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Physics Formula Mechanics
Physics Formula Mechanics
Physics formulas from Mechanics, Waves, Optics, Heat and Motion in a straight line with constant a:
Thermodynamics, Electricity and Magnetism and Modern
Physics. Also includes the value of Physical Constants. Helps v = u + at, s = ut + 21 at2 , v 2 − u2 = 2as
in quick revision for CBSE, NEET, JEE Mains, and Advanced.
Relative Velocity: ~vA/B = ~vA − ~vB
0.1: Physical Constants
u sin θ
hc 1242 eV-nm H
x
Projectile Motion:
Gravitation constant G 6.67×10−11 m3 kg−1 s−2 θ
Boltzmann constant k 1.38 × 10−23 J/K O u cos θ
Molar gas constant R 8.314 J/(mol K) R
ı̂ mg
a × ~b
~ ~b
Cross product:
θ k̂ ̂
~
a
1.4: Work, Power and Energy
~a ×~b = (ay bz − az by )ı̂ + (az bx − ax bz )̂ + (ax by − ay bx )k̂ Work: W = F~ · S
~ = F S cos θ, W =
R
F~ · dS
~
~vav = ∆~r/∆t, ~vinst = d~r/dt Work done by conservative forces is path indepen-
dent and depends only on initial and final points:
~aav = ∆~v /∆t ~ainst = d~v /dt H
F~conservative · d~r = 0.
Work-energy theorem: W = ∆K
Mechanical energy: E = U + K. Conserved if forces are Rotation about an axis with constant α:
conservative in nature.
ω = ω0 + αt, θ = ωt + 21 αt2 , ω 2 − ω0 2 = 2αθ
Power Pav = ∆W
∆t , Pinst = F~ · ~v
mi ri 2 , r2 dm
P R
Moment of Inertia: I = i I=
1.5: Centre of Mass and Collision
P R
R xdm
2
Pxi mi ,
1
2 mr m(a +b )
2 2
Centre of mass: xcm = xcm = mr 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 mr 2
mi dm 2 mr 3 mr 5 mr 12 ml 12
b
a
CM of few useful configurations: ring disk shell sphere rod hollow solid rectangle
m1 r m2
1. m1 , m2 separated by r: C
m2 r m1 r Ik Ic
m1 +m2 m1 +m2 2
Theorem of Parallel Axes: Ik = Icm + md d
cm
h
2. Triangle (CM ≡ Centroid) yc = 3 h
C
h
3
z y
Theorem of Perp. Axes: Iz = Ix + Iy
2r
x
3. Semicircular ring: yc = π
C
2r
r π
p
Radius of Gyration: k = I/m
4r
4. Semicircular disc: yc = 3π C 4r
r ~ = ~r × p~, ~ = I~
3π Angular Momentum: L L ω
r y
5. Hemispherical shell: yc = 2 C r ~ P θ ~
r 2
Torque: ~τ = ~r × F~ , ~τ = dL
dt , τ = Iα F
~
r x
O
3r
6. Solid Hemisphere: yc = 8 C 3r
r 8 ~ ~τext = 0 =⇒ L ~ = const.
Conservation of L:
7. Cone: the height of CM from the base is h/4 for Equilibrium condition:
P~
F = ~0,
P
~τ = ~0
the solid cone and h/3 for the hollow cone.
Kinetic Energy: Krot = 12 Iω 2
Impulse: J~ = F~ dt = ∆~
R
p
1.7: Gravitation
Before collision After collision
Collision: m1 m2 m1 m2 m1 F F m2
Gravitational force: F = G mr1 m
2
2
v1 v2 v10 v20 r
Momentum conservation: m1 v1 +m2 v2 = m1 v10 +m2 v20
2
Elastic Collision: 12 m1 v1 2+ 12 m2 v2 2 = 12 m1 v10 + 12 m2 v20
2 Potential energy: U = − GMr m
Coefficient of restitution: GM
Gravitational acceleration: g = R2
−(v10 − v20 )
1, completely elastic
e= = h
v1 − v2 0, completely in-elastic Variation of g with depth: ginside ≈ g 1 − R
2h
Variation of g with height: goutside ≈ g 1 −
If v2 = 0 and m1 m2 then v10 = −v1 . R
ω
~ ~
A
~2
A
2
Superposition of two SHM’s: δ
mg mω R cos θ
mgθ0 = mg − mω 2 R cos2 θ ~1
A
θ
R
x1 = A1 sin ωt, x2 = A2 sin(ωt + δ)
x = x1 + x2 = A sin(ωt + )
q q
GM
Orbital velocity of satellite: vo = R A = A1 2 + A2 2 + 2A1 A2 cos δ
q A2 sin δ
Escape velocity: ve = 2GM tan =
R A1 + A2 cos δ
vo
Kepler’s laws: 1.9: Properties of Matter
a
F/A ∆P F
First: Elliptical orbit with sun at one of the focus. Modulus of rigidity: Y = ∆l/l , B = −V ∆V , η= Aθ
~
Second: Areal velocity is constant. (∵ dL/dt = 0). 1
2 3 2 4π 2 3 Compressibility: K = = − V1 dV
Third: T ∝ a . In circular orbit T = GM a . B dP
2S cos θ
Capillary rise: h = rρg
Kinetic energy K = 12 mv 2 K
x Buoyant force: FB = ρV g = Weight of displaced liquid
−A 0 A
Equation of continuity: A1 v1 = A2 v2 v2
v1
Total energy: E = U + K = 12 mω 2 A2
Bernoulli’s equation: p + 21 ρv 2 + ρgh = constant
√
q Torricelli’s theorem: vefflux = 2gh
l
Simple pendulum: T = 2π g l
dv
Viscous force: F = −ηA dx
q F
I
Physical Pendulum: T = 2π mgl Stoke’s law: F = 6πηrv
v
2r 2 (ρ−σ)g
Terminal velocity: vt = 9η
1 1 1
Springs in series: keq = k1 + k2
k1 k2