJYepKHBaHHe OpHTH- H@IbHOCTH BEMMHICKOH 3araKH, CKONbKO OOHapyxKeHHe HeKOerO HHBA- pHaHTa B OGeHX TpalHUMAX, MOMOralolero Nye NOHST HeKOTOpbIe aciieKrbl 1 coOcTReHHO BegMiicKolt 3aranku. Jlem0 B Tom, ¥TO JOrMuec- Kas CCMaHTHKa, HauMHas c Dpere («Begrifisschrift», 1879r.), BpipaGora-12 B.H. Tonopoe Ja Wenyio CucTeMy NOHATHH HM Mpouerzyp [Takux, HanpHMep, Kak pa3- AMueHHe CMbiCa MW 3HayeHHa (Sinn— Bedeutung), a3bika H MeTas3bIkKa K T.11.], KOTOpbIe MO3BONAIOT IKCILIMUMPOBaTh oNpeseneHHbIe ocobeH- HOCTH BOIMPOCcO-OTBETHOTO Halora, OCTaBaBLUMecA B TEHH, HO HMeIOLIHe OTHOWEHHE K 3araiKe Kak TakOBOM, XOTA BHYTPH €¢ 9TH OCOGeHHOCTH OOBIYHO OCTAIOTCA He BbIABICHHBIMH B JocTaTouHolt crenenu. Jlocta- TOYHO YOMAHYTb JiBe MpobyembI. BuTrenurreiiHOBCKOe yTBepPKTeHHe O TOM, 4TO «CMbICH MMpa— BHe ero» (6.41), ZeiicrBMTenbHO'H B OTHO- WeHHM apxaWdHoit 3araKH B TOM CMbICHe, ¥TO OTBeTbI, ComepxaLne BBICLUH€ CMBICJIbI, MOJDKHbI ObITb MPHHUMMMAIbHO CKPBITbI (H YeM Ba&KHee CMBICI, TeM FtyOxKe LOJLKeH OBIT OH CKPBIT), T.€. HAXOHTECA Kak 6b! BHe Mpa. Tema TapTomormH (6.12 4 Ap.) KaK XapaKTepHCTHKH JIOTHKH COCTaBHBIX YacTeli NpewioxKeHHii WM CBOMCTB A3bIka MMpa, KO- HEYHO, Oa H3 KMOYeBDIX M B CBA3H C 3aranKoli. [eficrBuTeNbHO, Bor- Poc 3araykH U1 ee OTBET CYT TABTONOTHHS , HO MOCTPOeHHbIe TaKHM 06- pasom, ¥TO OGe TaBToNOrMuecKHe YaCTH pa3HOHaIpawieHbl (10 Kpaii- Heli Mepe Ha MOBepxXHOCTHOM ypoBHe): pa3BeyeHHe STHX JBYX CTpyKTyp Ha MaKCHMalIbHO BO3MOXHOE PaCCTOMHMe HE TOMbKO «CKPbIBAeT> ac- TIeKT ToxkgeCTBa, HO H MpeycTawideT coGolt cBoero powa aHayor BbIBe- AeHMA CMbICHa Mpa BOBHe WIM, TouHee, ylepxaHMe mpezenbHo GOJIbLIOTO paccTOAHHA M@XKLY CMbICIOM (OTBETOM 3arayKH) HM BOIpOCcoM © HeM, B 2pyrx TepMMHax — COxpaHeHHe TaKOTO MaKCHMaJIbHOrO Ha- TIPSOKCHHA MeXMY TaBTOMOTHYeCKHMH WieHaMH, KOTla CaMa TaBTOsIO- TWYHOCTD MpezembHo cKppira®. Bnpouem, oco3sHaHve TaBTONOrMYHOCTH YacTel 3aranKH WIK — B HECKOAbKO HHO PopMyMpoBKe — TaBTONOrHYHOCTH (H30MOppHO- CTH, ake TOXMECTBEHHOCTH) CHTyalIMM MO O6e cTOpOHbI 3arankH (v.e. 10 e€ peuleHMa M NOCHE Hero) MpHcyTcrByeT MB pane MHdpo- HOSTHYECKMX KOHUCMUMM, B YacTHOCTH B MuBHHMCTUKe. JlocraTouHO HaNOMHMTb Takoe H3peyeHme, Kak ¢BenwkKuit YenoBeK MOmBYKeH, kak Tarp. HM go ragaHva OH yxe BilageeT npaBqoi» («MusnH»)’, 5.370 noatsepxaaercr cyniecTROBaHHeM Ocoboro xXaHpa peueHHit MeTAASEIKOBOTO xa- PpakTepa, yCTaHaBAMBAIOUIHX TABTONOFHYHOCTE (He TOXMECTBEHHOCTS!) BONpoca M OTBE- Ta Ka — wiMpe — obenx yactei nosoGuoro ypaBHeHHa B page TpaaMuMi apxanyHoro tuna. Bawkxaluan avanoria 8. pycCKOM CeMaHTHYeCKOM KOCMOCe — peveHMA THNa +o 6 106, 470 no aby». 63 sToro npmnuwna seiTeKaer, 470, nO CyTH fena, peMIeHMeM 3aranKH AOLKEH cuHTATECA He NpocTo oTBeT (saraaka BOOOUIe MeHee BCero CBA3AaHA C yragbIBAHHeM W MMMpOBHAaUHell, HO CO SHaHHeM M HCKYCCTBOM ero nopoxenHa), a OTBeT KaK coepnyruit sak sce mpoueaypa 3KcNaMKalMM CKpHTOrO TOXx- aectBa oGeux acre 3aranku. 7 Vinaue rosopa, orser npeauiectayet sonpocy. IL. «Bropoe> npoucxoxneHue — 3aranka B pHuTyare. 13 He roBops y>ke O MHOTOM spyrom. Ho rmapHoe B «Kuure mepemer>, ecm OOparuTeca K Heit B CBA3H C TeMOli 3araiKH, KOHe4HO, He B gTom. Xora ApeBHeKHTalickad TalatenbHasl KHHTa OpHeHTHpoBaHa, KaK H 3araKa, Ha BOMpoc (KOMMpyeMbI ONpesemeHHOM TeKcarpaM- MOH) MH Ha OTBeT, T.e. Ha AelIMdpoBky, MPHTOM ¥YTO OCHOBHEIC CMBICHBI, MoWlexkallve pasralbIBaHHlo, MMeloT HeMocpescTBeHHOe OTHOUIeHHe K KOCMOTOHMYeCKO AeTepMHHMpOBaHHOCTH STOrO MH- pa H, CiIeqOBATeIbHO, K B34MMOOTHOUIEHMIO Mpa, efO 3aKOHOB (cyab6nI) H YemoBeKa®, cyulecTByIOT TO MeHbuleHl Mepe Ba BeCbMa CYMLECTBEHHBIX OTIMYMA «3aranoK» «Mu3HHa» OT THMa apxaHyHolt 3arakv: BO-IIepBbIX, ¢3arajika», KOTOpad MOXeT GbITh PeKOHCTpyH- popaHa 1d «Mu3HHa», pacTBopseTcA B HEM B HecpaBHeHHO Goviee WIMpoKOli HM MoOTOMy Gomee oKCTeHCHBHOH uM MeHee caKpanbHolt ccepe rawqaHua Cc TpyaHee OvepYNBaeMBIMM TpaHMIlaMH: BOBsICK- WIMCb B pycno KHTalicKo TpanHuHH?, 3aranka yHMBepcaM3upyeT ccbepy O6beKTOB, KOTOpPbI€ MOTYT BBICTYNaTb Kak ee OTBETSI, H yTPa- 4MBaeT CBOIO MCXOMHYIO UeeHanpaBleHHOCTh, HHTeHCMBHOCTh HM HenOcpeCTBEHHY10 CBA3b C PHTYaJIOM; BO-BTOpbIX, BOTIpoc (a ¥acTO W orser) B «Mu3nHe» yrpauuBaer cBolicTseHHyio apxaM4Holi saraKe ¢aTOMapHOCTE»; eCHH B MocneaHe OObriHo BbICTyMaeT CTpykTypa a>b", to B eMusnHe» o6brana crpyKtypa (a, 8, c, d, e, f!!)>a (b, ¢,...m), Mpenmonaraioulad onepalMio THMa JorMueckoro Mcyucye- 8 Cp. «CosepurenHomyapsie oa cosnaqH O6pasM, YTOSEE B HMX 10 KOHMa BEIPASHTS MbICAH. OHM YCTaHOBHIM CHMBONEI, WTOGLI B HX JO KOHUA BbIpAsHTs BogmelicTBHe Mupa Ha YenopeKa # YenOBeKa Ha Mup...0 («CHUBCOKyaH») Ham: «fepemenEt — 370 VSMEHYMBOCTS, 8 KOTOPOM Mbl MEHAEMCA B COOTRETCTBKH CO BPeMeHEM, AIA TOPO YTO- Gu cnenonaTs nym («nao») Muposoro pasnrrua. «Kira nepemert> cTonb WHpoKa H BCeOGREMMUOUIa, YTO Yepes Hee MBI HANCEMCA BCTYNMTb 8 NPABHALHBIe OTHOUICHHA C 3aKOHOM Hallel CyMIHOCTH Mi CyabObI, MPOHMKHYTS BO BCE MPHYHHBI ABHOTO HM COKpO- BeHHOrO, Hc¥epnaTs 40 KOHUA BCIO AeHICTBHTEABHOCTS NpeAMeTOB H COOBITHH M TeM CAMBIM YKa3aTb MYTb OTKPHITHH H CBEpUICHHH...» (43 «MwkyaHa», KOMMEHTapHa, co- crapnenuoro You H-wxyanem) H t.n. Cm. noapo6uee (Iyuxuit 1960). 9 Cp. anak 6y (ragaHHe Ha KOCTAX M Yepenaxe) H SHAK wu (ragaHHe Ha cTeOnAX TEI- CAYCAHCTHHKA), a TaKKe GMHOM bywiu. 10 Sromy He npoTHBopeyMT HH cakT ‘WeHMMOCTH a (Bonpoca) B NNaHe HANMNHA B HeM paga npeauxatos [0 (P)P>P3...)] Ha ykasaHHA pana ycnosHA cyulecTBOBAHHA ‘onvcbinsemoro 3nect o6sexta [P (Cond. & Cond.7 & Cond.3...)], HH COeAHHEHHE B BONPOCE ABYX +ATOMAPHBIX» OOBEKTOB, NPeAMOLATAOMHX COOTBETCTBYIOMLUM OGpa- 30M nocrpoeHHBiit orser (cp.: Maaduuii yxodum, cmapuuit npuxodum — Connye u Mecay). Il EcrecrseHHo, 1 3ra copwa spiaeTca GONBINMM YNPOUIeHHeM peanbHOH crryauyH, MOCKONBKY 3NECb HE YYHTBIBAIOTCA SAKOHOMEPHOCTH COOTHOMIeHHA rpacHNecKHX YepT rexcarpamM H COOTBeTCTByIOMIeTO acbopHsMa.4 B.H. Tonopoe Hwa!2 (ycrb Wake B 930TepH¥ecKHX (bopMax), MHOra Hen30exKHO TIpHBOmALerO K uy KIO apxaHuHoli 3aragKe MHOTO3HaAYHOCTH. CxonHad cHTyallist MHOrMa BOSHMKaeT HB ApyrMx TpalMLusx, OOBINHO TIpH ODHOM H3 DByx TMOMApHEIX ycnosuli: 1) Korma BONpoc CIIMUIKOM CiIOKeH, TpeGyeT WIA CBOETO pelIeHHA JJIMTEMBHOTO BpeMeHM WIM TIPHBOAMT K HeKOeMy MHOXeCcTBY OTBeTOB; 2) Kora BOMIpoc HM oT- BeT CBAIAHBI CAMIIKOM SJI¢MeHTapHBIMH, KIMUIMpoBaHHbIMH OTHOUe- HusMmu. B STHX yCIOBMAX MHOTO3Ha4HOCT WIM, TO“Hee, MpHHLMNMH- a@vIbHaAl ATbTepHATHBHOCTb OTBETOB Ha ONMH HM TOT 2Ke BOIIpOC BOSHMKa- eT B CMY TeHHeHIUIMM K ycrpaHeHHio o6enx KpaiiHocTeli — mpeyenbHoit CJIOXKHOCTH M MpeeMbHO MpocTorsl COOTBeTCTBeHHO TepBOMy HM BrO- pomy ycnoBHam. THMMYHBI NpHMep MOxeT ObIT NPOWWLOCTPHPOBaH 239HCKHM KodHoM, MpeycrapisoulaMMm coGoli aHOMavIbHBIi BapwaHT 3a- Tag, KOTOpbIit pasBwicd M3 paHHeii NenarorHueckoii TeXHHKH MoHdO (cepua GbicrpIx BOMpOCoB H OTBETOB Ha TeMbI 139Ha M@XMY YYMTeEIEM M yueHukamu))3, Jaa KoaHa cyllecTBeHHa KpaiiHad peaTHBHsallua cBAseH MexY BOMpOcoM H OTBeTOM, MpOvcxoypilian 3a cueT «CHH- KCHHA TIpeyMeTHO peaibHOCTH B LENOM, ee OMyCTOUIeHHA», KOMMeH- CHpyeMBIX TIPHOMDKeHHeM K ¢HepacuyleHeHHOMy BOCIIPHsITHIO MHpa, KOCMHYECKOMY CO3HAHMIO, IKCTaTHYeCKOMY TlepexKHBAHHIO WeOCTHO- cru 6prrua»!4, npvroM 4To caMa MicHxoTepaneBrMueckad HanpaBieH- HOCTb KoaHa (cp. HX CBA3b C Camopu) C 3BECTHBIMH OCHOBaHHSAMH MO- 2KeT ObITb CONOCTABMeHa C OCHOBHOM eNbIO PHTyaIOB, BKUOYAIOLIAX B ce6a oTralbiBaHve 3araoK (BOCCTaHOBIeHMe KOCMHYCCKOH CTpyKTypbI MW — Yepe3 Hee — CBAZAHHOTO C Helo YeOBeKa)!> . 12 Yurepecuo, yro acnext GHHapHoit norHKu OGHapyKHBACTCA HB KIOYEBOM acbo- puame «To Mun, To AH — 970 vt 30neTca Fytem (fJao)», HB Mace NOPOXKACHHA BCeX OGnekTos suaMMonefiCTBHeM STHX ABYX HavAN, NeXAMMX B OCHOBe PasBeTBReHHOM CHCTeMEI ABOHHEIX NPOTHBONOCTABNeHHit 13 Cp.: Zug 1967, 81-88; Sato 1968 u ap., a y Hac pan paGor IC. Nomepanua; cp. renepb Asen-6yannam 1993 (Cyasyku 1993; Kanyxu 1993) « ap. Hirrepectio, To 6 cekre Rinzai koaH mM ceityac aBaseTcA OCHOBHOM NegarorMyecKO NCHXOTeXHHKO. 14 Cx: Momepann 1972. 15 Kaxyn 6bt napadoKC@ibHbiM H 3arQlOuHbIM HH Ka3aiica CaTOpHANbHEI ONbIT H CKOAB 6b HH HaCTaHBaNM Ha efO +BOCTOUHOM» NPHpone, OH, Kak CnpaseAnHBo nucan lOur, +Ha caMOM lene, COBEPUIEHHO ECTECTREHHAA BUI, HEYTO HACTOABKO MPOCtoe,... TO 3a DEPEBb- AMM He BHIMTCA JCA, 1 B MONITKE OObACHHTb STO, HEHIOEXHO TOBOPATCA TAKHE BELIM, KO- ‘TOpBIe MPABOAAT Apyrux a eute Gonbuiee cmyiierte> (IlscH-6ynauam 1993, 7) u oxaauiBaer- cA ROCTYNHEIM HE TOMBKO eBOCTOMHOMY> senOREKY. PasyMecTcA, B 3TOM pany, Noxanyit, nepaolt H HanGonee ySeuHTensHO! burypoll HYKHO NPH3HaTe MeitcTepa Skxapra; cp., Ha- MpHMep, +GEICTPEIf> HMNPOBH3ALMOHHO-MIPOBOH BONPOCHO-OTBETHBH AuAOr ero ¢ Mpe- KPACHLIM HANIM MANBHMKOM, OKaJABLIMMCA, B KOHTE KOHUOR, BoroM; Ha Bonpoc Dkxapta MANBMMKY, OTKya OH HuleT: —- «5A npHXOxy oT Bora».— «Ine Tei ocTaswn Ero%»— «B 106- II. «Bropoe» nponcxokaenne — 3araaka B puTyane. 15 Ha 310M qove ocoGeHHO pesbedHo BEWenAeTcA BeEAMMCKaA 3a- ranxa. [locrarouHo o6paTHTbCa K TeKCTaM, OTMe4aOLHM HCXOHbIM J10- kyc 3aragku, OnvH 43 HavGonee noka3aTembHEIX IpHMepoB— ¢pparMeHT w3 ¢Taittrupus-BpaxmManb> (oHa cBa3aHa c ¢«YepHol Amxypse- Holi»), B KOTOPOM OMMcbIBaeTCA PHTYAIbHBI OGMeH 3araaKamu (co6- CTBEHHO, ¢paccykneHHimu o Bpaxmane», cp. brahmodya, brahmavadya Tip Op.-HHy. brdhman, o6o3HayalouleM B DaHHOM CJy4ae BbICLUIee OObEKTMBHOe HayaslO, M3 OFUIOTHEHHA KOTOPOrO BOSHHK MHP CO BCeM, YTO B HEM HaXxogHMTCH, M Lp.-HHL. vad- ‘rOBOpHTE’, B lleOM 6yKBaIbHO “6paxmaHoropopeHue’). «Baecka W 6naroyecTMa MMUaeTCA TOT, KTO CoBepulaeT auieamed- xy— x%KeprBonpHHoweHve Kons. Torga xorap u OpaxMaH sagaloT apy? Apyry CBAWeHHbI€ 3araKU; WAM OHM BOSBpallaior eMy 6neck # 6naroyectHe. — CrpaBa oT XeprBeHHHKa cToMT GpaxMaH; MIOMCTHHe MpaBas CTOpoHa — cropoHa 6paxmaHa. BpaxmaH xe — BO- TuloweHve Bpuxacnatu; M cipaba HayenseT OH Onaro¥ecTHeM MpH- Hocauero xeprBy. Tlostomy mpaBaa MonoBnHa Tena Goraye 6naro- yecTHeM, 4eM eBat. — CreBa OT XKePpTBEHHHKa CTOHT xoTap; MOHC- THHe JeBax CTOpoHa — cTopona xoTapa. XoTap xe — BOMNOWeHHe Aruu, a ArHH — 3TO OseCK; M cneBa HalendeT OH 6eCKOM MpHHO- cauero xeprsy. [lostomy Nenad monopuna Tema Goraye OnecKom, 4em mpapat.— Croa no oGe cTOpoHbI %KeprBeHHHKa, 3a2a1T 3araakM xoTap M 6paxmaH. KeprBeHHMK xe MOMCTHHE BOTLIOUIe- He MpHHOCALero %KepTsy; HM XoTap M GpaxmaH BOSBpalllaior NpuHo- caulemy 2KepTBy M Oyleck H Omaroyectue. * ponetensiix cepauaxe.— «Kya Tot nneu?»— +K Borye,— «Que ot alizeuts ero?» — +Tam, tae OCTaBNIO BCE TROPCHKAe.— +«Kro TH?>— «Llapb».— «Que Ta0e uapcrso?»— +B MoeM cepalie.— ¢CMOTpH, YTOObI HHKTO He NosenHa ¢ TOGOH Tacel BaacTH».— «A TAK H Aenalos... Nlono6Hble ONbITBI, OTMEYeHHBIC y Dkxapta H APyrHx MHCTHKOB CTApOro BpeMe- HM, JOCTATOUHO YHCTSI OT NoMOSpEHHH B 3anMcTBOBAHM. Ho M B TeX CAyYARX, KOrMa TAKHE NOAOSPEHA MOryT HMETb OCHOBAHHA, NOAAMHHOCTS CAMOrO ONBITa He CHHMACTCA BHOAHE. Cp. craxorsopenue Flonnascxoro «YurTense, sowenuee B COOpHHK «JupioKaGnE HenaBe- cTHoro Hanpapnenuas (Tlapwx, 1965): Kmo meoii yumen» nenen?| Tom, kmo udem no Kpy- 2y.| [2e mot €20 yeuden?| Ha apanuye seunux cnecos?| Moreny met eco ne pas6yduus?| fo- ‘momy "mo on Gor ymep.| Houemy met o Hem He naaueue??| Homomy 4mo on — amo 3. SroMy CTHXOTBOPHOMY TeKCTY CooTBeTCTBYeT NposaHuecKHit bparment H3 «flHesHHKa Anoatoxa Beso6pasona», cm.: Monmasckiit 1993, 181, 347. B ocHone nexut Ta Ke CXEMa, TO HB OT- pike Dxxapra. PasyMeerea, 370 He KOaH, HO TO, YTO MOxHO 6pLIO Ob HA3BaTS «Ha NoANy- TH K HEMY», HO 97H +noanyrH»— TpyaHeituume. OOuM 21a THX CONOCTABIEHHH ABLAETCA Ta HEOKHMAHHOCTS, KOTOpaa OcBOGOKMACT OT HLUOSHIi «3mpaBOrO CMBICAa> M MABHOH H3 HWX— OTHOCHTeABHO SI — 1 KoTOpas ecT HAH HHCaMA B MCTHHEYI0 npupoay MI 42H nopor uucaiina, Korma Yer0BeK +Tepaer> ce6a. B ITHX YCAOBHAX OTBETH KoaHa HAH gHaNora OK- ‘xapra ye He MOryT GbITs ciyTaHbl C epyHaoii H GeccMBICAMUei: OHM CTaHOBATCA B BBIC- Wet CTeneHM ECTECTSCHHBIMH HM OPraHHYeCKH MO3BOASIOT OTKPEITS Ccbepy MOACOSHAHHA.16 B.H. Tonopos II, «Bropoe> nporicxoxnenne — saranka B puryane... 17 «To Gb Nepsoii MbICHbIO?>— cnpaumHBaeT xoTap. «He6o, AOXEb,— BOT NOKCTHHE NepBad MbICIb»— oTBeyaeT GpaxmaH. H MpHHocauMi xKepTBy OBNaneBaeT HeOom u ZoxZeM. «4To GpuIO 6onbuioi nrnuei?» — cipauimBaer xoTap. «¢Konb — BOT NOvCTHHE Gonbuian nTvya>. M mpHHocsmMi xepTBy OBNaqeBaeT KOHEM. «dro 6ObuIO TeMHBIM?»— crpaliMBaer xorap. «Ho4b moncTHHe TemHas>. HM npuHocaumi KeprBy OBNaneBaeT HOUbIO. «To OBLIO TOMHBIM?» — cnpauMBaet xoTap. «lil pu, 6ormHa Grara noucruHe nomHas». M npuHocaHit xeprBy OBaeBaeT NMUWeH MH Npoun- mu Gnaramu. «Kro crpaHcTayeT B OMHOYeCTBe?»— cnpallMpaer 6paxMaH. «3To COAH We MOMCTHHE CTpaHCTByeT B OMMHOUECTBe», — orseyaer xorap. M npunocammit xepray OBNaqeBaeT COnHUeM. «Kro Kaxablii pa3 poxkgaetca cHoBa?»— cmpaummpaeT 6paxmaH. «Jl ya MovcTHHe KaxkabIi pas poxktaetca cHOBa>. M npwHocaMnit xKepray OBMaqeBaeT Bono xH3HBIO. «Kakoe ecTb eKapcTBO oT xomogza?» — cnpaumpaet 6paxMaH. «OTOHb — BOT NOMCTHHEe jeKapcrso or xonoma>. W npunocammMik xeprpy oBaqeBaeT 6naroyectvem. «UTo ecTb BeMHKHH NoceB?» — cnpauiMBaeT 6paxman. «TOT MMP — BOT NOWCTHHE BeNMKHH MoceB». M npunocaumit xepTBy YTBEPXMaeTCA BITOM Mupe. «A crpaliMBalo TeOs, re BepXHHii Npemen 3emin?»,— ropopuT xorap. «KepTBONpHHO- Wie He — BOT MOHMCTHHE BepxXHHii Npezen semi», — orseyaeT Gpax- man. HM npwHocsit KeprBy 0 BJae BaeT 2KepTBeHHHKOM. «41 cnpa- wuBaio TeOs, rye myn BceteHHow?»— ropopuT xorap. «KepTBo- NpHHOMeH Ne, — Bor NoucTuHe nym BcenenHoit», — orBeyaeT Gpax- man. VM npwnocsiMit xXepray OBNaleBaeT XepTBONPHHOLeHHeM. «A cnpaummpato Te6s, YTO ecTh CeMa MOry¥ero KOHA?»— ropopuT 6pax- MaH. ¢COMa — BOT MOMCTHHe CeMsa MOryyerO KOHs»— oTBeYaeT XO- Tap. HW npuHocauMi xeprBy OBaeBaeT COKOM COMBI. «1 crIpa- lMBaio TeOs, 4YTO eCTb BbICLee HeOo CyoBa?>— roBopyT 6paxmaH. «b paxMaH — BOT MovcruHe BrIciiiee HeGo Copa», — orBeyaeT xorap. Vis npunocauit xKeprsy OBaeBaeT Guaroyecruemp (Taitt.-Brahm. TH, 9, 5) (Toss. u nposa Jip. Bocr. 1973, 423-424). Heckonbko HHOii BapnaHT brahmodya, ipuypoueHHblit K TOMy xe PHtTyasly TOpxKecTBeHHOTO XKepTBOMpHHOMeHHA KOHA (asvamedha) '6, Bbicrynaer B «BamkacaHeH-CaMxHTe», CBA3aHHOL c «Benoit Amxyp- Beno». OH 3acmykuBaeT OcoGoro BHUMaHHA B CHIIy TOTO, YTO 3neCcb 16 Q6 910m putyane cm.: Dumont 1927; Bhawe 1939; Kirfel 1951, 39-50 # ap. Cp. tax- oke onHcanHe aueanedxu a «liaranarxa-Bpaxmanes (XIII, 1) 1 cepiio oroxaectanennit B + Bpvxagaparibaxe-YnaHnuanes (1,1). CneuwansHo 0 ¢Bamkacaneu-Camxute cm.: Renou 1946, 21-52. ocobeHHO HariatHo (OpMysHpyeTcA Bech KOHTeKCT BepMlicko 3a- rau. Cp.: Vajas.-Samh. XXIII (9-12), 45-62: 45, kah svid ekaki carati kd u svij jdyate piinah kit svid dhimdsya bhesajdm kim v avdpanam mahdt Kro To ABwxeTCA OAMHOKHM? M1 To cHoBa poxnaeTcn? Uo sexapcrso or xonoza? Hi uro BennKkuii noces? (sonpoc hotar’a, = 9, Bonpoc brahmdn’a) 46. stirya ekaki carati candrdmd jayate piinah agnir himdsya bhesajdm bhamir avdpanam mahdt Coane jprxetca onmHoKuM. JI y Ha cHOBa poxaaetca. Oro b — nekapctso or xonona. 3 € MAA — BENHKUH NoceB. (oTBet adhvaryu, = 10, oret hotar’a) 47, kit svit sitrya samam jyétih kirk samudrd samark sdrah kim svit prthivyai varsiyah kdsya mdtra nd vidyate Kakoe cserwo ron06He conHiy? Kaxoe 03epo noso6Ho oKeaHy? ‘Uro umpe 3emnu? Yemy He HaiiTn Meppl? (sonpoc adhvaryu) 48, brdhma siiryasamam jydtir dyatih samudré samari sérah indrah prthivyat varsiyan gds ti mdtra nd vidyate BpaxMau — cpeTuo, nogobxoe connuy. H e 6 o — o3epo, mogo6Hoe oKeaHy. Wxapa umpe seman. Kopose ue xalitu Meppi. (orset hotar’a) Si. késv antéh piirusa dvivesa kdny antéh puruse drpitani étad brahmann pa valhdmasi twa kim svin nah prdtivocasy dtra B koro sowen [lypyuia? Kro o60cHosanca B Iypyure? Sro,o GpaxMaH, mpi Te6be 3aradbBaeM. UO TH HaM TYT OTBCTHUIb? (sonpoc udgdtar’a) 52. paficdsy antdh pirusa dvivesa tdny antéh puruse drpitani etdt tvdtra pratimanvand asmi nd madydyd bhavasy tttaro mdt B natepnx somen [ly p y ua. Onn o6ocHosanucy B Nypyme.18 B.H. Tonopos Bot uro A tyr tebe BOSpaxXy. Thi He NpeBOCXOAMU MCHA M306peTaTeAbHOCTBHO. Il. «Bropoe» npoucxoxneHve — 3araaka B puTyane... 19 védahdm bhivanasya ndbhim véda dydvaprthivt antdriksam véda sitryasya brhaté janitram dtho veda candrdmasam yatojdh (otset brahmdn’a) Asnao nyn BcenenHod. 3Ha0 He6Go wu 3eman, Bo3sayunoe [lpoctrpanHcrTso. 3Halo Mecro poxkaeHHa Benukoro Co aH Wa. 3Hato Tacxe JlyHy MOTKy#a OHA POaMTCA. kd svid asit piirvd cittih kim svid asid brhdd vdyah kd svid asit pilippild kd svid asit pisangild Uro 6Gpino ne p BO MbicabIO? Uo blo BeAMKOH NTHUEH? : Kro 6bu1 Ty4HbIM? Kro 6bin TeMHbIM? (sonpoc hotar’a = 11) 61 prechdmi tva pdram dntam prthivydh prechdmi ydtra bhivanasyd (orset brahmdn’a) ndbhih dyaur dsit piirvd cittir d$va asid brhdd vdyah dvir Gsit pilippild rdtrir asit pisangild He6o 6sul0 ne pBoO mbicnbwO. Kon b Gbii BeNHKOM NTH. Osua 6pia TyHoOH. Hob Gpuia TeMHO. (orpet adhvaryu, = 12, brahmdn’a) prechdmi tvd vfsno dévasya rétah prechdmi vacdh paramdm vydma A cnpawxsa.w tTe6a (re) KpatHMi npezen Seman. A cnpawusan, me nyn Beenennon. A cnopauusBaw reba o cemenn xepe6ua. A cnpauusaso Tebs osbicuem Hebe peu. (sonpocsi yajamdn’a win xe hotar’a, no «4epHoit Amkyppere») 62 ivdm védih pdro dntah prthivyd aydm yajfio bhivanasya ndbhih -. aydm sémo visno dévasya réto brahmdyam vaech paramdm vyéma Stor anTapb — xKpaiiHMii npenen 3eman. Sto Ke PpTBONPAHOWe HH e —nyn BcencuHoH. Stor c OM a — cema xepebeHKa. Dror 6 pax M aH — BBICWICe He6o peun. (orser adhvaryu wiv xe brahmdn’a, no «epHoit Amxypsene>) kdty asya visthah kdty aksdraini kdti hémasah katidhd sdmiddhah yajridsya tva viddtha precham dtra kati hétdra rrusé yajanti Cxoasko y Hero (xepTBonpuHHomennsa) cocTaBHbix yacTeii? Ckonbko Bo3nuaHHii? CKonbKO pa3 3a%KeH (OrOHb)? é A cnpaw4Baw Tenepb Teba O CBoiicTBAaX >KepTBONPHHOWeHHA. Cxonnxo Aofar‘os NPHHOCAT XepTBY B NOMOKCHHOE BpeMA? (sonpoc brahmdn’a) Kax BHO M3 STHX MpHMepos, brahmodya mpeacrapnaer coGoii cno- “ BECHYIO 4aCTb PHTyalla, TOCTPOeHHYIO B BHAe BOTIPOCOB H OTBETOB, CO- OTBETCTBYIOUIMX 3araiKe H OTTAIKe, Ha TeMy CTpyktypst Kocmoca!?. -CyusecrBeHHo, 410 peKOHCTPyKIMaA MO3BONAET COOTHECTH STOT CIIOBEC- «bmi MoemMHOK ¢ brdhman’om, Koroppiii, BAAMMO, MOXxKHO TpakTOBaTb kak ocoG6oro pola coopyxKeHie, SKBHBAIeHTHOe MMpOBOMy depeBy {Tonopos 1974a, 20-74), 4 c brahmdn’om Kak Ha3BaHHeM ONHOTO 13 BHAOB 2Kpelos, cBasaHHbIx c brdhman’om. Brahmodya mpyiBexeHHoro ‘Tuma No cBoeii CTpykKType ABIAIOTCA BOTIPOCO-OTBeTHEIM AMasoroM!8 c -NepeMexkalollMMVcA NapaMH yYaCTHHKOB M YepeZYIOUMMMca PoNAMH \(BonpocbI HaxHHaeT GpaxMaH, eMy OTBeYaeT XOTap, 3aTeM cnpaluMBaer xoTap, KoTopomy oTBeyaeT 6paxmaH H T.11.). Yke WHaTOTM4ecKad ‘empyxtypa brahmodya, oG6Me€H BONpOCaMH M OTBETAMH HM MHBepCHs " Y4aCTHHKOB TaKOTO WHalora HENBYCMBICHEHHO OTCbUTAIOT Hac K TeM ap- sdd asya visthdh Satdm aksdrany asittr hémah samidho ha tisréh yajfidsya te viddtha pré bravimi saptd hétdra rtuSé yajanti Ulectby Hero COC TABHBIX YACTEH, CTO CnoroB, BOCeMHeECAT BOQMMAHH, TPH KOCTpa. A npososraamaio Te6e cBoiicrsa >xKepTBONpPHHOUIEHMA, cemb hAotar’oB MPHHOCAT %KepTBY B NONOXKEHHOS BpeMA. (orper udgatar’a) K6 asyd veda bhivanasya ndbhim k6 dydvaprthivi antdriksam kdh sitryasya veda brhaté janttram ké veda candrdmasam yatojah Kro snaet nyn 3T0i BceneHHoii? Kro (3Haet) He6o 4 3emso, ° BosayuiHoe npocrpancTBo? Kro sHaer Mecto poxseHua BenuKoro Connua? Ko 3xaer, orkyaa ponunace Jlyna? 17 Cy. Renou 1949, 22-46; ep. raxxe: Tonopos 1971, 26 4 ca. (sompoc udgatar’a) 18 Qcoseait su brahmodya cocrannner cnerka paMaTHsMpoBaHMEnit Anrator (vikovaka).20 B.H. Tonopoe II. «Bropoe» npovcxoxneHMe — saranka B puTyane... 21 XaM4YHBIM PHTyallaM, B OCHOBe KOTOPEIX JIeKHT CHcTeMa GHHapHbIX TIpo- TMBOMOCTABNeHHA, H K TOMY apxaH4HOMy BapHaHTy YemoBetecKoro 06- MlecTBa, KOTOpBIH- Mpemtonaraet (B KOHeYHOM CyeTe) HyAIbHblii THI opraHHsauMn, dyHKUMOHMpyioWMii MW KOHTpoMpyeMbiit MpH MOMOLTK YHMBepcambHoro O6MeHa— BelllaMH, 2KeHIMMHaMM, CIOBaMH Hi T.1. SToT o6meH oGecrieyHBaeT JOMKHET ypoBeHb HH(opmallMn O MHpe H, Gomee TOTO, Kak Obl YAOCTOBEpAET TO LENOCTHOCTb M BEPHOCTb eTO TOMY, TO 6bui0 «B Hayane». B arom KouTeKcte brahmodya, ecTecTBeHHO, HO/DKHbI TpakTOBaTbCA KaK KOHUCMTyaIbHOe AMPO OCHOBHOTO pHTyalia H Kak WC- TOYHMK WIMPOKOFO KJacca TEKCTOB, OTMEYEHHBIX B Pa3HbIX aPXaHYHbIX TPaNMLHsAX, HO He sIBISIOLUMXCH 110 CBOeMy %KAHpy 3arankamu. Peub wer 0 MpoaHamM3MpoBaHHBIX B [pyTOM MeCTE TeKCTAX, JOCTaTOYHO TOAHO co- XPaHAIOLMHX apXeTHM, CyLECTBEHHBIMM YepTaMHi KOTOpOro MOXHO CuH- TaTb WMavior Ha KOCMOTOHMYeCKMe TeMBI (Cc BpeMeHHEIM yropsoyeHHem OCHOBHBIX COGEITHIi — OT BOSHHKHOBeHUA u3 Xaoca Kocmoca BIvIOTb HO NOABNCHHA YenOBeKa M COLMAIBHbIX HHCTHTyTOB), BOMpOco-oTBET- Hylo @opMy, YHCNOBOH NpPHHIUMM aparDKHpOBKH TeKcTa HM HeKOTOpEIe Ipyrve ocoG6eHHoctH (cp., B YaCTHOCTH, OTOKJeCcTBMeHHe YacTeli Tera C 9eMeHTaMM Mpa, MIpHypoyeHHoe K paccka3y 0 cO3aHHH NepBoyesO- Beka)!9, onucpinaiouve Takve cxembi, Kax: «/laii mepBbIi oTBeT... KaK CO3MaIM 3€MJL1I0, KaK HeE6O BOSHHKIO...— HM mMupa MOTb cTaia 3eMulel, cTaid KOCTH ropaMM, He6oM cram yepen...a KpoBb ero Mopem.— Bropoit naii orser... ny Ha Kak BOSHHK- Ha... KAK COMaHO CONHLE...» HT... B cBa3H C OTMeYeHHEIMM YepraMi Hes1b3A NPOHTH MHMO TOTO, TO B brahmodya B WeNOM pate cryyaeB 06- HapyxXMBaerca 4YCNOBOH NPHHUMN, xXoTA OGBIYHO B TpaHccbopMupo- BaHHOM BYe (cp. Bbuue: Kakopa ke Oblia MepBas MBICHB? (purvd city); yawrbrBad KOCMOrOHM4ECKyIO CXeMy, B KOTOpoit mepBBit ilar CBAa3aH C NOpoOxXseHHeM OAHOTO obbekta (WM NepBoro OGbEKTa), BTOpow war— c nopoxneHveM ABYX OObEKTOB (BTOpbIX) H T.i., 19. Cp. Taxwe npuMepsi, kak «Peun Badrpyanmpa> u3 «Crapuiei Saupe, cxoaraie cpar- MeHTBI 3 CpeaHevpaHcKoro « ByHaaxvutHa> xt +Papaata> 1 1.n. Qaaieckaa TpagMuMa 3Ha- eT H APYTMe NPHMepEI TAKHX BONPOCO-CTHETHEX nperstit, cp. «Pew Anbsuca», dparmext +fleci o Xneneo us «Crapureft Saas» (np nposaiyeckoit «Care o XetiapeKe»c sarankamnt ‘Xefiapexa u ap.; cp.: Xeliswxra 1992, 130, ne ropopa 0 repMaHMcTHueckoii amTepatype). B TepMaHCKoli esaranowHoits TpanMitHHt OCOFCe MECTO 3AHUMALOT apeBHEAHTAMHCKHe O6pa3- ubt (npexae scero u3 «3xcerepcxoli KHurn»), cm.: Wyatt 1912; [Ip.-anra. nossna 1982, 44 4 ca, 273 1 ca. Hap. B CRASH C ¢3ArANOUHEIMe ocoG0e sHaTeHHe NpHOSpeTaioT ApeBHeTepMaHCKHe KEHHHHIM, KaxABIi H3 KOTOPBIX, 110 CyLECTBY, YpesaT saranKoil, a Bce B WeNOM Kak pa3 H O6pazyloT TOT OCOGEI +3aranOWHO-HHOCKAIATe BHI» MeTacpopHyecKHit SASKIK, © KOTOPOM YK [OBOPHOCE BEILUC. 20 Cw: Satap.-Brahm. XI, 6, 3; XII, 2, 2, 13 wca.; Brhad.-ar.- Upan. III, 9 # ap. BbILUe OrMeyeHHoe (Vajas.-Samh. XXIII, 45, 46) «Kro 97To mBwxeTca OAMHOKMM (= 6ynyuK OAH UM)?»... «ComHUe ABHXKETCH OMHO- KM» (ekdki) MoxeT paccMaTpHBaTbCA Kak OTPakeHHe STOTO 2Ke YHC- noBoro MpwHunma (Tem Goyee uTO oTOT parMeHT OTKPbIBaeT CepHIO brahmodya). TouHo Tak 2Ke Hemb39 He OGpaTHTb BHUMaHMe Ha cocTaB oGsexToB brahmodya, HaxXOMMMBIX B pe3yIbTaTe pelleHuA 3arayKV HB AabHeiWeM MCTOMb3yeMbIX MIP MOCTPOeHHH HOBBIX PANOB 3araloK Vi OTBETOB Ha HUX. OTM OObCKTEI OTHOCATCA K HHCY OCHOBHBIX 3leMeH- TOB BeaMiicKoro KocMoca (HeGO, 3eMJIM, BO3IYLHOe MpocTpaHcTBo, cCOMHUe, JyHa, OroHb, nyn BcenenHot, Iypyia, GpaxmaH, ayrapp, 2KEPTBONPHHOLIeHHe, COMA, Pedb Hi T.11.). BbICTpOeHHbIe B TOcseqOBa- TeNbHOCTH BOSHUKHOBCHHA, OHH OOO3HATaIOT AMaxXpOHMYeCcKHt acrieKT “sequiickoli BceneHHoii — oT mpHpogHo-KocMosormyecKoro K Ky/bTyp- HO-aHTpononormyueckomy. Becb aTor nyTb Kak 651 AyONMpyeTca WeMbIC saralOK, MOCTPOeHHBIX (B PEKOHCIPYKUMM, B OTIENbHBIX 3BCHBAX TON- ‘TBEPAUACMOM peabHBIMH cbakTaMH 3 brahmodya) mo cneqywulemMy ‘RYMYATHBHOMy mipHHuMTy: A(?)> B(?)& BY?)> CQ) & CY)> D(?)..., me (2)— Bompoc sarankn, a (7) — ee oper, cHsTHe Bompoca. Vinaue ropops, orper (pa3raika) nepgoro Bompoca craHOBMTcs BOTIpO- OM Bropoit saraqkH HK T.. Cp. TakHe MpHMepsl H3 brahmodya, Kak: ¢9TO 3TO ABYDKeTCH OMHOKHM?> (45) CONHUe ABMKeTCA ONMHO- ‘KHM> (46) & «Kakoe cBeTWI0 NOAOOHO COmH Ly 2» (47) 6paxMaH ‘eCTb CBETHJIO, MOGOOHOE ConHUy> (48)2); «uro BenMKHii MoceB?» (45) > 43€MJIA — BenMKHH moceB» (46)& «uTo mmpe, 4emM 3emmA?» (47) > Wuapa umpe, vem semis» (48) u gp. PopmasbHo MoyobHbIe Nocrpo- ‘HH COOTBETCTBYIOT LCMIM KYMYIATHBHOH CKa3KH TOH pa3HOBAZHOC- “TH, KOTOpasa BOSHMKiIa Ha OCHOBE PaCCMOTPCHHEIX B JIpyrOM MecTe KO- “RANOWHBIX TeKcToB Tuna: Ha ymo gape Kunam?— Kocy kaenams| "Ha umo xocy? — Tpaey Kocums.| Haumo mpaey? — Kopoe xop- Mum»| Ha umo (Ko poe) Kopmume?— Monoko doums| Ha umo mo- 2oKxo?— Ceuneit noumr.| Ha umo (ceuneti) noume?— Tope Peime| Ha umo 2opu pume?— Xae6 ceamp... XapaktepHo, 40 M 3TH ‘KOMANOUHBIC TEKCTS, MPOK3HOCMMBIe Ha CTbIKe CTaporo HM HOBOTO To- flop, npeacrapmor co6oli cBoero poma cHOBecHBIi MOeMHHOK, OOMeH BoMpocaMv M OTBeTaMH??, 3araqKaMM M pasraliKaMH, HO Ha OBITOBBIe 21 Mo aoruke uenei saragox nanee oxMsanock Gu HeYTO Bpone: e4TO ects 6pax- Mai?» > 4x ect 6paxMal» & «4TO ects x?» —> «y ecte (nog06eH) 2 u T.n. Hi aeiicr- BHTEASHO, APYIMe TEKCTHI NOSBOAAIOT NOATBEPAVTS ITY NOFMYECKYIO PEKOHCTPyKUHIO (ep. TeKcrsi, 8 KoTOpEIX ConepxaTea page CTOXNeCTRAeHHA 6paxMana). % PuryanHnt o6MeH BonpocaMn araaKaMH CTOMT B TOM xe pally, YTO H oGmex napamn (cp. nomaamy), TaKXe npHypopaeMMlt K Hayaty rona. B 3TOM KOH-2 BH. Tonopoe WIM jake MODYepKHYTO CHIKCHHBIC TeMbI, YTO MOXKHO paccMaTPHBaTb KaK KOMHYECKYIO, TpaBecTHiiHylO BepCHIO MepBOHaYaIbHbIX KOCMONIO- TMueckHx Wapal Tua brahmodya. Bmecte c TeM yKa3aHHas BbILIe Ky- MYNISTHBHad CXeMa OTBeYaeT HM Ha Gomee rmyGMHHOM ypoBHe KOCMorO- HWYeCKHM TeKCTaM, NocrpoeHHEIM Mo mpaBwty: A> B& B+ C& C> D..., me > oGosHayaer NopoxneHve. Dror xe HUCXOALIM TOpALOK, B o6uHxX Yeprax MpocmaTpHBaoulMiica HB brahmodya (Connue, Jlyna, 3emua, Oronb... [ypyuia, arrapb, *KeprBsonpvHolleHHe, coMa), 1BOsKO OTPaKAeTCA B AOCTATOUHO MOMHEIX HM COXPAHSUOLUMX apxav4uHy!O apaH- KMposky coOpaHyax 3araqox. Bo-iepBbIx, 3arakv B MoOm0OHBIx co6pa- HMAX OObIMHO cHeqylor Kak 6bI B NOpsayKe cOTBOpeHMA Mupa, ero ¢OIWIOTHeHHst»: Xaoc — Heo u 3ema— Connue, Meca u 3ze3nb1 — Bpema, Uncna— Pacrexua — Kuzorubie — Yenopex — Jom u Yraapp H T.0. BIVIOTh 10 3araok O 3araiKax (WIM 0 CnloBe), T.€. 0 MeTAA3BIKO- BOM YpoBHe SToro xaHpa. Bo-BTOpbIxX, OGbeKT 3aralblBaHHA MIpenbly- weii CeMaHTH4ecKOi rpymibl OMpesendeTca Yepe3 SIeMeHTHI CilesyIo- weit ceManTHueckoi ‘Tpyrinbl HM T.a. (4 HaoGopor), T.e.: «Hu He6a, HH 3emmu...2>— «Xaoce & «Comnue, Mecau, 3peaubt...?» (yacTo B 3aLMdp- poBaHHoOll qopMe: «KpacHa JeBHUla», <«[acryxX M OBUbIy HM T.o.)— «HeGo» & «KpacHan Kopopa»...?— «ConmHues u T.1. WIM xe: «YerpI- pe... Ba... MH?» — «Kopopay ui 7.11.23. Vnaue ropopa, B 3aramqkax Takoro THMla MpoucxoguT cBoeobpa3zHoe ¢TIPOCBEYMBaHHe» 3IEMEHTOB KOCMHYCCKOTO ypOBHA Yepe3 S/IeMeHTbI Obira H HaobopoT (MpaBia, B TOMHOM cTeneHH Takad CHTyalMsa ycTa- HABIMBaeTCA OTHOCHTENSHO MO31HO: apxaWyHasd SarayKa, Kak NpaBHio, onepupyeT Toko cakpayM30BaHHbIMM UeHHoctsimv). IIpu Tom, pasy- MeeTCH, cosmaeTca onpeneseHHad KnaccubuKailMa OObEKTOB H MOpsOK WX cHeOBaHMA B LenouKax. To, KaKHM 06pa30M OTOOpaHbI 3TH OGBEK- TbI W MOCTPOeHbI K3 HHX WEMOYKU, CYWECTBEHHO Ait xapaKTepHCTHKH AaHHOi KyIbTypHO-HcTopweckol TpaqMUnH. TEKCTE CENbCKOXOSA/ICTBEHHONMIMEBAA TEMATHKA KORADOYHBIX MeceH (pasa, KOpO- Bbl, MONOXO, CBHHBH, x1€6...) NOAyYAeT JONONHMTEABHYIO MOTHBHPOBKy. 3HAYeHHE OGMeHa, NOHMMaeMoro TAKHM OGpasom M Mpecnenyiousero Uenb yeeaMyeHHA ni0n0- poava (clona Bkmouaetca nu échange de femmes), 6su10 nogyepKHyTo M. Moccom. Cm.: Mauss 1923-1924; ep. taxxe: Lévi-Strauss 1967; Benveniste 1966, 315-326; cp. coorsercrsylouluit pasnen 8 KHHre Toro xe asTopa— Benveniste 1969, 1, ch. Il. B CBAIM C APeBHEMHAKMCKOM BepcHeli STO NpoGremEI cm.: Held 1935, 243 4 ca.; OT- wactu — Meyer 1937. 23 Oco6eHHo HaraagHoe noATSepxKAeHHe CKazaHHOMY MOXHO HaiITH B TpanHUMAX, ime KaKNAA M3 CEMAHTHYECKHX Mpynn COCTOHT 3 AOCTaTONHO HeBonbUIOrO YMCA ane MeHTOB, KK MpaBHao cneuManHsHpoBaHHBm. Cm. Hanpmep, Lehtisalo 1947, 592 1 cx.; Schelibach 1959; Bacuneswa 1936, 133 4 ca.; Kpeitnoswy 1969, 227 uw ca.; Ramstedt, Aalto 1955-1956. Cp. taxxe: Kynpuanosa 1958, Muuxos 1960 1 ap. II, «Bropoe» npoucxoxneHHe — 3araaka B puTyane... 23 Ecau orsetbl 3araiku OTCbUIaloT K aslaBuTy MmMpa (Habop caKpaH30BaHHBIX OGbEKTOB, OMHCEIBAIONIMX MMP B efO HacTOsLUeM cocTaBe H B eTO CTaHOBeHHH B paMKaX KOCMOreHe3a), a MocneAOBa- TENIbHOCTh OTBETOB (COOTBETCTBEHHO H BOTIPOCOB, B KOHEYHOM CyeTe. Tex Ke OObEKTOB) — K HepapxH4eckomy ycTpolicrsy Mupa, To aTpHOy- TbI H Mpemukarsl, KOAMpyioulMe OOvexKT, NowexalMii pasrayKe, OT- cbutaior K TOK Zwischenwelt, cocrosuleit 13 HaSopa cBolicTB Hi AelicT- BMH, KOTOPbIe paBHO OTHOCATCA M K MMpy MOBCeAHEBHOTO, SbIToBOrO, Hpodbanweckoro, H K MMpy HCKMOYMTeENBHOTO, KOCMONOrHYeCKH OTMe'eHHOTO, CakpambHoro, T.e. A(?)<> Py (P2, P3... Pa) B(?), rae Ha6op npezuxaros (P...) paBHO ONHCbIBaeT HM OObEKT («KapTHH- ky»), colepxKaumiica B Bompoce, HM OGbeKT B oTBETe (pa3ralke). Bo3MOXHOCTb CBASH OGbEKTOB AByX pa3HEIx HaGopoR Yepe3 COMMIT ANA HX MpenMKaT O6pasyeT NOTeHUMANbHYIO 3aranky M (4TO, MOxeT 6pITb, elle BAKHEE) TOT KOpMyc COOTHOCHMBIX Apyr C APyTOM H B 3a- MaHHOM OTHOWEHHH NOMOOHEIX Apyr Apyry crop («cHHOHMMOB» sub specie 3aranku), KOTOpbIii HMeeT HellocpesxcTBeHHOe OTHOLIeHHe K MpoGsleme «nosrmyecKoro» A3bIKa KaK elle OAHOTO cpescTBa yBenH- YeHHA «rHOKOCTH» A3bIKa, OMIpesenAteMOH KOMMYECTHOM pa3HEIX crio- go6on lepesqayk OLHOrO HM TOFO Xe avleMeHTa ILiaHa cozepxKaHna. B PANE apXaH4HBIX TpagqMUMit HeKOTOpHe NOSTHYeCKMe KOHCTpyKUMM He TONbKO HanOMMHAIOT 3araqKy, HO, BAIMMO, HK TeHeTHYeCKM BOCXO- ANT K Heit WIM K OO STHX BENH- Kavos. Torna cKasan Srup: 970 KAKETCA MHE XOPOLIMM CnocoGoM NpaTaTb B NO33KH (vel félgit { ninum)» (Yas. cou., 61-62).24 B.H. Tonopos CHOXHBIX CHCTCM MepeKODHPOBOK, OCHOBaHHEIX Ha yCTaHOBIeHHK TOAKMECTBA B 3alaHHOM OTHOLWeHMM BByx WIM Gonee snemeHToB. B HaHHOM CHy¥ae YMECTHO HaNOMHHTb 0 TOM, YTO B KaYeCTBe OHO! 13 dwinaunit brahmodya npv auBamenxe (KePTBOIIpHHOWeHHe KOHA), PaCCMOTPeHHBIX BBILIe, BICTYMalOT Take TeKCTEI, Kak «Bpyixana- paHbaka-YnaHnmaya» (I, 1), B KOTOpbIX YaCTH MPHHOCHMOTO B XKepT- BY KOH OTOXAECTBIMOTCA (tO NPHHIMMNY, HcMoNB3yeMomy B 3aran- Kax) C 9@MeHTaMM KocMMyYecKoro ycTpoiicrBa. Cp.: «Om! Flouctune YIPeHHAS 3apsd — 9TO TONOBa KepTBeHHOTO KOHA, COMHMe — ero mas, BeTep — efO AbIXaHMe, ero pacKpbITad TacTb— 9TO OTOH Baiiupanapa; ron — 9To Teno 2eprBeHHOTO KOHA, He O60 — ero crmH- Ha, BOSLyWHOe MpOcTpaHcTBO — ero Gpioxo, 3e MA — ero lax, CTpaHbl CBeETa — efo GoKa, NpOoMexyTOUHBIe CTOpOHEI — ero peGpa, BpeMeHa Towa — CTO WICHbI, MCCALIbI HM NOMOBHHbI MeCAlla — ero CO“NeHEHHA, WHA HW HOU — efO HOTH, 3Be3/bI — ero KOCTH, 06- waka — efO MsCO, MMIa B ero %KenyAKe — 9TO MecoK, peKM — ero KHJIbI, TeYeHb MU JerKMe — FOpbl, TpaBbl WH WepeBbA — €TO BOJIOCHI, BOCXOUMUee COMHUC — ero NepeMHAA MONOBMHA, 3axonALee — ero 3aqHaad MomopuHa. Korga oH OCKanMBaeT MacTb, CBepKaeT MOHMA, Kora OH cogporaeTca, PpeMHT rpoOM, Kora OH MCHycKaeT MOoUy, HbeTCA MOI, Fomoc— 3TO ero romoc». EcnH B WeNOM 9TH PALI OTOXKACCTBACHM OObACHAIOTCA HaIbHeHuei sBoMOuKe brahmodya, TO BMeCTe C TeM OHM GpocaioT, B CBOIO OUepedb, CBeT M Ha BO3MOX- HbIM MapaserbHbIit BbIeONMcaHHOMy M Somee rmyGoKo cnpaTaH- HbIii pa 3araqoK B cocrase brahmodya, rye HampuMep, COMHUe KaK OTBET MOIIO COOTHOCHTbCA HE TOJIbKO C BOIIPOCOM ¢KTO HBHXCTCS ODMHOKMM»>, HO M C 1la30M KaK MeTOHMMMYeCKHM O603HayeHHeM CONHa (YTO peabHO M MCMOB3yeTCA B MHOTOUMCHEHHBIX 3araKax B COOTBETCTBHH C MMQOMo3TH¥eCKHM MpescTaRNeHveM O comHUe Kak ra3e 6oxecTBa) 25. 25 CopepuenHo ovesuaHo, ¥TO ypasHeHMa THNAa come =ra3 (oxecTBa) H T.n. cay- 2KAT BAKHCHUIMM YaACTKOM, Ha KOTOPOM PeanH3yeTCA METAIMHTBHCTIENECKAR (yHKIDI ABBIKA (COOTBETCTBCHHO 3araNKH), OPHEHTHPOBAHHAA Ha MPOBepKy Toro (aKxTa, MOMEsy- JOTCA JM YYACTHHKH KOMMYHHKANIMM O2HMM M TeM XC KYNBTYPHO-ABBIKOBEIM KogoM. B cnyyae AManora-3arankM 97a CbyHKUMA OCOGCHHO akTYAIbHa, TaK KaK B OTAHUHE OT OOnrd- Horo HecneyaTH3HposaHHOrO AHANOrA SHecb HET BOSIMOXHOCTA NOMON, oTranMHKy. B ‘9TOM CMBICNe 3aramka NOD06Ha MaCOHCKOMY SHAKY: OHA AMT BCeX Ha Tex, KTO 3HaeT, 1 Tex, KTO He 3Haer. CymecTBeHHO, 470 caMO COBO 3Ham6 B 3araNKaX apxaMyHorO THNAa wrpaet sbigaouryioca pons. Cp.: ké.. veda.. védGhdm 4Kto... 3Haer... 3Haloe (Vajas.-Samh. XXIII, 59-60); kd addhd veda... k6 veda ydta dbabhiva... «xT BOHC- ‘TTMHY SHacT... KTO 2Ke 3HACT, OTKyNa OH NOABHICA» (B 3HAMEHITTOM FHMHe 0 NpoNCcKOKe- Huw Mupa— RV X, 129, 6) ann yo veda, sa veda brahma «kro 3HaeT Tex, KTO 3HaeT brdhman’a» (Taitt.-Upan.I, 5, 5), cp. veda- ‘Bena’ (co6crpeHHo, ‘sHaHve’, ‘séneHHe’). IL. «Bropoe» npoucxoxneHve — 3aranka B pHTyaie... 25 Oxxa 43 BaxHBIX OcoGeHHOCcTelt BenHiicKUX brahmodya W 3aranoK CXOLHOFO THMa COCTOHT B TOM, YTO 3aafOTCA BONpOCHI He TONbKO 0 BcenenHot Bo BCeM pasHOobpa3Mn COcTaBAAIOWIMX ee YaCcTeli, HO H 06 o6pas3e stoi BcenenHol, koTopbiii cam 110 ce6e MOXET BBICTy- MaTb kak 3arayka 0 BceneHHoii. B Takux cmyyasx CTpOMTCA Kak 6bI geotHad (AByXypoBHeBas) 3aragka Tuna A (?)—> B (?)& B (?) (2?) C (2), rae A (?) — Bompoc 06 o6pase Bcenennoit, B (7) — orser Ha nompoc 06 o6paze BcenenHoi, B(?) (?)— sonpoc, cosnanaiouluit TO COsepxKaHMWO C OTBETOM Ha NepBbIli Bompoc, o camo Bcenex- noi, C (7)— orser Ha Bropoii Bonpoc. Ecnu yuectb, uTo o6pa3bi Beenenuok B BequiicKoi MofenM Mupa pa3zIMYHBI (aweammxa Kak ‘mHpoBoe Depeso, CkamOxa, BpaxmaH, Ilypyuta, Peub, Coma, anrapb {védi] 4 1.11.), To Taka CTpyKTypa 3araqkKM MJearbHO oTBeyaeT OOuIe- My TIPHHIMy pacueHeHUS HW YKPBIBAHHA CaKPAabHbIX lleH- HOCTeli H COOTBETCTBEHHO HX OGO3HaTeHHH () B TeK- ere KaK MOKHO rily6xe HMO pasHBIM MecTaM2>. AHarpaM- MATHUCCKHE YNPAaKHEHKA APeBHUX NOITOB (B YaCTHOCTH, HM BenHit- CKHX), BCKPBITEIe B MOCMepTHO ony6MHKOBaHHBIX 3anucax @. me Coc- clopa, KOHeYHO, OTpaxaloT TOT Ke CaMblii MPMHUAN (3KBMBaeHT BOMPOCHOH YaCTH 3araqkH), NpezMonaraiowMi cpoe NpomowxKeHHe B sMpOTHBOMONOXHOM eMy NpHHuMNe COGHpaHHaA (HeHHOCTeH WIN Wx oOo3Ha¥eHHii) BOC AMHO U BHBeMeHHA UX HapyXy, BOB- gHe (9KBHBaIeHT OTBETHOM YacTH 3aragKH). CreqoBaTerbHO, u B <9TOM OTHOUICHHM BefHiickan 3arayka HeMOCpesCTBEHHO areswiMpyeT A aPXaM4HBIM HCTOKaM MO9THYCCKOM TeXHHKM, elle HeoTJenMMoit, (lO CYTH ema, OT TeEXHHKM PHTyabHOTO %KeprBoNpHHouleHHA (Renou "1941-1942, 105-165, a take Enn3apenKopa, Tonopos 1979, 33— 88; cp. oGulyio reHeanorMio mo3Ta, rpaMMaTHKa M xpela H HX paB- »HYIO CBA3b ¢ 3aragKoii). [logo06Ho xxpelly, rpaMMaTHK M M09T pac- “DICHSIOT, PAaSbeNMHAIOT NePBOHAYATIbHOe EMMHCTBO (TeKCT, Cp. %KepT- “By), ycTaHaBNMBaloT Npupoyy paspareix yacrei yepes ycraHonNeHHe *CHCTEMBI OTOXIMECTBICHH (B YAaCTHOCTH, C 3/IeMeHTaMH MaKpo- U “MuKpokocMa)2’, CHHTe3pyloT HOBOe BBICIIee ENHHCTBO, ye apTi- 6 Cp. puruird RV I, 32, 7; 0 pas6pocaHHEIx No pasHbIM MecTaM WacTAX pacuaeHeH- ‘Horo Vnapoit apaxona Bpurpst. 7D ora TpaaMuima ray6oKo ykopeHeHa B OcOGeHHOCTAX BeaHiicKOM KapTMHbl MHpa. Ee Granyxn oSHapyactpaiorea 8 Benax 1 OcoGeHHO B noamHeBenHiicKOi aMTeparype (cp. Aiparmuacen, Bpaxmanit, Apariaxu, YnaHuians), re MHOrO MpMMepos oTOXKTeCTB- REHM ABEIKOBLIX SNEMEHTOB C KOCMOMOTHYECKHMH VM MHKDOKOCMHYECKMMH OGBEKTAMH, NO3BONAIOWWHX PEKOHCTPYHpOBATS NOTeHIIMANBHbIe 3aranxH. Cp.: cOMmacHbi¢ — HOUH, TRACHHIe — aHM, WH: comacble — Teno, ronoc — ayuta, puKaTusxpre — atmoccepa, Pacrsie — HeGocsou, WIM: @pHKATHBHBIe — AbIXAHMe, B3PBIBHBIe — KOCTM, macHBre —26 B.H. Tonopoe KYNMPOBaHHoe, OpraHH30BaHHoe, OCO3HaHHOe M BbIpaKeHHOe B cilope, coveTalouleM B ceGe aTpHOyT BedHOCTH C BO3MOXHOCTbIO 6bITb BepHbHLKpyeMBIM. Yxe MaTepnan, conepxauluiica B brahmodya, no3BonseT onpese- JIMTb HeKOTOpble CBA3H BeAHcKUX O6pa3z0B BceneHHoH (Yale H Nom- Hee Bcero BpaxmaHa) C KOCMOsIOrHYeCKMMH 3s1eMeHTaMH, TIpHyeM xa- PakTepHO, YTO 9TH B 3aramke OGHapy>KMBaeMble OTOXKACCTBICHHA H CBA3M OGbIYHO MOTYT OITb BCKPBIThI H He3aBHCHMbIM OOpa30M, 4ac- To B Gonee y6equTenbHO copme. Cp brdhman= sirya comnue («Kakoe cBeTuso Non06HO conHuy?»— brdéhma siryasamam jyotir «Brahman — ceruio noso6Hoe comHuy». Vajas.-Samh. XXIII, 47— 48); brdéhman = puirusa (coorHeceHMe, BOCCTaHaBIMBaeMoe Ha OCHO- BaHHM pa3smMYHbIX WaHHbIx?®) wu T.1. Ho emule BaxkHee, YTO CyLe- cTByeT OOWIMPHbIii KNacc BeMiCKHX TeKcTOB 0 BpaxMaHe HMeHHO Kak YHMBepcanbHoM o6pa3e BceneHHo B uenom”, npHyeM OHH MOTYT paccMaTpHBaTbCA Kak TpaHccopMauMa 3aranoK o brdhman’e (KoTOpble BHXHMO, CocTaBIANM OcobbIii *aHp, OObACHAIOWIM camo HasBaHHe brahmodya ropopenuve [3arankaMu] 0 brdhman’e) win cBoero poga «npem3arayka» erko npespatiaemas B opMallbHO Ge- 3ympeynylo Wenb 3arayoK oO brdhman’e. Cpenv noxoGHbIx TeKCTOB YMeCTHO BBICNHTb TPH pa3HOBHAHOCTH. TlepBas 43 HMX MMeeT eNO C ONMCAaHHeM TOPH3OHTANbHOK CTpyKTypt! brdhman’a WIM eTO OCHOBbI, HepeAKO coBnamalouleli Cc Non- Moar (KOCTHBIH), nonyrnactible — Msico M Kposb (Affrapes-Apannaka II, 2, 1; 2, 5; II, |, 5; 2, 2 wap.). Ciona 2k, KOHeYHO, oTHOCATCA H Gone OGuIMe OTOKRECTRIEHNA: +TaKOBbL Xe Wi TPH MMpa: peh — 3TOT MHP, Pa3YM — BOGAYLIHOE NPOCTPAHCTBO, aBXAHHe — TOT Mup. Takopbt Xe 4 TPH Benbt: pes — Pursena, pasym — Slaxypeeaa, abxanne— Camape- na... To ¥TO ManecTHO, HMeeT O6pas peyH, HGO peye— usBecTHoe...» (Bpx- xanap.-Ynau.Maaxy I, 5, 4-8) 1 7.n. Orciona — sapsipiisie (?) > seman & race (?) > Ne60C BOR... (Amn: seman (2) —> BpEIBHBIC & HeGOCBON (?) > FA ACH BE...) 28 Yuyreipan brdhman = sirya u Takwe yrpepxacHua, KaK: «Toro nypyuy, KoTOpbI B conmii¢, 1M nownTaIo Kak brdhman’as (Bpaxanap.-Ynau. II, 1, 2; ep. Takxe Athar- vaveda IV, 1, 1; cm.: Renou 1949, 26), 7.€. B KOHEMHOM cHeTe puirusa = siirya, BoccTa- wanaupaerca 1 brdhman = ptirusa— OTOXAECTBREHME, WKPOKO NpescTaBLeHHOe B Ynanuuiaaax w no xapakTepy oyeHb Gan3Koe caa3u brdéhman'a uw Prajapati, wspect- Hoit u3 brahmodya 8 putyane +12 axeii», 43 Bpaxmat u Ynannuiaa, cp.: «Brdhman (corsopua) Mpamkanarm). Myua.-Ynax. 1,1 4 ap. (Renou 1949, 33). B 9Tom KoH- TeKcTe Mpwo6peracT 3HaieHMe coBMecTHOe nosBeHHe bridAman w piirusa 8 Va- jas.-Samh. XXIII,51. 29 Bp&axan — onopa, ocHona BeesesHoit (Ha Heli Haxonatca Gorm, §OMH, NOTOMCTBO, G6orarcrso, Bce uMena u T.n.). Cp. SBr. VI, 1, 1, 8, re rosoputca oO ToM, 40 ¢brthman — onopa BeenerHolie, onopa ects To, 470 ecb Aréhman», w t.n. Cp. eue: brahma puccham pratisthd — ebréhman — wwoKHaa 4acTe [ocHosal> (Taitt-Upan. U1, 5, 1) a ap. Il. «Bropoe» nponcxoxnenne — 3aragka B PHTYyae... 27 ‘¢nmkoii 43 TpaBei (barhis)*°, Ha Koropyio Boalaraetca *KepTBa (OObI4- ‘HO JOMMHaHTOK ya brdhman’a apnsAeTcA BeprukaibHad ocb). B TakHx ‘pexcTax Yepe3 TeEXHMYecKHe SMeMeHTEI brdhman’a kak HeKoeli peanbHoli (puTyalbHoli KoHcrpyKunn win barhis’a sarajpibaroTcd cyllecTBeHHbIe HATHA BEAMICKOM Moe MMpa, OGecreyHBalOWlIKe CBA3H BHYTPH ee: ‘4..€f0 NepefHue HOXKU— Mpowiesuiee vu 6yxyulee, saqHHe HOKKH— ‘@haronomyuve M MponHTaHve, Ba M3roNOBbA— (camMaHbl) Gxaypa VM AIDK- ‘RAAIDKHMA, MpOAOMbHBIe cropoHbi— GpHxal HW parxaHTapa, Mpomoyb- ie HUTA— PHY H CaMaHBI, NonepedHbie — AUpKyckI, MOACTHIKa — ‘@reHenb COMBI, MOKpbIBAIO — yATHTxa, MoLywKa— 6yaroronyane. Ha 470M (loxke) cnautT BpaxmaH. 3HaI0uiHit 9TO BOCXOZMT Ha 3TO (10xe), ‘jmrb 3aHeca Hory. bpaxmaH cipauimBaer ero: «Ko TsI?» [lycrb OH OT- iperut...» (Kausit.-Upan. I, 1, 5). Mi 3ecb MoxHO O6HapyxKHTb yxe OT- NaeuaBLIy1oca BILE BAKHYIO AMarHOCTHYecKylo Yepry BeNMitcKOM puTy- orsHolt 3arankv — MHBepcviO yuaCTHHKOB JMalorasarayiKu, OOMeH Me- “éraMv BONpoUlalowero H OTBeYAIOLero, BONIpoca H OTBeTa, OGO3Hadae- ‘oro v¥ o6o3Hayaioulero?!: BpaxmaH cripalliMBaeT 0 TeX, KTO CaM ‘enpaummpaet o Hem. CrpyKTypa TopH30HTabHOrO pocrpaHcTsa, akTya- Simaupyemaa B pHTyane UM B COOTBETCTBYIOUIMX TeKCTaX, OMpeseAeTCA Mipema OCHOBHBIMH MpHHuMmamn: |) ona KOHLeHTpH4Ha, 2) MpocrpaH- ‘¢rpo, pacrlonoxkeHHoe 6wKe K WeHTpy, OOnalaeT Gonpuleit cakpabHot temoit (eHHocTsIO); 3) MpoctparicTBa C OOWIMM LeHTPOM B HEKOTOpBIX ‘gaxneHumx OTHOWeHHAX Zy6NMpyloT Apyr upyra. Orcrona — Ba cuey- ‘erpua: xxeprea, Momellaemaa Ha barhise, cakpanbHo Bulle barhis’a; is B STOM OTHOWICHHM MpeBocxoguT arrapb (védi) Wi T.11.; H XKepTBa, *w barhis, u védi v T.11. DyONMpyloT Apyr Apyra B TOM OTHOLICHHM, 4TO Tece OHU CyTb eo6pa3bi Mupa». DTH 1Ba CeACTBHA MpHobperaioT ocoby10 jeuny TIpH yueTe Toro XOpoUIO H3BECTHOTO ¢hakTa, TO XepTBa OKATHSY- Serea B ueHTpe BcenewHoil, TaM, me Haxonutca ndbhi ‘nyn’ uw rae ————————————— {90 Xepaxreprio, eo brdfiman u barkls BOCKORAT B KOHEYHOM CHETE K ONHOMY ASHIKOBOMY /MCTOUHUKy. 18) Taxoe ycrpolictso camoit 3arankH w, riasHoe, Tako npHHUHN ee dbyHKUMO- WMpopaHHa B BeAHiicKOM pa3nene OGecnesuBaloT gocTHKEHHe HaHGonee MoAHOI SKAPTHHE! Mupa, YUHTHIBAOMIeH HM ee NapaQOKCaNbHble COCTOAHHA HM Npeogonena- “wMeH HHTEHIMH, CBASAHHBIe ¢ ycraHoBKOl Ha MoHonorM4HOcTS. AmebeiHocTe ‘Manx H OTMAYAa ee COCTaBHBIX YacTeH pa3H BEM fonocaM, K TOMy KE ME - °M A UWL MCA B xOne prtyana, KaK pa3 M OGeCNe4HBAalOT BOSMOKHOCTE peanu- ‘94MM HAeH LOO AH UTE ABH OCT H, OGeAMHAOMed MudonosTHyeEcKO? CO- ‘Sane ¢ HaHGonee pasBHTAMM PayenAMM COBPEMEHHOTO HayHHOrO K dHAocOd- SCKOFO 3HAHHA. 12 B caso c oro TeMoit 8 brahmodya (cm.: Vajas.-Samh. XXII, 59-62) ep.: "iydm védih pdro dntah prthivyd aydm yajfé bhivanasya ndbhih — +3t0T antaph —28 B.H. Tonopoe mpoxoguT axis mundi. AMeHHO 9T0 MecTo M OTMeyaeTCs aTapeM, KOTO- Pbiii OMMMcbIBaeTCA B BAe H3BECTHOH 3aragkH u3 RV I, 114, 3: cdtuskaparda yuvatih supéS$a ghrtdpratika vayundni vaste tdsyam suparnd vfsand ni sedatur ydtra devd dabhiré bhagadhéyam Yerpipexkocas OHA, MpeKpacHO yKpallleHHad, C yMallleHHbIM 2KMPOM JIHUOM, OHa O6peKaeTca B KepTBONPMHOUICHHA. Ha Hee yoenvcs ape NTHUBI, 4bA ONNOZOTBOpAOMIaA Cua nogobua 6pruseii. Born ke NpHHANIM TaM NOAOXKeHHY!O yacTB. Kaxkasii 43 cofepxKallMxca 3}eCb MOTHBOB IlojlyyaeT OObACHEHHE 43 JpyTMx TeKcToB, B 4acTHOCTH onmMcaHua barhis’a>. Jina noHuMa- HHA yKa3aHHoro parMeHTa Kak 3araqKu Gonee cyulecTBeHHO obpa- TMTb BHUMaHMe Ha [Ba MOTHBA— IOHMUbI M YeTHpeX KOC. Pasraaka Mepporo cos 3aranKu (barhis, védi, T.e. arrapb c *KepTReEH- HOH NogcTMIKOH) AocTHraeTca OGpallleHHeM K COOTBETCTBYIOLMM KJIMUIMpOBaHHbIM onvicaHHaM darhis’a u védi, re MepedHcreHHble MOTHBBI BHO M MIpaAMO CBASbIBAIOTCA C 9TAMM OGBEKTAMH (T.€.: 4TO omucaHo B RVI, 114, 3?— barhis). Cnenyrowmit cnoii orkpbipaeTca “epe3 o6pa3 eBMUbI ¢ KOCaMM, YKpallleHHOli, yMauleHHoH HM T.II., XKAyWeH OMIOAOTBOpeHHsA (T.e. ¥TO Takoe barhis? — 1oHMLIa, CooTBeT- CTByIOWad OnpeneseHHoMy onucaHuio)*4. Tperuii cnol 3arankH 06- Kpaiiwnit npeaea 3emau; 27a XepTBa nyn BcenenHotte (RV I, 164, 35, cp I, 164, 34, rae NOcTaBneH COOTRETCTBYIONIHi BONpOC). 33 Cp., Hanpumep, Take MoTHan, Kak yMauteHHe (RVII, 3, 4; VIL, 2, 4), ase nTuubi [cp.:...vdyo nd sidann ddhi barhisi priyé (RV I, 85,7) — «kak nTwubi, cHnean OHH Ha MAU0GAeCHHOH KEpTBeHHOM conome>), KepTaa Ha barhis’t (RV VI, 11, 5; VIL, 7, 3; 13, 1; X.70, 11; 90, 7 w ap.), Gorm Ha barkis'e (RV II, 41, 13; VI, 52, 7), 60- rareTBo, maogoponue (GsIK Kak ero cumBoa, cp. RV V, 44, 3; cp. Taxxe I, 83, 6; 173, 1; 194, 4; IX, 72, 4m ap.). 34 Cam MOTHS 2KeHINMHBI-MaTepH Ha barhis’e (cp. npu3biBBI cecTs Ha Hero M, cne- AosaTenbHO, Ha anTaps — RVI, 142, 7; III, 4, 11 4 ap.), B6aWSH aaBMADHEIX KaMHeit (gravan, cp. Tawxe adri) aaa noayyenus comst (cp.RV III,41, 2; VI, 63, 3; X, 35, 9 4 Ap.), NpM O6MIMM THNOAOTHMecKHX napanneneli B APYTHX TPARKUKAX (cp. caKAHHe B Pume HesecTst Ha KaMeHS, H306paxaiommit banaoc [pwana, u 7.1.) axogHT B 06- UWMpHE Kpyr nnei, CBASKIBAeMEIX C TeMOi NnoAopoausa. Kak H3BeCTHO, CaMa KOH- CTPYKUMA BEAMTICKOTO KepTBeHHOTO anTapA C BOSKHAeMBIM Ha HEM OFHeM AOMKHA BOCNPOW3EORHTE akT coMTHA (védi, X.p., T.e. ANTADS = KEMIMHA; agni, M.p., T.e. OroHb = MyxXuMHa). OTHOUTeHHe cTuxa (7e-) 4 MenogHM (sdman-) B xone putyana Il. «Bropoe» nponcxoxkseHHe — 3arayka B pUTyale... 29 HapyKHBaeTca IPH NOHMMaHKM JOHMUBI (WIM caMoro barhis’a) Kak o6pa3a Bcenenroit (T.e. uTo Takoe loHHIIa? — BeenenHas), Yo TakKKe HaXO/IMT MHOTOYMCIIEHHbIe Napauienu cpenH GoraToro cboHya aHTpo- woMOPOHEIX KoMpoBOK BeenenHoii. Caman semMeHTapHad peKOHCT- Toro, YTO cTONT 3a dparmMeHTom RV X, 114, 3, BcKpprBaeT ye- WOBRCXECKOE 2KEPTBOMPMHOMIeHMe THMa 3aKaHMA BeCTaMKH Ha Uapc- KOM aiTape B jpeBHeM Pume. OGneKTbI BoMpoca BTOporo H TpeTLero gnoBa 3aratkH OGbeMHeHbI OOM aTpHOyroM — YeTbIPpMA KOCAaMH, RBPHYEM ¢KOCbI> OTCLUIAIOT MIpexue Bcero K 1OHMUe (H CTOAUeH 3a wero BeeneHHoi), a veTEIpe KocbI— K barhis’y mocKombKy cdtuska- pardd ‘“etTbipe KOcbI’ ABIAeTCH TeEXHHYECKHM TepMHHOM, O603HaaIO- WHMM BePeCBOUKH WIM 3aBsI3KM), MLyLMe OT yroB barhis’a (MIM Kak wHorma mymalor, or yros védi). Kocmonormyeckaa wuTepnperauna MOTHBa ¢4eTbIPeX KOC», NO-BHJIHMOMYy, He CocTaBseT Oco6oro Tpyza, QCM BCNOMHUTE MOCTaTOUHO M3BeCTHBIe akTbI DBYX poyos: O603Ha- WeHVe YeTbIpPex «MMPOBbIX» HanpaBieHMi (crpaH cBeTa) Ha YeTbIpex- ‘WRCHHBIX Mogeax BceneHHol, 3atpHKCHpOBaHHBIX B CIOBECHBIX TeK- o7ax, B laMATHHKax M306pa3HTeMbHOTO HM MPHKTaMHOTO WCKYCCTBa, B @mpykrype pealbHoro pUuTyaIbHOrO MpocTpaHcTBa VM (POpMaJIbHO CxO/I- ‘wale c barhis’om © s4eTbIpeX KOCax» MpesMeTHI (OOBTHHO PHTyaIbHBIe) 0 cnelManv3uponaHHoli (WIM axe HeCKONbKO JlereHepHpoBaHHOii) @manTuKol 5. Untepecho, uro cam o6pa3 AeBHUbI ¢ KOCOM (HM naxe ‘@u4e€THPbMA KOCaMM) HepeaKO McroMp3yeTcA HB ApyrMx 3aran- wax — KaK apxaWUHEIX 10 CBOeMY XapakTepy, TaK HM NOCTaTOUHO BBI- ‘pox DeHHBIX. paxtyerca cxoaHbIM o6pasom. Jina aepeBAHHBIX NpeAMeTa, CAYKALIMX ALA pHTyanb- Moro AOGbisaHua OrHa, CTOXKAeCTBIALOTCA C TeHHTARKAMH (uftardrani ‘Bepxuui’ — c WyxcKion, adhardrani‘Hwxnnit? — c xeHcKHmu), cp, RV III, 29, | wea. 5 flocratowno cocaaTsca Ha HeKOTOpHe napaienH M3 waMaHCKHX Tpaanuuit. K #804 OTHOCATCA, B YACTHOCTH, 3BCHKHMICKMe WaMaHCKHe PpOBAYXKHBIC KOBPHKM Romyp), o6n1uH0 npamoyronsHOw @opMbl, C YETHPbMA MeTeHLIMH BepeBouKa- af WIM 3ABA3KAaMM, NPHKpeMeHHBIMK K yrnaM (pexe — K CTOpoHaM) KOBpHka (B @tysae Kpyrnoii cbopMsi KOBPHKa 3aBA3KH NPHKPEMAAwTCA K KOHUAM ABYX B3aHMHO MEHAMKYASPHELX AMAMeTpOS). Ha STHX KOBPHKAX, PASHBIE YACTH KOTOPEIX Hepen- ‘augepenumpyioTca no uBety, H306paxcHEI ONCHH, NtHUb, tonH. C4ntactca, WO nonobime KOBpHKH AeNAIOTCA ANA OXPAHLI OneHei OT GonesHei HAM C LeABO HX Pesmnroxenna. Y operon JOxHoi AkyTHH TaKHe KOBPHKH CUMTAINCh ¢xpaHHan- MMH Ax nyu OneHBerO crana> (camo cnoBO domyp O6osHayaeT OGMIMPHOE Mpo- Ctparictso B pepxosbax MutbuYECKOH pogoBOl peKH, re OOMTAIOT H AYLIH OneHEH, H AYinn-renu suogelt aaHHoro pona, u caM ayx-noxposutens). Cm. Msanoa 1954, 71— 78, 195 w ap. Montopannes 1932, 29. C TaKHMH KOBPHKAMH, BHULMMO, reHeTH¥eCKH CaasaHE MaHCHIiCKHe XKepTBEHHBIe NOKPbisana yaama C YETbIPbMA KONOKON- “QIkaMH NO yriaM M H306paxeHHAMH BCARHMKOB HM ConHua; 6yOHEI c Ye TBEP- MMM WeHeHKeM, CHMBOAMSHpyIOMKe BeeneHHylo H 7.1.30 B.H. Tonopoe Bropaa pa3HOBMAHOcTh TeKCToB O BpaxMaHe MmoguepKHBaeT MIpexk- ne Bcero BE PTUKANbHY1O Crpykrypy BeenenHow, unentuduunpye- Mylo ¢ MHPOBBIM epeBoM (arbor mundi). B Benuiicxoi (Kak u Gonee NosqHeit MHAYHCTCKOM) TpalMMH MHpoBOe AepeBO MpescTaBIeHO auuBaTrxoi (asvattha ‘Ficus religiosa’, coOcTBeHHO ‘KOHCKaa CTOsSHKa’), CMOKOBHHUeH, Yepe3 OMcaHHe KOTOpOH (YaCTO COBMeLI[eHHOe C ONH- canvem brdhman’a**) saranpipaetca BoenenHas. Cp. Hanpumep: dirdh- va-miilo vaksakha eso ‘svatthas sanatanah tad eva Sukram tad brahma, tad evamrtam ucyate (Katha-Upan. III, 3, 1). «Hasepxy (ee) — KopeHb, BHH- 3y — BeTBH, 9TO BeYHa CMOKOBHHUAa. STO YHCTOe, 3TO brdéhman, 310 soBeTca GeccMeprHEim»>. Vinw xe: ity evam hi Ghorddhva-miilam tripad brahma sakh@ akasa-vayv-agny-udaka-bhiimyadaya eko ‘Svatthanamaitad brahmaitasyaitat tejo asa adityah... (Maitri-Upan. IV, 4) — «60 cKazavo tax. Hapepxy (ee) KopeHb — TpexctormHEii brdhman, (ee) BerBH — Mpo- CTpaHicTBO, BeTep, OTOH, Boga, 3eMIA HM Mpoyee. Bro brihman, 30By- uldiica eqMHo cMoKoBHHuel. H aror ero xKap— To conHue...». W3 3THX 3aralKOOOpasHbIx OTPbIBKOB cylemyeT, uT0 brdhman’y cooTBeTcTBy- ef TOT BapHaHT MUpOBOrO AepeBa, KOTOpbIii OOo3HayaeTCA KaK arbor in- versa M coorseTcrayeT oco6oi («nepesepHyroii») mpoexumu Beenex- Hoit37, BecbMa HMHTepecHo, ¥TO B TeKCTAX 3TOFO THMa CKMaMbIBAeTCA HekUit arthaBHT TIpH3HaKOB, KOTOpbIMH OnepnpyeT KOCMOMOrHYeCKad saranka. Ecn OTrpie4bcd OT HEKOTOPBIX YaCTHBIX HCKMOYeHMI WI He- sicHocTet, TO TaKOH avpaBHT COepxKUT, BO BCAKOM cmydae, Ba Tpex- WICHHBIX psa: ONMH 3 HMX MOMeMMpyeT WieHeHHe MHpoBoTO Jepesa (wom brdhmar’a) no Bepruxann (Koperb [HH3], cTBon [cepeqMHal, BeTKH [sepurmna]), upyroi — yacT KocmMM4eckoro MpocTpaHicrsa (rms, cepe- auna, pepx)3*. TloKasaTenbHo, ¥TO COOTBETCTBYIOUIMe WIeHBI yka3aH- 36 Cm. pate o BHYTpeHHHX cBasnx barhis’'a 1 Bréhman’a. 37 Ona npencrasnea MB CO6CTBEHHO BenHiICKHX TeKcTax (NPHYeM WHONA CONePAHT B cee HeKoTopsie HeacHocTH). Cp.:B GesnoHHom [npocrpaxicrse] uapb Bapywa... aepxxT npaMo [keepxy] sepumiy aepesa. [Bers] HanpanneHbi BHH3. Hx ocHopaHHe — HaBepxy. a ykoperistea B Hac ayus'» (RV 1, 24, 7; abudhné ra vdruno vdnasyordhvdm stipam da- date... nicina sthur updri budhnd esam antdr nthitah ketavah syzh; [Bersvi] 8 nepepoze Mo- 2KeT ObITS OTHECEHO H K BETBAM MK NYGaM CoAHUA; K OTHOWMIeHIO BapyHit 1 brdhman'a cp: bréhmd kmnoti vdrano RV I, 105, 15 — «Bapyna Tsopur brdhman’a) — «C we6a Koper ‘TAHETCA BHHS, C 3eMaM OH TaHeTCA BBepx» (Atharvaveda II, 7, 3) 4 ap. MuorowncacHHer THnonorueckHe napantenu 43 apyrux TpanMUnH. Cp. caxTHueckylo saraaxy O MecTe PH- Ty@Ia HM PHTYAIBHOM CHMBOAE B HaYale PYCCKUK saroBOpon: «Ha Mope Ha OKusHe, Ha octpose Ha Kyprane (pap. — Byave) crour Geraa Gepesa BHM3 peTBAMM, BBEPX KOPEHBAMH» (cm. Maiixon 1869, No 149). 38 norma npcoeamnaiotca 1 HaGopbl Gonee KOHKPeTHLIX KOCMONOMHHECKHX 3NEMCH- Top (HanpHMep, 3eMns, BOsAYLIHOE NpocTpaHICTAO, HE6O; BOA, BETEP, OTOH H Tn: Il. «Bropoe» nponcxokgenHe — 3arauka B puTyane... 31 HbIX HaGOpOB He TONBKO CeMaHTHYeCKH COOTHECeHDI Apyr C UpyroM, HO M MOTYT B pale cryyaes BBICTYMaTb KaK CHHOHMMbI, CO3aloUIHe WIM CHTyaltMio TaBTONOrMM (THNa «HH3 [KopeHb]— BHM3y, CepeMHa [crson] — nlocepeaune, pepx [Bersu] — BBepxy»), WIM cHTyauMIo NomM- yecKOTO MapafloKca, HeJeNMLbl, HOHCeHCa, OKCIOMOpoHa (np omHca- uuu arbor inversa) «H¥3— BBepxy... BepxX — BHH3y»)*°. Srv ope cHTya- UHH, BOSHHK@IOLIKe Np OMMcaHHM OGbeKTa 3araKH, HepesKO BbICTy- major B CuIy¥asX Tak Ha3bIBaeMbIX YHUBEPCa/IbHBIX 3araylOK, B KOTOPbIX pedb WeT 0 HEKOeM LieNI0M, OCHOBHOM, HCXOAHOM, T.€. 06 oObeKTe, B TIpHHUMNe BKOYAIOLUeM B ceOs BCE OCTAIbHBIe OGbEKTHI, KOTOPBIC MOryT ObITh 3araylaHbI (COOTBETCTBeEHHO caMa YHMBepcambHas, WIM OCc- HOBHaA, 3araka MOXKET pacCMaTPHBaTRCA KaK HeKAd CyMMa WIK APO Beex 3araokK NaHHOM TpalMUMH WIM 2Ke Kak BbICLIAa TOUKa KOpnyca 3aralOK, M3 KOTOPOM BLIBOJMMBI BCe OCTANbHEIe, Gonee creuManH3Hpo- BaHHble 3arakH). CBoeo6pa3HbIM yKa3aHHeM Ha CHTyallMIO OCHOBHOI 3araikv CilelyeT CUNTaTb M CaM HaGop MpH3HaKoB, McrIOmb3yeMblit IYI KOAMpOBaHHA OGpeKTa 3araakv. Oror HaSop MpH3HaKOB MOcTpoeH Ta- KMM 06pa30M, 4TO eMy OTBeYaeT MHOX%KECTBO (B MpMHine) H30- MOp(HBIx 06pa30B OCHOBHOTO ObbeKTa, Momlexalllero pasraike (B 06- IMX YepTax BCe TO, YTO TPeXWIeHHO MO BepTHKaNM, Ha KOTOPOH Oco- GeHHO OTMeyeHHOli ABMAeTCA BepxXHAA TpeTb). Maye ropopa, yxKe Ha- Gop MpH3HakoB MmpedopMupyeT MHOXKECTBEHHOCTL O6pas0B pasrayybIBa- emoro oGbektTa, WeuIbI HX KiaCC, YTO OYCHb CYLIECTBEHHO © TOUKM 3pe- HMM COXpaHeHHa H aKTya/IM3aLIHH MHCopMaliHH O HaMGoNbLUHX LeHHO- CTAX JaHHOM KybTypHOM TpaqMunu. Tem caMbIM BHAMaHHe B H3BeCT- Hoit cTerleHH Kak ObI NepeKmOYaeTCA C MCXOAHOTO NpMposHorO OCHOB- 39 TlonyrHo yMecTHo ynomaHyTs HO TpeTbeH pasHOBMAHOCTH TeKcTOS © bréhman’e, B KOTOpBIX ONMCHIBAIOTCA H BEPTHKAAbHAA MU FOPH3OHTAABHAA CIpyKTypEl Beeaenroit. OnvcaHua 3TOro THNa BCKPbIBAaIOT fEOMETPHYCCKHH aCNeKT KOCMOAOrH- yeckux saranox. CM., HanpuMep, «Tloucrane brdhman— o70 Geccmeptuoe, brthman — Bnepenu, brdhman— nosaqv, cnpasa M cnesa, OH MPOCTHpaeTcA BHM3 Hi BBEPX...» (Mund.-Upan. II, 2, 12) nan: «310 (GeckoresHoe) BHH3y, OHO HaBepxy, OHO no3aaH, OHO cnepeau, oH0 cnpaba, OHO cneBa, OHO — Beck atoT (Mup)» (Chand.-Upan-VII, 25, 1: sa evadhastat sa uparistat, sa pascat, sa purastit, sa daksinatah, sa uttaratah, sa evedam sarvam it), semy cooTsercrsyeT Takai Ke reoMeTpHA CyOveKTHOTO HaYana MHpO|laHHA: (Maitri-Upan. VI, 17).32 B.H. Tonopos Horo o6sexra (BcenenHas) Ha ero 06pa3, NpHHamexaumit ye ccbe- pe KYBTYPLI M sBIMOMMicA 3HaKOM Mo MpewmymectBy. OnHO V3 BAKHeMIIMX CHELCTBAH MoMobHOrO MepeKMOYeHHA COCTOMT B TOM, YTO DSTOT «KYAbTYpHbIit> O6pa3 BcenenHoli, Tor ee «3HaK» CaM CTaHO- BUTCH OGBEKTOM MOUMTaHHA (Kak M OOLEKTOM 3arajiKH), 9IeMeHTOM PH- Tyaia, B CBA3M C KOTOpbIM (peaTbHO o6sMHO OkKOO, BOK3H, BOKpyr KOTOporo) M pa3BopayMBaeTcA clleHapHii pHTyasia, MOCBs- IeHHOTO KOCMOsOrHYeCKOH TeMe cocrapa HW coTBopeHHa BeeneHHoit (cm. Hamtee). B ovepseHHOM KOHTeKcTe oco6yi0 poh MrpaeT brdéhman. Bynysi oGbeKTOM TeKcToB— 3arafioK brahmodya, oH BMecTe C TeM Han6onee o6uran w aGcrpaxTHas#? Monenb BceneHHoi B ce OObeKTHBHOM M OGBEKTHOM acrleKTax, C OMHOM CTOPOHI, 4, C APyTOHt CTOpOHBI, 6nn- >kaiumuit (nepBoii creneHu) o6pa3 BeenenHol, aioumit Hayao uen0n CepHHt MocHenyIoUlAx TepeKOMMPOBOK 3TOTO OGpasa HK TeM CaMBIM Boe- NeHHOH, BIUIOTh No puTyambHBIx cHMBomOB4! . TocpejcTBy!oUlad Pomb bréhman’a O4eBHAHa B TaKHX INpHMepax, Kak: «Baie store — brdhman, BBICIIM BeIMKH... EqMHbii, o6bemmoumit BcenenHyt... Bare KOTOpOrO HeT HHYETO, MeHbie HIM GoubUIe KOTOpoTO HET HHYeTO. Equupiit OH CTOMT, CIOBHO Ze Pe BO, YTBEPXACHHOE B HeGe (vrksa iva stabdho divi tisthaty ekas), 374M Mypyuleli HamlonHeH Becb (gror) Mup (tene ‘dam piimam purusena sarvam)> (Svet.-Upan. III, 7-9) um 40 He cayuaiino 8 Gonsummctae cayyaes bréhman onpeneasetca WAM KaK HEHTO BCe pesocxonauiee (cp. BSICHITH, penKHit, pccoGLeMuOUMH H T-r.), Wim anocbaTHveckH (cp: asama ‘necpasemasii’ [RV VII, 43, 1; X, 89, 3], giara ‘Hewsmermni’ IIT, 8, 2), anatidbuia ‘nenpessotinesrai’ (VIII, 90, 3)); ep. ocobeHHy:0 MHOroNHCAeHHOCTD TaKIo onpeaenennsit Bréhman'a 8 Ynamuranax: Geckouesnit (Taitt-Upan. 1, 2; Svet-Upan. V, 1; Maitri-Upan. V1, 28; Brahmab.-Upan.9; Kaiv.-Upan. 6; Chand.-Upan. IV, 6, 3—4), Gecemepriesis (Chdnd.-Upan. IV,15, 1; VII, 3, 4; 7, 4 11, 5 14, 15 Katha-Upan. II, 2, 85 3, 1; Maitti-Upan. IT, 2; IV, 6; VI, 24; 27; 35; Mund-Upan. Il, 2, 12; Mahanar.-Upan. I, 14; Kaiv.Upan. 6), Henposunensesit (Maitri-Upan. VI, 22; Kaiv-Upan. 6), Hecorsoper- nwt (Chand.-Upan.VIIT, 13, 1), Hepoxaeramsi (Maitri-Upan. VI, 28), nenpexomaumatt (Katha-Upan, I, 3, 2; Svet-Upan. V, 1; Mund.-Upan. Il, 2, 2), Heponaoutermntit (Mai- tri-Upan. V1, 3), anuersussit o6pasa (Kaiv.-Upan.7), 6esnasanpitbtit (Brahmab.-Upan. 9), He MMeIOWHi vacTeit (Tam 2Ke 8) 4 T.n. HiTepecHo, TO B pasHbU TpamyMysAX cyiecTBy:OT sarakn Tuna (A: 6ecKoneHHbili, GesHavanbinEtit, HepoxseHHiit, Geccmepraniit..?) > (B: Beenennas, He60, semcia, Bor..(?)) CopepureHHo ananormnste TpaccbopMuponari- HBIM B BOMPOCO-OTBETHBI TeKCT yrsepxaeHHAM THN +brdhman GeckoHedeH» cou GecKonesmio?»— drdhman). 41 Yurepecto, yo 8 rumMHe Mutpe # Bapyne, cocTosulem #3 3aranoK HM mapagoK- cos, 8 sapepuiaiouiei crpode noanaserca bréhman Kak O6o3HaNeHHe TOM ocobo OT- MeYeHHOH, BOSBLILIeHHO-TOPXECTBCHHOK pesmi (cosa), KoTOpaN MpHHOcHT noGeny: asmékam brdhma pfandsu sahy@ (RV 1, 152, 7) «Hawe cpauenHoe caono [brdh- man) na onepxuT Bepx B cocTasaHHax's; op. I, 157, 2; X, 88, 17-19. II. «Bropoe» nponcxoxkseHne — 3aragka B puTyane... 33 xe: brdhman— 310 nepeso (MaTepuHal), brdhman— 310 DepeBo (pac- enue)» (Taitt.-Brahm. II, 8, 9, 6), Haxogmueeca B OTHOWIeHHM OTBETAa Ha BOMpoc-3arayky, MocTaBIeHHBIi B RV X, 81, 4 (cp. 31, 7): «aro 370 3a JepeBo (MaTepHal) 4TO 9TO 3a DepeBo (pacTeHHe), M3 KOTOpOrO OHH pprTecatH He6o Mt 3emmio? (kim svid vdnam kd u sd vrksd asa ydto dyavaprthivt nistataksuh). Taxue COOTHOCHMBIe Ipyr c ApyroM BoTIpoc Hi OTBeT, KOTOPbIe PeabHO B TEKCTe MOTYT OKA3ATECA M pa3posHeHHbIMH, aiOT HOCTATOUHO HallexXHbIe OCHOBAHMA Wid PeKOHCTPYKUHM HOBbIX cpparmentos brahmodya. Bonee Toro, Hanpatimpaetca MpaBlononoGHoe MIpewMONOXKeHHe, YTO MHOTHE MocTynaTOOOpasHble yrBepKIcHHA B Be- max, BpaxManax win YnaHwuatax O6peraior CBO 3aKOHYEHHBIM CMBICI TOJIbKO B TOM cylydae, CCIM MX paCCMaTPMBaTb Kak OTBET Ha BO- mpoc B pamkax brahmodya, 4, Hao6opot, MHorHe Bonpocki4? o BEIC- MIMX (WIM 10 MeHbUeli Mepe CakpayIbHO OTMeYeHHbIX) LEHHOCTAX Be- AMMiCKOrO KOCMOCa (HHOMMa 3TH BOMpocb! O6pa3ylor WIKHHBIe Wer, KOTOpbl€ MOryT OpraHH30BaTb wWebIii TeKcT, cp. THMH 0 CKaMOxe, «ATxapBaBena> X, 7) LONDKHbI TOHMMaTbCA He KaK He OpMeHTAPOBaH- Hble Ha OTBET PHTOPHYeCKHE BONPOMWAHHA WIM MeMTATHBHBIC 9KCKIa- Mall, @ HCKJOUMTEIbHO KaK Heppele YacTH brahmodya, npenmonara- JOLUMe CYLIeCTBOBaHMe BIONHe oMmpeneeHHbIX oTBeTOB. MMeHHO Tak AOIOKHBI, BAIMMO, HHTeplipeTupoBarecs cpparMeHTbl 3HaMeHHTOTO THM- Ha 3araqkv u3 «Purpegbr» (I, 164), s4pom Koroporo (20—22) apnneTca 3aralka 0 MHpoBoM xepese: «J[Ba opna (dvd supamd— 6ykB. «npe- KPACHOKPBUIBIX»), 1B CBA3AHHBIX JPyr C MPyTOM ToBapHla, O6xBaTHIH AHO HW TO xe DepeBo (vrksdm). ONMH 3 HMX eCT CAaKylO BHHHYIO strony (pippalam svadv), mpyroit Ha6mogaeT, He BKywaa’? ... Ha nepepe TOM, THe BKYINaIOWHe Me], OPIIBI CeATCA, pasMHOXKAlIOTCA BCe, Ha Bep- IUMHe efo, POBOpsT, Arona cilankas. Jlo Hee He WOGepeTca TOT, KTO He 3Haet oTia (yah pitdram nd véda)». Xora B UeNOM HM B HeTalax MHTep- TiperayHu SToii sarankM HeomMHaKoBbI , a Yacro M HeEKOppeKTHBI, 110- 2 Peun Moxer HATH MO TAKHX cparMeHtax TeKcTa, KOTOpHIe B ABHOM (rpAaMMaTH- seco) opme He cozepxar Bonpoca, HO ABIAIOTCA HM No cyTH zea. 3 Tlowrn aocnopHuili nepeckas sToro qbparmerta 8 Svet.-Upan. IV, 6 4 Mund.-Upan. I, |, 1c xapaktepHiiM npowOwXeHHeM, OTeyTCTByOULIM B «Purneses: «Ha TOM xe epeBe Nenopex, norpyxeHubiit [p ropect mapa}, ocnennentibtii, ckopOir 0 (cpoeM] GeccrmHH. Korna xe on spit apyroro — noamo6aeHnioro Raaabiky 4 ero BenHuHe, TO ocpoGoxnAeT- © ot cxop6u». Hi ocoBeHHio nokasarensio 8 Mund.-Upan. IIL, 1, 3: «Kora anaauuii SuAYT anaTOUBeTHOTO TBOPUA, BIAUKIKY, mypyuy, vCTOUHMK -Bpaxmarta, TO cpeayuuti CTpaxnys c ce6n 0Gpo M Wio, HesanaTHaHHMil, OH AOCTHTaeT BbICUZeTO enMHCTBA>. Cxon- lie oGpaan ¢ HeKOTOpEINH RIOMBMENeHYIZMN NOETOPAOTCA M B PANE ADT TERCTOD. Cornacho nocieaHHM TonKonaHHAM, AepeBo — 310 HOWHOe HeGO, opaBl — 3Be3- ABL, caamKas Arona — HOWE CReTILIO, B LEAOM 2KE PET wueT 06 yObiBaoutel H 242934 B.H. Tonopoe CKONbKY OCHOBAHbI Ha MOCTaHOBKAaX CMBICHOB B COOTBETCTBHH C TI0- 30HHMH 1 OObIMHO CHIIbHO cpHTOcocpu3HpOBaHHbIMH NpesCTaBNeHHAMH, BCe-TaKH HET COMHeHHA B TOM, TO Tepel| HAMM CxemMa MHPOBOTO jepe- Ba C XapaKTepHbIM CHMBOJIH3MOM HesOro H YacTeif, 3acbHKCHPOBaHHEIM He TOMbKO B Goylee ACHBIX TeKCTAX APYTMX TPalMUHii, HO M BO MHOTHX NIpovsBeqeHHAX H306pasHTeMbHOrO VicKyccrBa. DakTOM (a He ero WHTepniperauMei!) AWIAeTCA CaMO RepeBO M HalWuHe Ha HeM [ByXx NITHL, NPOTHBoNOcTaBAeHHEIX ApyT APyry B HEKOTOPOM OTHOLIeHHH, a Take MpHcyTcrBve onpefleneHHoro MparmaTwyeckoro acnekta (cnal- kKMe APOmpI) H ykazaHve (xOTA H TyMaHHoe) Ha YCNOBMA ero peasH3allHH (sHaHve oTua)* .B apyrom Mecte GbLIO MoKa3aHO, 4TO TOMHO TaKasl KE npuGusaoues ayxe (cp.: Thieme 1949 [Das Ratsel vom Baum», 55 u ca.}; Renou 1949; Renou 1967, 88-93), cp. Porzig 1925. No K.®. Tenpanepy, saecb onviceipaet- cA APEKO NOSHAHHA H ABA OPAa CHMBOAVSHPY.OT Aba BHA SHaHMA — HHTYHTHBHOE H NparmatHveckoe; Ciankas arona Ha sepuiMite apeBa — ygen Toro, KTO ObaagaeT HH- TYMTHBHBIM sHanMem.— Heckoasko wHBle MHTepnpeTauHW 9TOH saraNKH ¢M.: Huizinga 1938; Xetiauura 1992, Ch. VI (Hapany ¢ axanu3om RV I, 164, ecb u 0 VIII, 29; X, 129; AV X, 7; 8 # ap.); Dave 1951, 83-90; Kunhan Raja 1960, 36-41; Brown 1968, 214 ff; Johnson 1976, 248-259 u ap. Oco6oe BHUMAHHe 100%KHO 6HTb yaeneHo nocaemHeli cTaTse, B KOTOPOM BAKHEL H OPHrHHaAbHaR MHTepnpeTauHA KMNOWeBOFO MeCTa 3arANKH, B HENOM 3NeCh HE PACCMATPBAeMAA (AOCTATONHO yKasaTS nepesoa RV I 164, 21, 6pocaiountii ayy csera Ha npoGremy en somme: «Where birds unwinkingly celebrate their share of life, the contests,| There he, the splendid herdsman of all creations, | Wise (Soma), entered me, / before that / unrealizings), 1 OGimMe BstROABI, O KOTOPEIX BKpaTuE cM. HUDKe. K saranke 13 rMmua I, 164 o6pama- etca # Kélinep, cm. aanee. 45 Haxoneu, Henb3a 3a6biBaTb, 4TO pasGupaembiit cbparmext (1, 164, 20-22) waxoant- ca B rumHe cpeaw Uenoro pasa apyrnx saranoK. Cp., HanpHMep: +¥ 3Toro MHJOrO ce- goro xorapa [=conuue] cpeanuii ero 6par— noxupatens [=serep], TpeTHii Spar ero — XKPHOCTMHHBI [= 3eMHOH OroHy, KEpTBCHHBI KocTep]. 3neck A yaHAen xOIA- Mina MAeMeH C ceMBO chIHOBLAMH [= Tsopex, BceneHHOli c cembio Mupamn!}> I, 164, 1, b CKOOKAX TONKOBAHHA paHHero KoMMesttatopa «Purseaus Cannbs; cp. 1, 164, 11-14, 48 (saraaxu 0 rose), 30-33 (0 xHaHM H cMepTH), 44 (BHIMO, O ayHe, CoAHULe, BETPE), 45-46 (0 GoxectBeHHOit peun 4 TPex Benax) u 7.1. OcoGeHHo BaxHO, YTO B STOM 2Ke rane ectb dparment (34-35), KoTOpniii saMeNaTeneH B AByX OTHOMIeHHAX. Bo-nep- BEIX, 970 EAMHCTREHHBH 8 TAMHe cayuall, KOT 3araMKA COCTOHT 3 BONpOCOB M OTBE- 70. Bo-Bropnix, 2ToT parmenr copnanaer c yKe NPHBOAMBUIMMHCA brahmodya («A cnpaunsaio Te6a © xpaiinelt rpaHuue Jem, # CnpaumMealo, rae nyn MMpo3marns.. Stor anraps — Kpaiiusaia rpaHuia 3eMiH, 9TO KepTBONPHHOWeHHe — nyn MHpo3ga- Hua...o). YMecTHo o6paTuTs BHHMAHHe Ha TO, TO YeTBIpexkpatHoe prechdmi ‘a cnpa- wMpaio’ oTcEInaeT K NOHATHIO 3araQKA — Op.-KHA. prsthd, oT ykasaHHoro raarona, co6- crpenHo, nonpocer B chopMe saranox, cm. Kéiinep 1986, 74 (0 npesHem cnowecHiom n0- eannxe), Cp. RV IV, 2, 1; X, 89, 3 (0 yem cm. Thieme 1938, 65-66). Taxoe o6031a- ueHMe PHTYANBHOFO Bonpoca U3BeCTHO M APEBHEMpAHcKO! TPANMUMM, Cp. aBecT. parita-, 0 Bonpoce pm cyaonponssonctse: (: parsalfe ‘ox cnpaumeaet’, ap.-nepc. a-plalrsam ‘a cripatnmsan’ M T.f.); HHTEPECHO, NTO PyccK. eo-npoc cosepxKHT o6a 3Ha- eHHA, MPeACTARNEHHBIe B HHOMPaHCKAX MpHMepAX. IL. «Bropoe» nponcxoxnenue — 3araqka B pyTyane... 35 cxeMa TIOCTOAHHO BCTpeyaeTcA B pasHOro pola TeKcTaX O MMPOBOM Jle- peBe, THe 9TOT O6pa3 MONeMMpyeT pavIMYHBIe acriekTH KOCMONOTHYe- ckoro yerpolicraa (B YacTHOCTH, CTpyKTypy BpeMeHH“*), v1, rvlaBHOe, B peallbHO H3BECTHBIX PHTYAIbHBIX COOPYKEHMSIX, BEICTYMA!OUIMX Kak 9K- BMBaIEHT MHPoBOTO JepeBa. A 370 NocmeqHee OOCTOATEMECTBO B Coue- TaHMM C peKOHcTpyKuMeit brdhman’a kak HeKOero pUTyasbHOro coopy- .XKeHHA OKOHYATENIbHO PaCKPbIBaeT TY KH3HEHHYIO CHTyallMio, KoTopasd ca KW1a ACXONHBIM JOKYCOM 3araKH KaK B BeMHVCKoN, Tak H B ApyrHx apxavUHbix TpagMunsax. Bo Bcako ciyyae, ceiuac He MpHxonuTcA co- MHeBaTBCa, YTO BemMiickMe 3aranku (brahmodya), oOpa30BETBaBUIHe BAKHEHUIYIO COBECHYIO 4aCTb pHTyaila, MpOW3HOCMIIMch Nepen, bréh- man’OM, allBaTTXOM HM TOMY MOZO06HBIMM OOpa3zaMH MMpoBoro jepeBa, BO-IepBBIX, M, BO-BTOPbIX, MMCJIM CBOMM TlomlexkalllMM pa3raKe OGbeEKTOM KaK CaMM OOpa3bl, TaK H TO, YTO 34 HAMM JexKuT, — Beenen- ny1047. Yxe TaKoii XOPOUIO ONMCaHHBIt pHTyal, Kak alueamedxa, MOlL- TBepAaeT BbICKAZAHHbIe 30ecb MpeANomoxenna‘’. HecomHeHHo, MOTYT OBITS CHeNaHbI H LambHeituime yrounenua. OTHOCHTeNBHO He- HaBHo Kéiinepom 6puI0 MoKa3aHO, YTO CIOBECHBIe MOeMHHKH 2Kpe- yoB — nosToB B ApesHeli Mnaun npuypounsanuch kK Mepexony oT craporo rofa K HoBoMy (Kuiper 1960, 217-281), T.e. K Tomy BpeMe- HH, KOrMa B COOTBETCTBHM C UMKIMYeCKOM KOHUeMIMel BpeMeHH Kocmoc posppaiaetca K CBOeMy MIpexHeMy (OKOCMHUeCKOMY) CO- CTOMHMIO, «cpaGaTbIBaeTCH» B Xaoce, M TONbKO OcoGnI puTyal me- Pexofla MoxeT 3aHOBO BoccosnaTb Kocmoc co BceMM 3TamaMu ero cTaHonnenus. BecbMa BeposTHO, ¥TO brahmodya, wmv «ToBopeHHe Oo © O6pasn agyx nTHu B NOACGHOM cHTyaUMH YaCTO COOTHOCATCA c COMHUeM HM Me- cane (cp. saranky: Ose muy Ha oduom depese usu 6 oduom enesde?— coanue u AYHa@), ONPeAEAAIOLIMMM CTPYKTYPy CYTOK WIM DaxKe rosa (seceHHe-aeTHH H OCeH- He-ouMHMH UMKIEI), cM. HHDKe. Cm. Wensinck 1921; Wilke 1922, 73-99 u 1.a. Ho, KOHeWHO, ABE ITHUM, KaK M ABA CBETHIA, MOFYT OTOKNECTANATECA M HHAYe (Hanpumep, membrum virile u vagina) 4 cooTBeTcTBeHHO nepeaasaTs HHYIO HEH (8 AaHHOM cayyae MogopoaHe, GoraTcTB0, noTOMCTBO). 47 Tomumo apyrux dparmentos cp. RVI, 35, 6-7; 96, 5; 182, 7; 185, 1; III, 54, 5-9; VI, 9; X, 82, 5-6 # ap. 48 CymectperiHo HanOMHHTD yenosua npousneceNMa brahmodya: ykpalieHHbiit KOH ACKUT Ha anTape c O4ArOM B BAe NTHILBI; y BOCTONHO! rpaHHits Gonbuioro antapa (mahdvedi) waxonwrca 21 (3x7) 2xKepTBeHHEI cTon6 (vipa, cp. TaKxKe asvayiipa ‘KOH- cuit cTor6’), aBnatoutniica 06pasoM BceacHHolk (3 cemMUIeHHBIe KOCMHHECKHE 30- Hbi). Cp.: «BoKpyr Hero NOAOKMAM CEMb NOACHEB, TPH XA CEMb NoneHb- 8 6bL10 npurorosneHo, Koraa Goru, coBepulad KePTBONPKHOWeHHe, CBASLIBANH ny- Pywy Kak KEpTREHHOe KHBOTHOE® (RV X, 90, 15). Brahmodya nepen KEPTBOH y 2X€PTBEHHOFO CTONGa, KOHEYHO, BOCNPOH3B0AHT BAKHYIO OCOGEHHOCTS NepBOHAYatb- HOH cHryaunn. »36 Tonopos bréhman’e BoKpyt Hero» *?, TO CBOeMy MIPOHCXOXTeHHIO ObUIM CBASAHbI HMeHHO ¢ PHTY@JIOM, BOCIIPOM3BOLALIMM COTBOpeHHe MHpa (THMIa Ba- BYWIOHCKOrO JxyMa aauul) W COOTHECEHHEIM ¢ brdéhman’oM Kak Wleain- 3MPOBaHHbIM O6pa30m MMpoBoro yepepa. BpeMeHHasa OTMeyeH- HOCTb STOO pHTyala (crbIK craporo HM HOBOTO ToLOB, Hayao HOBOTO COMHEYHOO WMKIIa Hf T.11.) MHOrOobpa3sHo OTpaxkeHa HB CaMOM pHTyae (0 ¥eM TIpexqe BCerO MOXKHO CYJMTb NO OGWIBHBIM THITOMOTHYeCKHM napauiensm) °° vB coorseTcrayiouyMx TexcTax’!. B 9ToM OTHOWeHHK ocoGeHHO MoKasaTeIbHa W30%pyHKUMOHaNbHocTh brdhman’a 1 MMpoBoro epeBa B CBaS ¢ TeMOl BpeMeHH. OGa OHH paBHBI TO/Ly, HW o6a ABNA- JOTCA efO OGpazaMH, TOUHee, CAMBONMUECKMM BbIPAKeHHeM MHCpor103- THYCCKOTO MPOCTpaHCTBeHHO-BpeMeHHOTO KOHTHHYyMa (BceveHHad B TeveHHe roma)5?, cp. Takve oTox/ecTBNeHHA B YiaHHuranax, Kak brdh- man— 370 BcenenHas 4 brdhman— sro ron, wi TOHOBOe MyTeue- crsve Kona (= BeexeHHoi, conHua H T.1.) Mepex ero TIpHHeceHHeM B oKepTBy {aweamedxa). [Ipencranienne 0 roye Kak 0 THesle bréhman’a — brahmani(d)am («(loucraHe ro— 270 o6pas cocromujero u3 YacTeli. Tlouctune of rosa poxiaiorcd 3TH cyulectsa... TovcrmHe nosromy rou — Tipamxanatn, spemsi, MITHWa, rHe3z0 bréhman’a»*3 . Maitri-Upan. VI, 15; ep. rakoxe Chand.-Upan. II, 19, 1; Kaus.-Upan.1, 6 1 ap.) me- 49 Cp, eymupanue Boxpyr brdhman’a» (Aitar.-Brahm. VIII, 28 ap.). 30 p., anpumep: Scharer 1946, 89 H ca., rae ONHCBIBAeTCA COBECHDI NOeAAHOK AByX FpyNN MAeMCHH Ha KOCMONOFIYECKHE TEMBI, O6€ FPyNMbl COOTHECeHbL C MOTH- BOM GOpb6H ABYX NTHIL B BETBAX AepeRa XUIHH. TyT Ke MpoxcxoaxT o6paa nagene- Has apaMHt, B KOTOPOM yuacTByer masHaa burypa pHTyala — copepuleHHEtit 1en0- BeK-—-XKpell basewul, CTOAUIMM B WEHTPe ACPEBEHCKOM MAOLIAMK, KAK +BHICOKOE LEpe- Bor, 4 seuaoumi o Kocmoce # snepsoHaanbHbix spemeHax», Bugumo, basewut 8 OCHOBHOM nogobeH Gpaxmany (xpeuy), CTOAteMy B6AN3H XepTBeHHHIX cTom6OB (érdhman) u Haxunaomemy naptio brahmodya (KcratH, brdhman yctanasanpaet cnaap bdndhu, nawmyw Knoy x pa3zraaxe, cp. AVX, 10, 23); cp. TaKKe HasBa- ue ativadin aaa Toro, KTO nobexqaeT B NoeMMHKe, yoTaHaBIMBaA Cepyto OTOxACCTE- ‘neHUit (7.€. NOTeHIMANBHO peman Bec pa saranoK), oM.: Chand.-Upan. VII, 15, 4, — of ativada, crpodst, conepxautne saranxy (em. AV XX, 135, 4m ap.). 51 [ip stom MHOrga TeKCTBI OMMCBIBAIOT HeKOTOpHe OCOGEHHOCTH CaMoro pHTyara. Hepemxatii ana pana Texctos MoTHB conHua (siirya) Ha brdhman’e HanoMMHaeT MMH qhonoremy «connie B ReTRAX MHPOBOFO AepeRar, H ce PHTYAIBHBE HONAOMIEHHA (cp. KONECO Ha WICCTe WIM TAKE BEIPOXNEHHBIe BAPHAHTH, KaK camosap [= coaHUe] Ha croaGe B KavecTse Harpanbi noGemuTemo, BIOHPABILIEMYCA NO WeCTy 10 CaMOTO BEpxa). 52 Hecayyaiio, 80 MHOFHX KYABTYPHO-A3BIKOBBIX TPAMMUMAX (HanpHMep, BemHi- cxux) Beenerian (it He60-3emsa) 1 ron O603HAMAIOTCA OBHHM Hi TM 2KE COBOM. 53 Nockoasky Mipamkanara — ponnrens Bpaxmana, To, cleaobarenstto, H ron BLIC- tynaer Kak poamtens Bpaxmana, Cp.: brdhmandsah... vacam akrata bréhma krnvdntah parivatsarinam (RV VIL, 103, 8) — +Bpaxmaitbl... Bo3BbicHAH Tonoc, THOPA brdhman (7.e. MOAMTBY, PUTYAAbHY!O (POPMyAY), NOCBALLEHHYIO Hayany ropa». IL. «Bropoe» nponcxoxaenne — 3aragka B puTyane... 37 peXMkaeTcA © MHOPOUMCIICHHBIMH SaranKaMu (Kak B’ brahmodya) o BpeMeHH, B KOTOpbIX TOM 3araybiBaeTcA Yepes Me peBo (cron6, 6pyc HT.) ¢ rHe3qamu. Cp. xoTa Obt OOMMbHBIe pyccKve 3aralkKM THI: Cmoum dy6, Ha dy6e deenaduame cy4ves, Ha KaxdoM cyuKe no 4embipe 2He3da..., WIM: aexcum Opyc Ha ecro Pycb, u Ha mom Opycy deenad- yams 2He30, U 60 ecAKOM zHe30e no 4empipe aiiua..., uau: Cmoum cmon6 do neGec, Ha Hem deexadyame 2H e30, 6 KascOom ene3de uembipe nilua, 6 Kaxc00M silue NO cemMb 3apodviwes Ht 7.0.54, HMeloulMe OTHOUIe- Hve Kak K TOjly, Tak M K MMpoBoMy jepeBy, KoTOpoe B CBOeM BpeMeH- HOM acriekte, NO CyTH ella, H ONMCBIBaeTCA B STHX 3arayKax. 3fecb 2Ke HaUI@KHT yKasaTb, YTO BeWMiicKad TpanMuMA brahmodya coxpaHyia 3araKM © Tole, AHAIOTHUHbIC BbILETIPHBEAEHHBIM pycckuM. OcobeHHo MMaPHOCTHYHO, YTO ODHa M3 TAKHX 3aranoK («KocaKoB WBeHanaTb, KO- eco OHO, Tp crymuupi55 — KTo xe 3To MocTurHeT? B Hem ykperuie- HbI BMCCTe KOMIK, CIOBHO TPHCTa WECThICCAT TOBHDKHBIX Hi OHO- BPEMEHHO HeMOABMOKHEX> RVI, 164, 48) Bxo_MT B TeKCT yxXe yIIOMH- HaBUIeTOCA THMHa~3arayKM, B WeHTpe KOTOporo HaxONHTCA 3aranKa Oo MHPOBOM jepese* , ConocrapneHve Byx OTMedeHHBIX 3/ecb OcoGeHHOCTeH BenHit- cxux brahmodya — cepua 3aralOK KOCMOMOrHYecKOrO CosepxKaHHA ux MIpuypoweHne K KanyHy Hoporo rona (r.e. HoBoro MpMposHOTO H XO3HHCTBCHHOTO IHKJIa, HOBOTO COJHIUa, HOBOrO ypoxad, HOBOTO. 60- raTcTBa, HOBOTO MpHIuioga M MOTOMCTBa) — ¢ aHaNOTHYHBIMH MIpH- MepaMM B Apyrux Tpaguunaxs? penaer MpakTuyeckn GeccnopHbiIM 4 Cw. Saranxu 1968. Ne 49384963 1 ap. Mrorm nayxeHna saragoK 0 rose cM.: Aarne 1918-1920, 74-178 («Das Jahr»). 5S Pes wer o Tpex aBoliHEIX apemerax roza. 56 PerpocneKTHBHO CTOHT 3aMeTHTS, TO OGpasbt ABYX NTH (Opnos) B >TOH saranKe BOnpeKH NPHHATOMY MHEHHW WenecooGpasHO PACCMaTPHAATE TAKKE B CRAIH C Bpe- MeHHBIMG KaTerOpHAMM (ACHb, HOUb?); CP. APYry!0 PaSHOBHAHOCTS 3arankU O Tex Ke OSsexrax: +«M3npeare soxpyr He6a H 3eMAM (ABHKYTCA) AB HECKOKHE JOHMUBE (Quvati), posspamasch cHOBa (H CHOBa) NO CBOeH NPUBBIIKe: HOYb — c YepHEIMH OuepraHMAMM, YTP€HHAA 3apAaA— co ceeTAKMM. OHH aBNKyTeA, NPHOMWDKA- Ach: To ogHa, TO apyras» (RV I, 62, 8); cp. BMULIe Apyryio saranKy O 1OHHUE. ° Cp, uanpumep, take TpaaMunM, B XOTOPEIX MpHypo¥eHMe nepvona saranniBa- HMA saranoK K nepexogy OT CTaporo rosa K HOBOMY COXpaHseT cBOW cH. Tak, Ha- pumep, yamyprbl (BOTAKH) nocsalann 3araaKaM Bpema c 25 aeKa6pa no 6 aHBapa. OBOANA STHM OGpslOM OcO6O H36pAHHEIi CTapuK (HAM crapyxa), OGEIUHO Xo3se- Ba noma. YuacTHuKH STHX «BeyepoB SaranoK», Kak NpasiO, pacnonaraiMch nosy- Kpyrom, B UCHTpe KOTOpOrO HaxogMAcA raaBHBiit pyKonoANTens Beyepa (B THNOANO- CHYECKH CXOAHEIX cHTyauHAx ame6eitHOCTh OGecneyHBanach MAH HAMKYHEM BTOporo Noaykpyra, Wim BaATHeM Ha ce6a 3TO! GyHKUMM «pyKoBOAMTeIeM>, HaNpHMep, B Kayectse sonpomateaa). Mo yGexnenmio yamypTos, 3aranku, KOTOpHIe 3aranBiBanuch38 B.H. Tonopoe a 9THX Beyepax, OGsanaNH ocoGOM MarnuecKolt CHO! H MMenH caoe OcoGoE Ha- anayenne. AX Ha3bBanv +BOKO-Malb, T.€. 3ArakKH BPeMeHH 3HMHETO BOXKO, 11H scTpaUmHBte 2araakn. OHM OTAMMalOTCA OT saraqOK NpeAWIECTayIOUIeTO BpeMeHHOrO uukna (HavHHaa c Kota yOOpKH x1e5a), KOM TaKKe YCTpaMBaNHch Beepa, Ha KO- TOPHE XCHIMHB NPHXOAMAH C NpAXKell, a MyXUMHEL CO CBOE PaboTOH, HO ra8- HBIM Me1OM CUHTaAIH saraapisarue 3aragoKk. OcaaGnenne npupomHEIX cH, yMupaHne pupomst H Tpesora 3a Gynyilee, 2 CHEAYOUIH UMKA, KOTOPHIL MOKET H HE CTATH TOMOM"YpOKAEM, FOOM-OGPOM, BUHYKAGIOT MCKATb CPeMCTR MOMOND CMaCeHHio APMpOMA H ce XH3HEHHBIX CHA. «Beyepa 3ara1oK» KaK OBI H AOMKHBL cnocobcTEO- BaTb AKKYMYAAUMH MPMPOAHBIX MOACHOCHTEAHBIX CHA (HYXHO 3aMETHTE, TO 3ara- AbIBAHME 3arAlOK B MPOMSBOABHOE BPeMA rowa HAM CYTOK 3aNpeLieHo, H NOsTOMY OTMCYCHHBIM ABNAeTCA TOT MepHog, Kora JaranLIBAHMe sAranOoK MpeANMcsIBaeTeA). BecbMa xapakrepHo, “TO saraabipaHne, NPHypoyeHHoe K ONacHOMY NepenoMHOMy nepvoay (crak Craporo 1 Hosoro ronon), HaimHaercs O6bI4HO Cc 3araLOK O FORE. Co€ctseHHo rouopa, 9T0 TO ra@aHHe O TOME, KOTOPOE cToxb OGKAbHO npeA- cranneHo saraaKaMM B pyccKoi HapoaHo TpanMuMM, rae sarankH O Tone — 9TO H saranku o Mupe #0 Gnare. Ton (spema) — Mp (npoctparicTao) — a06po (Kak Ost JMTA 3TOTO MPOCTPAHCTBA-BPEMCHH, IPHGKITOK «ronoBoro Mupar) O6pasy!oT Hepacs- TeHYMBIit KOMILIEKC, © YEM, MEXAY MPOYHM, CBUACTENECTBYIOT H AIBIKOBEE AAHHBIC, OTMCYCHHBI€ B pasHBIX TpalMHAx. HecoMHeHHO, 4TO B PyccKOit «3araqouHon» Tpa- AUNMN JaraMKH 0 roge He NPOCTO O6pasyiT UeHTP BCeTO Kopmyca saraMoK, HO Gonee MeM KaKHe-nHG0 ApyrHe paylenb 3araqoK npereHayiot Ha yHKBepcanbuocTs. Bepo- ATHO, CKOAHAN CHTYALMS XapakTepH30BANA M YAMYPTCKYIO TpaasUVIO. ToMeMIeHHBe B Hayano «BeYepOB 3araNOK», 9TH ¢CTPAMIHBIe SaraMKHy O TOME NOCTENCHHO, He 3a- 6biBaa © CAMOM rome B WIENOM, NepexoaMnH K Gonee KOHKPETHBIM acneKTaM fOna, a 3HauHT H MHpa H BCei XM3HH YenoBeKa 8 TOM ApyrOM, culeaylouleM Tone K MHP, me npeactoano xHTb, OS yaMyprcKHx sarankax ueHiEe aanune cm. Gerd 1928; Tepa 1928. Su naHHBe, BHPOEM, HAXOAAT MHOTONMCACHHEIE MOATBEPANCHHA HB APYCHX TPAMMUMAX, BYACTHOCTH, B CRABAHCKOM H CMeLHAIbHO PYCCKOH (KOAAIKH, saBCEHEBLI> NECHH C SACAMBIBAHHEM «Aa6CyPAHEIXe, KAK CAM MMP-TOR B 9TOH nepe- ‘AOMHOM CHTYALLIM BHIBOpAYHBAHHA BCETO, BKAMYAA CiOAa H 3ApABbIi CMBICA, HaH- sHanky), B apyrom Mecre cp. 06 aweamedxe, TOHOBOM PHTyane, B KOTOPOM B c:1OBeC- Hol YacTH BHICTYNaloT Gpaxmodee. 0 KocMonoruuecKoM acnexre 3aranoK cp. Takxe Calame-Griaule 1969, 33 u crea, Auanus o6pat0s, npuyporeHHEsx k Hosoy roay, OGHapyxHBAeT Kak HX CBASb ¢ MHpORLIM AepeBOM H cro TPAHCKbopMAUMAMM, TAK 4 C aarankamu. Cp. HX BKUONE- Hue 8 TANMHHY!O pyccKylo Koasaxy: A Heanos deop| Hu GausKo, nu Oanexo —| Ha cemu emonbax...| Bo smom 60 many| Cmoam mpu mepena| 3aamosepxue:| Bo nepeom mepemy|— Caemea mecay,| Bo amopom mepemy|— Kpacno coaneuxo, | B mpemem mepeny|— Yacmw seesdouru.| Caemer mecay— | To xosaun ao domy,| Kpacno con~ nowuxo ~ | To xoasouxa,} Yacme seexdouku — | Manus demouxu (Liletna 1, Ne 1030), a TaKXKe CHNAHHbIe C KOMADKAMH Aapel WAH OGMeH uM. Kak 6bl ga1eKo HM OTCTOAA ‘aun u ero 3arankH OT OGcyxXMACMEIX 32€Cb BONPOCOB, KAKHM Obl 32MKHYTBIM H Ca- MOMOCTATOUHBIM HM KAIAICH +90KMOBY KPYF, — KAXKETCA, H B OCHOBE saKNOBa MUdS MomHO O6HApYKHT (MPH COOTRETCTBYIOULCH PEKOHCTPYKUMH) OGIIyIO OCHOBY C MH- ()0-PUTYANHBIM KOMIUIEKCOM snlepexoAHOror roAOBOTO NpasaHHKa, XOTA pasMHNHe B CTeNeHH CAOKHOCTH O4eHS BEAHKO. DAWN MPH BCEX CBOHX HCK/IOUHTEAHBIX KAYe- crBax — NpHpOAMBIX, PONOBLIX, AMYHBIX — He CMOF CNACTH CBOH eXHSHEHHBIH® TOL or Katacrpodet. He ysas csoero orita (a caeAoBaTeABHO, M He HMea BOIMOKHOCTH II. «Bropoe» nponcxoxaeHne — 3araaka B putyane... 39 oripeesleHve HCxoHOTO KoKyca brahmodya. Peub useT O cHTyalMH, KoTOpad MOXeT ObITh CyMMMpOBaHa MpvONK3KTeENbHO CreLyIOUMM o6pasom: 1) ucxomHoe MonoxeHHe — MMp pacmanca B Xaoce, 3afa- ua — MHTerpHpoBaTb Kocmoc; 2) nomectHs ce6a B MpocTpaHCTBeH- HO-BPeMeHHBIe YCHOBMA, BOCTIPOH3BOMAIMe CHTyallMiO TBOpeHHA (ro, 4TO ObUIO Hekoraa, «B Neppblii pas»), T.e. Me ped HayaoM Hosoro rofa HB WeHTpe (MyM 3M), OTMeYeHHOM MHPOBbIM depesom “in brdhman’om, xXpell MpOH3HOCKT Hall *epTBoii HeKHit cakpanbHBIt TEKCT, B KOTOPOM COepxKAaTCH OTOXKIECTBICHHA KOCMO- JOTH4ECKHX 3ICMEHTOB, MOLE KAaLIMX BOCCTAHOBIeHMIO HM MHTerpa- UMM, C WIeHaMM Tena xepTBbI (YeNOBeK, KOH, M T.1.; 3) 3ara- AbIBAHHe XpelloM (6paxMaHoM, BO BCAKOM cyyyae, OH HaYMHaeT STY yacTb pHTyata) 3araqoK 06 amemeHTax Kocmoca uu ero o6pa3zax — MMpoBOM jepeBe, brdhman’e (brahmodya) B NopAaKe BO3HHKHOBe- HHS STHX SIEMEHTOB (H, CseEMOBATEMbHO, HX BAKHOCTH), Ha KOTOPbIE orpeyaeT pyro xpeu (HM %Kpeubl); 4) 3aBepuiaioulee OGpamleHue k brdhman’y wiv MMpoBoMy AepeBy Kak 06pa3aM BHOBb MHTerpHpo- BaHHoh Beenennoii. Takum o6pa3om, brahmodya OKa3bIBaeTCR JIMLIb YaCTbO MCKIIOUK- TeNbHO WIMPOKO pa3BeTBACHHOM TpalMuMH BONpOco-OTBETHLIX Ha- NOOB, MpencTaBAmoWHx coboit ocobyio cbopmy «cokpaTH4eckH-aro- HucTHyecKoro» o6 yyeHH AS’. Y. J>KOHCOH B cBaA3H c RVI, 164, NlosHaTb ageKsaTHUM o6pasoM M ceGa camoro, cp. npo6nemy caMonosHaHHa B ellape Danes), on peter Gbia BkycHT» ropEKUii nAon CBOeTO HesHaHHA HM He Mor paccantHeaTs Ha yenex (CTOMT HaNOMHHTS, YTO Ha BEPUIMHe MHpoBOrO mepesa — CaAaAKAaA Arona, HO KTO He 3HaeT OTA — yah pitdram nd véda, — He nO- Gepetca 0.Hee», Kak cKa3aHO A rMMHe — 3aranKe RVI, 164, 22). TaasHow saraaKn XW3HH ON He OTraman, HM BCe Gnaro efO XKH3HM, OGeuaBuIee cpepx-Gnaro, cBepx-nnonoponHe, CBepx-cuaAYy, NpespaTHnocs B nenen. A no 3ambicay Sann HMeH- HO M Mor GBI CTaTb NOTH GorononoGHEIM HeAOBEKOM cBOerO rona-MHpa. CM. Tenepe Hanon 1994. B naane soccraHomsenua +3aGbiT0ro» asbiKa Mu 06 Sanne npoana- au3aposaH — pomm 1992, 267-283; cp. TacKe Fromm 1949 1 ap. 58 Cm. Chadwick 1952, 31, 48-49 u ap. (6 YacTHocTH, 0 cocTazaHMax B saranbiba- HMM MW OTraMbiBAHHH JaranoK). Eure panbuse Gbina sbICKA3aHa MBICAb © TOM, TO POxAeHHE APEBHEMHANICKOM suNocOtHH HMeAO CBOHM AOKyCOM NogObHBLe COCTA- sauna, em.: Huizinga 1938; Xelisuura 1992, Mo cyta ena B TaKOM cocTA3aHHH ¢ Mapoit o6pen sHanme Byaga, Koraa oH cHmen nom nepesom Gonxn. Apxanunnte u1a- MaHCKHe TpaQMUMH BKNOYAOT AMAIOFH, COCTOSIMHe M3 3aranoK M HX pelleHHit, B cocrap oco6oi puTyanbHOM npouenyps. Ocoboro BHuMaHiA sacayKuBaeT v-vac, caonecnbtit cnop-noeanHox Bapyxbt # MiapEt, 0 KOTOBOM MOXHO COCTaBHTS Npea- crapnenua no avanorMueckomy rumuy RV I, 42; cornacho Kélinepy, stor mucono- THyecknit vi-vdc B KOHEYHOM C¥eTe TPaHCNOHMpoRatcA B Te NPOTHBOPEYHBbIe OT- HOuIeHHA, KOTOPLIe Ha ypOBHe APaMaTMYeCKOrO AelicTBHA CBASbIBAIOT Ndyaka’y vidisaka’y, coorsetcTeeHHo sonaouaiomnx Muapy 4 Bapyuy. Cm.: Kuiper 1979.40 B.H. Tonopoe 20-22 y6enuTenbHO MoKa3al, 4YTO ReAMiicKad TpalHUMA XOpOLio 3Hayla CeUMAIbHBle CieKyAATHBHbIeE CHMNO3HYMbI (sadhamdda, cp. RVX, 88, 17c 4 wupe — 13-19), kK KoTOpbiIM NpHypo4ynBaHch pH- TYaNbHbI€ COCTA3AHMA B 3aranKax, Tak Ha3biBaemple viddtha (RVI, 164, 21). He MeHee BaxkeH M JIpyToii BbIBOA 0 TOM, 4TO TeMol 3ara- JIOK Ha 3THX COCTASAHHAX ObLI CaM brdhman; VMeHHO OH HM BBICTYTIAT Kak 3araika. «BpaxmMaHMyeckHe> CTHxH GEUIM oco6oit crleuMaMsHpo- BaHHO dopMoii MaHTp Pursesbl, ynoTpeGnaBlleitca Ha CHMMO3HYMax B fManorax. «The brdhman verse is a vehicle of the thought, allowing man to realize or intuitively understand something of these powerful, mysterious referents» (cm. Johnson 1976, 255). Bosppaulasch K COlepxKaHHI0 3THX <«3araqO4HBIX» MIpeHHii, BeCbMa CYLIECTBCHHO, 4TO leHTPalIbHasl YACTb PUTyala— cepus OTOXKeCTBIE- HMit WM BbICTpaMBaeMbIi Ha ee OCHOBe pA, 3araoK— mpesMouaraeT Wyle COOTHECEHHOCTH HM, Goree TOTO, H3OMOpipH3Ma MaKpO- H MHKpO- kocmoca, BcenleHHolt 1 xeprsbi. Bate 97a Wylest KOMMeCHTHPOBaIACh Ha maTepHasiax omcaHvia aweamedxu. Ho eme Gonee yOenuTeNbHEI 1aH- HBIe, oTHOcauMeca K Tlypylte, mepsoyenopexy Kak o6pa3y MHOXKe- crseHHoro 3anonHeHua Bcenenxoit (cp. plirusa ‘MyKUMHa’, “YesOBeK’ Tipu puri ‘mHoro’, pridti ‘oH Hallomuser’ pina ‘nomHblit’, ‘HalosHeH- HEI’), COCTABNSIOLUKE, MO CyTH Zea, OcoGbIH, OYeHb apxaM4HbIit K1acc 3aranok Tuna brahmodya, MOLKperuiaeMbiii OrpOMHBIM KOMMYeCTBOM napamtenei® v cBsA3aHHbIii BHaYae C YeOBeYeCKHM 2KePpTBOMPHHO- ureHnem (cM. Weber 1868, I, 54-82), 3necb xe Mepenog Purusamed- hakandha, cp. ZDMG 18, 1864, 277-284; Kirfel 1951; Pursena V36p. 1972, 403 w ap.). Tema [lypyuim kak neppoxeprsbl, copepuieHHoit 60- TaMM, HM KOCMOTOHHYeCKOrO Mpolecca Kak 2KeprBOMPHHOMIeHHA OTYeT- jiMBee Bcero BICTyIaeT B 3HaMeHUTOM Tumue Tlypyue (RV X, 90)%!; Virrepecusie cacaena 0 noao6Holt aManornueckoli meToxe coo6maiotea 8 Auto- biogr. Delph. Cuero 1970, 50 (0 coctasanmax saraikaMH, NPOBOAHMBIX 3HaxapeM). Cospemennniil HccacnosaTens yKaaMBaer, TO CYHKIMA STHX COCTAAHHH Gpina B TOM, UTOGbI BAOXHOBHTS WeHoB dparpun Ha CHeKYAATHBHOe NosHAHHe HaHGonee CKPHITEIX HSMEpeHHIt THOPeHHA, a TAKKE YTOGBI YBEAMUMTS CHY, © MOMOLILO KOTO- poi Keprsonpunoulenne craropuTea 3ddbeKTHBHEIM. 59 Cp, taxxe Sharma 1959, 79-80; «Vedic literature shows that the viddtha was a local congregation performing mainly religious rites and ceremonies for the good luck and prosperity of the settlement... In short, it was a local assembly meeting mainly for religious purposes» 6 © ux cm.: Tonopos 1971, 9 # ca. 6 Cw. o nem: Brown 1931; Mus 1962, 165-185; Mus 1968, 539-564 ap. — O cpasn saranox ¢ xXeprsonpuHoMenveM cp. Take RV X,114 4 ap. IL. «Bropoe» npoucxoxaeHne — 3araika B putyane.. 41 cp., ¢ OMHOM CropoHbl: «Ero B kavecTBe >kepTBbI KPONWIM Ha XKeprBeH- HOH conome, [Typyury poxxaenHoro B Hayate (agratdh), ero NpMHecaH B xxepTy Gorv, canxbs 4 prim» (7)® u, c apyroti: «Ben [ypyia — sto BceneHHas, KoTopas Opuia HW KoTOpad GyzeT...» (2: piirusa evéddm sdr- vam yad bhiitam yde ca bhdvyam). K brahmodya 8 3ToM ruMHe MIpHHan- HexaT COGCTBEHHO, TOMbKO YeTBIpe cTpodsl (11-14): «Korza Nypywy pacuenwmn (vy ddadhuh), Ha cKOnbKO YacTel pazfemunH ero? Uto ero por, 4TO pykKM, 4TO Gempa, 4TO HOrM Ha3biBaeTca?— Ero por cram 6paxMaHoM, efo pyKK cenainch palpKaHbsa, ero Geapa — Balillibs, 43 Hor powics wynpa. JIyHa 3 (ero) ayxa poxaeHa, 13 Mm1a3 coOmHIe po- Twtoc, 43 yct — Mngpa u ArHu, 43 AbIxaHHa pomwica Beyep. M3 nyna BOSHUKNO BOSTYLIHOe MpOcTpaHcTBO, H3 POuOBEI POLWIOCh HeGO, 43 HOF — 3€MJIA, CTOPOHBI CBeTa— M3 yxa. Tak OHH yerpowiu Mupb>. K STOMY Spy MPHMbIKaioT sparMeHTsI, KOTOpbIe MOTyT ObITb MOHATHI KaK otpetsl brahmodya, HO 6e3 cooTBeTCTByIOWWMX BompocoB. Cp.: «...H3 HePO OH Cileyat 2KMBOTHBIX, 2KMBYLIMX B BOSIyXe, B JIecy H B epeBHe. Ws 370% xkeprepl... TMMHbI MH HalleBbl POLWIMCb, METPbI POAWIKCb 13 Hee, putyatbHas bopmyna v3 Hee ponwacp. H3 Hee KOH pomWMch H Te (OKMBOTHBIC), y KOTO 4Ba pala 3y6oB; 6bIKM POMWIMCb W3 Hee, 3 Hee POWWIHCb KO3BI H OBUbI> (8—10). YanTbIBad MecTO, 3aHMMaeMoe 3STHMH cbparMentaMH B THMHe (HerlocpexcrBeHHo nepex brahmodya), MoxKHO C NOCTATOUHBIM OCHOBAHHEM PCKOHCTpyMpoBaTb Mi IIA HUX OpaxMonHye- ckylo dopmy Tura: «Yo GpyIo clenaHo M3 STO 2KepTBLI?— YKuBoT- HbIe...»; «470 pomwiocb 43 9TOM KeprBbI? THMHbI, HalleBbl... KOHH, ObI- ku...» H 7.11.8 , Cama crpyktypa brahmodya, rie oTper culelyeT H3 BOTIpO- Ca, a BOMIpoc onpeylenseTCA OTBETOM, Ie MHOTOKPaTHO Mponcxo_uT 06- PatlleHve u3 camoro ce6a, MoxeT ObITb NOHATA KaK HKOHMYCCKOe OTpa- XKCHHe XKePTBOMPHHOWMeHHA (OTIaTb, YTOGEI NOMyYMTb, HM TIOMYIHTS, UTOOBI OTMaTH). XapakTepHO B STOM OTHOWIEHHH, 4To Iypywa oAHOBpe- MeHHO Hi Xeprsa, H TOT, KOMY XeprByioT, Mou“HTad ero (yajfiéna yajfidm © Cp: «Koma Gorm, conepuran xeprsonpHHouteNne, npuassane [lypymry KaK (xepr- etm0e) xuBOTHOE...» (15). 3 Co6erseHHo ronops, H pan ApYrHx MecT sTOro THMHa, BHANMO, MpegnonaraeT B03- MOMHOCTE WI ALKE HEOBXOAMMOCTH NOAOSHBIX PeKOHCTPYKLMIt. Cp., HanpUMep: *«¥ Koro THIcaya PONlOB, ThICAYA M™Ma3, ThICAYA Hor?... Ko co acex CTOpOH MOKpbIBAcT 3eMAlO H BOSBBILIAeTCA HAM HEIO Ha ACCATb NaNbUCB?>— HM KaK OTBeT: «Ilypyula THICA- Nernapmil,TIcaYeraaablit, THICAYeHOrMi. Co BCEX CTOPOH, TLOKPIB SEMINO, OH BOSBBI- lanes (Hag Hew eure) Ha gecaT nanbuen» (1), HaH: *e4fTo Taxoe veTaepre Typyunt 1 TO TaKoe ects TpM eTBepTH?» — «4erBeprb ero — nce cymectaa. Tpu verueprn ~ Seccmeprue Ha Hebe (3), ua, Haxonen: *e"Iro ObLi0 KepTBEHHLIM Mac.OM NpH Kepr- SonpmHomermm Mypyu? Uro suo apovamn? Yro xepreoii?»— «Becha Guia ero X€PTBCHHBIM MACAOM, CTO — AponaMu, oceH» — rKepTBOIt» (6).42 BH. Tonopos ayajanta devas. X, 90, 16%), oH MpovncxosuT H3 2%KeHcKOPO Hayala Bu- pax, 1 Bupampk MpovcxouHT M3 Hero Kak MyxXckoro Ha¥ayia (5; ep. Ta- koe xKe pediekcusHoe npoucxoxienne B RV X, 72, 4), W Mx CoTBOpYe- CTBO MopoxkaaeT BCE cyulee (Cp. UHb MK AH B Kutaiickoit Tpatuunn). Bo- jee mogiHve TexcTsi o Tlypywie Take COxpaHsmoT cnenbl GpaxMonHiec- KOTO MIPOHcxOXKAeHUA MH COOTBETCTBYIOWUeH CTPYKTYPH!, XOTH OHH O6bINHO THMeprpoupoBaHHo O6oGWAloT OAMH H3 AByX MPHHILHTOB, cocyurecrByiouMx 8 RVX, 90. Peub HmeT 0 DByx KpaiiHux BapHaHTax OpraHv3allHH TeKcTa: WH YHUBEPCaNH3auMA BONpocHOlt popMsi, Tp KOTOpoit oTBeTbI OcTaloTcA 3a MpeseaMH TeKCTa (cp., HanpHMep, AVX, 2: ¢Kro co3jan natk Mypyum? Kro— Msico? Kro— JODbDKKH? Kro— kpacuppie nanbubi? Kro oTpeperva? Kro— yacrv Tea, (aro) nocpenuHe? Kro— onopy?... Ckoubko Goro? Kro 43 HX COTBOpHI rpyas 1 cnuny Mypyum? Kro (coenmumn) rpyab 4 temo? Kro— 110- xors? Kro— meyn? Kro— pe6pa?... Kro ator mepsbliii 13 MHOTHX... (cosnaBuiMit) Mo3r, 106, 3aTbUIOK, Yepert Ham YeIOCTAMH TTypyum? Kro stor Gor? TipuatHoe M HempHATHoe, COH, CTpax, yTOMJIeHHe, pa- HOCTh MW G6NaKEHCTBO— OTKYa 3TO y CHIbHOTO Typywm?... Kro man emy 06K? Kro — poct, HMA, dipyoKenne? Kro— cnoco61ocrs pawin- yates? Kro nan Horm [ypyzte?...»®), un, Haobopot, SIMMHHAlnA BOMPOCOB, MPH KOTOPO!i OCTAIOTCA TOKO CepHH oTOXKMeCTBIeHHH, KaK Gb yxKe JIMUIeHHBIe cTaTyca M CWIbI oTBeTa (cp., HaNPHMep: pedb— OTOH, 3peHHe — COMHUe, MBICMb — JyHa, CIYX— CTPaHb! CBeTA, AbIxA- nue — serep. Satap.-Brahm. X, 3, 3, 8; pewb— SeMmsa, OFOHb; AbIXA~ HMe— BO3YLUHOe NpocTpaHicTBo, BeTep; speHHe— HeGo, CoMHUEe; cHyX — CTpaHbl CBeTa, JIYH@; MBICIb —- BOLI, Bapyna. Aitar.-ar.l, 1, 7; Tero — CBeT, OTBEPCTHA — NPOCTPaHCTBO; KPOBb, CIIH3b, Cems — BONA; Teno — 3eMaa; HbIxaHHe — BOsiyx. Tam xe Il, 3, 3; peub — oroHb, 060- Have — BeTep, 3peHHe — COMHUe, CTYX— CTPAHbl CBETA; BOMOCHI, KO- >ka — pacTesHsl M DepeBbA; MBICTb, Cepaue — AHA; MyM — CMepTb, Ce- 64 Qror crux nosropeH MB rumHe-saraaxe | 164, 50: «2KeprBy xepTe noxkepTBO- panu Gor», Muave rosops, cam Mypyua — 3neMenT Toro yHupepcanbuoro o6Mena, Koropbiit B xoe CBoeH PeatUsALLMM PasBopayHBaeTCA B beHOMeHANbHEI MUD. 65 Wf nance mecaTKM BONPOCOS, AMUICHHBIX HX UCKOHHO MOHOUEHTPHYHOCTH, HepapxnuecKoli CONOAYHHHHOCTH H, NOXAAYH, CAKpaIbHOrO H PUTyaAbHOT SHANE Hua (80 BCAKOM cayae, B H3BECTHOM Mepe). Cp. TaKKe AV X, 7, nae Bonpochl O Ckam6xe nocteneHHo nepexCaAT B BONPOCHI, CBAIAHHBIE YKE C COBCEM APYrHMH Te- MaMM, «Pursena> 3HAeT THMHBL, OPraHHJOBAHHBIe KAK eM BONPOCOB, TAK Mi OT- henbusie Bonpocks, OcTaouMeca Gea oTBETA (cp. I, 34, 9; V, $3, 1-2; X, 31, 7; 81, 2, 4; 129 ap.), OaHaKo rHneprpoduposantoe pasBHTHe sTOro NpuHUKNa (noMMMO OTeAbHEIX MecT H3 «ATXapBanesble) — yen Goree NosaHero BpemenH (Bpaxmanit, Ynanuuranst 4 ap.). Il. «Bropoe» npoucxoxacnue — 3aragka B puTyane... 4B Mai— Bona vw 1.0. Tam xe. II, 4, 2,; cp. Mahabh. III, 12965 u ca.; OFOHb — ycTa, 3eMJIi — CTOMbI, COMHUe UM TyHa — rasa, He6O — romoBa, cTpaHbl CBeTa — YLUIM, Boga — MOT, MpOcTpaHcTBO Cc 4eTbIPbMA HaripaB- JIeHHAMH — Tes1O, BeTep — MBICMb HM T.11.). B o6oMX cnyyasx, MO cyTH ela, ye COBeEpLIWIcA Nepexom B Ccpepy KiaccHcpHKaLMOHHBIX creKy- AAUM CKOpee «MIpenHayyHoro», HexeAH apxaMunoro MHCporiosTHue- CKOro, THMa. TeopeTHueckH H MpaKTH4eCKH BO3MOXKHAA PeEKOHCTPYKIMA Kopliyca 3ara0K Ha OCHOBaHHH Takoro KilaccHdpHKallMOHHOro MaTepHa- Ja NpHBena Gbl K CO3aHVIO 3HAYMTENBHOTO KONMYECTBA TEKCTOB, KOTO- pble 110 cbopmMe HanloMHHaIn Gpl 3arayiky, HO, MO cyTH Jena, yxe He oGa- fanv Obi TOK caKpanbHOM CaHKLMeii, YTO HEOTBEMJIEMO CBH3aHa C BBIC- MMM CMbICIaMM JaHHOH KyMbTypsl, BepHcMLMpyeMbIMH B pHTyaze. Tem He MeHee H B TaKHX BbIPOKICHHDIX CYUasIX CaM BILE ALUMI 3a Tep- BOHAYANBHEIe TPAaHHUI CBOETO MPHMeHEHHA NIPHHL|N MOXeT YKa3bIBaTb Ha CBO HCXOMHOE APO, M CHeMOBATENBHO, Ha cparMeHT MpoToTeKcTa. Kpome Toro, Heo6xO0HMO CYHTaTECA C TOCTOAHHO MIpHMeHAeMbIM (xoTA Wi apXaM4HBIM IO MpOMcxOrK1eHHIO) MpHeMOM KOMMeHCHpoBaTb yTpaTy (wiv CHYDKeHHe) «3araqO4HO» CHIbI Ha ypoBHe cofepxkaHua cbopMupo- BaHHeM 4«3BYKOBbIX» 3araOK, YTO MOXHO pacCMaTPHBaTb KaK cBoeco6- pa3Hoe TepepacnpenenenHe MHpopMallMM MW SHTPONMA MeXx/y OsHaya~ eMBIM H O3Ha¥alOLIHM B pycile YHHBepcambHoro OOMeHa. Xora B HacTosutei paboTe TeMa ¢3BYKOBBIX» 3araqOK CielMayIbHO He pacCMaTpHBaeTCA, MOCKOMbKY OHA BXOZHT B Gonee OOmMpHBI Kpyr BOMpocos, CBASAHHBIX C MPHHUWMaMH MOITHYeCKOTO TBOPYeCTBA Be- AMICKMX PHIM, yKa3aHWe HECKOMIbKHX MpHMepoB fMocAyKUT YacTHy- HOMy TIposCHeHHIo TeMBI. YxKe yOMMHaBuiniica TeKcr 0 CKxamOxe (AV X, 7) HaunHaeTca cepHelt BONpOCcoB, KOTOpbIe COCTaBIAIOT He- 4TO Bpoge «CABHHyTOM» 3aragku: «B KakOM ero wWleHe HaXOAHTCA Kocmuyecknit Kap? B KaKOM ero WleHe MOMeLIeH KOCMMYECKH 3a- kon? Fue o6er, re Bepa B HeM HaxosaTca? B KaKOM ero 4IeHe BOS- AeurHyra paBa?» [lopepxHocTHblii ypoBeHb 3aragkv Mpeyionaraer ompenenenve YacTeH (MpwHamyiexkaliMx KOMy-TO WIM YeMy-TO), C KOTOPbIMH CBA3AHbI HEKH€ KOCMMYCCKMe 3eMeHTEI (Kak B brahmo- dya). Stor cnow 3aranKu sABAAeTcCA KamyduupyiouwHM. Peyb naeT 0 Ticepmosarayke, OTBETbl Ha KOTOpy!O oTcyTcTBylOT B TeKcTe (Gonee Toro, ake CCIM OHM CYLeCTBOBANH B Mpenenax Bcel BeAMicKO Tpa- AMIHH, BOMpOCbI B TeKCTe, OYeBHAHO, He NpeANonaranw AaxKe BHYT- PeHHeii aKTyaIH3al{HM STUX OTBETOB). OTA «HEKOPpeKTHOCTb» 3araQKH HIM 10 MeHbUIeii Mepe OTcyTcTBHe HeOOXONHMOCTH e€ aKTyaNbHOTO PeleHHA CNocoOcTByIOT MepeKMOYeHHIO BHAMAaHHA OTTanyHKa (I0- TeHIManbHoro ativddin’a) Ha Gonee rmyOoKuii M, BO BCAKOM ciyyae, HesBHbIii ypoBeHb, Ha KOTOpoM Ge3 BCAKOTO BOMpoca H Kak ObI en44 B.H. Tonopoe passant BO3HUKaeT TeMa eTO (asya), T.e. TOO, KOMY IIpHHayyie- aT YAeHBI, BbICTyMaloOuIMe Kak OGbeKT pa3faqKH Ha YKa34HHOM «ricepmosaragouHom» yposHe. Maye ropops, tapaxoxc cvTyallMH COCTOHT B TOM, 4TO TO, O 4eM CIpallMBaetcs, CTporo ProBops, HE HyklaeTcd B OTBeTe (HH Wake BOBCe ero He MMeeT), Tora Kak TO, © 4eM He cmpaluMBaetca (ezo), a TOMbKO Gero MOuTH HaMeKOM ynomunaetcs, Tpe6yer orBeTa. OnHako 9TO CeMaHTHYECKM HM pede- PeHIMOHHO «mycToe> ezo, eile He Halllemee CBOeTO peabHOTO XO- 30MHa, H€ MOX€T ObITb HaiieHO, OTKPBITO, pasrayaHo cozepxaTeyb- HO MMeHHO TIOTOMY, YTO BeCh TeKCT CTPOMTCH Kak HH(opMallHOH- HBIii ps 0 UaCTAX (WIeHax) STOTO ezo, a He O HEM CaMOM H, TOUHee, Haxe He CTOMKO 06 9THX YaCTAX, CKONbKO 0 TOM, YTO B HX Haxo- ayes. B 9THx ycnOBMAX TYNMKa TONLKO oOpaleHMe K Tay O3Ha- yaloulero, T.€. K 3BYKOBOMY YPOBHIO, MOXCT OMpesenvTs OONacT, B KOTOpOit KpoeTcs oTBeT Ha Taiinyto 3aranky. [lepsbie 1Ba cTuxa pac- cMarpupaemoro Texcta (X, 7, 1—2, Kak u 4) HayHHaloTca BONpocn- TeNbHbIM MecTonuMeHvem kdsmin ‘B Kako’. Tpyxibl NOBTOpeHHoe kdsmin, waxopauleeca K TOMy Ke B CHIbHOM MOsHuMK (Hayao TeK- cra, cTpocpsl, cTHxa), aHarpaMMaTHYecKH MOseHpyeT Ha3BaHHe TlaBHOTO VW eMMHCTBEHHOTO OGbeKTa BCero TeKcTa — skambhd (k-s-m [bh-]. [pyro nmpumep cxogHoro THMa CBx3aH CO 3HAMCHHTSIM THMHOM GoruHe Peau (Vac) — RV X, 125, npoaHaiM3HpoBaHHoM B IpyroM MecTe. DTOT rMMH /ODKEH CHHTATCA KIOYCBBIM B TOM CMbICIIe, YTO MH ABHO HM COKPOBeHHO OH COJepXHT YKa3aHHsA Ha OCO- Goe 3HayeHve HeKoero APYTOro ypoBHsA (Mpexie BCero 3BYKOBO- ro), Ha KOTOpoM cbopmupyeTca ocobnIit cakpaJIbHblii TekcT (B 9TOM CMBICII€ 31eCb HEABHO ComepxaTCa yKasaHuA Ha TO, KaK HaliTH OTBe- TbI Ha «3ByKoBbIe 3aranku»). Bonee Toro, 3ToT Jexanit B riy6uHe, YkpbITbIM ApyrHMM TeKCTaMH, NepecIOeHHBIt HMM TeKCT HM sIBACTCH OHTOMOTHYeCKH NepBUYHBIM HW HCXOAHBIM, B TO BPeMA KaK TeKCT, O6bruHO MpHHUMaemblit 3a CMHCTBEHHbIM M, BO BCAKOM Cryyae Tep- BMYHbIM, OKeH CUMTATSCA BTOpHYHBIM. Ero nowMHHOe Ha3sHaye- HMe — HecTH B ceGe, yKPbIBaTb M COXPaHATh HaBeyHO caKpaybHbIit cMbICH (B YacTHOCTH, OTBETEI Ha 3arafKM) B efo 3ByKOBOl qopme. 66 310 cnoso HEOAHOKpaTHO OOBITPEIBAeTCA B 3BYKOBOM MMAHe H B APYTHX CayYaAX, cp. AV X, 8, 2: skambhénemé vistabhite— sycranopaennble poss Cxambxoi 9TH apoe», rae skambh- oGpasyet 3ByKoBylo M ceMaHTHMecKyIO pudbmer c vi-stambh-, TAFONOM, KOAMMUMPYIOIHM OHO M3 OCHOBHEIX qelicTaMH, XapakTepHUX Li Cxam6xn — Kocmmseckoi onopsl.— O Cxam6xe cm. Teneps Enusapenkona 1981, 121-136. O spyKopom crmBonusMe B NOAOGHEX TEKCTAX, B-¥aCTHOCTH, O NPHMEPaX, Korga cOMePXAHWE OTBETA NOACKAIHIBACTCA 3ByKOBOH G)OpMO i Bonpoca, cM. Tonopor 1987, 232-238. IL. «Bropoe» nponcxoxkaenne — 3araaka B puryane... 45 Tumu X, 125 npumeuareneH Bo MHOrMXx OTHOWeHHAX. OH eMHCT- BeHHBIA B «Purses» 43 MOCBALeHHIX Bay Kak NepcoHH@HUNpopanHoli Peyi M MOMCTHHe KOCMHYeCKOMY MpHHUMII, pOHMMalollemy BcI0 Bce- JeHHy!0. Bay (Peub) mpeguectByer SoraM, BbISBIBAeT HX K KH3HH B Cy0- Be, BBOHT HX B MHD, CO3aHHbIii B SBYKAX, CXKHT HM Omopoli. Cama mo ce6e OHa O6pa3yeT Kocmoc, HaxoguTca Ha HeGe, Ha 3eMule Hl B BOX (TPH KOCMHYECKHe 30HbI), OXBATBIBACT BCE CYIECTBa; OHa— MMI BCeX, H C10 oxupyT Bces?, C Helo CBA3AHBI OCHOBHbIe KocMMueCKHe LeiicTBHa— <«6bITb OTOpoit» (HecTH, cp. CkaMOxy), ¢3aMOJIHATL MpOCcrpaHcTBO», «OXBaTBIBaTb BCe CyLee> (cp. BaPHaHTbI— «ObITb pacripeteseHHBIM T10- BCIOny», «oOsalaTb MHOrMMH (popMaMn»), NIpHcyuiwe MMeHHO eMv- ypry. Bay KaK «Meppom03™ M Kak ¢epBoTeKcT» pacnipenenena m0 MHOrHM Mectam (cp. tdm md devd vy ddadhuh purutrd...)®8. Ecnw Mo- THB paculeHeHHsA HM MHOXECTBEHHOCTH OTCBUIAeT K COOTBETCTBYIOLIE- MY SIIM3O2Y ¢OCHOBHOrO MUtpa» (c KOTOPBIM CBa3aH OCOGEIH cof 3a- TaOK, B YaCTHOCTH HM ¢3BYKOBBIX»), TO CTHX B CepegMHe 3TOTO THM- Ha, ABNAIOUIMHICA OCbIO CHMMeTPHH (H, CeMOBaTeMbHO, CHIbHOH TO3MuveH, 3acnyKuBalolWwei ocoboro BHMMaHHA), ReMOHCTpMpyeT 4YAO MOSTHYECKOTO MILTIO3HOHH3MA: 3/eCb HeTIOCpesCTBeEHHO HM OT- KPbITO BBICKA3bIBaeTCA MBICIb O HEAEKBATHOCTH NOHHMMAaHMA TRopyecTBa Bau Hu, CAeLOBAaTeEbHO, CO3LABAEMBIX C10 TEKCTOB, BKJIIO- yaa u atot (X, 125) ruMH, TeMM, «KTO CJIBILIMT CKa3aHHoe» (yd im Smoty uktdm), VW Mpv3bIB BCAYUWaTbCA, BHATb TOMY, 4TO raro- net Bay. Stor npw3biB BcTyaTbcaA (HM MOHATh HeYTO MHae, uem mpuusaro, cp. RVX, 71, 4) spyanr Kak 3akiMHaHHe®, Kak yBepeHuve cyryllatoulero B Ocobo WeHHOCTH cooGmaemoro. Haxorx- He€HWe STHX CTPOK B CaMoli CepeBHHe THMHa M eCTb TOT HKOHH- 4ecknit o6pa3 ¢TaliHOro COKPOBULIa>, KOTOpoe crpaTaHo B caMoit tiy6MHe, BHYTPH, B COKPoBeHHOM Jone. Orcioya, coOcTBeHHO, 1 SepeT Hayao NMoMcK pasrankH OObeKTa 3TOTO PHMHAa, TakoKe 3acJly- XXMBaIOUeO HasBaHHA 3araqKH. [leno B TOM, YTO cyObeKT (TMH CTpovtca Kak caMOBOcXBasieHHe B 1-m Mule), OH Xe OObEKT TOTO THMHa, B TeKCTe He Ha3BaH HM pa3y, H 39Ta AHOHHMMHOCTD BOCIIpH- HMMaeTca KaK HaPOUHTOCT, 3aCTaBIAIOUIad HCKaTb OTBeTAa Ha [py- THX ypoBHsx. Toumexauee pasranke Ms Vac packpbiBaeTcA CoBMe- §7 Muorne ocoGennocTa o6seanHioT Bay c fypymieii (cp., HanpHMep, MoTHB Pox- Rex 10 coBcTBCHHOTO OTHa). § Cp. vy ddadhuh ‘pacnpeneauan’ 8 ceasi ¢ pacuenenuem Mypymm wan purutrd osciony’, ‘no MHOrHM Mectam’ B ceasH ¢ Bpnrpoit (RV I, 32, 7). 69 & ie % yy Cp. TpH exon cxomHO! sByKoROH crpyKTypH nompaa: Srudhi ruta Sraddhivim te vadami — scaywaii, npocnapneHHetit, raaromo TeGe AocToIuH0e BepLin.46 B.H. Tonopos II. «Bropoe» nponcxoxaenne — 3aranka 6 pHTyase... 47 CTHBIM fevcTBHeM MHOrWx qpakTopoB, M3 KOTOpBIX 37eCb cHenyeT YNOMAHYTh TPH: CIOXKHEI€ COfepxKaTeMbHO-hopMaNbHble OTCbLIKH (cp. vadami ‘ropopio’, orkyna ‘ronopuTs’ — «Pep», vadami— Vac"), CMHTeSMpoBaHHe MocyevoBaTenbHocrTeli, coBramalouMx c uMeHem Vac (cp. yxe B mleppom cruxe vd/subhis /c/aramy/>Vac wm B cruxe 3: vG/siindm/c/ikitusi/ > Vac), BBeeHWe 3BYKOBbIX KOMIUIEKCOB C Pe3KHM yBesIMMeHHeM MX CpeAHAX CTAaTHCTHYeCKHX XapakTepucTHK (v+Voc. — 50 pas! [np stom 60% cnyyaes cocrapaser va]?! u Gonee 60 pas — (dm, (dm, ato MoxHO TOHMMATD KaK OTCBLIKy K uMeHH Vac Amb- hrni, Bay Kak 104b BeMKoro puumM AMGxpHbl). TonbKO ¢ HaxoxkKye- HHeM AMeHH Vac yacHsiotcs croco6b! eo MOMCKOB, H 9TH criocoObi KaK pa3 H COCTaBASAIOT OCHOBHBI€ IIeMeHTBI CTpaTerMm pasrambIBa- HMs# 3araqoK TaKoro pona??. Bonee Toro, cam STH MeTObI MOryT OTBIeKaTbCA OT 3BYKOBOTO MaTepHayla M CTaHOBHTbCH OOULMMH TIpHHuMNaMH O6HapyXKeHMA HCKOMOFO H Ha CeMaHTHYECKOM YpOBHe. Onuu 3 HavOonee MOKa3aTeNbHbIX MpMMepoB 3TOTO pola — THMH RV VIII, 29 («Bcem Boram>), re HM OHH 43 GoroB He Ha3BaH 110 HiMeHH, HO OHH MOTyT ObITb yraaHbI 10 HEKOTOpbIM copepxaTenb- HBIM XapakTepHcTHKaM (CBOeTO pola MOTHBHBIM AndepeniMab- HBIM TIpH3HakaM), C HMMM cBA3aHHBIM. Cp.: «Onn 6yppiit, nepe- MeHUMBBI, MpeKpacHbIit }OHOUWA MOKpbIBaeT ceOA 30NOTHCTOM Kpac- Kol» (1) Konupyer Comy; «Onn ycestca B (MaTepHHCKOM) s0He, mypbiii cpegu Soros» (2) mpenionaraer ArHu; «OnMH myTH crepe- 2KeT, CMOBHO pa3x6oiiHMK. OH 3HaeT TaliHbIe coKpoBuiia> (6)— ITy- wana: «/[poe MepenBHraloTcsd ¢ OMOLIbIO TITHIL BMecTe c ONHOH. OHM OTMpaBisAOTCA B CTpaHCTBHe, Kak Jjpa CrpaHHHika> (8) — AUIBMHOB H Cyppio?3. B apyrux ciyyasax Tor Ke MpHeM McMomb3yeTca B CoueTa- 70 Cp. raxxe ukidm ‘ckasanHoe' 6 Toll Ke NOIHUMH, 4TO HM vadami, u peanusylomee Tor Ke KopeHb, uTo H Vac, HO B HyaeBoH cTyneHH (cp. H.-e8p. *uek¥-). 71 PacnpeneneHHe 3TOrO KOMMACKCA NOAYHHEHO OAHOM H3 XOPOUIO HSBECTHEIX B peaHeMHAHHICKOH NOSTHKe uryp: MAKCHMANBHOe YHCRO cayyaes B KpalHHX CTH- XAX, MHHUMA@nbHOe — B CepesHHE. 72 Payee Guim npoaHaaN3MposaHbt HM HEKOTOpbIe APyrMe cayyaH cxoaHOro THNA, cansamubie ¢ wMeHamH ArH, Baio, Yusac, Bpwxacnati, Pyapst 1 ap. 73 Suo6onsiTHo, 470 rMMHBI «Bcem Bora» pooGute O6HapYXHBAIT TEHDCHUMIO K NO- crpoenmo p suae saranox (cp., Hanpumep, RVIII, 55; V,47, 1-6 wan V,44, 14-15. Bmecte ¢ Tem HeMano THMHOB, B KOTOPbIX CONEPKATEABHO HK Ha 3BYKOBOM ypopHe wy¢ppyerca HMA Tore HAH MHOFO oTAerBHOTO Gora. Hi saech TAKE MOXKHO OOHAPYKHTS HeKOTOpSIe NPeANOUTHTEADHTHIe CBAIH MCKAY ONpeseACHHEIMH TeOOPHEIMH HMeHAMH, (u cooTercTBy:ouLMH nepconaxamm) H opMoll 3aragKH, 8 KOTOPyIO OHH OGxeKAIOT- ca. OcobeHHO YacTO «aaranEIBAlOTCA» GOXECTHA C MOCPEAHHYECKOH yHKUHeHt, Ha- npumep: Coma (cp. IX, 15, rae oGbexT Jaraakh OnosHaeTeR Hepes CepHIO yKasaHHit HMM C ycTaHOBKOH Ha MapayoKc, Kak, Hanpumep, B RV J, 152, 3 (raMn Mutpe u Bapyxe (Renou 1949, 266-273), cp.: apdd eti prathamd padvdtindm — «Ge3Horas, OHa HET BlepenH Tex, KTO C HoraMH», 06 Ywac) uu B RV V 47,5 («Fumi Bcem BoraM»: «370 uyyo ... uo pe- KH TeKYT, Bon! cTrosT [cdranti... nadyds tasthir pak); 4to ero HocaT Be ApyTve, 4eM MaTb, poxkIeHHbIe TaM M CAM, (MH OHAKO) O1M3HE- ubl OLHOTO pona>’*). OcoGarii pox ciyyaeB MpencTapialoT YH CO - BbIe 3aPa|KM, B KOTOPBIX COYeTaHHe YHCOBbIX NapaMeTpoB M103B0- WieT ONpeMenvTb cHayana CBA3AHHBIe C HMMM OGbeKTEI (MepBblit coi 3aragkH), a MOTOM HM MHqosorMyeckuii MepcoHax, xapakTepH- 3yeMblit STAMM, TONbKO YTO HACHTHUUMpOBaHHDIMH OGbeKTaMH (sropoii cnoi saranku). Takosa yvcnopas 3aranka B RV V, 47, 4: «UeTBepo HocsT ero, ycrtoxanpas. Tecate po BCKapMMMBaloT TeneHKa, 4706 OH MOF ABUTAaTECA, TPOAKH eFO JYYIUME KOPOBEI. 3a OMMH eHb OOXOLAT OHM rpaHHubl HeGa», B KOTOpOH YeTbIpe COOTHOCAT C KOJMYECTBOM 2KpelloB (WH ABYX PYK ABYX 2%xpelOB), TeCATb — C YMCHOM MaNbues H T./1., {TO B KOHCYHOM CyeTe, BAHMO orcpumaeT K Ary, unu RV VIII, 72, 7: «oat cemepo oaHy; Be BBINYCKalOT NAT Ha Gepery peKM cpeqM wWyMa>, me peyb mgeT 0 CEMM >Kpelax, OLHOH KopoBe, ABYX pykax M NATH Tatblax, YTO MOSBOIAET OTKPbIT KaPTHHY OCHA KOpoBbI (MepBbrit cnoi), a 3aTeM— Yepe3 OTOXKECTBIeHHe KOpoRa = coma (pacte- Hive) — puTyan BLDKHMaHUs COMBI (BTOpoii cnoi), uu RV I 152, 2: «[posnplit o YeTHIPEX OCTPLIX rpaHax ObeT Toro, y koro Tpu OcTpbie TpaHv; XyIMTeIH xe GoroB ospAUTeNM NepBbIMM>, Te cHa- vasa yralbiBaeTCa YembipexepanHaa BalKpa (opyxHe Goros, npexae tuna sotor & Hexuit npeankat»), Aruu (cp. IV, 7, 9; VI, 59, 5-6; X, 115, 1 4 ap. HHOraa MpHXOAHTCA yranbIBaTh HE TOnbKO H He CTOABKO AHH, Kak B I, 95, re B nocneaneli crporbe OH BCe-TaKH Ha3BaH, a 3aLIH>POBAHHBIE B BKAC 3araaKH cyGBeK- THI aeiicreus, cp. 1: enpe pastouseTHbie [Kopossi] 6ponsT, npecaeaya omHy npe- KpacHylo WeAb; OHA 3a APyrOM NOAT OHH CBOETO TEACHKA...», Fe PeYb WLET O AHE 1 oun, nuraiouux ArH, Kak MX TeneHKa) 4 ap. Cp. Takxe o Bapyne: «tor, KoTopsiit amaeT cea NTHU B ROSAYXe M KOpAGIA B Mope, sHaeT 12 MecatIeS... MYTH BeTpa...» (RVI, 25, 7-9) 4 ap; 06 Muape u Aruu (RV VI, 59, 5-6); 0 Come u Mnape (RV VI, 47, 1-5) 4 t.a. Hepeako oann npeamat cansan ¢ pasted cySbeKTaMH (tak, wanecTHan 3aranka-napadOKe 0 BAPEHOM MONOKE, BIOKCHHOM B KOPOB, COOT- hocurea To ¢ Mapoii (1,62, 9], 70 c Ausnnamu [I, 180, 3], 10 ¢ Haaport 1 Comoit IVI, 72, 4], cp. raxxe VI, 3, 9; coipaa Kopona — BapeHoe MONOKO 1 YepHas KOpO- 8a — Genoe MONOKO. 74 flpofiiaa saraaxa-napagoxc: 1) pex TeKyT, HO BONA B HX OcTaeTCA TOM 2xe; 2) mars Cyppn — Yurac, Ho He6o 1 3emaa HecyT Kak ape MaTepH (apyroe OGpacHE- Hive: ArnH, aya Kycka nepesa, TPeHHeM KOTOPOTO nOnyHaIOT OFoH, ero KOPMAT Houb # yTpo)48 BH. Tonopos Bcero Muyippi) H mpexepanxoe opyxve BparoB, a 3aTeM BCKpbIBaeTCA 4 HeKMH NoenMHOK, mpuHeciumii nobeny Goram Hak MX MpOTHBHH- kamu’. CnenyeT 3aMeTHTb, ¥TO B BeLMMicKOM TpaqMUMM, KaK MB APYTMX apXaMYHbIx KYIbTypax, WHcHa ewe He GBUIM MOMHOCTBIO Ae€ceMaHTM3MpoBaHbl HM B OTIMYHE OT COBpeMeHHOM eBponeiicKoit KyABTyPbI COXpaHAIM B M3BeCTHOM cTemeHH CBOii KayecTBeHHBIli Xa- paktTep (oTcioa MW HaIMUe cakpaHBIx uncen 3, 7, 9, 12, 21, 33 4 T.n.). Tlostomy np aHanu3e uvcnOBBIX 3araqoK yMecTHO pa3yin- YaTb aGCOMOTHO AeTePMHHMpOBAHHIe YHeNAa (ME CATH, KOT peu HIT O AelicTBHAX, COBepaeMBIX NalibLaMH HBYX pykK; TPM, Kora NEPCYHCMAIOTCA KOCMMYECKMe 30HBI; 1B a, T.c. CONHUe HM JHA, M T.1.), YMcna, Momyyaoulwe cBoe 3HayeHHe B MucpostorMuyecKHx MOTHBaX HaHHOH TpaqMuMu (TpHAUAaTs TpH Gora, ceMb sy4eit COmH- ua, Opa AUIBMHAa Mi T.11.), H TaK Ha3biBaeMble napasMrmMaTH4ecKne 4Hcia, KOTOPbIe BXOMAT B KONMUUMpOBAHHbI Hadop AaHHO Kynb- TypHoit Tpanuunn’>, coxpaHad np Bcex oGcTostTenbcTBax NpuNu- CaHHbIe MM KayecTBa. Ota HeOMHOpOsHOCTh YHCe TaKKe WHOA obbirpbibaeTea B BeaMiicKMX 3arankax. ToKa3aTenbHO, 4TO aHasOrH4- HO 4MciaM B 3arakax BegyT ceOs YMCA MB ApyrHx KOCMoNOrHYe- CKMX TeKCTAX, Te, B YACTHOCTH, OHM OTMeYalOT STaMIBI TROpPeHMA, KONMYECTBO CaKpabHbIX OOBEKTOB M ake BKMIOUAIOTCH B HeKYIO MHCTH4eCKyi0 HYMeposornio. PasyMeetca, YTO ONMCaHHbIii 3nech B OOUIMX yepTax TH BeqMi- cxux brahmodya He ucuepmbiBaet Bcero HaGopa pa3HOBHaHocTeli ApeBHeHHOKHcKoN (MM Make BenHiicKO) 3arankH??, HO OH O60- 3HayaeT ero Aqpo. JIia BeguiickHXx apes Kak pa3 OHO OBINO Oc- HOBHEIM, OG/IaMalOULMM MaKCHMasibHOit UeHHOCTHIO, CaKpasbHBIM, 1 Tlo3TOMy HMeHHO brahmodya He TONbKO weanbHO onpesenanu Be- AMHCKyI0 MO/e/1b MHpa, HO M ObUIM CaMbIM Hae@KHbIM MpOBOHHKOM 75 Eetectsenvo, 470 s TaKHX JaranKaX ARIKO HE BCeTAA BBIRBAAETCA BTOPOI Col, HO — xapaXTepHO — B TAKHX CAYyYAAX HEPEDKO BOIHUKAIOT COMHEHMA B BEIGOpE HH Tepnperauuu. Cp. uHcAOByIO 3arauky 0 CEM, BOCKMH, ACBATH H AeCHTH MYKUMHAX, Mpumenuux coorsetcrseHHo ¢ ira, cepepa, sanaga m BocToKa (X, 27, 15), rae 34 NHCAAMH MOTYT CKPHIBATLCA PASHBIe FPYNNM KPELOB, IBYKOB H T.M., HAH HEUTO cO- Beem uHoe. O6utaa cymMma (34) spaaeTca OTMeeHHOH BX, 55, 3 (OrHH) H, YTO oco- GSeHHO naxno, 8 Vajas.Samh. VIII, 61 76 Taxono, xanpumep, TpwxaK ceMb (= 21) Kak OGosHavenne uNcaa TaitHHX MMeH H cBocro poga cHMBOA COKPOKEHHOTO ASBIKA Hl SHAHHA, O KoTOpHIX BapyHa nopenan Bacumrrxe (RV VIL, 87, 4). 77 Tlomumo yxasannoi sbiue anteparypHl cp. eme: Haug 1875, 457 4 ca.; Bloom- field 1884, 172 w ca.; Fuhrer 1885, 99 u ca.; Porzig 1925; Renou 1949, 266-273; Renou 1953, 334~341; Renou 1960, 32-41; Bhagawat 1965; Stermbach 1975. Il. «Bropoe» nponcxoxkaenne — 3aranxa B putyane... 49 Ha XH3HEHHOM NyTH (M3Be4Had CHTyauMa, onpenemtemaa A. ToiiH- 6u Kak Challenge-and-Response, MO-cBoemy OTpaxkeHa B BenUiicKOit 3aragke HW oTBeTe Ha Hee). Ina uccnenopateneii MCTOpHyecKux cyze6 3araiki H ee HaHOonee apxaH4uHoi CrpyxryppI brahmodya npencras- JOT OCOSYIO LEHHOCTS B ABYX OTHOMICHMMAX: BO- Me PBBIX, OHH MCKMOYHTENbHO MONHO, NonpebHo HM HarssgHO BCKpLIDaloT AleTep- MUHHPOBaHHOCTh CaMOro XaHpa 3arankH H €€ CTPyKTYpbI BHEMON0- 2KCHHBIMH OOcTOsTeNBCTBaMM (puTyan, BOCIPOU3BOAAIHH NepBoco- 6vitue — corBopenue BemuiicKoro kocmoca); BO-BTOpBIX, brah- modya (BKMO4AK HM HEKOTOPHIe BbIPOKICHHEIE UX (POpMEI, OTMedae- MbIe yxke B Begax) OObACHaIOT MHOrHe 3TarbI TanbHeitweit sBom0- UMM 3araKH, YKe BhIPBABLUelicA U3 TeyprudecKoro emMHcTBa MuCbO- NOSTHMeCKOH STIOXH Ha MyTb AecaKpaqH3allMH, a 3aTeM M HCKMION- TeMbHO Mpodanwyeckoro HM ake HM3MeHHO-IpodanuyecKoro cy- wecTBoBaHMsa (cp. Takue KpaitHve cbopMbl, KaK 3araqkH HeNpHAM4- HOTO Comep>KaHHA, aOcypAUCTCKHe 3arankH, 3arankU O MORYepKHyTO MalO3HayaluMx W/MIM OTPHUaTeNbHBIX OObeKTAX Ul t.11.). Tlostomy NIpHBNeYeHe BHHMAaHHA K brahmodya cneumanucros B O6nacTH 3a- TakKM HMeeT JOCTaTOUHO BeCKHe OcHoBaHHsA 78, JIutepatypa Bacunesuy 1936 — FM, Bacureous, Marepwanui x openKulickomy (yn- ryccKomy) cboapKnopy. Brin 1. Cocr. T.M. Bacunesuy. J1., 1936, Tepa 1928 — K. Fepd. K w3ysennio YAMYPTCKHX 3aragoK / Tpyab Hayanoro o6ulectBa no u3yyeHuio BorcKoro Kpas. V. 1928. Asen-Byaau3m 1993 — Asex-Byaanam. Buuxex, 1993, Jp. avira. nossva 1982 — Apesreanraniickan noosa. Vsaanne moarorosnan 0. A. CMuprmukaa, B.P. Tuxomupos. M., 1982. Enusaperkosa 1981 — 7.9. Enusapenxoea. Tumupt Cxam6xe / Hapoast Asn u Adpuxn, 1981, Nos. Enusaperxosa, Tonopos 1979 — 7.9. Enusapenxoea, B.H. Tonopos. SIpesre- HHAMMCKAaA MOSTHKA M ee MHMOeRpoNelicKHe HCTOKH / JInrepa- Typa H kynbrypa ApesHeit 1 cpeaHesexonoit Mnanu. M., 1979. ee — 78 Apyrne crareu, sxoasume w cepiio «Hs Ha6moneunit naa saranKoli», Gyayr OnyOaukopanbi B apyrom Mecre. Cpean Hux — «O sabike 3araaKu: K peKoHeTpyKuMH 3aragounoro npototeKcta>, «Toay6unaa Kuura Kak 3aranounaa SHUMKAONEAM A», +CoGcrueniie HMeHa B PYCCKHX 2ATaIKAX», «AHArpAMMA B aaraMKaxe u Ap.50 B.H. Tonopos Manos 1954 — C. B. Heanos. Marepvansi no v306pa3uTenbHOMy MicKyccTBy Haponos Cuoupu XIX — nayana XX s. M.; J1., 1954. Usanos 1994 — B. B. Heanoe. Crpyktypa uHaoesponeiickMx 3aran0K-KeHHHH- TOB MK MX polb B MMtponosTHMeCcKOH TpaaHuMH f 3aragKa KaK TexcT. I. M., 1994. Kanyxu 1993 — Coxuda Kayyxu. Upaxruxa Jisen / Msen-Byaausm. Bauxex, 1993. Kéiinep 1986 — ®. 5. 4. Kétinep. Tpyabt no seaniickolt mudonormu. M., 1986. Kpeiinosuy 1969 — £. A. Kpetiuoeuy. Kercxue 3aranxu / Kerckuit cOopHuk. ' M., 1969. Kynpuanosa 1959 — 3. H. Kynpuanoea. 3aragxu Haponos Cesepa f Yuenie aanuckn JITMM, Ne 170. J1., 1958. Maiikos 1869 — JI. H. Maiixoe. Beauxopycckue 3akamunanua. CH6., 1869. Nuuxos 1960 — A. Muyxoe. Hexeukue 3aranku / Yuenie sanuckn JIT. JL, 1960. Flonnparos 1968 — E. J. Moaueanoe. PopmanbHble THNBI ANOHCKHX 3aranoK / E. Jl. Moaueanoe. Cratbt no s3biko3HaHHw. M., 1968. Nontopagues 1932 — J1. JT. Moamopadnee, Onenesoactso tyxirycos. M.; Upxyrtek, 1932. Tomepanu 1972 — £.C. Momepany. Tpanmuaia nM HenocpeacrseHHocTh 8 6yn- Av3Me YaHb (13eH) / Poab TpanHunii B MCTOpHH M KyabType Ku- taa. M., 1972. Nonaasckxnit 1993 — Bopuc Monaaeckuit. Lomo c HeGec. Pomanpi. CI16.; Alwccenpaoph, 1993. Pursega. H36p. 1972 — Pursega. A36pannpie rumuni. M., 1972. Purseaa, Mang. I-IV 1989 — Pursena. Manzaani I-IV. M3fanne nogroto- buaa T. A. Enusaperxosa. M., 1989. Cre6nun-Kamencxnit 1978 — M. H. CmeGaun-Kamencxui. Cxanpanuecknit xenHuur # UActopuyeckaa nostuka. JI., 1978. Cyas3yxu 1993 — Jaiicouy Cydsyxu. Ocnosbi J3en-Byaau3ma / J3exn-Bya- av3M. Buuxex, 1993. Tonopos 1971 — 8. H. Tonopos. O crpykrype HEKOTOPbIX apXaH4YECKHX TeK- CTOB, COOTHOCHMBIX C KOHLeNuMeH «MupoBoro» nepena / Tpysabt mo 3HaKonbiM cuctemam 5. Tapry, 1971. Tonopos 1974 — B. H. Tonopoe. 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The Non-rational Riddle: The Zen Koan / Journal of American Folklore 80, 1967.III. K pekxonerpykunn «3araxounoro» npototeKcra (0 a3bIKe 3araqKH) OsHakomieHe c MOMHbIM KOpnycom 3araloK B pale Mucbono3TH- 4eCKHX TpanMuni (B TOM YMcHe HM HaHGoNee apXav4HBIX) NPHBOLUT K OMPeeNeHHBIM BbIBOLaM 0 TOM NePpBOHaaIbHOM JOKyce, B KOTOPOM BOSHMKNa 3araKa KaK HEKO€ HOBOC KY.IBTYPHO-A3bIKOBOe SBIEHHE, OTpaxaloliee HOBBIM 3TaM BO BIaMMOOTHOUICHHAX YeOBeKa HM MHpa, HOBbIe (POPMBI MEHTHIbHOCTH, COOTBETCTBEHHO — HOBbIe COcoOEI NO- 3HaHHA M OCBOeHMA Mpa, H, C/IEMOBATeIBHO, 0 TOM, Yem Opuia «Mep- Bosaranka>. 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