COMPUTED AIDED DESIGN SYSTEM

FOR
HIGH EMBANKMENT PROBLEMS

Revised Version
(Including Users Manual for the Software HED Ver 1 .0)

Sponsored by

Ministry of Surface Transport

(Roads Wing)
Government of India
[Research Scheme : R-65J

Prof. A. Varadarajan
Prof. K.G. Sharma

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, DELHI
HAUZ KHAS, NEW~ELHI 110016 -

MARCH, 1998

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We express our thanks to Ministry of Surface Transport for referring the problem
to us In particular, we are thank flu to Mr. Indu Prakash, Chief’ Engineer, who provided
uselbi comments in the development of the program. Mr. AK. Sharma and Mr. AK.
Saxena, Superintending Engineers, extended cooperation for the successful completion of
the project.

Mr A. Ravi Kumar, Project Scientist of lIT Delhi incorporated various features

including graphics with Visual Basic,

We are grateful to ill [)elhi for providing various facilities required for the work.

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 CONTENTS

Page No.
.4 i’A,zou /t’tigcflhi’/ul
I U Intiodrictitni
TO Scope
o Method of Analysis
.4 0 Soil Parameters 3
S 0 Pore Pressure Ratio 4
~) 0 Reinlbrcement Force 4
7 0 Seismic Coefficient 4
S U Terms used in the Program 5
¼) Q Program Description 6
10 0 installation of the Program 7
11 1) Data and Input 8
III input data file 8
Il 1.1 Executing the Program with data in an input file 12
112 Input through User Interactive Windows 16
LXampIe.s 21
24

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 SLOPE STABILITY ANALYSIS

1.0 INTRODUCTION
Laying of roads for highways often involve cutting and filling of earth and
construction of culverts, bridges and flyovers. Construction of embankments is an
important aspect of highways be it in filling or for approach for bridges. Embankments
ma~have varying heights and may be constructed on soft ground. They may serve as
water retaining structures besides being a highway and may be located in earthquake
prone regions.

Design of an embankment essentially requires evaluation of its stability against

failure Slip circle method based on limit equilibrium is the common method adopted for
conducting stability analysis of embankments. Due to its improved accuracy simplified
Bishop’s method is increasingly adopted for the analysis. A computer program has
already been developed earlier using Bishop’s method, In the present project, the
computer program has been improved to include additional features.

2.() SCOPE
The scope of the project is to include (i) earthquake force (ii) pore water pressure

oln~rinedfrom
4L~~ pore presstiie ratio. r1, or flow/water table and (iii) reinforcement force
at the embankment-foundation interface in the existing program. Additional feature is to
incorporate graphics in the program for presentation of the results. Procedure to evaluate
material parameters is to be discussed.

3M METHOD OF ANALYSIS
In this method, overall stability of the sliding mass on an assumed circular surface
is evaluated using limiting equilibrium method. Factor of safety with respect to incipient
failure on the rupture/failure surface is determine~using moment equilibrium conditions.
Method of slices is adopted and interslice forces are considered.

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 I:actc~irof safety F is defined as

Available shear strength of soil

Required shear strength to maintain equilibrium

‘Fhe mohilised shear strength, s is defined as

%‘:: I [c+(a~ ‘- ii) tan #11

tchere c’ effective cohesion intercept

4)’ = effective angle of shearing resistance
= total normal stress
u pore pressure
(‘onsidering the equilibrium of potential sliding mass of unit thickness bound by a
circular arc of radius R with centre 0. Fig-l(a), factor of safety by simplified Bishop’s
method (1955) is derived with the following notations
F~,j:; = The horizontal forces on the sections n and n+l

N,, N1, = The total vertical shear forces

= The total weight of the slice of soil
1’ = The total normal force acting on its base
Ii = The height of the slice
h = The breadth of the element
The length BC

a = The angle between BC and the horizontal

‘total normal stress a,, = P/I

F = -~ —~--— L[lc?h + tanØ~(W hu)+ (X - X )))]—

~Wsrna cosa+ tançYsina
“ “

I’.
~~‘ithearthquake forces in the vertical and horizontal forces ct~Wand a,W and
reinforcement force ‘1’ located as shown in Fig-l(b).

I
~ tan~lH’(I + a~) zeb +(X~-
.-.-
ni
1
I’
‘/)~
1?
1
I tJ’(l 4 a ,)sina + Wa

<< 2
 R
n V

(0)

V
1~l

0~hW.

(b)

Fig.1 (a) Forces in the slices ( Bishop).

(b) Earthquake and reinforcement forces.

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4

where,
tan #sina
in = cosa ‘4-

~1 I,,

In simplified Bishop’s method, E(x~—x~) = 0, then

Ic b ± tan ~ W~I 4- a ) -- 4 I

F .. ~

1 ‘+ a,.)Sifl a + Wah
R

I)etining pore pressure ratio, !~ —

Ti,

Ic’h±tanØW(?+a~)-r~}
~
?1~a R
EtW(l+a~.)sina+Wah~]

:~ •uhie term F occurs on both sides of the equation and its value is obtained by trial and error
a tier a number of iterations

4.0 SOIL I~ARAMETERS

The stability analysis of highway enibankments is conducted using Simplified
Rishop’s method. In the analysis effective stresses are used. The material parameters
that are used are cohesion intercept c’ and angle of shearing resistance ~‘ in addition to
total unit weight of soil, Yi

The embankment and foundation material may consist of coarse grained soil such
as sand and silty sand or fine grained soil such as clay and silty clay.
In the case of coarse grained soil, direct shear test or consolidated drained test or
consolidated drained triaxial test may be condUcted. For fine grained soils either
consolidated undrained triaxial test with pore water pressure measurement or
consolidated drained triaxial test with volume change measurement may be performed.

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1,,)

“I

.‘—,

o.
8C

I-

ko. ~
6c~

AO~:k~AtT,
(F:1.S)
40

2
s—..—- — &
-
3~kf.AOj~
to)
ff1’___ __
(F:

Z(.)

~~rtsA~(p.s~

—1t,~ ~
Fig.2. Diagramatic variation o~pore pressure parameter ~
with principal stress ratio and major principal stress
tRishop & Margenstern ~960J

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‘.~ ~,

H’
l~hcsamples may he prepared to a density that is anticipated in the field. The normal
stress for direct shear test and the confining pressure for triaxial tests to be used may be

in the average range of stress in the embankment foundation system. The details of the
tests are found in various books and codes (for example Bishop and Henkel, 1962,
Lambe,1951, IS code IS:272OPart 12(1981)).
The unit weight of the soil may be determined using standard procedure outlined
in various 13S Codes

~.() PORE PRESSURE RATIO, r~,

The procedure for evaluation of r~1is presented in detail by Bishop and

Morgenstern (1 9(tYt. 1’or earth till placed dry of optimum, the value ofr,2 is taken as zero
lii he case ot’ earthlilt placed wet ol opt imu in, the value of r~is assumed to be equal to
the pore pressure parameter B which is equal to ~ The value of B is essentially a
tiinction of stress ratio as shown in Fig. 2. The relationship shown in Fig. 2 is obtained
I’~vcnnducting a consolidated undrained triaxial test with pore pressure measurement,

b.0 REINFORCEMENT FORCE

Reinforcement is used at the interface between embankment and foundation to
steepen the slope for the given height of embankment or to increase the height of
embankment for the given slope. Reinforcement in the form of geosynthetic materials is
II,
otten used when the embankment is constructed on soft foundation. The embankment in

~,uchcases is designed taking into consideration various modes offailure viz, sliding

: failure, squeezing failure, bearing capacity failure and rotational failure. The
cinl~rcementforce is determined for reinforcement stiffness with an allowable axial
strain The details on these are found in various books such as Soil Reinforcement with

(~ctextilesby Jewell (1996)

7.0 SEISMIC COEFFICIENT

Based on occurrence of earthqdake, ?ndia has been-divided into five zones as per

the 135 code on criteria for Earthquake Resistant Design of Structures. The horizontal
earthquake coefficients to he used for various zones are as follows:

4
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 ___ ______ ___-

Zone I - 0.01
Q
Zone 11 - 0.02
Zone Ill - 0.04

Zone IV - 0.05

Zone V - 0.08
Depending on the location of the embankment, suitable earthquake coefficient as
above may he chosen for the analysis

8 LI) TERMS USED IN THE PROGRAM

I1TLE : Title of the problem
NINT : No. of top external soil lines defining the outer
embankment geometry
NLINE : No. of total lines (including external and internal soil
lines)
NSLI . No. of Slices
NRT Indicator for Reinforcement (ONo, PYes)
NPROB : Indicator for pore water pressure (lUsing r~1, 2Using

Watertable line)
NMAT : No. of materials in the problem
2 (assumed
: Surcharge
XTOPover
SLUR the embankment in mass/area
within & XTOPI)

flOP X- Coordinate for the highest point towards left edge of

the embankment
Xi’OPl : X-Coordinate for the heighest point towards right edge of
the embankment
N It,!) Starting X—Coordinate for the ith line
~‘ 1(1) ‘ Starting Y-Coordinate for the ith line
X2( I) Ending X—Coordinate for the ith line
v 2(l) Ending X—Coordinate tor.(he ith line
W’F( I) l)ensity of the soil below the ith line
( ‘II S~1) C ‘ohcssio n

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,c,e .,?

a
*
:1~
FRC(1) :
S
UPP(l) : r,, for the soil below the ith line if NPROB —

1 ‘~

7w for the soil below the ith line if NPROB = 2

El : X coordinate for starting centre of circle
C : Y coordinate for starting centre of circle
ItS : incremental shift for X coordinate of centre of circle
3
RIIS Incremental shift for Y coordinate of centre of circle
:

AEPHAN : Horizontal seismic coefficient

•1)
ALPHAV : Vertical seismic coefficient
‘.4
I FR : Reinforcenient force
V coordinate of reinforcement level

(‘T(’Hl Y coordinate for the starting elevation to which all circles are
tangent
DCTCH : Incremental shift for CTCH for finding absolute minimum factor
of safety

I,

9.0 PROGRAM DESCRIPTION

The program is written in Visual Basic and compiled using Visual Basic 5.0
Enterprise Edition. It can run on any IBM compatible computer using Micro Soft -

Windows 95 as Operating System.

Program execution starts with the input and output file name query. if the input is
saved in a file, give the file name, otherwise give the input through user interactive forms.
.4
After all the input data is read, searched for least factor of safety for each value of CTCH
begins. Initial value of Factor of safety is assumed asone (1.0) and RHS is calculated
.4 and compared with LHS. Newton Raphson method is followed to achieve an early
I,, convergence. This procedure starts for the centre of circle as specified in the input file.
This centre is shifted in both the directions by incremental distances specified (first in X
and then in the Y direction) and the calculation stops if the tendency of an increase in
factor of safety is observed all around a ~oint1~andthis point corresponds to the centre for

the critical circle. I

“I’

6
4
<<
S

,.,.-,———--- - .—-
I,

)
the above procedure for finding critical circle for a given CTCH (the level to
which all circles are tangent) is repeated changing the values of CTCH. The least factor
of’ safety is thus located, and the corresponding circle off’ailure is identified.
While using the program, a consistent system of units is to be followed, i.e. all the
input values should have the same unit for Mass, Length and Time.
It has been noticed that sometimes while executing the programme, the computer
)
hangs up. To avoid this, rerun the program with changed values of HS, RHS and CTCHI.
Program can include surcharge of the embankment and negative values of X and
V coordinates can also be specified.

Approaches to bridges are often subjected to high flood level. Due to this, the soil
iii the embankment may be saturated The pore water pressure so generated can be
calculated as u “ y~.h, where Ii is the average depth of the slice base from the HFL. Pore
water pressures SO calculated can be reduced to a single value of r~by averaging out over
the whole area of the embankment cross section. The pore water pressures above the
IIFL being generated due to capillary action (predominant in fine grained soils only) can
be ignored as these are negative pore water pressures adding to the stability of the slope.
After the execution ofthe program the output can be seen in the graphics form. If
the results are not satisfactory, modif~’the input data and re execute the program. The
output file consists of all the input data for verification and safety factor tables for each
value of CTCH with minimum factor of safety written below it Safety factor table
consists ofcentre of circle coordinates, radius of circle, intersection points with the outer
soil lines t,XC I and X(.2) and the corresponding safety factor. The output file can be
edited if required before taking the printout.

10.0 INSTALLATION OF THE PROGRAM

• - lnsertthe DISKI In drive A(orB) of your computer
U - Click the mouse on Start

• - Click the mouse on Run

• - A window entitled Run will appear
• - Type a’\setup (or b:\sctup) in the O~ientext box
• - (‘lick the mouse on OK

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 • - Windows will start Copying Installation tiles
) • - Follow the Instructions displayed on the screen
• - Insert I)ISK2 and press OK
• - Now a window tiled SSA Setup will appear
• - Click the mouse on OK bLitton
- A directory c:\program fiIes\SSA\ in which SSA setup is installing the software
will be seen
• - lithe default directory shown by SSA setup is OK, click the mouse on the
command button with computer icon
• - If the software is to be installed in a directory other than the default, click the
mouse on the command button Change Directory
• - When a window titled Change Directory is seen, enterthe directory in which the
software is to he installed and click the mouse on OK
a .. Click the mouse on the command button with computer icon
• - SSA Setup will start copying the files
• - Insert DISK3 and click the mouse on OK
a - After a few seconds a message SSA Setup was completed successfully will
appear
• - Click the mouse on OK
*

11.0 DATA & INPUT

The input data for this program can be given in two ways
(1) Input through a input data file

(2) User interactive forms

11.1 Input data file:

Data Ibr a sample problem (fig ) is also given in the following for each input data set
(AS(’lI form only Use MS—DOS Editor(Edit.com) to generate the file)
Input Format for data file is as follows:
I Title of the problem
T11’LF Title of the problem (Maximum of 80 Characters)
SAMPLE PROBLEM (Sample Data)

8
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.1~

2. Control Data -

NINT : No. of top external soil lines defining the outer

embankment geometry
NLINE : No, of total lines (including external and internal soil
lines)(maximum 50 lines)
I
NSL.~I : No. of slices (Maximum 200)
NRT Indicator for reinforcement (ONo, lYes)
NPROB Indicator for pore water pressure (lUsing r~. 2Using
water table line)
NMAT : No. of materials in the problem
5 7 100 1 2 3
3. Control Data 11 -

Surcharge over the embankment in mass/area2 (to be within XTOP

*

SUR
& XTOPI)
XTOP : X- Coordinate for the highest point towards left edge of
* the embankment
XTOPI : X-Coordinate for the heighest point towards right edge of
the embankment
0 100.0 108.0

4. Line and soil data

Xt(1) Starting X-Coordinate for the ith line
Yl(I) Starting V-Coordinate for the ith line
X2(I) Ending X-Coordinate for the ith line
Y2(l) Ending X-Coordinate for the ith line
Density of the soil below the ith line
(‘HS(l) Cohession
FRC(l) Angle of internal friction (4)
IJPP( I) i, for the soil below the ith line if NPROB r~z

y,~fir the ith line if NPROB~~

2
N ()~ [:
The above line and soil data has to be repeated NLINE (Total no. of’ lines) times

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 ‘II

~1

P 2. Lw NPROR 2 some of the lines will represent water line. For these lines and lines
hclow tJPP( 1) y~is given and lbr the rest of the lines UPP(l) = 0
O 200 86.5 200 15 17 0 9.81
86.5 200 100 206 20 0 32 0
)
100 206 108 206 20 0 32 0
ifl
lOS 206 121.5 200 20 0 32 0
‘U,

121.5 200 164 200 15 17 0 9.81

86,5 200 121.5 200 15 17 0 9.8!
a 0 196 164 196 15 10000 45 0
0

5. Coordinate Data -

11 X coordinate for starting centre of circle

y coordinate for starting centre of circle
(i
a,
[Is, Incremental shift of X coordinate of centre of’ circle
‘—p
KIlN Incremental shift ofV coordinate of centre ofcircle
t\[.,Pl IA.N Horizontal seismic coefficient (4 away from embankment)
A 1,. PItA V Vertical seismic coefficient (+ in the direction of gravity)
‘in
(Fig. 1(b))
.0~

92 208 0.5 0.5 0 0

ñ Reinforcement data (if NRT > 0 )
“U
TFR ‘ Reinfircement force
U,
VT , V coordinate of reinf”brcemeni level
263.7 200
U,

‘0~
‘7 l)ata tbr tangency point and minimum factor of safety
“04 C ‘l’(’IIi \“ coordinate for the starting elevation to which all circles are

‘*4
tangent
Incremental shill fbr CTCI I for finding absolute minimum factor
of’safbty
I,

4 [98 0.5
Xl. X2
2
‘S

c—--.cTcHi)
C,: (v2-cTcHI)xts.clcHl
FiG,),
It)
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 8 Dal a for Label I ing (Used to write the labels in graphics)
Name of the material Name of the material to be written in graphics
1)ensit, Cohesion, Angle of Internal Friction and r11 : Properties of the above

M
material
Label X coordinate X coordinate of the label (name ofthe material)
Label ‘V coordinate Y coordinate of the label
Note i’he above labels data has to be repeated NMAT times
Soil I
15 17 0 9.81 L05 199
Soil 2
20 0 32 0 105 204
Soil 3
15 1000 45 0 lOS 195
>,oies
l’hc ~t,uideiinest~rfinding F! & (1 are as shown in fig. 3
.2 Recommended value [Orthe incremental shill is 0 2m

1 he in put dat a file will he

1”i~’Lti)l~1t~l)’Cl~It~111
I C)0 :!,
lit) I 08 0
1 86 5
200 15 17 0 9,81
~ 200 100
206 20 0 12 0
1, 08 206
101 20 0 32 0
(08 ~0( 121 c 200 20 0 32 0
‘I
I 1 5 200 I o4 200 15 17 0 9 81
805 200 121.5 200 15 17 0 9.81
(1 196 164 196 IS 10000 45 0
~2 208 0,5 0 .5 0 0
2o1 7 ‘200
0)8 0.5
Soil I
S I 7 0 081 05 199
Sod 2
10 0 .C 0 105 204
Soil
S lOiHO 45 0 lOS 195

11

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‘it.

iHd~

I. I, F’~eciitingthe I1t~4)~E’~1fl1
with data in an input lilt’
S ‘hck the mouse on Start

S From the Programs options select SSA ((‘lick the mouse on NSA)
S A window titled SLOPE S’FAI3IJ1ITV ANAIXSIS will appear asking you Is Input

Saved in a file ?
S Pull down I he combo box

S click the mouse on \“es

5 11 iiter i he Inpul file Name wilt appear

• I \‘pe Na inpie Problem in the I c”t box

Slope Stability Analysis

Is rnput Saved in a File ? I Yss

Enter the Input File Name JSa.,k Probism

• (‘lick the mouse on the command button Execute

• After executing program, a window titled Sample Problem
• (‘lick the mouse on the menu Options
S (‘lick the mouse on GraI

S ‘11w graphical representation ofthe problem with the slip circle will be seen

12

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 ;..f~fl,i f’n~’~~
2o,~t .‘

ti K
i4 V ,
ii
Mnterj~~
Unit Wt C Php
Soiti 15 j~
So) 2 20 0 32
Soil 4 15 10000 45

Soil I

Soil 3
85 95 105 115 125
Sit mpic [‘rotilem

PR i .NTI NG
• (lick the mouse on Options
• (‘lick the mouse on Print
S Print window will appear
10 Enter the number of copies required and click the mouse on 01<
()~ ij PU I’
10 (‘Ii c:k the mouse on Options
• ( ck the mouse on Output
• the nutpu~file (The flie is saved in the directory, where the sofiware is installed with
esti’’~n •ont) ‘~till~ppeai

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 0

OUTPUT FILE
STABILITY ANALYSIS FOR UIGHWAY EMBANKMENTS

Sample Problem
NUMBER OF TOP EXTERNAL SOIL LiNES 5
3 TOTAL NUMBER OF SOIL LINES 7
3 NUMBER OF SLICES ALLOWED 100
INDICATOR FOR REINFORCEMENT(0=NO, l=YES) I
INDICATOR FOR PORE PRESSURE 2
I rtUSING RU FACTOR, 24JSING WATER TABLE LINE
3 SURCHARGE ON TOP OF EMBANKMENT 0
3 ‘l’OP LEFT K-COORDINATE 100
3 ‘l’OP RIGHT K-COORDINATE 108
3
DETAILS OF THE EMBANKMENT TESTED
.3
3 XI Yl X2 Y2 DENSZTY C PHI U(PWP)
000.00 200.00 086.50 200.00 015(R) 017.00 000.00 009.81
oso 0 200.00 100.00 206(X) 020.00 000.00 032.00 000.00
100.00 206(X) 108.00 206(R) 020.00 000.00 032(X) 000.00
05.01) 206.00 121.50 200.00 020.00 000.00 032(X) 000,00
121.50 200.00 164(X) 200.00 015.00 017.00 00(~00009.81
((8) 50 200.0() 121.50 200(X) 01 5.00 017(X) 000(X) 009.81

(HI) 00 ,l 96.00 164.00 196.00 015.00 1 0000,0() 045.00 000.00

INITIAL TRIAL CIRCLE CENTER X-COORD. 92

INITIAL TRIAL CIRCLE CENTER Y-COORD. 208
0 IN( R IN CENTRE OF CIRCI I S IN EACH TRIAL 0 5
OIN(R INCI NIRI OE(IR( II SINI MI] IRIA1 Os
HORIZONTAL SEISMIC COEFF. ALPHA.H 0
VERTICAL SEISMIC COEFF. ALPHAV 0
FORCE IN REINFORCEMENT LAYER 263.7
‘

YX’OORDINATE OF REINFORCEMENT LAYER 2(X)

IN! hAL VALUE OF CTCH 198
INCREMFNTAL MOVEMENT OF CTC1I

Saicty Factor Table

II 0 R XCI XC2 ES

1? (Ott 208 00(X) 10.Ot)t)(t 80(448)4) 101.7980 I .877o

92. SOt) 208.00(8) 10.0000 86.5000 102.2980 1.8575
93 8(0 208,00(8) 10,0000 86.8 165 102.7980 1. 857t\
9338)4) 208.5000 10,50(8) 86.7091 103.1980 1.8158
9), 5 H) 208.50(R) 10.504)0 87,0254 103.6980 1.8258
92500 208.50(R) It). 5000 86.3356 102.6980 1.8450

14

<<

L
I

0
92500 209(114(84 114)000 86 1754 103,083() 1.8158
1)”) 209.00(8)
(8(t) 11.0000 86.6078 103.5830 I 8149
9”) 54(4) 209 t)000 11.0000 86 9186 1 t)4.0830 1.8241
t
9354(0 209.50(8) 11.5000 86 8174 104.4545 1.7928
(4 (XX) 209 50(8) 11.5000 87.1281 104 9545 1.8111
(8(t) 209 SOtR) II 5t)00 86 5116 103 9545 114097
9 (8)0 210.0000 12 0000 86.3668 104.3 137 1.7886
9~ 5(4(4 210.00(X) 12.000() 86.7213 104.8137 1.7931
92 54(0 210.0)118) 12.0000 85.8668 1(43.8137 1.7966
PS,
92 54)4) 2 10.5())R) 12.50(X) 85.7 177 104.1619 1,78(46
9’) (88) 2 10.50(8) 12.50(X) 86.2177 104.6619 1.7715
9’)500 210.5048) P2,50(X) 86.6291 loS. 1619 1.779%
91 500 2 11.00(8) 13.0000 86.5420 105.50(X) 1.7872
~4(8)0 211.00(R) 13.0000 86.8384 106.(XX)0 1.7783
(4 504) 211.00(8) 13.4)4)4)0 87.1396 106.5000 1.8058

Nlininnun Factor of Safety = 1.7715

All Circles Touch at a Elevation : 198.(XX)

Safct~Factor Table

H C R XC! XC2 ES
~2 (8)0 20% (8)0(4 10 0004) 86.00(8) 14)1,7980 1.8776
92 50(4 24)834)88) 10,0000 86.50(8) 102,2980 1.8575
93 (8)0 208.0000 10,(XRX) 86.8165 I02.7~0 1.8579
93.48)0 208,50(X) 10.5000 86.74)91 103.1980 1.8158
93 500 208.5000 10.5000 87.0254 103.6980 1.8258
92.504)208.50(8) 10.50(X) 86.3356 102.6980 1.8450
92504) 209.00(X) 11.0000 86.1754 103.0830 1.8158
91 000 209.0004) 11.00(X) 86.64)78 103.5830 1.8149
915(X) 209.0000 11.0000 86.9186 104.0830 1.8241
91 ~0()209.50(X) l1.5(XX) 86.8174 104.4545 1.7928
94 (8)4) 209.50(X) 11.5000 87. 1281 104.9545 1.8111
93 (XX) 209.50(8) 11.504)0 86.5116 103.9545 1.8097
93 (X)0 2 10.00(X) 12.0000 86.3668 104,3137 1.7886
9154)4)210.00(8) 12.0(XX) 86.7213 104.8137 1.7931
92500 210.00(8) 12.0(8)0 85.866% 103.8137 I 7966
92 500 210.5004) 12.5000 85.7177 104.1619 1.7806
93(8)0 210.50(X) 12.5000 862177 104.6619 1.7715
93 5(X)210.5000 12.5000 86.6291 105.1619 1.7798
9)504) 211,0(4(X) 13.0000 86.5420 105.5000 1.7872
94(8)4) 211.00(X) 13.0004) 86.8384 106.0000 1.7783
Miniiuwn
q~500 211.4)4)48)
Factor of13,0004)
Safety =87.1396
1.7715 106.5000 1.805%

Alt Circles Touch at a Elevation 198.0(8)

Safrtv Factor Table

H C R XCI XC2 FS
92.48)0 208.00(8) 10.00l)() 86.000() 101.7980 I. 877~
9? 500 208 00(8) 10.048)0 86.5000 14)2.2984) 1.8573
‘ft
9 .188) 208.00(X) 10.0000 86.8165 102.7980 1.8579
93(8)0 208.5(88) 14). 5000 86.7091 14)3.1980 1.815%
SO)) 208 5004) 10.5000 87 0254 103.6980 1.8258

IS
<<

‘T~
4

4:

I;
92 5(8) 208 50(8) 10.50(8) 86.3356 102.6980 1.8450
92.500 209.0008) 11.004)4) 86. 1754 103.0830 1.8158
93,4884 209.00(8) 11.0(8)4) 86.6078 103.5830 1.8149
93.500 24)9,00(8) 11.0000 86.9186 104.0830 1.8241
‘I*’ 93.500 209.50(8) 11.5(8)0 86.8174 104.4545 1.792%
.4*
94(88) 209.5000 11.5000 87.1281 104.9545 1.8111
93.(XX) 209.5(88) 11.5000 86.5116 103.9545 1.84)97
93.0(8) 210.0018) 12.004)0 86.3668 104.3137 1.7886
4
93.5(8) 210,4888) 12.0(X)0 86.7213 104.8137 1.7931
92.5(X) 210.084(X) I2,04X)0 85.8668 103.8137 1.7966
‘I. 92.5(8) 211)5008) 12.5000 85.7177 104.1619 17806
t))~$)ç) 210) 5018) 12.50(8) 861177 104.6619 1.7715
e.
93 5tH) 21(1.5000) 12 5000 86.6291 10)5.119 1.779%
4 91 5)11) 211)((408) 13 0004) 86.5420 105.54)0)1) 1,7872
94 (8)1) 2 Il .0))t#) 13,00(X) 86.8384 1(16.000(4 1,7783
94 54)4) 211,4888) 13 t)001) 87. 1 ‘~96 106.501)1) 1,805$

S Minimum Factor ofSafety = 1.77 15

All Circles Touch a a Elevation: 198.048)
4

Centre Coordinates X = 93.0(88) Y = 210.5000

41’
R.adius(R) = 12.5004)
XC1 86.2177 YCI = 200.0000
XC2= 104.6619 YC2= 206.0000
Slip Circle touches elevation 198.0000
1* The Factor of Safety is = 1.7715

• Edit the output file as per your requirements and from the File menu print the file
N Click the mouse on File menu
N Click the mouse on Exit, to exit from the output file
N From the Options menu, Click the mouse on Exit to exit from the program
S.

11.2 Input through user interactive windows

N Click the mouse on Start

N From the programs options select SSA’ (Click the mouse on SSA)
N A window titled Slope Stability Analysis asking you Is Input saved in a file ? will
appear

N l~uII (10W11 t h&’ ~ bt) box

‘P

* ( L.’k he m .‘~uscon 0 NC
ft..

<<
 Slope Stability Analysis

Is Input Saved in a FOe ? ONo

N A window titled Slope Stability Analysis ( ‘ontrol data will appe~n —

N ‘(‘be text boxes in the window are filled with SOI1~ values i.e. the for Ill ~S loaded with
the last database
N ‘1 ~ckthe mouse on ~tdd
~,

.N N~’•wHank text boxes will be visible

N in he Test Id text box enter ~he title ofthe problem

N L’ ~‘~,‘ralt the val i.res in the respective text boxes

1:1: ~Sampte Prnblem

top f. ‘ttrcoit t..ftrr~’.

i~ X Coord (ac Starting Centre
of the Ccrck.
9?

V Coord for Start ing

Centre of the Cirde
NJo .~ :3 Incr Shcft for X Coord
1i~Io.—,,,,,-—.,—*
ii——. of Centre of Circle
~.err~rce,rT~erit ,.
—
( 0 or I
.~,idic~i’~or ) Incr Sh~ftfor V Coord
of Centre of Circle
~ w~nterPressure
1~- , 1-4ori~ontaI5~ismicCoefficient
1nd~cotor(1 or 2)
10
-

P ft r’eh r’q~~.

X C~ordfor the Hiqhe~t

~-—

~----
Vertical Seismic Coefficient

V Coord for the Starting Elevation

In
Pornt ‘towards Left Edge to which all Circles are Tangent
of the [rnbankme.nt J199
)~. ~ for the Highest [ioo Incremental Shift for Finding
Absolute Minimum Factor of
iowords Right
i~o~n1 Safety
Fdqe of the Embankment Reinforseme.nt Force
No of Mctterr~ils :‘i V Coor~dof Reinforcement
Level i~o-
*..~‘‘
[~~k1~i ~ p~c —— ~x*t j >~ I
<<
1?
* (‘lick the mouse on Next >>

N Now anot ht,’r window titled Slope Stahilüy Analysis Line and Soil Data will —

ippt’ar
N in this window the text box Test 1 D filled with the Test Id given in the previous loriii
will appear
N l nter the dat a for line I and click the mouse on Update
N ( lick the mouse on Add and enter the. data for line 2
N (‘lick the mouse on Update
N Repeat the above procedure till the data for all the lines are entered
l’estld’ Sample Problem

ne No,
ii ,
Starting -~.
joe
Starting V C.nord
i~
F rid ny 8 Coord
~i ~T
lading V [~uo .

hensity of Soit
1’~ .

Cohesion of Soil
PT-
Angle of mt Friction .
(o
it for So it
J9.81 ~P!.: ‘1

- aJ _~~j‘bdatj ~U~wd 1 ~ffi:

N ~ i~, I ‘‘nIt’! in’’ the d~uafkw ill the lines. Click the mnuse on Next >>

N s ~. ~ ~nd~
~ titled Slope Stability Analysis •. I ,ahels with the Test Id as given in
‘F r’ for in Slope Siahilit Analysis Control Data w ill appear
—

N I tL data in I H 6 run) is nthtnl% tis~d to displa~on the graphical represt_ntation of the

~.

‘bleni
N I ‘~ the n twe t”~ the ‘nat” i ‘I id its n~1I;cinttwl’u ~ the label is ii.’ b
1 di~platt.~l)and
1 I pdate
Ii’ P~°N’~’”
and click tIic mouse or

IX

<<
 lest Id: Sample Problem

Name of the Materiot

Fit
Label X Coord [102

Label V Coord

Density frF~
Co he si on
[1~..
Ang of mt Friction

ru *11

S...1~LJ_~e. ,Qpdetc j ____ P_I

• \ilil rnle~ins~all the materials click the mouse on Execute

• \ ft et ext ut ii i~tprogran a WI i rdow titled Sa nip Ic Problem will appear

• (lick the mouse on the menu Options

N t lick the mouse on Craf
N N ti\V the tu aplut. al r rpresentatiofl of the problem with the slip circle will appear

Peinf Force : 263 7 Material Unit Wt. C Phi

24 U EQ in.Xdn. :0 Soil 1 15 17 0
EQ inYdn, :0 Soil 2 20 0 32
Soil 3 15 10000 45
235
b

S 230

225
a
220
V

Factor of Safety: 177

215 Radius 1250
Centre 9300. 2t0,50
210

205
Water Table
200
Soil 1
4
Soil 3
65 75 85 95 105 115 125
Samplc Prohkm

S << 19
ii
 PRINTING
N Click the mouse on Options
N Click the mouse on Print

N Now the Print window will appear

N Enter the number of copies required and click the mouse on OK

OUTPUT
N Click the mouse on Options

: N Click the mouse on Output

N Now the output file (The file is saved in the directory, where the software is installed
with extension out) will be seen

N lidit the output file as per your requirements and from the File menu print the file
4 N Click the mouse on File menu
N Click the mouse on Exit, to exit from the output file
N From the Options menu, Click the mouse on Exit to exit from the program

.4

20
‘4
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‘‘4
‘S

4
Sample Problem 2 ( Without Reinforcement)
79 1001 3
I S 11)11112
(‘it) 1)0 142 00 88.00 142.00 2.30 2.00 20.00 0.0
8500 14200 92,50 145.00 2.20 2.00 20.00 0.0
~2 50 45 00 100 00 150.00 2.00 0 50 32.00 0.0
I 10 (~ 150 00 11200 150.00 2.00 0.50 32.00 0.0
II 2 11) 150.00 119.50 145.00 2.00 0 50 32.00 0.0
110 50 145.00 124.00 142.00 2 20 2 00 20.00 0.0
1240014200 130.00 142.00 2.30 2.00 20.00 0.0
‘)2 50 14500 119.50 145,002.20 2.00 20.00 0.0
8800 142.00 124.00 4200 2.30 2 00 20.00 0.0
‘‘4 IS 4.5 0 2 02 0 0
410 c
I,
Soil I
2. 2 200 105 140
Soil 2
: 2 20 0 105 144
S Soil .1
U C 0 lOS 148

Pcinf Force : 0 Material Unit Wt, C Phi ru

~ LQ.inXdn. :0 SoilI 2,3 2 200
4 EQ inYdn. :0 Soil 2 2.2 2 20 0
4
Soil3 2 0,5 320
180

175

1/0

Factor of Safety: 1.57

Radius: 15.90
‘S Centre : 89.20 . 157,90
lb

‘S
14h~

....‘. .—. .—, .. ~... ..

65 75 85 9!$~ 105 ‘ 115 t25 1

Siunpk Pnitilein 2

9,, 21
lii

.4 <<

!V.’~.., ~
H..i.$~ i’:”~ ic’
Soinple Pi obleili I (With Earthquake force)
7 ~ 10013
[01’) 112
tO) (01 l42 88 00 142.00 2 30 2 00 20.00 0 0
(1(1
88 00 142 (0) 92 50 145.00 2.20 2,00 20.00 0.0
SI uS ii)) 10000 15000 200 050 3200 0.0
(It) 150 101 I 17. 00 150,002.00 050 32.00 0.0
IY))I0 11950 145.00 2 00 1)50 32 00 0.0
:1 ~t) 1 ‘)S Ut) 124.01) 142 00 2 20 2,00 20,00 0.0
.

It) ti:’ 1)000 142.00 2 30 200 20.00 0.0

I’S (Ut 119 50 145.00 2 20 2 00 20 00 0 0
I i: I 24 00 142.00 2.30 2.00 20 00 0 0
1 “4 S IC 02 0.1 0
~1

I .11)

22 :‘n () l0’~144

20 S 420 105 14$

Peirif In’, e 0 Material Unit Wt C Phi ru

:

EQ nXdn :01 Soil 1 2.3 2 20 0

EC.~ in V On : 0 5~112 2.2 2 200
Soil3 2 0.5 320

Factor of Sofety:1.39
It Radius: 14.50
Centre: 89.40 156,50

IL.

75 65 95 105 115 125

Sampk Problem 3

22
<<
0

Sample Problem 4
31020022
0 9 15 11.614
2.~) (1 0 0. 19.64 1000. 45 0.0
0 915 6.10 1964 ~1.3l 32. 0.0
Ills n 1 11.614 6.10 1964 431 32 0.0
(I 11.614 0. 19.64 1000 45. 00
12 2 59 0 566 19 64 4.31 32 9 $
SI) 0 566 2.853 0 890 19 64 43! 32 98
: )1 890 3 480 1 .538 1964 4 3! 32 9.8
1 .18) 1538 4450 2.185 19.64 4 3! 32 9.8
4 151) 2185 7527 .1480 l96~4 4.31 32 98
1480 11.614 4775 19.64 4.31 32 9.8
4’~ 0 15 0.2 0.2 0. 0.
11 0
Uoil I
[L) 64 100004500.0-5-0.5
Soil 2
96443132.00.062

. Pecnf Force : 0 Material Unit Wt. C Phi

LQ in X dn, : 0 Soil 1 19.64 1000 45
1
EQ inYdn :0 Soil 2 19.64 4.31 32

Factor of Safety: 1.24

Radius: 10.78
centre : 0.69 10.75

Wnler Table

Soil 1

20 -15 -10 -b 0 5 10
Sample Problem 4

<< 23
S

RFFFRFNCES

Bisho, A.W, (1995), The use ot’~hcSlip Circle in the Stability Analysis of Eaflh Slopes,
(coiechniq~e~Vol.
~ PP 7-17.

Bishop and Henkel, (1962), Measurement of Soil Propeflies in the Triaxial T~st~
Edward Arnold Ltd., London, Second Edition.

Bishop, A.W. and Morgenstern, NP. (1960), Stability Coefficients of Earth Slopes,
Geotechni,~ue3,,Vol.10, pp. 129-150,

iS 2720 Part 12 (1981), Shear Strength Parameters of Soil from Consolidated Undrained
Test with Measurement of Porewater Pressure.

Jewell, RA, (1996), $oil Reinforcement with Geotextiles. CIRIA, 6 Store’s Gate,
Westniinister, London SWIP 3AU.

Lambe, TW. (1961), Soil Te~ti~g

for~Engineers.~john
Wiley & Sons, New York.

24
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