VIVEKANANDA INSTITUTE OF PROFESSIONAL STUDIES

DEPARTMENT OF JOURNALISM AND MASS COMMUNICATION

STILL PHOTOGRAPHY LAB

(SUBJECT CODE : 154)
SEMESTER - II

Submitted by : Naman Jain Submitted to : Ms.Akansha Jain

Enrollment no. : 09317702419

 SYLLABUS

1. Different shutter and aperture

2. Composition including perspective

3. Depth of Field

4. Basic Shots

5. Story through Photographs

6. Light Painting

7. Photo Diary
 1. Different shutter and aperture

• Shutter Speed - the length of time a camera shutter is open to expose

light into the camera sensor. Shutter speeds are typically measured in
fractions of a second, when they are under a second. Slow shutter speeds
allow more light into the camera sensor and are used for low-light and
night photography, while fast shutter speeds help to freeze motion.

EXAMPLES

Shutter Speed - 1/25

Shutter Speed - 1/250

Shutter Speed - 1/1000

• Aperture - a hole within a lens, through which light travels into the
camera body. The larger the hole, the more light passes to the camera
sensor. Aperture also controls the depth of field, which is the portion of a
scene that appears to be sharp. If the aperture is very small, the depth of
field is large, while if the aperture is large, the depth of field is small. In
photography, aperture is typically expressed in “f” numbers (also known
as “focal ratio”, since the f-number is the ratio of the diameter of the lens
aperture to the length of the lens). Examples of f-numbers are: f/1.4, f/2.0,
f/2.8, f/4.0, f/5.6, f/8.0.

EXAMPLES

Aperture

f/1.8
Aperture

f/6.3

Aperture

f/9
 2. Composition including perspective

• Rule of Thirds - In photography, the rule of thirds is a type of

composition in which an image is divided evenly into thirds, both
horizontally and vertically, and the subject of the image is placed at
the intersection of those dividing lines, or along one of the lines
itself.
• Radial Balance - Radial balance is any form of representation that
achieves a visual balance through circles. This is achieved where
parts of an object or picture are regularly arranged and radiate from
the central point. Cycle tyres, Star fish, human iris, snow flakes are
few examples.
• Frame within a frame - In photography, a frame within a frame is
when the photographer uses something within the scene in front of
them to frame the main subject. Therefore a second frame is created
within the image hence: a frame within a frame. Firstly it draws
attention to the subject helping to isolate it from any distraction and
clutter within the image. Secondly it can add depth and layers to an
otherwise flat and boring image. Finally a frame within a frame can
create mystery and intrigue within a photo resulting in the viewer
exploring the picture for longer.
• Symmetrical Balance - Symmetrical balance refers to balance that
is achieved by arranging elements on either side of the center of a
composition in an equally weighted manner. Symmetrical balance
can be thought of as 50/50 balance or like a mirror image.
Perspective - Perspective in photography is defined as the sense of depth or
spatial relationship between objects in a photo, along with their dimensions
with respect to what viewer of the image sees. By changing perspective,
subjects can appear much smaller or larger than normal, lines can converge
differently, and much more.
• Simplicity - Several methods can achieve simplicity in a photograph. The
most obvious (and easiest) is to place the subject against a neutral
background such as a backdrop or the sky. Backgrounds can be entirely
neutral, like a solid backdrop or a cloudless sky; or they can complement
the image, like a starfish on the sand
• Leading Lines - Leading lines refers to a technique of composition
where the viewer of your photos attention is drawn to lines that lead to the
main subject of the image. A leading line paves an easy path for the eye to
follow through different elements of a photo.
 3. Depth of Field

Depth Of Field (DOF) is the distance between the nearest and the farthest
objects that are in acceptably sharp focus in an image. The depth of field can be
calculated based on focal length, distance to subject, the acceptable circle of
confusion size, and aperture. A particular depth of field may be chosen for
technical or artistic purposes. Limitations of depth of field can sometimes be
overcome with various techniques/equipment.

There are 2 types of Depth of Field :-

• Deep Depth of Field - A deep depth of field is a larger area in focus, as it

keeps more of the image sharp and clear. It is sometimes referred to a
large depth of field. Because it has a larger field of view in focus, deep
depths of field are best for landscapes. In order to capture such sharpness,
a narrow aperture should be used
• Shallow Depth of Field - A shallow depth of field is the small or narrow
area in an image that is in focus. Often, the background is blurred while
only the subject stays in focus. ... If the camera is closer to the subject in
question, parts of the image will be blurred, resulting in a smaller depth of
field, or narrower area of focus.
 4. Basic Shots

• Established Shot - Used to show the subject from a distance, or the area
in which the scene is taking place. This type of shot is particularly useful
for establishing a scene in terms of time and place, as well as a character’s
physical or emotional relationship to the environment and elements
within it. The character doesn’t necessarily have to be viewable in this
shot.
• Long Shot - Shows the subject from top to bottom; for a person, this
would be head to toes, though not necessarily filling the frame. The
character becomes more of a focus than an Extreme Long Shot, but the
shot tends to still be dominated by the scenery. This shot often sets the
scene and our character’s place in it. This can also serve as an
Establishing Shot, in lieu of an Extreme Long Shot.
• 3/4 Shot(aka knee shot) - Intermediate between Full Shot and Medium
Shot. Shows subject from the knees up.
• Medium Shot/Waist Shot - Shows part of the subject in more detail. For
a person, a medium shot typically frames them from about waist up. This
is one of the most common shots seen in films, as it focuses on a
character (or characters) in a scene while still showing some environment.
• Loose Closup/Collar Shot - Falls between a Medium Shot and a Close-
Up, generally framing the subject from chest or shoulder up.
• Close-Up - Fills the screen with part of the subject, such as a person’s
head/face. Framed this tightly, the emotions and reaction of a character
dominate the scene.
• Tight Close Up - A variant of a Close-Up, this shot frames the subject’s
face from above the eyebrows to below the mouth
5. Story through Photographs
 6. Light Painting

• Light painting is a genre of photography that has been growing in stature

for several years. What was once the reserve of a small band of night
photographers is now a style of image-making saturated with artists
looking to make their mark through stunning and vivid streaks of light set
against pitch-black environments.

• ‘Quite simply, light painting is a technique used in long exposure

photography where you can use artificial light sources to illuminate a
scene, or to create new elements within the image,.‘First and foremost,
it’s visually spectacular. It’s unlike anything one could see with the naked
eye. Your only limitation really is your imagination.
Example