i, is xuTi ZiriTadi idea, romelic m.

baxtinis Tanamedrove literaturis

TeoriaSi gamoikveTa da romelmac biZgi misca romanis Janris interpretaciis
baxtiniseul versias:
1) Janris Teoriis sinqronulobis idea;
2) JanrTa mudmivi gadanacvlebis idea;
3) JanrTa sazRvrebis fleqsiurobis idea;
4) romanis Janris enobrivi struqturis naTesaobis idea sasaubro enis
struqturasTan da realuri yofis fenomenTan;
5) romanis Janris eposis saxesxvaobad gaazrebis idea.
m. baxtini rTuli amocanebis winaSe idga.
mixail baxtinis novatoruli xedva. Janris Teoria
m. baxtinis ZiriTadi literaturaTmcodneobiTi Sromebi qronologiuri
TanmimdevrobiT daiwera: `dostoevskis Semoqmedebis problemebi~ _ 1929 w.
(mogvianebiT gadamuSavda da gamoica saTauriT `dostoevskis poetikis problemebi~
_ 1963; 1972; 1979), `sityva romanSi~ _ 1934-1935 ww., `droisa da qronotopis
formebi romanSi~ _ 1937-1938 ww., `romanis sityvis preistoriidan~ _ 1940 w,
`eposi da romani~ _ 1941 w. 1940-41 wlebSive daiwera `fransua rables
Semoqmedeba da Sua saukuneebisa da renesansis epoqis xalxuri kultura~, magram
gadamuSavda 60-ian wlebSi da daibeWda 1963 wels. am teqstebSi gamoikveTa
baxtinis rogorc literaturis Teoretikosis novatoruli xedvis, problemaTa
axleburad dasmisa da gaazrebis unari. baxtinis originaloba, pirvel yovlisa,
gamovlinda im Teoriul poziciaSi, romelic man Tavis Tanamedrove
literaturul-Teoriuli sivrcis mimarT daikava. m. baxtini aqtiurad Caeba
romanis Janris irgvliv gaCaRebul debatebSi da gaemijna aRiarebul azrs. man
Taviseburad gadawyvita literaturul-Teoriuli azrisaTvis mniSvnelovani sami
ZiriTadi problema: Janris Teoriis sinqronulobis, romanis enis sasaubro enasTan
mimarTebisa da romanis Janris warmomavlobis problemebi.
baxtini iyo pirveli moazrovne, romelmac, romanis Janris analizze
dayrdnobiT, Tamamad daarRvia Janris sinqronuli gaazrebis tradicia da
mecnierulad daasabuTa diaqronuli koncefcia. gamoikveTa mijnebi: Tu sinqronul
perspeqtivaSi Janri aRiqmeboda Sidaliteraturuli kanonebiT ganpirobebul
dadgenil, formulirebul da gamyarebul konstruqciad, diaqronul perspeqtivaSi
igi ganixileboda konkretuli epoqisaTvis niSandobliv istoriul da kulturul
Rirebulebebze damokidebul permanentulad qmnad sistemad. Janris sinqronuli
determinacia amkvidrebda mis struqturul orientirebsa da niSnulebs,
romlebTan mimarTebiTac gaiazreboda nebismieri Janris wiaRSi mimdinare
cvalebadoba, regresi Tu ganviTareba; gansxvavebiT sinqronulisagan, diaqronuli
determinacia (ganpirobeba) realuri, istoriul-kulturuli, parametrebis fonze
ganixilavda Janrs da, am kuTxiT, dasabams aZlevda mraval samomavlo koncefcias.
baxtins miaCnda, rom romans `gamoarCevs... mxatvruli saxis agebis axali sivrce,
sivrce, romelic asaxavs romanis maqsimalur kontaqts TanamedroveobasTan misi
qmnadobisas~ (baxtini 1986: 399).
romanis Janris diaqronul perspeqtivaSi gaazrebiT baxtinma Zireuli
cvlileba Seitana Janris TeoriaSi. `literaturul Janrebs mudam safuZvlianad
24
ganixilavdnen, _ aRniSnavs igi, _ magram antikuri epoqidan moyolebuli dRemde
Janrebs Seiswavlidnen maTi literaturul-mxatvruli specifikis WrilSi,
diferencialur gansxvavebaTa (literaturis farglebSi) TvalsazrisiT, da ara
rogorc erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebul gamoTqmaTa garkveul tipebs, romlebic,
saerTo sityvier (enobriv) sivrces inarCuneben~ (baxtini 1986: 429). sityvis
xelovnebis Seswavlis sferoSi baxtini sakuTar meTodologias ganixilavs
`abstraqtul formalizmsa~ da `identurad abstraqtul ideologizms~ Soris
mijnis daZlevad. daZlevis sirTule mdgomareobs ZiriTadi postulatis
realizebis efeqturobaSi: Tu sityvas socialur fenomenad gaviazrebT, maSin
forma da Sinaarsi sityvis erT segmentSi moqceul mTlianobad warmogvidgeba.
diskursis socialurobis idea mWidrod ukavSirdeba Janris ideas. Sesabamisad,
Janri iZens socialur statuss, anu gvevlineba socialur struqturad, romelic
Seuqcevad damokidebulebaSia nebismier individualur talantTan. Janris
WeSmariti poetika baxtinisaTvis `mxolod Janris sociologiaa~ da nebismier
Janrs socialur da lingvistur struqturebs Soris transmisiur (gadamcem)
kavSirad ganixilavs. Janrs rogorc segments gansazRvravs misi mediatoruli
funqciis determinacia, romelic erTdroulad moicavs lingvistur da istoriul
ganzomilebebs. Sesabamisad, Janri baxtinis TeoriaSi `SemoqmedebiTi mexsierebis~
identuri cnebaa, romelic SemoqmedebiTad aireklavs mimdinare cvalebadobaTa
evoluciur process.
rusi formalistebis msgavsad, baxtini yuradRebas amaxvilebs romanis sityvis
Taviseburebaze da igi xelovnurad Seqmnil sistemad esaxeba, magram, gansxvavebiT
formalistebisagan, misi sistema eyrdnoba ara winaswar SemuSavebul sqemebs,
aramed _ cocxal enasa da frazeologias. romanis Janris upirveles
maxasiaTeblad baxtins cnobierebis mravalenovanebasTan dakavSirebuli da swored
romanis farglebSi realizebadi stilisturi samganzomilebianoba miaCnia.
`gansxvavebiT sxva didi Janrebisagan, _ wers baxtini, _ romani Camoyalibda da
ganviTarda Sinagani da garegani enobrivi mravalferovnebis gaaqtiurebis procesSi,
es romanis mSobliuri stiqiaa~ (baxtini 1986: 401). amrigad, romani, aris
sxvadasxva tipis socialuri metyvelebisa da individualur xmaTa xelovnurad
organizebuli mravalferovneba. baxtini ar gamijnavs sasaubro enis
mravalferovnebasa da enobriv mravalferovnebas da romani enebs Soris
warmoebuli dialogebis qsovilad warmoudgeba. amieridan romans veRar miviCnevT
adamianisa da sazogadoebis Sesaxeb SeTxzul martiv ambad, sazogadoebis sityvier
modelad. igi socialur fenebs Soris arsebul TanaxmierebaTa Tu uTanxmoebaTa
fundamentur struqturad gvevlineba.
cxadia, diskursuli planisadmi m. baxtinis yuradReba formalistebis
Txrobis sistemisa da sxvadasxva TxrobiTi modifikaciebisadmi (сказ) interesma
ganapiroba magram, gansxvavebiT formalistebisagan, bax