INIS HY Oofc

MY97008
PROCEEDINGS

NATIONAL EXECUTIVE
MANAGEMENT SEMINAR ON
SURFACE FINISHING BY
RADIATION CURING
TECHNOLOGY
7 September, 1993,
KUALA LUMPUR
RADIATION CURING FOR BETTER FINISHING
Organized by

Unit Tenaga Nuklear (UTN)

Japan International Co-operation Agency (JICA)
and
International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)
 SEMINAR
KUALA LUMPUR ,
7 SEPT. 1993

No. i % IppA
1 . i.. i N. • ■ ~>3
 National Executive Management Seminar on Surface Finishing by Radiation

Curing Technology.

Contents Page /No.

Preface i

Secretariat * ii

List of lecturers ii

List of participants iv

Opening remarks by Y.B. Datuk Law Hieng Ding, xvi

Minister of Science Technology & the Environment

Speech by Mr. Junsako Koizumi Resident Representative xx

of JICA in Malaysia

Welcoming address by Dr. Ahmad Sobri Haji Hashim, xxii

Director General, Unit Tenaga Nuklear

Incentive in the Manufacturing Industry 1

Trends and prospect of Surface Finishing 2

by Radiation Curing Technology in Malaysia

Industrial Application of Radiation Curing 3

Radiation Curable Paint 4

UV/EB Curing of Coatings of Wood Based Substrates 5

Techno-Economic Benefits of Radiation Curing: 6

Some Comparison Studies
 PREFACE

The technology of surface finishing by electron beam and ultraviolet light has been in existence
on commercial scale since 1960's in the United States and Germany. The rapid development and
acceptance of this technology by industrial sector are due to its advantages over conventional
techniques involving the use of heat. The advantages of surface finishing by the radiation
curing technology include energy and space saving, high gloss and room temperature curing
process.

At present, it is estimated that more than 100 units of low energy electron accelerators and
thousands units of UV curing systems are being used worldwide in the manufacturing sector for
the curing or hardening of thin layers of polymer systems, films and coatings on plastics, wood,
metal and paper.

Realising the potential of this technology to the local manufacturing sector, one day seminar
and two days workshop were held from 7th to 9th September 1993 in Kuala Lumpur And
Bangi, respectively. The first seminar on radiation curing was held for three days in December
1986 in Kuala Lumpur.

The seminar and workshop were organised with the following objectives

i. To introduce and promote the use of radiation curing technology for surface
finishing.

ii. To highlight the current status and progress of the industrial applications of
radiation curing technology for surface finishing.

iii. To provide a forum for exchange of ideas and interactions between scientists,
technologists and industrialists involved in this field.

iv. To identify areas for research cooperation.

v. To provide the basic knowledge and skill to the participants in the field of
radiation curing technology for surface finishing through practical exercises and
demonstrations.

vi. To disseminate information on R & D results carried out at UTN.

These proceedings contain the programme of the seminar and workshop, the opening remarks
and lecture notes. It is hoped that with the publication of the proceedings, more benefits will be
reaped by researchers, technologists and industrialists engaged in this business.

Secretariat
MEM Seminar and Workshop on Surface
Finishing by Radiation Curing Technology

r
Organising Committee

Dr. Nahrul Khair Along Md. Rashid-Chairman

Dr. Khairul Zaman Hj. Mohd. Dahlan-Secretary
DahlanHj. Mohd.
Ibcrahim Ali
Aziz Mohamad
Y.M. Raja Aziz Raja Azlan
Hasnah Asma Md. Masbah
K. Yoshida
M. Yoshimizu

Technical Committee

Dr. Khairul Zaman Hj. Mohd. Dahlan-Chairman

Dahlan Hj. Mohd.-Secretary
Mohd. Hilmi Mahmood
Nik Ghazali Nik Salleh
Abdul Ghani Harun
T. Sasaki

List of Lecturers

1. Ahmad Hj. Mohd. Sharkan

Malaysia Industrial Development Authority (MIDA),
Tingkat 5, Plaza Pekeliling,
Jalan Tun Razak,
50400 Kuala Lumpur,
Malaysia.

Tel: 03-4423658/683

2. Dr Khairul Zaman Hj. Mohd. Dahlan

Unit Tenaga Nuklear (UTN),
Ministry Of Science, Technology & Environment,
Kompleks PUSPATI, Bangi,
43000 Kajang,
Malaysia.

Tel: 03-8250510
Fax: 60-03-8258262

n
3. T. Sasaki
Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute (JAERj),
1233, Watanuki-machi,
Takasaki Gunma,
370-12 Japan.

Tel: 0273-46-9215
Fax: 0273-46-9690

4. Jean-Pieire Ravijst
UCB Representative Office,
Orchard Road 390,
Palais Renaissance # 09-03,
Singapore.

Tel: (65)7350949
Fax: (65)7350946

5. M. Kawazoe
Chogoku-Marine Paints Co.,
Lino Building, 2-1-1, Uchisawai-cho,
Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo,
Japan.

Tel: (03)5065861/2
Telex. 232812

6. Donald French
Universal Woods Inc.,
2600, Grassland Drive, Lousville,
KY 40299
USA

Tel: 502-491-1461
Fax. 502-491-1410

in
List of Participants

1. Edward K. F. Low Wmchem (Malaysia) Sdn. Bhd.

No 2, Solok Perusahaan 4,
Kawasan MEIL,
13600 Seberang Prai

Tel: 04-308318/242
Fax: 04-396989

2. Yeap Siew Kian Winchem (Malaysia) Sdn. Bhd

No 2, Solok Perusahaan 4,
Kawasan MEIL,
13600 Seberang Prai.

Tel: 04-308318/242
Fax: 04-396989

3. Choo Chok Heng Wmchem (Malaysia) Sdn Bhd.

No. 2, Solok Perusahaan 4,
Kawasan MEIL,
13600 Seberang Prai.

Tel: 04-308318/242
Fax: 04-396989

4. Omar Ab Razak General Lumber Furniture Sdn. Bhd.

Lot 1830, Jalan Kem,
Off Jalan Telok Gong,
P.O. Box 17,
42000 Pendamaran Ind. Estate,
Pelabohan Klang.

Tel. 03-3675111
Fax 03-3672667

5. Tan Choon Huang Synthese (M) Sdn.Bhd.

Lot 7, Tangga Batu Ind,
76400 Tanjung Keling
Melaka.

Tel: 06-512801/2/3
Fax: 06-512805
IV
6. Louise Lok Revertex Finewaters Sdn. Bhd.
Lot 6394 Off Sg. Rasa,
Industrial Area,
41300 Melaka.

Tel: 06-3428623
Fax: 06-3420657

7. Low Kok Hua Royalton Coating Sdn. Bhd.

No. 27 & 28, Jin. Sending 58,
Taman Klang Jaya,
41200 Klang,
Selangor.

Tel: 03-3922201/2793
Fax: 03-3922522

8 Mahsuri Mat Dris Malaysia Timber Industry Board (MT1B)

Block C, 2nd Floor,
Anjung Felda,
P.O. Box 10887,
50728 Kuala Lumpur.

Tel: 03-2926233
Fax: 03-2929254

9. Jeffrey Wong Borden Chemical (M) Sdn. Bhd.

27th Floor, Menara Tun Razak,
Jalan Raja Laut,
50350 Kuala Lumpur.

Tel: 03-2934749
Fax. 03-2938107

10. SusumuUchida Ushio Singapore Pte Ltd.

4, Shenton Way,
#06-04/05 Shing Kwan House,
Singapore 0106.

Tel: 2250595
Fax: (65)2255124

V
11. Tan Shin Tiam Takeuchi M.D.F. Sdn. Bhd
111/2 Miles, Jalan Masai,
81760 Masai,
Johor.

Tel: 07-614980
Fax. 07-514979

12. Koay Soon Bin DPI Sdn. Bhd.

P.O. Box 80,
84007 Muar,
Johor.

Tel: 06-922854
Fax: 06-913534

13. Khairul Azmi A Ghaffar The Malaysian Timber Industry Development

Council.
9B, 9th Floor, Bangunan Arab Malaysian,
55, Jalan Raja Chulan,
50200 Kuala Lumpur.

Tel: 03-2323444
Fax: 03-2386376

14 Mohd Hakim Mohd Nor Matsutshita Electric Co., (M) Bhd

No. 3, Jalan Sesiku 15/2,
Shah Alam Industrial Site,
40000 Shah Alam.

Tel: 03-5591010/9
Fax. 03-5591967

15 M. Anuwar Matsutshita Electric Co., (M) Bhd.

No. 3, Jalan Sesiku 15/2,
Shah Alam Industrial Site,
40000 Shah Alam.

Tel: 03-5591010/9
Fax: 03-5501967

VI
16. Ahmad Mahidin Matsutshita Electric Co., (M) Bhd.
No. 3, Jalan Sesiku 15/2,
Shah Alam Industrial Site,
40000 Shah Alam.

Tel 03-5591010/9
Fax: 03-5501967

17. Zahamail Omar Ibu Pejabat Perhutanan Semenanjung

Malaysia.
Jalan Sultan Salahuddm,
50660 Kuala Lumpur.

Tel: 03-2988244
Fax: 603-2925657

18 SiauKimFook KAYA Furniture Sdn. Bhd

Lot 117A&107,
Kawasan Perusahaan Senawang,
70450 Seremban.

Tel 06-772133
Fax 06-778018

19 Hoc Hee Kung Diethelm Malaysia Sdn Bhd

74, Jalan University,
46200 Petaling Jaya,
Selangor.

Tel: 03-7552322
Fax: 03-7559427

20 Chai Sien Theng Diethelm Malaysia Sdn. Bhd.

74, Jalan University,
46200 Petaling Jaya,
Selangor.

Tel: 03-75523
Fax: 03-7559427
21. Chew Earn Hor Ciba Geigy Sea (Pte) Ltd. Singapore.
No. 4, Fourth Lok Yang Road,
Singapore 2262.

Tel: 2653622
Fax: 6638394

22. Mario S. Casco Bauhinia Klintens Paints and Chemical (M)

Sdn. Bhd.
No. 73, Jalan SS25/32, Taman Mayang,
47301 Petaling Jaya,
Selangor.

Tel: 03-7039798/9625
Fax: 03-7039995

23. Goh Ban Gee Bauhinia Klintens Paints and Chemical (M)
Sdn. Bhd.
No 73, Jalan SS25/32, Taman Mayang,
47301 Petaling Jaya,
Selangor.

Tel: 03-7039798/9625
Fax. 03-7039995

24 Ahmad Hashimy Halimy Revertex (Malaysia) Sdn Bhd

K.B. 508,
86009 Kluang,
Johor

Tel: 07-731000
Fax: 07-724669

25 Lok Chan Hong Revertex (Malaysia) Sdn. Bhd.

K B. 508,
86009 Kluang,
Johor

Tel: 07-731000
Fax: 07-724669
26 Freddy Chiu Syncoates (M) Sdn. Bhd.
Lot 500, Jalan Perusahaan 3,
Bandar Barn Sungai Buloh,
47000 Sungai Buloh.

Tel: 03-6562258/2259
Fax: 03-6561733

27 Daniel Lim Kee Hoo Toyochem Sdn Bhd

10, Jalan Pengapit (15/19),
Section 15,
40000 Shah Alam,
Selangor.

Tel: 03-5509606
Fax: 03-5508822

28. Priscilla Seow Yit Huey Toyochem Sdn. Bhd.

10, Jalan Pengapit (15/19),
Section 15,
40000 Shah Alam,
Selangor.

Tel: 03-5509606
Fax: 03-5508822

29. Zahari Md Yassin Furniture Industrial Technology Center

FITEC (MARA).
Off Km 13, Jalan Batu Caves.
68100 Batu Caves,
Kuala Lumpur

Tel: 03-2915377
Fax: 03-2913620

30. Goh Kong Tay EXO Coatings (M) Sdn Bhd

4547, Jalan Permatang Pauh,
13400 Butterworth.

Tel: 04-318312
Fax: 04-318312

IX
31. Neo Khoon Seng Spectra Chemicals (M) Sdn. BHd.
28th Floor, UBN Tower,
10, Jalan P. Ramlee,
P.O Box 65, 50250 Kuala Lumpur.

Tel: 03-2328809
Fax. 03-7338268

32. Lam Seng Chow Seawards (M) Sdn Bhd.

44, Lorong Rahim Kajai 14,
Taman Tun Dr, Ismail,
60000 Kuala Lumpur

Tel: 03-7189629/9630
Fax: 03-7175845

33. Prof Madya Dr RN Kumar School of Industrial Technology,

University Science Malaysia,
11800 Minden, Pulau Pinang.

Tel: 04-877888
Fax 04-873678

34. Vicki Lim Lee Tenco Bhd.

Lot 5, Jalan Pelabur 23/1
40000 Shah Alam.

Tel: 03-5410612
Fax: 03-5410132

35. Manogran Velio General Lumber Furniture Sdn. Bhd.

Lot 1830, Jalan Kern,
Off Jalan Telok Gong,
P.O. Box 17,
42000 Pendamaran Ind Estate,
Pelabohan Klang.

Tel: 03-3675111
Fax: 3672667

X
36 Eugene Tan Danchem Sdn. Bhd.
22, First Floor, SS5A/9,
Taman Kelana Jaya,
47301 Petaling Jaya.

Tel: 03-7758858/888
Fax: 03-7742596

37. Ng Kay Yip Maran Road Sawmill Sdn. Bhd.

Unit 2103, 21st Floor,
Wisma Hamzah Kwong Ring,
No 1, Leboh Am pang,
50100 Kuala Lumpur

Tel: 03-230007
Telex: MARS MA 31378

38. Koo Siew Chee Revertex Finewaters Sdn. Bhd.

Lot 6394 Off Sg. Rasa,
Industrial Area,
41300 Melaka.

Tel: 06-3428623
Fax: 06-3420657

39. Mohamad Hazani Hassan Malaysia Technology Development

Corporation (MTDC).
3rd Floor, RHB 1,
424, Jalan Tun Razak,
50400 Kuala Lumpur

Tel: 03-9826268
Fax: 60-3-9826289

40 Loo Chee Kin KAY A Furniture Sdn Bhd.

Lot 117A& 107,
Kawasan Perusahaan Senawang,
70450 Seremban.

Tel: 06-772133
Fax: 06-778018

XI
41. Ahmad Sabri Ab. Kazak Uniphoenix Energy Resources Sdn. Bhd.
The Penthouse, Menara Haw Par,
Jalan Sultan Ismail,
50250 Kuala Lumpur.

Tel: 03-2321927
Fax: 03-2329906

42. Chew Khim Tern Polycure(M) Sdn Bhd.

Lot 431, Jalan Perusahaan 2,
Bandar Sungai Buloh,
Selangor

Tel: 03-6563829/4468
Fax: 03-6565458

43. Loh Siew Hong Polycure(M) Sdn. Bhd

Lot 431, Jalan Perusahaan 2,
Bandar Sungai Buloh,
Selangor.

Tel: 03-6563829/4468
Fax: 03-6565458

44. Peter Gorden Mirotone(M) Sdn Bhd.

Lot 9846E, 8 1/2 m/s,
Jalan Kempas Lama, Kampong Maju Jaya,
81300 Skudai,
Johor.

Tel: 07-576452/454
Fax: 07-567386

45. P C. Loh Mirotone(M) Sdn. Bhd.

Lot 9846E, 8 1/2 m/s,
Jalan Kempas Lama, Kampong Maju Jaya,
81300 Skudai,
Johor.

Tel: 07-576452/454
Fax 07-567386
46. Lee Choon Kce SM Unispa Sdn Bhd
5, Jalan Merak 2,
Taman Sri Jeram 2,
84200 Bakn,
Muar, Johor.

Tel 011-322934
Fax: 06-328343

47. Tan Juoi Chong Royal Selangor International Sdn. Bhd.

P O. Box 10015,
50700 Kuala Lumpur

Tel: 03-4221000
Fax: 03-4223000

48. Phang Suck Ting Toyo Ink Sdn. Bhd.

Lot 8246, Jalan 225,
46100 Petaling Jaya,
Selangor.

Tel 03-7557100
Fax: 03-7573685

49. Shakn Mat Saman Forest Research Institute Of Malaysia,

Jalan FRI, Kepong,
52109 Kuala Lumpur.

Tel 03-6342633/2825
Fax: 60-3-6367753

50 Daniel Ltm Sartomer Co. Inc

331 North Bridge Rd. # 22-02,
Odean Tower, Singapore.

51 Donald French Universal Woods Inc

2600, Grassland Drive, Lousville,
KY 40299
USA

Tel 502-491-1461
Fax: 502-491-1410

xiii
52. Jean-Pierre Ravijst UCB
Orchard Road 390,
Palais Renaissance # 09-03,
0923 Singapore.

Tel: (65)7350949
Fax: (65)7350946

53 M Kawazoe Chogoku Manne Paints.(Japan),

Lino Building, 2-1-1, Uchisawai-cho,
Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo,
Japan.

Tel: (03)5065861/2
Telex: 232812

54 T Sasaki Japan Atomic Energy Research

Institute(JAERI).
1233, Watanaki-machi, Takasaki Gunma,
370-12, Japan.

Tel: 0273-46-9215
Fax: 0273-46-9690

55 Dr Nahrul Khair Alang Md Rashid Unit Tenaga Nuklear (UTN).

Ministry of Science,
Technology & Environment,
Kompleks PUSPATL Bangi,
43000 Kajang,
Selangor.

Tel: 03-8250510
Fax: 60-03-8258262

56 Dr Khairul Zaman Hj. Mohd. Dahl an UTN

57. Dahl an Hj Mohd UTN

58 Mohd Hilmi Mahmood UTN

59. Nik Gnazali Nik Salleh UTN

60 Mek Zah Salleh UTN

61. Abd Ghani Harun UTN

xiv
62. Rosnah Janor UTN

63. AdnanHj. Khalid UTN

64. Ahmad Puat Jais UTN

65 Aziz Mohamad UTN

66 Dr. K. Yoshida JICA Project Leader, UTN

67 M. Yoshimizu JICA Coordinator, UTN

XV
 ADDRESS BY YB DATUK LAW fflENG DING,
MINISTER OF SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY & THE ENVIRONMENT
AT THE OFFICIAL OPENING
OF
THE NATIONAL EXECUTIVE MANAGEMENT SEMINAR
ON
SURFACE FINISHING BY RADIATION CURING TECHNOLOGY,
AT EQUATORIAL HOTEL, KUALA LUMPUR,
7 SEPTEMBER 1993

Y.Bhg. Tan Sri, Datuk - Datuk, Perwakilan Tetap JICA Kctua Pengarah UTN, Tctamu
Jemputan, Tuan - Tuan dan Puan - Puan.

Saya mengucapkan setinggi-tinggi tcnma kasih dialas penghargaan yang telah dibcrikan
kcpada saya untuk merasmikan Seminar Pengurusan Eksekutif Kebangsaan mcngenai
Kemasiapan Permukaan Dengan Menggunakan Teknologi Pcmulihan Sinaran yang
bertemakan 'RADIATION CURING FOR BETTER FINISHING' pada pagi ini. Saya juga
mengucapkan selamat datang kepada semua peserta, pakar-pakar dan Jepun, USA dan
Belgium.

Ladies and Gentlemen,

First of all, let me on behalf of the Government of Malaysia, to express our gratitute to the
Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) for their support and contribution to the
radiation application project in Malaysia under the bilateral technical cooperation programme
between Unit Tenaga Nuklear (UTN) and JICA As I understand, this seminar is part of the
activity of the UTN-JICA bilateral technical cooperation programme and jointly organised by
the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). In this regard, I wish also to extend my
appreciation to the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and to the UCB Co. of the
Representative Office in Singapore, who support this activity by providing speakers.

The UTN-JICA Technical Cooperation Programme on Radiation Application Project

commenced in 1989 for a period of 5 years. By July 1994, this project will come to an end. I
am happy to note that UTN and JICA have been working very hard to ensure the successful
implementation of this project. Through this kind of cooperation, transfer of technology can
be done more effectively and we should learn as much as possible from this new technology.
xvi
The two electron beam accelerators donated by JICA to UTN are the first of their kind in
Malaysia and we assure you that UTN is utilising the accelerators to the fullest extend
possible for R & D. Ultimately, I would advise that any process and product coming out of
the R & D should be transfered to industry without delay. The government on the the hand
will give full support for the commercialisation of R & D results.

In the Six Malaysian Plan (1991 -1995) the government has allocated RM600 million for R
& D under ERPA Programme. This is an increase of 45.2% from the Fifth Malaysian Plan
(1985 - 1990) allocation. However, the contribution of the private sector to the national R &
D effort is abysmally low, about 20 % of the total. In this regard, I would also like to
encourage the private sector to support R Sc D carried out by the government research
institutions such as the UTN. To further develop indigenous science and technology
capabilities, the government has identified five new and emerging technologies. They are
advanced manufacturing technology, advanced materials, biotechnology, electronics and
information technology. Additional RM80.0 million has been allocated for the
implementation of the recommendations of the Action Plan, Industrial Technology
Development (APITD) in these areas.

Ladies and gentlemen,

This seminar is organised at a right time as the project approach its final year. Radiation
curing using ultraviolet irradiation and electron beam is already being used in several
industrial sectors in other countries. There are more than 300 units of low energy electron
beam machines and thousands of ultraviolet irradiators in operation world wide. For surface
finishing, there are already selfshielded type electron beam machines with energy between
150 - 350 keV available in the market. In other words, radiation technology is commercially
available, the benefits of which the Malaysian industry is yet to tap Surface finishing by
radiation curing has been proven to have several advantages over the conventional curing
using heat or air dried. Radiation curing is a faster process, gives higher efficiency, is
environmental friendly-no release of solvent to the atmosphere and produce higher quality
products. Since radiation curing is a non- thermal process, coatings of plastic and paper are
possible. It can also be implemented on-line. Given the world trends and advantages of
radiation curing technology, Malaysia should not be left behind if we want to be competitive
in the world market.

xvu
Surface finishing is the final touch in a processing of surface of product which has the
elements of value added, quality and efficiency. The theme of this seminar 'RADIATION
CURING FOR" BETTER FINISHING' reflects the importance and advantages of radiation
curing technology for surface finishing. Radiation can be used to cure polymeric materials
coated on various kinds of surface. The purposes of applying coating on the surface of
product are for protection of the surface, improving the properties of the product surface such
as chemical resistance, scratch and abrasion resistance, adding value to the product, for
improving the appearance of the surface (glossy or matt) and for other specific used.
Currently, the industrial applications of radiation curing are for curing of coatings of
parquets, cement boards, chipboard, particle board, table top, steel plate, plastic, paper,
magnetic tape etc, curing of printing inks for papers, magazines, printed can and bottles etc,
curing of adhesive for binder and laminated products, curing of photoresists in the
manufacture of printed circuit boards, curing of conformal coatings used to protect delicate
electronic parts and curing of coatings of the optical fibers for communications.

For Malaysia, there is a great potential for the applications of this technology in wood based
industry. Timber and wood based industry is still remain as one of the important processing
industry in Malaysia with the export value amounting to RM9.3 thousand million in 1991
and RM10.4 thousand million in 1992. However, 85.8% of this export value in 1991 and
82.03% in 1992 were from logs, swantimber and plywoods. There was a decreased in export
of logs and an increased in export of swantimber, plywoods and other wood products such as
veneer, moulding, chipboard and furniture It is a government desire to see more down
streams activities in this industrial sector with products of high quality and value added. This
is where radiation curing technology can contribute to enhance and upgrade wood based
products such as parquet, medium density fibre board, door panel, table top etc. with better
finishing.

The applications of radiation curing on non-wood products such as in printing and packaging
industry, electronic, coatings of steel, magnetic tapes, plastic etc. are another areas need to be
exploited. The efforts taken by UTN in developing the technology to our need and in
promoting such technology are commendable. I am glad to note that the UTN is
alsodeveloping resins from indigenous materials such as palm oil and natural rubber suitable
for radiation curing This research deserves support not only from the government but also
from the private sector. The production of such resins using local materials would bring down
the cost of resins while helping to diversify the uses of our resources such as rubber and
palm oil. The result of this R & D, if implemented in a commercial scale should give direct
impact on our economy and upgrade the level of our chemical industry.
xviii
Following this seminar, a two day workshop on the same topic, Surface Finishing by
Radiation Curing Technology will be held at UTN's laboratories in Bangi. Participants will
be provided first hand experience on the actual process involved in surface finishing by
radiation curing technology I hope you take full advantages of this activity for the future of
your business opportunities.

Ladies and gentlemen,

Beside listening and gathering information on the radiation curing technology from the
experts, I believe this is a good forum for exchange of ideas and for close interactions
between scientists, technologists and industrialists from various research institutions and
industries. All of you gather here on the same ground with common and mutual interest. We
should used this forum to find ways and means to enhance the cooperation between us,
research institutions and private sectors as we move towards the realisation of the vision of
the year 2020. As any other government research institution, UTN welcome any private sector
which would like to tap the expertise and facilitise available for R & D. Now it is up to the
private sector to make full use of the opportunity. With this note, I wish you a successful and
fruitful deliberations and I officially open this seminar.

Thank you.

xix
 SPEECH BY MR JUNSAKU KOIZUMI
RESIDENT REPRESENTATIVE OF JICA IN MALAYSIA
AT
"NATIONAL EXECUTIVE MANAGEMENT SEMINAR AND WORKSHOP
ON SURFACE FINISHING BYRADIATION CURING TECHNOLOGY"
SEPT. 7 TO 9,1993

Yang Berhormat Datuk Law Hieng Ding, Minister Of Science, Technology and Environment, Dr.
AhmacJ Sobri B. Haji Ismail, Director General of the Nuclear Energy Unit, Distinguished
Lecturers, Participants and Honoured Guests, Ladies and Gentlemen.

It is my great pleasure, as Resident Representative of the Japan International Cooperation Agency

(JICA) in Malaysia, to deliver a short speech on this auspicious opening of the "National
Executive Management and Workshop on Surface Finishing by Radiation Curing Technology",
held in collaboration with the Government of Malaysia, and the International Atomic Energy
Agency (IAEA).

First of all, on behalf of JICA I would like to express my sincere appreciation to all the parties
concerned, especially the Nuclear Energy Unit (UTN), the Ministry of Science, Technology and
Environment, and the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), who so very kindly extended
their valuable assistance and co-operation to enable us to hold this seminar and workshop. I
would like to thank also the lecturers who have come all the way from the United States, Japan
and Singapore to share with us their expert!es

JICA is very honoured to be involved in contributing towards the sponsorship of this important
seminar.

As you know, the Radiation Application Project was started in 1989 as the first bilateral
cooperation project in the field of radiation processing under the Japanese Government technical
cooperation program through JICA This project, established in line with the Malaysian
Government's policy to promote Science and Technology, is essential to Malaysia's overall socio­
economic advancement, and thus it has been given full support to ensure its successful
implementation.

Towards this end, JICA has been extending various forms of assistance, such as despatch of
Japanese advisors and researchers, and acceptance of Malaysian counterparts for training in
Japan. JICA has also assists to complete two buildings in the Dengkil Complex in order to
accomodate the technical equipments provided by JICA

xx
Assignment of the counterparts and their performance also show the very positive research
activities by UTN to the project. I am sure that the contribution and collaboration by both JICA
and UTN will continue and produce a significant result.

As you may know, seminar is one of the most effective way in learning new ideas or enhancing
one's understanding in certain fields Hopefully, this particular seminar will bring to you the most
recent knowledge of surface finishing by Radiation Curing Technology.

For this purpose, overseas expert, together with some Singaporeans, and Malaysian
professionals, will deliver lectures to-day and to participate in the next two days workshop.

In this respect, please feel free to discuss and to give your comments and suggestions to the
lecturers. Your inputs will enable us to contribute to the JICAZUTN cooperation project more
meaningfully and effectively.

Ladies and gentlemen, the Government of Japan is fully committed to technical cooperation, and
we would continue to cooperate in the most positive ways. I would like to assure you that Japan
will continue to be a good cooperative partner to Malaysia. It is my sincere hope that Malaysia
continue to grow and prosper in the years ahead, just like the present relationship that exist
between our two countries.

I hope this seminar and workshop will offer another opportunity for all of you. to learn and to
enhance your knowledge on surface finishing by radiation technology.

I wish all of you a most fruitful seminar.

Thank you.

xxi
 WELCOMING ADDRESS BY DR AHMAD SOBRI HAJI HASfflM,
DIRECTOR GENERAL, UNIT TENAGA NUKLEAR
AT THE OFFICIAL OPENING
OF
THE NATIONAL EXECUTIVE MANAGEMENT SEMINAR
ON
SURFACE FINISHING BY RADIATION CURING TECHNOLOGY,
AT EQUATORIAL HOTEL, KUALA LUMPUR
7 SEPTEMBER 1993

Y.B. Datuk Law Hieng Ding, Menteri Sains, Teknologi dan Alam Sekitar, Y.Bhg. En. V.
Danabalan, Ketua Setiausaha, Kementenan Sains, Teknologi dan Alam Sekitar, Y. Bhg.
Datuk-Datuk, Ketua Perwakilan Tetap JICA, En. Junsaku Kuizomi, Ketua-Ketua Jabatan dan
wakil-wakil, pakar-pakar jemputan, perserta-peserta seminar, tuan-tuan dan puan-puan.

On behalf of the organising committee, I welcome all of you to this seminar entitled
SURFACE FINISHING BY RADIATION CURING TECHNOLOGY'. In our efforts to
harness the benefits of the atoms, Unit Tenaga Nuklear has embarked on several research
programmes one of which is the applications of radiation processing. Radiation processing is
a simple process inwhich radiation is used to induce chemical or biological changes in
materials. This leads to modification of properties of the materials or elimination of
microorganisms. Radiation processing is now widely used in industry in many developed
countries to produce new materials and products. The process has also become an alternative
to many existing conventional processes. Some of the industrial applications of radiation
processing are radiation crosslinking of wire and cable insulation, hot water tubing, heat
shrinkable film and tubing and plastic moulded products, sterilization of medical products;
improvement of green strength of tyres; vulcanization of natural rubber latex; treatment of
waste and curing of surface finishing. All of these applications have great potential to be
applied in Malaysian industries. Concerted efforts must be taken by research institutions and
industry to carryout R & D in these areas and to accept technological changes in order to be
innovative and more competetives.

To enhance R & D, UTN adopts an open policy. Scientific development and knowledge
recognise no boundry. With a current speed of technological changes taking place in the
world, cooperation between scientists, technologists and industrialists at the national and
international level is a must and is a prerequisite for an economic development of a nation
Recognising this, UTN is developing several cooperations with various organisations locally
and internationally. One such cooperation is between UTN and Japan International
Cooperation Agency (JICA) on Radiation Applications Project which was concluded in 1989
for a period of 5 years. Through this cooperation, our research capabilities have increased
tremendously and the facilities provided are being utilised to the fullest extend possible In
addition, our long standing cooperation with the International Atomic Energy Agency has a
positive impact in our nuclear technology programme as a whole.

XXII
Ladies and gentlemen.

The knowledge and technology we received through bilateral and multilateral cooperation
would be meaningless if the local industry cannot benefit from it. The transfer of such
technology to industry is our ultimate objective. I encourage companies to cultivate R & D
culture in their organisations inorder to be able to adapt and adopt new technology. UTN is
ever willing to assist and colloborate with industry in R & D in the areas of mutual interest.
In this connection, UT%! is currently working closely with the Malaysian Technology
Development Cooperation (MTDC) to commercialise its research findings.

Ladies and gentlemen,

I am happy to note that the response from industry to this seminar is overwhelming compared
to the one which was held in 1986. I understand there are participants from Singapore
attending this seminar and we also has one speaker from UCB Office in Singapore. To date,
there are already many UV machines installed by local companies in particular in the
electronic industry, printing and packaging industry and some in the coatings industry.
However, the utilisation of this technology is still considered low and in some areas it is still
untapped. Therefore, a seminar of this nature which brings together the expertises locally and
internationally, and the encouraging participations of various industries such as chemicals,
electronics and wood-based should be organised regularly. In Japan for examples, the
conference on radiation curing technology is organised biennially by an association called
RadTech Japan. Similarly, in Europe there is RadTech Europe and in North America, it is
called RadTech North America. These associations organise regular conference/seminar on
radiation curing technology for dissemination of technological informations, business
interaction and so forth. I believe, this is a good activity and programme which Malaysia
could emulate.

The radiation curing technology involves coating of radiation curable materials using various
types of coating machines and curing of the coated products using UV or electron beam
machine. Ultraviolet curing machine is available in the market at a reasonable price. Electron
beam system, however, more expensive, about three or five times the price of UV system
Nevertheless, electron beam machine is versatile and high throughput. For radiation curable
materials, I am pleased to inform you that UTN has developed new oligomers based on palm
oils and natural rubber. R & D has being carried out to produce epoxidised palm oil
product acrylate (EPOPA) and liquid epoxidised natural rubber acrylate (LENRA). Intensive
research is now being carried out to expand the applications of such materials. It is observed
that with the addition of appropriate amount of commercial oligomer or the monomer, both
EPOPA and LENRA can be used as radiation curable coatings on wood substrates. Other
potential applications of EPOPA such as radiation curable filler and presure sensitive
adhesive are being studied.

xxm
Ladies and gentlemen,

In this seminar to day, you will have the opportunity to listen and share experience with
knowledgeable speakers on the various aspects of radiation curing technology. A two-day
workshop is also organised and will commence tomorrow for the benefit of participants who
are interested to obtain more detail knowledge about the technology and chemistry of
radiation curing. I am sure this seminar will be of benefit to you and we will work together to
ensure radiation curing technology become a common feature in our industry in the near
future.

Thank You.
 #1

INCENTIVE IN THE
MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY
 "INCENTIVES FOR INVESTMENT
IN THE MANUFACTURING SECTOR"
BY
AH4AD HAJI MOHD SHARKAN
DEEUTY DIRECTOR
ENGINEERING INDUSTRIES DIVISION
MALAYSIAN INDUSTRIAL DEVELOMENT AUTHORITY (MIDA)

The Government actively promotes investment in the manufacturing sector in

the country. To assist investors, a range of tax incentives and facilities

are provided. The principal tax incentives are contained in the Promotion

of Investments Act, 1986 and the Income Tax Act, 1967. Basically the tax

incentives can be classified into two main categories:

A. General Incentives

The general incentives provided by Government to promote investments in

the manufacturing sector are the Pioneer Status, Investment Tax

Allowance and Reinvestment Allowance.

B. Special Incentives

In addition to the general incentives, special incentives are also

provided by Government to promote certain specific objectives e.g.

exports, small-scale industries, research and - development, training,

industrial adjustment and storage/treatment /disposal of toxic and

hazardous waste.

fI
A. GENERAL INCENTIVES

(1) Pioneer Status

Pioneer Status (PS) has been the principal tax incentive for many

investors in the manufacturing sector. This incentive is

beneficial manufacturing companies that generates profit in the

early years of their production operations.

A company granted the PS will be exempted from paying corporate

income tax on 70% of statutory income for 5 years. The tax relief

period commences from the production date as determined by the

Minister of International Trade and Industry and stated on the

pioneer certificate issued to the pioneer company. Under this

incentive, pioneer companies will in effect be paying an

equivalent of 10.2% corporate tax instead of the present 34%.

(2) Investment Tax Allowance

The Investment Tax Allowance (ITA) is an alternative incentive to

the PS.' It is geared to attract capital-intensive projects or

projects with long gestation periods.

n
A company granted ITA would be given an allowance of 60% in

respect of qualifying capital expenditure incurred within 5 years

from the date of approval of the incentive. The allowance can be

used to off-set againts 70% of the statutory income in the year of

assessment and thirty percent of the statutory income will be

taxed. Any unutilised allowances under this incentive can be

carried forward to subsequent years until fully utilised.

There are prequalifications required for the granting of PS or

ITA. Under the current requirements, the proposed project should

be to manufacture a 'promoted product1 or undertake a 'promoted

activity' as determined by the Minister of International Trade and

Industry. This List of Promoted Products and Activities has been

rationalised to reflect a selective approach in granting

incentives to enhance the development of the manufacturing sector.

PS or ITA will only be granted to applicant companies which

fulfill required levels of local content, value added, linkages

and high technology. The Government's objective is to encourage

projects with high value added, high local content, high

technology and linkages. To this effect, minimum levels of value

added, local content and technology have been worked out for

selected sub-sectors to be used as a basis for evaluating projects

applying for PS/ITA. Manufacturing companies proposing to produce

a 'promoted product1 or undertake a 'promoted activity1 and

wishing to apply for PS/IT A need to fulfill only any two of the

criteria stated earlier. Details on the promoted product/activity

list and the minimum levels of value added, local content, and

technology can be obtained from the respective Industry Divisions

of MIDA.

Companies granted PS/ITA can declare dividends from their tax-

exempt profits. As a further incentive, the dividends are not

taxable in the hands of the shareholders.

Applications for PS/ITA should be submitted a prescribed forms and

in the same form for application of Manufacturing Licence.

Companies that are granted PS, are also required to make

applications for Pioneer Certificate before they are able to get

the benefits of the incentive.

Reinvestment Allowance

For continuing investments in the manufacturing sector, which can

be in the form of expansion of production capacity, modernisation

and upgrading of production facilities and diversification into

related products, the Reinvestment Allowance (RA) is made

available to investors. The incentive would be granted in the

 form of allowance on 40% of capital expenditure incurred for such

activities. Capital expenditure is defined as expenditure on

factory, plant and machinery.

It may be noted that this RA incentive is given in addition to the

normal capital allowances. Where a company has been granted RA,

the allowance granted under the incentive will be further exempted

to the adjusted income of the company for tax purposes.

The RA (which is only available until 31 Decembers 1995) is an

attractive incentive to manufacturers not enjoying PS/ITA. The

RA is mutually exclusive with the PS/ITA.

Enquiries on the RA can be directed to:

B. SPECIAL INCENTIVES

(1) Incentives Por Export

Domestic investors who intend to export their products, or

undertake efforts to explore export opportunities for their

products can consider taking advantage of the following:-

(i) Export Credit Refinancing (BCR) Scheme

The ECR scheme provides short-term credit at preferential

rates of interest (currently at the maximum rate of 7% per

annum) to enable Malaysian exporters to compete more

effectively in the international markets. The main

features of this facility are as follows:-

The scheme is operated by the ccrrmercial banks, and the

Central Bank will refinance those commercial banks which

have extended export credit to eligible exporters. The

exporter may invoice his exports in any currency, but

financing is made available only in Malaysian ringgit.

Two types of facilities are available under the scheme,

i.e., the pre-shipment ECR facility, to provide working

capital to direct and indirect exporters (domestic

suppliers of inputs to final exporters) and the post­

shipment ECR facility, to enable Malaysian exporters to

obtain immediate funds upon shipment of eligible goods sold

on credit terms.

To be eligible for the ECR facility, the goods to be

exported must satisfy the following eligibility criteria:

The product should not be listed in the 'negative list'

(list of products not eligible for the ECR); it should have

a minimum value-added of 20% and it should have a minimum

of 30% domestic resource content. Currently, crude rubber,

vegetable oil products, cocoa products, agricultural food

products and textile products are exempted from these

requirements.

For other products that do not fulfill the domestic

resource content and value-added criteria, exemption is

given by the Central Bank on a case by case basis.

In addition to fulfilling the above criteria, access to the

ECR scheme would be subject to the exporter having secured

an ECR credit facility with any of the commercial banks and

upon presentation of certain documents to the bank.

The maximum period of financing, for all eligible products

for pre-shipment is four months, and for post-shipment is

six months.
(ii) Abatement Incentive for Exports

To encourage the export of manufactured products, an

abatement is granted to resident manufacturing companies

exporting directly or through agents, products which are

manufactured in Malaysia. The anount of the abatement

which will apply on the statutory income, shall be equal to

a rate of 50% of export sales as bears to total sales.

This rate will be reduced to 25% in respect of exports made

on or after 1.1.1993. This abatement incentive will be

abolished in respect of exports made on or after 1.1.1994.

(iii) Double Deduction Of Expenses For Promotion of Exports

Certain expenses incurred by resident companies for the

purpose of seeking opportunities for export of products

manufactured in Malaysia are eligible for double deduction.

The expenses that qualify are those incurred on:-

overseas advertising

- supply of free samples abroad

- export market research

preparation of tenders for supply of goods overseas

n
 supply of technical information abroad

exhibits and/or participation in trade or industrial

exhibitions approved by the Ministry of International
Trade and Industry (MITI)

services rendered for public relations work connected

with export

- fares in respect of travel overseas by employees of

companies for business

- accomodation and sustenance expenses incurred by the

representative of the company going overseas subject to
tM200 per day.

- cost of maintaining sales offices overseas for the

promotion of exports.

(iv) Double Deduction Of Export Credit Insurance Premiums

To encourage exporters to penetrate into non-traditional

markets, double deduction is allowed for premium payments in

respect of export credit insurance insured with a company

approved by the Ministry of Finance.•

(V) Industrial Building Allowance (IBA)

A company is eligible for the IBA in respect of buildings

used as warehouses for storing goods for export. The IBA

consists of an initial allowance of 10% and an annual

allowance of 2%.

(vi) Drawback Of Exise Duty On Parts

Ingredients Or Packaging Materials

Under section 19(1) of the Excise Act, 1976, a drawback of

excise duty in respect of parts or ingredients or packaging

materials of any goods manufactured, may be claimed by the

manufacturer if such' parts or ingredients or packaging

materials on which excise duty has been paid, are used in

the manufacture of goods which are exported.

Movements of excisable goods from licensed premises for use

in the manufacture of goods by a factory in a Free Zone, the

islands of Langkawi or Labuan are considered as exports from

Malaysia.

ho
(vii) Drawbacks Of Sales Tax On Materials Used In Manufacture

Under section 29 of the Sales Tax Act, all duty-paid goods

used as materials for the manufacture of other goods, which

are subsequently exported, are eligible for drawback of the

sales tax in full.

Similarly, goods from the Principal Customs Area which are

used in the manufacture of another product by a factory in a

Free Zone or on the islands of Langkawi or Labuan are

considered as exports of goods from Malaysia.

(viii) Drawback Of Import Duty

All duty-paid goods used as parts or ingredients or as

packaging materials in the manufacture of other goods, which

are subsequently exported, are eligible for drawback of duty

in full.

The conditions for duty drawback, ‘ as stipulated under

section 99 of the Customs Act, 1976, are as follows:-

(a) the finished goods exported have been manufactured on

premises approved by the Director-General;

Pl(
 (b) such goods and account are kept as the Director-General

may require for the purpose of ascertaining the

quantity of the goods used in such manufacture or for

the packing of such manufactured goods;

(c) such goods are re-exported within twelve months of the

date upon which the import duty was paid or such

further period as approved by the Director-General; and

(d) written notice has to been given cn the export

declaration form that a claim for drawback will be

made, and such claim is made in the prescribed form

within srx months of the date of such re-export or such

further period as approved by the Director-General of

Royal Customs.

(2) Incentives For Research and Development

Investors undertaking Research and Development (R&D) activities are

actively promoted by Government. The tax incentives offered for

R&D activities are as follows:-

(i) Double Deduction for Approved R & D

Generally, expenses of a revenue nature incurred by a person

on research related to his business and directly undertaken

by him or on his behalf, is eligible for deduction,

however, revenue expenditure incurred for research approved

by the Minister of Finance is eligible for double deduction.

(ii) Industrial building allowance in the form of an initial

allowance of 10% and an annual allowance of 2% is available

for buildings used for purposes of approved research.

(iii) Plant and machinery used for purposes of approved research

are eligible for capital allowances.

(iv) Machinery and equipment used for R&D purposes is eligible

for exemption from import duty and sales tax.

To further promote R&D activities, Government recently introduced

incentives for approved research companies, approved research

institutions, and new technology based firms (NTBFs). An approved

research company or approved research institution is one which has

been approved by the Ministry of Finance to wholly carry on

research in a specified industry and to commercially exploit the

benefit of such rewards. A new technology based firm (PJTBF) is

defined as a company engaged in the development or

commercialisation of technological innovations in designated

prcmotable areas, or other areas as may be determined frcm time to

time.

The additional incentives introduced by Government for the above

categories are as follows

(i) Double deduction to be allowed on cash contributions

to an approved research institution or payments for

the use of facilities and services of an approved

research institution or an approved research company.

(iii) Tax exemption of five (5) years to be given to

approved research companies or institutions which are

established to undertake research and development for

a particular industry. Dividends received by the

shareholders are also exempted from tax.

(iv) Accumulated losses of approved research companies and

institutions be allowed to be carried forward after

the exemption period.

 (v) Tax exemption of five (5) years to be given to new

technology based firms (NTBFs).

(3) Incentives For Training

Companies are encouraged to provide training to their employees

with the objective of developing and upgrading skills, and

improving productivity and quality. Companies undertaking training

or sending their employees for training can avail themselves to the

following incentives:-

(i) Hunan Resources Development Rind (HRDF)

An important measure taken by the Government to increase the

supply of skilled workers in the manufacturing sector is the

establishment of the HRDF which came into effect on January

1, 1993.

The HRDF is a grant/levy system whereby manufacturing

companies with 50 or more workers will have to contribute a

monthly one per cent of each worker's wages to the Fund.

The Fund is used to reimburse the costs of training spent by

the companies. Eligible companies can apply for grants

under the Fund and subsidise a major portion of their

allowable training costs.

 Manufacturing companies will have to contribute for six

months or more before they are eligible to apply for grants.

In line with this requirement, manufacturing companies which

have started contributing to the Fund effective 1 January,

1993 can start applying for the training grants as from 1

July, 1993.

(ii) Double Deduction Incentive Par Approved Training

Double Deduction of expenses incurred for approved training

is available to both manufacturing and non-manufacturing

companies. For manufacturing companies, the double

deduction incentive is available only to those companies

which employ less than 50 Malaysian workers. Companies

undertaking training in approved training institutions

will be eligible automatically for double deduction on

expenses billed by the respective training institutions.

The approved training institutions gazetted for purposes of

automatic double deduction on training are as follows:-

National Productivity Corporation (NPC)

PIG
 Standards & Industrial Research Institute of Malaysia
(SIRIM)

Mara Institute of Technology (ITM)

Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development

Institute (MARDI)

Forest Research Institute of Malaysia (FRIM)

Centre for Instructors and Advanced Skill Training

(CIAST)

Penang Skills Development Centre (PSDC)

Institute Kemahiran Mara (IKM)

Industrial Training Institute (ITT)

Institute of Banks Malaysia (IBM)

Malaysian Insurance Institute (Mil)

German-Malaysian Institute (GMI)

(This list will be revised from time to time by the Ministry

of Finance).
(iii) Industrial ftiilriing Allowance

Industrial Building Allowance (IBA) is granted to a company

which has incurred expenditure on buildings used for

approved industrial training. The incentive consists of an

initial allowance of 10% and an annual allowance of 2%.

‘Incentives For Industrial Adjustment

To foster the development of viable and competitive industries,

industrial adjustment in the manufacturing sector is encouraged by

the Government. In line with this objective, certain industries

have been identified for assistance i.e. the wood-based industry,

the textile industry and machinery and engineering industry.

Existing companies (in operation before 31.12.1990) in these

industries are eligible to apply for certain incentives when

undertaking or participating in approved industrial adjustment

programmes. For purposes of these incentives, ’industrial

adjustment1 has been defined as any activity proposed to be

undertaken by a particular sector in the manufacturingindustry

to restructure by way of reorganisation, reconstruction or

amalgamation within that particular sector with a view of

strengthening the basis for industrial self-sufficiency, improving

industrial technology, increasing productivity, enhancing the

efficient use of natural resources and the efficient management of

manpower.

The incentives for industrial adjustment are as follows:

(i) Companies undertaking approved industrial adjustment

programmes are eligible for the Industrial Adjustment

Allowance (IAA). The IAA provides for an allowance of up to

100% in respect of qualifying capital expenditure incurred

by a manufacturing company in its efforts at undertaking

1 industrial adjustment'. The adjustment, programme must be

approved by the Minister of International Trade and Industry

and the qualifying capital expenditure be incurred within a

period of 5 years.

(ii) In addition, an Industrial Adjustment FXmd (IAF) has been

set up to assist domestic companies undertaking industrial

adjustment. The IAF provides loans to qualifying companies

at concessionary rates. Applications for loans from the IAF

can be directed to the following participating financial

institutions:-
 MIDF Textile Industry

Bank Pembangunan Malaysia Bhd. - Wood based Industry

Bank Industri Malaysian Bhd. - Machinery and

Engineering Industry

Incentives For Shell-Scale Manufacturing CCnpanies

Small-scale manufacturing companies whose shareholders' funds do

not exceed RM500,000 are eligible for various incentives and

facilities provided by the Government if they are incorporated in

Malaysia under the Companies Act, 1965 and have at least 70 per

cent Malaysian equity. The incentives provided include:-

(i) Pioneer status if they propose to manufacture products or

participate in activities listed as promoted products/

activities for small-scale manufacturers;

(ii) Reinvestment alllcwance of 50%;

(iii) Full exemption from customs duty on raw materials,

components, machinery and equipment which are not available

locally.
Other than fiscal incentives, the Government as well as the local

financial institutions have set up several schemes for financial

and credit assistance for Malaysian manufacturers. Many of

these schemes are aimed particularly to assist the small and

medium-scale industries (SMIs). These schemes include the

Industrial Technical Assistance Fund (ITAF), the New Entrepreneurs

Fund (NEF) and the Asean Japan Development Fund (AJDF) Loan

Scheme.

Incentives Par the Storage, Treatment And

Disposal Of Toxic And Hazardous Waste

The Pioneer Status Incentive is also made available to companies

which are principally engaged in the storage, treatment and

disposal of toxic and hazardous wastes in an integrated manner

or alternatively they would be eligible for a special capital

allowance at an initial rate of 40% and an annual rate of 20%

for all. capital expenditure related to the above activity. This

is for a period of 5 years.

Both categories of companies, are eligible for import duty and

sales tax exemption for machinery and equipment, and also for raw

materials and components.

 All facilities for storage, treatment and disposal of toxic and

hazardous waste must be approved by the Department of Environment

before application is made for incentives.

C. OTHER FACILITIES FOR INVESTMENT

Other than tax incentives, the Government provides a number of other

facilities to encourage investments in the manufacturing sector.

Domestic investors are encouraged to take advantage of these facilities

as to derive maximum benefits from their investments.

Briefly some of these facilities are as follows

(i) Exemption Fran Import Duty On

Direct Raw Materials And Components

Raw materials and components which are not available locally and

are used directly in the manufacture of finished products are

eligible for import duty exemption. For companies manufacturing

finished products for export, full exemption is normally

granted, however, companies manufacturing for the domestic

market are given partial exemption and are still required to pay
 2 per cent or 3 per cent of the import duty and only in certain

circumstances, full exemption is given,

( ii) Exemption Fran Import Duty And Sales

Tax On Machinery And Equipment

Machinery and equipment which attract import duty and sales tax

can be considered for exemption provided certain conditions and

criteria are fulfilled. Machinery and equipment eligible for

consideration of tax exemption must be those that are used

directly in the manufacturing process and not produced locally.

In addition, equipment used for environmental control, re-cycle,

maintenance and quality control are also eligible for

consideration.

Malaysian Industrial Development Authority

4 September, 1993

AS/aak.
 #2

TRENDS AND PROSPECT OF

SURFACE FINISHING BY
RADIATION CURING
TECHNOLOGY IN MALAYSIA
 MY9700878

TRENDS AND PROSPECT OF SURFACE FINISHING

BY RADIATION CURING TECHNOLOGY IN MALAYSIA

Dr. Khairul Zaman Hj. Mohd Dahlan

Nuclear Energy Unit

INTRODUCTION

Radiation processing has become an accepted technology in the manufacturing industry of

many countries for a wide variety of products and is also being considered to have potential
for treatment of waste. In Malaysia, radiation processing is gaining recognition and
acceptance by the government and industry as one of die technologies which has much to
offer towards increasing the value of products, the quality and productivity.

Radiation processing in the industrial sector in Malaysia was first introduced in 1976 with
the establishment of a gamma irradiation facility by a private company for the sterilization
of surgical rubber gloves. Not until 1984, die Unit Tenaga Nuklear (UTN) received it first
self-shielded gamma source and later received an ultraviolet irradiation system in 1988
under die LAEA Technical Assistance Programme. With these facilities, research work on
radiation sterilization, radiation vulcanization of natural rubber latex, radiation processing
of palm oil waste and radiation curing of surface coatings were initiated and implemented.

The transfer of radiation processing technology to Malaysia received a further impetus

when die government of Malaysia concluded a bilateral technical cooperation programme
with the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) on radiation applications project
in 1989. One of the projects under this programme is radiation curing of surface coatings
using low energy electron beam machine.

RADON SURFACE FINISHING AT UTN

At present, UTN has three types of radiation sources available for R & D in die field of
radiation processing in particular in radiation curing (Table 1). The laboratories at UTN are
well equipped with necessary equipments for die analysis of the coating materials, for
coating processes and for the testing of surface of coated products (Table 2). The staff
comprises of 5 research officers have been trained in Japan and Hungary on radiation
curing of surface coatings. Since 1988, several research projects on surface finishing using
UV and EB radiation have been carried out by UTN with the objective to establish data
base on die properties of radiation curing of commercial resins such as polyurethane
acrylate, unsaturated polyester acrylate and epoxy acrylate.

In radiation curing technology for surface finishing, there arc four mam areas need to be
considered. They arc the curing machine (UV or EB), radiation curable resins, coating
process and curing process. UV curing machine is readily available in die market at a
reasonable price. The cost of the machine is depending on power and number of the lamps
and size of the machine. At present there are more than 50 UY machines being used in
local industry- for curing purposes. These machines are all imported. However, the UV
machine which consists of four basic components, lamps, reflector, protector and conveyor
can be manufactured locally. It is important for Malaysia to strenghthen her capability in
machinery which constitute a major portion of industrial development. Three dimensional
UV machines have already been designed and tested in other countries. On the contrary,
electron beam machine (ebm) is still alien to many industries especially in Malaysia, High
capital cost of this machine makes it harder to find its ways to the industry in Malaysia. The
manufacturers of the ebm are aware of this problem and attempts are made to design
mobile, selfshielded low energy ebm at a competetive price.

In Malaysia, not only the machine, the radiation curable resins including acrylate oligomer
and monomer are also imported. Continuous R and D programs using cormmercial resins
are being carried out by UTN to formulate radiation curable resins suitable for our
products and industry. Recently, one local formulator has successfully developed resins
which are suitable for radiation curing processes. Besides using imported cormmercial
acrylate oligomer and monomer, R and D is also being carried out to develop radiation
curable resin from locally available natural products. In this respect, UTN has successfully
synthesised oligomer acrylates from epoxidised palm oil product (EPOP) and epoxidised
natural rubber (ENR). These materials can be used as basic ingredients in the preparation
of radiation curable resins.

Epoxidised palm oil product acrylate (EPOP A) is a fatly acid based. Acrylate oils have the
advantages of excellent pigment wetting, low cost, good adhesion and low skin irritancy.
However, it is slow to cure and the cured film is soft. Nevertheless, it was found that, it
can be used as diluent or to be incorporated with other oligomers such as polyurethane
acrylate or epoxy acrylate to produce good coating properties on wood substrate. Thus,
EPOPA has an economic value whereby the usage of imported materials in the formulation
of radiation curable resins can be reduced. It is also very encouraging to find out that
EPOPA has the potential to be used as radiation curable filler and as radiation curable
pressure senselive adhesive. R and D in these areas arc in progress.

On the other hand, unlike the EPOP, ENR has high molecular weight and need to undergo
depolymerisation prior to the acrylation process, before it can be used as coating material.
Both processes of depolymerisation and acrylation of ENR are carried out in the
laboratories at UTN. The purpose of depolymerisation process is to reduce the molecular
weight of natural rubber which then undergo acrylation to form liquid epoxidised natural
rubber acrylate (LENRA). With the addition of diluents, cither in the form of monomers or
oligomers, LENRA can be used as coating materials. From the study it shows that 30% of
LENRA is sufficient to produce good coating properties. However, study is bang carried
out to utilise LENRA up to 50% in coatings formulation.

The process of coating for radiation curing is the same as for conventional curing. Roller
coaler, curtain coaler and sprayer are amongst common coating equipments employed in
the radiation curing processing line. These coalers arc available at the UTN's laboratories
including bar coalers. During radiation curing, all coating materials will become solid upon
irradiation. No evaporation of solvent occured which means no pollution and it is
environmental friendly. This is one of the main advantages of radiation curing. The curing
process by using ultraviolet irradiation and electron beam are the most efficient and fastest
process. The coating materials can be cured immediately upon exposure to UV light or EB.
It gives homogenous curing and high quality surface finishing.

TRENDS AND PROSPECT

Surface finishing by radiation curing technology has wide industrial applications. This
technology can be used in coating industry for curing of coating of various types of
substrate such as wood, metal, paper, ceramic, tiles, magnetic tape and plastic. Radiation
curing can also be used for curing of printing inks and curing of adhesive. Therefore, the
applications of radiation curing in industry can be categorised as follows;

• coatings
• electronics
• printings
• adhesives

COATINGS

Radiation curable coatings can be divided into subsegments depending on the type of
substrate to which the coating is applied: paper, wood, plastic, metal or other. For radiation
curing of coatings of paper, overprint paper varnished (OPV) accounts the biggest
consumption of UV curable resins in Malaysia. The total consumption of radiation curable
materials is estimated to be around 30 metric ton per month.

On the other hand, the use of UV curing for surface finishing of wood substrate is not yet
fully exploited by local industry. At present, only three wood-based manufacturing
companies which produced rubber wood parquet, wood curtain railing and wood slutting
board are using UV technology for curing of coatings of their products, fit addition, at least
three furniture companies have indicated their interest in employing UV curing technology.
Radiation curable coatings of wood substrates encompassed a broad spectrum of usage,
including ready to assembles household and computer furnitures such as case goods, tables
and chairs; hardwood flooring; kitchen and bath-vanity cabinets; wall panels; decorative
wood panel; etc. Timber and wood-based products is the second hugest export earning of
Malaysia after petrolium and it is amounting to RM 10.479 Mtiwi in 1992. However,
82.03% of this revenue comes from logs, swan timber and plywood. In order to achieve
the status of industrial nation, there is already a shift of emphasis and priority in industrial
development of Malaysia from the production of raw materials to the production of finish
products or the development of manufacturing industry. Therefore, there is an urgent need
to upgrade and enhance the technological competetiveness of wood-based product industry
including furniture industry in Malaysia through the use of advanced technology such as
radiation curing technology.
Radiation curing of coatings of plastic, metal and magnetic tape are not known in Malaysia.
Radiation curable coatings on vinyl flooring, vinyl film, acrylic sheet and molded parts of
the automotive accessories are the few examples of products which are already available in
the market. Radiation curable coatings on aluminium sheet and floopv disk have also been
commercialised in developed countries in particular Japan. In this respect, the plastic
industry in Malaysia which in the last few years is experiencing a booming period should
also be looking into areas of high technology such as coatings of plastic films, lamination of
plastic film for packaging and others which have the market niche.

ELECTRONICS

Malaysia is well known as one of tire biggest electronic components manufacturers in the
world. Formulated materials used in the electronic market encompass several types of
products including photoresists, solder resists, notation ink and conformal coatings used in
the manufacture of printed circuit boards. Electronic industry is considered tire second
largest consumption of radiation curable resins in Malaysia is. At present, there are more
than 16 UV installations in electronic industry in Malaysia. However, the quantity of
radiation curable resins consumed is unknown. UV curing of coatings of optical fiber is
another application which has now been used extensively by the optical fiber manufacturers
in developed countries. The primary factors driving the electronic industry towards UV
curing are the high speed of curing, low temperature processing, high performance and the
lack of emission of volatile organic solvents from the coatings

PRINTINGS

The screen printing and web offset printing industries are known to use radiation curing
technology. It is believed that more than 30 printing companies are using UV curing
technology. The primary motivations for the incorporation of radiation curing are the
increased productivity by minimizing handling problems and reducing ink drying time from
hours to seconds. At the same time radiation curable ink products has excellent quality,
gloss and physical properties. Printing industry is probably the third largest consumer of
radiation curable resins in Malaysia. The radiation curing technology is stall confined to
UV radiation, on the other hand, electron beam curing of printing inks has been used
widely in other country such as USA.

UV screen printing ink for marking calculator, telephone and computer keys and
computer diskette is another application which is now being employed in industry in
Malaysia, particularly in die electronic industry.

Printing of packaging is another area which has vast market. In the packaging industry,
radiation is also used for sterilisation of packaging as well as curing of printing inks. In this
case, electron beam is more appropriate and suitable technology. In Malaysia, the use of
UV for pasteurisation of packaging is being employed by some companies.
ADHESH’E

The use of radiation curing in the adhesive industry is almost unknown in Malaysia.
However, radiation curing has been used for the production of pressure sensitive adhesive
products in other countries. High speed curing, the absence of heat and the lack of
emission of the solvent from the coating materials are the driving, force in the industrial
application of radiation curing for adhesive. Adhesive based on acrylate resins are also
used in laminating operations. Papers, films, foils and even wood substrate can be
laminated on high speed process lines using radiation curing

CONCLUSION

Radiation curing technology is becoming an important alternative and accepted technology

for surface finishing in Malaysia. Its high curing speed, the absence of heat, the lack of
emission of solvent to the atmosphere and excellent properties of the cured coated
materials will be the main considerations for the introduction of radiation curing technology
in industry in Malaysia. UV curing in paper printing and printing industry in general is
quite simple and have been utilized by local companies, On the other hand, UV curing in
the electronic industry are mainly used by the multinational companies. Only a few wood-
based companies are using UV curing for coatings. These arc also foreign based
companies. Therefore, applications of radiation curing technology in Malaysia still need to
be enhanced particularly in wood-based industry, in plastic industry-printing and packaging
and in specific applications such as coatings of gypsum boards, cementboards, tiles etc.
1ST, Ultraviolet System, 80 Watts/cm

Electron Beam Machine, 200 keV,

20mA

Electron Beam Machine, 3. 0 MeV,

30mA (ALURTRON)

Selfshielded gamma source, 10,000 Ci

Gamma plant, 100 kCi

(SINAGAMMA)
 Equipments for R & D on surface coatings

. Roller coater . Curtain coater

. Sprayer . Bar coater

. Laminator . UV irradiator

. Electron beam . Infrared Spect.

• Gas Permeation . Viscometers

Chromatography

. Pendulum hardness . Pencil hardness

. Abrasion tester . Scratch tester

. Adhesion tester . Contact angle

%

. Weathering tester . Aging tester

. DMA • Tensile Machine

 #3

INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION OF
RADIATION CURING

P33
 MY9700879

Industrial Application of Radiation Curing

Takashi Sasaki
Takasaki Radiation Chemistry Research Establishment,
Japan Atomic Energy Research Establishment

National Exective Management Seminar

on
Surface Finishing by Radiation Curing Technology
7 September 1993
Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
 INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION OF RADIATION CURING

Takashi Sasaki
Takasaki Radiation Chemistry Research Establishment
Japan Atomic Energy Research Establishment

INTRODUCTION
Radiation curing systems, especially those involving ultra

violet (UV) and electron beam (EB), are finding increasing

applicalions in the fields of printing inks, coatings and paints.

The technology has been developed since late 1960's with the

emergence of energy and ecological problems.

In the conventional (thermal) coating techniques the wet

coatings are dreid by heating in long ovens taking a long time,

mostly with solvent evaporation and also releasing cleavage

products. The emission of organics contributes to air pollution

and moreover the process is energy intensive. Thus, there is the

need to improve coating technology by reducing organic effluent

and minimizing the consumption of energy.

Among different technical possibilities to solve the

problems, radiation chemistry enables an approach by radical

chain polymerization. The radiation curing process essentially

involves the application of a thin coating of a viscous

unsaturated prepolymer-monomer mixture (liquid) onto a substrate,

which is quite similar as the conventional process, followed

by passage under either EB or UV to solidify the coating.

ADVANTAGES
Major advantages of the radiation processes are as follows:

a solvent-free system, less energy consumative, a much higher

production rate, and processability at ambient temperature. The

The equipment is very compact with resultant space savings and

can be easily controlled. Most of the commerciallized products

using this technology are also of improved qualities and the

application areas of the technology are expanding.

 Par

EB VS. UV

Polymerization mechanism is similar for both EB and UV

systems, although there is a difference in the ways in which

radicals are generated. In the case of UV curing systems, photo-

initiators , which can absorb the energy of UV effectively and be

exited, are the source of free radicals. EB or highly accelerated

electrons, on the other hand, interact directly with the prepoly­

mer/monomer mixture leading to the formation of free radicals.

Thus, after curing, the latter systems contain neither

residual initiator nor fragments of photolysis which may induce

photo-degradation of the products. In addition, UV light is can be

absorbed by pigments and fillers. Therefore, UV curing is better

suited to clear unpigmented or very thin coatings.

Another difference between these two sources of energy is

the initial cost of the equipment. There is approximately a three­

fold or much higher capital equipment cost for an EB accelerator

compared to the that of UV systems. However, an EB line is

normally capable of operating at considerably higher line speeds.

APPLICATIONS
Table 1 shows the broad spectrum of markets which use

radiation curable materials. Worldwide sales of UV/EB chemistries

are around $1 billion per year, and sales are expected to

continnue to grow at the rate of 15 to 20 percent annually.

Although the market share of the radiation-cured materials is

still small, there have been installed a numerous number of UV

units and about 120 EB lines in the world.

Since most of the EB-cured products are high value added

ones, an overview of development of EB curing processes will be
given.
 TABLE I: PRODUCT MARKETS FOR RADIATION CURING

COATINGS
Wood and particle board Flexible plastics
Wood filler-particle board Screen printed decals
Hardwood flooring Vinyl film, decorative paper
Wall paneling laminates
Printed furniture laminates Plastic tubes — barrier, decorative
Doors Shrink film
Metallized film
Paper and board Photographic films
Gloss coating for litho-printed paper Magnetic recording media
Record albums Coated abrasive films
Folding cartons Release film
Conventional graphics
Magazines Metal
Paperback books Can printing and coating
Point-of-purchase advertising Lids and closures
Business forms Foil printing and coating
Bank notes and money bills Nameplates
Release paper Screen printed metal signs
Coated abrasive products Magnet wire coating
Automotive spray coatings
Rigid plastics Coil coatings
Letterpress ink for bottles
Vinyl floor tile Leather
Sheet vinyl floor covering Topcoats
Screen printed bottles Finishes
Undercoat-vacuum metallizing
Plastic lens Textiles
Plastic cups — dry offset Sizes
Credit cards Fill Coats
Topcoats
INKS (Sheetfed, Web)
Lithographic Letterpress Screen Print
Magazine Flexographic Poster/Display
Paperboard Gravure Wall covering
Publication Membrane switches
Backlit displays
PHOTOPOLYMER PRINTING PLATES
Letterpress Flexographic Gravure

ADHESIVES
Pressure sensitive adhesive and tape Transfer tapes
Labels and decals Laminating and packaging
Laminating-wood grain panels Insulation
Automotive Abrasive bonding
Footwear, including flocking Textiles
Potting and encapsulation Nonwovens
Jewelry assembly Lamp assembly
Glass product assembly Instrument and other product
assembly
 p37

Wood Coatings

Boise-Cascade in the United States installed semi-commercial

plant in 1967. Later on companies in the western Europe introduced

this technology. Although these earlier lines used scanning-type

accelerator. Universal Woods Inc. later installed a curtain type

accelerator. At this company's line lamination of paper and curing

of top-coatings are simultaneously performed by EB irradiation.

Coatings on Metal and Inorganic Substrates

It had been reported that this technology would offer

tremendous energy saving over thermal curing systems as shown in

Fig.1. However, industrial use of the technology has been rather

rather limited by poor adhesion properties of EB-cured coatings on

inorganic substrates.

Nippon Steel Corporation, Toray Industies Inc. and others

made a joint research which resulted in a successful production of

EB cured high grade precoated steel sheets in 1982. Recently, this

technology has been further developed to manufucture tunnel

interior panels. Another success example in production of pre­

coated steel sheets is the process developed by Nissin Steel Co.

The products have many varieties of three groups; EB-1 with clear

image or high gloss, EB-2 with multi-color elaborated designs, and

EB-3 with a high functional PVC surface layer.

EB curing technology has also been applied in Japan to

produce cement roof tiles, gypsum tiles (for walling) and cement

boards. In Germany, Otto Durr and Polymer Physik have developed

an EB irradiation system for curing the coating of car wheel rims.

These examples have shown that low energy electrons are capable

of travelling in a wide range of angles and curing coatings on

shaped articles.

Magnetic Medias

Most of big manufacturers worldwide introduced laboratory EB

units and performed a great deal of R & D work to introduce EB

curing technology. In 1986 TDK announced the initiation of
industrial production of high-density floppy discs, which was
the first case in the world. The products have such durability

as allowing 40 million passes per track to withstand and such

reliability as being capable of use under extreme conditions and

environment. A few more EB lines are believed to be in operation

for production of floppy discs.

Silicone Release Coatings

At present various acrylic modified silicones are available.

It is claimed that the systems are commercially acceptable

for use in pressure sensitive adhesive labels, the sealant

industry etc. In fact, it is known that Schoeller Release

Products is producing release papers.

Adhesion/Lamination

One of the earlier EB curing applications was the production

of flocked plastic substrates by Bixby International Corp.(1975).

Later in 1979, Metallized Products in the U.S. installed an EB

line for metallizing base coat and protective topcoat. More

recently, Hallmark Cards, Inc. developed a transfer metallizing

system called EB-Aluglas process, where the laminating, curing

and delaminating steps are combined into one continous operation

(Fig.2).

Pressure Sensitive Adhesives

Development of radiation curable pressure sensitive adhesives

(PSA) has also extensively performed, since PSA have a wide range

of industrial and non-industrial uses due to their capability to

adhere easily and instantaneously with only the pressure of finger

or hand. Most of radiation-curable PSAs appeared in literatures

are comprised of non-reactive polymers and monomers, whilst only

few systems of typical radiation-curable formulation have been

developed. It is believed that several EB lines in the world and

one in Japan have been installed for manufacturing PSA products.

Printings and Graphics

There has been quite a lot of UV units installed for the
printing applications worldwide, especially in lithographic

printing. In comparison, the advent of EB curing technology has

been rather slow in this field. AGI Inc. based in Chicago, U.S.A.

took advantages of EB technology in the packaging printing such

as record album jackets about ten years ago. Then, application of

the technology for printing was followed by the Tetrapak which

delivered some twenty units to its factories worldwide. In 1986,

Mitumura Printing Co. started to print on polyolefinic plastic

sheets. It is claimed by the company that EB products have better

stain and solvent resistances without primer coating over UV

processed ones.
 1**0
SO*' INDUSTRIAL
100- AVERAGE „
111 BTU/M2
7*0
(SO
M»
«**•
lee INCINERATION

200 +
INCINERATION A
Recycle

1*0--
**• -
10- - INCINERATION A
7*- -
MEAT EXCHANGE
«*- -
10-•

3
ENERGY
SAVINGS
• T U /lt*

20

$ Wf*d

i
4- >M»d

,1---------------------------- 4----------------------------- 1---------------------------- 4---------------------------- 1------------------------------ 1

20 40 0* III 10*

% UTILIZATION

Fig. 1 Comparison of energy consumption in coil coating

 DELAMMATOR

UNWIND ADHESIVE PRINT STATION FILM REWIND OVERPRINT STATION REWIND

DIRECT ORAVUHE DIRECT ORAVURE
AND
DIRECT OFAVURE PRINT LAMINATOR

1 STATIONS

Fig. 2 EB Aluglass Process

 #4

RADIATION CURABLE PAINT

 MY9700880

NATIONAL EXECUTIVE MANAGEMENT SEMINAR

ON SUR1-ACE FINISHING BY RADIATION CURING

TECHNOLOGY

Chemistry in Radiation Cure Paints)

7 September 1993 •
Equatorial Hotel Kuala Lumpur

Jean-Pierre Ravijst
Business Development Manager
South East Asia

lid? Chemicals
UCB s a - Representative Office
Orchard Road 390
Palais Renaissance <1 09-03
0923 Singapore
Tel. (65)7350949
Fax (65)7350946
6
 Radcure

RADCURE SPECIALTIES

Production Facilities

RSA-Europe RSI-US J.V. Companles-Far East

Drogenbos (B) Louisville,KY Ulsan,South Korea

(SK-UCB)

Schoonaarde (B) Pampa.TX Otake, Japan

(Monomers) (Monomers) (Dalcel-UCB)

Madrid (E) North Augusta,SC

(on stream 1993)
Radcure

RADCURE SPECIALTIES

Research & Development

GLOBAL MANAGEMENT

RS A R SI DAICEL-UCB

Drogenbos Louisville

- EB/UV - EB/UV - EB lab unit

pilot coaler pilot coaler - UV lab unit

- 2 UV lab units - 2 UV lab units

- 2 EB lab units . SK-UCB

- UV lab unit
RADIATION CURING
CHEMISTRY
 BASIC FREE RADICAL
POLYMERIZATION REACTION

N
/° s i
R-C-C*
i

u
R* +
II

/
i i

RADICAL MONOMER

i i \ / I I I I

R-C-C* + C = C R-C-C-C-C* etc.

I I / N till

POLYMER
Radcure RADIATION CURING)

UV Radiation Electron beam Radiation

coating
pigments ' 1F' 1
• '
 0

Radcure

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN UV - and EB CURING

UV-cure EB-cure

Chemicals same same

Photoinitiators present none

Extractables high low

Residual odor high low

Cure speed high high

Through cure (pigments) poor good

Chemical resistance good very good

 HIGH PRODUCTIVITY

EVOLUTION OF HIGH
PERFORMANCE

LOW/NO RADIATION-CURING
SOLVENT
EMISSIONS TECHNOLOGY

LOW ENERGY
REQUIREMENTS HIGH GLOSS/
SMOOTH SURFACES
 ADVANTAGES

• LOW ENERGY REQUIREMENT

• RAPID THROUGHPUT/HIGH PRODUCTIVITY
• HIGH GLOSS/ULTRA SMOOTH SURFACE
• NO SOLVENT EMISSIONS
• LESS SPACE REQUIREMENTS
• UNIQUE PERFORMANCE -
ABILITY TO COAT HEAT-SENSITIVE SUBSTRATES
 PERCEIVED DISADVANTAGES

• RAW MATERIAL COSTS

• CAPITAL COSTS (EB)
• SKIN AND EYE IRRITATION
• ADHESION PROBLEMS WITH SOME
SUBSTRATES
• HANDLING: HIGH RESIN VISCOSITIES
• GLOSS CONTROL
TYPES OF CHEMICAL FUNCTIONALITY
O

ACRYLATE R-0-C-CH=CH
O

METHACRYLATE R - O - C C=CH 2
CH,
ALLYL r-ch2-ch=ch

VINYL r-ch=ch2
 UV CURING
• ACRYLATED RESIN(S)
BASIC COATING PROPERTIES
• MONOFUNCTIONAL MONOMER(S)
VISCOSITY REDUCTION, FLEXIBILITY VH
V3-\

• MULTIFUNCTIONAL MONOMER(S) UV , CURED

VISCOSITY REDUCTION, CROSSLINKING LIGHT PRODUCT
• ADDITIVES
PERFORMANCE FINE TUNING
• PHOTOINITIATOR PACKAGE
FREE RADICAL GENERATION
 EB CURING

• ACRYLATED RESIN(S)
BASIC COATING PROPERTIES
• MONOFUNCTIONAL MONOMER(S) EB CURED
VISCOSITY REDUCTION, FLEXIBILITY PRODUCT
• MULTIFUNCTIONAL MONOMER(S)
VISCOSITY REDUCTION, CROSSLINKING
• ADDITIVES
PERFORMANCE FINE TUNING
 RADIATION CURED POLYMER
OLIGOMER o— MONOFUNCTIONAL
MONOMER
0rxyxzv%ZN0
< MULTIFUNCTIONAL
O MONOMERS
000/WNW000
O O 0/N^N-~rw^O O O'

OAAAyvr^Ql ,000/ww'0l
?°°

/\yx>l
Radcure

FORMULATING A UV - Curable SYSTEM |

1 ADDITIVES
PHOTOINITIATORS

MONOMERS

OLIGOMERS
 ACRYLATED EPOXY OLIGOMER

O O
ii / \ / X
H,C=CH-C-OH H,C —CH CH —CH, CATALYST
------------- ------------------- ►

ACRYLIC ACID EPOXY FUNCTIONAL OLIGOMER A ^

O OH OH O
H,C=CH-C-0-CH,-CH ^wwvCH-CH, -0-C-CH=CH2

ACRYLATED EPOXY OLIGOMER

 ACRYLATED EPOXY OLIGOMER
BISPHENOL A BASED

O OH OH O
ii i i ii
CH , =CH-C-0-CH, CH-CH, , - CH-CH , -O- C-CH=CH ,

ACRYLATED EPOXY
 Radcure
Chemicals
UCB s.a. Chemical Sector
Speciality Chemicals Division
Business Unit UCB Radcure
Anderlecht Str. 33
B-1620 Drogenbos (Belgium)
Ebecryl® 600
Tel. : (02) 371.46.00
Fax : (02) 378.39.44
Tlx : 22342
Epoxy acrylate oligomer

INTRODUCTION SPECIFICATIONS

Ebecryl 600 is the diacrylate ester of Hdppler viscosity at 60°C, mPa.s 2000-4000
bisphenol A epoxy resin. This product is Colour, Gardner 2 max.
characterized by its light colour and fast cure Acid value, mg KOH/g 2 max.
response. Films of Ebecryl 600 cured by
exposure to ultraviolet light (UV) or electron Draize Pll 0.2
beam (EB) exhibit high surface hardness and Irritation by OECD 0
gloss, and the excellent solvent resistance
typical of an epoxy resin. Ebecryl 600 finds PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
broad use in UV/EB applications, such as
inks, coatings, and overprint varnishes. Density, g/cm3 1.13
Molecular weight, theoretical 500
PERFORMANCE HIGHLIGHTS Functionality, theoretical 2
Polymer solids, % by weight 100
Ebecryl 600 is characterized by :
- Light colour TYPICAL CURED PROPERTIES
- Fast cure response
- Low irritancy Tensile strength, MPa 1,1 96
Tensile elongation, % 01 7
UV/EB cured products based on Ebecryl 600 Glass transition temperature, °C 67
are characterized by the following
performance properties : The graph shows the viscosity reduction of
- High surface hardness Ebecryl 600 as a function of the
- High gloss concentration of different monomers.
- Excellent solvent resistance
- Good water resistance Hdppler viscosity at 60°C, in mPa.s

The actual properties of UV/EB cured

products also depend on the selection of the
other formulation components, such as 1000
reactive diluent(s), additives and
photoinitiators.

SUGGESTED APPLICATIONS

Formulated UV/EB curable products

containing Ebecryl 600 may be applied by
lithographic, screen, gravure, direct or
reverse roll, and curtain coating methods.
Ebecryl 600 is recommended for use in .
- Overprint varnishes
- Lithographic and screen inks
- Coatings for paper, paperboard, wood
chipboard and rigid plastics
- Paper upgrading
- Fast cure coatings
- Laminating adhesives
- Wood sealers and top coats

% monomer
 ACRYLATED URETHANE OLIGOMER

H2C=CH-R-OH + NCO - POLYOL - NCO CATALYST

HYDROXY FUNCTIONAL ISOCYANATE FUNCTIONAL

MONOMER URETHANE PREPOLYMER

o o
h,c=ch-r-o-c-nh-polyol-nh-c-o-r-ch=ch 2

ACRYLATED URETHANE OLIGOMER

 ACRYLATED URETHANE OLIGOMER

TDI BASED

<rO

oII oII O
ii
O
H
CH, =CH-C-0-R-0-C-NH NH- C-O-R'-O-C-NH

CH,

ACRYLATED URETHANE
 Radcure
Chemicals
LU UCB s.a. Chemical Sector
Speciality Chemicals Division
Business Unit UCB Radcure
Anderlecht Str. 33
B-1620 Drogenbos (Belgium) Ebecryl® 210
Tel. : (02) 371.46.00
Fax : (02) 378.39.44
Tlx . 22342
Urethane acrylate oligomer

INTRODUCTION SPECIFICATIONS

Ebecryl 210 is an aromatic urethane Hdppler viscosity at 60°C, mPa.s 3900

diacrylate oligomer. Films of Ebecryl 210 Colour, Gardner 2 max.
cured by ultraviolet light (UV) or electron
beam (EB) exhibit good flexibility, light Draize PH 2.2
colour and good adhesion to various Irritation by OECD 0
substrates.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
PERFORMANCE HIGHLIGHTS
Density, g/cm3 1.11
Ebecryl 210 is characterized by : Molecular weight, theoretical 1500
- Light colour Functionality, theoretical 2
- Low odour Polymer solids, % by weight 100

UV/EB cured products based on Ebecryl 210 TYPICAL CURED PROPERTIES

are characterized by the following
performance properties : Tensile strength, MPa 01 5
- Adhesion to various surfaces Tensile elongation, % ,1) 26
- Good flexibility Glass transition temperature, °C -6

The actual properties of UV/EB cured
products also depend on the selection of the
other formulation components, such as
reactive diluent(s), additives and photo-
initiators.
SUGGESTED APPLICATIONS
The graph shows the viscosity reduction of
Ebecryl 210 as a function of the
concentration of different monomers.
HOppler viscosity at 25°C, In mPa.s
1 00000

Formulated UV/EB curable products

containing Ebecryl 210 may be applied by
lithographic, screen, gravure, direct or
reverse roll, and curtain coating methods.
Ebecryl 210 is recommended for use in : 10000
- Coatings on rigid and flexible plastics
- Wood coatings
- Screen inks
- Low gloss coatings
- Conformal coatings PODA

- Flexibilizing other UV/EB curable products

1000
OOA

% monomer
m Measured on a 125 p. LTV cured film
 ACRYLATED ACRYLIC OLIGOMER

CH2 -CH-CHj -CH-CH2 -CH

c=o
i
c=o c=o n
o 6 6

V-',
R
ICH2-CH-CHa
9H -0-C-CH=CH2
*'

ACRYLATED ACRYLIC
 Radcure
Chemicals
UCB s.a. Chemical Sector
§
Speciality Chemicals Division
Business Unit UCB Radcure
Anderlecht Str. 33
B-1620 Drogenbos (Belgium) Ebecryl* 1701
Tel. : (02) 371.46.00
Fax : (02) 378.39.44
Tlx : 22342
Full acrylic oligomer

INTRODUCTION SPECIFICATIONS

Ebecryl 1701 is an acrylated acrylic Brookfield viscosity at 65°C, mPa.s 9000-17000

copolymer. The product was developed Colour, Gardner 2 max.
specifically for applications where flexibility Acid value, mg KOH/g 5 max.
and gloss are desired in combination with
the other properties as non-yellowing and PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
exterior durability of an acrylic vehicle. It
can also be used as an additive to improve Density, g/cm 1.09
flexibility and adhesion. Functionality, theoretical 0.12
Polymer solids, % by weight 100
PERFORMANCE HIGHLIGHTS
TYPICAL CURED PROPERTIES
Ebecryl 1701 is characterized by :
- Light colour Tensile strength, MPa m 5
- Low odour Tensile elongation, % 1,1 17
Glass transition temperature, °C 18
UV/EB cured products based on
Ebecryl 1701 are characterized by the The graph shows the viscosity reduction of
following performance properties : Ebecryl 1701 as a function of the concentration
- High gloss of different monomers.
- Flexibility
- Exterior durability Brookfield viscosity at 25eC, In mPa.s

The actual properties of UV/EB cured

products also depend on the selection of the lOOOOO
other formulation components, such as
reactive diluent(s), additives and photo­
initiators.

SUGGESTED APPLICATIONS

Formulated UV/EB curable products IOOOO

containing Ebecryl 1701 may be applied by
lithographic, screen, gravure, direct or
reverse roll, and curtain coating methods. HODA

Ebecryl 1701 is recommended for use in :

- Clear coatings for vinyl, rigid plastics and
paper
1000
- Screen ink vehicles
- Top coats for wood
- Metal decorating inks and clear coatings

100

% monomer

Measured on a 125 p. UV cured film

 ACRYLATED POLYESTER OLIGOMER

H,C=CH-C-OH + HO-(CH €0-C-(CH2 )m -C O-(CH

Jt
OH CATALYST
------------------------------ ►
ACRYLIC ACID A

HYDROXY FUNCTIONAL POLYESTER

PREPOLYMER

O O

H 2 C=CH-C~0 —(CH2) n fOC-(CH2)mC-0-CH2 -C-CH=CH2 + h2o

ACRYLATED POLYESTER OLIGOMER

M3 Chemicals Radcure

LIJ UCB s.a. Chemical Sector

Speciality Chemicals Division
Business Unit UCB Radcure
Anderlecht Str. 33
B-1620 Drogenbos (Belgium)
Ebecryl® 830
Tel. : (02) 371.46.00
Fax : (02) 378.39.44
Tlx : 22342
Polyester acrylate oligomer

INTRODUCTION SPECIFICATIONS

Ebecryl 830 is a 100% solids hexafunctional Hoppler viscosity at 25°C, mPa.s 45000-55000
polyester acrylate oligomer. When cured by Colour, Gardner 3 max.
ultraviolet light (UV) or electron beam (EB), Acid value, mg KOH/g 30 max.
films of Ebecryl 830 exhibit high abrasion
resistance, solvent resistance and hardness. Draize PH 1.7
This resin was developed for coatings and
inks on wood, paper and plastics. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

PERFORMANCE HIGHLIGHTS Density, g/cm3 1.18

Molecular weight, theoretical 1500
Ebecryl 830 is characterized by : Functionality, theoretical 6
- Light colour Polymer solids, % by weight 100
- Fast curing
- Low odour TYPICAL CURED PROPERTIES

UV/EB cured products based on Ebecryl 830 Tensile strength, MPa 1,1
are characterized by the following Tensile elongation, % 1,1
performance properties : Glass transition temperature, °C n.
- High abrasion resistance
- Good hardness The graph shows the viscosity reduction of
- Good solvent resistance Ebecryl 830 as a function of the
concentration of different monomers.
The actual properties of UV/EB cured
products also depend on the selection of the HAppler viscosity at 25°C, in mPa.s
other formulation components, such as
reactive diluent(s), additives and photo­
initiators.
lOOOO
SUGGESTED APPLICATIONS

Formulated UV/EB curable products

containing Ebecryl 330 may be applied by
lithographic, screen, gravure, direct or iTA 4 80

reverse roll, and curtain coating methods.

1 ooo
Ebecryl 830 is recommended for use in : TMPTA
- Coatings for paper, wood and plastics
- Paper upgrading
- Scratch and solvent resistant coatings J-PQOA
- Dry lithographic inks
- Fast curing coatings and inks TOO HDD,

ODA

% monomer
m Measured on a 125 h UV cured film
 OLIGOMER SELECTION

ACRYLATED...
EPOXIES HARD, SOLVENT RESISTANT,
LOWER COST, FAST CURE
ALIPHATIC URETHANES FLEXIBLE, TOUGH, NON­
YELLOWING -S3

AROMATIC URETHANES FLEXIBLE, LOW VISCOSITY

ACRYLICS GOOD WEATHERING PROPERTIES,
LOW Tg
POLYESTERS LOW VISCOSITY, FLEXIBLE
AMINES ACCELERATE CURE,
PROMOTE ADHESION
Radcure

FORMULATING A UV - Curable SYSTEM |

1 ADDITIVES
PHOTOINITIATORS

MONOMERS

OLIGOMERS
 MONOFUNCTIONAL MONOMERS

2-(2-ETHOXYETHOXY)ETHYL ACRYLATE (EOEOEA)

ISOBORNYL ACRYLATE (IBOA)

OCTYL/DECYL ACRYLATE (ODA)

N-VINYL-2-PYRROLIDONE (N-VP)

TETRAHYDROFURFURYL ACRYLATE (THFFA)

 MONOFUNCTIONAL MONOMERS

O
h,c=ch-c-o-ch,ch2 -o-ch2ch2 -o-ch2 CH,

2-(2-ETHOXYETHOXY)ETHYL ACRYLATE

O
H3C-(CH2)7 , -o-c-ch=ch2

OCTYL/DECYL ACRYLATE
 MONOFUNCTIONAL MONOMER EFFECTS
70/30 ACRYLATED EPOXY/MONOMER BLENDS
VISCOSITY CURE SPEED
(CPS) (FPMPDL)

STYRENE 1000 12.5

2-ETHYLHEXYL ACRYLATE 1180 60
OCTYL/DECYL ACRYLATE 1204 60
N-VINYL-2-PYRROLIDONE 1400 75
2-PHENOXYETHYL ACRYLATE 5000 110
ISOBORNYL ACRYLATE 13000 75
B-CARBOXYETHYL ACRYLATE 22000 150
 MULTIFUNCTIONAL MONOMERS

TRIPROPYLENEGLYCOL DIACRYLATE
(TRPGDA)

TRIMETHYLOLPROPANE TRIACRYLATE
(TMPTA)

TRIMETHYLOLPROPANE TRIMETHACRYLATE
(TMPTMA)
 DIFUNCTIONAL MONOMER EFFECTS
70/30 ACRYLATED EPOXY/MONOMER BLENDS

VISCOSITY CURE SPEED

(CPS) (FPMPDL)

1,6-HEXANEDIOL DlACRYLATE 2088 200

POLYBUTADIENE DIACRYLATE 2300 110
THIODIETHYLENEGLYCOL DIACRYLATE 3200 175
TETRAETHYLENEGLYCOL DIACRYLATE 4050 125
TRIPROPYLENEGLYCOL DIACRYLATE 7550 100
 MULTIFUNCTIONAL MONOMERS
CH, CH, CH,
l l l

'-Ji>
CH, =CHC-0-CH, -CH-O-CH, -CH-O-CH, -CH-0-CCH=CH,
II ll

o o
TRIPROPYLENE GLYCOL DIACRYLATE
O
ll
O CH, -0-CCH=CHa
ll i
CH, =CHC-0-CH,CCH, CH,
CH,-0-CCH=CH,
ll
O
TRIMETHYLOLPROPANE TRIACRYLATE
 TRIFUNCTIONAL MONOMER EFFECTS
70/30 ACRYLATED EPOXY/MONOMER BLENDS

VISCOSITY CURE SPEED

(CPS) (FPMPDL)

TRIMETHYLOLPROPANE TRIMETHACRYLATE 10400 15

PENTAERYTHRITOL TRIACRYLATE 25000 110

TRIMETHYLOLPROPANE TRIACRYLATE 25400 200

GLYCERYLPROPOXY TRIACRYLATE 46250 125

Radcure

FORMULATING A UV - Curable SYSTEM |

ADDITIVES
PHOTOINITIATORS - '

MONOMERS

OLIGOMERS
• ••

PHOTOINITIATORS

• ABSORB LIGHT

• GENERATE FREE RADICALS

• INITIATE POLYMERIZATION
 BASIC PHOTOCHEMICAL DEFINITIONS
(Photocleavage)

PHOTOINITIATOR

Absorbs light and is directly involved in

the production of radicals which initiate
polymerization
 BASIC PHOTOCHEMICAL DEFINITIONS
(Photoabstraction)

PHOTOSENSITIZER

Absorbs light and transfers energy to another molecule

(co-initiator) which actually produces initiator radicals

CO-INITIATOR (PHOTOACTIVATOR)

Does not absorb light but is dire ctly involved in the

production of radicals which initiate polymerization
COMMON PHOTOINITIATORS
(Photocleavage)

o OH

lrgacure®184

Darocur ®1173
COMMON PHOTOSENSITIZERS
(PHOTOABSTRACTION)

BENZOPHENONE

CH
CH
CH

QUANTACURE® ITX
 COMMON CO-INITIATORS
(Photoabstraction)

ho-c2h5
n-ch,
HO-C1Hs/

Methyldiethanol Amine

O
ii

(CH,),N- C-O-CH 2 ch2 o-ch2 ch2 ch2 ch ,

Quantacure ® BEA
•
•

PHOTOINITIATOR SELECTION

• ABSORPTION CHARACTERISTICS OF PHOTOINITIATOR

AND FORMULATED SYSTEM
• FILM THICKNESS REQUIRED
• PIGMENTATION REQUIREMENTS
• DEPTH OF CURE REQUIREMENTS
• UV EQUIPMENT AVAILABLE
• POTENTIAL FOR CHEMICAL INTERFERENCE
• WEATHERABILITY
• LIQUID VS. SOLID (HANDLING)
• TOXICITY
• COST
Radcure

FORMULATING A UV - Curable SYSTEM |

_________ ADDITIVES
PHOTOINITIATORS | _____

MONOMERS

OLIGOMERS
ADDITIVES FOR UV/EB CURABLE SYSTEMS

• PIGMENTS FLATTING AGENTS

• FILLERS WETTING AGENTS

• DEFOAMERS SLIP AIDS

 Ay
Radcure

TOXICITY AND IRRITANCY

OF ACRYLATED BINDERS

IRRITATION INDEX OF RADIATION CURE

ACRYLATED PRODUCTS

PRODUCT DRAIZE OECD

METHOD METHOD

HDDA 5 2-2,4
TMPTA 3,7 0,9-1,8

TPGDA 3,0 0
OTA 480 1,5 0

UVP115 2,2 •

Eb 600 0,2 -

Eb 860 0,4 -

Eb 810 1,3 0
Eb 870 0,6 -

White spirit >6

0 = no irritant
0-2 = slightly irritant
2-5 = moderately irritant
5-8 = severely irritant
 Radcure
TOXICITY AND IRRITANCY
OF ACRYLATED BINDERS

TOXICITY

Defined by lethal doses LD 50 - oral

- by skin absorption
LD 50 oral (rats)________
5000 mg/kg rat NON TOXIC
50 mg - 5000 mg/kg TOXIC
< 50 mg/kg VERY TOXIC

LD 50 dermal (rabbits)
> 2000 mg/kg rabbit NON TOXIC
200 mg - 2000 mg TOXIC
< 200 mg/kg VERY TOXIC
ORAL DERMAL
LD 50 fa/ka) LD 50 fa/ka)
HDDA MONOMER 5.0 3.0
TMPTA MONOMER 5.2 6.3
TPGDA MONOMER 6.8 -

OTA 480 10.0 5.0

UV.P115 >5
EB 600 11.5 ♦

EB 860 20 16
EB 810 >5
EB 870 >5
EB 220 >5
EB 280 >5
Propanol 3.7
MEK 4.3
ASPIRINS 1.7
NaCI 3.7
 RADIOPOLYMERIZATION

CURING BY POLYMERIZATION . INITIATED BY UV-UGHT or EB

3E ADVANTAGES

* ECONOMY
- HIGH PRODUCTIVITY

- LOW INVESTMENT COST

- RAW MATERIALS

- MAN POWER

* ENERGY
- NEED FOR ENERGY WHICH INITIATES
THE POLYMERIZATION

- NO NEED FOR TEMPERATURE INCREASE or 1R

* ECOLOGY
- NO POLLUTION (Solvent free)

- NO C02 EMISSION

OTHERS

- IMPROVEMENT OF FINAL PROPERTIES

- CHEMICAL RESISTANCE
- GLOSS CONTROL
- EXTERIOR DURABILITY
- IMPROVED FLEXIBILITY

Radcure
UV/EB CURING OF COATINGS
OF WOOD BASED
SUBSTRATES
 /%2

UV/EB Curing of Coating of Wood Substrate

MASAO KAWAZOE
CHUGOKU MARINE PAINTS,LTD.
YASU-CHO,SHIGA,520-23. JAPAN

Radiation curing has found many applications in recent years, due to the
advantages, mainly high curing speed and good film performances.
The use of UV curing started commercially 20 years ago, but it's in
the last 10 years that the application for wood coating was increased in Japan.
Big market of UV wood coating is plywood for flooring. Many manufacturers of
plywood in Japan changed conventional coating lines into UV coating lines
in this decade.
In the future, 3-dimensional UV coatings for wood substrate, such as joineries,
will be common by introducing of vacuum coating.
On the contrary, EB curing for wood substrates is uncommon in Japan.

1. UV Coating
The UV curable coating is mainly made of resin, monomer and
photoinitiator.

Resin : 100 % solid low molecular weight oligomer.

Monomer : High boiling point reactive diluent which reduce
viscosity.
Photoinitiator : This chemical absorbs the radiation energy and
produces reactive species that initiate
polymerization of resin and monomers.
Photoinitiator is not required in EB curing.

Formulations commonly contain other components such as :

fillers, additives, flatting agents.
Fig 1, 211 shows the composition of UV coating and the reaction of UV/EB
curing schematically.2

2. Comparison of Curing Method

One of the advantages of radiation curing is solvent-free.
Conventional coatings are produced by mixing components with a solvent,
and this solvent must be evaporated to cure the coating by thermal-heating
devices. On the other hand, UV/EB formulations are 100 % solid system,
with avoidance of solvent emission and reduction of air pollution.
Although UV/EB coating may cost more than twice compared with conventional
coating, costs on a solid basis are usually comparable.
Table 1. shows the comparison of curing methods.
3. Wood Coating
UV coatings are commoly accepted as an efficient and economical method for
wood industry in Japan.
UV systems used for wood coating are based on unsaturated polyesters or
acrylic resins. Although acrylic UV coatings provide excellent properties
and faster curing speed, they are more expensive than unsaturated
polyesters.
Characteristic of unsaturated polyesters and acrylics is shown in Tabe 2.
UV coatings are applied on wood substrates by such coating method :

♦ Roll Coat (Natural, Reverse)

♦ Curtain Coat
4 Spray
4 Vacuum Coat

Coating design for wooden products is shown below.

Use : Floor, Furniture, Stair, Joinery

r Substrate Kind : Plywood (Laminated), Solid
Kind of trees: Oak, Beech, Mahogany, Teak
Color: Clear, Color clear, Enamel
- Finishing —— Coloring: Stain
Gloss: Glossy, Semi-gloss, Flat
Coating of Build: Open pore, Semi-open pore,
Wooden products- Closed-pore
Physical properties: Adhesion, Hardness
- Film Performance Chemical properties: Chemical resistance
Weather resistance : Yellowing, Outdoor
exposure
Coating process: Coverage, Number of coat
- Coating System Coating method : Kind of equipment
Drying method : Kind of oven
- Cost --------- Paint price, Running cost,
Personnel expences

Sales volume of UV coatings in Japan is shown in Table 3Z> .

(*. UV Coating System for Color Flooring in Japan

One of the biggest market of wood coating is flooring.
During the last 10 years, greet progress has been achieved in this field
by UV curable systems; due to high curing speed, 100 % solid and good
film performances.
Finally, a typical UV coating system of color flooring in Japan is shown
in Table 41
3).2

REFERENCES
1) SASAKI,T., TE2. Radiation Processing of Polymers.
2) YAMAGUCHI,I., Data from Fuji Merchandising Center.
3) YAMAKAWA,M., Toso Gijutsu, November 1991, 83-86.
EIG - 1 Compos i t i on of UV Cur ab 1 e Coat ings

01igomer
Monomer

Photoinitiator
(Not required in EB)

Fi1lers,Additives,Flatting Agents

Unsaturated Monomer
Po1ymer

Coatins
Composition

Wet Film

UV/EB Irradiation _

FIG-2 Schematic Diagram of UV/EB Curing

 Table 1 - Comparison of Curing Methods
X "terns UV Curing EB Curing Baking
(Conventional)
Initial cost for installation Low High_____ Middle
Length of oven (meter) 5 3 30 - 100
On-Off operation Possible Possible Impossible
Special atmosphere Not necessary Necessary Not necessary
Curing time Several seconds Less than Several ainutes-
1 seconds several ten
minutes
Compatibility to OK OK No
non-heat-resistant substrates V

Pigmentation Limited OK OK
Catalizer Necessary Not Both necessary &
necessary not necessary
Solid content (%) 100 TOO" 35 - 65
Thinning ratio (X) 0-30 0 35 - 65
Precautions for worker's UV rays X rays Heat
health Ozone Ozone Evaporated
solvents
Cost for enviromental Low Low High
problems

Table 2- Characteristics of Oligomer

01igomer Structure of Oligomer Characteristic

Unsaturated Polyester —C=C-C-0-C=CLow-price, Slow curing speed
II
0
Urethane Acrylate C=C-( N-C T C=C High-price, Flexibility
H 0
Epoxy Acrylate C=CTC-C-0-Ph-C-Ph)-C=C Chemical resistance
OH Rapid cure
Polyester Acrylate C=C-6 C-0)— C=C Stain resistance
II
0 Low viscosity
 Table 3- Sales Volume of UV Coating in Japan
(tons)
1988 1989 1990 1991

Hard Coating 600 720 860 1,030

Wood Coating 1,600 2,100 2,700 3,500
PVC Flooring 700 750 830 950
Metal Coating 255 270 280 290
Plastic Film 90 100 110 120

Total 3,245 3,940 4,780 5,890

Table 4 - UV Coating System of

Color* Flooring

Process Paint(CMP) Coating Equipment Coverage Curing

(g/ft1) (30m/min)
1. Staining STAIN N S-R-N Rol1 Coater 1-2 80X3 X 90sec
2. Sealer AULEX NO.800S N Roll Coater 1 UV 3 lamps
3- Undercoat AULEX NO.630 100 N-N Rol1 Coater 2 UV 6 lamps
WA-500 20
GC-500 5
4- Sanding - Wide Belt Sander - -
(D AULEX NO.630 N-N Rol1 Coater 1.5 UV 8 lamps
5. Topcoat (D AULEX NO.655 Curtain Coater 6 80X3 x 90sec
UV 6 lamps
(D MARBLAC OL Curtain Coater 6 60X3 x 15min
WA-500.GC-500: Abrasive. S: Sponge. N: Natural. R: Reverse
MARBLAC: Acid curing amino-alkyd resin paint.
 #6

TECHNO-ECONOMIC
BENEFITS OF RADIATION
CURING: SOME COMPARISON
STUDIES
 U.1I 1 LIW11 u, 46i <A#z.

MY9700881

TECHNO-ECONOMIC BENEFITS OF RADIATION CURING:

A COMPARISON STUDY

In comparing radiation cure versus conventional heat cure systems,

there are many factors to consider. Environmental laws vary
greatly from country to country, and have a great influence upon
the choice; even though todays cost may be higher with radiation
cured products, tomorrows environmental regulations concerning
volatile organic emissions and waste disposal may weigh heavily In
the end decision.

Consumer preference for high performance coatings, and the

manufacturers wishes to produce a wider range of appearance than
that afforded by conventional systems may also influence this
decision.

In the U.S.A., many manufacturers are turning to radiation cure as

an alternative In order to coseply with existing and ever changing
regulations. Some use hybrid systems, a combination of U. V. cured
filler coats, water reducible base coats and a' final U.V. cured
topcoat to provide durability as well as to Improve the end
appearance of the product.

This system, which Is used for end products that are solid colors,
is growing in popularity, not because it eliminates emissions, but
reduces them to presently acceptable levels. The end product Is of
reasonable quality, and can serve well at economical prices in less
critical areas. Cost comparisons indicate that i t is a viable
alternative to the more expensive systems using only 100% solids,
or reactive, materials which eliminate emissions, when the producer
has a sufficiently large market for the low medium end product it
can produce.

Future regulations will undoubtedly decrease the allowable

emissions, or require their capture and sale disposal which is also
expensive. They many well force such operations to turn to "best
available technology", forcing change and therefore added cost.

Since present and future regulations vary sot greatly in different

areas, this system has been chosen for comparison with EB/UV as
related to the cost of manufacture.
 -ti V*>«u

PW

Hybrid EB/UV
Sand/Clean Sand/Clean
Reverse Fill Reverse Fill
UV cure UV cure
Polish sand Polish sand
Clean Clean
Curtain Coat (base coat) Reverse fill UV "B" stage
Flash zone Reverse fill
Curing oven Curtain coat
UV topcoat application EB cure
UV cure ■UV cure
Auto stack Auto stack

* UV cure following E.B. is used to produce low gloss products;

high glosses use E.B. only.

Energy

Requirements in total for the UV EB system are 815 KWH; cost of

energy is .071 per KWH. Added to this should be the cost of
nitrogen used to provide blanketing in both EB and/or UV, which
averages 7,000 c.f.h. at a cost of .31 per 100 c.f., or $21.70 per
hour. Since output capability is limited only by the design of the
automatic feed and stack systems (in the case of Universal Woods
120 lineal feet per minute) it is difficult to draw comparisons on
this basis. As an example, a line was commissioned last year which
operates at 80 mtrs. per minute, and again, material handling is
the limiting factor, as only 60% of the EB curing capability is
used at that speed. This line was designed by Universal Woods.

By comparison, the conventional, or Hybrid System operates at a

line speed of 90 FPM and uses 502.88 KWH at a cost of $35.70.

Comparison of material costs

Conventional "Hybrid" EB/UV

Filler - $17.00 Filler (3) $22.67 p/gl
Base coat - $21.50 Topcoat - $31.50 to
Topcoat 67.00/per gallon range
Cost per gallon $45.00 Filler - $21.25
Fi11-Base-Topcoat •Topcoat $39.38
Usage per MSF filler - $15.94 (1.5 mil) (2 mil 0 31.50)
Base coat - $40.31 (3 mil)
Topcoat - $21.10 (.75 mil)

$77.05 $60.63
 L, «» WL'«J>
tAll

Pl<rb

•The material comparison cost is lor the low gloss opaque products
only, as the "Hybrid” system is limited to the production of these
types of products. When using films or foils, or seeking to
produce very high gloss products, the EB/UV material costs Increase
considerably. The increase in selling price offsets the cost
increase in these Instances.

Since manpower requirements for both operations are approximately

the same, the choice between differing forms of technology must be
determined by not only the previously mentioned factors, but others
as well. Some of those would be:

A. Investment capital available

Cost - Conventional - 1.6 - 2.0mm
Cost - EB/UV - S 3.5 - inn
B. Output required.
C. Product range desired, (films, foils, variable gloss and
performance vs one standard product).
D. Substrate available to plant location.
E. In plant technical support available.

There are of course other considerations that differ in each case.

Since radiation curing has many inherent benefits that conventional

systems do not, I feel that it is important to stress these areas,
even though many have been previously covered. They are:

a) Radiation curing Is the only totally compliant technology

available today. With worldwide concern increasing
regarding emissions generated with conventional coatings,
and no other technology on the horizon to address this
problem, it becomes the only long range answer available.
b) Typical coatings used in this type of processing have
very high flash points, thus are much safe to store and
handle. Most have flash points well in excess of 200°F,
therefore can be stored, handled and used without the
dangers presented by the conventional coatings.
c) These coatings, if properly stored, have extremely long
shelf life, thus the problem of their becoming unusable
after a short time is very unlikely. As an example, we
have had coatings stored in normal ambient conditions
that have been used successfully after more than two
years of storage, "First in first out" is always best,
but with special colors that cannot be blended Into those
used frequently, there are many occasions when coatings
must be held until the opportunity to use them arises.
d) Being 100% reactive, wet film thickness and dry film
thickness are virtually identical. There is some
densifying of the coating when crosslinked which reduces
the dry film thickness slightly, but this thickness loss
is insignificant.
e) Excellent physical properties are inherent in these
 w l ili.J OH ( \ C-NoAL IKMUJ l&titto

products , and formulations may be altered to change these

properties if needed, certain products require coatings
with more flexibility, others require more scratch or
abrasion, etc., thus a specific coating can be developed
for a specific need without altering the manufacturing
process or equipment.
f) With proper line design, an immense number of different
products can be produced in the same operation. Films,
foils, etc. are available from many suppliers around the
world, and if desired, can be produced to your specific
design. Since these products can then be coated in a
full range of gloss, the product range is very nearly
unlimited. The same is true of the opaque coatings; a
full range of color and gloss is available in these
products as well.
g) Low cost, high volume products as well as very "high end"
products can be produced In the same operation, which
creates a very broad potential market. Due to the high
output potential of such operations, this becomes very
important In order to be able to fill the plant capacity.
h) Line speeds, particularly on the lower gloss products,
are a function only of material handling. Radiation
curing equipment available today has curing capacity far
in excess of what is now "state of the art" material
handling equipment. Speeds are of course related to line
design, particularly in areas such as substrate
preparation, but can offer excellent economics; producing
the required amount on one shift versus three affords not
only better control over quality and material usage, but
significant power, labor and overhead costs.
1) Radiation processing may be employed very successfully on
heat sensitive substrates, since the majority of the
temperature Increase is related to the teeiperature of
polymerization of the coating. The Electron Beam creates
a temperature rise, at normal settings for a 2-3 nr cure,
of only 5®F. U.V. systems are available which use
reflectors that shield the substrate from the bulk of the
temperature rise, but deliver adequate dose to cure
to the product face.
i) With the growth of the industry, thus increasing demand
for coatings, adhesives, etc. more coatings companies are
recognizing the value of becoming Involved In formulating
coatings for these processes. This has the result of
competition creating lower costs, and in fact, several
coatings now used at Universal Woods are less costly than
in 1987. This has been accomplished without sacrifice In
either appearance or performance of these coatings, and
as development efforts continue, we expect to see further
benefits.

There are undoubtedly areas which, having been involved for many
years in this technology, we take for granted, thus have not
 <i Vv/L <A>0

mentioned. I hope that the discussion following this presentation

will bring these points to light.

When we at Universal Woods completed the research for our line, all
these factors were taken into consideration. We felt very strongly
that an environmentally friendly system was essential, and since
beginning operation in 1979, have seen that decision confirmed as
sound. Since that time, changes have been made to continue to
improve existing products as well as develop new ones that lend
themselves well to this type of process. This, in turn, allows us
to stay abreast of changing market requirements without obsoleting
present equipment. This is not to say that the industry or our
operation has not changed, as both are in a constant state of
evolution, and 1 expect they will continue to be for many years to
come.

Don French
 -ta ^

^/OJ

HYBRID SYSTEM - U.V. WATERBORNE, U.V.

AUTO FEED 5.0

DUST COLLECTOR 100.0
SANDER *5.0
PANEL CLEANER 8.25
REVERSE COATER 8.26
UV (12 LAMPS) 180.0
SANDER 22.0
CONVEYORS *5.8
PUMPS 2.8
OVENS 58.0 (FORCED AIR, INFRA RED)
PRECISION COATER 5.1
UV LAMPS 180.0
AUTO STACKER 10.0
AIR COMPRESSORS *6.0
LIGHTS ■13.P
TOTAL 502.88

v
 t i-iwr\L/ IfWiy»> wo

•y
Ptt>st

LINE POWER USAGE COST PER KWH - .072

OUST COLLECTOR 110.2

SANDER 108.3
SANDER CONVEYOR 17.5
2 FEEDERS 5.0
PANEL CLEANER 8.2
FEEDER CONVEYOR .856
TOP & BOTTOM CLEANER 2.82
CONVEYOR 1.75
REVERSE ROLL COATER 8.16
BOTTOM SCUPPER 7.30*
BELT CONVEYOR .490
REVERSE ROLL COATER 1.39
UV CONVEYOR .345
UV LAMPS (8) 132.0
TIP UP CONVEYOR .473
CORNER CONVEYOR 1.21
ALIGNMENT CONVEYOR .415
POLISH SANDER 21.47
CONVEYOR 1.75
LAM1NATOR 7.0
TRIM COLLECTORS
COATER
EXHAUST 6.0
HEAT BLOWER
HEATER 34.0
BLACK BROTHERS COATER 10.5
40 HP HYDRAULIC , 21.8
NEW DOUBLE COATER 6.2
CURTAIN COATER PUMPS 3.2
ELECTRON BEAM 30.0
3 LAMP UV & EXHAUST 45.0
6 LAMP UV & CONVEYOR & EXHAUST 116.3
SCUPPER *.9
CROSS TRANSFER 8.3
STACKER 4.2
OUTFEED 6.9
AIR COMPRESSORS 30HP 27..2
WATER PUMPS 3.9
LIGHTS 25.0

TOTAL LINE POWER 815.038