ATOMS, MOLECULES AND

MOLES
Chapter 2

Chem. 161 slide 1

Sec. 2.3: The Mole Concept
Stoichiometry: The term we use in describing the
quantitative aspects of chemical composition and
reaction.
Let us consider the following equation: C + O  CO
1 atom C + 1 atom O 1 molecule CO
1 dozen C atoms + 1 dozen O atoms 1 dozen CO molecules
(12 C atoms) (12 O atoms) (12 CO molecules)
1 mole C atoms + 1 mole O atoms 1 mole CO molecules
(6.0221023 ) (6.0221023 ) (6.0221023 )
C atoms O atoms CO molecules

Mole: Avogadroʹs number of objects (6.022×1023)

Chem. 161 slide 2

The ratio by which moles of substances react is the same
as the ratio by which their atoms and molecules react.
Example 2.2: What mole ratio of C to Cl must be chosen
to prepare hexachloroethane C2Cl6?
Atom ratio: 2 atom C : 6 atom Cl
Mol ratio: 2 mol C : 6 mol Cl 1 mol C : 3 mol Cl
Example 2.3: How many moles of carbon atoms are
needed to combine with 4.87 mol Cl to form the
substance C2Cl6?
From the formula: 2 mol C 6 mol Cl
2 mol C 6 mol Cl
,
6 mol Cl 2 mol C

Chem. 161 slide 3

4.87 mol Cl ? mol C
2 mol C
4.87 mol Cl × = 1.62 mol C
6 mol Cl
Example 2.4: How many moles of C are in 2.65 mol C2Cl6?
1mol C 2Cl6 2 mol C
1mol C 2Cl6 ⇔2 m ol C ,
2 mol C 1mol C 2Cl6
2.65 mol C 2Cl6 ⇔ ? mol C
2 mol C
2.65 mol C 2Cl6  =5.30 mol C
1mol C 2Cl6
Sec. 2.4: Measuring Moles of Atoms
Mole means two things:

Chem. 161 slide 4

 6.022×1023 objects (Avogadroʹs number)
 Mass of Avogadroʹs number of objects
Mass of Avogadroʹs number of atoms of an element
equals to that elementʹs atomic mass.
1 mol of carbon C = 6.022×1023 atom of C
= 12.011 g of C
Example 2.5: How many moles of silicon, Si, are in 30.5 g
of Si? Given: 1 mol of Si = 28.1 g
1mol S i
1mol S i ⇔ 28.1 g Si,
28.1 g S i
1mol S i
30.5 g S i  =1.09 mol S i
28.1 g S i
Chem. 161 slide 5
Example 2.6: How many grams of copper, Cu, are there in
2.55 mol of Cu? Given: 1 mol of Cu = 63.5 g
63.5 g Cu
1mol Cu ⇔ 63.5 g Cu,
1mol Cu
63.5 g Cu
2.55 mol Cu  =162 g Cu
1mol Cu
Example 2.7: How many moles of Ca are required to react
with 2.50 mol of Cl to produce CaCl2?
1mol Ca
From the formula : 1mol Ca ⇔ 2 mol Cl,
2 mol Cl
? mol Ca ⇔ 2.50 m ol Cl
1mol Ca
2.50 mol Cl  =1.25 mol Ca
2 mol Cl
Chem. 161 slide 6
Example 2.8: How many grams of Ca must react with 41.5
g of Cl to produce CaCl2? Given: 1 mol of Cl = 35.5 g and
1 mol of Ca = 40.1 g

1mol Cl
1 mol Cl = 35.5 g Cl,
35.5 g Cl
1mol Ca
1mol Ca ⇔ 2 m ol Cl,
2 mol Cl
40.1 g Ca
1 mol Ca = 40.1 g Ca,
1 mol Ca
1mol Cl 1mol Ca 40.1 g Ca
41.5 g Cl    =23.4 g Ca
35.5 g Cl 2 mol Cl 1 mol Ca

Chem. 161 slide 7

Example 2.9: What is the mass of one atom of calcium?
1mol Ca
1mol Ca = 6.022  10 atomCa ,
23

6.022  1023 atomCa

40.1 g Ca
1 mol Ca = 40.1 g Ca ,
1 mol Ca
1mol Ca 40.1 g Ca
1atomCa   =6.66  10 23
g Ca
6.022  10 a tomCa 1 mol Ca
23

Sec. 2.5: Measuring Moles of Compounds:

Molecular Mass and Formula Mass:
Molecular Mass (Molecular Weight):
The sum of atomic masses of elements in the molecule.
Molecular mass of CO2 =
(1 × atomic mass C) + (2 × atomic mass O)
Chem. 161 slide 8
= (1 × 12.0 u) + (2 × 16.0 u) = 44.0 u
The weight of one mole of a substance is simply the
molecular mass followed by the units, grams. Thus,
1 mol CO2 = 44.0 g
Ions: Atoms or groups of atoms that have acquired an
electrical charge. (Na+, Cl‒, NH4+, SO42‒)
Ionic compound: composed of ions (+ve and ‒ve ions) not
molecules.
Formula unit: specifies the number of ions in the
formula.
NaCl 2 ions
CaCl 2 3 ions
Chem. 161 slide 9
Formula Mass (Formula Weight): The sum of atomic
masses of elements present in one formula unit.
For NaCl, this is 22.99 + 35.45 = 58.44
1mole of NaCl (6.022×1023 formula unit) = 58.44 g
Example 2.10:
a) How many grams does 0.25 mol Na2CO3 weigh?
b) How many moles of Na2CO3 are in 132 g Na2CO3?
1 mol of Na2CO3 = (2×23.0)+(1×12.0)+(3×16.0) = 106.0 g
106.0 gNa 2CO3
a) 0.25 mol Na 2CO 3 × =26.5 gNa 2CO 3
1mol Na 2CO 3
1mol Na 2CO 3
b) 132 gNa 2CO3 × =1.25 mol Na 2CO 3
106.0 gNa 2CO3
Chem. 161 slide 10
Sec. 2.6 Percentage Composition
The percentage of the total mass contributed by
each element.
weight of part
Ingeneral, % by weight = ×100%
weight of whole
Example 2.11: What is the percentage
composition of CHCl3?
1 mol of CHCl3 = (1×12.01)+(1×1.008)+(3×35.45) = 119.37 g

12.01 g C
% of C = ×100% = 10.06%
119.37 g CHCl3
Chem. 161 slide 11
 1.008 g H
% of H = ×100% = 0.844%
119.37 g CHCl3
35.45 g Cl
% of Cl =3  ×100% = 89.09%
119.37 g CHCl3
Total =10.06 % + 0.844% + 89.09% =100%
Example 2.12: Calculate the mass of iron Fe in a
10.0 g sample of iron oxide Fe2O3?
1 mol of Fe2O3 = (2×55.85)+(3×16.00) = 159.7 g
111.7 gFe ⇔ 159.7 g Fe 2O 3
111.7 gFe
10.0 gFe 2O3 × = 6.99 g Fe
159.7 gFe 2O3
Chem. 161 slide 12
Sec. 2.7: Chemical Formulas
 Simplest Formula (Empirical Formula): a formula
uses the smallest set of a whole-number
subscripts to specify the relative number of
atoms of each element present in a formula
unit. CH2, H2O, …
 Molecular Formula: a formula that shows the
actual number of each kind of atom found in a
molecule. C2H4, H2O, …
 Structural Formula: a formula that gives
information about the way in which atoms in a
molecule are linked together and provides
information to write molecular and empirical
Chem. 161 slide 13
Formulas.
H O

H C C O H C2H4O2 CH2O

H
Sec. 2.8: Empirical Formulas and Molecular Formulas
 To calculate an empirical formula, we need to know
the mass of each of the elements in a given mass of
the compound.
 Convert masses to moles
 Find the smallest whole-number ratio of moles =
subscript in the formula = atom ratio.
Chem. 161 slide 14
Example 2.13: A sample of a compound contains 2.34 g N
and 5.34 g O. what is the simplest formula of the
compound?
1mol N=14.0 gN
1mol O =16.0 g O
1mol N
2.34 gN =0.167 mol N
14.0 gN
1mol O
5.34 g O  =0.334 mol O
16.0 g O
0.167 0.344
N O ⇔ N 1: O 2 ⇒NO 2
0.167 0.167
Chem. 161 slide 15
Example 2.14: What is the empirical formula of a
compound composed of 43.7% P and 56.3% O
by weight?
1mol P =31.0 gP
1mol O =16.0 g O
S uppose we have 100 g sample = 43.7 g P + 56.3 g O
1mol P
43.7 g P  =1.41mol P
31.0 gP
1mol O
56.3 g O  =3.52 mol O
16.0 g O
1.41 3.52
P O ⇔ P 1: O 2.5 ⇒P2O 5
1.41 1.41
Chem. 161 slide 16
Example 2.15: A 1.025 g sample of a compound that
contains only C and H was burned in O2 to give CO2 and
H2O. It was found that 3.007 g of CO2 and 1.845 g H2O
were formed. What is the empirical formula of the
compound?
1mol H2O =18.02 gH2O
2.016 g H  18.02 gH2O
12.01g C
3.007 g CO 2  =0.8206 g C
44.01g CO 2
2.016 g H
1.845 g H2O  =0.2064 gH
18.02 gH2O
Chem. 161 slide 17
 1 mol C
0.8206 g C  =0.06833 mol C
12.01g C
1 mol H
0.2064 g H  =0.2048 mol H
1.008 gH
0.06833 0.2048
C H ⇔ C 1: H 2.977 ⇒CH 3
0.06833 0.06833

Example 2.16: A 0.100 g sample of ethyl alcohol

contains only C, H and O was burned in oxygen to
give 0.1910 g CO2 and 0.1172 g H2O. What is the
empirical formula of ethyl alcohol?

Chem. 161 slide 18

1mol CO 2 = 44.01g CO 2
12.01g C ⇔ 44.01 g CO 2
1mol H2O =18.02 gH2O
2.016 g H  18.02 gH2O
12.01g C
0.1910 g CO 2  =0.05212 g C
44.01g CO 2
2.016 g H
0.1172 g H2O  =0.01311gH
18.02 gH2O
1 mol C
0.05212 g C  =0.004340 mol C
12.01g C
Chem. 161 slide 19
 1 mol H
0.01311 g H  =0.0130 mol H
1.008 gH
mass of O = mass of sample -( mass of C + mass of H)
=0.1000 g-( 0.05212 g+0.01311g)=0.0384 g
1 mol O
0.0384 g O  =0.00218 mol O
16.00 g O
0.004340 0.0130 0.00218
C H O ⇔ C 2 : H 6 : O1 ⇒C 2H 6O
0.00218 0.00218 0.00218

Determining molecular formula of a compound

Example 2.17: A liquid whose empirical formula is

NO2, has a molecular mass of 92.0. What is its
molecular formula?
Chem. 161 slide 20
The formula mass of NO2 = 14.0 + (2×16.0) = 46.0 g
The number of times the empirical formula is
included in the compound (molecular formula) =
molecular mass 92.0
= =2
empirical molar mass 46.0

Thus the molecular formula = 2 × empirical formula

= 2 × NO2
= N2O4

Chem. 161 slide 21